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https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
عبد السلام مصباح
|
https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=عبد السلام مصباح&action=history
|
Arabic
|
Spoken
| 621 | 2,290 |
عبد السلام مصباح هو شاعر ومترجم عن الإسبانية من المغرب، ولد في 21 مارس 1947م بمدينة شفشاون.
العضوية
عضو اتحاد كتاب المغرب.
عضو في لجنة العضوية والحكامة باتحاد كتاب المغرب.
الرئيس الشرفي لجمعية البلسم (أبي الجعد).
أمين جمعية الانطلاقة بالدار البيضاء.
نائب رئيس الرابطة المغربية للأدب المعاصر بالجديدة.
نائب رئيس «نادي الأدب: أوراق» بالدار البيضاء.
عضو مؤسس لاتحاد المبدعين المغاربة في تيفلت.
مستشار في جمعية «شهود» في الدار البيضاء.
عضو في «تجمع الشعراء بلا حدود».
عضو في حركة شعراء العالم بالشيلي.
أحد شعراء «معجم البابطين للشعراء العرب المعاصرين».
عضو في دار ناجي نعمان للثقافة بلبنان.
عضو في بيت الأدب المغربي بمكناس.
عضو في جمعيات ثقافية فاعلة.
عضو منتدى خميس الشعر في الدار البيضاء.
مدير سابق بمكتب طنجة الأدبية في الدار البيضاء.
عضو حالي في هيئة التحرير طنجة الأدبية بطنجة.
متعاون في جريدة «ماروك» (توقفت) بالدار البيضاء.
متعاون في جريدة صحافة اليوم بطنجة.
عضو في «الجمعية الدولية للمترجمين واللغويين العرب».
أعماله
نشر الكثير من القصائد في مختلف الصحف المغربية، من بينها: «المحرر»، «الاتحاد الاشتراكي»، «العلم»، «البيان»، «بيان اليوم»، «الميثاق»، «التجمع»، «المنعطف»، «أنوال الثقافي»، «المنظمة»، «أخبار الثقافة»، «طنجة الأدبية»، «الثورة الليبية»... وفي مجالات مغربية: «آفاق تربوية»، «الموقف»، «دفاتر»، «آفاق». وفي مجلات مصرية: «الوعي العربي»، «الموقف العربي»، «إبداع»، «الشعر»، «أخبار الأدب»، «أدب ونقد». وفي مجالات لندنية: «المجلة»، «العرب»، «الملايين»، «أوراق»، «القدس العربي»، «الشرق الأوسط». وفي مجالات سعودية: «بيادر»، «المجلة العربية»، «عبقر»، «نوافذ»، «دوق». وفي مجالات سورية: «الآداب الأجنبية»، «الأسبوع الأدبي». وفي مجالات عراقية: «الأقلام»، «الطليعة لأدبية»، «فنون». وفي مجالات ليبية: «الثقافية العربية»، «جريدة الثورة». وفي مجالات «البحرين الثقافية» و«كرز» البحرينية، و«الحركة الشعرية» التشيلية، و«نزوي» العمانية، و«البيان» الكويتية، و«ألواح» الإسبانية، و«الإخاء» الإيرانية، و«ألوان» الجزائرية، و«الآداب» اللبنانية، و«الدوحة» القطرية. ومن أعماله:
ديوان «حاءات متمردة» الصادر عن القرويين في أبريل 1999م.
مختارات من ديوان «أشعار الربان» Los Versos Del Capitan للشاعر التشيلي بابلو نيرودا بمناسبة الذكر المئوية لميلاده سنة 2004م.
ديوان «مخطوطة الأحلام» El Manuscrito de los Sueños للشاعر التشيلي سيرخيو ماثياس، وهي سيرة شعرية للشاعر الملك المعتمد بن عباد وحبيبته: اعتماد الرومايكية، صدرت في طبعتين: الأولى في يونيو 2008م عن دار القرويين بالدار البيضاء في المغرب، والثانية في شهر أكتوبر 2008م بقاديس في إسبانيا.
ديوان «نتويعات على باب الحاء»، صدر عن دار القرويين في أبريل2011م.
ديوان «بستاني الريح» نشرته مجلة «نزوى» في العدد 66/2011.
أضواء مورقة: قراءات في «حاءات متمردة» صدر عن دار القرويين، في أبريل 2012م.
مختارات من الشعر التشيلي (مشترك) صدر عن دار القرويين 2014م
في مديح اللؤلؤة الزرقاء: نصوص حول شفشاون، مترجمة عن الإسبانية (مشترك مع محمد أخريف).
كما تُرجمت قصائده إلى الإسبانية، الفرنسية والإنجليزية والإيطالية والهولاندية والرومانية والصينية... وقام أيضاً بترجمة العديد من الروائع الشعرية والمسرحيات والقصص القصيرة ودراسات لأدباء من إسبانيا، الأرجنتين، الشيلي، بوليفيا، نيكاراغوا، من بينها:
«ديوان التماريت - قصيدة الغناء العميق - بكائية من أجل إغناثيو سانتيث - أغنيات - حكايات غجرية - الجمهور (مسرحية) - ست مسرحيات قصيرة» للشاعر الإسباني غارسيا لوركا.
«يوميات أمريكي لاتيني حول بغداد وأمكنة أخرى ساحرة - تطوان في أحلام أنديزي - سحر ابن زيدون - ليل لا أحد» للشاعر التشيلي سيرخيو ماثياس.
«20 قصيدة حب وأغنية يائسة - مائة قصيدة حب - أشعار الربان» للشاعر التشيلي بابلو نيرودا.
«الحب موجود والحرية موجودة - أنواع الحب الضائع» للشاعر الأرجنتيني ميغيل أوسكار ميناص.
«الديوان الصوفي - خفقات الجنوب» للشاعر المغربي محمد شقور.
مختارات للشاعر المغربي موماطا.
«بحار على اليابسة» للشاعر الإسباني رفائيل البيرتي.
«الأشجار» للشاعر الإسباني أنطونيو هيرنانديث بيريث.
«نعوت دون ماء، نعوت بماء» للشاعر الإسباني خافيير بينياس نافارو.
«ضريبة أنتيغونا» للشاعرة الإسبانية روساريو سالان بادييرنا.
مختارات للشاعرة الإسبانية غلوريا فويرتيس.
مختارات للشاعر الإسباني غوستافو أدولفو بيكير.
«ست قصص قصيرة» للكاتبة الإسبانية كونشا لوبيث ساراستوا.
مختارات للشاعر البوليفي بيدرو شيموسي.
الجوائز
جائزة جريدة العرب اللندنية عام 1985م عن ترجمته لمسرحيتين قصيرتين لغارسيا لوركا وغوستافو أدولفو بيكير.
جائزة التكريم دار نعمان للثقافة عام 2005م.
جائزة الشعر مجلة «هاي 2006».
جائزة منتدى عاطف الجندي الأدبي في أكتوبر 2013م.
المراجع
وصلات خارجية
شعراء مغاربة
كتاب مغاربة
مترجمون مغاربة
| 15,156 |
https://github.com/net3j/web3j-cli/blob/master/src/main/java/org/web3j/console/project/kotlin/KotlinBuilder.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
web3j-cli
|
net3j
|
Java
|
Code
| 159 | 373 |
/*
* Copyright 2020 Web3 Labs Ltd.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
* an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
*/
package org.web3j.console.project.kotlin;
import org.web3j.console.project.AbstractProjectBuilder;
import org.web3j.console.project.ProjectBuilder;
import org.web3j.console.project.ProjectStructure;
public class KotlinBuilder extends AbstractProjectBuilder<KotlinBuilder> implements ProjectBuilder {
protected String command = "new";
public KotlinBuilder withCommand(String command) {
this.command = command;
return this;
}
public KotlinProject build() {
final ProjectStructure projectStructure =
new KotlinProjectStructure(rootDirectory, packageName, projectName);
return new KotlinProject(
withTests,
withFatJar,
withWallet,
withSampleCode,
command,
solidityImportPath,
projectStructure);
}
@Override
protected KotlinBuilder getBuilderInstance() {
return this;
}
}
| 46,693 |
https://github.com/Indemsys/Backup-controller_BACKPMAN-v2.0/blob/master/Software/Azure_RTOS_Example2/App/FreeMaster_thread.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
Backup-controller_BACKPMAN-v2.0
|
Indemsys
|
C
|
Code
| 38 | 234 |
#ifndef __FREEMASTER_LOOP
#define __FREEMASTER_LOOP
#define FMCMD_RESET_DEVICE 0x01
#define FMCMD_SET_DCDC_DAC 0x04
#define FMCMD_ENABLE_DCDC 0x05
#define FMCMD_DISABLE_DCDC 0x06
#define FMCMD_CHECK_LOG_PIPE 0x07
#define FMCMD_SAVE_WVARS 0x08
#define FMCMD_START_STFS_TEST 0x09
#define FMCMD_STOP_STFS_TEST 0x0A
#define FMCMD_DUMP_SECTOR 0x0B
uint32_t FreeMaster_task_create(ULONG initial_data);
void Task_FreeMaster(uint32_t initial_data);
#endif
| 28,888 |
https://github.com/smirkingman/GraphVizio/blob/master/GraphVizio/Common/GetWindowsVersion.vb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause-FreeBSD, MIT
| 2,021 |
GraphVizio
|
smirkingman
|
Visual Basic
|
Code
| 136 | 309 |
Imports System.Environment
Module GetWindowsVersion_
Function GetWindowsVersion() As String
Dim OpSys As OperatingSystem = Environment.OSVersion
Dim v As System.Version = OpSys.Version
Dim answer As String = "?"
Select Case OpSys.Platform
Case PlatformID.MacOSX
answer = "MacOSX"
Case PlatformID.Unix
answer = "Unix"
Case PlatformID.Win32Windows ' 95 or later, Major is always 4
Select Case v.Minor
Case 0
answer = "95"
Case 10
answer = "98"
Case Else
answer = "ME"
End Select
Case PlatformID.Win32NT ' NT or later
Select Case v.Major
Case 4
answer = "NT"
Case 5
Select Case v.Minor
Case 0
answer = "2000"
Case 1
answer = "XP"
Case Else
answer = "2003"
End Select
Case 6
answer = "Vista"
Case Else
answer = "7"
End Select
End Select
If Is64bit() Then
answer = answer & " 64"
End If
Return answer
End Function
End Module
| 35,986 |
untersuchungen00erdmuoft_17
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,874 |
Untersuchungen über die Syntax der Sprache Otfrids
|
Erdmann, Oskar
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,201 | 13,036 |
§. 42. Zwischen dem Verbum und dem Subst. oder Pronomen, das nach unserer Auffassung das Subject des Satzes bezeichnet, findet sich in verhältnissmässig vielen Fällen bei Otfrid eine Verschiedenheit des Numerus; doch scheinen mir sehr verschiedenartige Motive zur Her- beiführung dieser auf den ersten Blick auffallenden Erscheinung gewirkt oder zusammengewirkt zu haben. In einigen Fällen wird man annehmen können, dass der zunächst liegende Singular des Verbums vorangeschickt ist , ohne dass die nume- NUMEEI DES NOMENS UND VERBINDUNG DEESELBEN MIT DENEN DES VEBBUMS. 29 rale Beschaffenheit des erst später folgenden Subjectes dem Sprechen- den deutlich war. So ist es leicht erklärlich , dass ein Singular des Verbums mehreren einzelnen Subjectiven durch joh, inti vorangeht (vgl. Gab.-L. §. 209 gotische Beispiele): IV, 33, 31 flo^ tharü^ bluat inti wa^ar. IV, 35, 43 thö giang uns üf . . thiu ewinigu sunna joh ouh sälida ubaral. Sing, des Verburas steht auch vor mehreren Subjects- substantiven , wenn nur das erste singularisch ist: III, 6, 5 fuar druh- tin inti sine. I, 5, 1 ward irscritan sär . . ein halb jär, 2 mänodo thria stunton zwene. IV, 15, 7 thär ist . . managfalt giläri . . 8 joh selidä managfaltö. V, 23, 83 uns ist leid Mar managa^, . . 84 manago angusti. II. 6,18 thanana in quämi wizzi joh managfalto nuzzi. Aehn- lich V, 23, 91. 92. Die letzten Beispiele können auch zu den Existen- zialsätzen gerechnet werden. Einen Plural des Verbums habe ich in derartigen Fällen bei Otfrid nicht gefunden, §. 43. Oft aber ist auch bei Otfrid Sing, des Verbums mit ein- fachem Plur. eines Nomons, das wir als Subject aufzufassen geneigt sind, verbunden. Ich zähle, um der Entscheidung des Lesers nicht vorzugreifen, erst die sämmtlichen Beispiele nach inneren und äusseren Uebereinstimmungen möglichst übersichtlich gruppiert auf, und führe dann die Umstände an, welche nach meiner Ansicht allein oder vereint zur Erklärung dieser auf den ersten Blick auffallenden Erscheinung bei- tragen. 1. Existenzialsätze mit sin, werdan: II, 11, 37 thero järo was . . 38 fiarzug inti sehsu. III, 4, 17 wankta zwein, thero järo fiarzug ui was. V, 23, 223 wäri in mir . . manago (Kelle II, 288) thüsunt muato. I, 3, 36 zeli thü tha^ kunni, s6 ist einlif stunton sibini (vielleicht auf kuuni bezogen). III, 6, 55 ward thero äleibo .. 56 sibun korbi. In anderen Fällen steht jedoch bei ganz gleichartigen Zahlangaben der Plural des Verbums: II, 9, 19 sehsu sint thero fa^^o. II, 14, 103 tha^ mänodo sin noh fiari. IV, 14, 20 thero wärun sibini; Sing. und Plur. neben einander IV, 28, 3 iro wärun fiari, thie in theru däti wäri. §. 44. 2. Verba der Gemütsbewegung, des Schmerzes: a. Verbindungen von sin: IV, 12, 25 in muate was in dräti thiö egislichun däti. V, 23, 144 ist imo in brusti thes huasten angusti, doch vgl. §. 102 mera. b. Andere Verba mit persönlichem Objectsaccusativ: IV, 12, 3 rou thiö sino guati (= inan) thie weuegun liuti. IV, 2, 28 iuan thie armuati wiht irbarmeti. IV, 6, 11 wio ouh thio meindäti nihein irbarmeti. II, 16, 17 (salig . .,) thie armu wihti smerze. I, 23, 62 30 NUMERI DES NOMENS UND VERBINDUNG DERSELBEN MIT DENEN DES VERBUMS. (tha^) thih däti thino in ewon ni pino. I, 15, 43 F thie ab ah 6t (V. P. abahont) i^ alle. §. 45. 3. Part. Prät. mit ist das Passiv umschreibend: H. 117 ist uns hiar gizeinöt unserero zulito däti. §. 46. 4. Andere Fälle, nach den Subst. die im Plural stehn geordnet: IV, 4, 25 then io liuto däti so scono gihereti, 26 tha:^ thionoti imo (als Subject zu denken: ther liut). V, 25, 39 zi thiu tha^ guati sine thes thiu ba^ hiar seine. S. 13 ni tha?^ mino dohti giwer- kon tha^ 10 mohti. II, 12, 46 wanana thih rine thie holdun kunfti sine. I, 25, 6 tha^ thih henti mine zi doufene birine. Nicht auf- fallend ist der Sing, desselben Verbums II, 4, 40; s. §. 20. §. 47. 5. Misverständliche Construction des Verbums auf das Prädicat oder auf das Object des Satzes: III, 7, 63 tha^ gras sint äkusti. III, 7, 23 thes sarphen wi^odes not bizeinot thisu finf brot. IV, 6, 27 bedu thisu bilidi so meinit thio iro fravili. (Genaue Con- struction dagegen IV, 25, 5 thio suntä — 6 bizeinont tha^ thie thornä). 9 zeinot ouh thio däti (acc.) tha^ purpurin giwäti, 10 ther selbe duah roto). 6. Ebenso ist einmal auch der Plural des Verbums misverständ- lich auf das Object construiert: II, 12, 93 bi thiu tha^ siner scimo ni meldOn (F meldo) däti sino. I, 23, 27 ziehe ich nicht hierher, da ich thie (the) als inneres Object (oder Andeutung desselben durch the) zu gigange ziehe; dies entweder unpersönlich oder er als Subject zu ergänzen. Ztschr. f. d. Phil. V, 343. §. 48. Die Zahl der Stellen ist so gross , dass die Annahme einer einfachen Nachlässigkeit oder Fehlerhaftigkeit der Construction für sie alle mir sehr unwahrscheinlich ist; und andererseits lassen sich ver- schiedene in inneren oder äusseren Merkmalen übereinstimmende Grup- pen absondern, die auf die Annahme verschiedener Erklärungsgründe, von denen bisweilen mehrere zusammengewirkt haben können, für diese Verbindung führen. Einen solchen Erklärungsgrund finde ich für die Gruppen *1 — 3 in der Annahme , dass zur Angabe der Existenz eines Dinges und zur Bezeichnung der Gemütsbewegungen auch im Deut- schen früher subjectlose Sätze häufig angewandt wurden, wie dies Miklosich — dem ich mich auch in dieser Benennung statt der her- gebrachten „Verba impersonalia " anschliesse — namentlich IV, 355. 356 ff. für die slavischen Sprachen in ausgedehntem Masse nachweist und durch Beispiele anderer Sprachen (auch des französischen il est, il y a) belegt. Der Gegenstand, dessen Existenz, oder die Person, deren Befinden in einem Gemütszustande ausgesagt wurde, trat früher nicht immer als subjectiv beteiligt, selbsttätig, hervor, sondern wurde NUMERI DES NOMEXS UND VERBINDUNG DERSELBEN MIT DENEN DES VERBTIMS. 31 als Object von der Tätigkeit des Verbums, für die ein Subject nicht vorgestellt wurde, betroffen gedacht. Ich will nun nicht behaupten, dass Otfrid in den Sätzen 1 und 2 a die pluralen Substantiva noch als Objectsaccusative empfunden habe; ich erkläre mir aber jene Verbin- dungen aus einem früher bei subjectlosen Existenzialsätzen gebrauch- ten Accusativ, dessen Casusnatur gerade bei sächlichen und bei plura- lischen Substantiven, die keine unterschiedene Nominativform hatten, leicht und bald vergessen werden konnte, während seine Nicht- einwir- kung auf den Numerus des Verbums in diesen Ausdrücken formelhaft erhalten blieb. Dass daneben in den dort ebenfalls erwähnten Beispie- len bei Otfrid auch in diesen Ausdrücken und in ganz analogen Fällen sich die persönliche Construction mit dem Plur. des Verbums findet, kann mit zur Erklärung des Schwankens und der nicht abzuleugnenden Unsicherheit in manchen anderen Beispielen (5.) dienen. Für die Fälle 2 b ist neben dem persönlichen ein sächlicher Accusativ des Objectes bei dem subjectlosen Verbum des Affectes anzunehmen, wie er ja auch bei ist wuntar, od, niot unzweifelhaft, wenn auch adverbial erstarrt, vorliegt; später wurde dieser sächliche Acc. allgemein durch den (par- titiven?) Genetiv ersetzt, der ja schon bei Otfrid in sehr vielen Fällen vorliegt. Auch für das passivische Beispiel unter 3 wäre mir eine unpersönliche Construction nicht undenkbar, bei welcher thio däti als Acc. zu ist gizeinot gehörte, wie es sonst zum activen Verbum zeinon, er zeinota gehören könnte. Doch kann für diesen Satz, sowie für die unter 4. angeführten Beispiele die Erklärung des singularen Verbums auch in dem als Subject betrachteten Subst. gesucht werden. Bei allen diesen Substantivis kann der Plural ohne Aenderung des Sinnes mit dem Sing, vertauscht werden; über henti vgl. §. 22; die anderen sind sämmtlich Abstracta der oben §. 33 ff. besprochenen Art. Namentlich däti mit abhängigem Gen. (§. 38) scheint eine rein formelhafte Umschrei- bung, und Otfrid hat H. 117 vielleicht einfach zuht, IV, 4, 25 wahr- scheinlich ther liut, dem sich Sinn und Construction des folgenden Satzes V. 26 anschliesst (v. dem Sing, gleich ist , oder starke Feminina der i - Decl. sind , neben denen 32 NUMEKI DES NOMENS UND VERBINDUNG DERSELBEN MIT DENEN DES VERBÜMS. zum Teil ein mit ihrem Plural gleichlautendes schwaches Femininum auf -i existiert (§. 2). Auch aus den Verbalformen kann für mehrere Stellen eine Erklärung hergeleitet wei'den, wenn man annimmt, dass des Reimes wegen das den Plural charakterisierende -n der Conjunctive von Otfrid unterdrückt sei. Dies scheint mir im Reime sicher der Fall zu sein III, 19, 8. III, 26, 62, s. §. 55; ferner III, 15, 48 worton offonöro : Judeono. II, 14, 35 sd ih nü redin6(n) : tho, auch wol II, 18, 3 : forosagöno, s. I, §. 138. 192. Auch ausserhalb des Reimes ist III, 20, 89 in F sage wir geschrieben; ebenso II, 6, 32 wege wir, III, 20, 134 fülle. Durch diese Erklärung würden sich sämmtliche Beispiele unter 4, aber nur ein Teil der unter 1. 2. angeführten besei- tigen lassen. Die Stellen unter 5 enthalten sämratlich mystische Aus- deutungen; von concreten Gegenständen der Erzählung wird angegeben, was sie in mystischem Sinne seien oder bedeuten. Dass dabei in der ersten Stelle III, 7, 63 das Verbum sint sich nach dem pluralischeu Prädicate richtet, ist uns nicht auffallend, weil uns stets die Möglich- keit der Vertauschung des Subjects- und Prädicatsbegriffs zu Bildung eines neuen Ürteiles vorschwebt. Vielleicht erklärt sich daraus auch die Ungenauigkeit der beiden folgenden, im Sinne mit jener überein- stimmenden, in der Construction abweichenden Stellen, in denen sich die Verba bizeinot, meinit nicht nach dem pluralischen Subject, son- dern nach dem singularischen Object richten ; in zwei ähnlichen Fällen des vierten Buches hat Otfrid richtig construiert. Auch an der Stelle unter 6 ist Otfrid von der Anklage einer grammatischen Ungenauigkeit nicht freizusprechen und zwar in diesem Falle ohne mildernde Umstände; F corrigiert den Plur. in den Sing, meldo. In gleicli mis verständlicher Weise ist bisweilen das Part. Präs. auf das Prädicat oder Object con- struiert, s. I §. 356. 6. Numeruswechsel bei Bezeichnung desselben Gegen- standes in verschiedenen Sätzen. §. 49. Auf nachdrücklich vorangestellte sächliche Substantiva im Plural folgt oft noch innerhalb derselben Satzconstruction anaphorisch ein zusammenfassendes Neutrum des Pronomens tha^, i^, ohne Rück- sicht auf das grammatische Genus jener Substantiva, aber in gleichem Casus des Sing., s. §. 75. §. 50. Noch kühner und freier wechselt der Numerus bei Bezeich- nung desselben Gegenstandes in mehreren aufeinander folgenden voll- ständigen Sätzen; namentlich schliesst sich das Pronomen leicht in jedem Augenblicke der Rede dem jedesmaligen Zuge des Gedankens an. NUMERI DES NOMENS UND VEEBINDUNG DERSELBEN MIT DENEN DES VERBUMS. 33 So folgt auf die Bezeichnung einer Mehrheit von Personen öfters im nächsten Satze ein individualisierendes persönliches Pronomen im Sing. I, 16, 19 alte joh junge, in thiu er tharazua githinge, niotot er sih libes. III, 24, 29 so wer .. 31 alle, thie giloubent in mih ..,32 nir- stirbit e r in ewon (wol mit Kücksicht auf den speciellen Fall des Laza- rus). V, 20, 25 thie selbe irstantent alle, 30 thoh er io ni wolle. IV, 4, 25 (s. 0. §. 35. 48) liuto däti . ., 26 thionoti; 27 ther selbo liut. V, 12, 75 nist mennisgono wizzi . . nuzzi, 76 joh er sih gote leidit. V, 19, 11 thie selbun mennisgon, 16 er. V, 23, 35 tha^ duit filu manno, tha^ er hiar minnot gerno (dagegen sie I, 1, 1. 15, 49). I, 22, 39 in lante wärun manage . ., 40 ni was er io so märi. I, 22, 15 thiu kind, thiu folgetun, so wedar so siu woltun; liafun miti stillo , so sin was muatwillo (ein jedes nach seinem MuUvillen). I, 20, 13 zälätun siu (thiu kind) io ubar dag, thär i^ in theru wägün lag. II, 21, 9 then driagarin — 10 imo. §. 51. Auch auf den Plur. abstracter Feminina (sua^i, däti) folgt im nächsten Satze siu: III, 7, 66 thio sino sua^i al dretan untar fuai^i, 67 tha^ siu al irwelke. III, 26, 14 all 6 sino däti, thoh si in si undräti. Gewöhnlich steht Sing, des Neutrums tha^, ii,, s. §. 65. 66. §. 52. Ebenso selbst relatives ther nach einem Plur. des Haupt- satzes. II, 2, 14 mennisgon alle, ther hiar in worolt sinne. III, 26, 41 sint se alle girrit . ., 42 ther thär imo folgeti; im Neutrum ohne Subst. im Hauptsatze S. 23 sint (Anagramm!) in thesemo buache, thes gomo thehein mache. §. 53. Dagegen folgt oft auch auf ein coUectives oder individuali- sierendes Subst. im Sing, im nächsten Satze pluralische Construction, die der inzwischen bewusst gewordenen Mehrheit des Gegenstandes angepasst ist. Meist folgt pluralisches Pronomen im nächsten Satze auf liut (s. §.27): I, 1, 77 liut sih in nintfuarit, 78 ni sie in thionon. II, 13, 4 sie alle. II, 21, 12 sie. IV, 3,4. 7. III, 15, 45. 46. III, 15, 7 ther liut, 8 in (Dat. Plur.) I, 4, 15 thiu heriscaf thes Hu- tes, 16 sie. III, 6, 22 ther liut, 23 iagilichen. Plur. des folgenden Verbums ohne Pron.: IV, 24, 29 ther liut, 30 luadun. III, 9, 1 ther liut, 2 fuarun. Sogar relatives thie: I, 1, 58 liutes wiht ni dwal- tun, thie wir hiar oba zaltun, s. §. 27. — Nur selten folgt der Sing., bisweilen dann noch im nächsten Satze in den Plur. übergehend: III, 6, 31 ther liut; 32 unz er hiar girestit, thes brotes in ni bristit. IV, 4, 27 ther liut breitta sina wät, 26 tha^ er . . gidäti; 27 thagtun sie. Ein- Erdmann, Untersuchungen. II. 3 34 NDMEKI DES NOMENS UND VERBINDUNG DERSELBEN MIT DENEN DES VERBUMS. mal beginnt die Constr. mit Sing, des Verbums, geht aber dann vor dem als Subject geltenden Plur. woroltliuti in den Plur. über: III, 7, 21 tho folgeta imo .., 22 giloubtun sino guati managö woroltliuti. Ebenso thiot I, 1, 85 mit Dat. Plur. in in folgendem Satze v. 86. III, 24, 3 quam menigi thero Judeono er, drustun thär thio swe- ster. lY, 22, 15 riaf thes lantliutes menigi, 16 wäri in liub jbh sua^i. IV, 26, 3 thes liutes mihil menigi, thie folgetun imo alle. I, 12, 22 himilisgu menigi, sus alle singenti. Auch nach collectivem Sing, geht im nächsten Satze die Constru- ction in den Plur. über : III , 4, 8 lägun fol m a n n e s siaches inti ham- rnes; thie selbun beitotun thär. V, 4, 28 man (Sing.) irknäti, 29 joh ouh man (Plur.) thaz westin. IV, 20, 21 man (Sing.), 22 thie liuti. V, 23, 149 swidit manne ther ubilo githank, 150 ni firsehent sih zi guate. Ebenso I, 20, 19 iro ferah bot tha^ wib: 20 ni fun- tun ginäda niheina. Auf den Sing, buah folgt im nächsten Satze pluralisches Pron. L. 87 themo thihton ih thi^ buah; oba er habet iro ruah; doch kann dies iro auch durch das V. 89 folgende in thesen redion veranlasst sein, s. §. 28. Plur. folgt auf die Quantitätsbestimnlungen al, filu (über das Genus §. 76); iagilih: IV, 7, 37 al, tha? hiar in erdu ist; 39 so sehent sie. Selbst das Kelativum steht im Masc. Plur. III, 8, 49 inan al tho betöta, thie er fon then freison retita. I, 1, 1 was liuto filu, 2 sie gikleiptin. - Ebenso I, 15, 49 (dagegen Sing, er V, 23, 35, §. 50). III, 10, 25 iro ist filu irwortan, ni sint ouh noh nü funtan; 26 thie. III, 15, 51 iagilih thes wangti, in (Dat. Plur.) fiantscaf ni giangti. Ebenso V, 6, 33 iagilih 34 iro 36 biginnit 37 ilent. IV, 5, 63 sin drut thehein . . farnam; 65 firsähun sih. §. 54. In negierten Sätzen (§. 20) wechselt Sing, mit Plur. : I, 1, 93 nist untar in, tha^ thulte, tha^ kuning iro walte, 94 in worolti niheine. V, 19, 7 nist, 8 nub er thär sculi sin, 9 ni sie sculin .. renton. Aehnlich II, 4, 10 then mgang ouh ni rine, ni si ekordi thie sine = den Eingang sollte nicht (irgend Jemand) berüh- ren j ausser allein die Seinen. Hierher ziehe ich auch II, 8, 5 ni ward io in woroltzitin, thiu zisamane gihitin, tha^ sih gesto guati suli- chero ruamti = nie gab es (unter denen), die sich vermählt haben mögen j (einen) ^ der sich solcher herrlichen Gäste gerühmt hätte; im letzten Satze ist einer der beiden Gatten als Subject gedacht, tha:^ kann entweder als Conjunction (Kelativpartikel) betrachtet werden (wie II, 17, 13. III, 4, 24. IV, 13, 47 s. I, §. 272) oder vielleicht auch NÜMEEI DES NOMENS ITND VERBINDUNG DERSELBEN MIT DENEN DES VERBUMS. 35 als relatives Pronomen, dessen Neutrum dann auch bei einer von zwei Personen die Unbestimmtheit des Geschlechtes bezeichnet (§. 76). Andere Beispiele des Wechsels zwischen dem Numerus der Prono- mina in verschiedenen Sätzen: II, 9, 63 so wer thiz firneman wolle, Mar losen sie 17, alle, joh herazua thenke, tha^ sua^o er sih gi- d r e n k e. Vorangeschickter Relativsatz im Sing., Demonstrativum im Plur. V, 12, 95 ther sia minnon wolti, 97 tha:^ thie wärm guate. Pronomen zweiter Person : I, 27, 61 er doufit thih . . 62 joh reinCt iwih. Aehnlich IV, 11, 50. 51. 52; umgekehrter Uebergang aus dem Plur. in den Sing, ohne Pron. im zweiten Satze V, 20, 73 ir gibua^- tut mir thurst inti hungar, 74 in hüs mih ouh intfiangi. Ebenso in erster Person III, 25, 25 tha^ ein man bi unsih sterbe .. 28 tha^ thunkit mih giräti. §. 55. Dass aber Otfrid ohne Pronomen im zweiten Satze von der 1. Person Plur. zur 3. Sing, übergesprungen sei, also ausser dem Numerus auch die Person gewechselt habe, nimmt Kelle nach seiner Aufzählung der Formen (II, 95) an für die Stellen III, 26, 61 nü ilemes thes thenken .., 62 tha^ imo io liehe zi themo hohen himil- riche. III, 19, 7 tha^ wir thes biginnen, wir honida gib engen, odo in thes wertes wige wiht iamanne firswige. Mir ist dies sehr unwahrscheinlich, zumal an beiden Stellen in den folgenden Versen noch das Pron. der 1. Plur. (unsih, uns) beibehalten ist; ich nehme daher an , dass Otfrid auch die Formen liche(n), firswige(n) als 1. Plur. empfunden und nur wie in den §. 48 angeführten Stellen das auslau- tende n unterdrückt habe. Grenera des Nomens. §. 56. Jedes ahd. Substantivum ist im Ganzen fest und bestimmt einem der drei im indogermanischen Sprachstamme unterschiedenen Genera zugewiesen; die Abgrenzung derselben und die Schwankungen, welche Otfrids Sprache im Genus einzelner Substantiva zeigt, lasse ich hier ununtersucht. Dagegen zeigt sich freie Wahl in der Bestimmung des Genus oder wenigstens selbständiges Schalten mit der überlieferten Genusunterscheidung bei der Substantivierung von Adjectiven und von gegenständlich aufgefassten abstracten Begriffen; ferner zeigt sich selb- ständige, von dem sonst fixierten Gebrauche öfters abweichende Bestim- mung des Genus bei Zurückdeutung auf den durch ein Subst. in dem vorhergehenden Teile der Rede bezeichneten Gedankeninhalt durch ein Pronomen oder Adjectivum; endlich bestimmte Eigentümlichkeiten bei 3* 36 GENERA DES NOMENS. Zusammenfassung mehrerer Substantiva von verschiedenem Genus. Auf die Beobachtung dieser Erscheinungen glaube ich die Untersuchung für ein bestimmtes Sprachdenkmal beschränken zu müssen. Sie alle zeigen sich an den Redeteilen, die durch den Gegensatz mehrerer von einem Stamme abgeleiteten Bildungen (oder auch mehrerer als gegensätzliche Teile eines Ganzen empfundener Stämme), zwischen denen eben für jeden Fall die Auswahl frei steht , die verschiedenen Genera unterschei- den und bestimmen, nämlich am Pronomen und dem flectierten Adjec- tivum; diese bilden das eigentliche Gebiet der syntaktischen Unter- suchung des Genus. Ueberblicken wir zunächst den Bestand der in Otfrids Sprache erhaltenen Formen. §. 57. Die deutlichsten Träger und Erhalter der Genusunterschei- dung sind die Pronomina er — siu — i^ und ther — thiu — tha^. Ihr Sing, unterscheidet alle drei Genera im Nom. und Acc; im Gen. und Dat. ist nur das Femininum deutlich vom Masc. und Neutr. abge- sondert, die unter sich ursprünglich nicht unterschieden wurden. Doch hat sich ahd. aucli für diese Genera teilweise ein Gegensatz unverkenn- bar dadurch ausgeprägt, dass, wie Kelle IT, 323 mit Recht behauptet, der Gen. es bei Otfrid ausschliesslich neutral gebraucht wird, während für das Masc. sin steht; ferner dadurch, dass der Instrumentalis thiu auf das Neutrum beschränkt ist. Auch I, 26, 9 steht nur in P nach Kelle thiu auf das Masc. douf bezogen; Otfrid schrieb the; s. I S. X; dagegen steht themo, wo es nicht mit Subst. verbundener Artikel, sondern selbständiges Pronomen ist , ausschliesslich für das Masc. , auch V, 3, 5 (Kelle 11, 349) geht es auf das Masc. segan V. 3 zurück. Im Plural fallen für den Gen. und Dat. beider Pronomina alle Genera zusammen; im Nom. und Acc. sind sie ahd. noch formell unter- schieden; sie — siö — siu; thie — thio — thiu, doch beginnen schon bei Otfrid Schwankungen, die freilich auf ein geringeres Mass wirklicher Formverwirrung zurückzuführen sind, als Kelle annimmt. Die Femininform sio kommt überhaupt nur dreimal vor: I, 3, 1. III, 16, 8. V, 25, 99 VP; in der Regel tritt für sie die Masculinform sie ein, s. Kelle II, 334 die unzweifelhaften Belege. Dass aber sie auch für die Neutralform siu gesetzt sei, wie Kelle II, 329 meint, bestreite ich. An allen von Kelle angeführten Stellen steht sie, meist in den zunächst stehenden Versen mit siu wechselnd, entweder auf das Subst. wib im Plur. (I, 20, 29. IV, 26, 6. 7. 35, 24. 27. 31) bezo- gen, oder auf Personen verschiedenen oder unbestimmten Geschlechtes, s. §. 79; in keinem anderen Falle ist sie für siu gebraucht. Ich glaube nun, dass Otfrid an jenen Stellen sein sie nicht als Neutrum empfun- den hat, sondern dass er zwischen dem grammatisch gerechtfertigten GENERA DES NOMENS. siu und dem der Persönlichkeit der Bezeichneten entsprechenden sie schwankte, das ich, wo es nach wib steht, analog den §. 59 angeführ- ten Fällen des Sing, als Femiuinform , in den anderen Stellen als Mascu- liuform, die beide persönlichen Genera vertritt (§. 61), ansetzen würde. Wenn Otfrid I, 20, 13 wirklich geschrieben hat: siu zälätun siu ubar dag, wo das erste siu auf die Soldaten des Herodes geht, so ist das ein einfaches Yersehn, hervorgerufen durch das häufige Vorkom- men des von den Kindern und Weibern gebrauchten und auch mit per- sönlichem sie wechselnden neutralen siu in diesem Abschnitte; eine syntaktische Folgerung ist daraus nicht zu ziehn. Auch thie steht in vielen unzweifelhaften Fällen für die noch häu- fig belegte Femininform thiö; doch ist in der Mehrzahl der Stellen das Pronomen als Artikel oder Relativum verbunden mit den im Genus schwankenden Substantiven buah (I, 8, 26. III, 20, 55. IV, 34, 14. H. 126. V, 10, 28 V), liuti (III, 6, 46. III, 14, 105 F) und mit den auch im Numerus (§. 2) formelle Verwirrung zeigenden Formen der starken i-Declination: däti I, 1, 17. III, 1, 8. IV, 12, 15. 34, 21; wol auch H. 52, III, 21, 21 VP. I, 15, 44 P. ziti I, 22, 3. III, 4, 19. IV, 5, 1, 25, 11. V, 4, 5. 6, 67. IV, 18, 33 VF. 26, 39 VF. IV, 18, 1 F. V, 6, 70 F. I, 1, 25 F. kunfti II, 12, 46. gifti V, 12, 55. 56. arabeiti II, 14, 4. 21, 20. IV, 7, 15 (14 P). V, 7, 52 VF. V, 23, 9 VF. henti V, 1. 20. 3, 10. brusti I, 20, 11. lusti II, 11, 64 F. suhti V, 16, 38 VP. duri III, 12, 39 V. Aventi II, 4, 53 (viell. Masc. §.61). lichi IV, 34, 4 (§. 61); sowie einigemal mit Femininis auf i: smähi min V, 25, 89. thie iwo wizzi V, 18, 4 (beidemal Umschreibung männ- licher Personen); ubili V, 20, 95 VF; dazu noch einige unsichere Bei- spiele, die auch Acc. Sing, sein können, Kelle II, 360. Die Form thie bei bluomon II, 22, 14 (13 F) erklärt sich dadurch,* dass auch sonst das Masc. bluomo vorkommt, s. Kelle II, 293. Ausserdem steht thie bei undon III, 8, 13 VP. ostaron IV, 9, 4. IV, 20, 6 V und auf- fallend genug I, 20, 9 thie muater, thie ru^un (dieser Abschnitt überhaupt reich an Verwirrung, s. oben über V. 13). Bezüglich auf zi then rachon II, 8, 30 war in V nach Keiles Angabe thie geschrie- ben, das aber der Corrector in thio verbesserte. üeber das Eelativum thie IV, 7, 65, sowie über thie als Artikel und anaphorisches Pron. bei zwei Subst. verschiedenen Geschlechtes V, 1, 20 s. §. 61. Ausserdem ist thio auch in thia abgeschwächt und dadurch gleich dem Acc. Sing, geworden (s. §. 2); nie aber tritt eine Abschwächung der Neutralform thiu ein, die Kelle z. B. V, 1, 20 mit demselben Rechte annehmen könnte, als er es oben für siu getan hat. Dass 38 GENERA DES NOMENS. I, 27, 60 tliio bei dem unzweifelhaften Masc. riomon in VF steht, ist wol ein durch Assimilation au den Vocal des Subst. erklärliches Versehen. Auch das Fem. Plur. thesö zeigt Abschwächung in these bei däti II, 14, 77 VP, V, 6, 3 V; thesa bei ziti IV, 22, 9, s. o. §. 2. In der pronominalen (starken) Adjectivflexion walten dieselben Unterscheidungen wie beim Pronomen ob; auch die seltenen Fälle einer besonderen Form des Instr. Sing. (Kelle II, 270) sind auf das Neutrum beschränkt. Abschwächung der Endung des Fem. Plur.6 in -e (= dem Masc.) zeigt sich ausser an den §. 61 behandelten Stellen IV, 7, 65. V, 23, 69 nur einigemal im Eeime (Kelle II, 285) bei Substantiven der i-Decli- nation: II, 14, 2 in steti filu wuaste (: geiste). II, 18, 20 gifti gimuate (; biete). Ausserdem steht viermal fehlerhaft in der Hand- schrift F alle : I, 1, 25 (thie). III, 25, 23. V, 12, 44. 25, 94. Das schwache Adjectiv hat im Sing., obwol es die formelle Casus- unterscheidung schon zum grossen Teile aufgegeben hat, den Gegen- satz der Genera ziemlich vollständig ausgeprägt; dass im Nom. die Endung des Fem. der des Neutr. gleich geworden ist (thiu alta — tha^ alta), kaiin nur selten eine Zweideutigkeit veranlassen (§. 63). Sonst sind im Nom. und Acc. alle drei Genera , im Gen. und Dat. das Masc. - Neutr. vom Fem. geschieden (s. Kelle II, 286 ff.). — Im Plur. dage- gen ist die Unterscheidung der Genera im schwachen Adj. fast voll- ständig verwischt; nur der vereinzelt vorkommende (Kelle II, 290. 291. 293) Ausgang auf -on unterscheidet bisweilen die beiden persönlichen Genera vom sächlichen, mit dem sie meist schon in dem Ausgange -un zusammentreffen. Häufig wird von Otfrid nicht nur prädicativ, sondern selbst attri- butiv das flexionslose , also auch die Genera nicht unterscheidende Adj. gebraucht, Kelle II, 296 --304. Bei Aufzählung und Anordnung der oben §.56 als Gegenstand der Untersuchung bezeichneten Eigentümlichkeiten suche ich die beiden persönlichen Genera (§. 58 — 61) vom Neutrum (§. 62 — 79), unter ihnen den Sing, vom Plur. möglichst abzusondern. §. 58. Substantivierte Adjectiva im Masc. Sing, werden im Nomi- nativ nur in der schwachen Form mit Artikel oder auch ohne Artikel mit abhängigem Genetiv oder Pronomen possessivum gebraucht; in den anderen Casus steht ohne Artikel öfters die starke, einmal auch die schwache Form. Sie bezeichnen entweder einzelne männliche Perso- nen, wie z. B. III, 24, 60 ther döto. III, 20, 104 ther blinto. III, 23, 8 siner liobo. III, 20, 73 gotes holdo. III, 20, 36 sin GENERA DES NOMENS. 39 gilicho u. a., vgl. Kelle II, 247; oder auch in individualisierendem Sing. (§. 21) Personen, deren Geschlecht als für die Erzählung unwe- sentlich nicht bestimmt wird: V, 21, 8 ther ander emo nimit sina^ hüs, 9 nachotan ni thekit, 10 anderan roubot, 12 suntilösan bintit, 13 dotan ni bigrebit. L. 36 so man guetemo scal. III, 23, 46 so 'ofto sio chemo duat; consonantische Form IV, 29, 34 so man eine gen scal = tvie man dem Einsigen, Eingehorenen (== 33 Kriste) tun soll. Das Femininum steht- einmal von einer einzelnen weiblichen Person mit Artikel in schwacher Form: I, 9, 2 säliga thiu alta; ausser- dem zur Bezeichnung der linken Hand V, 20, 58 thia winistrun. Dagegen hat zeswa substantivische Flexion IV, 19, 56 zi selben gotes zesawu; sonst steht das neutrale zeso. §. 59. Während bei den neutralen Substantiven kind und wib das attributive und prädicative Adj. stets die Congruenz des gramma- tische Genus bewahrt, ist bei Zurückweisung auf dieselben durch ein anaphorisch - demonstratives , seltener auch durch ein relatives Prono- men häufig das natürliche Geschlecht der bezeichneten Personen für das Genus des Pronomens massgebend. Auf kind, wo es (oft vielleicht nur des Reimes oder Metrums wegen statt sun gebraucht) einen Knaben bezeichnet, folgt häufig Masc. des persönlichen Pronomens. I, 17, 11 eiscotun thes kindes, 12 .. tha^ er ther kuning wäri. I, 22, 9 tha^ kind, 11 er. 22 inan. 23 ther sun. 32 tha^ kind, 33. 35 if. er. I, 23, 4 zi thes ewarten kinde (Johannes), 5 tha^ er fuari. II, 9, 43 tha^ kind (Isaah) tha^ druag tha^ witu mit, joh er i^ habeta furi niwiht. I, 9, 13. III, 20, 83 ff. Selbst relatives Pronomen steht mit dem darauf bezogenen Adj. im Masc. III, 20, 82 ist thiz kind iwer, ther blinter ward giboraner? Ebenso auch II, 2, 35 ist sin guati ubaral, so in kinde zeizemo scal, then fater einigan . . minnot, wo fater Subject, then auf kind (= sune 34) zu beziehn ist: welchen der Vater als seinen einigen (Sohn) liebt. Dass dies der Sinn der Stelle ist, ist vollkommen deut- lich aus der erklärenden Paraphrase im nächsten Verse: follan gotes ensti. Oefters jedoch folgt auch das Neutrum i^, namentlich stets dann, wenn das natürliche Geschlecht unbestimmt gelassen wird: I, 5, 45 tha^ selba kind (noch ungeboren) hei^it i ^ . . gotes sun frono ; dann aber 48 imo, 50 ff. inan, da die Persönlichkeit deutlich hervortritt. I, 9, 10 tha^ kind . ., 12 thei^ wäri giavaronti then fater. II, 3, 16 gisiuni i^ ni dwalta = es verzögerte (seinen) Anblich nicht, d. h. gewährte ihn. I, 20, 17 incloub man tha^ kind (collectiv: Kinder verschiedenen 40 GENERA DES NOMENS. Geschlechtes), 18 joh nam i^ fon them brusti. IV, 26, 37 thlu kin- des imbera si, 38 fon rewe i^ io nirougti. I, 17, 58. V, 20, 41. So namentlich auch stets im Plur. (vgl. §. 68): I, 20, 5 thiu kind ellu .. wurtun firlorinu. I, 22, 15. II, 14, 32. Stets neutral ist das Deminutiv kindilin; es folgt i^ I, 9, 8. III, 1, 32. 33. 37; Plur. siu II, 3, 28. Auf wib (Grimm IV, 268) folgt im Sing, bei Otfrid stets als per- sönliches Pron. das Fem. siu, nie i^; mit diesem ist öfters in seinem Satze auch ein prädicatives Adj. im Fem. verbunden. II, 14, 13 quam ein wib, 14 tha^ siu thes giziloti. 17 quad siu ff. I, 14, 11 s6 welih wib so wäri . . 12 tha^ siu unreini .. wurti. I, 8, 1 tha:^ wib, 2 er sia hafta gisah. 20 thes wibes, 24 iru. 111,17, 16. III, 10, 5. 19. 22 ff. III, 14, 10. 12 ff. V, 8, 43 ff. So auch anaphorisch inner- halb desselben Satzes V, 7, 11 thi^ wib ouh .., siu i^ al irsuachet habeta und reflexiv III, 17, 13 tha^ thiz wib firworaht habet ira lib. Ebenso folgt aut wib im nächsten Satze das Fem. jenu IIT, 14, 17 und thisu V, 18, 51. Dagegen folgt auf den Plur. von wib, der weniger die einzelnen Persönlichkeiten handelnd hervortreten lässt, bald siu, bald sie; die- ses letztere ist nicht mit Kelle II, 329 als eine ahd. sonst unerhörte Abschwächung der neutralen Form, sondern als die das Fem. zugleich vertretende Masculinform zu betrachten, s. §. 57. 61. Beide Formen wechseln ganz willkürlich: I, 20, 29 quad, sie tha^ ni woltin, suntar siu sih qualtm (beide Formen zurückdeutend auf thiu wip 28). IV, 26, 5 thiu wib irweinotun, 6 wänu sie ouh tha^ ru^in, 7 sie weinotun, 8 ruarta siu tha:^ jämar, 9 siu bliwun iro brusti. IV, 35, 23 thiu wib, 24 sie, 25 siu, 27 ff. sie. V, 4, 9 thiu wib, 10. 13. 16. 17. 19 sie. Das auf wib bezogene Relativpronomen jedoch steht meist im Neu- trum: IV, 18, 6 tha^ wib, tha^ thero duro sah. III, 17, 15 tha:^ wib, tha^ hiar sulih duit (dagegen 16 sia). I, 14, 11 und I, 20, 15 kann tha!5 als Conjunction aufgefasst werden, s. I §. 272. Nur einmal steht das Femininum II, 14, 117 zi themo selben wibe, 118 thiu erist deta sina kunft kund. — Auf den Plur. bezogen steht das Neutrum thiu IV, 34, 26. Das Genus des Superlativs I, 5, 16 ist unsicher, s. §. 63. §. 60. Entsprechend dem Masc. Sing, des substantivierten Adj. wird auch der Plur. Masc. (vocalischer und consonantischer Form, mit und auch ohne thie) nicht nur von männlichen Personen, sondern auch als Ver- treter beider Geschlechter in solchen Fällen gebraucht, wo der sexuelle Unterschied unwesentlich ist, die Persönlichkeit aber deutlich hervor- tritt. III, 6, 5 druhtin inti sine (seine Jünger); ebenso ü, 10, 4. 10. GENERA DES NOMENR. 41 ITI, 6, 45. 25, 40. IV, 11, 5. 48; allgemein von Personen beiderlei Geschlechts: II, 4, 19 uittar sinen. II, 24, 39 tha^ wir zi thinen sin gifuagit. II, 9, 24 thü mäht gifrewen ouh thie thine. IV, 35, 22 thie druhtines gidriwon joh selben Kristes liubon (= theganä 21). IV, 14, 11 tha^ beilege io giredotun. III, 24, 105 manage. I, 4,43. 15, 13 thie ungiloubige. I, 7, 15 zistia^ er thie riebe; 16 thie otmuatige. I, 23, 7 thie wenege. II, 16, 5 thie milte joh mua- tes mammunte; 17 thie armberze; 25 thie fridusame. V, 25, 53 thie . . thes guaten willen folle. III, 20, 151 then suntigen. I, 27, 8. II, 16, 1. V, 16, 29. 19, 54 u. a. arme joh thie riebe. V, 20, 25 thie selbe irstantent alle. V, 20, 67 quemet, thie giwihte mines fater sin, gisegenote sine. V, 20, 55. 83 thie guate; 95 thie wini- stre. — IV, 34, 3 thie dotun. I, 7, 16 thie bungorOgun, muadon ; 17 thie Odegun alle. III, 14, 55 thie siecbun. I, 4, 44 thie tbum- bon. Vocaliscbe und consonantiscbe Stammbild img ohne Unterschied wechselnd: III, 20, 68 thie ubile joh thie dobtun. §. 61. Aucb die Masculinform der Pronomina im Plur. (sie, thie) muss an mehreren Stellen als gemeinsame Bezeichnung der bei- den persönlichen Genera betrachtet werden. Erleichtert wurde dieser Gebraucb durch die §. 57 besprochene beginnende lautliche Abschwächung der Femininendung 6 in e (= dem Masc); so lange das Neutrum von derselben noch nicht ergriffen war, was für Otfrid entschieden anzuneb- men ist , zeigte sich in dieser Verschiedenheit der Form ein Gegensatz der beiden persönlichen Genera zum Neutrum. Einigemal ist auf das Pronomen auch die Masc- Form des starken Adj. prädicativ bezogen. Auch auf zwei zufällig zusammengekommene Personen (Simeon und Anna) beziebt sich II, 3, 24 das persönliche Pronomen sie; bei zusam- mengehörenden Paaren steht sonst in der Regel das Neutrum siu, oft aber wechselt dasselbe mit sie, namentlich wo im Verlaufe der Erzäh- lung eben die Persönlichkeit der Handelnden hervortritt, s. § 79 die Belege. Aucb auf mehrere allgemein gebrauchte Bezeichnungen von Personen verschiedenen Geschlechtes deutet zusammenfassendes sie zurück, das Kelle II, 329 unnötigerweise als Neutrum ansetzt: V, 19,47 manaboubit .. 48 kind noh quena in wäre, sie sorgent iro tbäre. Endlich wechselt aucb das auf den Plural wib bezogene siu mit sie (§. 59), nicht, wie ich glaube, weil das weibliche Geschlecht, sondern weil die Persönlichkeit der Handelnden dem Schriftsteller bewusst wird. Einmal lässt Otfrid in einem Relativsatze das vorher am Artikel genau bezeichnete weibliche Geschlecht der erwähnten Personen unbe- rücksichtigt und setzt die allgemeine persönliche Masculinform nicht nur des Relativpronomens, sondern aucb des prädicativen Adjectivums: 42 GENERA DES NOMBNS. IV, 7, 75 wio thiö finfi (die fünf törichten Jungfrauen) fuarun, thie ungiwäre wäruii; auch 66 steht sie, 67 aber wider genau thio hiar . . wärun wakar. Vielleicht hat auch IV, 34, 4 thie säligun lichi die Analogie mit thie dotun v. 3 und die Kücksicht auf das verschiedene Geschlecht der Personen auf die Form des Artikels eingewirkt; auch 5 folgt sie. Ebenso wirkt Artikel und Adj. des ersten Verses auch auf den zweiten ein an der Stelle V, 23, 69 wurtun thie lichamon dote, 70 thie selä filu riche in themo hohen himilriche. Auch auf zwei sächliche pluralische Substantiva, von denen das erste Masc. , das zweite Fem. ist, weist zusammenfassend thie hin; beide haben auch den Artikel in der Form thie (§. 57): V, 1, 20 thie armä joh thie henti, thie zeigont woroltenti. An diese Stelle schliesse ich noch eine andere, in welcher ein prädicativ mit sin verbundenes Part. Prät. die Flexion des Masc. Plur. zeigt, während das Subject im nächsten Verse zwei sächliche Substan- tiva von verschiedenem Genus bilden: I. 11, 23 ein bürg ist thär in lante, thär wärun io ginante 24 hüs inti wenti zi edilinge henti. Sehr auffallend wäre die Masculinform , wenn man wenti als Fem. betrachten müsste; da dieser Plur. aber an der einzigen noch übrigen Belegstelle bei Otfrid II, 4, 53 mit der Form thie verbunden ist, so nehme ich an, dass der Plur. dieses Subst. (wie z. B. auch der von frist Kelle II, 192) bei Otfrid als Masc. galt oder gelten konnte, obwol III, 20, 39 der nach seiner Endung zum Fem. gehörende Dat. Sing, wenti steht und das Wort als Masc. in anderen Quellen nicht belegt ist. Dann hat unter den beiden durch inti verbundenen Substantiven das im Plur. stehende das Genus des vorangeschickten Verbums und Participiums bestimmt (Grimm IV, 282). §. 62. Das den Subjectscasus vom Objectscasus nie unterschei- dende Neutrum wird als allgemeinstes Genus für einen generell neu zu formenden Vorstellungsinhalt , der nicht persönlich gefasst wird, auch ahd. in ausgedehntem Masse verwandt, und selbst Bezeichnungen von Personen sinken in dies allgemeine Genus zurück, sobald entweder das natürliche Geschlecht oder die Persönlichkeit überhaupt unberücksich- tigt oder unbesimmt bleibt. Dies zeigt sich namentlich auch im ahd. darin , dass bei zusammenfassender Bezeichnung von Personen verschie- denen natürlichen Geschlechtes ausser in den §. 60. 61 behandelten Fällen das Neutrum gebraucht wird. Das substantivierte Neutrum derAdjectiva wird zur Bezeich- nung von Dingen, denen die Eigenschaft des Adj. zukommt, auch zur Bezeichnung dieser Eigenschaft selbst (oft mit oder ohne Präp.) in adver- GENERA DES NOMENS. 43 bialen Gebrauch übergehend) gebraucht, jedoch in originaler deutscher Kede ausschliesslich im Sing. (s. §. 14). Nicht eigentlich als eine erst in Otfrids Sprache sich vollziehende Substantivierung ist es 7a\ betrachten, dass mehrere oft gebrauchte Nominalstämme, die auch adjectivisch flectiert werden, ausserdem im Nom. Acc. Sing, flexionslos, in den übrigen Casus mit substantivischer Flexion als neutrale Substantiva gebraucht sind. So liob Y, 23, 141 u. 0.; guat III, 18, 10 u. o., auch von der Person Christi V, 9, 1 tha^ ewiniga guat; war zellen II, 7, 17 u. o. ; in war min III, 18, 38 u. a., IV, 21, 85 tha^ war = 3G tha^ wärnissi; ubil II, 12, 91 er tha^ ubil al giduit; reht ganz substantivisch V, 23, 126 u. a. ; werd IV, 35, 15 tha^ was engilo werd; gimah I, 9, 32 u. o. ; al mit Gen. III, 14, 12 thoh siu ira al spentoti = ihr Alles j ihre ganze Habe. II, 24, 29 wir tha^ thin io wollen. I, 9, 18. sulih, suslih II, 8, 17 u. 0. Ein Plur. kommt jedoch auch von diesen Neutris bei Otfrid nie vor; Tatian braucht ihn z. B. 4, 7 hungerente gifulta guoto = implevit lonis. In anderen Fällen aber werden, zum Teil von denselben Stämmen, auch Casus mit adjectivischer Flexion (sowol starker als schwacher) mit oder ohne Artikel substantivisch gebraucht. Ich führe die Beispiele nach den Casus geordnet an. Nom. Acc. schwacher Form mit Artikel: V, 25, 41 er tha^ guata minnot, 42 tha^ arga midit. 49 tha^ ubila firmeid. V, 23, 212 thaz guata managfalta. III, 22, 47 sprah tha^ rehta. II, 12, 57 oba ih thi^ irdisga iu gizellu. III, 9, 10 tha^ mera sie ni bätin. An der Stelle I, 4, 54 ni gibit uns tha^ alta, tha?; thiu jugund scolta ist das Neutrum des Adj. des Reimes wegen statt altar oder altduam gesetzt. Zweifelhaft ist mir IV, 15, 18 tha:^ wära zalta er imo; wol besser tha^ wara, §.64. — Ohne Artikel stehn die Neutra der Superlativa und Comparativa in den §. 63 erwähnten Stellen; ebenso wie es scheint mit Gen. des Pronomens V, 25, 45 tha^ giscrib min wirdit be^ira sin, wo ich jetzt doch mit Verbesserung des Zeitschr. i d. Ph. V, 349 Gesagten be^ira als substantiviertes Neutrum des Comp, fassen und mit IV, 2, 21 in themo ärgeren vergleichen, wirdit aber von wird- jan ableiten möchte: meine Schrift würdigt seine bessere Gesinnung (= guati 46). Starke Form ohne Artikel: I, 27, 30 uns zaltun sie wäha^ joh filu seltsänaz. H. 144; mit Artikel III, 16, 19 suachit io tha^ sina^; 20 wilit thes gigähen, tha:^ sina^ io gihohen. Ebenso I, 1, 32, wo sonst tha^ auch als Conjunction aufgefasst werden könnte. 44 GENERA DES NOMRNS. Der Genetiv Sing, wird in der starken substantivischen und adjectivischen Flexion gleich gebildet; es ist daher nicht von jedem Beispiele sicher zu bestimmen, ob Subst. oder Adj. vorliegt. I, 18, 19 tharben maneges liobes. II, 16, 20 filu liebes. II, 19, 28 u. o. III, 25, 31 manota nan thes wäres. II, 2, 37 follan . . 38 wäres inti guates joh druhtines gimuates (mit abhängigem Gen. == und von allem, was dem Herren angenehm ist). I. 25, 27 thär nist bit- teres : niawiht. I, 17, 61 rehtes sie githähtun. IV, 29, 11 gilou- bent io rehtes. IV, 15, 19 ih bin weg rehtes joh alles redihaftes. I, 27, 31 guates er in onda. II, 7, 48 guatigiliches. II, 16, 13 guataliches waltent. II, 4, 37 ubiles so bald. III, 20, 140 batin ubiles. III, 17, 34 sua^es er gilerti. II, 12, 26 er sulihes ni tharbe. IV, 20, 29 bigan er suslihes. II, 4, 16 er wiht thär sin es ni fand. V, 4, 56. — Von der schwachen Formation habe ich nur ein Beispiel mit Artikel: V, 25, 72 thes argen nement gouma. Dativ Sing, starker Flexion: II, 1, 47 in finsteremo i^ scinit. Dazu nach der von Kelle angegebenen ursprünglichen Schreibung der Handschrift V I, 1, 52 so ih bi rehtemo scal; die Correctur bi reh- temen deutet auf einen um ein Suffix erweiterten Stamm schwacher Formation (Grimm Gramm. 11, 149. Graffll, 571), dessen Dat. Sing. Neutr. dann ohne Artikel steht, wie III, 17, 52 in mittemen stuant. Mit Artikel: V, 25, 67 luagent zemo argen, 72 Gen., ebenso vom Comparativ IV, 2, 21 ther io in themo ärgeren was = der immer die scMecJitere Gesinnung (unter swei vorgestellten) hatte. I, 2, 16 in themo wähen =^ in dem (vom Schriftsteller zu erzählenden) Vortreff- lichen. Daneben öfters Dative mit starker substantivischer Flexion: III, 2, 13 u. a. bi rehte. III, 6, 7 fon seltsäne. III, 1, 3 fon themo wun- tarliche. H. 142 u. o. zi wäre; L. 28 u. a. zi Habe; V, 20, 72 mit liebu. II, 14, 72 mit wäru. §. 63. Eine Substantivierung liegt auch vor, wenn das Neutrum Sing, des Superlativs mit einem partitiven Genetiv Sing, oder Plur.
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https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1197439
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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Stack Exchange
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Explanation of the algorithmic form
Booth's multiplication algorithm is a multiplication algorithm that multiplies two signed binary numbers in two's complement notation.The core of the algorithm is the replacement of a string of $1's$ with a string of $0's$ so that we have to perform fewer operations than the ordinary multiplication (a/c to my understanding).
While I understand the mathematical formulation of the algorithm , I am, not able to link it with the algorithmic form. For instance what is $P$ and how does its shifting work?
Example:
$3 \times (-4)$
$3_{10}=11_2$
$4_{10}=100_2$
$(-4)_{10}=1100_{2} \text{two's complement } (-4=-2^{3}+2^2+0+0)$
Now a/c to the algorithm $11$ can be weritten as
$100_2-1_2$, hence;
$1100 \times 11=1100\times (100-1)$
$\implies 1100 \times 100 +1100=110000+(1100)^{'}=110000+100=110100$
$=(-2^{5}+2^{4}+0+2^2+0+0)=-12_{10}=3 \times (-4)$
Is my approch equivalent to this?
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https://github.com/mrdulin/python-codelab/blob/master/src/stackoverflow/64673419/api.py
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python-codelab
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import gcsfs
PROJECT = "teresa.teng"
def download_models(gcs_model_path, local_path):
filesystem = gcsfs.GCSFileSystem(project=PROJECT)
filesystem.get(gcs_model_path, local_path, recursive=True)
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US-201815950780-A_2
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Open Government
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In embodiments described herein, an inline sputter system is disclosed. In an inline sputter system, the number of coating layers may be limited and controlled by the number of targets in the linear motion direction. The system may be suitable for use in mass production of a fixed optical coating design, for example without limitation, a 2, 4 or 6 layer AR coating. The ETC material can be coated on top of the AR coating by either thermal evaporation or CVD. In embodiments, the ETC coating may be provided in a steel wool-filled crucible or a porous ceramic-filled copper crucible. The use of steel wool can provide for uniform heating of the ETC material and increases the evaporation surface area. The use of steel wool can also provide for a more controlled deposition rate of the ETC coating on a substrate. Using the CVD method the ETC can be deposited on both sides of the substrate. However, it should be understood that only the optical coating side may be coated with the ETC coating.
The inline sputter system sputters a sputtering source onto the substrate to produce a film of source material on at least a first surface of a substrate. Each coating layer may use a different sputtering source, and in some embodiments, multiple sputtering sources may be used to form a single coating layer. Thickness control of each layer can depend upon the distance between the sputtering source and the substrate, sputtering rate (defined as the number of sputtered particles emitted from the sputtering source), the sputtering source material, type of sputter power, sputter power intensity, type of carrier gas that may or may not be used, and the carrier gas flow rate, if used. In some embodiments, the distance between the sputtering source and the substrate is from about 10 mm to about 150 mm, from about 20 mm to about 125 mm, or from about 30 mm to about 100 mm.
In embodiments described herein, an ion-assisted electron-beam deposition can also be used and provides a unique advantage for coating small and medium size glass substrates, for example those having facial dimensions in the range of approximately 40 mm×60 mm to approximately 180 mm×320 mm depending on chamber size. In some embodiments, ion-assisted electron-beam deposition may include the benefit of: (i) having a freshly deposited AR optical coating on the glass surface that has a low surface activation energy with regard to the applying an ETC coating since there is no surface contamination (water or other environmental) that might impact to ETC coating adhesion, performance and reliability. The application of the ETC coating directly after completion of the optical coating improves crosslinking between fluorocarbon functional groups, improves wear resistance, and improves contact angle performance (higher oleophobic and oleophobic contact angles) after thousands of wipes; (ii) greatly reducing coating cycle time to enhance coater utilization and throughput; (iii) eliminating the requirement of post heat treatments or UV curing due to lower activation energy of the optical coating surface which can make the process compatible with post ETC processes in which heating is not allowed; and (iv) only coating the ETC coating source materials on unselected regions, using the PVD process, to avoid contamination to other locations of substrate. The methods and glass articles will be described in further detail herein with specific reference to the appended drawings.
Referring to FIG. 2, the interior chamber of an ion-assisted electron beam (“e-beam”) deposition apparatus 200 is depicted. The apparatus 200 coating chamber contains an e-beam evaporation source 205 for deposition of an optical coating, a thermal evaporation source 210 for deposition of the ETC coating, an ion beam source 215, a reflective in situ optical monitor that includes a light source 220 and a detector 225, a quartz and in situ optical monitor 230, a substrate carrier (not shown), and substrate 235. In operation, a substrate 235 is provided to be coated. The substrate 235 may be positioned in the chamber onto a rotating substrate carrier. The direction of rotation of the substrate holder may occur in the direction of the arrow. Of course, it should be understood that the direction of rotation of the substrate carrier may occur in the opposite direction of the arrow as well. Optionally, the chamber may be under a vacuum. Coating source materials are evaporated using either or both the thermal evaporation source 210 or the e-beam evaporation source 205. The e-beam evaporation source 205 contains optical coating source materials 207 that are deposited onto the substrate 235. The area of coverage 209 for the e-beam evaporation source 205 is shown. The thermal evaporation source 210 contains ETC coating source materials that are deposited onto the surface of the AR coating. The ion beam source 215 emits an ion beam that bombards the substrate 235 with ions simultaneously with the evaporation of the source materials onto the substrate or onto the AR coating. The light source 220 and detector 225 are used to detect the properties of the coating layers, including, for example, the coating layer thickness, and surface characteristics. In some embodiments, the optical coating source materials are deposited onto the substrate 235 to form an optical coating layer and the ETC coating materials are deposited onto the optical coating layer to form an ETC coating. The substrate 235 may then be removed from the chamber of apparatus 200.
Referring to FIG. 4, an inline physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating system 400 is depicted. The coating system 400 comprises a single process chamber 405 and load lock chambers 410, 415. The single process chamber 405 may be used to deposit both the optical coating and the ETC coating. The load lock chambers 410, 415 are positioned on either side of the process chamber 405. The load lock chambers 410, 415 may be configured to process one or more substrates, including loading and unloading of one or more substrates into and from the process chamber 405. Vacuum seals or isolation valves 420 are located on both sides of each of chambers 405, 410, and 415. The vacuum seals or isolation valves 420 may allow the substrates to be loaded into or unloaded from the process chamber while maintaining a vacuum in the process chamber 405.
In operation, a substrate is provided to be coated. The substrate is introduced into the coating system 400 to load lock chamber 415. The pressure is lowered in the load lock chamber 415 to create a vacuum. The substrate is transported to the process chamber 405 under vacuum using a substrate carrier 425. Substrate carriers 425 may be used to hold the substrate and transport it through the chambers 405, 410, and 415. The chambers 405, 410, and 415 may be evacuated to a pressure of less than or equal to 10⁻⁴ Torr. Optical source materials are deposited onto the substrate to form an optical coating in the process chamber 405. After deposition of the optical coating, ETC coating source materials are deposited onto the optical coating to form an ETC coating in the process chamber 405. It should be understood herein that deposition may also be performed by chemical vapor deposition, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, laser ablation, vacuum arc deposition, thermal evaporation, sputtering, ion-assisted electron beam deposition, or atomic layer deposition as described herein. The coated substrate is then removed from the process chamber 405 using the substrate carrier 425 to load lock chamber 415 where the pressure is raised to atmospheric pressure. The coated substrate is then transferred for further processing. The substrate may be loaded or unloaded from either side of chambers 410, 415 (as shown by the arrows 430). In addition, the substrate may be processed in either direction (as shown by the arrow 435).
The inline PVD coating system may allow enhanced throughput of substrate. Two ring-type large deposition sources and a continuous feeding thermal evaporation source can be used for up to 10-20 runs without breaking vacuum. Thermal evaporation of the ETC material can be easily combined with other PVD processes in the same chamber, or it can be carried out in another adjacent chamber if the optical coating chamber does not permit the use of the ETC coating material for any reason, for example, to avoid ETC material vapor contamination of the chamber.
Referring to FIG. 5, an inline coating system 500 is depicted. The system 500 comprises a PVD coating chamber 505, a ETC coating chamber 510, and a load lock chamber 515. The PVD coating chamber 505 may be used to deposit optical coating source materials onto the substrate to form an optical coating. The ETC coating chamber may be used to deposit ETC coating source materials onto the optical coating to form an ETC coating. The load lock chamber 515 may be configured to process one or more substrates, including loading and unloading of one or more substrates into and from the PVD coating chamber 505. Vacuum seals or isolation valves 520 are located on both sides of each of chambers 505, 510 and 515. The vacuum seals or isolation valves 520 may allow the substrates to be loaded into or unloaded from the PVD coating chamber 505 and the ETC coating chamber 510, while maintaining a vacuum in the chambers 505, 510.
In operation, a substrate is provided to be coated. The substrate is introduced into the coating system 500 to load lock chamber 515. The pressure is lowered in the load lock chamber 515 to create a vacuum. The substrate is transported to PVD coating chamber 505 under vacuum using a substrate carrier 525. Substrate carriers 525 may be used to hold the substrate and transport it through the chambers 505, 510, and 515. The chambers 505, 510, and 515 may be evacuated to a pressure of less than or equal to 10⁻⁴ Torr. Optical source materials are deposited onto the substrate to form an optical coating in the PVD coating chamber 505. After deposition of the optical coating, the substrate is transported to ETC coating chamber 510 under vacuum using a substrate carrier 525. ETC coating source materials are deposited onto the optical coating to form an ETC coating in the ETC coating chamber 510. The coated substrate may be then removed from the ETC coating chamber 510 using the substrate carrier 525 for further processing. In some embodiments, the coated substrate is then removed from the ETC coating chamber 510 using the substrate carrier 525 back to load lock chamber 515 where the pressure is raised to atmospheric pressure. The coated substrate is then transferred for further processing. The substrate may be loaded or unloaded (as shown by the arrows 530) from either side of chambers 510, 515 depending upon the set up of the various chambers. In addition, the substrate may be processed in either direction (as shown by the arrow 535).
In the context of depositing multilayer coatings, the PVD coating chamber 505 may also be divided into an even number of sub-chambers of from 2 to 10. The coating period of the multilayer optical coating is then applied in an odd/even pair of sub-chambers. The odd numbered sub-chambers can be used to deposit either the high refractive index material H or the low refractive index material L and the even numbered sub-chambers can be used to deposit the other of the high refractive index material H or the low refractive index material L.
Referring to FIG. 6, an inline sputtering coating system 600 is depicted. The system 600 comprises a plurality of sputter chambers 605, an ETC coating chamber 610, and load lock chambers 615, 620. The plurality of sputter chambers 605 may be used to deposit a plurality of optical coating source materials onto the substrate to form a multilayer optical coating. Each of the plurality of optical coating source materials used to form the multilayer optical coating is provided in a separate sputter chamber 605. The ETC coating chamber 610 may be used to deposit ETC coating source materials onto the multilayer optical coating to form an ETC coating. The load lock chambers 615, 620 may be configured to process one or more substrates, including loading and unloading of one or more substrates into and from the plurality of sputter chambers 605 and the ETC coating chamber 610, while maintaining a vacuum. Vacuum seals or isolation valves 625 are located on both sides of each of chambers 605, 610, 615 and 620. The vacuum seals or isolation valves 625 may allow the substrates to be loaded into or unloaded from the plurality of sputter chambers 605 and the ETC coating chamber 610, while maintaining a vacuum.
In operation, a substrate is provided to be coated. The substrate is introduced into the coating system 600 to load lock chamber 615. The pressure is lowered in the load lock chamber 615 to create a vacuum. The substrate is transported to the first of a plurality of sputter chambers 605 under vacuum using a substrate carrier 625. Substrate carriers 630 may be used to hold the substrate and transport it through the chambers 605, 610, 615, and 620. The substrate enters the first of a plurality of sputter chambers 605 where a first optical coating source material is deposited. The substrate is transported from the first of a plurality of sputter chambers 605 to the second of a plurality of sputter chamber 605 under vacuum. The substrate enters the second of a plurality of sputter chambers 605 where a second optical coating source material is deposited. The substrate may continue on through the plurality of sputter chambers 605 for the deposition under vacuum of multiple layers of optical coating source materials to form a multilayer optical coating. The substrate is then transported to the ETC coating chamber 610 under vacuum where ETC coating source materials are deposited onto the multilayer optical coating to form an ETC coating. The coated substrate may be then removed from the ETC coating chamber 610 using the substrate carriers 630 to load lock chamber 620 where the pressure is raised to atmospheric pressure. The coated substrate is then transferred for further processing. The substrate may be loaded (as shown by the arrow 635) and unloaded (as shown by the arrow 640) in one direction. In addition, the substrate may be processed in one direction (as shown by the arrow 645).
Referring to FIG. 7, an inline CVD/PECVD coating system 700 is depicted. The system 700 comprises a CVD/PECVD chamber 705, an ETC coating chamber 710, and load lock chambers 715, 720. The CVD/PECVD chamber 705 may be used to deposit a plurality of optical coating source materials onto the substrate to form a multilayer optical coating. Each of the plurality of optical coating source materials used to form the multilayer optical coating is provided in a separate source material container (not pictured). The ETC coating chamber 710 may be used to deposit ETC coating source materials onto the multilayer optical coating to form an ETC coating. The load lock chambers 715, 720 may be configured to process one or more substrates, including loading and unloading of one or more substrates into and from the CVD/PECVD chamber 705 and the ETC coating chamber 710, while maintaining a vacuum. Vacuum seals or isolation valves 725 are located on both sides of each of chambers 705, 710, 715 and 720. The vacuum seals or isolation valves 725 may allow the substrates to be loaded into or unloaded from the CVD/PECVD chamber 705 and the ETC coating chamber 710, while maintaining a vacuum.
In operation, a substrate is provided to be coated. The substrate is introduced into the coating system 700 to load lock chamber 715. The pressure is lowered in the load lock chamber 715 to create a vacuum. The substrate is transported to the CVD/PECVD chamber 705 under vacuum using a substrate carrier. Substrate carriers may be used to hold the substrate and transport it through the chambers 705, 710, 715 and 720. The chambers 705, 710, 715 and 720 may be evacuated to a pressure of less than or equal to 10⁻⁴ Torr. Optical source materials are deposited onto the substrate to form an optical coating in the CVD/PECVD chamber 705. The substrate is transported from the CVD/PECVD chamber 705 to the ETC coating chamber 710 under vacuum. After deposition of the optical coating, ETC coating source materials are deposited onto the optical coating to form an ETC coating in the ETC coating chamber 710. The coated substrate may be then removed from the ETC coating chamber 710 using the substrate carriers to load lock chamber 720 where the pressure is raised to atmospheric pressure. The coated substrate is then transferred for further processing. The substrate may be loaded and processed in one direction (as shown by the arrow 730).
In the context of depositing multilayer coatings, the CVD/PECVD chamber 705 may also be divided into an even number of sub-chambers of from 2 to 10. The coating period of the multilayer optical coating is then applied in an odd/even pair of sub-chambers. The odd numbered sub-chambers can be used to deposit either the high refractive index material H or the low refractive index material L and the even numbered sub-chambers can be used to deposit the other of the high refractive index material H or the low refractive index material L. The system 700 may also comprise a plurality of CVD/PECVD chambers 705 to deposit a plurality of optical coating source materials onto the substrate to form a multilayer optical coating. Each of the plurality of optical coating source materials used to form the multilayer optical coating is provided in a separate CVD/PECVD chamber 705.
Referring to FIG. 8, an inline atomic layer deposition coating system 800 is depicted. The system 800 comprises an ALD optical coating chamber 805, an ETC coating chamber 810, and load lock chambers 815, 820. The ALD optical coating chamber 805 may be used to deposit a plurality of optical coating source materials onto the substrate to form a multilayer optical coating. Each of the plurality of optical coating source materials used to form the multilayer optical coating is provided in a separate source material container (not pictured). The ETC coating chamber 810 may be used to deposit ETC coating source materials onto the multilayer optical coating to form an ETC coating. The load lock chambers 815, 820 may be configured to process one or more substrates, including loading and unloading of one or more substrates into and from the ALD optical coating chamber 805 and the ETC coating chamber 810, while maintaining a vacuum. Vacuum seals or isolation valves 825 are located on both sides of each of chambers 805, 810, 815 and 820. The vacuum seals or isolation valves 825 may allow the substrates to be loaded into or unloaded from the ALD optical coating chamber 805 and the ETC coating chamber 810, while maintaining a vacuum.
In operation, a substrate is provided to be coated. The substrate is introduced into the coating system 800 to load lock chamber 815. The pressure is lowered in the load lock chamber 815 to create a vacuum. The substrate is transported to the ALD optical coating chamber 805 under vacuum using a substrate carrier. Substrate carriers may be used to hold the substrate and transport it through the chambers 805, 810, 815 and 820. The chambers 805, 810, 815 and 820 may be evacuated to a pressure of less than or equal to 10⁻⁴ Torr. Optical source materials are deposited onto the substrate to form an optical coating in the ALD optical coating chamber 805. The substrate is transported from the ALD optical coating chamber 805 to the ETC coating chamber 810 under vacuum. After deposition of the optical coating, ETC coating source materials are deposited onto the optical coating to form an ETC coating in the ETC coating chamber 810. The coated substrate may be then removed from the ETC coating chamber 810 using the substrate carriers to load lock chamber 820 where the pressure is raised to atmospheric pressure. The coated substrate is then transferred for further processing. The substrate may be loaded and processed in one direction (as shown by the arrow 830).
In the context of depositing multilayer coatings, the ALD optical coating chamber 805 may also be divided into an even number of sub-chambers of from 2 to 10. The coating period of the multilayer optical coating is then applied in an odd/even pair of sub-chambers. The odd numbered sub-chambers can be used to deposit either the high refractive index material H or the low refractive index material L and the even numbered sub-chambers can be used to deposit the other of the high refractive index material H or the low refractive index material L. The system 800 may also comprise a plurality of ALD optical coating chambers 805 to deposit a plurality of optical coating source materials onto the substrate to form a multilayer optical coating. Each of the plurality of optical coating source materials used to form the multilayer optical coating is provided in a separate ALD optical coating chamber 805.
Referring to FIG. 9, an inline coating apparatus 900 is depicted. The apparatus 900 comprises an optical coating chamber 905, an ETC coating chamber 910, and load lock chambers 915, 920. The optical coating chamber 905 may be used to deposit at least one optical coating source materials onto a substrate 902 to form at least one optical coating. In some embodiments, a plurality of optical coating source materials is deposited onto a substrate 902 to form a multilayer optical coating. Each of the plurality of optical coating source materials used to form the multilayer optical coating is provided in a separate source material container (917, 919, 921, 923). The ETC coating chamber 910 may be used to deposit ETC coating source materials onto the at least one optical coating to form an ETC coating. The load lock chambers 915, 920 may be configured to process one or more substrates, including loading and unloading of one or more substrates into and from the optical coating chamber 905 and the ETC coating chamber 910, while maintaining a vacuum. Pressure matching chambers 925, 927 are located on both sides of the optical coating chamber 905. The pressure matching chambers 925, 927 may assist in allowing the substrate 902 to be loaded into or unloaded from the optical coating chamber 905 and the ETC coating chamber 910, while maintaining a vacuum.
In operation, a substrate 902 is provided to be coated. The substrate 902 has a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface, and a thickness between the first surface and the second surface. The substrate 902 is horizontally-oriented such that the first surface and the second surface of the substrate 902 are substantially parallel to the transport path of substrate 902 through apparatus 900. The substrate 902 is introduced into the coating apparatus 900 using load lock chamber 915. The substrate 902 is then transferred to pressure matching chamber 925 where the pressure is lowered to create a vacuum that matches the vacuum pressure in the optical coating chamber 905. In some examples, the pressure may be lowered in the load lock chamber 915 to create a vacuum that matches the vacuum pressure in the optical coating chamber 905. The substrate 902 is transported to the optical coating chamber 905 under vacuum using a substrate carrier. Substrate carriers may be used to hold the substrate and transport it through coating chambers 905 and 910, as well as pressure matching chambers 925, 927 and load lock chambers 915 and 920. The chambers 905, 910, 925 and 927 may be evacuated to a pressure of less than or equal to 10⁻⁴ Torr. Optical source materials are deposited onto the substrate 902 to form at least one optical coating in the optical coating chamber 905. The substrate 902 is transported from the optical coating chamber 905 to the ETC coating chamber 910 under vacuum and without exposing the substrate 902 to atmosphere. The substrate 902 is then reoriented such that it is now vertically-oriented, and the first surface and the second surface of the substrate 902 are substantially perpendicular to the transport path of substrate 902 through apparatus 900. ETC coating source materials are deposited onto the optical coating to form an ETC coating in the ETC coating chamber 910. Optionally, the substrate 902 need not be reoriented and ETC coating source materials may be deposited onto the substrate when it is horizontally-oriented, as it is oriented in the optical coating chamber 905. Alternatively, the substrate 902 may be vertically-oriented in the optical coating chamber 905 and may optionally be re-oriented so it is horizontally-oriented in the ETC coating chamber 910. As depicted, the optical coating chamber 905 may also be divided into an even number of sub-chambers of from 2 to 10. The coating period of the multilayer optical coating is then applied in an odd/even pair of sub-chambers. The odd numbered sub-chambers can be used to deposit either the high refractive index material H or the low refractive index material L and the even numbered sub-chambers can be used to deposit the other of the high refractive index material H or the low refractive index material L. The apparatus 900 comprises a plurality of optical coating containers 917, 919, 921, 923 for separately holding a plurality of optical coating source materials. Each of the plurality of optical coating source materials may be used to form the multilayer optical coating. In one or more embodiments, the thicknesses of the optical source coating materials deposited onto the substrate may be controlled by controlling the number of optical coating source materials, the type of optical coating source materials, the type of sputter power used, the power intensity used, the type of carrier gas (if any) used during deposition and/or the carrier gas (if any) flow rate during deposition.
The coating apparatus 900 of FIG. 9 may be used in a CVD or PVD coating system. For example, in a CVD system, the ETC coating source materials may be formed on the substrate via thermal evaporation using N₂ or Ar carrier gas that is heated to a temperature, for example in the range from about 200° C. to about 600° C. In one option, the equipment (e.g., piping) used to introduce the carrier gas into the ETC coating chamber 910 may also be heated to a temperature in the range from about 200° C. to about 600° C.
The embodiments described herein may be further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
Example 1
A 4-layer substrate/SiO₂/Nb₂O₅/SiO₂/Nb₂O₅ AR optical coating was deposited on sixty (60) pieces of Gorilla™ Glass (commercially available from Corning Incorporated) whose size (Length, Width, Thickness) was approximately 115 mm L×60 mm W×0.7 mm T. The coating was deposited using the PVD method and had a thickness of approximately 600 nm. (AR coating thickness can be in the range of 100 nm to 2000 nm depending on the intended use of the coated article. In one embodiment the AR coating thickness can be in the range of 400 nm to 1200 nm.) After deposition of the AR coating, the ETC coating was applied on top of the AR coating by thermal evaporation using perfluoroalkyl trichlorosilanes having a carbon chain length in the range of 5 nm to 20 nm (Optool™ fluoro coating, Daikin Industries). The deposition of the AR and ETC coatings were carried out in a single chamber, as illustrated in FIG. 2, in which the after the AR coating was deposited on the glass substrate the AR coating source material(s) was shut off and the ETC material was thermally evaporated and deposited on the AR coated glass. The coating cycle time for the coating process was 73 minutes including parts loading/unloading. Subsequently, water contact angles were determined for three (3) samples before and after the surface was abraded after various abrasion cycles as indicated in Table 1.
Abrasion Test
The abrasion was conducted with #0 steel wool and 1 kg weight load on a 1 cm² surface area for 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 thousand (K) cycles. The data in Table 1 indicates that this sample has very good wear and hydrophobic properties.
TABLE 1 Water Contact Angle-Abrasion Test Results For Three Samples After Abrasion Before Abrasion 3.5K Abrasion 4.5K Abrasion 5.5K Abrasion Angle 113.8 114.2 116.1 109.9 107.2 108.5 92.6 103.4 96.3 69.5 85.5 70.5 Avg. 114.7 108.5 97.4 75.2 Angle
Referring to FIG. 10, the ion-exchanged glass substrate having both the multilayer optical coating and an ETC coating as described above is shown after 5500 abrasions using #0 steel wool with a 1 kg applied force on a 1 cm² surface area. In FIG. 10, the clarity of the coated glass substrate can be seen after having the abrasion test performed.
Example 2
In this Example the same perfluoroalkyl silane trichloride coating used in Example 1 was coated on GRIN-lens for optical connectors, as illustrated in FIGS. 11A-11C, that are used with optical fibers for connecting to laptop computers and other devices. Referring to FIGS. 11A-11C, depicted are optical fibers 1110, and GRIN lenses 1120. The GRIN lenses 1120 have selected coated regions 1105 with an ETC coating formed on an 850 nm AR coating. The diameter of the GRIN lenses 1120 are 400 micrometers and the length is 1.3 mm. The optical fiber may be connected to a media dock as shown in 1125 and/or a laptop or tablet as shown in 1130.
The ETC coating can also be deposited by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method in which each layer is deposited by feeding in different precursor at elevated temperature or energetic environment (such as plasma). CVD involves the dissociation and/or chemical reactions of gaseous reactants in an activated (heat, light, plasma) environment, followed by the formation of a stable solid product. The deposition involves homogeneous gas phase reactions and/or heterogeneous chemical reactions which occur on/near the vicinity of a heated surface leading to the formation of powders or films, respectively. FIG. 12 illustrates the three main sections of the system which are the vapor precursor feed system 1205, the deposition chamber/reactor 1210 and the effluent gas treatment system 1215; and FIG. 12 further describes the seven key steps of a CVD process, enumerated in FIG. 12 within parentheses (1) to (7), which steps are:
- - (1) Generation of active gaseous reactant species in the vapor precursor feed system 1205. - (2) Transport of the gaseous species into the reaction chamber. - (3) Gaseous reactants undergo gas phase reactions forming intermediate species, black circle ●; and - (a) At a high temperature above the decomposition temperatures of intermediate species inside the reactor, a homogeneous gas phase reaction 1230 can occur where the intermediate species (3 a) undergo subsequent decomposition and/or chemical reaction, forming powders 1235 and volatile by-products 1240 in the gas phase. The powder will be collected on a substrate 1225 heated surface and may act as crystallization centers 1235 a, and the by-products are transported away from the deposition chamber. The deposited film may have poor adhesion. - (b) At temperatures below the dissociation of the intermediate phase, diffusion/convection of the intermediate species (3 b) across the boundary layer 1220 (a thin layer close to the substrate surface) occurs. These intermediate species subsequently undergo steps (4)-(7). - (4) Absorption of gaseous reactants onto the heated substrate 1225, and the heterogeneous reaction 1250 occurs at the gas-solid interface (i.e. heated substrate) which also produces the deposited species and by-product species. - 5) The deposits will diffuse along the heated substrate surface as 1250 forming the crystallization center 1235 a (along with powder 1235) and then growth 1245 of the crystallization center will occur to form the coating film shown as 1255. - (6) Gaseous by-products are removed from the boundary layer through diffusion or convection. In the CVD process, diluted fluorinated ETC material is carried by an inert gas, for example, N₂ or argon and deposited in chamber. The ETC coating can be deposited in the same reactor used for deposition of the optical coating or in next reactor inline connected to optical coating reactor if cross contamination or process compatibility is a concern. FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 illustrate systems that use a plurality of coating chambers, including the use of a plurality of chambers for the deposition of the optical coating and a separate chamber for the deposition of the ETC coating. ETC deposition by CVD or thermal evaporation can also be combined with CVD optical coating stack as shown in FIG. 6.
The ETC coating can also be combined with atomic layer deposition (ALD) process as is illustrated in FIG. 8. The ALD method relies on alternate pulsing of the precursor gases and vapors onto the substrate surface and subsequent chemi-sorption or surface reaction of the precursors. The reactor is purged with an inert gas between the precursor pulses. With a proper adjustment of the experimental conditions the process proceeds via saturative (saturation) steps. Under such conditions the growth is stable and the thickness increase is constant in each deposition cycle. The self-limiting growth mechanism facilitates the growth of conformal thin films with accurate thickness on large areas. The growth of different multilayer structures is also straightforward. These advantages make the ALD method attractive for the microelectronics industry for manufacturing of future generation integrated circuits. ALD is a layer-by-layer process, thus it is very well suited to the application of an ETC coating. Following the formation of the optical coating stack, perfluoroalkyl silane pulse is evaporated and carried by N₂, and condense onto the article or substrates. This is followed by a pulse of water that will react with perfluoroalkyl silane to form a strong chemical bonding with top oxide layer of the article. The by-product is alcohol or acid, which will be pumped away the reaction chamber. ALD ETC coating can be deposited in the same reactor as is the optical layer stack, or it can be deposited in a different inline reactor following the formation of the optical coating. ETC deposition by either CVD or thermal evaporation can also be combined with ALD optical coating as shown in FIG. 7.
The AR/ETC coating described herein can be utilized by many commercial articles. For example, the resulting coating can be used to make televisions, cell phone, electronic tablets and book readers and other devices readable in sunlight. The AR/ETC coating also have utility antireflection beamsplitters, prisms, mirrors and laser products; optical fibers and components for telecommunication; optical coatings for use in biological and medical applications, and for anti-microbial surfaces.
Aspects of the subject matter described herein relate to processes for making glass articles having an optical coating and an easy-to-clean (ETC) coating on the optical coating using a coating apparatus. The methods may comprise introducing a substrate into a coating apparatus having at least one coating chamber for depositing an optical coating and an ETC coating, the at least one coating chamber comprising at least one source container, lowering the pressure in the at least one coating chamber to less than or equal to 10⁻⁴ Torr to form a vacuum, depositing at least one optical coating source materials onto the substrate to form an optical coating, depositing a ETC coating source materials onto the optical coating to form an ETC coating, removing the substrate from the at least one coating chamber to provide a glass article having the optical coating and the ETC coating, and post-treating the glass article at a temperature of from about 60° C. to about 200° C. for a period of time from about 5 minutes to about 60 minutes to facilitate cross-linking between ETC molecules.
Aspects of the subject matter described herein also relate to processes for making glass articles having an optical coating and an easy-to-clean (ETC) coating on the optical coating. The processes may comprise providing a coating apparatus having at least one coating chamber for deposition of an optical coating and an ETC coating, providing within the at least one coating chamber, optical coating source materials and ETC coating source materials, wherein when a plurality of optical coating source materials are deposited, each of the plurality of optical coating source materials is provided in a separate optical coating source container, providing a substrate to be coated, the substrate having a length, a width and a thickness and at least one edge between surfaces of the substrate defined by the length and width, evacuating the at least one coating chamber to a pressure of less than or equal to 10⁻⁴ Torr, depositing the optical coating source materials on the substrate to form an optical coating, depositing the ETC coating source materials on the optical coating to form an ETC coating, removing the substrate from the at least one coating chamber to provide a glass article having the optical coating and the ETC coating, and post-treating the glass article at a temperature of from about 60° C. to about 200° C. for a period of time from about 5 minutes to about 60 minutes in an air or humid environment having a relative humidity RH of 40%<RH<100% to facilitate cross-linking between ETC molecules, wherein the optical coating is a multilayer coating comprising alternating layers of a high refractive index material H having a refractive index greater than 1.7 and less than or equal to 3.0, and one of (i) a low refractive index material L having a refractive index greater than or equal to 1.3 and less than or equal to 1.6 or (ii) a medium refractive index material M having a refractive index greater than 1.6 and less than or equal to 1.7, laid down in the order H(L or M) or (L or M)H, wherein each H(L or M) or (L or M)H pair of layers is a coating period, and wherein a thickness of an H layer and an (L or M) layer, independent of each other, in each coating period is from about 5 nm to about 200 nm.
In aspects described herein, depositing comprises chemical vapor deposition, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, laser ablation, vacuum arc deposition, thermal evaporation, sputtering, ion-assisted electron beam deposition, or atomic layer deposition. In aspects described herein, the number of coating periods in the multilayer coating is from 2 to 20. In aspects described herein, the multilayer coating has a thickness from about 100 nm to about 2000 nm. In aspects described herein, after post-treating the glass article, the glass article has an average water contact angle of at least 70° after abrasion testing.
In aspects described herein, the optical coating is a multilayer coating comprising alternating layers of a high refractive index material H having a refractive index greater than 1.7 and less than or equal to 3.0, and one of (i) a low refractive index material L having a refractive index greater than or equal to 1.3 and less than or equal to 1.6 or (ii) a medium refractive index material M having a refractive index greater than 1.6 and less than or equal to 1.7, wherein each H(L or M) or (L or M)H pair of layers is a coating period.
In aspects described herein, the high refractive index material H is selected from the group consisting of ZrO₂, HfO₂, Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, TiO₂, Y₂O₃, Si₃N₄, SrTiO₃, and WO₃. In aspects described herein, wherein the low refractive index material L is selected from the group consisting of silica, fused silica, fluorine doped fused silica, MgF₂, CaF₂, YF, and YbF₃, and wherein the medium refractive index material M is Al₂O₃.
In aspects described herein, the ETC coating source materials are selected from the group consisting of a perfluoroalkyl silane of formula (R_(F))_(y)SiX_(4-y), where R_(F) is a linear perfluoroalkyl having a carbon chain length of 6-130 carbon atoms from the silicon atom to an end of the chain at its greatest length, X=Cl, acetoxy, —OCH₃ or —OCH₂H₃ and y=1 or 2; and a perfluoropolyether silane of formula [CF₃—CF₂CF₂O)_(a)]_(y)—SiX_(4-y) where a is 5-10, y=1 or 2, and X is —Cl, acetoxy, —OCH₃ or —OCH₂H₃, wherein a total perfluoropolyether chain length is 6-130 carbon atoms from the silicon atom to the end of the chain at its greatest length. In aspects described herein, the thickness of the ETC coating is from about 1 nm to about 20 nm.
In aspects described herein, the optical coating source materials are deposited in a first chamber and the ETC coating source materials are deposited in a second chamber, the first chamber and the second chamber being connected by a vacuum seal/isolation-lock for transferring the substrate from the first chamber to the second chamber without exposing the substrate to atmosphere.
In aspects described herein, the first chamber is divided into an even number of sub-chambers of from 2 to 10, and a coating period of the multilayer optical coating is applied in an odd/even pair of sub-chambers; wherein the odd numbered sub-chambers are used to deposit either the high refractive index material H or the low refractive index material L and the even numbered sub-chambers are used to deposit the other of the high refractive index material H or the low refractive index material L.
In aspects described herein, if a last layer of a last coating period of the optical coating is a high refractive index layer, a capping layer of SiO₂ is applied over the high refractive index layer. In aspects described herein, the process may further comprise depositing a SiO₂ capping source material onto the optical coating to form a SiO₂ capping layer if a last deposited layer of the optical coating is not SiO₂
In aspects described herein, the substrate is selected from the group consisting of borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, soda-lime glass, chemically strengthened borosilicate glass, chemically strengthened aluminosilicate glass and chemically strengthened soda-lime glass. In aspects described herein, the substrate has a thickness of from about 0.2 mm to about 1.5 mm. In aspects described herein, the substrate is an aluminosilicate glass having a compressive stress of greater than 400 MPa and a depth of layer greater than 14 μm.
In aspects described herein, the process comprises depositing at least one optical coating source materials in a first coating chamber under vacuum, transferring the substrate from the first coating chamber to a second coating chamber without breaking vacuum, and depositing the ETC coating source materials in the second coating chamber under vacuum. In aspects described herein, the process comprises depositing two or more optical coating source materials layers to form the optical coating, wherein each optical coating source material layer is deposited in a separate coating chamber under vacuum; and transferring the substrate from each of the separate coating chambers without breaking vacuum.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. Thus it is intended that the specification cover the modifications and variations of the various embodiments described herein provided such modification and variations come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
We claim:
1. A process for vacuum depositing without breaking vacuum at least one optical coating and an easy-to-clean (ETC) coating onto a glass substrate, the process comprising: introducing a horizontally-oriented glass substrate to be coated into a coating chamber of a coating apparatus under a pressure of less than or equal to 10⁻⁴ Torr, the glass substrate having a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface, and a thickness between the first surface and the second surface, depositing the at least one optical coating onto the horizontally-oriented glass substrate; reorienting the glass substrate in an ETC coating chamber such that the glass substrate is a vertically-oriented glass substrate prior to depositing the ETC coating; depositing the ETC coating on the at least one optical coating of the vertically-oriented glass substrate in the ETC coating chamber; and removing the glass substrate from the coating apparatus.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one optical coating is deposited using inline sputtering.
3. The process of claim 2, wherein during the inline sputtering, there is a distance between a sputtering source and the glass substrate, wherein the distance is from about 30 mm to about 100 mm.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein the ETC coating is deposited using chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, electron beam deposition or thermal evaporation source deposition.
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https://rus.stackexchange.com/questions/423195
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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Nicolas Chabanovsky, https://rus.stackexchange.com/users/2
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Russian
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Spoken
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Применение запятой
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US-201113048153-A_1
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English
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Substrate transfer container, gas purge monitoring tool, and semiconductor manufacturing equipment with the same
ABSTRACT
A substrate transfer container comprises a housing including a plurality of substrate slots positioned within a gas chamber having an interior environment. Each substrate slot accommodates a substrate undergoing a substrate manufacturing process, the interior environment of the gas chamber being selectively sealed from an exterior environment. A detection unit at the housing is constructed and arranged to detect an environmental property of the interior environment of the gas chamber, and to generate a detection signal in response. A signal transmission module at the housing is configured to wirelessly transmit a detection signal received from the detection unit.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This U.S. non-provisional patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of Korean Patent Application Nos. 10-2010-0022928, filed on Mar. 15, 2010, and 10-2010-0115102, filed on Nov. 18, 2010, the entire content of each being hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND
The present disclosure relates to a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus, and more particularly, to a substrate transfer container configured to accommodate a plurality of substrates, a gas purge monitoring tool configured to monitor a gas purge process of the substrate transfer container, and semiconductor manufacturing equipment including the substrate transfer container and the gas purge monitoring tool.
Semiconductor wafers are high-precision products that should be carefully stored and transferred to prevent contamination or damage that would otherwise be caused by external contaminants or physical impact. Particularly, careful attention is required when storing or transferring wafers to avoid contamination of the surfaces of the wafers by impurities such as dust, moisture, and organic matter. For these reasons, when storing or transferring wafers, it is necessary to house the wafers in a separate container for protecting the wafers from external physical impact and contamination.
SUMMARY
The present disclosure provides description of substrate transfer containers configured to monitor contamination of substrates, gas purge monitoring tools, and semiconductor manufacturing equipment including the substrate transfer containers or the gas purge monitoring tools.
In one aspect, a substrate transfer container comprises: a housing including a plurality of substrate slots, each substrate slot for retaining a substrate subject to a manufacturing process; a door constructed and arranged to seal an interior environment of the housing; a detection unit at the housing to detect an environmental property of the interior environment; and a signal transmission module configured to transmit a detection signal received from the detection unit.
In one embodiment, the signal transmission module comprises a wireless transmitter positioned at an outer wall of the housing.
In another embodiment, the signal transmission module further comprises a battery positioned at the wireless transmitter to supply power to the detection unit.
In another embodiment, the signal transmission module further comprises a flexible cable electrically connecting the detection unit and the wireless transmitter, wherein the flexible cable is positioned along an inner wall, an opening, and the outer wall of the housing.
In another embodiment, the detection unit comprises a mass sensor configured to determine an amount of AMCs (airborne molecular contaminants) present in the interior environment of the housing.
In another aspect, a gas purge monitoring tool is constructed and arranged to monitor whether a purge unit configured to supply a purge gas into a substrate transfer container operates normally. The gas purge monitoring tool comprises: a container; a gas chamber in the container, the gas chamber constructed and arranged to receive a purge gas supplied from a purge unit and to selectively vent the received purge gas; a detection unit configured to detect an environmental property of an interior environment of the gas chamber; and a signal transmission module configured to wirelessly transmit a detection signal received from the detection unit.
In one embodiment, the gas chamber comprises: a chamber body of the gas chamber positioned in the container; a purge gas inlet port at a lower portion of the chamber body; and a purge gas outlet port at an upper portion of the chamber body, wherein the purge gas inlet port and the purge gas outlet port penetrate an outer wall of the container.
In another embodiment, the purge gas outlet port has a cross-section taken in a direction perpendicular to a direction of purge gas flow between the lower portion and the upper portion that is smaller than a cross-section of the chamber body taken in a direction perpendicular to the purge gas flow direction.
In another embodiment, the chamber body comprises a metal material or metal alloy material.
In another embodiment, the detection unit comprises: a humidity sensor at the purge gas outlet port to measure humidity of purge gas discharged through the purge gas outlet port; and a pressure sensor at the chamber body to measure a purge gas pressure in the chamber body.
In another embodiment, the gas purge monitoring tool further comprises an identification number reader configured to read an identification number of a purge unit to which the gas purge monitoring tool is mounted.
In another aspect, semiconductor manufacturing equipment comprises: a clean room in which process apparatus are disposed to perform semiconductor manufacturing processes; and a substrate transfer container constructed and arranged to retain a plurality of substrates subject to a manufacturing process and to be transported among the process apparatus, wherein the substrate transfer container comprises: a housing including a plurality of substrate slots, each substrate slot for retaining a substrate subject to a manufacturing process; a door constructed and arranged to seal an interior environment of the housing; a first detection unit at the housing to detect an environmental property of the interior environment; and a first wireless transmitter configured to transmit a detection signal received from the detection unit.
In one embodiment, the semiconductor manufacturing equipment further comprises signal amplifiers positioned at a plurality of locations in the clean room and configured to amplify the detection signal transmitted from the first wireless transmitter and to transmit the amplified signal to a receiver.
In another embodiment, the signal amplifiers transmit the amplified signal to the receiver by radio waves.
In another embodiment, a position of the substrate transfer container in the clean room is determined based on overlapping reception regions of the signal amplifiers that receive the detection signal transmitted from the first wireless transmitter.
In another embodiment, the first detection unit comprises a mass sensor configured to measure an amount of AMCs present in the interior environment of the housing.
In another embodiment, the semiconductor manufacturing equipment, further comprises: a stocker housing positioned in the clean room; a plurality of support plates arranged vertically in the stocker housing to temporarily store the substrate transfer container; purge units respectively provided at the support plates to supply a purge gas to the substrate transfer container placed on the support plate; and a gas purge monitoring tool configured to monitor whether the purge units operate normally, wherein the gas purge monitoring tool comprises: a container constructed and arranged to placed on a vacant one of the support plates; a gas chamber in the container, the gas chamber constructed and arranged to receive an inert purge gas supplied from purge unit and to selectively vent the received inert purge gas; a second detection unit configured to detect an environmental property of an interior environment of the gas chamber; and a second wireless transmitter configured to wirelessly transmit a detection signal received from the second detection unit to the signal amplifiers.
In another embodiment, the gas chamber comprises: a chamber body in the container; a purge gas inlet port at a lower portion of the chamber body; and a purge gas outlet port at an upper portion of the chamber body, wherein the purge gas outlet port has a cross-section taken in a direction perpendicular to a direction of purge gas flow between the lower portion and the upper portion that is smaller than a cross-section of the chamber body taken in a direction perpendicular to the purge gas flow direction, and wherein the purge gas inlet port and the purge gas outlet port penetrate an outer wall of the container.
In another embodiment, the second detection unit comprises: a humidity sensor at the purge gas outlet port to measure humidity of purge gas discharged through the purge gas outlet port; and a pressure sensor at the chamber body to measure a purge gas pressure in the chamber body.
In another embodiment, the gas purge monitoring tool further comprises an identification number reader configured to read identification numbers provided of purge units to which the gas purge monitoring tool is mounted and to and deliver the read identification numbers to the second wireless transmitter.
In another aspect, a substrate transfer container comprises: a housing including a plurality of substrate slots positioned within a gas chamber having an interior environment, each substrate slot to accommodate a substrate undergoing a substrate manufacturing process, the interior environment of the gas chamber being selectively sealed from an exterior environment; a detection unit at the housing constructed and arranged to detect an environmental property of the interior environment of the gas chamber, and to generate a detection signal in response; and a signal transmission module at the housing configured to wirelessly transmit a detection signal received from the detection unit.
In one embodiment, the housing further includes a door that opens and closes to selectively seal the gas chamber.
In another embodiment, the detection unit comprises one or more sensor units selected from the group consisting of: a mass sensor unit, a temperature sensor unit, a humidity sensor unit, a particle sensor unit, and a differential pressure sensor unit.
In another embodiment, the substrate container further comprises a battery at the housing constructed and arranged to supply power to the detection unit and the signal transmission module.
In another embodiment, the substrate container further comprises a gas inlet port in communication with the gas chamber for introducing a process gas into the gas chamber and a gas outlet port in communication with the gas chamber for removing process gas from the gas chamber.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the inventive concepts, and are incorporated in, and constitute a part of, this specification. The drawings illustrate exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept and, together with the description, serve to explain principles of the inventive concepts. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a substrate transfer container according to an embodiment of the inventive concept;
FIG. 2 is a rear view illustrating a housing of the type illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view illustrating the housing of the type illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a plan view illustrating semiconductor manufacturing equipment according to an embodiment of the inventive concept;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view illustrating an embodiment of the interior of a stocker of the type illustrated in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a view illustrating a purge unit and a gas purge monitoring tool according to an embodiment of the inventive concept; and
FIG. 7 illustrates a method for tracking a substrate transfer container 100 as it undergoes processing by semiconductor manufacturing equipment, according to an embodiment of the inventive concept.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
With reference to the drawings, embodiments will now be described according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept. Like reference numerals are used for referring to the same or similar elements in the description and drawings. In the following description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail since they would obscure the inventive concept in unnecessary detail.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a substrate transfer container 100 according to an embodiment of the inventive concept, FIG. 2 is a rear view illustrating a housing 110 of the type illustrated in FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a sectional view illustrating the housing 110 of the type illustrated in FIG. 1.
Referring to FIGS. 1 through 3, the substrate transfer container 100 is configured to accommodate a plurality of substrates that will be treated during a same processing step. During substrate processing, the substrate transfer container 100 is transported among process apparatus. In one embodiment, the substrate transfer container 100 can comprise a front opening carrier such as a front opening unified pod (FOUP).
The substrate transfer container 100 includes the housing 110, a door 120, a first detection unit 130, and a signal transmission module 150. The housing 110 is configured, or otherwise constructed and arranged, to accommodate substrates, for example semiconductor substrates or wafers used to form semiconductor circuits or light emitting diodes (LEDs), and the door 120 is used to close and open the housing 110. The first detection unit 130 is disposed in the housing 110. In various embodiments, the first detection unit 130 can be used to measure environmental properties in the housing 110, such as airborne molecular contaminants (AMCs), temperature, humidity, particle presence, types and sizes, and differential pressure. In the illustrated embodiment, the signal transmission module 150 is disposed on the outer wall of the housing 110. The signal transmission module 150 receives a detection signal from the first detection unit 130 through a wire and transmits the detection signal wirelessly, for example via radio waves, so that environmental properties of the housing 110, as measured by the first detection unit 130, can be monitored at a remote location.
In one embodiment, the housing 110 is in the shape of a container having a front side that can be opened. [-shaped, or U-shaped, handles 112 a and 112 b are coupled to the outer surfaces of both sidewalls 111 a and 111 b of the housing 110, and a plurality of slots 114 or receptacles are formed or otherwise provided in the housing 110 so that substrates (W) can be placed in the slots 114. In this example embodiment, the slots 114 are formed as brackets at opposed inner corners, or opposed sides, of the housing 110 in a manner such that the slots 114 can face each other. In this example embodiment, the slots 114 are horizontal so that the substrates (W) can be vertically arranged in a vertical stack. Substrates (W) such as wafers used to fabricate semiconductor devices or substrates used to fabricate light emitting diodes (LEDs) can be placed in the slots 114.
The opening in the front side of the housing 110 can be closed and opened using the door 120. In one example embodiment, the substrate transfer container 100 can be placed on a load port (not shown) of a process apparatus (not shown), and the door 120 can be closed/opened by a door opener (not shown) provided in a front end module (EFEM) (not shown) of an equipment unit of the process apparatus. Other mechanisms for opening and closing the door are equally applicable to the embodiments of the present invention, including automated manipulation, and manual manipulation, of the door 120. When the door is closed, the interior environment of the housing 110 provides a gas chamber within the housing 110 that can be substantially sealed from the exterior environment outside the housing.
The first detection unit 130 can include one or more of a number of sensors including, but not limited to: a mass sensor 131, a temperature sensor 133, a humidity sensor 135, a particle sensor 137, and a differential pressure sensor 139.
The mass sensor 131 can be configured to measure the amount of AMCs in the housing 110. The mass sensor 131 may comprise a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). In one embodiment, the mass sensor 131 is disposed in the housing 110 at a location so as to not interfere with the insertion or removal of a substrate (W). For example, the mass sensor 131 can be disposed at an edge part of a bottom wall 111 c of the housing 110. The mass sensor 131, for example in the form of a QCM, can include electrodes formed by coating both sides of a thin crystal plate with a metal. An AC voltage is applied to the electrodes to vibrate the crystal plate at a resonant frequency. If the weight of the electrodes of the QCM is varied under a condition where AMCs become attached to the electrodes, the resonant frequency of the crystal plate will likewise become varied. The weight variation of the electrodes can be detected as a result of the variation of the resonant frequency, and thus, the amount of AMCs present within the housing 110 can be determined.
AMCs such as ammonia (NH₃) and ozone (O₃) are smaller than particles and, unlike particles, are not visible. Various substrate defects and process errors can be caused by the presence of AMCs in the housing during various stages of processing. For example, the presence of ammonia (NH₃) can cause variation in the critical dimension (CD) of a photochemical-amplified resist pattern and a “T-top”-type defect, and the presence of ozone (O₃) can result in the formation of a natural oxide film.
Since the substrate transfer container 100 is an air-tight container, permeation of external contaminants into the container can be mitigated or prevented. However, AMCs generated in the substrate transfer container 100 often times cannot be discharged. Therefore, it may be desired to measure the amount of AMCs present in the substrate transfer container 100, and, in the event that the amount of AMCs exceeds a reference value, it may desired to take a certain action, such as interruption of a process.
The temperature sensor 133, the humidity sensor 135, the particle sensor 137, and the differential pressure sensor 139 can optionally be arranged in a line along an inner surface of a top wall 111 d of the housing 110, or, alternatively, they may be individually disposed at various locations in the housing 110. The temperature sensor 133 is configured to measure the inside temperature of the housing 110. The temperature sensor 133 can comprise, for example, a resistance-based temperature detector having a temperature-dependant resistance or, alternatively a thermocouple-based detector that employs the thermoelectromotive force of a junction between different metals. The humidity sensor 135 is configured to measure humidity within the housing 110. The humidity sensor 135 can comprise, for example, an electric-resistance humidity sensor and a capacitance humidity sensor. The particle sensor 137 is configured to measure the number of micrometer-sized particles present in the housing 110. The differential pressure sensor 139 is configured to measure the difference in pressure of the interior of the housing relative to pressure exterior to the housing 110. In certain embodiments, the temperature sensor 133 and the humidity sensor 135 can be provided as individual units or as a single unit.
The signal transmission module 150 can be configured to receive environment-property detection signals from the sensors 131, 133, 135, 137, and 139 and wirelessly transmits the detection signals to a location remote the substrate transfer container 100, for example via radio waves. In one embodiment, the signal transmission module 150 includes a first wireless transmitter 152, a first battery 154, and first and second cables 156 a and 156 b. In the illustrated embodiment, the first wireless transmitter 152 is located or disposed on the outer wall of the housing 110. For example, the first wireless transmitter 152 can be disposed under a handle 112 a of the housing 110. In one embodiment, the first battery 154 is embedded in the first wireless transmitter 152 to supply power to the sensors 131, 133, 135, 137, and 139 and associated signal processing equipment.
The first wireless transmitter 152 is electrically connected to the sensors 131, 133, 135, 137, and 139 through the first and second cables 156 a and 156 b. The first cable 156 a electrically connects the mass sensor 131 to the first wireless transmitter 152, and the second cable 156 b electrically connects the sensors 133, 135, 137, and 139 to the first wireless transmitter 152. The first and second cables 156 a and 156 b are routed on the housing 110 along the inner wall, openings, and outer walls of the housing 110, and are electrically connected to the first wireless transmitter 152. Thin, flexible cables cab be used as the first and second cables 156 a and 156 b. Since thin flexible cables are more readily pliable, they may be readily routed, and owing to their thin thickness, they are not likely to affect sealing between the door 120 and the housing 110 when the door 120 is closed. Power is transmitted from the first battery 154 to the sensors 131, 133, 135, 137, and 139 through the first and second cables 156 a and 156 b, and detection signals of the sensors 131, 133, 135, 137, and 139 are transmitted to the first wireless transmitter 152 through the first and second cables 156 a and 156 b.
A second battery 158 can optionally be positioned on the outer wall of the housing 110 as an auxiliary power supply unit. The second battery 158 can be configured to supply power to the sensors 131, 133, 135, 137, and 139 as a backup to the first battery when the first battery 154 becomes discharged. In one example embodiment, the second battery 158 can be positioned under the second handle 112 b of the housing 110 and connected to the first wireless transmitter 152 through a connection cable 159. In alternative embodiments, the second battery 158 is not a backup to the first battery 154, but instead operates to supply power along with the first battery 154.
Other mounting positions and configurations for the signal transmission module 150, batteries 154, 158, cables 156 a, 156 b, 156 c and sensors 131, 133, 135, 137, 139 are equally applicable to the present inventive concepts.
FIG. 4 is a plan view illustrating semiconductor manufacturing equipment 200 according to an embodiment of the inventive concept.
Referring to FIGS. 1 through 4, the semiconductor manufacturing equipment 200 includes a clean room 210 and process apparatuses 220. The clean room 210 provides a process region 212, a service region 214, and a work region 216. The process region 212 is divided into a plurality of bays 213 which are arranged according to separate unit processes, and the process apparatuses 220 are disposed in the bays 213 so that the process apparatuses 220 can perform unit processes. The process apparatuses 220 are configured to perform separate semiconductor processes. In the service region 214, maintenance and repair work can be carried out for the process apparatuses 220 disposed in the process region 212. In the work region 216, operators or robots (not shown) are mobilized to perform their various operations, and a stocker 230 is disposed to temporarily store substrate transfer containers 100.
In the clean room 210, the substrate transfer containers 100 are placed in the process region 212 where semiconductor processes are to be performed. Also, the substrate transfer containers 100 can be moved between the process region 212 and the work region 216. During this time, the mass sensor 131 can be configured to continuously monitor for the presence of AMCs in the substrate transfer container 100; the temperature sensor 133 can be configured to measure the interior temperature of the substrate transfer container 100; the humidity sensor 135 can be configured to measure the interior humidity of the substrate transfer container 100; the particle sensor 137 can be configured to measure the number of particles present in the substrate transfer container 100; and the differential pressure sensor 139 can be configured to measure the a difference in pressure between the interior and exterior of the substrate transfer container 100. The sensors 131, 133, 135, 137, and 139 each generate detection signals that are provided to the first wireless transmitter 152, and the first wireless transmitter 152 transmits the received signals remotely via wireless signals, such as radio waves. In one embodiment, the signals are provided from the sensors to the wireless transmitter, and in turn, wirelessly transmitted, in real time.
The transmission signals of the first wireless transmitter 152 are amplified by one or more wireless signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d. The wireless signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d can optionally be disposed at a plurality of positions in the clean room 210. The wireless signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d have relatively stable reception regions, and the reception regions of the multiple signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d can be arranged so that they partially overlap with each other.
The signals amplified by the signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d are transmitted to a wireless receiver 244. In one embodiment, the wireless receiver 244 can be disposed in the work region 216. In other embodiments, the wireless receiver can be disposed at a location that is remote from the work region 216. The wireless receiver 244 can be configured to transmits the detection signals to a data management computer 246 positioned outside the clean room 210, or, alternatively, within the clean room. Signal transmission between the wireless receiver 244 and the data management computer 246 can be performed wirelessly, for example via radio waves, or can be performed via wires or cables. Based on the received signals, the data management computer 246 determines whether an environmental property of the interior of the substrate transfer container 100 has been compromised, or is otherwise in violation of a reference range, and, if so, the data management computer 246 can optionally take action such as generation of an alarm signal or other indication signal or automated action.
FIG. 5 is a sectional view illustrating an embodiment of the interior of the stocker 230 illustrated in FIG. 4.
Referring to FIG. 5, the stocker 230 includes a stocker housing 232, support plates 234, and a transfer robot 236. The stocker housing 232 may have the approximate form of a rectangular parallelepiped shape. The support plates 234 are provided in the stocker 230 to receive substrate transfer containers 100. The support plates 234 can be arranged horizontally in lines at different heights, and purge units (not shown) may be provided respectively at the support plates 234 to supply a purge gas to the substrate transfer containers 100 placed on the support plates 234. The substrate transfer containers 100 can be loaded on the support plates 234, or unloaded from the support plates 234, by the transfer robot 236.
Although the substrate transfer containers 100 can be formed of a high-function plastic material, moisture may permeate the substrate transfer containers 100 due to the moisture-absorbing properties of plastic. In addition, although packings (not shown) are provided on the doors 120 of the substrate transfer containers 100, since perfect sealing is not guaranteed by the packings, the interior atmospheres of the substrate transfer containers 100 can, at times, be exposed to the external environment. As a result, the interior humidity and oxygen concentrations of the substrate transfer containers 100 can increase. To prevent this, when the substrate transfer containers 100 are temporarily stored in the stocker 230, the purge units (not shown) are configured to supply inert gas such as nitrogen gas into the substrate transfer containers 100 to replace the interior atmospheres of the substrate transfer containers 100 with nitrogen gas, or purge gas.
An explanation will now be given of a gas purge monitoring tool configured to monitor gas purge units and operations of the gas purge units in accordance with the present inventive concepts.
FIG. 6 is a view illustrating a purge unit 238 and a gas purge monitoring tool 300. Referring to FIG. 6, the purge unit 238 includes a purge gas supply port 238-1 provided at the support plate 234 of the stocker 230, and a purge gas supply line 238-2 connected to the purge gas supply port 238-1. A gas supply source (not shown) may be connected to the purge gas supply line 238-2, and a valve (not shown) and a flow rate controller (not shown) may be provided at the purge gas supply line 238-2 to permit or restrict a flow of purge gas and to thereby control the flow rate of the purge gas.
Although not shown in FIG. 6, if a substrate transfer container 100 (refer to FIG. 1) is placed on the support plate 234, the purge gas supply port 238-1 is connected to an inlet port (not shown) of the substrate transfer container 100, and nitrogen gas is supplied into the inlet port (not shown) of the substrate transfer container 100 from the purge gas supply port 238-1. With the nitrogen gas supplied into the inlet port (not shown) of the substrate transfer container 100, the interior atmosphere of the substrate transfer container 100 is replaced with the nitrogen gas. As a result, the interior humidity and oxygen concentration of the substrate transfer container 100 can be stabilized and prevented from being increased.
As shown in FIG. 6, the gas purge monitoring tool 300 is placed on the support plate 234 at a vacant location at which a substrate transfer container 100 is not loaded, to thereby monitor whether the purge unit 238 is operating normally. In one embodiment, the gas purge monitoring tool 300 can include a container 310, a gas chamber 320, a second detection unit 330, an identification number reader 340, and a signal transmission module 350.
The container 310 can have the same outer shape as that of the substrate transfer container 100 (refer to FIG. 1), and locators 312, for example in the form of grooved features, are provided on a bottom wall 311 b of the container 310. When the container 310 is placed in proper position on the support plate 234, pins 235 protruding from the top surface of the support plate 234 register with the locators 312 so that the container 310 can be positioned. In this manner, the container 310 of the purge monitoring tool 300 registers with the support plate 234 in the same manner as the substrate transfer containers 100. When the container 310 is placed at a proper position, the purge gas supply port 238-1 of the purge unit 238 is connected to a purge gas inlet port 324 of the gas chamber 320, as described below. It is not required that a slotted structure for housing substrates be formed in the container 310; rather the container 310 is constructed and arranged so that the gas chamber 320 of the container is disposed to receive nitrogen gas supplied from the purge unit 238.
In one example embodiment, the gas chamber 320 includes a chamber body 322, the purge gas inlet port 324, and a purge gas outlet port 326. The chamber body 322 has a hollow container shape and is disposed in the gas chamber 320. In one embodiment, the chamber body 322 comprises metal, metal alloy, or a synthetic material suitable for containing a gas and such that moisture may not permeate the chamber body 322. The purge gas inlet port 324 is provided at the bottom side of the chamber body 322 and communicates with the interior of the chamber body 322. In the present example embodiment, the purge gas inlet port 324 penetrates the bottom wall 311 b of the container 310, and the purge gas outlet port 326 penetrates a top wall 311 a of the container 310. In one example embodiment, the purge gas inlet port 324 and purge gas outlet port are opposite each other so as to face each other. Nitrogen gas can be supplied to the purge gas inlet port 324 of the gas chamber 320 from the purge gas supply port 238-1 of the purge unit 238, and, when the chamber body 322 is filled with the nitrogen gas, a portion of the nitrogen gas is discharged through the purge gas outlet port 326.
In one embodiment, a cross section of the purge gas outlet port 326 taken in a direction perpendicular to a purge gas flow direction from the purge gas inlet port 324 to the purge gas outlet port 326 is smaller in area than a cross section of the chamber body 322 taken in a direction perpendicular to the purge gas flow direction. Therefore, when the chamber body 322 is filled with nitrogen gas, the inside pressure of the chamber body 322 can be pressurized.
In one embodiment, the second detection unit 330 includes a humidity sensor 332 and a pressure sensor 334. The humidity sensor 332 can be disposed at the purge gas outlet port 326 to measure the humidity of any nitrogen gas being discharged through the purge gas outlet port 326. In one example embodiment, an electric-resistance humidity sensor or a capacitance humidity sensor can be employed as the humidity sensor 332. The pressure sensor 334 can be disposed at the chamber body 322 to measure the pressure of nitrogen gas in the chamber body 322.
The identification number reader 340 determines an identification number 239 of the purge unit 238. The identification number 239, for example in the form of a bar code can be provided on a wall of the stocker 230 to which where the support plate 234 of the purge unit 238 is coupled. Specifically, the identification number 239 of the purge unit 238 may be provided on a wall of the stocker 230 at a position facing a rear side wall 311 c of the container 310 disposed on the support plate 234. The identification number reader 340 such as a bar code reader may be disposed on the rear side wall 311 c of the container 310 at a position facing the identification number 239. In various embodiments, the identification number reader 340 can be disposed on the inner or outer surface of the rear side wall 311 c of the container 310. In a case where the identification number reader 340 is positioned at the inner surface of the rear side wall 311 c, one or more openings 311 d can be formed through the rear side wall 311 c so that the identification number reader 340 can inspect the identification number 239 through the openings 311 d.
The signal transmission module 350 receives detection signals from the humidity sensor 332 and the pressure sensor 334, and a signal providing information about the identification number of the purge unit 238 from the identification number reader 340. The signal transmission module 350 in turn transmits the signals wirelessly, for example via radio waves, so that the signals can be monitored remotely. The signal transmission module 350 is a second wireless transmitter. The signal transmission module 350 can be electrically connected to the humidity sensor 332 through a cable 352 a, the pressure sensor 334 through a cable 352 b, and the identification number reader 340 through a cable 352 c.
Referring to FIGS. 4 through 6, the gas purge monitoring tool 300 can be transported and moved among the plurality of support plates 234 of the stocker 230 to determine the performance and proper operation of the associated purge units 238. Feedback signals can be provided to a remote system wirelessly, for example in the manner described above in connection with the substrate transfer containers 100. This helps to ensure a stable operating environment in the clean room 210.
When the gas purge monitoring tool 300 is placed on a support plate 234 where a purge unit 238 to be monitored is disposed, nitrogen gas is introduced from the purge gas supply port 238-1 of the purge unit 238 to the purge gas inlet port 324 of the gas chamber 320. The supplied nitrogen gas fills the inner volume of the chamber body 322 and is discharged through the purge gas outlet port 326. The humidity sensor 332 measures the humidity of the nitrogen gas that is present in, or being discharged through, the purge gas outlet port 326; the pressure sensor 334 measures the interior gas pressure of the chamber body 322; and the identification number reader 340 reads the identification number 239 of the purge unit 238 being monitored.
Detection signals of the sensors 332 and 334 and a signal associated with the read identification number 239 are transmitted to the signal transmission module 350, and the signal transmission module 350 transmits the signals wirelessly to the signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d disposed in the clean room 210, as shown in FIG. 4 above. The signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d amplify the signals received from the signal transmission module 350 and transmit the respective amplified signals to the wireless receiver 244. The wireless receiver 244 transmits the signals to the data management computer 246. The data management computer can be disposed outside the clean room 210, or optionally, within the clean room. By reviewing the received signals, the data management computer 246 can determine whether the purge unit 238 being monitored is operating normally. In a case where the data management computer 246 makes a determination that the purge unit 238 is or has been operating abnormally, any substrates accommodated in a substrate transfer containers 100 that have been processed by that abnormally operating purge unit can be addresses, for example, discarded or otherwise excluded from further processing. At this time, the identification number of the purge unit 238 is recognized by the read identification number 239, and the substrates may be recognized by tracking the movement of the substrate transfer container 100 or by referring to the process history of the substrate transfer container 100.
FIG. 7 illustrates a method for tracking a substrate transfer container 100 as it undergoes processing by semiconductor manufacturing equipment, according to an embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to FIGS. 1, 4 and 7, the signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d can be disposed at, for example, four positions, in the clean room 210. In this example, the signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d have reception regions R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄, respectively. The reception regions R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ can be generally constant in radius and position, relative to the position of the amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d.
In one embodiment, the position of a substrate transfer container 100 in the clean room 210 can be determined based on the reception regions R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ of the signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d or by overlapping regions among the reception regions R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ when the signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d receive a signal transmitted from the first wireless transmitter 152.
In the present example of FIG. 7, in a case where the substrate transfer container 100 is placed at position P1, only the first signal amplifier 242 a receives a signal transmitted from the first wireless transmitter 152, and thus it is determined that the substrate transfer container 100 is placed in the reception region R₁ proximal to the first signal amplifier 242 a.
If the substrate transfer container 100 is placed at position P2, the first and second signal amplifiers 242 a and 242 b receive a signal transmitted from the first wireless transmitter 152, and thus it is determined that the substrate transfer container 100 is placed in an overlapping region between the reception regions R₁ and R₂.
If the substrate transfer container 100 is placed at a position P3, the first to third signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, and 242 c receive a signal transmitted from the first wireless transmitter 152, and thus it is determined that the substrate transfer container 100 is placed in an overlapping region among the reception regions R₁, R₂, and R₃.
If the substrate transfer container 100 is placed at a position P4, the first to fourth signal amplifiers 242 a, 242 b, 242 c, and 242 d receive a signal transmitted from the first wireless transmitter 152, and thus it is determined that the substrate transfer container 100 is placed in an overlapping region among the reception regions R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄.
In this way, the position of the substrate transfer container 100 can be determined at a given time, and the travel path of the substrate transfer container 100 in the clean room 210 can be determined by tracking the position of the substrate transfer container 100 over time, and optionally, in real time.
In the embodiment, four signal amplifiers are used. However, fewer or more signal amplifiers may be disposed at fewer or more positions. As the number of signal amplifiers increases, the position of a substrate transfer container can be traced more precisely.
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https://github.com/Log4s/log4s/blob/master/core/js/src/main/scala/org/log4s/log4sjs/Log4sLoggerFactory.scala
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Github Open Source
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Apache-2.0
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log4s
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Log4s
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Scala
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Code
| 250 | 740 |
package org.log4s
package log4sjs
import scala.scalajs.js
import org.slf4j.{ ILoggerFactory, Logger }
class Log4sLoggerFactory extends ILoggerFactory {
@inline private final def config = org.log4s.log4sjs.Log4sConfig
private[this] final class Log4sLoggerInstance private[Log4sLoggerFactory] (private[this] val name: String) extends Logger {
private[this] val path = LoggerParser(name)
override def getName() = name
protected[this] def isEnabled(level: LogLevel) = config.isPathEnabled(path, level)
protected[this] def doLog(level: LogLevel, message: String, throwable: ExceptionInfo = ExceptionInfo.NoException): Unit = {
val event = new Log4sEvent(name, path, level, message, org.slf4j.MDC.asScala(), Thread.currentThread.getName, throwable, new js.Date)
config.doLog(event)
}
override def isTraceEnabled() = isEnabled(Trace)
override def trace(message: String) = doLog(Trace, message)
override def trace(message: String, t: Throwable) = doLog(Trace, message, ExceptionInfo(t))
override def trace(message: String, e: js.Error) = doLog(Trace, message, ExceptionInfo(e))
override def isDebugEnabled() = isEnabled(Debug)
override def debug(message: String) = doLog(Debug, message)
override def debug(message: String, t: Throwable) = doLog(Debug, message, ExceptionInfo(t))
override def debug(message: String, e: js.Error) = doLog(Debug, message, ExceptionInfo(e))
override def isInfoEnabled() = isEnabled(Info)
override def info(message: String) = doLog(Info, message)
override def info(message: String, t: Throwable) = doLog(Info, message, ExceptionInfo(t))
override def info(message: String, e: js.Error) = doLog(Info, message, ExceptionInfo(e))
override def isWarnEnabled() = isEnabled(Warn)
override def warn(message: String) = doLog(Warn, message)
override def warn(message: String, t: Throwable) = doLog(Warn, message, ExceptionInfo(t))
override def warn(message: String, e: js.Error) = doLog(Warn, message, ExceptionInfo(e))
override def isErrorEnabled() = isEnabled(Error)
override def error(message: String) = doLog(Error, message)
override def error(message: String, t: Throwable) = doLog(Error, message, ExceptionInfo(t))
override def error(message: String, e: js.Error) = doLog(Error, message, ExceptionInfo(e))
}
override def getLogger(name: String): Logger = new Log4sLoggerInstance(name)
}
| 35,476 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageniella%20cupida
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Ageniella cupida
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ageniella cupida&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 57 | 104 |
Kaliwatan sa insekto ang Ageniella cupida. Una ning gihulagway ni Cresson ni adtong 1867. Ang Ageniella cupida sakop sa kahenera nga Ageniella, ug kabanay nga Pompilidae.
Kini nga matang hayop na sabwag sa:
Tinípong Bángsà
Mehiko
Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Insekto
Insekto sa Tinípong Bángsà
Insekto sa Mehiko
Ageniella
| 35,214 |
299597_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,446 | 1,879 |
PER CURIAM.
This matter arises from a report and recommendation of the Dispiplinary Review Board that respondent be suspended from the practice of law for a period of six months on account of her willful failure to file federal income tax returns for the tax years 1980, 1981, and 1982. Respondent argues that she has not been convicted of violating 26 U.S.C. § 7203, which makes a willful failure to file federal income tax returns a criminal misdemeanor, and would not be so convicted in a trial by jury. Hence, she contends that she cannot be subject to the almost invariable suspension that attends a conviction for the willful failure to file federal income tax returns.
We disagree with respondent's underlying premise — that her action did not constitute willful failure to file federal income tax returns — but we refrain from imposing the discipline recommended because we have not heretofore made it clear that a finding of willful failure to file income tax returns would merit the same discipline absent a criminal conviction. See In re Hollendonner, 102 N.J. 21, 504 A.2d 1174 (1985) (refraining from imposition of Wilson sanction in respect of escrow accounts because principle had not previously been stated).
Despite a complex background, the facts are quite simple. Respondent and Frances Antonin were minority applicants for an FM radio station to be located in Jersey City. During the course of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensing proceedings, a competitor discovered a 1984 tax lien against respondent filed in Hudson County. The competitor then requested a reopening of the FCC proceeding, which had theretofore been progressing favorably for respondent as the sole Jersey City applicant. The purpose of the reopening was to elicit further evidence on respondent's fiscal capacity to operate the station. During the course of that proceeding, the details of respondent's failure to have filed the returns became painfully apparent. Although her initial response to the FCC inquiry about the matter was that only a financial shortfall was the reason for the deficiency, it soon became clear that it was more than a failure-to-pay case. In response to cross-examination concerning her failure to file the return, although she was obliged only to pay $372 in taxes for 1980, she said:
And it was also — yes, that is my testimony. And additionally, if you have a dollar bill and you've got two expenses, it's where you take that dollar and where you put it, that's your choice. I chose to put it elsewhere, not to send it to the government.
And, further, she was asked:
Q: Is it your testimony that with net income of over $18,000, you couldn't have afforded to pay the $372 that were outstanding from 1980?
A: That is not my testimony.
Q: Well, then why didn't you pay it then?
A: Because I didn't pay it then. I spent the money elsewhere. The priorities were wrong. The discipline was wrong or was not there, actually. The discipline was non-existent and the priorities were wrong.
Her attorney argues that respondent's conduct fails to establish the willful intent to defraud the government that is a prerequisite to a conviction under 26 U.S.C. § 7203. Obviously, not every failure to file a tax return constitutes a criminal offense. We need not debate here whether, in a disciplinary proceeding, the panel may conclude that conduct establishes the substantive elements of an offense, despite the absence of a jury verdict. That has been settled. See In re Rigolosi, 107 N.J. 192, 526 A.2d 670 (1987). Here we are plainly presented with a finding of an independent tribunal examining the affairs of the attorney, in which the tribunal has concluded that the attorney did, in fact, violate the provisions of 26 U.S.C. § 7203. In its decision dated September 26, 1986, the FCC found that "Garcia's admitted failure to file income tax returns for three consecutive years is at minimum an uncontested violation of 26 U.S. C. § 7203," noting that an intent to report and pay tax in the future does not vitiate the willfulness requirements under federal law. Its opinion concluded:
Thus, Antonin & Garcia's arguments to the effect that [Garcia's] failure to pay her taxes should not be held against her are beside the point: by her own admissions, she willfully and flagrantly failed to even file her tax returns, in stark violation of Title 26, U.S.C., even though she was acutely aware that she had taxable income and that filing was mandatory. In the instant case, we hold that Ms. Garcia's three years of willful and repeated failure to file her federal income tax returns and pay her taxes, even if "only" misdemeanors, are egregious acts of misconduct for a member of the New Jersey Bar.
When the disciplinary system is presented with a finding in a collateral proceeding of this type, even though the standard of proof may be different (in that the licensee had the burden to prove her good standing), it cannot be disregarded in the disciplinary proceeding. See In re Hecker, 109 N.J. 539, 538 A.2d 354 (1988). This case is particularly disturbing due to the loss of public confidence in the respondent as an attorney, not just as a radio-station licensee, that was occasioned by the misconduct. In her application for obtaining the radio-station license, respondent put in issue her good standing as a member • of the bar. The respondent proffered that she was a licensed, practicing attorney of the State of New Jersey, and the initial decision of the FCC's Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) credited her with membership on various judicial committees and participation in pro bono programs related to the practice of law. The AU initially concluded, on the basis of all the evidence, that respondent's "Jersey City proposal clearly stands out."
Hence we are clearly convinced by the evidentiary record, which incorporated as well all of the testimony before the FCC, that respondent's conduct amounted to a willful failure to file federal income tax returns. We have almost invariably required a period of suspension for such an offense. We will do so in the future when the proofs establish, as they do here, that willful violation.
Obviously, the attorney-disciplinary system is not a fiscal agent of the Treasury. But when the private affairs of an attorney have been put in issue and it has been plainly established, by the attorney's own admissions or by the collateral findings of another tribunal of government, that the attorney has willfully violated the provisions of law, we can no more blink than if it were a jury verdict.
Such conduct is not something that is personal to the attorney. The conduct invariably, as it did here, brings the profession of law into disrepute. Lawyers above all are expected to respect law. As noted, the public standing of respondent as a member of the bar was credited to her when the FCC's AU initially recommended her as a licensee. Thus the greater loss of confidence in the bar when the hamartia is established.
Respondent cannot be said to have relied on a theory that she could, with ethical impunity, willfully fail to file tax returns so long as there was no criminal prosecution. Yet, we wish to give the bar as a whole, including respondent, fair notice of our standards in this regard.
Considering respondent's relative youth and inexperience and the fact that she has already suffered a severe loss of standing in the community as a result of this incident, we determine that the appropriate discipline is a public reprimand. Respondent shall reimburse the Ethics Financial Committee for the costs of this proceeding.
So ordered.
For public reprimand — Chief Justice WILENTZ and Justices CLIFFORD, HANDLER, POLLOCK, O'HERN, GARIBALDI and STEIN — 7.
Opposed — None.
ORDER
The Disciplinary Review Board having filed a report with the Supreme Court recommending that MARY C. GARCIA of JERSEY CITY, who was admitted to the Bar of this State in 1979, be publicly disciplined on account of her willful failure to file federal income tax returns for the tax years 1980, 1981, and 1982, and the Court having heard argument in the matter, and good cause appearing;
It is ORDERED that MARY C. GARCIA is publicly reprimanded; and it is further
ORDERED that the Decision and Recommendation of the Disciplinary Review Board, together with this Order and the full record of the matter, be added as a permanent part of the file of said MARY C. GARCIA as an attorney at law of the State of New Jersey; and it is further
ORDERED that MARY C. GARCIA reimburse the Ethics Financial Committee for appropriate administrative costs..
| 22,463 |
https://github.com/leahhealy/cse-30872-fa21-examples/blob/master/lecture09/colors.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
cse-30872-fa21-examples
|
leahhealy
|
C++
|
Code
| 105 | 265 |
// Sort Colors
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
// Functions
vector<int> count_colors(string &s) {
vector<int> counts = {0, 0, 0};
stringstream ss(s);
int color;
while (ss >> color) {
counts[color]++;
}
return counts;
}
// Main execution
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
string line;
while (getline(cin, line)) {
auto counts = count_colors(line);
bool first = true;
for (size_t i = 0; i < counts.size(); i++) {
for (int c = 0; c < counts[i]; c++) {
cout << (first ? "" : " ") << i;
first = false;
}
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}
| 19,525 |
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B7%DB%B9%DB%B9%20%28%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
۷۹۹ (قمری)
|
https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=۷۹۹ (قمری)&action=history
|
Persian
|
Spoken
| 36 | 127 |
۷۹۹ (قمری)، هفتصد و نود و نهمین سال در گاهشماری هجری قمری است. اول محرم این سال برابر با سیزدهم اکتبر سال ۱۳۹۶ میلادی است.
رویدادها
مناسبتها
زادگان
درگذشتگان
وابسته
مرینیان
۷۹۹ (قمری)
سده ۸ (قمری)
| 30,296 |
https://github.com/RST-J/aid_hive/blob/master/config/initializers/mail_interceptor.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
aid_hive
|
RST-J
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 62 | 190 |
class MailInterceptor
DEMO_HINT = %{
<p><strong>Diese E-Mail wurde vom Aid Hive Demo-System versendet - keine "echten" Angebote, Gesuche, Nutzerkonten oder Benachrichtigungen!</strong><br>
<strong>This email was sent by the Aid Hive demo system - no "real" offers, requests, accounts or notifications!</strong></p>
}
def self.delivering_email(message)
# Add demo system hint to every mail sent from demo environment
message.body.raw_source.replace "#{DEMO_HINT} #{message.body.raw_source}"
end
end
ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(MailInterceptor) if Rails.env.demo?
| 50,461 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kletterseil
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Kletterseil
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kletterseil&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 1,948 | 3,965 |
Kletterseile oder Bergseile sind Seile, die beim Klettern der Sicherung und im alpinen Klettern auch der Fortbewegung dienen (beispielsweise beim Abseilen oder Jümarn).
Kletterseile werden sowohl im Klettersport als auch von Bergrettungsdienst und Höhenrettung sowie von der Feuerwehr im Bereich der Absturzsicherung eingesetzt.
Aufbau
Bis in die 1960er Jahre waren Bergsteiger auf Seile aus Hanffasern angewiesen. Seilrisse waren nicht selten und führten zu zahlreichen tödlichen Unfällen. 1953 entwickelte Edelrid das Kernmantelseil. Ein Kern aus verflochtenen Polyamid-Fasern wird von einem Mantel umgeben, der ihn vor Beschädigung schützt. Der Kern trägt die Last.
Ebenfalls Edelrid erfand 1964 das dynamische Seil, das mindestens doppelt so viele Stürze aushalten musste, wie die bisherigen.
Typen
Kletterseile werden nach ihrer Gebrauchsdehnung unterschieden in dynamische Seile (Sturzdehnung bis 40 Prozent) und halbstatische Seile (Dehnung zwischen 2 und 5 Prozent). Die dynamischen Dehnungseigenschaften entstehen sowohl durch das Eindrehen der Kernzwirne als auch das Schrumpfen der Polyamidfasern mittels einer Kombination von Hitze, Zeit und Druck im Autoklaven.
Die Mindestfestigkeitswerte der heute in Deutschland erhältlichen Kletterseile sind nach Festlegungen der UIAA genormt. Dabei waren Seile als Kern der Schutzausrüstung die ersten Teile, von der UIAA genormt wurden. Außerdem müssen Kletterseile als Bestandteil der persönlichen Schutzausrüstung bestimmten europäischen Normen genügen und die CE-Kennzeichnung tragen, um verkauft werden zu dürfen. Nach den Seilnormen werden Einfachseile, Halbseile und Zwillingsseile unterschieden. In den vergangenen Jahren etablierten sich im High-End-Bereich aber zunehmend sogenannte dreifach zertifizierte Seile, also Seile, die die Normen aller drei dynamischen Seilarten erfüllen.
Dynamische Seile
Aufgrund ihrer Dehnbarkeit können dynamische Seile (EN 892) Sturzenergie aufnehmen und dadurch den auf den Kletterer wirkenden Fangstoß auf ein für den menschlichen Körper erträgliches Maß reduzieren. Die Seile verhalten sich dabei nach einem ersten Sturz annähernd gemäß dem Hookschen Gesetz. Das bedeutet das Seil selbst verfügt im Regelfall über keine Eigendämpfung, sondern verhält sich annähernd wie eine Feder. Die Energiedissipation im Sturzfall geschieht daher primär über die Reibung des Seils an der Wand und in den Karabinern. Dynamische Seile werden beim Sportklettern und beim alpinen Klettern verwendet.
Es gibt drei Arten dynamischer Seile:
Einfachseil
In der Kletterhalle und im Klettergarten kommen Einfachseile zum Einsatz, deren Durchmesser typischerweise 8,5–11 mm liegt.
Solch ein Seil muss laut Europäischer Norm EN 892 folgende Anforderungen erfüllen:
Normstürze: mindestens fünf Stürze mit 80 kg Sturzgewicht bei Sturzfaktor 1,75.
Fangstoßkraft: maximal 12 kN beim ersten Normsturz
Seildehnung: maximal 10 Prozent bei statischer Belastung mit 80 kg und maximal 40 Prozent beim ersten Normsturz
Knotenweite: maximal das 1,1-Fache des Seildurchmessers (gemessen an einem Überhandknoten unter definierter Belastung)
Mantelverschiebung: maximal ein Prozent (gemessen nach dem Norm-Prüfverfahren)
Zwillingsseil
Zwillingsseile (Durchmesser typischerweise 7–8 mm) kommen nur im doppelten Strang zum Einsatz. Sie werden verwendet, wenn man lange Routen mit guten Zwischensicherungspunkten klettert und danach über diese auch wieder abseilt. Dazu benutzt man zwei dünne Zwillingsseile parallel so, wie man auch ein Einfachseil verwenden würde, d. h., man hakt immer beide Seilstränge in dieselbe Zwischensicherungen ein. Ein einzelnes Zwillingsseil hält der Maximalbelastung, die ein Einfachseil aushalten könnte, nicht stand, daher darf es niemals alleine verwendet werden.
Beim alpinen Klettern wird in der Regel mit Halb- oder Zwillingsseilen geklettert. In der neueren alpinen Literatur wird zwischen den beiden letztgenannten Seilarten oft nicht deutlich unterschieden, da moderne Seile häufig sowohl als Zwillingsseil als auch als Halbseil zugelassen sind. Ihre Hauptvorteile liegen in der Möglichkeit des Abseilens über die volle Seillänge und in der größeren Sicherheitsreserve durch Redundanz. In der Alpingeschichte gab es noch keinen Seilunfall, bei dem beide Stränge wegen zu großer Belastung gerissen wären. Allerdings gab es bereits Unfälle, weil die Seile über scharfe Steinkanten liefen und somit wie mit einem Messer durchtrennt wurden.
Bei Normsturz-Tests werden Zwillingsseile im Doppelstrang mit einem Gewicht von 80 kg getestet. Sie müssen zwölf solcher Normstürze aushalten.
Halbseil
Halbseile (Durchmesser typischerweise 8–9 mm), auch Doppelseil genannt, können zum gleichzeitigen Sichern von zwei Nachsteigern verwendet werden, wobei ein Strang je Nachsteiger genutzt wird. Die Sicherung mit nur einem Strang ist dabei nur im Nachstieg zulässig. Der Vorsteiger muss aufgrund der möglichen höheren Kräften stets beide Stränge (zwei Halbseile) nutzen. Dabei hängt er die Stränge getrennt abwechselnd in die Zwischensicherungen ein. Dadurch kommt es zu verminderter Seilreibung. Halbseilstränge sind aber geringfügig schwerer als Zwillingsseilstränge. Beim Normsturztest werden Halbseile mit einem 55 kg schweren Fallgewicht am Einzelstrang getestet und müssen fünf Normstürze halten.
Beim Abseilen steht nur die halbe Seillänge zur Verfügung; für die volle Seillänge werden zwei Halbseile benötigt, die verknotet werden.
Der Begriff „Doppelseil“ ist historischen Ursprungs, da früher die Doppelseiltechnik tatsächlich mit zwei Einfachseilen praktiziert wurde.
Statikseile
Statikseile nach EN 1891 (⌀ 8,5–16 mm, auch: Speleoseile genannt) haben im Vergleich zu dynamischen Seilen eine geringere Gebrauchsdehnung. Daher werden diese Seile auch oft halbstatisch oder semi-statisch genannt, weil der Begriff Statikseil fälschlicherweise suggeriert, dass diese Seile keine Gebrauchsdehnung aufweisen.
Die gegenüber den dynamischen Seilen geringere Dehnung ermöglicht ihre Anwendung als Fixseil oder bei Seilzugangstechniken. Sie finden beim Canyoning, Baumklettern, in der Höhlenforschung, bei Berg- und Höhenrettung, sowie zur Absturzsicherung mittels persönlicher Schutzausrüstung gegen Absturz und beim Bau mobiler Hochseilgärten Verwendung.
Sie dürfen jedoch nicht zur Sicherung beim Klettern im Vorstieg verwendet werden, da bei einem möglichen Sturz mit einem Sturzfaktor >1 ein so hoher Fangstoß auftreten kann, dass schwere Verletzungen und Materialversagen die Folge sind.
Aufbau und Aussehen ähneln dem eines dynamischen Kletterseils. Statikseile bestehen in der Regel aus Polyamid- oder Polyesterfasern und sind in einer Kernmantelkonstruktion aufgebaut.
Baumkletterseile
Eine Ausnahme hinsichtlich der Konstruktion bilden die Kletterseile zum Baumklettern, wie sie vor allem in der seilunterstützten Baumpflege benutzt werden. Diese Seile weisen einen höheren Mantelanteil auf, der die Hauptlast trägt. Sie werden deshalb auch als Mantelkernseile bezeichnet.
Parameter
Wichtigster Parameter eines Kletterseils ist die Seildehnung, die ihn einem bestimmten Seiltyp zuordnet. Hohe Sturzdehnung bedeutet einen geringen Fangstoß und somit sanftere Stürze. Zu hohe Dehnung vergrößert allerdings das Risiko eines Bodenkontakts. Die Gebrauchsdehnung gibt die Dehnung bei normaler statischer Belastung an. Ein hoher Wert hier erschwert den Umgang mit dem Seil.
Entscheidend für den Preis ist außerdem die Länge. Im Handel gibt es Seile als Meterware oder in konfektionierten Längen von 30 bis 70 Metern.
Knotbarkeit ist ein weiteres Merkmal. Dazu wird die Knotenweite eines Knotens gemessen, anhand derer die Steifigkeit des Seils bestimmt wird.
Der Parameter Mantelverschiebung gibt an, wie stark sich der Mantel gegenüber den Kern verschieben kann.
Zu hohe Werte bei beiden Parametern erschweren die Handhabung ebenfalls.
Zu den wichtigsten Entwicklungen gehört die Imprägnierung. Sie schützt das Seil, indem sie das Eindringen von Wasser und Schmutz verhindert. Nasse Seile sind schwerer und anspruchsvoller in der Handhabung. Außerdem verringert sich die dynamische Leistung des Seils erheblich. Das ist vor allem beim Eisklettern oder im Winter ein Problem. Schmutz, der unter den Mantel gerät, greift direkt den Kern an. Dadurch steigt die Belastung für das Seil, und es muss früher ersetzt werden.
Reißfestigkeit
Bei Kletterseilen wird die Reißfestigkeit anhand der Anzahl der Normstürze gemessen. Diese Größe gibt an, wie viele Stürze ein neues Seil dieser Marke im Test aushält. Ein Normsturz bezieht sich dabei auf einen Sturz im genormten Test und tritt in der Praxis so gut wie nie auf. Je höher dieser Wert, desto mehr Sicherheitsreserven besitzt das Seil. Eines mit 10 oder mehr Normstürzen heißt Multisturzseil.
Im Juni 2002 verabschiedete die UIAA eine Norm zur Prüfung der Scharfkantenfestigkeit. Dieser Wert sollte das Kantenarbeitsvermögen widerspiegeln und gibt an, ob das Seil einen Scharfkantensturz über einen bestimmten Kantenradius aushält. Ein Seil darf sich „scharfkantenfest“ nennen, wenn es mindestens einen Sturz über eine rechtwinklige Kante mit einem Kantenradius von 0,75 Millimeter hält. Die Prüfung ist jedoch wenig aussagekräftig. Zum einen lässt sich die definierte Kante nicht ausreichend identisch herstellen, dass unterschiedliche Prüfinstitute zu den gleichen Ergebnissen kommen. Zum anderen erzielt die Versuchsanordnung keine qualitativen Aussagen darüber wie scharfkantenfest ein geprüftes Seil ist. Außerdem ist die Prüfung in der Praxis kaum relevant, da das Seil beim Test gerade über die Kante verläuft und so auf Abscherung belastet wird. In der Realität treten Situationen häufiger auf, in denen das Seil quer belastet wird und durch eine schnittartige Bewegung mit viel niedrigerer Kraft reißt. Aus diesen Gründen wurde die Prüfnorm 2005 ausgesetzt.
Markierung
Mittelmarkierungen dienen der Übersicht. Sie ermöglichen es, dem Vorsteiger Bescheid zu geben, wann er die Hälfte der Seillänge erreicht hat. Vor allem bei Einfachseilen erleichtern sie das Abseilen.
Die einfachste Form sind bedruckte oder gewobene Striche in der Mitte des Seils. Letzten Endes können Besitzer ein Seil auch nachträglich mit speziellen Stiften markieren. Es gibt Diskussionen darüber, ob bestimmte Chemikalien in gewöhnlichen Stiften das Seil angreifen.
Eine aufwändigere Form der Markierung ist Duodess. Dabei besitzen die Seilhälften jeweils unterschiedliche Mantelmuster. Dadurch entsteht eine dauerhafte Markierung der Seilmitte.
Bei Triodess wird zusätzlich der kritische Bereich 7 bis 9 Meter vor dem Seilende durch ein anderes Mantelmuster abgegrenzt. Diese Markierung zeigt an, wann es beim Abseilen Zeit wird eine günstige Stelle für einen Stand zu suchen.
Handhabung
Klettern
Die größten Gefahren für einen Seilriss sind Schmelzverbrennung und Scharfkantenstürze. Bei hohen Reibungstemperaturen kann Polyamid schmelzen und das Seil reißen. Diese können auftreten, wenn Seil auf Seil an einer Stelle reibt. Häufige Fehler sind das Einlegen zweier Seile in einen Umlenker oder die Vermischung von Halbseil- und Zwillingsseiltechnik. Auch das Umlenken eines Seiles über eine Schlinge beim Abseilen waren reale Unfallquellen.
Bei korrekter Handhabung sind nur noch Scharfkantenstürze nicht ausschließbare Gefahrenquellen. Diese können bei ungünstiger Seilführung über eine scharfe Kante auftreten. Zusätzlich zur Zuglast (s. auch Seilzug) kommt dann die Scherbelastung über die Kante, die selbst ein neues Seil durchschneiden kann.
Zudem können Nässe und Kälte die Reißfestigkeit eines Seiles vorübergehend reduzieren. Nasse Seile haben eine etwa um die Hälfte reduzierte Reißfestigkeit. Gefriert ein nasses Seil steigt die Reißfestigkeit wieder etwas.
Daneben gibt es Faktoren, wie UV-Strahlung, die das Seil schneller altern lassen. Schmutz und Staub kann ins Seil eindringen und deren scharfe Kanten können einzelne Fasern angreifen.
Lagerung
Um die Seilalterung möglichst gering zu halten, sollte das Seil an einem dunklen, kühlen und trockenen Platz liegen. Zur hängenden Aufbewahrung kann das Seil zu einer Seilpuppe aufgenommen und der gesamte Kopf aufgehängt werden. Falls der Haken zu klein ist, kann eine Bandschlinge oder Reepschnur als Hilfsmittel dienen, damit das Seil nicht an einer einzelnen Seilschlaufe hängt.
Polyamid ist extrem empfindlich gegenüber Chemikalien (beispielsweise Schmiermittel) oder Säuren (auch Säuredämpfe aus Autobatterien). Dabei können Beschädigungen auftreten, die mit bloßem Auge nicht erkennbar sind und die Reißfestigkeit erheblich herabsetzen.
Lebensdauer
Nach extremen Situationen sollte ein Seil ausgetauscht werden:
Nach Kontakt mit Chemikalien ist das Seil auszutauschen, da Beschädigungen des Kerns und damit einhergehender Tragfähigkeit des Seils von außen nicht erkannt werden können.
Hohe Sturzbelastung, das heißt Stürze mit einem Sturzfaktor von mehr als 1, die hart gebremst wurden.
Bei Beschädigung:
mechanische Verletzungen (z. B. Kern sichtbar, Beschädigung des Kerns ertastbar, Mantel stark verschiebbar, Mantel pelzig, …)
Abrieb
Schmelzverbrennung
hohe Belastung bei Nässe
langer Einsatz bei hoher UV-Strahlung
Auch bei sachgemäßem Gebrauch empfehlen Hersteller eine maximale Nutzungsdauer:
Diese Werte beruhen auf Herstellerempfehlungen ohne Auswertung empirischer Daten. In einem Test belegte Alpin, dass ungebrauchte Seile weit höhere Lebenserwartungen haben.
Seilrisse beim Klettern
Seilrisse sind beim Klettern seit der Einführung des Kernmantelseils äußerst selten. Von 1975 bis 2005 kam es in Österreich und Deutschland zu 20 bekanntgewordenen Seilrissen, rund die Hälfte davon war auf falsche Anwendung oder durch mit polyamid-aggressiven Substanzen bei der Lagerung in Berührung gekommene Seile zurückzuführen. Von 1983 bis 2012 wurden dem DAV 17 Seilrisse bekannt, fast alle im alpinen Gelände. Häufigste Ursachen waren dabei Scharfkantenstürze, d. h. Stürze, bei denen das Seil über scharfe (Fels-)Kanten oder Grate läuft.
Literatur
Pit Schubert: Die Anwendung des Seiles in Eis und Fels. Bergverlag Rother, München. ISBN 3-7633-6082-4
M. Larcher, H. Zak: Seiltechnik. Hrsg.: Österreichischer Alpenverein. ISBN 3-900122-00-8
M. Cerny: Mechanische Ersatzmodelle für Seilschaftsstürze am Gletscher. 2020 (PDF [abgerufen am 29. Dezember 2022]).
Weblinks
Mammut Seilfibel (PDF-Datei; 678 kB)
Einzelnachweise
Klettermaterial
Seilerware
| 15,464 |
https://github.com/mybabytao/vue-admin-template/blob/master/src/views/log/platform/packet.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
vue-admin-template
|
mybabytao
|
Vue
|
Code
| 39 | 195 |
<template>
<el-button type="text" @click="open">查看报文</el-button>
<!--<pre v-highlightjs=this.xmlPacket>
<code class="highlight_s"> </code>
</pre>-->
</template>
import vkbeautify from 'vkbeautify'
<script>
export default {
data() {
return {
packet: '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><document><signature>%s</signature><request></request></document>',
xmlPacket: null,
}
},
created() {
this.xmlPacket=vkbeautify.xml(this.packet)
},
}
</script>
<style>
</style>
| 6,450 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akl
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Akl
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akl&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 49 | 103 |
Akl is a common Arabic name (written as in Arabic). Notable people with the name include:
Given name
Akl Awit (born 1952), Lebanese academic
Surname
Georges Akl, Lebanese painter
Said Akl (1911–2014), also Said Aql, Saeed Akl, Lebanese writer
Selim Akl (born 1948), computing academic
See also
AKL (disambiguation)
| 28,997 |
https://github.com/mbrabenec/laravel-jukebox/blob/master/app/Http/Controllers/DirectorController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
laravel-jukebox
|
mbrabenec
|
PHP
|
Code
| 193 | 643 |
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use App\Models\Director;
class DirectorController extends Controller
{
public function index () {
$directors = Director::get();
return view('director.index',
compact(['directors'])
);
}
public function create () {
$director = new Director;
return view('director.create-edit',
compact(['director'])
);
}
public function edit($id)
{
// find in database or throw 404 error
$director = Director::findOrFail($id);
return view('director.create-edit', compact(['director']));
}
public function store (Request $request) {
//VERIFY DATA
$this->validate($request, [
'name' => 'required|unique:directors',
'age' => 'required'
], [
'name.required' => 'Just give us your name, please.',
'age.required' => 'Age!!!!!!!!'
]);
//empty object
$director = new Director;
//fill with data
$director->name = $request->input('name');
$director->age = $request->input('age');
$director->genre_id = $request->input('genre_id');
//save to DB
$director->save();
// inform the user of success
session()->flash('success_message', 'Director was added.');
// redirect
return redirect(action('DirectorController@index'));
}
public function update(Request $request, $id)
{
// do validation
$this->validate($request, [
'name' => 'required|unique:directors',
'age' => 'required'
], [
'name.required' => 'Just give us your name, please.',
'age.required' => 'Age!!!!!!!!'
]);
// retrieve from the database
$director = Director::findOrFail($id);
//fill with data
$director->name = $request->input('name');
$director->age = $request->input('age');
$director->genre_id = $request->input('genre_id');
//save to DB
$director->save();
// inform the user of success
session()->flash('success_message', 'Director edited.');
return redirect(action('DirectorController@index'));
}
}
| 14,276 |
https://github.com/lgq2015/UniversalApp/blob/master/UniversalApp/Modules/Objective-C/Block/LTBlockExample.m
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
UniversalApp
|
lgq2015
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 107 | 314 |
//
// LTBlockExample.m
// UniversalApp
//
// Created by 李桓宇 on 2018/12/14.
// Copyright © 2018 huanyu.li. All rights reserved.
//
#import "LTBlockExample.h"
@interface LTBlockExample ()
@end
@implementation LTBlockExample
/*
How Do I Declare A Block in Objective-C? @see http://goshdarnblocksyntax.com
As a local variable:
returnType (^blockName)(parameterTypes) = ^returnType(parameters) {...};
As a property:
@property (nonatomic, copy, nullability) returnType (^blockName)(parameterTypes);
As a method parameter:
- (void)someMethodThatTakesABlock:(returnType (^nullability)(parameterTypes))blockName;
As an argument to a method call:
[someObject someMethodThatTakesABlock:^returnType (parameters) {...}];
As a typedef:
typedef returnType (^TypeName)(parameterTypes);
TypeName blockName = ^returnType(parameters) {...};
*/
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
// Do any additional setup after loading the view.
self.view.backgroundColor = UIColor.whiteColor;
}
@end
| 38,242 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64149160
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Dagmar Blaha
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 1,136 | 3,136 |
Dagmar Blaha
deutsche Archivarin und Historikerin
Dagmar Blaha ist ein(e) Mensch
Dagmar Blaha Geschlecht weiblich
Dagmar Blaha Vorname Dagmar
Dagmar Blaha Familienname Blaha
Dagmar Blaha Land der Staatsangehörigkeit Deutschland
Dagmar Blaha Geburtsort Bad Langensalza
Dagmar Blaha Geburtsdatum 1952
Dagmar Blaha Tätigkeit Archivar
Dagmar Blaha Tätigkeit Historiker
Dagmar Blaha GND-Kennung 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha LCAuth-Kennung nb2004014185
Dagmar Blaha VIAF-Kennung 47553070
Dagmar Blaha ISNI 0000000110611030
Dagmar Blaha besuchte Bildungseinrichtung Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Dagmar Blaha NTA-Kennung 26478362X
Dagmar Blaha NUKAT-Kennung n2004070910
Dagmar Blaha Deutsche-Biographie-Kennung 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/11flc4vmp5
Dagmar Blaha gesprochene oder publizierte Sprachen Deutsch
Dagmar Blaha Index-Theologicus-Kennung 735219214
Dagmar Blaha IdRef-Normdatenkennung 250972107
Dagmar Blaha WorldCat-Entitäten-Kennung E39PBJx4v7PcxbTCXytFttbKh3
Dagmar Blaha
Dagmar Blaha instancë e njeri
Dagmar Blaha gjinia femër
Dagmar Blaha emri Dagmar
Dagmar Blaha mbiemri Blaha
Dagmar Blaha shtetësia Gjermania
Dagmar Blaha data e lindjes 1952
Dagmar Blaha profesioni historian
Dagmar Blaha GND ID 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha Library of Congress ID nb2004014185
Dagmar Blaha VIAF ID 47553070
Dagmar Blaha ISNI 0000000110611030
Dagmar Blaha gjuhë që flet, shkruan ose këndon gjermanisht
Dagmar Blaha
Duits archivaris
Dagmar Blaha is een mens
Dagmar Blaha sekse of geslacht vrouwelijk
Dagmar Blaha voornaam Dagmar
Dagmar Blaha familienaam Blaha
Dagmar Blaha land van nationaliteit Duitsland
Dagmar Blaha geboorteplaats Bad Langensalza
Dagmar Blaha geboortedatum 1952
Dagmar Blaha beroep archivaris
Dagmar Blaha beroep historicus
Dagmar Blaha GND-identificatiecode 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha LCAuth-identificatiecode nb2004014185
Dagmar Blaha VIAF-identificatiecode 47553070
Dagmar Blaha ISNI 0000000110611030
Dagmar Blaha opleiding gevolgd aan Humboldtuniversiteit
Dagmar Blaha NTA-identificatiecode voor persoon 26478362X
Dagmar Blaha NUKAT-identificatiecode n2004070910
Dagmar Blaha Deutsche Biographie-identificatiecode 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/11flc4vmp5
Dagmar Blaha taalbeheersing Duits
Dagmar Blaha IxTheo-identificatiecode voor persoon of organisatie 735219214
Dagmar Blaha idRef-identificatiecode 250972107
Dagmar Blaha WorldCat Entities-identificatiecode E39PBJx4v7PcxbTCXytFttbKh3
Dagmar Blaha
Dagmar Blaha instancia de humanu
Dagmar Blaha sexu femenín
Dagmar Blaha nome Dagmar
Dagmar Blaha apellíu Blaha
Dagmar Blaha país de nacionalidá Alemaña
Dagmar Blaha llugar de nacimientu Bad Langensalza
Dagmar Blaha fecha de nacimientu 1952
Dagmar Blaha ocupación archiveru
Dagmar Blaha ocupación historiador
Dagmar Blaha identificador GND 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha identificador d'autoridá de la Biblioteca del Congresu d'EEXX nb2004014185
Dagmar Blaha identificador VIAF 47553070
Dagmar Blaha ISNI 0000000110611030
Dagmar Blaha educáu en Universidá Humboldt de Berlín
Dagmar Blaha identificador NTA 26478362X
Dagmar Blaha identificador NUKAT n2004070910
Dagmar Blaha llingües falaes alemán
Dagmar Blaha
Dagmar Blaha primerek od človek
Dagmar Blaha spol ženska
Dagmar Blaha ime Dagmar
Dagmar Blaha priimek Blaha
Dagmar Blaha država državljanstva Nemčija
Dagmar Blaha kraj rojstva Bad Langensalza
Dagmar Blaha datum rojstva 1952
Dagmar Blaha poklic arhivist
Dagmar Blaha poklic zgodovinar
Dagmar Blaha GND 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha LCCN nb2004014185
Dagmar Blaha VIAF 47553070
Dagmar Blaha ISNI 0000000110611030
Dagmar Blaha alma mater Humboldtova univerza v Berlinu
Dagmar Blaha NTA 26478362X
Dagmar Blaha NUKAT n2004070910
Dagmar Blaha oznaka Google Knowledge Graph /g/11flc4vmp5
Dagmar Blaha govorjeni, pisani ali kretani jeziki nemščina
Dagmar Blaha oznaka IdRef 250972107
Dagmar Blaha
historiador y archivista alemán
Dagmar Blaha instancia de ser humano
Dagmar Blaha sexo o género femenino
Dagmar Blaha nombre de pila Dagmar
Dagmar Blaha apellido Blaha
Dagmar Blaha país de nacionalidad Alemania
Dagmar Blaha lugar de nacimiento Bad Langensalza
Dagmar Blaha fecha de nacimiento 1952
Dagmar Blaha ocupación archivero
Dagmar Blaha ocupación historiador
Dagmar Blaha identificador GND (DNB) 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha identificador de autoridades de la Biblioteca del Congreso de EE. UU. nb2004014185
Dagmar Blaha identificador VIAF 47553070
Dagmar Blaha ISNI 0000000110611030
Dagmar Blaha educado en Universidad Humboldt de Berlín
Dagmar Blaha identificador NTA 26478362X
Dagmar Blaha identificador NUKAT n2004070910
Dagmar Blaha identificador Deutsche Biographie 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11flc4vmp5
Dagmar Blaha lenguas habladas, escritas o signadas alemán
Dagmar Blaha ID autoridades Index Theologicus 735219214
Dagmar Blaha identificador de referencia de idRef SUDOC 250972107
Dagmar Blaha identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJx4v7PcxbTCXytFttbKh3
Dagmar Blaha
German archivist and historian
Dagmar Blaha instance of human
Dagmar Blaha sex or gender female
Dagmar Blaha given name Dagmar
Dagmar Blaha family name Blaha
Dagmar Blaha country of citizenship Germany
Dagmar Blaha place of birth Bad Langensalza
Dagmar Blaha date of birth 1952
Dagmar Blaha occupation archivist
Dagmar Blaha occupation historian
Dagmar Blaha GND ID 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha Library of Congress authority ID nb2004014185
Dagmar Blaha VIAF ID 47553070
Dagmar Blaha ISNI 0000000110611030
Dagmar Blaha educated at Humboldt University of Berlin
Dagmar Blaha Nationale Thesaurus voor Auteursnamen ID 26478362X
Dagmar Blaha NUKAT ID n2004070910
Dagmar Blaha Deutsche Biographie (GND) ID 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11flc4vmp5
Dagmar Blaha languages spoken, written or signed German
Dagmar Blaha IxTheo authority ID 735219214
Dagmar Blaha IdRef ID 250972107
Dagmar Blaha WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJx4v7PcxbTCXytFttbKh3
Dagmar Blaha
Dagmar Blaha nature de l’élément être humain
Dagmar Blaha sexe ou genre féminin
Dagmar Blaha prénom Dagmar
Dagmar Blaha nom de famille Blaha
Dagmar Blaha pays de nationalité Allemagne
Dagmar Blaha lieu de naissance Bad Langensalza
Dagmar Blaha date de naissance 1952
Dagmar Blaha occupation archiviste
Dagmar Blaha occupation historien ou historienne
Dagmar Blaha identifiant GND (DNB) 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha identifiant Bibliothèque du Congrès nb2004014185
Dagmar Blaha identifiant VIAF 47553070
Dagmar Blaha identifiant ISNI 0000000110611030
Dagmar Blaha scolarité université Humboldt de Berlin
Dagmar Blaha identifiant Bibliothèque royale des Pays-Bas 26478362X
Dagmar Blaha identifiant NUKAT n2004070910
Dagmar Blaha identifiant Deutsche Biographie 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/11flc4vmp5
Dagmar Blaha langues parlées, écrites ou signées allemand
Dagmar Blaha identifiant Index Theologicus 735219214
Dagmar Blaha identifiant IdRef 250972107
Dagmar Blaha identifiant WorldCat Entities E39PBJx4v7PcxbTCXytFttbKh3
Dagmar Blaha
Dagmar Blaha istanza di umano
Dagmar Blaha sesso o genere femmina
Dagmar Blaha prenome Dagmar
Dagmar Blaha cognome Blaha
Dagmar Blaha paese di cittadinanza Germania
Dagmar Blaha luogo di nascita Bad Langensalza
Dagmar Blaha data di nascita 1952
Dagmar Blaha occupazione archivista
Dagmar Blaha occupazione storico
Dagmar Blaha identificativo GND 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha identificativo della Biblioteca del Congresso nb2004014185
Dagmar Blaha identificativo VIAF 47553070
Dagmar Blaha identificativo ISNI 0000000110611030
Dagmar Blaha scuola frequentata Università Humboldt di Berlino
Dagmar Blaha identificativo NTA 26478362X
Dagmar Blaha identificativo NUKAT n2004070910
Dagmar Blaha identificativo Deutsche Biographie 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/11flc4vmp5
Dagmar Blaha lingue parlate o scritte tedesco
Dagmar Blaha identificativo IxTheo 735219214
Dagmar Blaha identificativo idRef 250972107
Dagmar Blaha identificativo WorldCat Entities E39PBJx4v7PcxbTCXytFttbKh3
Dagmar Blaha
Dagmar Blaha instància de ésser humà
Dagmar Blaha sexe o gènere femení
Dagmar Blaha prenom Dagmar
Dagmar Blaha cognom Blaha
Dagmar Blaha ciutadania Alemanya
Dagmar Blaha lloc de naixement Bad Langensalza
Dagmar Blaha data de naixement 1952
Dagmar Blaha ocupació arxiver
Dagmar Blaha ocupació historiador
Dagmar Blaha identificador GND (DNB-Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha identificador LCCN nb2004014185
Dagmar Blaha identificador VIAF 47553070
Dagmar Blaha identificador ISNI 0000000110611030
Dagmar Blaha formació a Universitat Humboldt de Berlín
Dagmar Blaha identificador NTA 26478362X
Dagmar Blaha identificador NUKAT (WarsawU) n2004070910
Dagmar Blaha identificador Deutsche Biographie 103040139X
Dagmar Blaha identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/11flc4vmp5
Dagmar Blaha llengua parlada, escrita o signada alemany
Dagmar Blaha identificador Index Theologicus d'autoritat 735219214
Dagmar Blaha identificador idRef SUDOC 250972107
Dagmar Blaha identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJx4v7PcxbTCXytFttbKh3
| 9,297 |
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoline%20Herfurth
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Karoline Herfurth
|
https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karoline Herfurth&action=history
|
Finnish
|
Spoken
| 48 | 126 |
Karoline Herfurth (s. 22. toukokuuta 1984 Berliini) on saksalainen näyttelijä. Hän on esiintynyt muun muassa elokuvissa Mädchen, Mädchen (2001), Eine andere Liga (2005), Parfyymi (2006), Lukija (2008), Berlin 36 (2009) ja Wir sind die Nacht (2010).
Lähteet
Aiheesta muualla
Virallinen kotisivu
Saksalaiset näyttelijät
Vuonna 1984 syntyneet
Elävät henkilöt
| 39,779 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardineto
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Bardineto
|
https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bardineto&action=history
|
Dutch
|
Spoken
| 76 | 190 |
Bardineto is een gemeente in de Italiaanse provincie Savona (regio Ligurië) en telt 642 inwoners (31-12-2004). De oppervlakte bedraagt 29,6 km², de bevolkingsdichtheid is 22 inwoners per km².
Demografie
Bardineto telt ongeveer 346 huishoudens. Het aantal inwoners daalde in de periode 1991-2001 met 6,8% volgens cijfers uit de tienjaarlijkse volkstellingen van ISTAT.
Geografie
Bardineto grenst aan de volgende gemeenten: Boissano, Calizzano, Castelvecchio di Rocca Barbena, Garessio (CN), Giustenice, Loano, Magliolo, Pietra Ligure, Toirano.
Gemeente in Savona
| 31,056 |
https://github.com/odarriba/telegram_bot_gem/blob/master/lib/fantastic_robot/model/attachment/location.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
telegram_bot_gem
|
odarriba
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 30 | 86 |
module FantasticRobot
# This object represents a point on the map.
class Model::Attachment::Location < Model::Attachment::Base
attr_accessor :longitude, :latitude
validates :longitude, :latitude, presence: true
validates :longitude, :latitude, numericality: true
end
end
| 45,384 |
https://openalex.org/W4300998704
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
Public Domain
| 2,014 |
From the Information Bottleneck to the Privacy Funnel
|
Ali Makhdoumi
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,570 | 12,261 |
From the Information Bottleneck to the Privacy Funnel The
wire-tap channel, introduced in [9], focuses on designing the
encoder and decoder to release information and protect private
information from an eavesdropper, where utility is measured in
terms of error probability of the decoded message, and secrecy
is measured in terms of normalized mutual information. Our
setting differs from the wire-tap channel, as it does not involve
a third-party eavesdropper, but the analyst is both a legitimate
receiver of the disclosed data, and a potential adversary as it
can use it to try to infer private data. Moreover, we focus on metric under the log-loss by proving that the inference threat,
defined in [1] as the inference cost gain, under any bounded
cost function can be upperbounded by an explicit function
of the mutual information between private data and disclosed
data. We then show that the privacy-utility tradeoff under the
log-loss can be cast as the Privacy Funnel optimization, and
study its connection to the Information Bottleneck [2]. Second,
for general distributions, the privacy funnel optimization being
a non-convex problem, we provide a greedy algorithm for
the Privacy Funnel that is locally optimal by leveraging
connections to the Information Bottleneck method [3], [2],
and evaluate its performance on real-world data. Third, we
study the Gaussian Privacy Funnel, where the user data has
a Gaussian distribution and the mapping is also a Gaussian
mapping, and we characterize the optimal privacy mapping. metric under the log-loss by proving that the inference threat,
defined in [1] as the inference cost gain, under any bounded
cost function can be upperbounded by an explicit function
of the mutual information between private data and disclosed
data. We then show that the privacy-utility tradeoff under the
log-loss can be cast as the Privacy Funnel optimization, and
study its connection to the Information Bottleneck [2]. Second,
for general distributions, the privacy funnel optimization being
a non-convex problem, we provide a greedy algorithm for
the Privacy Funnel that is locally optimal by leveraging
connections to the Information Bottleneck method [3], [2],
and evaluate its performance on real-world data. Third, we
study the Gaussian Privacy Funnel, where the user data has
a Gaussian distribution and the mapping is also a Gaussian
mapping, and we characterize the optimal privacy mapping. From the Information Bottleneck to the Privacy Funnel Third, we design the mapping from non-private data to
disclosed data in non-asymptotic regime, whereas [8] designs
an encoder-decoder to achieve certain asymptotic rate. The
wire-tap channel, introduced in [9], focuses on designing the
encoder and decoder to release information and protect private
information from an eavesdropper, where utility is measured in
terms of error probability of the decoded message, and secrecy
is measured in terms of normalized mutual information. Our
setting differs from the wire-tap channel, as it does not involve
a third-party eavesdropper, but the analyst is both a legitimate
receiver of the disclosed data, and a potential adversary as it
can use it to try to infer private data Moreover we focus on We consider a setting in which users have two kinds of
data that are correlated: some data that each user would like
to remain private and some non-private data that he is willing
to disclose to an analyst and from which he will derive some
utility. The analyst is a legitimate receiver of the disclosed
data, which he will use to provide utility to the user, but he can
also adversarially exploit it to infer the user’s private data. This
creates a tension between privacy and utility requirements. To
reduce the inference threat on private data while maintaining
utility, each user’s non-private data is transformed before it is
disclosed, according to a probabilistic privacy mapping. The
design of the privacy mapping should balance the tradeoff
between the utility of the disclosed data, and the privacy of the
private data: it should keep the disclosed transformed data as
much informative as possible about the non-private data, while
leaking as little information as possible about the private data. The framework for privacy against inference attacks in [1]
proposes to design the privacy mapping as the solution to
an optimization minimizing the inference threat subject to a
utility constraint. Our approach relies on this framework, and
makes the following three contributions. First, we show that
when the log-loss is introduced in this framework in both the
privacy metric and the distortion metric, the privacy leakage
reduces to the mutual information between private data and
disclosed data, while the utility requirement is modeled by
the mutual information between non-private data and disclosed
data. U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright From the Information Bottleneck to the Privacy Funnel Our
setting differs from the wire-tap channel, as it does not involve
a third-party eavesdropper, but the analyst is both a legitimate
receiver of the disclosed data, and a potential adversary as it
can use it to try to infer private data. Moreover, we focus on metric under the log-loss by proving that the inference threat,
defined in [1] as the inference cost gain, under any bounded
cost function can be upperbounded by an explicit function
of the mutual information between private data and disclosed
data. We then show that the privacy-utility tradeoff under the
log-loss can be cast as the Privacy Funnel optimization, and
study its connection to the Information Bottleneck [2]. Second,
for general distributions, the privacy funnel optimization being
a non-convex problem, we provide a greedy algorithm for
the Privacy Funnel that is locally optimal by leveraging
connections to the Information Bottleneck method [3], [2],
and evaluate its performance on real-world data. Third, we
study the Gaussian Privacy Funnel, where the user data has
a Gaussian distribution and the mapping is also a Gaussian
mapping, and we characterize the optimal privacy mapping. Related Work: Several works, such as [4], [5], [6], [7], [8],
have studied the issue of keeping some information private
while disclosing some correlated information, by distorting
the information disclosed. Differential privacy [6], [7] was
introduced to answer queries on statistical databases in a
privacy-preserving manner, by minimizing the chances of
identification of the database records. One line of work in
information theoretic privacy [4], [8] studies the trade-off
between privacy and utility, where they consider expected
distortion as a measure of utility and equivocation as a measure
of privacy. Reference [8] focus mainly on collective privacy
for all or subsets of the entries of a database, and provide
fundamental and asymptotic results on the rate-distortion-
equivocation region as the number of data samples grows
arbitrarily large. These approaches are different from our
approach in three main ways. First, we do not consider a
communication problem where the rate needs to be bounded. Second, we use the average amount of bits as a measure of
both utility and privacy (log-loss distortion or mutual informa-
tion). Third, we design the mapping from non-private data to
disclosed data in non-asymptotic regime, whereas [8] designs
an encoder-decoder to achieve certain asymptotic rate. From the Information Bottleneck to the Privacy Funnel Muriel Médard
MIT
medard@mit.edu Salman Salamatian
EPFL
salman.salamatian@epfl.ch Ali Makhdoumi
MIT
makhdoum@mit.edu Nadia Fawaz
Technicolor
nadia.fawaz@technicolor.com metric under the log-loss by proving that the inference threat,
defined in [1] as the inference cost gain, under any bounded
cost function can be upperbounded by an explicit function
of the mutual information between private data and disclosed
data. We then show that the privacy-utility tradeoff under the
log-loss can be cast as the Privacy Funnel optimization, and
study its connection to the Information Bottleneck [2]. Second,
for general distributions, the privacy funnel optimization being
a non-convex problem, we provide a greedy algorithm for
the Privacy Funnel that is locally optimal by leveraging
connections to the Information Bottleneck method [3], [2],
and evaluate its performance on real-world data. Third, we
study the Gaussian Privacy Funnel, where the user data has
a Gaussian distribution and the mapping is also a Gaussian
mapping, and we characterize the optimal privacy mapping. Related Work: Several works, such as [4], [5], [6], [7], [8],
have studied the issue of keeping some information private
while disclosing some correlated information, by distorting
the information disclosed. Differential privacy [6], [7] was
introduced to answer queries on statistical databases in a
privacy-preserving manner, by minimizing the chances of
identification of the database records. One line of work in
information theoretic privacy [4], [8] studies the trade-off
between privacy and utility, where they consider expected
distortion as a measure of utility and equivocation as a measure
of privacy. Reference [8] focus mainly on collective privacy
for all or subsets of the entries of a database, and provide
fundamental and asymptotic results on the rate-distortion-
equivocation region as the number of data samples grows
arbitrarily large. These approaches are different from our
approach in three main ways. First, we do not consider a
communication problem where the rate needs to be bounded. Second, we use the average amount of bits as a measure of
both utility and privacy (log-loss distortion or mutual informa-
tion). Third, we design the mapping from non-private data to
disclosed data in non-asymptotic regime, whereas [8] designs
an encoder-decoder to achieve certain asymptotic rate. The
wire-tap channel, introduced in [9], focuses on designing the
encoder and decoder to release information and protect private
information from an eavesdropper, where utility is measured in
terms of error probability of the decoded message, and secrecy
is measured in terms of normalized mutual information. From the Information Bottleneck to the Privacy Funnel Abstract—We focus on the privacy-utility trade-off encoun-
tered by users who wish to disclose some information to an
analyst, that is correlated with their private data, in the hope
of receiving some utility. We rely on a general privacy statistical
inference framework, under which data is transformed before it is
disclosed, according to a probabilistic privacy mapping. We show
that when the log-loss is introduced in this framework in both the
privacy metric and the distortion metric, the privacy leakage and
the utility constraint can be reduced to the mutual information
between private data and disclosed data, and between non-private
data and disclosed data respectively. We justify the relevance and
generality of the privacy metric under the log-loss by proving
that the inference threat under any bounded cost function can be
upperbounded by an explicit function of the mutual information
between private data and disclosed data. We then show that
the privacy-utility tradeoff under the log-loss can be cast as
the non-convex Privacy Funnel optimization, and we leverage
its connection to the Information Bottleneck, to provide a greedy
algorithm that is locally optimal. We evaluate its performance
on the US census dataset. Finally, we characterize the optimal
privacy mapping for the Gaussian Privacy Funnel. I
I pp g
p
p
y
pp g
Related Work: Several works, such as [4], [5], [6], [7], [8],
have studied the issue of keeping some information private
while disclosing some correlated information, by distorting
the information disclosed. Differential privacy [6], [7] was
introduced to answer queries on statistical databases in a
privacy-preserving manner, by minimizing the chances of
identification of the database records. One line of work in
information theoretic privacy [4], [8] studies the trade-off
between privacy and utility, where they consider expected
distortion as a measure of utility and equivocation as a measure
of privacy. Reference [8] focus mainly on collective privacy
for all or subsets of the entries of a database, and provide
fundamental and asymptotic results on the rate-distortion-
equivocation region as the number of data samples grows
arbitrarily large. These approaches are different from our
approach in three main ways. First, we do not consider a
communication problem where the rate needs to be bounded. Second, we use the average amount of bits as a measure of
both utility and privacy (log-loss distortion or mutual informa-
tion). From the Information Bottleneck to the Privacy Funnel We justify the relevance and generality of the privacy We consider a setting in which users have two kinds of
data that are correlated: some data that each user would like
to remain private and some non-private data that he is willing
to disclose to an analyst and from which he will derive some
utility. The analyst is a legitimate receiver of the disclosed
data, which he will use to provide utility to the user, but he can
also adversarially exploit it to infer the user’s private data. This
creates a tension between privacy and utility requirements. To
reduce the inference threat on private data while maintaining
utility, each user’s non-private data is transformed before it is
disclosed, according to a probabilistic privacy mapping. The
design of the privacy mapping should balance the tradeoff
between the utility of the disclosed data, and the privacy of the
private data: it should keep the disclosed transformed data as
much informative as possible about the non-private data, while
leaking as little information as possible about the private data. The framework for privacy against inference attacks in [1]
proposes to design the privacy mapping as the solution to
an optimization minimizing the inference threat subject to a
utility constraint. Our approach relies on this framework, and
makes the following three contributions. First, we show that
when the log-loss is introduced in this framework in both the
privacy metric and the distortion metric, the privacy leakage
reduces to the mutual information between private data and
disclosed data, while the utility requirement is modeled by
the mutual information between non-private data and disclosed
data. We justify the relevance and generality of the privacy 501 U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright the privacy mapping design (channel design), with different
measures of privacy and utility. cost function C(S, q). In other words, the analyst chooses
in an adversarial way a belief distribution q over the private
variables S prior to observing Y , q∗
0 = arg min
q∈PS
EPS[C(S, q)], The log-loss distortion has been studied in [10] as a measure
of distortion in the context of multi-terminal source coding. Log-loss as measure of distortion is also studied in [11]
where they show that log-loss satisfies certain properties that
leads to the Information Bottleneck method [2]. If ∆C is convex in PY |X, then (1) is a convex optimization,
since the constraint EPX,Y [d(X, Y )] is linear in PY |X.
III. THE PRIVACY FUNNEL METHOD In this section, we focus on the privacy-utility framework
when the log-loss is used in both the privacy metric and in
the distortion metric. We justify the relevance of the log-loss
in such a framework, and characterize the resulting privacy-
disclosure tradeoff as the Privacy Funnel optimization. Finally,
we show how the Privacy Funnel is related to the Information
Bottleneck [2], and how algorithms developed for the latter
can inform the design of algorithms for the former. In this section, we focus on the privacy-utility framework
when the log-loss is used in both the privacy metric and in
the distortion metric. We justify the relevance of the log-loss
in such a framework, and characterize the resulting privacy-
disclosure tradeoff as the Privacy Funnel optimization. Finally,
we show how the Privacy Funnel is related to the Information
Bottleneck [2], and how algorithms developed for the latter
can inform the design of algorithms for the former. A. Privacy metric under log-loss: In this section, we focus
on the threat model under the log-loss cost function. We first
recall that, under this cost-function, the privacy leakage can
be measured by the mutual information I(S; Y ) between the
private variable S and the variable Y . We then justify the
relevance and the generality of the use of the log-loss in the
threat model, by showing that the inference cost gain for any
bounded cost function can be upperbounded by a function of
the mutual information between S and Y . |
j
,
,
The analyst is a legitimate recipient of data Y , which it
can use to provide utility to the user, e.g. some personalized
service. However, the analyst can also act as an adversary
by using Y to illegitimately infer private data S. The privacy
mapping aims at balancing the tradeoff between utility and
privacy: the privacy mapping should be designed to decrease
the inference threat on private S by reducing the dependency
between Y and S, while at the same time preserving the utility
of Y , by maintaining the dependency between Y and X. B. Privacy Metric: We consider the inference threat model
introduced in [1], in which the analyst performs an adversarial
inference attack on the private data S. More precisely, the an-
alyst selects a distribution q, from the set PS of all probability
distributions over S, that minimizes an expected inference A. From the Information Bottleneck to the Privacy Funnel Finally, for
an overview of the central role of the log-loss distortion in
prediction, we refer the reader to [12]. q
S
and a revised belief distribution after observing Y
= y. q∗
y = arg min
q∈PS
EPS|Y [C(S, q)|Y = y]. This models a very broad class of adversaries that perform statistical inference. Using the chosen belief distribution q, the analyst can pro-
duce an estimate of the input S, e.g. using a Maximum a
Posteriori (MAP) estimator. Let c∗
0 and c∗
y respectively denote
the minimum average cost of inferring S without observing
Y , and after observing Y = y: Outline: In Section II, we introduce the privacy-utility trade-
off against Inference attacks. In Section III, we describe the
privacy funnel method and show properties of log-loss metric,
and then characterize the privacy-disclosure trade-off as the
privacy funnel optimization. In Section IV, we provide a
greedy algorithm to design the privacy mapping and evaluate it
on real-world data. In Section V, we characterize the optimal
Gaussian privacy mapping for the Gaussian privacy funnel. Proofs omitted due to lack of space can be found in [13]. c∗
0 = min
q∈PSEPS[C(S, q)],
c∗
y = min
q∈PSEPS|Y [C(S, q)|Y = y]. c∗
0 = min
q∈PSEPS[C(S, q)],
c∗
y = min
q∈PSEPS|Y [C(S, q)|Y = y]. c∗
0 = min
q∈PSEPS[C(S, q)],
c∗
y = min
q∈PSEPS|Y [C(S, q)|Y = y]. Thanks to the observation of Y , the analyst obtains an
average gain in inference cost of ∆C = c∗
0 −EPY [c∗
Y ]. The
average inference cost gain ∆C was proposed as a general
privacy metric in [1], as it measures the improvement in
the quality of the inference of private data S due to the
observation of Y . The privacy mapping PY |X should aim at
reducing ∆C, or in other words it should aim at bringing the
inference cost given Y closer to the initial inference cost. Notations: Throughout the paper, X denotes a random vari-
able over alphabet X with distribution PX. All random vari-
ables are assumed to be discrete, unless mentioned otherwise. 1Both S and X can be either a single variable or a vector of variables. II. PRIVACY-UTILITY AGAINST INFERENCE ATTACKS C. Accuracy Metric: The privacy mapping should maintain
the utility of the distorted data Y . In the framework proposed
in [1], the utility requirement is modeled by a constraint on the
average distortion EPX,Y [d(X, Y )] ≤D, for some distortion
measure d : X × Y →R+, and some distortion level D ≥0. Assuming that the distortion measure d is a function of X and
Y , but not of their statistical properties, the average distortion
EPX,Y [d(X, Y )] is linear in PY |X. Consequently, the distortion
constraint is a linear constraint in PY |X. In this background section, we first describe the setting, and
the privacy and utility metrics introduced in the framework for
privacy against inference attacks in [1]. Then, we recall how
the privacy-utility trade-off can be cast into an optimization. A. Setting: We consider a setting where a user has some
private data, represented by the random variable S ∈S, which
is correlated with some non-private data X ∈X, that the user
wishes to share with an analyst1. The correlation between S
and X is captured by the joint distribution PS,X. Due to this
correlation, releasing X to the analyst would enable him to
draw some inference on the private data S. To reduce the
inference threat on S that would arise from the observation
of X, rather than releasing X, the user releases a distorted
version of X denoted by Y ∈Y. The distorted data Y is
generated by passing X through a conditional distribution
PY |X, called the privacy mapping. Throughout the paper, we
assume S →X →Y form a Markov chain. Therefore, once
PY |X is found, the joint distribution PS,X,Y is defined. In this background section, we first describe the setting, and
the privacy and utility metrics introduced in the framework for
privacy against inference attacks in [1]. Then, we recall how
the privacy-utility trade-off can be cast into an optimization. |
D. Privacy-Accuracy Tradeoff: The optimal privacy mapping
for a given distortion level D is obtained as the solution of
the following optimization min
PY |X : EPX,Y [d(X,Y )]≤D ∆C
(1) (1) If ∆C is convex in PY |X, then (1) is a convex optimization,
since the constraint EPX,Y [d(X, Y )] is linear in PY |X. III. THE PRIVACY FUNNEL METHOD If ∆C is convex in PY |X, then (1) is a convex optimization,
since the constraint EPX,Y [d(X, Y )] is linear in PY |X.
III. THE PRIVACY FUNNEL METHOD Privacy metric under log-loss: In this section, we focus
on the threat model under the log-loss cost function. We first
recall that, under this cost-function, the privacy leakage can
be measured by the mutual information I(S; Y ) between the
private variable S and the variable Y . We then justify the
relevance and the generality of the use of the log-loss in the
threat model, by showing that the inference cost gain for any
bounded cost function can be upperbounded by a function of
the mutual information between S and Y . 502 distortion constraint can be rewritten as I(X; Y ) ≥R, that is
the same as the constraint of (2). It should be noted that the
average distortion under the log-loss is not linear in PY |X. Under the log-loss cost function C(s, q) = −log q(s),
∀s ∈S, the privacy leakage can be measured by the mutual
information I(S; Y ), as stated in the following lemma. For a given PSX and PY |X, where S →X →Y , we define
the disclosure to be the mutual information between X and Y . C. Privacy-Disclosure Trade-off: There is a trade-off between
the information that the user shares about X and the informa-
tion that the user keeps private about S. We pass X through a
randomized mapping PY |X and reveal Y to the analyst. The
purpose of this mapping is to make Y informative about X and
to make Y uninformative about S. Given PSX, we design the
privacy mapping PY |X to maximize the amount of information
I(X; Y ) that user disclose about the public information, X,
while minimizing the collateral information about the private
variable S measured by I(S; Y ). Lemma 1 ([1]). The average inference cost gain under the
log-loss cost function C(s, q) = −log q(s), is the mutual
information between S and Y : ∆C = I(S; Y ). We now justify the relevance and the generality of the use of
the log-loss in the threat model. More precisely, in Theorem 1
below, we prove that for any bounded cost function C(S, q),
the associated inference cost gain ∆C can be upperbounded by
an explicit constant factor of
p
I(S; Y ). The proof of Theorem 1 requires the following lemma. For a given disclosure level R, among all feasible privacy
mappings PY |X satisfying I(X; Y ) ≥R, the privacy funnel
selects the one that minimizes I(S; Y ). Note that I(X; Y ) is
convex in PY |X and since PY |S is linear in PY |X and I(S; Y )
is convex in PY |S, the objective function I(S; Y ) is convex in
PY |X. However, because of the constraint I(X; Y ) ≥R, the
Privacy Funnel (2) is not a convex optimization [18, Chap. 4]. D. Connection to the Information Bottleneck Method: The
information bottleneck method, introduced in [2], considers
the setting where a variable X is to be compressed, while
maintaining the information it bears about another corre-
lated variable S. The information bottleneck method is a
technique generalizing rate-distortion, as it seeks to optimize
the tradeoff between the compression length of X and the
accuracy of the information preserved about S in the com-
pressed output Y . The information bottleneck optimization
[2] is: minPY |X: I(S;Y )≥C I(X; Y ), for some constant C. The
information bottleneck optimization bears some resemblance
to the privacy funnel (2), but is indeed a different optimization. In the information bottleneck, the mapping PY |X is designed
to make I(X; Y ) small and I(S; Y ) large, whereas in the
privacy funnel we have the reverse situation, i.e., the privacy
mapping aims to make I(X; Y ) large and I(S; Y ) small. Lemma 2. Let C(s, q) be a bounded cost function such that
L = sups∈S,q∈PS |C(s, q)| < ∞. For any given y ∈Y, EPS|Y [C(S, q∗
0) −C(S, q∗
y)|Y = y] ≤2
√
2L
q
D(PS|Y =y||PS). The proof of Lemma 2 follows from Pinsker’s inequality and
is given in the full version [13]. We now prove Theorem 1. proof of Theorem 1: We have ∆C = EPS[C(S, q∗
0)] −EPY
EPS|Y [C(S, q∗
y)|Y = y]
= EPY
EPS|Y [C(S, q∗
0) −C(S, q∗
y)|Y = y]
≤2
√
2LEPY
D(PS|Y =y||PS)
≤2
√
2L
p
I(S; Y ), where the last step follows from concavity of square root
function and the one before that follows from Lemma 2. where the last step follows from concavity of square root
function and the one before that follows from Lemma 2. The proof of Theorem 1 requires the following lemma. Using Fano’s lemma, the average cost gain under log-loss
can also be interpreted as a bound on the probability of error
an adversary would make when inferring S from Y [15]. It is
to be noted that ∆C is an averaged quantity. A formulation
for the worst-case privacy leakage under log-loss is introduced
in [1], but we mention that at perfect privacy ,i.e. when ∆C =
0, both average and worst case privacy amount to statistical
independence between S and Y when using the log-loss. In
practice, it has been shown in [16] and [17] that utility can be
maintained while enforcing perfect privacy for demographic
attributes while releasing data for recommendation. Further
empirical evidence in [14] suggests that the average cost gain
is a good approximation to the worst case scenario. B. Accuracy metric under log-loss: Consider the log-loss
distortion defined as d(x, y) = −log P(X = x|Y = y), which
is a function of x and y as well as PY |X. Using log-loss,
the average distortion is E[d(X, Y )] = EPX,Y [−log PX|Y ] =
H(X|Y ) that can be minimized by designing the mapping
PY |X. Thus, the constraint E[d(X, Y )]
≤
D would be
H(X|Y ) ≤D for a given distortion level, D. Given PX,
and therefore H(X), and assuming that R = H(X) −D, the Several techniques were developed to solve the information
bottleneck problem such as alternating iteration [2] and ag-
glomerative information bottleneck [3]. A question we exam-
ined is whether algorithms developed to solve the information
bottleneck optimization could be adapted to solve the privacy
funnel optimization. The alternating iteration algorithm [2]
finds a stationary point of the Lagrangian of information
bottleneck optimization defined as L = I(X; Y ) −βI(S; Y )
for some β. The stationary point can be a local minimum,
which addresses the information bottleneck, or a local maxi-
mum in which case it addresses the privacy funnel. However,
there is no guarantee on the convergence of this alternating
algorithm to either a local minimum or a local maximum. B. Accuracy metric under log-loss: Consider the log-loss
distortion defined as d(x, y) = −log P(X = x|Y = y), which
is a function of x and y as well as PY |X. If ∆C is convex in PY |X, then (1) is a convex optimization,
since the constraint EPX,Y [d(X, Y )] is linear in PY |X.
III. THE PRIVACY FUNNEL METHOD Thus, controlling the
cost gain under the log-loss, so that it does not exceed a target
privacy level, is sufficient to ensure that the privacy threat
under a different bounded cost function is also controlled. Therefore, the design of the privacy mapping can be focused
on minimizing the privacy leakage as measured by I(S; Y ). Theorem 1. Let L = sups∈S,q∈PS |C(s, q)| < ∞. We have
∆C = c∗
0 −EPY [c∗
Y ] ≤2
√
2L
p
I(S; Y ). The trade-off between disclosure and privacy in the design
of the privacy mapping is represented by the following opti-
mization, that we refer to as the Privacy Funnel: Theorem 1. Let L = sups∈S,q∈PS |C(s, q)| < ∞. We have
∆C = c∗
0 −EPY [c∗
Y ] ≤2
√
2L
p
I(S; Y ). min
PY |X: I(X;Y )≥R I(S; Y ). (2) (2) The proof of Theorem 1 requires the following lemma. Lemma 2. Let C(s, q) be a bounded cost function such that
L = sups∈S,q∈PS |C(s, q)| < ∞. For any given y ∈Y,
EPS|Y [C(S, q∗
0) −C(S, q∗
y)|Y = y] ≤2
√
2L
q
D(PS|Y =y||PS) The proof of Theorem 1 requires the following lemma. The proof of Theorem 1 requires the following lemma. while there exists i′, j′ such that I(X; Y i′−j′) ≥R do
among those i′, j′, let
{yi, yj} = arg maxyi′,yj′∈Y I(S; Y ) −I(S; Y i′−j′)
merge: {yi, yj} →yij
update: Y = {Y \ {yi, yj}} ∪{yij} and PY |X
Output: PY |X Algorithm 2 Greedy algorithm-information bottleneck p
Output: PY |X Output: PY |X Thus, in Section IV we develop a new greedy algorithm that
is guaranteed to converge to a solution of the privacy funnel. The greedy algorithm is locally optimal at every step since we
minimize I(S; Y ). However, there is no guarantee that such a
greedy algorithm induces a global optimal privacy mapping. Note 1. The minimum of I(S; Y ) in (2) is a decreasing
function of I(X; Y ) and is achieved for a mapping PY |X that
satisfies I(X; Y ) = R (if possible due to discrete alphabets). For a given mutual information, R, there are many conditional
probability distributions, PY |X, achieving I(X; Y ) = R. Among which there is one that gives the minimum I(S; Y )
and one that gives the maximum I(S; Y ). We can modify
the greedy algorithm so that it converges to a local maximum
of I(S; Y ) for a given I(X; Y ) = R. The algorithm which
we call greedy algorithm-information bottleneck is given in
Algorithm (2). Algorithm (1) and Algorithm (2) allow us to
approximately characterize the range of values I(S; Y ) can
take for a given value of I(X; Y ) as being those between
the local minimum and the local maximum. Interestingly, by
observing the gap between the local maximum and the local
minimum, we have a relative idea on the effectiveness of the
greedy algorithm, i.e., if the difference is significant it means
a negligent mapping may lie anywhere between those values,
possibly leading to a much higher privacy threat. IV. ALGORITHM FOR THE PRIVACY FUNNEL We showed that the privacy funnel (2) optimization is not
a convex optimization. In this section, we provide a greedy
algorithm to solve (2) and we evaluate it on real-world data. Greedy Algorithm: Suppose the constraint I(X; Y ) ≥R is
given for some R ≤H(X). We wish to find PY |X that mini-
mizes I(S; Y ). The proof of Theorem 1 requires the following lemma. Note that for Y = X and PY |X(y|x) = 1{x =
y} (where 1{x = y} = 1 if and only if x = y), the condition
I(X; Y ) ≥R is satisfied because I(X; Y ) = H(X) ≥R. However, I(S; Y ) might be too large. The idea is to merge
two elements of Y to make I(S; Y ) smaller, while satisfying
I(X; Y ) ≥R. This method is motivated by agglomerative
information method introduced in [3]. We merge yi and yj and
denote the merged element by yij. We then update PY |X as
p(yij|x) = p(yi|x) + p(yj|x),
for all x ∈X. After merging,
we also have p(yij) = p(yi) + p(yj). Consider the row
stochastic matrix P as Px,y = PY |X(y|x) for all x ∈X and
all y ∈Y. In Algorithm (1) we start with P as an identity
matrix and then at each iteration we delete two columns of
P (corresponding to yi and yj) and add their summation as a
new column (corresponding to yij) to P. Thus, the resulting
matrix at the end contains only zeros and ones, determining
all x ∈X and all y ∈Y such that PY |X(y|x) = 1. Let
Y i−j be the resulting Y from merging yi and yj. Algorithm
(1) is a greedy algorithm that uses this idea in order to solve
optimization (2). One need to calculate I(S; Y ) −I(S; Y i−j)
and I(X; Y )−I(X; Y i−j) at each iteration of Algorithm (1). Proposition 1 shows an efficient way to calculate them. Data Set: The US 1994 Census dataset [19] is a well-known
dataset in the machine learning community, which is a sample
of the US population from 1994. For each of the entries, it
contains features such as age, work-class, education, gender,
and native country, as well as an income category. The income
level is a binary variable which determines whether the income
is above or below USD 50000, gender is a binary variable, ed-
ucation level is a variable with four categories, age is a variable
divided into seven categories. For our purposes, we consider
the private attributes S = (age, income level) and the at-
tributes to be released as X = (age, gender, education level). The proof of Theorem 1 requires the following lemma. Using log-loss,
the average distortion is E[d(X, Y )] = EPX,Y [−log PX|Y ] =
H(X|Y ) that can be minimized by designing the mapping
PY |X. Thus, the constraint E[d(X, Y )]
≤
D would be
H(X|Y ) ≤D for a given distortion level, D. Given PX,
and therefore H(X), and assuming that R = H(X) −D, the 503 Algorithm 1 Greedy algorithm-privacy funnel
Input: R, PS,X
Initialization: Y = X, PY |X(y|x) = 1{y = x}. while there exists i′, j′ such that I(X; Y i′−j′) ≥R do
among those i′, j′, let
{yi, yj} = arg maxyi′,yj′∈Y I(S; Y ) −I(S; Y i′−j′)
merge: {yi, yj} →yij
update: Y = {Y \ {yi, yj}} ∪{yij} and PY |X
Output: PY |X
Algorithm 2 Greedy algorithm-information bottleneck
Input: ∆, PS,X
Initialization: Y = X, PY |X(y|x) = 1{y = x}
while there exists i′, j′ such that I(S; Y i′−j′) ≥∆do
among those i′, j′, let
{yi, yj} = arg maxyi′,yj′∈Y I(X; Y ) −I(X; Y i′−j′)
merge: {yi, yj} →yij
update: Y = {Y \ {yi, yj}} ∪{yij} and PY |X
Output: PY |X Algorithm 2 Greedy algorithm-information bottleneck
Input: ∆, PS,X
Initialization: Y = X, PY |X(y|x) = 1{y = x}
while there exists i′, j′ such that I(S; Y i′−j′) ≥∆do
among those i′, j′, let
{yi, yj} = arg maxyi′,yj′∈Y I(X; Y ) −I(X; Y i′−j′)
merge: {yi, yj} →yij
update: Y = {Y \ {yi, yj}} ∪{yij} and PY |X
Output: PY |X Algorithm 2 Greedy algorithm-information bottleneck
Input: ∆, PS,X
Initialization: Y = X, PY |X(y|x) = 1{y = x}
while there exists i′, j′ such that I(S; Y i′−j′) ≥∆do
among those i′, j′, let
{yi, yj} = arg maxyi′,yj′∈Y I(X; Y ) −I(X; Y i′−j′)
merge: {yi, yj} →yij
update: Y = {Y \ {yi, yj}} ∪{yij} and PY |X
Output: PY |X Algorithm 1 Greedy algorithm-privacy funnel
Input: R, PS,X
Initialization: Y = X, PY |X(y|x) = 1{y = x}. REFERENCES min
M
1
2(1 −β) log |MΓM t + I| −1
2 log |MΛΓM t + I|, min
M
1
2(1 −β) log |MΓM t + I| −1
2 log |MΛΓM t + I|,
where Γ = diag(Γ1, . . . , Γt) = V ΣxV t (we will show
that V ΣxV t is diagonal) and Λ = diag(λ1, . . . , λt) are the
corresponding eigen-values of Σx|sΣ−1
x . [17] A. Zhang, S. Bhamidipati, N. Fawaz, and B. Kveton, “Priview: Media
consumption and recommendation meet privacy against inference at-
tacks,” in IEEE Web 2.0 Security and Privacy Workshop (W2SP), 2014. where Γ = diag(Γ1, . . . , Γt) = V ΣxV t (we will show
that V ΣxV t is diagonal) and Λ = diag(λ1, . . . , λt) are the
corresponding eigen-values of Σx|sΣ−1
x . [18] S. P. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe, Convex optimization. Cambridge
university press, 2004. [19] A. Asuncion
and
D. Newman,
“UCI
ma-
chine
learning
repository,”
2007. [Online]. Available:
http://www.ics.uci.edu/∼mlearn/MLRepository.html The proof and the details of this section is given in the full
version of paper [13]. [20] R. G. Gallager, Discrete stochastic processes. Kluwer Academic
Publishers Boston, 1996, vol. 101. REFERENCES In this section, assuming Gaussian PSX, we find the optimal
Gaussian privacy mapping, PY |X. Let Σx and Σx,s denote
the covariance matrices of PX and PX,S. Let PX be an n-
dimensional Gaussian distribution and PY |X be a Gaussian
conditional distribution such that (X, Y ) is jointly Gaussian. We can write Y in the innovation form, i.e., Y = AX + Z,
where A is a full-rank t×n matrix, Z is a zero-mean Gaussian
random variable independent from X (Theorem 2.3 of [20]),
and t is the dimension of Y . Therefore, in the design of PY |X,
we only require to find the matrix A, and the co-variance
of Z. We use the approach of [21] to solve the information
bottleneck problem for Gaussian case. [1] F. du Pin Calmon and N. Fawaz, “Privacy against statistical inference,”
in Allerton Conf. on Communication, Control, and Computing 2012. [2] N. Tishby, F. C. Pereira, and W. Bialek, “The information bottleneck
method,” arXiv preprint physics/0004057, 2000. [3] N. Slonim and N. Tishby, “Agglomerative information bottleneck,” Proc. of Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS-99), 1999. [4] H. Yamamoto, “A source coding problem for sources with additional
outputs to keep secret from the receiver or wiretappers (corresp.),”
Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 29, no. 6, 1983. f
y
[5] R. Agrawal and R. Srikant, “Privacy-preserving data mining,” ACM
Sigmod Record, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 439–450, 2000. [6] C. Dwork, F. McSherry, K. Nissim, and A. Smith, “Calibrating noise
to sensitivity in private data analysis,” in Theory of Cryptography. Springer, 2006. [7] C. Dwork, “Differential privacy,” in Automata, Languages and Program-
ming. Springer, 2006. Remark 1. Let (S, X) have a jointly Gaussian distribution. For any S = s, the conditional distribution PX|S=s is a
Gaussian distribution with co-variance Σx −ΣxsΣ−1
s Σt
xs,
which we denote by Σx|s (see [20], chapter 2). Remark 1. Let (S, X) have a jointly Gaussian distribution. For any S = s, the conditional distribution PX|S=s is a
Gaussian distribution with co-variance Σx −ΣxsΣ−1
s Σt
xs,
which we denote by Σx|s (see [20], chapter 2). [8] L. Sankar, S. R. Rajagopalan, and H. V. Poor, “Utility-privacy tradeoff
in databases: An information-theoretic approach,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, 2013. y
[9] A. D. Wyner, “The wire-tap channel,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 54, 1975. [10] T. A. Courtade and R. D. The proof of Theorem 1 requires the following lemma. The goal of the privacy mapping is to release a modified
version of attributes Y which is informative about X but that
renders the inference of S based on Y hard. Proposition 1. For a given joint distribution PS,X,Y
=
PS,XPY |X, we have I(S; Y ) −I(S; Y i−j) = p(yij)H
p(yi)PS|Y =yj + p(yj)PS|Y =yj
p(yij)
−
p(yi)H(PS|Y =yi) + p(yj)H(PS|Y =yj)
. We also have I(X; Y ) −I(X; Y i−j) =
p(yij)H
p(yi)PX|Y =yj + p(yj)PX|Y =yj
p(yij)
−
p(yi)H(PX|Y =yi) + p(yj)H(PX|Y =yj)
. Numerical Results: In Fig. 1, we plot the minimum and
maximum of I(S; Y ) for a given I(X; Y ). This figure is based
on US 1994 census data set described before. The top curve
shows the maximum of I(S; Y ) versus I(X; Y ), using Algo-
rithm (2). The bottom curve shows the minimum of I(S; Y )
versus I(X; Y ), using Algorithm (1). The area between the
two curves shows the possible pairs of (I(X; Y ), I(S; Y )) as
PY |X varies (a subset of possible pairs, since the algorithms
are sub-optimal). Indeed, we will design the mapping to lie The proof is given in the full version of paper [13]. Propo-
sition 1 shows that the difference in the mutual information
after merging changes only if the new variable, yij, is involved. 504 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
I(X; Y )
I(S; Y )
Algorithm 2
Algorithm 1
Information
Bottleneck
Privacy
Funnel
Fig. 1. Maximum and minimum of I(S; Y ) for a given I(X; Y ). utility metrics. We justify the generality of the privacy threat
under the log-loss by proving that the threat under any
bounded cost inference function can be upperbounded by an
explicit function of the mutual information between private
and disclosed data. We cast the tradeoff under the log-loss
as the Privacy Funnel optimization, which is non-convex. We
leverage its connection to the Information Bottleneck to design
a locally-optimal greedy algorithm, that we evaluate on the US
census dataset. Finally, we characterize the optimal privacy
mapping for the Gaussian Privacy Funnel. Fig. 1. Maximum and minimum of I(S; Y ) for a given I(X; Y ). y
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to Prof. Thomas Courtade, Prof. Kave Salamatian, and Prof. Tsachy Weissman for encourag-
ing them to study the connections between privacy and the
information bottleneck. on the bottom curve. For a given R, if we design the mapping
negligently, we may have I(S; Y ) on the top curve instead of
the bottom curve. REFERENCES Wesel, “Multiterminal source coding with an
entropy-based distortion measure,” in ISIT 2011. Consider the Lagrangian of the optimization given in (2) as
L = I(S; Y ) −βI(X; Y ), for some β ∈[0, 1]. Consider the
optimization minPY |X I(S; Y ) −βI(X; Y ). We will find the
optimal A and Z that achieves the optimal value for any β. By
varying β, this provides the curve of I(S; Y ) versus I(X; Y ). [11] P. Harremoës and N. Tishby, “The information bottleneck revisited or
how to choose a good distortion measure,” in ISIT 2007. g
[12] N. Merhav and M. Feder, “Universal prediction,” Information Theory,
IEEE Transactions on, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 2124–2147, 1998. [13] A. Makhdoumi, S. Salamatian, N. Fawaz, and M. Médard, “From the
information bottleneck to the privacy funnel,” ArXiv e-prints, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/ Theorem 2. Consider the optimization minPY |X I(S; Y ) −
βI(X; Y ). The optimal solution is characterized as Y
=
AX + Z, where A = diag(M1, . . . , Mt)V = MV , Z ∼
N(0, I), and V
is a matrix containing the t left eigen-
vectors of Σx|sΣ−1
x
corresponding to the t largest eigen-values
for some t. M is the solution of the following optimization
problem [14] S. Salamatian, N. Fawaz, B. Kveton, and N. Taft, “SPPM: Sparse
Privacy Preserving Mappings,” Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial
Intelilgence, 2014. [15] A. Makhdoumi and N. Fawaz, “Privacy utility trade-off under statistical
uncertainty,” in Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton),
2013 51th Annual Allerton Conference on. IEEE, 2013. [16] S. Salamatian, A. Zhang, F. Calmon, S. Bhamidipati, N. Fawaz, B. Kve-
ton, P. Oliveira, and N. Taft, “How to hide the elephant- or the donkey- in
the room: Practical privacy against statistical inference for large data,” in
Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP),
2013 IEEE, 2013. min
M
1
2(1 −β) log |MΓM t + I| −1
2 log |MΛΓM t + I|,
where Γ = diag(Γ1, . . . , Γt) = V ΣxV t (we will show
that V ΣxV t is diagonal) and Λ = diag(λ1, . . . , λt) are the
corresponding eigen-values of Σx|sΣ−1
x . VI. CONCLUSIONS [21] G. Chechik, A. Globerson, N. Tishby, and Y. Weiss, “Information
bottleneck for gaussian variables,” in Journal of Machine Learning
Research, 2005, pp. 165–188. We study the privacy-utility trade-off against inference
attacks when the log-loss is used both in the privacy and 505
| 7,943 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427790
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Alcover
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 23,433 | 61,394 |
Alcover
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Alcover gemeinsame Grenze mit El Rourell
Alcover gemeinsame Grenze mit La Selva del Camp
Alcover gemeinsame Grenze mit Valls
Alcover gemeinsame Grenze mit Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover gemeinsame Grenze mit La Riba
Alcover gemeinsame Grenze mit Perafort
Alcover Zeitzone UTC+1
Alcover geographische Koordinaten
Alcover Leiter der Regierung oder Verwaltung Robert Figueras Roca
Alcover ist ein(e) Gemeinde in Katalonien
Alcover Freebase-Kennung /m/03h1gdy
Alcover INE-Gemeindekennung 43005
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2013, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2012, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2011, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2010, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2009, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2008, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2007, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2006, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2005, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2004, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2002, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2001, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2014, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2015, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2016, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2017, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1717, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1787, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1857, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1860, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1877, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1887, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1900, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1910, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1920, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1930, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1936, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1940, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1945, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1950, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1955, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1960, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1970, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1975, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1981, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1986, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1991, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2018, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2019, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2020, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2021, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2022, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2023, Bestimmungsmethode Standesamt
Alcover GeoNames-Kennung 6361248
Alcover OpenStreetMap-Relationskennung 342692
Alcover liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Alt Camp
Alcover VIAF-Kennung 157153194
Alcover offizielle Website https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover oberstes Regierungsamt Bürgermeister
Alcover Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel
Alcover Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel
Alcover Höhe über dem Meeresspiegel
Alcover Fläche , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2016
Alcover Hauptstadt Alcover
Alcover Anzahl der Haushalte , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1497
Alcover Anzahl der Haushalte , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1515
Alcover Anzahl der Haushalte , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1553
Alcover LCAuth-Kennung n84059561
Alcover Demonym
Alcover Demonym
Alcover Lagekarte Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover Große-Katalanische-Enzyklopädie-Kennung (alt) 0002090
Alcover Who’s-on-First-Kennung 101775489
Alcover GND-Kennung 1045032425
Alcover offizieller Name
Alcover Kategorie für Karten Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover männliche Bevölkerung , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2019, Bestimmungsmethode Volkszählung
Alcover weibliche Bevölkerung , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2019, Bestimmungsmethode Volkszählung
Alcover Kategorie für die Ansicht des Gegenstands Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover INSPIRE-Geodaten-ID ES.IGN.BDDAE.34094343005
Alcover J9U-Kennung der Israelischen Nationalbibliothek 987007559806105171
Alcover FactGrid-Objektkennung Q343469
Alcover Amtssprache Katalanisch
Alcover Große-Katalanische-Enzyklopädie-Kennung alcover
Alcover liegt am oder im Gewässer Francolí
Alcover WorldCat-Entitäten-Kennung E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Alcover Kategorie für hier gestorbene Personen Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
municipality of Spain
Alcover Commons category Alcover
Alcover country Spain
Alcover coat of arms image Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover postal code 43460
Alcover image Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover shares border with L'Albiol
Alcover shares border with La Masó
Alcover shares border with El Milà
Alcover shares border with Mont-ral
Alcover shares border with El Rourell
Alcover shares border with La Selva del Camp
Alcover shares border with Valls
Alcover shares border with Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover shares border with La Riba
Alcover shares border with Perafort
Alcover located in time zone UTC+01:00
Alcover coordinate location
Alcover head of government Robert Figueras i Roca
Alcover instance of municipality of Catalonia
Alcover Freebase ID /m/03h1gdy
Alcover INE municipality code 43005
Alcover population , point in time 2013, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2012, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2011, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2010, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2009, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2008, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2007, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2006, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2005, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2004, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2002, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2001, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2014, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2015, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2016, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2017, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1717, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1787, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1857, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1860, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1877, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1887, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1900, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1910, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1920, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1930, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1936, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1940, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1945, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1950, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1955, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1960, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1970, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1975, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1981, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1986, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 1991, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2018, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2019, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2020, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2021, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2022, determination method register office
Alcover population , point in time 2023, determination method register office
Alcover GeoNames ID 6361248
Alcover OpenStreetMap relation ID 342692
Alcover located in the administrative territorial entity Alt Camp
Alcover topic's main category Category:Alcover
Alcover VIAF ID 157153194
Alcover official website https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover office held by head of government mayor
Alcover elevation above sea level
Alcover elevation above sea level
Alcover elevation above sea level
Alcover area , point in time 2016
Alcover capital Alcover
Alcover IDESCAT territorial code in Catalonia 430056
Alcover number of households , point in time 1497, determination method hearth tax
Alcover number of households , point in time 1515, determination method hearth tax
Alcover number of households , point in time 1553, determination method hearth tax
Alcover Library of Congress authority ID n84059561
Alcover demonym
Alcover demonym
Alcover locator map image Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID (former scheme) 0002090
Alcover Who's on First ID 101775489
Alcover GND ID 1045032425
Alcover official name
Alcover category for maps Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover male population , point in time 2019, determination method census
Alcover female population , point in time 2019, determination method census
Alcover category for the view of the item Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover INSPIRE ID ES.IGN.BDDAE.34094343005
Alcover category of associated people Category:People of Alcover
Alcover National Library of Israel J9U ID 987007559806105171
Alcover FactGrid item ID Q343469
Alcover official language Catalan
Alcover category for people born here Category:Births in Alcover
Alcover Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID alcover
Alcover located in or next to body of water Francolí River
Alcover located in or next to body of water Glorieta River
Alcover WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Alcover category for people who died here Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
municipio de la provincia de Tarragona, España
Alcover categoría en Commons Alcover
Alcover país España
Alcover imagen del escudo de armas del elemento Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover escudo de armas Escudo de Alcover
Alcover código postal 43460
Alcover imagen Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover comparte fronteras con Albiol
Alcover comparte fronteras con La Masó
Alcover comparte fronteras con Milá
Alcover comparte fronteras con Montreal
Alcover comparte fronteras con Rourell
Alcover comparte fronteras con La Selva del Campo
Alcover comparte fronteras con Valls
Alcover comparte fronteras con Vilallonga del Campo
Alcover comparte fronteras con La Riba
Alcover comparte fronteras con Perafort
Alcover se encuentra en el huso horario UTC+01:00
Alcover coordenadas
Alcover jefe de gobierno Robert Figueras Roca
Alcover instancia de municipio de Cataluña
Alcover Identificador Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Alcover código INE 43005
Alcover población , fecha 2013, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2012, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2011, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2010, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2009, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2008, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2007, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2006, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2005, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2004, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2002, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2001, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2014, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2015, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2016, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2017, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1717, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1787, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1857, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1860, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1877, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1887, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1900, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1910, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1920, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1930, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1936, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1940, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1945, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1950, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1955, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1960, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1970, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1975, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1981, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1986, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 1991, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2018, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2019, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2020, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2021, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2022, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover población , fecha 2023, método de determinación oficina de Registro
Alcover identificador GeoNames 6361248
Alcover identificador de relación OpenStreetMap 342692
Alcover situado en la entidad territorial administrativa Alto Campo
Alcover identificador VIAF 157153194
Alcover página web oficial https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover cargo ocupado por el jefe de gobierno alcalde
Alcover elevación sobre el nivel del mar
Alcover elevación sobre el nivel del mar
Alcover elevación sobre el nivel del mar
Alcover superficie , fecha 2016
Alcover capital Alcover
Alcover código territorial IDESCAT 430056
Alcover número de hogares , fecha 1497, método de determinación fogaje
Alcover número de hogares , fecha 1515, método de determinación fogaje
Alcover número de hogares , fecha 1553, método de determinación fogaje
Alcover identificador de autoridades de la Biblioteca del Congreso de EE. UU. n84059561
Alcover gentilicio
Alcover gentilicio
Alcover mapa de localización Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover identificador de la Gran Enciclopedia Catalana (antiguo) 0002090
Alcover identificador Who's on First 101775489
Alcover identificador GND (DNB) 1045032425
Alcover nombre oficial
Alcover categoría para los mapas de este elemento Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover población masculina , fecha 2019, método de determinación censo
Alcover población femenina , fecha 2019, método de determinación censo
Alcover categoría para la vista del elemento Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover identificador INSPIRE ES.IGN.BDDAE.34094343005
Alcover identificador J9U de la Biblioteca Nacional de Israel 987007559806105171
Alcover identificador de elemento en FactGrid Q343469
Alcover idioma oficial catalán
Alcover categoría para las personas que nacieron aquí Categoría:Nacidos en Alcover
Alcover identificador de la Gran Enciclopedia Catalana alcover
Alcover situado cerca del cuerpo de agua Francolí
Alcover situado cerca del cuerpo de agua Río de Glorieta
Alcover identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Alcover categoría para las personas que fallecieron aquí Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
Alcover Commons-eko kategoria Alcover
Alcover herrialdea Espainia
Alcover armarriaren irudia Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover posta kodea 43460
Alcover irudia Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover mugakidea(k) L'Albiol
Alcover mugakidea(k) La Masó
Alcover mugakidea(k) El Milà
Alcover mugakidea(k) Mont-ral
Alcover mugakidea(k) El Rourell
Alcover mugakidea(k) La Selva del Camp
Alcover mugakidea(k) Valls
Alcover mugakidea(k) Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover mugakidea(k) La Riba
Alcover mugakidea(k) Perafort
Alcover ordu-eremua UTC+01:00
Alcover koordenatuak
Alcover gobernuburua Robert Figueras Roca
Alcover honako hau da Kataluniako udalerria
Alcover Freebase-ren identifikatzailea /m/03h1gdy
Alcover INE kodea 43005
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2013, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2012, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2011, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2010, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2009, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2008, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2007, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2006, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2005, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2004, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2002, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2001, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2014, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2015, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2016, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2017, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1717, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1787, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1857, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1860, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1877, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1887, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1900, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1910, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1920, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1930, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1936, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1940, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1945, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1950, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1955, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1960, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1970, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1975, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1981, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1986, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 1991, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2018, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2019, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2020, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2021, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2022, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover biztanleria , gertaera-data 2023, zehazteko metodoa erregistro-bulegoa
Alcover GeoNames identifikatzailea 6361248
Alcover OpenStreetMapen identifikatzailea 342692
Alcover honako erakunde administratiboan dago Alt Camp
Alcover VIAF identifikatzailea 157153194
Alcover webgune ofiziala https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover gobernuburuak okupatzen duen kargua alkate
Alcover itsas mailaren gainetiko altuera
Alcover itsas mailaren gainetiko altuera
Alcover itsas mailaren gainetiko altuera
Alcover azalera , gertaera-data 2016
Alcover hiriburua Alcover
Alcover LCCN n84059561
Alcover jentilizioa
Alcover jentilizioa
Alcover kokapenaren mapa Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover GEC-en identifikatzailea 0002090
Alcover Who's on First identifikatzailea 101775489
Alcover GND identifikatzailea 1045032425
Alcover izen ofiziala
Alcover mapen kategoria Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover Gizonezko biztanleria , gertaera-data 2019, zehazteko metodoa zentsu
Alcover Emakumezko biztanleria , gertaera-data 2019, zehazteko metodoa zentsu
Alcover elementua ikusteko kategoria Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover INSPIRE identifikatzailea ES.IGN.BDDAE.34094343005
Alcover Israelgo Liburutegi Nazionalaren J9U identifikatzailea 987007559806105171
Alcover FactGriden elementu-identifikatzailea Q343469
Alcover hizkuntza ofiziala katalan
Alcover Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana identifikatzailea alcover
Alcover honako ur gorputzaren ondoan Francolí
Alcover WorldCat Entities identifikatzailea E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Alcover hemen hil ziren pertsonentzako kategoria Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
comune spagnolo
Alcover categoria su Commons Alcover
Alcover Paese Spagna
Alcover stemma Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover codice postale 43460
Alcover immagine Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover confina con L'Albiol
Alcover confina con La Masó
Alcover confina con El Milà
Alcover confina con Mont-ral
Alcover confina con El Rourell
Alcover confina con La Selva del Camp
Alcover confina con Valls
Alcover confina con Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover confina con La Riba
Alcover confina con Perafort
Alcover fuso orario UTC+1
Alcover coordinate geografiche
Alcover capo del governo Robert Figueras Roca
Alcover identificativo Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Alcover codice INE 43005
Alcover popolazione , data 2013, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2012, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2011, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2010, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2009, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2008, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2007, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2006, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2005, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2004, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2002, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2001, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2014, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2015, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2016, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2017, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1717, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1787, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1857, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1860, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1877, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1887, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1900, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1910, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1920, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1930, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1936, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1940, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1945, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1950, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1955, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1960, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1970, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1975, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1981, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1986, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 1991, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2018, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2019, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2020, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2021, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2022, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover popolazione , data 2023, metodo di determinazione ufficio anagrafe
Alcover identificativo GeoNames 6361248
Alcover identificativo relazione OpenStreetMap 342692
Alcover unità amministrativa in cui è situato Alt Camp
Alcover categoria principale dell'argomento Categoria:Alcover
Alcover identificativo VIAF 157153194
Alcover sito web ufficiale https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover carica politica del capo del governo sindaco
Alcover altezza sul mare
Alcover altezza sul mare
Alcover altezza sul mare
Alcover superficie , data 2016
Alcover capitale Alcover
Alcover numero di nuclei famigliari , data 1497, metodo di determinazione focatico
Alcover numero di nuclei famigliari , data 1515, metodo di determinazione focatico
Alcover numero di nuclei famigliari , data 1553, metodo di determinazione focatico
Alcover identificativo della Biblioteca del Congresso n84059561
Alcover demonimo
Alcover demonimo
Alcover mappa di localizzazione Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover identificativo Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (obsoleto) 0002090
Alcover identificativo Who's on First 101775489
Alcover identificativo GND 1045032425
Alcover nome ufficiale
Alcover categoria per mappe Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover popolazione maschile , data 2019, metodo di determinazione censimento
Alcover popolazione femminile , data 2019, metodo di determinazione censimento
Alcover categoria per le viste dell'elemento Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover identificativo INSPIRE ES.IGN.BDDAE.34094343005
Alcover identificativo J9U della Biblioteca nazionale israeliana 987007559806105171
Alcover identificativo FactGrid di un elemento Q343469
Alcover lingua ufficiale catalano
Alcover identificativo Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana alcover
Alcover situato sul mare / lago / fiume Francolí
Alcover identificativo WorldCat Entities E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Alcover categoria per le persone morte in questo luogo Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
Alcover categoria apud Communia Alcover
Alcover civitas Hispania
Alcover imago insignis Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover numerus cursualis 43460
Alcover imago Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover territoria finitima L'Albiol
Alcover territoria finitima La Masó
Alcover territoria finitima El Milà
Alcover territoria finitima Mont-ral
Alcover territoria finitima El Rourell
Alcover territoria finitima La Selva del Camp
Alcover territoria finitima Valls
Alcover territoria finitima Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover territoria finitima La Riba
Alcover territoria finitima Perafort
Alcover zona horaria UTC+1
Alcover coordinata
Alcover siglum Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2013, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2012, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2011, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2010, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2009, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2008, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2007, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2006, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2005, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2004, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2002, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2001, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2014, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2015, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2016, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2017, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1717, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1787, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1857, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1860, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1877, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1887, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1900, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1910, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1920, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1930, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1936, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1940, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1945, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1950, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1955, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1960, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1970, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1975, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1981, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1986, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 1991, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2018, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2019, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2020, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2021, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2022, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover numerus incolarum , punctum temporis 2023, modus determinationis sedes lexiarchi
Alcover relatio OpenStreetMap 342692
Alcover siglum VIAF 157153194
Alcover situs interretialis https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover titulus gubernatoris Demarchus
Alcover elevatio super fastigio maris
Alcover elevatio super fastigio maris
Alcover elevatio super fastigio maris
Alcover area , punctum temporis 2016
Alcover siglum apud bibliothecam Congressús n84059561
Alcover demonymum
Alcover demonymum
Alcover situs (tabula apud communia) Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover siglum GND 1045032425
Alcover nomen officiale
Alcover categoria de tabulis geographicis Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover linguae officiales lingua Catalana
Alcover
gemeente in Tarragona
Alcover Commonscategorie Alcover
Alcover land Spanje
Alcover wapenafbeelding Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover postcode 43460
Alcover afbeelding Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover grenst aan L'Albiol
Alcover grenst aan La Masó
Alcover grenst aan El Milà
Alcover grenst aan Mont-ral
Alcover grenst aan El Rourell
Alcover grenst aan La Selva del Camp
Alcover grenst aan Valls
Alcover grenst aan Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover grenst aan La Riba
Alcover grenst aan Perafort
Alcover tijdzone UTC+1
Alcover geografische locatie
Alcover bestuurshoofd Robert Figueras Roca
Alcover is een gemeente in Catalonië
Alcover Freebase-identificatiecode /m/03h1gdy
Alcover Spaanse gemeente-identificatiecode 43005
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2013, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2012, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2011, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2010, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2009, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2008, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2007, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2006, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2005, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2004, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2002, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2001, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2014, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2015, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2016, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2017, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1717, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1787, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1857, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1860, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1877, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1887, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1900, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1910, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1920, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1930, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1936, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1940, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1945, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1950, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1955, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1960, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1970, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1975, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1981, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1986, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 1991, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2018, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2019, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2020, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2021, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2022, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover inwonertal , tijdstip 2023, methode van vaststelling standesamt
Alcover GeoNames-identificatiecode 6361248
Alcover OpenStreetMap-identificatiecode voor relatie 342692
Alcover gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Alt Camp
Alcover VIAF-identificatiecode 157153194
Alcover officiële website https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover hoogste ambt burgemeester
Alcover hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Alcover hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Alcover hoogte boven de zeespiegel
Alcover oppervlakte , tijdstip 2016
Alcover hoofdplaats Alcover
Alcover IDESCAT-identificatiecode voor territorium in Catalonië 430056
Alcover aantal huishoudens , tijdstip 1497, methode van vaststelling haardstedenregister
Alcover aantal huishoudens , tijdstip 1515, methode van vaststelling haardstedenregister
Alcover aantal huishoudens , tijdstip 1553, methode van vaststelling haardstedenregister
Alcover LCAuth-identificatiecode n84059561
Alcover demoniem
Alcover demoniem
Alcover liggingskaart Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover GEC-identificatiecode 0002090
Alcover Who's on First-identificatiecode 101775489
Alcover GND-identificatiecode 1045032425
Alcover officiële naam
Alcover categorie voor kaarten Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover mannelijke bevolking , tijdstip 2019, methode van vaststelling volkstelling
Alcover vrouwelijke bevolking , tijdstip 2019, methode van vaststelling volkstelling
Alcover Commons-categorie voor zicht op item Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover INSPIRE-identificatiecode ES.IGN.BDDAE.34094343005
Alcover JGU-identificatiecode van de Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël 987007559806105171
Alcover FactGrid-identificatiecode voor item Q343469
Alcover officiële taal Catalaans
Alcover Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana-identificatiecode alcover
Alcover gelegen in of aan waterlichaam Francolí
Alcover gelegen in of aan waterlichaam Río Glorieta
Alcover WorldCat Entities-identificatiecode E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Alcover categorie met mensen die hier zijn overleden Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
Alcover categoria Commons Alcover
Alcover estat Espanha
Alcover imatge del blason Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover còdi postal 43460
Alcover imatge Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover a una frontièra amb L'Albiol
Alcover a una frontièra amb La Masó
Alcover a una frontièra amb El Milà
Alcover a una frontièra amb Mont-ral
Alcover a una frontièra amb El Rourell
Alcover a una frontièra amb La Selva del Camp
Alcover a una frontièra amb Valls
Alcover a una frontièra amb Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover a una frontièra amb La Riba
Alcover a una frontièra amb Perafort
Alcover fus orari UTC+01:00
Alcover coordenadas geograficas
Alcover natura de l'element comuna de Catalonha
Alcover identificant Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Alcover populacion , data 2013, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2012, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2011, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2010, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2009, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2008, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2007, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2006, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2005, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2004, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2002, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2001, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2014, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2015, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2016, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2017, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1717, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1787, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1857, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1860, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1877, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1887, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1900, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1910, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1920, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1930, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1936, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1940, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1945, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1950, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1955, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1960, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1970, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1975, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1981, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1986, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 1991, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2018, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2019, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2020, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2021, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2022, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover populacion , data 2023, metòde de determinacion ofici de l'estat civil
Alcover identificant GeoNames 6361248
Alcover relacion OpenStreetMap 342692
Alcover unitat administrativa Aut Camp
Alcover identificant VIAF 157153194
Alcover site oficial https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover carga ocupada pel cap de govèrn cònsol màger
Alcover altitud
Alcover altitud
Alcover altitud
Alcover superfícia , data 2016
Alcover capitala Alcover
Alcover identificant bibliotèca del Congrès n84059561
Alcover gentilici
Alcover gentilici
Alcover mapa de localizacion Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover identificant Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana 0002090
Alcover identificant GND 1045032425
Alcover nom oficial
Alcover indentificador J9U de la Bibliotèca Nacionala d'Israèl 987007559806105171
Alcover lenga oficiala catalan
Alcover a la broa d'una aiga Francolí
Alcover
Alcover kategoria Commons Alcover
Alcover państwo Hiszpania
Alcover ilustracja herbu Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover herb herb Alcover
Alcover herb herb Alcover
Alcover kod pocztowy 43460
Alcover ilustracja Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover wspólna granica z L'Albiol
Alcover wspólna granica z La Masó
Alcover wspólna granica z El Milà
Alcover wspólna granica z Mont-ral
Alcover wspólna granica z El Rourell
Alcover wspólna granica z La Selva del Camp
Alcover wspólna granica z Valls
Alcover wspólna granica z Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover wspólna granica z La Riba
Alcover wspólna granica z Perafort
Alcover strefa czasowa UTC+01:00
Alcover współrzędne geograficzne
Alcover szef rządu lub urzędu Robert Figueras Roca
Alcover jest to gmina Katalonii
Alcover identyfikator Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Alcover kod gminy INE 43005
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2013, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2012, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2011, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2010, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2009, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2008, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2007, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2006, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2005, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2004, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2002, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2001, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2014, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2015, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2016, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2017, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1717, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1787, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1857, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1860, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1877, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1887, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1900, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1910, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1920, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1930, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1936, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1940, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1945, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1950, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1955, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1960, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1970, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1975, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1981, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1986, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 1991, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2018, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2019, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2020, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2021, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2022, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover liczba ludności , data 2023, metoda określenia Urząd stanu cywilnego
Alcover identyfikator GeoNames 6361248
Alcover identyfikator relacji OpenStreetMap 342692
Alcover znajduje się w jednostce administracyjnej Alt Camp
Alcover identyfikator VIAF 157153194
Alcover oficjalna strona internetowa https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover urząd szefa rządu burmistrz
Alcover wysokość nad poziomem morza
Alcover wysokość nad poziomem morza
Alcover wysokość nad poziomem morza
Alcover powierzchnia , data 2016
Alcover stolica Alcover
Alcover liczba gospodarstw domowych , data 1497, metoda określenia Podymne
Alcover liczba gospodarstw domowych , data 1515, metoda określenia Podymne
Alcover liczba gospodarstw domowych , data 1553, metoda określenia Podymne
Alcover identyfikator LCCN n84059561
Alcover nazwa mieszkańca
Alcover nazwa mieszkańca
Alcover położenie na mapie Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover identyfikator Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (stary schemat) 0002090
Alcover identyfikator Who's on First 101775489
Alcover identyfikator GND 1045032425
Alcover nazwa oficjalna
Alcover kategoria dla map Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover populacja męska , data 2019, metoda określenia spis statystyczny
Alcover populacja żeńska , data 2019, metoda określenia spis statystyczny
Alcover kategoria dla widoków Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover identyfikator INSPIRE ES.IGN.BDDAE.34094343005
Alcover identyfikator J9U Biblioteki Narodowej Izraela 987007559806105171
Alcover identyfikator elementu FactGrid Q343469
Alcover język urzędowy język kataloński
Alcover identyfikator Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana alcover
Alcover identyfikator WorldCat Entities E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Alcover kategoria dla zmarłych w tym miejscu Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
município na Catalunha, Espanha
Alcover categoria da Commons Alcover
Alcover país Espanha
Alcover imagem do brasão Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover código postal 43460
Alcover imagem Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover faz fronteira com L'Albiol
Alcover faz fronteira com La Masó
Alcover faz fronteira com El Milà
Alcover faz fronteira com Mont-ral
Alcover faz fronteira com El Rourell
Alcover faz fronteira com La Selva del Camp
Alcover faz fronteira com Valls
Alcover faz fronteira com Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover faz fronteira com La Riba
Alcover faz fronteira com Perafort
Alcover fuso horário UTC+1
Alcover coordenadas geográficas
Alcover chefe de governo Robert Figueras Roca
Alcover instância de município da Catalunha
Alcover identificador Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Alcover Código de município do Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Espanha) 43005
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2013, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2012, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2011, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2010, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2009, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2008, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2007, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2006, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2005, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2004, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2002, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2001, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2014, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2015, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2016, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2017, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1717, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1787, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1857, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1860, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1877, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1887, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1900, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1910, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1920, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1930, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1936, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1940, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1945, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1950, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1955, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1960, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1970, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1975, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1981, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1986, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 1991, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2018, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2019, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2020, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2021, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2022, método de determinação cartório
Alcover população , data de ocorrência 2023, método de determinação cartório
Alcover identificador em GeoNames 6361248
Alcover identificador de relação em OpenStreetMap 342692
Alcover localizado na unidade administrativa Alt Camp
Alcover identificador VIAF 157153194
Alcover sítio web oficial https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover cargo ocupado pelo chefe de governo prefeito
Alcover altitude
Alcover altitude
Alcover altitude
Alcover área , data de ocorrência 2016
Alcover capital Alcover
Alcover número de famílias , data de ocorrência 1497
Alcover número de famílias , data de ocorrência 1515
Alcover número de famílias , data de ocorrência 1553
Alcover número de controlo da Biblioteca do Congresso n84059561
Alcover gentílico
Alcover gentílico
Alcover imagem do mapa de localização Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover identificador na Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (antigo) 0002090
Alcover identificador Who's on First 101775489
Alcover identificador GND 1045032425
Alcover nome oficial
Alcover categoria para mapas Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover população masculina , data de ocorrência 2019, método de determinação censo demográfico
Alcover população feminina , data de ocorrência 2019, método de determinação censo demográfico
Alcover categoria para a vista do item Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover identificador J9U da Biblioteca Nacional de Israel 987007559806105171
Alcover língua oficial língua catalã
Alcover identificador na Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana alcover
Alcover identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Alcover categoria para pessoas falecidas neste local Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Альковер
Альковер категория на Викискладе Alcover
Альковер государство Испания
Альковер изображение герба Escudo de Alcover.svg
Альковер почтовый индекс 43460
Альковер изображение Alcover-panorama.jpg
Альковер имеет границы с Ла-Альбиоль
Альковер имеет границы с Ла-Мазо
Альковер имеет границы с Эль-Мила
Альковер имеет границы с Монт-Раль
Альковер имеет границы с Эль-Роурель
Альковер имеет границы с Ла-Сельва-дель-Камп
Альковер имеет границы с Вальс
Альковер имеет границы с Вилальонга-дель-Камп
Альковер имеет границы с Ла-Риба
Альковер имеет границы с Перафорт
Альковер часовой пояс UTC+1:00
Альковер географические координаты
Альковер это частный случай понятия муниципалитет Каталонии
Альковер код Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Альковер муниципальный код INE 43005
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2013, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2012, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2011, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2010, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2009, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2008, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2007, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2006, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2005, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2004, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2002, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2001, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2014, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2015, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2016, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2017, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1717, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1787, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1857, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1860, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1877, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1887, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1900, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1910, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1920, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1930, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1936, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1940, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1945, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1950, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1955, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1960, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1970, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1975, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1981, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1986, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 1991, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2018, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2019, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2020, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2021, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2022, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер численность населения , момент времени 2023, метод определения регистрационное бюро (орган ЗАГС)
Альковер код GeoNames 6361248
Альковер ID отношения в OpenStreetMap 342692
Альковер административно-территориальная единица Альт-Камп
Альковер код VIAF 157153194
Альковер официальный сайт https://www.alcover.cat/
Альковер должность главы правительства мэр
Альковер высота над уровнем моря
Альковер высота над уровнем моря
Альковер высота над уровнем моря
Альковер площадь , момент времени 2016
Альковер число домохозяйств , момент времени 1497, метод определения дым
Альковер число домохозяйств , момент времени 1515, метод определения дым
Альковер число домохозяйств , момент времени 1553, метод определения дым
Альковер код LCCN n84059561
Альковер этнохороним
Альковер этнохороним
Альковер карта местонахождения Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Альковер код в Большой каталанской энциклопедии (устаревшая схема) 0002090
Альковер код Who's on First 101775489
Альковер код GND 1045032425
Альковер официальное название
Альковер категория карт на Викискладе Category:Maps of Alcover
Альковер мужское население , момент времени 2019, метод определения перепись населения
Альковер женское население , момент времени 2019, метод определения перепись населения
Альковер категория для видов этой местности Category:Views of Alcover
Альковер код J9U Национальной библиотеки Израиля 987007559806105171
Альковер код статьи в FactGrid Q343469
Альковер официальный язык каталанский язык
Альковер код Большой каталанской энциклопедии alcover
Альковер находится в акватории или на берегу водоёма Франколи
Альковер код WorldCat Entities E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Альковер категория для людей, умерших здесь Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Алкубе
муніципалітет в Іспанії
Алкубе категорія Вікісховища Alcover
Алкубе країна Іспанія
Алкубе зображення герба Escudo de Alcover.svg
Алкубе поштовий індекс 43460
Алкубе зображення Alcover-panorama.jpg
Алкубе спільний кордон із Л'Албіол
Алкубе спільний кордон із Ла-Мазо
Алкубе спільний кордон із Ал-Міла
Алкубе спільний кордон із Мон-рал
Алкубе спільний кордон із Ал-Роурель
Алкубе спільний кордон із Ла-Селба-дал-Камп
Алкубе спільний кордон із Бальш
Алкубе спільний кордон із Ла-Ріба
Алкубе часовий пояс UTC+1
Алкубе географічні координати
Алкубе є одним із муніципалітет Каталонії
Алкубе ідентифікатор Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Алкубе муніципальний код INE 43005
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2013, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2012, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2011, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2010, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2009, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2008, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2007, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2006, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2005, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2004, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2002, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2001, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2014, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2015, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2016, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2017, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1717, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1787, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1857, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1860, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1877, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1887, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1900, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1910, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1920, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1930, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1936, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1940, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1945, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1950, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1955, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1960, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1970, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1975, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1981, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1986, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 1991, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2018, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2019, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2020, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2021, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2022, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе кількість населення , дата й час 2023, спосіб визначення орган РАЦС
Алкубе код GeoNames 6361248
Алкубе OpenStreetMap зв'язок 342692
Алкубе адміністративна одиниця Ал-Камп
Алкубе VIAF 157153194
Алкубе офіційний сайт https://www.alcover.cat/
Алкубе посада голови уряду мер міста
Алкубе висота над рівнем моря
Алкубе висота над рівнем моря
Алкубе висота над рівнем моря
Алкубе площа , дата й час 2016
Алкубе код території в Каталонії IDESCAT 430056
Алкубе кількість домогосподарств , дата й час 1497, спосіб визначення подимне
Алкубе кількість домогосподарств , дата й час 1515, спосіб визначення подимне
Алкубе кількість домогосподарств , дата й час 1553, спосіб визначення подимне
Алкубе LCCN n84059561
Алкубе катойконім
Алкубе катойконім
Алкубе мапа розташування Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Алкубе ідентифікатор у Великій каталанській енциклопедії 0002090
Алкубе Who's on First 101775489
Алкубе ідентифікатор GND 1045032425
Алкубе офіційна назва
Алкубе категорія мап на Вікісховищі Category:Maps of Alcover
Алкубе чисельність чоловічого населення , дата й час 2019, спосіб визначення перепис населення
Алкубе чисельність жіночого населення , дата й час 2019, спосіб визначення перепис населення
Алкубе категорія краєвидів елемента Category:Views of Alcover
Алкубе ідентифікатор INSPIRE ES.IGN.BDDAE.34094343005
Алкубе J9U (Національна бібліотека Ізраїлю) 987007559806105171
Алкубе ідентифікатор елемента FactGrid Q343469
Алкубе офіційна мова каталанська мова
Алкубе ідентифікатор Великої каталанської енциклопедії alcover
Алкубе розташовується на водоймі Франколі (річка)
Алкубе ідентифікатор WorldCat Entities E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Алкубе категорія людей, що тут померли Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
Alcover Commons turkumi Alcover
Alcover davlat Ispaniya
Alcover gerb tasviri Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover tasvir Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover chegaradosh joylar L'Albiol
Alcover chegaradosh joylar La Masó
Alcover chegaradosh joylar El Milà
Alcover chegaradosh joylar Mont-ral
Alcover chegaradosh joylar El Rourell
Alcover chegaradosh joylar La Selva del Camp
Alcover chegaradosh joylar Valls
Alcover chegaradosh joylar Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover chegaradosh joylar La Riba
Alcover chegaradosh joylar Perafort
Alcover joylashgan vaqt zonasi UTC+01:00
Alcover geografik koordinata
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2013
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2012
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2011
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2010
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2009
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2008
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2007
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2006
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2005
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2004
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2002
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2001
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2014
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2015
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2016
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2017
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1717
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1787
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1857
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1860
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1877
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1887
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1900
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1910
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1920
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1930
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1936
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1940
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1945
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1950
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1955
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1960
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1970
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1975
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1981
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1986
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 1991
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2018
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2019
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2020
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2021
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2022
Alcover aholisi , vaqt nuqtasi 2023
Alcover VIAF identifikatori 157153194
Alcover rasmiy vebsayti https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover dengiz sathidan balandligi
Alcover dengiz sathidan balandligi
Alcover dengiz sathidan balandligi
Alcover hudud , vaqt nuqtasi 2016
Alcover LCCN identifikatori n84059561
Alcover xarita tasviri Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover GND identifikatori 1045032425
Alcover rasmiy nomi
Alcover rasmiy til Katalan tili
Alcover
Alcover thể loại ở Commons Alcover
Alcover quốc gia Tây Ban Nha
Alcover hình huy hiệu Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover mã bưu chính 43460
Alcover hình ảnh Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover tiếp giáp với L'Albiol
Alcover tiếp giáp với La Masó
Alcover tiếp giáp với El Milà
Alcover tiếp giáp với Mont-ral
Alcover tiếp giáp với El Rourell
Alcover tiếp giáp với La Selva del Camp
Alcover tiếp giáp với Valls
Alcover tiếp giáp với Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover tiếp giáp với La Riba
Alcover nằm trong múi giờ UTC+1
Alcover tọa độ
Alcover định danh Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Alcover mã đô thị INE 43005
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2013
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2012
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2011
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2010
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2009
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2008
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2007
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2006
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2005
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2004
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2002
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2001
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2014
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2015
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2016
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2017
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1717
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1787
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1857
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1860
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1877
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1887
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1900
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1910
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1920
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1930
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1936
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1940
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1945
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1950
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1955
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1960
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1970
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1975
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1981
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1986
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 1991
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2018
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2019
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2020
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2021
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2022
Alcover dân số , thời điểm 2023
Alcover định danh GeoNames 6361248
Alcover số quan hệ OpenStreetMap 342692
Alcover nằm trong phạm vi của khu vực hành chính Alt Camp
Alcover mã số VIAF 157153194
Alcover trang chủ chính thức https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover chức vụ đứng đầu chính quyền thị trưởng
Alcover cao độ so với mực nước biển
Alcover cao độ so với mực nước biển
Alcover cao độ so với mực nước biển
Alcover diện tích , thời điểm 2016
Alcover trung tâm hành chính Alcover
Alcover số hộ gia đình , thời điểm 1497
Alcover số hộ gia đình , thời điểm 1515
Alcover số hộ gia đình , thời điểm 1553
Alcover số kiểm soát của Thư viện Quốc hội Mỹ n84059561
Alcover tên gọi dân cư
Alcover tên gọi dân cư
Alcover hình bản đồ định vị Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover định danh Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana 0002090
Alcover định danh GND 1045032425
Alcover tên chính thức
Alcover thể loại bản đồ Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover dân số nam , thời điểm 2019, phương pháp xác định điều tra dân số
Alcover dân số nữ , thời điểm 2019, phương pháp xác định điều tra dân số
Alcover định danh Thư viện Quốc gia Israel J9U 987007559806105171
Alcover ngôn ngữ chính thức tiếng Catalan
Alcover thể loại cho các nhân vật qua đời ở địa điểm này Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
阿尔科韦尔
阿尔科韦尔 共享资源分类 Alcover
阿尔科韦尔 国家 西班牙
阿尔科韦尔 纹章图像 Escudo de Alcover.svg
阿尔科韦尔 郵政編碼 43460
阿尔科韦尔 图像 Alcover-panorama.jpg
阿尔科韦尔 接壤 拉尔维奥尔
阿尔科韦尔 接壤 拉马索
阿尔科韦尔 接壤 埃尔米拉
阿尔科韦尔 接壤 蒙特-拉尔
阿尔科韦尔 接壤 埃尔罗雷利
阿尔科韦尔 接壤 拉塞尔瓦德尔坎普
阿尔科韦尔 接壤 巴利斯
阿尔科韦尔 接壤 比拉利翁加德尔坎普
阿尔科韦尔 接壤 拉里瓦
阿尔科韦尔 接壤 佩拉福尔特
阿尔科韦尔 时区 UTC+01:00
阿尔科韦尔 地理坐标
阿尔科韦尔 隶属于 加泰罗尼亚市镇
阿尔科韦尔 Freebase標識符 /m/03h1gdy
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2013, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2012, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2011, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2010, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2009, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2008, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2007, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2006, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2005, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2004, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2002, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2001, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2014, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2015, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2016, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2017, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1717, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1787, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1857, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1860, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1877, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1887, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1900, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1910, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1920, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1930, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1936, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1940, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1945, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1950, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1955, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1960, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1970, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1975, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1981, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1986, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 1991, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2018, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2019, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2020, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2021, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2022, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 人口 , 时间点 2023, 确定方法 民事登记处
阿尔科韦尔 GeoNames編號 6361248
阿尔科韦尔 OSM关系标识符 342692
阿尔科韦尔 所在行政领土实体 上坎波
阿尔科韦尔 VIAF标识符 157153194
阿尔科韦尔 官方网站 https://www.alcover.cat/
阿尔科韦尔 政府首脑职位 市长
阿尔科韦尔 海拔
阿尔科韦尔 海拔
阿尔科韦尔 海拔
阿尔科韦尔 面积 , 时间点 2016
阿尔科韦尔 户数 , 时间点 1497, 确定方法 壁爐稅
阿尔科韦尔 户数 , 时间点 1515, 确定方法 壁爐稅
阿尔科韦尔 户数 , 时间点 1553, 确定方法 壁爐稅
阿尔科韦尔 美国国会图书馆规范标识符 n84059561
阿尔科韦尔 居民稱謂詞
阿尔科韦尔 居民稱謂詞
阿尔科韦尔 定位图图片 Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
阿尔科韦尔 加泰羅尼亞大百科全書標識符（舊） 0002090
阿尔科韦尔 Who's on First编号 101775489
阿尔科韦尔 GND ID 1045032425
阿尔科韦尔 官方名稱
阿尔科韦尔 地图分类 Category:Maps of Alcover
阿尔科韦尔 男性人口 , 时间点 2019, 确定方法 人口普查
阿尔科韦尔 女性人口 , 时间点 2019, 确定方法 人口普查
阿尔科韦尔 項目景觀的分類 Category:Views of Alcover
阿尔科韦尔 以色列國家圖書館識別碼 987007559806105171
阿尔科韦尔 FactGrid项目编号 Q343469
阿尔科韦尔 官方语言 加泰罗尼亚语
阿尔科韦尔 加泰罗尼亚大百科全书标识符 alcover
阿尔科韦尔 相接水体 弗蘭科利河
阿尔科韦尔 WorldCat实体标识符 E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
阿尔科韦尔 死亡地分类 Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
Alcover kategori Commons Alcover
Alcover negara Sepanyol
Alcover gambar jata Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover poskod 43460
Alcover gambar Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover bersempadan dengan L'Albiol
Alcover bersempadan dengan La Masó
Alcover bersempadan dengan El Milà
Alcover bersempadan dengan Mont-ral
Alcover bersempadan dengan El Rourell
Alcover bersempadan dengan La Selva del Camp
Alcover bersempadan dengan Valls
Alcover bersempadan dengan Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover bersempadan dengan La Riba
Alcover bersempadan dengan Perafort
Alcover terletak dalam zon waktu UTC+1
Alcover koordinat lokasi
Alcover ID Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2013
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2012
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2011
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2010
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2009
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2008
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2007
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2006
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2005
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2004
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2002
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2001
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2014
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2015
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2016
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2017
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1717
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1787
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1857
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1860
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1877
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1887
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1900
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1910
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1920
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1930
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1936
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1940
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1945
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1950
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1955
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1960
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1970
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1975
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1981
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1986
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 1991
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2018
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2019
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2020
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2021
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2022
Alcover jumlah penduduk , pada 2023
Alcover ID GeoNames 6361248
Alcover pengenal pasti hubungan OSM 342692
Alcover terletak di entiti wilayah pentadbiran Alt Camp
Alcover ID VIAF 157153194
Alcover tapak web rasmi https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover jawatan yang dipegang oleh ketua kerajaan datuk bandar
Alcover ketinggian dari aras laut
Alcover ketinggian dari aras laut
Alcover ketinggian dari aras laut
Alcover keluasan , pada 2016
Alcover ibu kota Alcover
Alcover bilangan isi rumah , pada 1497
Alcover bilangan isi rumah , pada 1515
Alcover bilangan isi rumah , pada 1553
Alcover ID kewibawaan Perpustakaan Kongres n84059561
Alcover demonim
Alcover demonim
Alcover imej peta lokasi Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover ID Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana 0002090
Alcover ID Who's on First 101775489
Alcover ID GND 1045032425
Alcover nama rasmi
Alcover kategori untuk peta Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover penduduk lelaki , pada 2019, kaedah penentuan banci
Alcover penduduk perempuan , pada 2019, kaedah penentuan banci
Alcover kategori untuk pemandangan bagi item Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover ID Perpustakaan Negara Israel 987007559806105171
Alcover bahasa rasmi bahasa Catalan
Alcover ID Entiti WorldCat E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Alcover kategori untuk orang yang mati di sini Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
Alcover categoría en Commons Alcover
Alcover país España
Alcover imaxe do escudo de armas Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover código postal 43460
Alcover imaxe Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover comparte fronteira con L'Albiol
Alcover comparte fronteira con La Masó
Alcover comparte fronteira con El Milà
Alcover comparte fronteira con Mont-ral
Alcover comparte fronteira con El Rourell
Alcover comparte fronteira con La Selva del Camp
Alcover comparte fronteira con Valls
Alcover comparte fronteira con Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover comparte fronteira con La Riba
Alcover comparte fronteira con Perafort
Alcover fuso horario UTC+01:00
Alcover coordenadas
Alcover xefe do goberno Robert Figueras Roca
Alcover instancia de concello de Cataluña
Alcover identificador Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Alcover código INE 43005
Alcover poboación , data 2013, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2012, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2011, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2010, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2009, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2008, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2007, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2006, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2005, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2004, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2002, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2001, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2014, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2015, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2016, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2017, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1717, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1787, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1857, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1860, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1877, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1887, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1900, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1910, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1920, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1930, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1936, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1940, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1945, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1950, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1955, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1960, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1970, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1975, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1981, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1986, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 1991, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2018, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2019, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2020, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2021, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2022, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover poboación , data 2023, método de determinación rexistro civil
Alcover identificador GeoNames 6361248
Alcover identificador de relación OpenStreetMap 342692
Alcover situado na unidade administrativa l'Alt Camp
Alcover identificador VIAF 157153194
Alcover páxina web oficial https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover cargo ocupado polo xefe do goberno alcalde
Alcover elevación sobre o nivel do mar
Alcover elevación sobre o nivel do mar
Alcover elevación sobre o nivel do mar
Alcover superficie , data 2016
Alcover capital Alcover
Alcover código territorial IDESCAT 430056
Alcover número de fogares , data 1497
Alcover número de fogares , data 1515
Alcover número de fogares , data 1553
Alcover identificador LCCN n84059561
Alcover xentilicio
Alcover xentilicio
Alcover mapa de localización Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover identificador da Gran Enciclopedia Catalá 0002090
Alcover identificador Who's on First 101775489
Alcover identificador GND 1045032425
Alcover nome oficial
Alcover categoría para mapas Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover poboación masculina , data 2019, método de determinación censo
Alcover poboación feminina , data 2019, método de determinación censo
Alcover categoría para la vista do elemento Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover identificador INSPIRE ES.IGN.BDDAE.34094343005
Alcover identificador J9U da Biblioteca Nacional de Israel 987007559806105171
Alcover identificador FactGrid de elemento Q343469
Alcover lingua oficial lingua catalá
Alcover identificador da Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana alcover
Alcover bañado por Río Francolí
Alcover identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Alcover categoría para as persoas finadas aquí Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Ալկովեր
Ալկովեր Վիքիպահեստի կատեգորիա Alcover
Ալկովեր երկիր Իսպանիա
Ալկովեր զինանշանի պատկեր Escudo de Alcover.svg
Ալկովեր փոստային դասիչ 43460
Ալկովեր պատկեր Alcover-panorama.jpg
Ալկովեր սահմանակցում է Լա Ալբիոլ
Ալկովեր սահմանակցում է Լա Մասո
Ալկովեր սահմանակցում է Էլ Միլա
Ալկովեր սահմանակցում է Մոն Ռալ
Ալկովեր սահմանակցում է Էլ Ռոուրել
Ալկովեր սահմանակցում է Լա Սելվա դել Կամպ
Ալկովեր սահմանակցում է Վալս
Ալկովեր սահմանակցում է Վիլալոնգա դել Կամպ
Ալկովեր սահմանակցում է Լա Ռիբա
Ալկովեր ժամային գոտի UTC+1
Ալկովեր աշխարհագրական կոորդինատներ
Ալկովեր Նույնացուցիչը Freebase-ում /m/03h1gdy
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2013, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2012, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2011, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2010, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2009, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2008, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2007, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2006, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2005, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2004, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2002, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2001, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2014, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2015, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2016, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2017, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1717, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1787, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1857, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1860, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1877, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1887, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1900, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1910, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1920, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1930, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1936, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1940, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1945, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1950, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1955, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1960, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1970, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1975, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1981, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1986, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 1991, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2018, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2019, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2020, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2021, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2022, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր բնակչություն , թվական 2023, որոշման եղանակ Քաղաքացիական կացության ակտերի գրանցման գործակալություն
Ալկովեր Նույնացուցիչը GeoNames-ում 6361248
Ալկովեր Հարաբերության նույնացուցիչը OpenStreetMap-ում 342692
Ալկովեր VIAF կոդ 157153194
Ալկովեր պաշտոնական կայք https://www.alcover.cat/
Ալկովեր կառավարության ղեկավարի պաշտոն քաղաքապետ
Ալկովեր բարձրություն ծովի մակարդակից
Ալկովեր բարձրություն ծովի մակարդակից
Ալկովեր բարձրություն ծովի մակարդակից
Ալկովեր մակերես , թվական 2016
Ալկովեր Նույնացուցիչը LCNAF-ում n84059561
Ալկովեր էթնոհորոնիմ
Ալկովեր էթնոհորոնիմ
Ալկովեր տեղադրության քարտեզ Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Ալկովեր Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana-ի ծածկագիր 0002090
Ալկովեր GND ծածկագիր 1045032425
Ալկովեր պաշտոնական անվանում
Ալկովեր պաշտոնական լեզու կատալաներեն
Ալկովեր այստեղ մահացած անձանց կատեգորիա Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
település Spanyolországban
Alcover Commons-kategória Alcover
Alcover ország Spanyolország
Alcover címer Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover irányítószám 43460
Alcover kép Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover határos L'Albiol
Alcover határos La Masó
Alcover határos El Milà
Alcover határos Mont-ral
Alcover határos El Rourell
Alcover határos La Selva del Camp
Alcover határos Valls
Alcover határos Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover határos La Riba
Alcover határos Perafort
Alcover időzóna UTC+01:00
Alcover földrajzi koordináta
Alcover osztály, amelynek példánya község Katalóniában
Alcover Freebase-azonosító /m/03h1gdy
Alcover INE-településkód 43005
Alcover népesség , időpont 2013, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2012, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2011, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2010, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2009, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2008, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2007, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2006, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2005, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2004, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2002, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2001, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2014, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2015, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2016, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2017, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1717, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1787, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1857, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1860, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1877, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1887, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1900, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1910, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1920, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1930, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1936, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1940, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1945, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1950, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1955, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1960, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1970, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1975, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1981, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1986, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 1991, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2018, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2019, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2020, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2021, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2022, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover népesség , időpont 2023, meghatározás módja anyakönyvi hivatal
Alcover GeoNames-azonosító 6361248
Alcover OpenStreetMap-kapcsolat-azonosító 342692
Alcover közigazgatási egység, ahol található Alt Camp
Alcover VIAF-azonosító 157153194
Alcover hivatalos weboldal https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover kormányfő tisztsége polgármester
Alcover tengerszint feletti magasság
Alcover tengerszint feletti magasság
Alcover tengerszint feletti magasság
Alcover terület , időpont 2016
Alcover háztartások száma , időpont 1497
Alcover háztartások száma , időpont 1515
Alcover háztartások száma , időpont 1553
Alcover LCAuth-azonosító n84059561
Alcover földrajzi névhez kötődő melléknév
Alcover földrajzi névhez kötődő melléknév
Alcover helyjelölő térkép Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover Nagy katalán enciklopédia-beli azonosító (régi) 0002090
Alcover Who’s on First-azonosító 101775489
Alcover GND-azonosító 1045032425
Alcover hivatalos név
Alcover térképek kategóriája Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover férfilakosság , időpont 2019, meghatározás módja népszámlálás
Alcover női lakosság , időpont 2019, meghatározás módja népszámlálás
Alcover látképek kategóriája Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover Izraeli Nemzeti Könyvtár J9U-azonosító 987007559806105171
Alcover FactGrid-elemazonosító Q343469
Alcover hivatalos nyelv katalán
Alcover Nagy katalán enciklopédia-beli azonosító alcover
Alcover WorldCat-entitásazonosító E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Alcover itt elhunyt személyek kategóriája Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
komunë në Spanjë
Alcover kategoria në Commons Alcover
Alcover shteti Spanja
Alcover stema Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover kodi postar 43460
Alcover imazh Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover kufizohet me L'Albiol
Alcover kufizohet me La Masó
Alcover kufizohet me El Milà
Alcover kufizohet me Mont-ral
Alcover kufizohet me El Rourell
Alcover kufizohet me Valls
Alcover kufizohet me Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover kufizohet me La Riba
Alcover kufizohet me Perafort
Alcover e vendosur në zonën kohore UTC+1
Alcover koordinatat
Alcover kryetar i qeverisjes Robert Figueras Roca
Alcover Freebase ID /m/03h1gdy
Alcover popullsia , data 2013
Alcover popullsia , data 2012
Alcover popullsia , data 2011
Alcover popullsia , data 2010
Alcover popullsia , data 2009
Alcover popullsia , data 2008
Alcover popullsia , data 2007
Alcover popullsia , data 2006
Alcover popullsia , data 2005
Alcover popullsia , data 2004
Alcover popullsia , data 2002
Alcover popullsia , data 2001
Alcover popullsia , data 2014
Alcover popullsia , data 2015
Alcover popullsia , data 2016
Alcover popullsia , data 2017
Alcover popullsia , data 1717
Alcover popullsia , data 1787
Alcover popullsia , data 1857
Alcover popullsia , data 1860
Alcover popullsia , data 1877
Alcover popullsia , data 1887
Alcover popullsia , data 1900
Alcover popullsia , data 1910
Alcover popullsia , data 1920
Alcover popullsia , data 1930
Alcover popullsia , data 1936
Alcover popullsia , data 1940
Alcover popullsia , data 1945
Alcover popullsia , data 1950
Alcover popullsia , data 1955
Alcover popullsia , data 1960
Alcover popullsia , data 1970
Alcover popullsia , data 1975
Alcover popullsia , data 1981
Alcover popullsia , data 1986
Alcover popullsia , data 1991
Alcover popullsia , data 2018
Alcover popullsia , data 2019
Alcover popullsia , data 2020
Alcover popullsia , data 2021
Alcover popullsia , data 2022
Alcover popullsia , data 2023
Alcover GeoNames ID 6361248
Alcover Identifikuesi i ndërlidhjes OpenStreetMap 342692
Alcover e vendosur në entitetin territorial administrativ të Alt Camp
Alcover VIAF ID 157153194
Alcover webfaqja zyrtare https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover lartësia mbidetare
Alcover lartësia mbidetare
Alcover lartësia mbidetare
Alcover sipërfaqja , data 2016
Alcover Library of Congress ID n84059561
Alcover emri i banorëve
Alcover emri i banorëve
Alcover harta e lokacionit Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover GND ID 1045032425
Alcover emri zyrtar
Alcover gjuha zyrtare katalonisht
Alcover
munisipyo
Alcover
kommun
Alcover Commons-kategori Alcover
Alcover land Spanien
Alcover bild av heraldiskt vapen Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover postnummer 43460
Alcover bild Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover gränsar till L'Albiol
Alcover gränsar till La Masó
Alcover gränsar till El Milà
Alcover gränsar till Mont-ral
Alcover gränsar till El Rourell
Alcover gränsar till La Selva del Camp
Alcover gränsar till Valls
Alcover gränsar till Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover gränsar till La Riba
Alcover gränsar till Perafort
Alcover tidszon UTC+1
Alcover geografiska koordinater
Alcover instans av kommun i Katalonien
Alcover Freebase-ID /m/03h1gdy
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2013
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2012
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2011
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2010
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2009
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2008
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2007
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2006
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2005
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2004
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2002
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2001
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2014
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2015
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2016
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2017
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1717
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1787
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1857
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1860
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1877
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1887
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1900
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1910
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1920
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1930
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1936
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1940
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1945
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1950
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1955
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1960
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1970
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1975
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1981
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1986
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 1991
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2018
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2019
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2020
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2021
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2022
Alcover folkmängd , tidpunkt 2023
Alcover Geonames-ID 6361248
Alcover OpenStreetMap relations-ID 342692
Alcover inom det administrativa området Alt Camp
Alcover VIAF-ID 157153194
Alcover officiell webbplats https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover regeringschefens ämbete borgmästare
Alcover höjd över havet
Alcover höjd över havet
Alcover höjd över havet
Alcover area , tidpunkt 2016
Alcover centralort Alcover
Alcover antal hushåll , tidpunkt 1497
Alcover antal hushåll , tidpunkt 1515
Alcover antal hushåll , tidpunkt 1553
Alcover id-nummer i USA:s kongressbiblioteks katalog n84059561
Alcover invånarnamn
Alcover invånarnamn
Alcover översiktskarta Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana-ID (tidigare schema) 0002090
Alcover Who's on First-identitet 101775489
Alcover Deutsche Nationalbibliotheks katalog-id-nummer 1045032425
Alcover officiellt namn
Alcover kategori för kartor Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover manlig folkmängd , tidpunkt 2019, bestämningsmetod folkräkning
Alcover kvinnlig folkmängd , tidpunkt 2019, bestämningsmetod folkräkning
Alcover kategori för bilder på objektet Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover J9U-ID 987007559806105171
Alcover FactGrid-ID Q343469
Alcover officiellt språk katalanska
Alcover Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana-ID alcover
Alcover ligger i eller vid vattenområde El Francolí
Alcover ligger i eller vid vattenområde Río Glorieta
Alcover WorldCat Entities-ID E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Alcover kategori för personer som avled här Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alkoveris
Alkoveris Vikitekos kategorija Alcover
Alkoveris valstybė Ispanija
Alkoveris herbo paveikslėlis Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alkoveris pašto kodas 43460
Alkoveris nuotrauka Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alkoveris ribojasi su La Selva sel Kampas
Alkoveris ribojasi su Valjsas
Alkoveris laiko juosta UTC+1
Alkoveris koordinatės
Alkoveris Freebase kodas /m/03h1gdy
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2013, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2012, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2011, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2010, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2009, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2008, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2007, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2006, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2005, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2004, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2002, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2001, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2014, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2015, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2016, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2017, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1717, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1787, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1857, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1860, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1877, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1887, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1900, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1910, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1920, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1930, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1936, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1940, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1945, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1950, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1955, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1960, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1970, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1975, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1981, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1986, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 1991, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2018, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2019, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2020, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2021, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2022, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris gyventojų skaičius , taškas laike 2023, nustatymo metodas Civilinės metrikacijos įstaiga
Alkoveris VIAF kodas 157153194
Alkoveris oficiali svetainė https://www.alcover.cat/
Alkoveris valstybės vykdomosios valdžios vadovo pozicija meras
Alkoveris aukštis virš jūros lygio
Alkoveris aukštis virš jūros lygio
Alkoveris aukštis virš jūros lygio
Alkoveris plotas , taškas laike 2016
Alkoveris demonimas
Alkoveris demonimas
Alkoveris vieta žemėlapyje Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alkoveris oficialus pavadinimas
Alkoveris vyrų populiacija , taškas laike 2019, nustatymo metodas gyventojų surašymas
Alkoveris moterų populiacija , taškas laike 2019, nustatymo metodas gyventojų surašymas
Alkoveris oficiali kalba Katalonų kalba
Alkoveris žmonių, kurie čia mirė, kategorija Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
אלקובר
אלקובר קטגוריה בוויקישיתוף Alcover
אלקובר מדינה ספרד
אלקובר תמונת סמל Escudo de Alcover.svg
אלקובר סמל מייצג סמל אלקובר
אלקובר סמל מייצג סמל אלקובר
אלקובר מיקוד 43460
אלקובר תמונה Alcover-panorama.jpg
אלקובר גובל עם ואלס
אלקובר אזור זמן UTC+1
אלקובר קואורדינטות
אלקובר מופע של רשות עירונית בקטלוניה
אלקובר מזהה Freebase /m/03h1gdy
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2013, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2012, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2011, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2010, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2009, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2008, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2007, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2006, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2005, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2004, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2002, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2001, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2014, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2015, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2016, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2017, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1717, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1787, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1857, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1860, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1877, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1887, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1900, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1910, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1920, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1930, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1936, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1940, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1945, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1950, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1955, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1960, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1970, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1975, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1981, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1986, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 1991, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2018, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2019, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2020, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2021, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2022, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה , נקודת זמן 2023, הוגדר לפי מרשם האוכלוסין
אלקובר מזהה גאוגרפי (GeoNames) 6361248
אלקובר מזהה OpenStreetMap 342692
אלקובר מזהה VIAF 157153194
אלקובר אתר רשמי https://www.alcover.cat/
אלקובר משרה שמוחזקת בידי ראש הממשל ראש עירייה
אלקובר גובה מעל פני הים
אלקובר גובה מעל פני הים
אלקובר גובה מעל פני הים
אלקובר שטח , נקודת זמן 2016
אלקובר מספר משפחות , נקודת זמן 1497
אלקובר מספר משפחות , נקודת זמן 1515
אלקובר מספר משפחות , נקודת זמן 1553
אלקובר מזהה LCCN n84059561
אלקובר כינוי תושבי המקום
אלקובר כינוי תושבי המקום
אלקובר מפת איתור Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
אלקובר מזהה ישן באנציקלופדיה הקטאלנית הגדולה 0002090
אלקובר מזהה Who's on First 101775489
אלקובר מזהה GND בין־לאומי 1045032425
אלקובר שם רשמי
אלקובר קטגוריית מפות Category:Maps of Alcover
אלקובר אוכלוסייה זכרית , נקודת זמן 2019, הוגדר לפי מפקד אוכלוסין
אלקובר אוכלוסייה נשית , נקודת זמן 2019, הוגדר לפי מפקד אוכלוסין
אלקובר קטגוריה לתצוגה של הפריט Category:Views of Alcover
אלקובר מזהה J9U של הספרייה הלאומית 987007559806105171
אלקובר מזהה פריט בפאקטגריד Q343469
אלקובר שפה רשמית קטלאנית
אלקובר מזהה באנציקלופדיה הקטאלנית הגדולה alcover
אלקובר נמצא על שפת גוף מים פרנקולי
אלקובר קטגוריית האנשים שנפטרו כאן Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
الکوور
الکوور
الکوور ردهٔ ویکیانبار Alcover
الکوور کشور اسپانیا
الکوور نگارهٔ نشان Escudo de Alcover.svg
الکوور کد پستی 43460
الکوور نگاره Alcover-panorama.jpg
الکوور هممرز با لا آلبیل
الکوور هممرز با لا ماسو
الکوور هممرز با ال میلا
الکوور هممرز با منت-رال
الکوور هممرز با ال روئرل
الکوور هممرز با لا سلبا دل کامپ
الکوور هممرز با بایس
الکوور هممرز با بیلاینگا دل کامپ
الکوور هممرز با لا ریبا
الکوور هممرز با پرافرت
الکوور منطقۀ زمانی یوتیسی ۱:۰۰+
الکوور مختصات جغرافیایی
الکوور شناسهٔ فریبیس /m/03h1gdy
الکوور شمارهٔ شهرداریهای اسپانیا 43005
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2013, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2012, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2011, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2010, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2009, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2008, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2007, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2006, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2005, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2004, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2002, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2001, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2014, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2015, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2016, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2017, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1717, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1787, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1857, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1860, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1877, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1887, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1900, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1910, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1920, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1930, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1936, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1940, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1945, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1950, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1955, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1960, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1970, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1975, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1981, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1986, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 1991, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2018, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2019, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2020, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2021, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2022, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور جمعیت , زمان رویداد 2023, روش ارزیابی اداره ثبت
الکوور شناسهٔ جئونیمز 6361248
الکوور شناسهٔ رابطه در OSM 342692
الکوور موقعیت در تقسیمات کشوری الت کمپ
الکوور شناسه بم بم 157153194
الکوور وبگاه رسمی https://www.alcover.cat/
الکوور ادارهٔ مسئول حکومت شهردار
الکوور ارتفاع از سطح دریا
الکوور ارتفاع از سطح دریا
الکوور ارتفاع از سطح دریا
الکوور مساحت , زمان رویداد 2016
الکوور شمار خانوار , زمان رویداد 1497
الکوور شمار خانوار , زمان رویداد 1515
الکوور شمار خانوار , زمان رویداد 1553
الکوور کد تائید کتابخانهٔ کنگره n84059561
الکوور اهالی
الکوور اهالی
الکوور تصویر نقشهٔ مکانیاب Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
الکوور شناسهٔ دانشنامه بزرگ کاتالان 0002090
الکوور شناسۀ جاینامۀ نخستین نفر کیست 101775489
الکوور شناسهٔ جامع پرونده (GND) 1045032425
الکوور نام رسمی
الکوور رده مربوط به نقشه اینجا Category:Maps of Alcover
الکوور جمعیت مردان , زمان رویداد 2019, روش ارزیابی سرشماری
الکوور جمعیت زنان , زمان رویداد 2019, روش ارزیابی سرشماری
الکوور شناسۀ J9U کتابخانه ملی اسرائیل 987007559806105171
الکوور شناسه آیتم در فکتگرید Q343469
الکوور زبان رسمی زبان کاتالان
الکوور شناسه جوهرۀ ورلدکت E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
الکوور رده درگذشتگان در اینجا Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
conceyu de la provincia de Tarragona
Alcover categoría de Commons Alcover
Alcover país España
Alcover imaxe del escudu Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover códigu postal 43460
Alcover imaxe Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover tien frontera con L'Albiol
Alcover tien frontera con La Masó
Alcover tien frontera con El Milà
Alcover tien frontera con Mont-ral
Alcover tien frontera con El Rourell
Alcover tien frontera con La Selva del Camp
Alcover tien frontera con Valls
Alcover tien frontera con Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover tien frontera con La Riba
Alcover tien frontera con Perafort
Alcover fusu horariu UTC+01:00
Alcover coordenaes
Alcover cabezaleru del gobiernu Robert Figueras Roca
Alcover instancia de conceyu de Cataluña
Alcover identificador en Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Alcover códigu INE 43005
Alcover población , data 2013, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2012, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2011, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2010, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2009, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2008, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2007, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2006, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2005, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2004, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2002, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2001, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2014, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2015, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2016, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2017, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1717, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1787, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1857, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1860, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1877, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1887, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1900, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1910, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1920, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1930, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1936, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1940, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1945, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1950, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1955, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1960, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1970, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1975, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1981, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1986, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 1991, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2018, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2019, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2020, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2021, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2022, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover población , data 2023, métodu de determinación oficina de rexistru
Alcover identificador GeoNames 6361248
Alcover identificador de rellación d'OpenStreetMap 342692
Alcover identificador VIAF 157153194
Alcover sitiu web oficial https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover cargu qu'ocupa'l cabezaleru del gobiernu alcalde
Alcover altor sobre'l nivel de la mar
Alcover altor sobre'l nivel de la mar
Alcover altor sobre'l nivel de la mar
Alcover superficie , data 2016
Alcover capital Alcover
Alcover númberu de viviendes , data 1497
Alcover númberu de viviendes , data 1515
Alcover númberu de viviendes , data 1553
Alcover identificador d'autoridá de la Biblioteca del Congresu d'EEXX n84059561
Alcover xentiliciu
Alcover xentiliciu
Alcover mapa d'allugamientu Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover identificador de la Gran Enciclopedia Catalana 0002090
Alcover identificador Who's on First 101775489
Alcover identificador GND 1045032425
Alcover nome oficial
Alcover categoría pa los mapes Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover población masculina , data 2019, métodu de determinación censu de población
Alcover población femenina , data 2019, métodu de determinación censu de población
Alcover llingua oficial catalán
Alcover asitiao cabo'l cuerpu d'agua Ríu Francolí
Alcover categoría para les persones finaes equí Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
アルコベル
アルコベル コモンズのカテゴリ Alcover
アルコベル 国 スペイン
アルコベル 紋章の画像 Escudo de Alcover.svg
アルコベル 郵便番号 43460
アルコベル 画像 Alcover-panorama.jpg
アルコベル 隣の国又は行政区画 ラルビオル
アルコベル 隣の国又は行政区画 バリュス
アルコベル 隣の国又は行政区画 ビラリョンガ・ダル・カム
アルコベル 隣の国又は行政区画 ラ・リーバ
アルコベル 隣の国又は行政区画 ペラフォート
アルコベル 標準時間帯 UTC+1
アルコベル 位置座標
アルコベル 分類 カタルーニャ州の自治体
アルコベル Freebase識別子 /m/03h1gdy
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2013, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2012, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2011, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2010, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2009, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2008, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2007, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2006, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2005, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2004, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2002, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2001, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2014, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2015, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2016, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2017, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1717, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1787, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1857, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1860, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1877, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1887, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1900, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1910, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1920, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1930, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1936, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1940, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1945, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1950, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1955, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1960, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1970, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1975, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1981, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1986, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 1991, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2018, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2019, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2020, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2021, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2022, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル 人口 , 時点 2023, 使用された手段・手法 人口動態統計局
アルコベル GeoNames識別子 6361248
アルコベル OpenStreetMapのリレーションID 342692
アルコベル 位置する行政区画 アールト・カーンプ
アルコベル VIAF識別子 157153194
アルコベル 公式ウェブサイト https://www.alcover.cat/
アルコベル 行政府の長の地位 首長
アルコベル 標高
アルコベル 標高
アルコベル 標高
アルコベル 面積 , 時点 2016
アルコベル 世帯数 , 時点 1497, 使用された手段・手法 炉税
アルコベル 世帯数 , 時点 1515, 使用された手段・手法 炉税
アルコベル 世帯数 , 時点 1553, 使用された手段・手法 炉税
アルコベル アメリカ議会図書館典拠管理識別子 n84059561
アルコベル デモニム
アルコベル デモニム
アルコベル 位置地図画像 Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
アルコベル カタルーニャ大百科事典ID (旧形式) 0002090
アルコベル Who's on First識別子 101775489
アルコベル GND識別子 1045032425
アルコベル 正式名称
アルコベル 当地の地図のカテゴリ Category:Maps of Alcover
アルコベル 男性の人口 , 時点 2019, 使用された手段・手法 国勢調査
アルコベル 女性の人口 , 時点 2019, 使用された手段・手法 国勢調査
アルコベル 景観のカテゴリ Category:Views of Alcover
アルコベル イスラエル国立図書館J9U識別子 987007559806105171
アルコベル FactGrid項目識別子 Q343469
アルコベル 公用語 カタルーニャ語
アルコベル カタルーニャ大百科事典ID alcover
アルコベル 隣接・位置する水域 フランクリー川
アルコベル WorldCat Entities識別子 E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
アルコベル 当地で死んだ人のカテゴリ Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Альковэр
камуна ў Гішпаніі
Альковэр катэгорыя ў Вікісховішчы Alcover
Альковэр краіна Гішпанія
Альковэр выява гербу Escudo de Alcover.svg
Альковэр паштовы код 43460
Альковэр выява Alcover-panorama.jpg
Альковэр часавы пас UTC+1
Альковэр геаграфічныя каардынаты
Альковэр асобны выпадак панятку муніцыпалітэт Каталёніі
Альковэр ідэнтыфікатар у Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Альковэр муніцыпальны код INE 43005
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2013, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2012, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2011, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2010, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2009, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2008, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2007, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2006, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2005, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2004, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2002, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2001, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2014, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2015, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2016, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2017, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1717, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1787, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1857, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1860, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1877, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1887, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1900, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1910, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1920, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1930, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1936, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1940, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1945, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1950, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1955, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1960, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1970, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1975, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1981, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1986, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1991, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2018, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2019, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2020, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2021, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2022, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2023, мэтад вызначэньня орган ЗАГС
Альковэр код GeoNames 6361248
Альковэр ID сувязі ў OpenStreetMap 342692
Альковэр адміністрацыйная адзінка Альт-Камп
Альковэр ідэнтыфікатар VIAF 157153194
Альковэр афіцыйны вэб-сайт https://www.alcover.cat/
Альковэр пасада старшыні ўраду мэр
Альковэр вышыня над узроўнем мора
Альковэр вышыня над узроўнем мора
Альковэр вышыня над узроўнем мора
Альковэр плошча , дата 2016
Альковэр код IDESCAT тэрыторыі ў Каталёніі 430056
Альковэр колькасьць хатніх гаспадарак , дата 1497, мэтад вызначэньня дым
Альковэр колькасьць хатніх гаспадарак , дата 1515, мэтад вызначэньня дым
Альковэр колькасьць хатніх гаспадарак , дата 1553, мэтад вызначэньня дым
Альковэр ідэнтыфікатар LCCN n84059561
Альковэр этнахаронім
Альковэр этнахаронім
Альковэр выява мапы Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Альковэр ідэнтыфікатар Вялікай каталёнскай энцыкляпэдыі 0002090
Альковэр ідэнтыфікатар Who’s on First 101775489
Альковэр ідэнтыфікатар GND 1045032425
Альковэр афіцыйны назоў
Альковэр катэгорыя мапаў Category:Maps of Alcover
Альковэр мужчынскае насельніцтва , дата 2019, мэтад вызначэньня перапіс насельніцтва
Альковэр жаночае насельніцтва , дата 2019, мэтад вызначэньня перапіс насельніцтва
Альковэр катэгорыя для відаў элемэнту Category:Views of Alcover
Альковэр ідэнтыфікатар INSPIRE ES.IGN.BDDAE.34094343005
Альковэр ідэнтыфікатар Ізраільскай нацыянальнай бібліятэкі 987007559806105171
Альковэр ідэнтыфікатар элемэнта FactGrid Q343469
Альковэр афіцыйная мова каталянская мова
Альковэр ідэнтыфікатар Вялікай каталянскай энцыкляпэдыі alcover
Альковэр ідэнтыфікатар WorldCat Entities E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Альковэр катэгорыя для асобаў, якія тут памерлі Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
Alcover categoria Commons Alcover
Alcover stato Spanja
Alcover stema Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover còdaze postałe 43460
Alcover someja Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover rente a L'Albiol
Alcover rente a La Masó
Alcover rente a El Milà
Alcover rente a Mont-ral
Alcover rente a El Rourell
Alcover rente a La Selva del Camp
Alcover rente a Valls
Alcover rente a Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover rente a La Riba
Alcover rente a Perafort
Alcover fuzo oràrio UTC+1
Alcover coordenae zeogràfeghe
Alcover ID Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Alcover Còdaze munisìpio INE 43005
Alcover popołasion , data 2013, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2012, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2011, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2010, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2009, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2008, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2007, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2006, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2005, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2004, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2002, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2001, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2014, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2015, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2016, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2017, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1717, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1787, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1857, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1860, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1877, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1887, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1900, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1910, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1920, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1930, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1936, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1940, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1945, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1950, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1955, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1960, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1970, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1975, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1981, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1986, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 1991, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2018, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2019, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2020, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2021, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2022, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover popołasion , data 2023, mètodo de determenasion ufiso de rejistro
Alcover ID GeoNames 6361248
Alcover ID OpenStreetMap de rełasion 342692
Alcover ID VIAF 157153194
Alcover sito ufisałe https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover incargo ocupà dal cao de goerno Sìndico
Alcover altesa sul mar
Alcover altesa sul mar
Alcover altesa sul mar
Alcover àrea , data 2016
Alcover còdaze teritoriale IDESCAT 430056
Alcover nùmaro fameje , data 1497, mètodo de determenasion fogajo
Alcover nùmaro fameje , data 1515, mètodo de determenasion fogajo
Alcover nùmaro fameje , data 1553, mètodo de determenasion fogajo
Alcover ID LCNAF n84059561
Alcover demònemo
Alcover demònemo
Alcover mapa imàzene localizasion Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover ID Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana 0002090
Alcover identifegadore Who's on First 101775489
Alcover ID GND 1045032425
Alcover nome ufisiałe
Alcover categoria de mape Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover popołasion mascułina , data 2019, mètodo de determenasion censimento
Alcover popołasion femenina , data 2019, mètodo de determenasion censimento
Alcover categoria par łe viste de l'ełemento Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover ID INSPIRE ES.IGN.BDDAE.34094343005
Alcover ID J9U Biblioteca Nasionałe de Israełe 987007559806105171
Alcover ID FactGrid d'elemento Q343469
Alcover łéngua ufisałe catałan
Alcover bagnà da Fiume Francolí
Alcover categoria de persone moreste cuà Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Альковер
Альковер Викилармехь категори Alcover
Альковер пачхьалкх Испани
Альковер хӀостан сурт Escudo de Alcover.svg
Альковер поштан индекс 43460
Альковер сурт Alcover-panorama.jpg
Альковер дозанаш ду Ла-Альбиоль
Альковер дозанаш ду Ла-Масо
Альковер дозанаш ду Эль-Мила
Альковер дозанаш ду Мон-Раль
Альковер дозанаш ду Эль-Роурель
Альковер дозанаш ду Ла-Сельва-дель-Камп
Альковер дозанаш ду Вальс (Таррагона)
Альковер дозанаш ду Вилальонга-дель-Камп
Альковер дозанаш ду Ла-Риба
Альковер дозанаш ду Перафорт
Альковер географин координаташ
Альковер Freebase код /m/03h1gdy
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2013
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2012
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2011
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2010
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2009
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2008
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2007
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2006
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2005
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2004
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2002
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2001
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2014
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2015
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2016
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2017
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1717
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1787
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1857
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1860
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1877
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1887
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1900
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1910
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1920
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1930
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1936
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1940
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1945
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1950
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1955
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1960
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1970
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1975
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1981
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1986
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 1991
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2018
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2019
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2020
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2021
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2022
Альковер бахархой , хенан момент 2023
Альковер GeoNames код 6361248
Альковер официалан сайт https://www.alcover.cat/
Альковер хӀордан сизал локхалла
Альковер хӀордан сизал локхалла
Альковер хӀордан сизал локхалла
Альковер майда , хенан момент 2016
Альковер йолу меттиган карта Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Альковер GND код 1045032425
Альковер официалан цӀе
Альковер официалан мотт Каталанхойн мотт
Альковер
Альковер Викиҗыентыктагы төркем Alcover
Альковер дәүләт Испания
Альковер илтамга сурәте Escudo de Alcover.svg
Альковер почта индексы 43460
Альковер сурәт Alcover-panorama.jpg
Альковер нәрсә белән чиктәш Ла-Альбиоль
Альковер нәрсә белән чиктәш Ла-Масо
Альковер нәрсә белән чиктәш Эль-Мила
Альковер нәрсә белән чиктәш Мон-Раль
Альковер нәрсә белән чиктәш Эль-Роурель
Альковер нәрсә белән чиктәш Ла-Сельва-дель-Камп
Альковер нәрсә белән чиктәш Вальс (Таррагона)
Альковер нәрсә белән чиктәш Вилальонга-дель-Камп
Альковер нәрсә белән чиктәш Ла-Риба
Альковер нәрсә белән чиктәш Перафорт
Альковер сәгать поясы UTC+01:00
Альковер географик координатлар
Альковер Freebase идентификаторы /m/03h1gdy
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2013, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2012, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2011, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2010, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2009, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2008, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2007, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2006, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2005, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2004, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2002, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2001, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2014, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2015, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2016, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2017, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1717, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1787, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1857, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1860, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1877, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1887, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1900, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1910, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1920, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1930, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1936, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1940, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1945, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1950, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1955, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1960, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1970, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1975, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1981, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1986, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1991, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2018, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2019, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2020, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2021, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2022, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2023, билгеләү ысулы теркәү бирасы
Альковер GeoNames идентификаторы 6361248
Альковер OpenStreetMap элемтә идентификаторы 342692
Альковер VIAF идентификаторы 157153194
Альковер рәсми веб-сайт https://www.alcover.cat/
Альковер хөкүмәт башлыгы вазыйфасы мэр
Альковер диңгез дәрәҗәсе өстендә биеклек
Альковер диңгез дәрәҗәсе өстендә биеклек
Альковер диңгез дәрәҗәсе өстендә биеклек
Альковер мәйдан , вакыт мизгеле 2016
Альковер хуҗалыклар саны , вакыт мизгеле 1497
Альковер хуҗалыклар саны , вакыт мизгеле 1515
Альковер хуҗалыклар саны , вакыт мизгеле 1553
Альковер LCNAF идентификаторы n84059561
Альковер демоним
Альковер демоним
Альковер харита сурәте Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Альковер Зур каталан энциклопедиясе идентификаторы 0002090
Альковер Who's on First идентификаторы 101775489
Альковер GND идентификаторы 1045032425
Альковер рәсми исем
Альковер Викискладта карталар төркеме Category:Maps of Alcover
Альковер ир-ат халкы , вакыт мизгеле 2019, билгеләү ысулы җанисәп
Альковер хатын-кыз халкы , вакыт мизгеле 2019, билгеләү ысулы җанисәп
Альковер объектның күренешләре өчен төркем Category:Views of Alcover
Альковер Израиль милли китапханәсенең J9U идентификаторы 987007559806105171
Альковер FactGrid элементы коды Q343469
Альковер рәсми тел каталан теле
Альковер WorldCat Entities коды E39PBJhMjHQKtyCw3XDpPyVcT3
Альковер биредә үлгәннәр өчен төркем Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
Alcover VIAF 157153194
Alcover
chemun de la Spania
Alcover
Alcover catagóir Commons Alcover
Alcover tír an Spáinn
Alcover pictiúr den armas Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover cód poist 43460
Alcover íomhá Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover ar theorainn le l'Albiol
Alcover ar theorainn le la Masó
Alcover ar theorainn le el Milà
Alcover ar theorainn le Mont-ral
Alcover ar theorainn le el Rourell
Alcover ar theorainn le la Selva del Camp
Alcover ar theorainn le Valls
Alcover ar theorainn le Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover ar theorainn le la Riba
Alcover ar theorainn le Perafort
Alcover lonnaithe i gcrios ama UTC+01:00
Alcover comhordanáidí geografacha
Alcover ceannaire an rialtais Robert Figueras Roca
Alcover daonra , am 2013
Alcover daonra , am 2012
Alcover daonra , am 2011
Alcover daonra , am 2010
Alcover daonra , am 2009
Alcover daonra , am 2008
Alcover daonra , am 2007
Alcover daonra , am 2006
Alcover daonra , am 2005
Alcover daonra , am 2004
Alcover daonra , am 2002
Alcover daonra , am 2001
Alcover daonra , am 2014
Alcover daonra , am 2015
Alcover daonra , am 2016
Alcover daonra , am 2017
Alcover daonra , am 1717
Alcover daonra , am 1787
Alcover daonra , am 1857
Alcover daonra , am 1860
Alcover daonra , am 1877
Alcover daonra , am 1887
Alcover daonra , am 1900
Alcover daonra , am 1910
Alcover daonra , am 1920
Alcover daonra , am 1930
Alcover daonra , am 1936
Alcover daonra , am 1940
Alcover daonra , am 1945
Alcover daonra , am 1950
Alcover daonra , am 1955
Alcover daonra , am 1960
Alcover daonra , am 1970
Alcover daonra , am 1975
Alcover daonra , am 1981
Alcover daonra , am 1986
Alcover daonra , am 1991
Alcover daonra , am 2018
Alcover daonra , am 2019
Alcover daonra , am 2020
Alcover daonra , am 2021
Alcover daonra , am 2022
Alcover daonra , am 2023
Alcover ID GeoNames 6361248
Alcover VIAF 157153194
Alcover suíomh gréasáin oifigiúil https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover oifig cheannaire an rialtais méara
Alcover airde os cionn na farraige
Alcover airde os cionn na farraige
Alcover airde os cionn na farraige
Alcover achar dromchla , am 2016
Alcover príomhchathair Alcover
Alcover líon na dteaghlach , am 1497
Alcover líon na dteaghlach , am 1515
Alcover líon na dteaghlach , am 1553
Alcover aitheantóir LoC n84059561
Alcover déamainm
Alcover déamainm
Alcover aimsitheoir íomhá léarscáil Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover ID Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana 0002090
Alcover ID GND 1045032425
Alcover ainm oifigiúil
Alcover teanga oifigiúil an Chatalóinis
Alcover suite i nó in aice le limistéar uisce Abhainn Francolí
Alcover suite i nó in aice le limistéar uisce Abhainn Glorieta
Alcover catagóir do dhaoine a fuair bás san áit Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
İspanya'nın Tarragona ilinde belediye
Alcover Commons kategorisi Alcover
Alcover ülkesi İspanya
Alcover arma resmi Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover posta kodu 43460
Alcover görsel Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover sınır komşuları L'Albiol
Alcover sınır komşuları La Masó
Alcover sınır komşuları El Milà
Alcover sınır komşuları Mont-ral
Alcover sınır komşuları El Rourell
Alcover sınır komşuları La Selva del Camp
Alcover sınır komşuları Valls
Alcover sınır komşuları Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover sınır komşuları La Riba
Alcover sınır komşuları Perafort
Alcover zaman dilimi UTC+01.00
Alcover konum koordinatları
Alcover nedir Katalonya Belediyesi
Alcover Freebase kimliği /m/03h1gdy
Alcover İspanya INE belediye kodu 43005
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2013
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2012
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2011
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2010
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2009
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2008
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2007
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2006
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2005
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2004
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2002
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2001
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2014
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2015
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2016
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2017
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1717
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1787
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1857
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1860
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1877
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1887
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1900
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1910
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1920
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1930
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1936
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1940
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1945
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1950
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1955
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1960
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1970
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1975
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1981
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1986
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 1991
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2018
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2019
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2020
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2021
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2022
Alcover nüfus , tarihi 2023
Alcover GeoNames kimliği 6361248
Alcover OpenStreetMap ilişki tanımlayıcı 342692
Alcover içinde bulunduğu idari birim Alt Camp
Alcover VIAF kimliği 157153194
Alcover resmî sitesi https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover hükûmet başkanı unvanı belediye başkanı
Alcover deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği
Alcover deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği
Alcover deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği
Alcover alanı , tarihi 2016
Alcover başkent Alcover
Alcover hanehalkı sayısı , tarihi 1497
Alcover hanehalkı sayısı , tarihi 1515
Alcover hanehalkı sayısı , tarihi 1553
Alcover ABD Kongre Kütüphanesi yetki kimliği n84059561
Alcover demonimi
Alcover demonimi
Alcover haritadaki yeri Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana kimliği 0002090
Alcover Who's on First kimliği 101775489
Alcover GND kimliği 1045032425
Alcover resmî adı
Alcover haritalar için kategori Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover erkek nüfus , tarihi 2019, tespit yöntemi Nüfus sayımı
Alcover kadın nüfus , tarihi 2019, tespit yöntemi Nüfus sayımı
Alcover ögenin görünümü için kategori Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover INSPIRE kimliği ES.IGN.BDDAE.34094343005
Alcover İsrail Ulusal Kütüphanesi J9U kimliği 987007559806105171
Alcover FactGrid element kimliği Q343469
Alcover resmî dil Katalanca
Alcover burada ölen insanlar için kategori Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
Alcover categoria in Commons Alcover
Alcover pais Espania
Alcover imagine del scuto Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover codice postal 43460
Alcover imagine Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover ha frontiera con L'Albiol
Alcover ha frontiera con La Masó
Alcover ha frontiera con El Milà
Alcover ha frontiera con Mont-ral
Alcover ha frontiera con El Rourell
Alcover ha frontiera con La Selva del Camp
Alcover ha frontiera con Valls
Alcover ha frontiera con Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover ha frontiera con La Riba
Alcover ha frontiera con Perafort
Alcover fuso horari UTC+01:00
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Alcover identificator relation OpenStreetMap 342692
Alcover identificator VIAF 157153194
Alcover pagina initial official https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover elevation super le nivello del mar
Alcover elevation super le nivello del mar
Alcover elevation super le nivello del mar
Alcover area
Alcover capital Alcover
Alcover identificator LCNAF n84059561
Alcover position geographic Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover identificator GND 1045032425
Alcover nomine official
Alcover lingua official catalano
Alcover
Alcover Stàt Spagna
Alcover Imagen del stema Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover codes postal 43460
Alcover foto Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover confina con L'Albiol
Alcover confina con La Masó
Alcover confina con El Milà
Alcover confina con Mont-ral
Alcover confina con El Rourell
Alcover confina con La Selva del Camp
Alcover confina con Valls
Alcover confina con Vilallonga del Camp
Alcover confina con La Riba
Alcover confina con Perafort
Alcover fus orari UTC+01:00
Alcover coordenade geografeghe
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Alcover VIAF 157153194
Alcover sit ofizzial https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover incaregh politegh del capo del governo Sindegh
Alcover altezza in sul mar
Alcover altezza in sul mar
Alcover altezza in sul mar
Alcover area
Alcover numer de fameje
Alcover numer de fameje
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Alcover LCCN n84059561
Alcover mapa de localizazzion Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover GND 1045032425
Alcover nom ofizzial
Alcover categoria per la vista de l'element Category:Views of Alcover
Alcover categoria de sgent morta scià Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
Alcover
municipo de provinco Taragono, Hispanio
Alcover Komuneja kategorio Alcover
Alcover lando Hispanio
Alcover bildo de blazono Escudo de Alcover.svg
Alcover poŝtkodo 43460
Alcover bildo Alcover-panorama.jpg
Alcover komuna limo kun La Selva del Camp
Alcover komuna limo kun Valls
Alcover komuna limo kun La Riba
Alcover horzono UTC+01:00
Alcover geografiaj koordinatoj
Alcover estas municipo de Katalunio
Alcover identigilo de Freebase /m/03h1gdy
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2013, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2012, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2011, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2010, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2009, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2008, determina metodo registra oficejo
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Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2014, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2015, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2016, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2017, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1717, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1787, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1857, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1860, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1877, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1887, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1900, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1910, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1920, determina metodo registra oficejo
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Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1936, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1940, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1945, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1950, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1955, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1960, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1970, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1975, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1981, determina metodo registra oficejo
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Alcover loĝantaro , dato 1991, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2018, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2019, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2020, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2021, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2022, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover loĝantaro , dato 2023, determina metodo registra oficejo
Alcover identigilo de GeoNames 6361248
Alcover kodo de Openstreetmap Relation 342692
Alcover ĉefa kategorio de la temo Kategorio:Alcover
Alcover VIAF (internacia) identigilo 157153194
Alcover oficiala retejo https://www.alcover.cat/
Alcover ofico de la registarestro urbestro
Alcover supermara alteco
Alcover supermara alteco
Alcover supermara alteco
Alcover areo , dato 2016
Alcover nombro da hejmoj , dato 1497, determina metodo imposto pri forno
Alcover nombro da hejmoj , dato 1515, determina metodo imposto pri forno
Alcover nombro da hejmoj , dato 1553, determina metodo imposto pri forno
Alcover LCCN (Usono) identigilo n84059561
Alcover lokano-nomo
Alcover lokano-nomo
Alcover situo-mapo Localització d'Alcover respecte de l'Alt Camp.svg
Alcover identigilo de Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana 0002090
Alcover identigilo de la datumaro „Who's on First“ 101775489
Alcover GND-identigilo (Germanio) 1045032425
Alcover oficiala nomo
Alcover kategorio de mapoj Category:Maps of Alcover
Alcover nombro de viroj , dato 2019, determina metodo censo
Alcover nombro de inoj , dato 2019, determina metodo censo
Alcover identigilo J9U de la Nacia Biblioteko de Israelo 987007559806105171
Alcover identigilo por ero en FactGrid Q343469
Alcover oficiala lingvo kataluna lingvo
Alcover kategorio por mortintoj Categoria:Morti ad Alcover
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<urn:uuid:4c990728-92c4-4d0f-8a12-cccdd3da0205>
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Various open data
| 2,017 |
https://www.asn.fr/content/download/112405/download_file/INSNP-STR-2017-0485.pdf
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asn.fr
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French
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Spoken
| 659 | 1,015 |
Strasbourg, le 11 juillet 2017
N/Réf. : CODEP-STR-2017-028307 Monsieur le directeur
78, Avenue du XXe Corps
Objet : Inspection de l'Autorité de sûreté nucléaire du 20 juin 2017
Référence inspection : INSNP-STR-2017-0485
Référence autorisation : T540382
radioprotection, une inspection a eu lieu le 20 juin 2017 dans votre établissement.
L’inspection du 20 juin 2017 avait pour but d’examiner la conformité de votre activité vis-à-vis de la
réglementation relative à la radioprotection. Le thème principal de cette inspection était l’utilisation, au
sein de votre enceinte protégé ou en conditions de chantier dans vos ateliers, de vos appareils électriques
générateurs de rayons X et de vos appareils de gammagraphies pour réaliser des contrôles radiographiques
des équipements industriels en cours de fabrication dans vos ateliers.
Au cours de cette inspection, les inspecteurs ont notamment examiné les dispositions mises en place pour
la gestion des sources de rayonnement, l’organisation de la radioprotection, le zonage radiologique ou
encore les contrôles de radioprotection réglementaires. Une visite de locaux a également été réalisée.
votre établissement est tout à fait satisfaisante. Les inspecteurs soulignent en particulier la sécurisation des
contrôles réalisés dans l’enceinte de tirs et la bonne maîtrise des règles de radioprotection par vos équipes.
Dans le cadre d’une démarche d’amélioration continue, l’ASN vous invite à standardiser le balisage des
zones d’opération régulièrement mises en place pour les tirs réalisés en condition de chantier.
Les inspecteurs ont constaté que l’affichage en place, aux accès de l’enceinte de tirs, n’était pas conforme
aux dispositions réglementaires précitées :
- les consignes d’accès n’étaient pas présentes à l’accès « matériel » de l’enceinte ;
- les consignes d’accès présentes à l’accès « travailleurs » de l’enceinte ne correspondaient pas
intégralement au dispositif relatif à la zone intermittente en place.
Par ailleurs, les inspecteurs ont également constaté que le tube du générateur « ERESCO » n’était pas
équipée d’un pictogramme « radioactif » (trèfle noir sur fond jaune).
Demande A1 : Je vous demande de procéder à la remise en conformité des affichages relatifs à la
du travail. L’article R.4451-46 du code du travail dispose que les travailleurs exposés aux rayonnements ionisants ne
de dose fixées à l'article R.1333-8 du code de la santé publique.
Les inspecteurs considèrent que vos analyses de poste mériteraient de présenter la justification des
données prises en compte dans vos calculs et d’intégrer la dosimétrie prévisionnelle annuelle. En outre,
vos analyses doivent conclure sur le classement des travailleurs en catégorie A ou B.
Dans les faits, je note que la plupart de vos opérateurs est encore classée en catégorie A alors que
l’évaluation prévisionnelle des expositions individuelles ne le justifie pas.
Demande A2 : Je vous demande de mettre à jour vos analyses de poste afin de les mettre en
compte, d’intégrer la dosimétrie annuelle globale et de conclure sur le classement des travailleurs
Pas de demandes de compléments.
C.1 : Votre activité nucléaire est aujourd’hui autorisée par l’arrêté préfectoral n°2010-612 du 9 février
2011 pour ce qui concerne la détention et l’utilisation de sources scellées et par la décision ASN
CODEP-STR-2016-001645 du 15 janvier 2016 pour ce qui concerne la détention et d’utilisation
de générateurs de rayons X. Je vous rappelle qu’en application des dispositions du décret n°2014-
996 du 2 septembre 2014 modifiant la nomenclature des installations classées, le bénéfice de votre
autorisation délivrée par arrêté préfectoral prend fin le 4 septembre 2019. En conséquence, il vous
appartient de déposer auprès de mes services une demande d’autorisation visant l’intégralité de
votre activité nucléaire au moins 6 mois avant cette échéance.
C2 : J’ai bien noté que les conditions de délimitation des zones d’opération dans vos ateliers sont
définies par votre instruction technique IT L.35. Cette instruction permet en particulier de garantir
le respect des exigences réglementaires. Toutefois, au regard du caractère récurrent de la mise en
œuvre de ces zones d’opération au sein de vos ateliers et afin d’en optimiser la robustesse, je vous
invite à étudier la possibilité de standardiser ces zones.
| 15,167 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5495555
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Fred J. Eckert
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
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Fred J. Eckert
American politician
Fred J. Eckert VIAF ID 31180244
Fred J. Eckert country of citizenship United States of America
Fred J. Eckert occupation politician
Fred J. Eckert occupation diplomat
Fred J. Eckert position held United States representative
Fred J. Eckert position held member of the State Senate of New York
Fred J. Eckert position held United States representative, parliamentary term 99th United States Congress, electoral district New York's 30th congressional district, parliamentary group Republican Party, start time 1985, end time 1987
Fred J. Eckert member of political party Republican Party
Fred J. Eckert educated at University of North Texas
Fred J. Eckert educated at New York University
Fred J. Eckert instance of human
Fred J. Eckert place of birth Rochester
Fred J. Eckert date of birth 1941
Fred J. Eckert given name Fred
Fred J. Eckert image F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert US Congress Bio ID E000033
Fred J. Eckert FAST ID 1501559
Fred J. Eckert Commons category Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase ID /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert Library of Congress authority ID n91099807
Fred J. Eckert work location Washington, D.C.
Fred J. Eckert languages spoken, written or signed English
Fred J. Eckert name in native language
Fred J. Eckert SNAC ARK ID w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert NNDB people ID 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert sex or gender male
Fred J. Eckert Open Library ID OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert family name Eckert
Fred J. Eckert C-SPAN person ID 1001345
Fred J. Eckert OpenSanctions ID Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert C-SPAN person numeric ID 1001345, subject named as Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert United States House of Representatives ID 12641
Fred J. Eckert Political Graveyard politician ID eberhart-eddleman.html#087.54.72
Fred J. Eckert WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
político estadounidense
Fred J. Eckert identificador VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert país de nacionalidad Estados Unidos
Fred J. Eckert ocupación político
Fred J. Eckert ocupación diplomático
Fred J. Eckert cargo ocupado miembro de la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos
Fred J. Eckert cargo ocupado senador de Nueva York
Fred J. Eckert cargo ocupado miembro de la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos, legislatura 99° Congreso de los Estados Unidos, grupo parlamentario Partido Republicano, fecha de inicio 1985, fecha de fin 1987
Fred J. Eckert miembro del partido político Partido Republicano
Fred J. Eckert educado en Universidad del Norte de Texas
Fred J. Eckert educado en Universidad de Nueva York
Fred J. Eckert instancia de ser humano
Fred J. Eckert lugar de nacimiento Rochester
Fred J. Eckert fecha de nacimiento 1941
Fred J. Eckert nombre de pila Fred
Fred J. Eckert imagen F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert identificador Bio del Congreso de los Estados Unidos E000033
Fred J. Eckert identificador FAST 1501559
Fred J. Eckert categoría en Commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Identificador Freebase /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert identificador de autoridades de la Biblioteca del Congreso de EE. UU. n91099807
Fred J. Eckert lugar de trabajo Washington D. C.
Fred J. Eckert lenguas habladas, escritas o signadas inglés
Fred J. Eckert nombre en el idioma nativo
Fred J. Eckert Identificador SNAC Ark w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert Notable Names Database 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert sexo o género masculino
Fred J. Eckert identificador Open Library OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert apellido Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificador C-SPAN de persona 1001345
Fred J. Eckert identificador OpenSanctions Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
Amerikaans politicus
Fred J. Eckert VIAF-identificatiecode 31180244
Fred J. Eckert land van nationaliteit Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Fred J. Eckert beroep politicus
Fred J. Eckert beroep diplomaat
Fred J. Eckert ambt lid van het Huis van Afgevaardigden van de Verenigde Staten
Fred J. Eckert ambt lid van de Senaat van New York
Fred J. Eckert ambt lid van het Huis van Afgevaardigden van de Verenigde Staten, regeringsperiode 99e Amerikaans Congres, parlementaire fractie Republikeinse Partij, begindatum 1985, einddatum 1987
Fred J. Eckert lid van politieke partij Republikeinse Partij
Fred J. Eckert opleiding gevolgd aan Universiteit van Noord-Texas
Fred J. Eckert opleiding gevolgd aan New York-universiteit
Fred J. Eckert is een mens
Fred J. Eckert geboorteplaats Rochester
Fred J. Eckert geboortedatum 1941
Fred J. Eckert voornaam Fred
Fred J. Eckert afbeelding F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert US Congress Bio-identificatiecode E000033
Fred J. Eckert FAST-identificatiecode 1501559
Fred J. Eckert Commonscategorie Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase-identificatiecode /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert LCAuth-identificatiecode n91099807
Fred J. Eckert werklocatie Washington D.C.
Fred J. Eckert taalbeheersing Engels
Fred J. Eckert naam in moedertaal
Fred J. Eckert SNAC-identificatiecode w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert NNDB-identificatiecode 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Fred J. Eckert Open Library-identificatiecode OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert familienaam Eckert
Fred J. Eckert C-SPAN-identificatiecode voor persoon 1001345
Fred J. Eckert OpenSanctions-identificatiecode Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert C-SPAN-identificatiecode voor persoon (numeriek) 1001345, genoemd als Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Huis van Afgevaardigden van de Verenigde Staten-identificatiecode 12641
Fred J. Eckert Political Graveyard-identificatiecode voor politicus eberhart-eddleman.html#087.54.72
Fred J. Eckert WorldCat Entities-identificatiecode E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
US-amerikanischer Politiker
Fred J. Eckert VIAF-Kennung 31180244
Fred J. Eckert Land der Staatsangehörigkeit Vereinigte Staaten
Fred J. Eckert Tätigkeit Politiker
Fred J. Eckert Tätigkeit Diplomat
Fred J. Eckert öffentliches Amt oder Stellung Mitglied im US-Repräsentantenhaus
Fred J. Eckert öffentliches Amt oder Stellung Mitglied des Senats von New York
Fred J. Eckert öffentliches Amt oder Stellung Mitglied im US-Repräsentantenhaus, Legislaturperiode 99. Kongress der Vereinigten Staaten, Fraktion Republikanische Partei, Startzeitpunkt 1985, Endzeitpunkt 1987
Fred J. Eckert Parteizugehörigkeit Republikanische Partei
Fred J. Eckert besuchte Bildungseinrichtung University of North Texas
Fred J. Eckert besuchte Bildungseinrichtung New York University
Fred J. Eckert ist ein(e) Mensch
Fred J. Eckert Geburtsort Rochester
Fred J. Eckert Geburtsdatum 1941
Fred J. Eckert Vorname Fred
Fred J. Eckert Bild F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert US-Kongress-ID E000033
Fred J. Eckert FAST-Kennung 1501559
Fred J. Eckert Commons-Kategorie Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase-Kennung /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert LCAuth-Kennung n91099807
Fred J. Eckert Wirkungsort Washington, D.C.
Fred J. Eckert gesprochene oder publizierte Sprachen Englisch
Fred J. Eckert Name in Muttersprache
Fred J. Eckert SNAC-Ark-Kennung w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert Notable-Names-Database-Kennung 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert Geschlecht männlich
Fred J. Eckert Open-Library-Kennung OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert Familienname Eckert
Fred J. Eckert C-SPAN-Personenkennung 1001345
Fred J. Eckert OpenSanctions-Kennung Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert C-SPAN-Personenkennung (numerisch) 1001345, genannt als Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Political Graveyard Politiker-ID eberhart-eddleman.html#087.54.72
Fred J. Eckert WorldCat-Entitäten-Kennung E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
politico statunitense
Fred J. Eckert identificativo VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert paese di cittadinanza Stati Uniti d'America
Fred J. Eckert occupazione politico
Fred J. Eckert occupazione diplomatico
Fred J. Eckert carica ricoperta membro della Camera dei rappresentanti degli Stati Uniti d'America
Fred J. Eckert carica ricoperta senatore dello stato di New York
Fred J. Eckert carica ricoperta membro della Camera dei rappresentanti degli Stati Uniti d'America, legislatura 99º Congresso degli Stati Uniti d'America, gruppo parlamentare Partito Repubblicano, data di inizio 1985, data di fine 1987
Fred J. Eckert membro del partito politico Partito Repubblicano
Fred J. Eckert scuola frequentata University of North Texas
Fred J. Eckert scuola frequentata Università di New York
Fred J. Eckert istanza di umano
Fred J. Eckert luogo di nascita Rochester
Fred J. Eckert data di nascita 1941
Fred J. Eckert prenome Fred
Fred J. Eckert immagine F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert identificativo US Congress Bio E000033
Fred J. Eckert identificativo FAST 1501559
Fred J. Eckert categoria su Commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificativo Freebase /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert identificativo della Biblioteca del Congresso n91099807
Fred J. Eckert luogo di lavoro Washington
Fred J. Eckert lingue parlate o scritte inglese
Fred J. Eckert nome nella lingua madre
Fred J. Eckert identificativo Social Networks and Archival Context w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert identificativo NNDB 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert sesso o genere maschio
Fred J. Eckert identificativo Open Library OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert cognome Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificativo C-SPAN di una persona 1001345
Fred J. Eckert identificativo OpenSanctions Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert identificativo numerico C-SPAN di una persona 1001345, soggetto indicato come Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificativo Political Graveyard di un politico eberhart-eddleman.html#087.54.72
Fred J. Eckert identificativo WorldCat Entities E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
politicien américain
Fred J. Eckert identifiant VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert pays de nationalité États-Unis
Fred J. Eckert occupation personnalité politique
Fred J. Eckert occupation diplomate
Fred J. Eckert fonction représentant des États-Unis
Fred J. Eckert fonction membre du Sénat de l'État de New York
Fred J. Eckert fonction représentant des États-Unis, législature 99e Congrès des États-Unis, circonscription électorale 30e district congressionel de New York, groupe parlementaire Parti républicain, date de début 1985, date de fin 1987
Fred J. Eckert parti politique Parti républicain
Fred J. Eckert scolarité université de North Texas
Fred J. Eckert scolarité université de New York
Fred J. Eckert nature de l’élément être humain
Fred J. Eckert lieu de naissance Rochester
Fred J. Eckert date de naissance 1941
Fred J. Eckert prénom Fred
Fred J. Eckert image F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert identifiant Biographical Directory of the United States Congress E000033
Fred J. Eckert identifiant FAST 1501559
Fred J. Eckert catégorie Commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identifiant Freebase /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert identifiant Bibliothèque du Congrès n91099807
Fred J. Eckert lieu de travail Washington
Fred J. Eckert langues parlées, écrites ou signées anglais
Fred J. Eckert nom dans la langue maternelle de la personne
Fred J. Eckert identifiant Social Networks Archival Context w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert identifiant Notable Names Database 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert sexe ou genre masculin
Fred J. Eckert identifiant Open Library OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert nom de famille Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identifiant C-SPAN d'une personne (déprécié) 1001345
Fred J. Eckert identifiant OpenSanctions Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert identifiant C-SPAN d'une personne (valeur numérique) 1001345, sous le nom Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identifiant Political Graveyard d'une personnalité politique eberhart-eddleman.html#087.54.72
Fred J. Eckert identifiant WorldCat Entities E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
amerikansk diplomat og politiker
Fred J. Eckert VIAF-ID 31180244
Fred J. Eckert statsborgerskap USA
Fred J. Eckert beskjeftigelse politiker
Fred J. Eckert beskjeftigelse diplomat
Fred J. Eckert verv eller stilling medlem av USAs representanthus
Fred J. Eckert verv eller stilling medlem av USAs representanthus, parlamentsgruppe Det republikanske parti, startdato 1985, sluttdato 1987
Fred J. Eckert medlem av politisk parti Det republikanske parti
Fred J. Eckert utdannet ved University of North Texas
Fred J. Eckert utdannet ved New York University
Fred J. Eckert forekomst av menneske
Fred J. Eckert fødested Rochester
Fred J. Eckert fødselsdato 1941
Fred J. Eckert fornavn Fred
Fred J. Eckert bilde F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert BDUSC-ID E000033
Fred J. Eckert FAST-ID 1501559
Fred J. Eckert Commons-kategori Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase-ID /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert Library of Congress autoritets-ID n91099807
Fred J. Eckert virkested Washington D.C.
Fred J. Eckert talte eller skrevne språk engelsk
Fred J. Eckert navn på eget morsmål
Fred J. Eckert SNAC Ark-ID w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert NNDB 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert kjønn mann
Fred J. Eckert Open Library-ID OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert etternavn Eckert
Fred J. Eckert C-SPAN person-ID 1001345
Fred J. Eckert OpenSanctions-ID Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert C-SPAN numerisk person-ID 1001345, oppført som Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert United States House of Representatives-ID 12641
Fred J. Eckert WorldCat Entities-ID E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
amerikansk diplomat og politiker
Fred J. Eckert VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert statsborgerskab USA
Fred J. Eckert beskæftigelse politiker
Fred J. Eckert beskæftigelse diplomat
Fred J. Eckert medlem af politisk parti Republikanske parti
Fred J. Eckert uddannelsessted New York University
Fred J. Eckert tilfælde af menneske
Fred J. Eckert fødested Rochester
Fred J. Eckert fødselsdato 1941
Fred J. Eckert fornavn Fred
Fred J. Eckert billede F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert FAST-ID 1501559
Fred J. Eckert Commons-kategori Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase-ID /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert LCAuth n91099807
Fred J. Eckert arbejdssted Washington D.C.
Fred J. Eckert talte sprog engelsk
Fred J. Eckert modersmålsnavn
Fred J. Eckert SNAC Ark-ID w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert NNDB 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert køn mand
Fred J. Eckert Open Library-ID OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert efternavn Eckert
Fred J. Eckert C-SPAN-person-ID 1001345
Fred J. Eckert numerisk C-SPAN-person-ID 1001345, subjekt anført som Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert
amerikansk diplomat og politikar
Fred J. Eckert VIAF-identifikator 31180244
Fred J. Eckert statsborgarskap USA
Fred J. Eckert yrke politikar
Fred J. Eckert yrke diplomat
Fred J. Eckert partimedlemskap Det republikanske partiet i USA
Fred J. Eckert utdanna ved New York University
Fred J. Eckert førekomst av menneske
Fred J. Eckert fødestad Rochester i New York
Fred J. Eckert fødselsdato 1941
Fred J. Eckert førenamn Fred
Fred J. Eckert bilete F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert FAST-id 1501559
Fred J. Eckert Commons-kategori Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase-identifikator /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert LCAuth n91099807
Fred J. Eckert verkestade Washington
Fred J. Eckert talte eller skrivne språk engelsk
Fred J. Eckert namn på morsmål
Fred J. Eckert NNDB 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert kjønn mann
Fred J. Eckert Open Library-ID OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert etternamn Eckert
Fred J. Eckert
amerikansk diplomat och politiker
Fred J. Eckert VIAF-ID 31180244
Fred J. Eckert medborgare i USA
Fred J. Eckert sysselsättning politiker
Fred J. Eckert sysselsättning diplomat
Fred J. Eckert befattning ledamot av USA:s representanthus
Fred J. Eckert befattning ledamot av New Yorks delstatssenat
Fred J. Eckert befattning ledamot av USA:s representanthus, mandatperiod USA:s 99:e kongress, valkrets New Yorks trettionde, parlamentsgrupp Republikanska partiet, startdatum 1985, slutdatum 1987
Fred J. Eckert tillhör politiskt parti Republikanska partiet
Fred J. Eckert utbildad vid University of North Texas
Fred J. Eckert utbildad vid New York University
Fred J. Eckert instans av människa
Fred J. Eckert födelseplats Rochester
Fred J. Eckert födelsedatum 1941
Fred J. Eckert förnamn Fred
Fred J. Eckert bild F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert US Congress Bio-ID E000033
Fred J. Eckert FAST-ID 1501559
Fred J. Eckert Commons-kategori Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase-ID /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert id-nummer i USA:s kongressbiblioteks katalog n91099807
Fred J. Eckert arbetsort Washington, D.C.
Fred J. Eckert talade, skrivna eller tecknade språk engelska
Fred J. Eckert namn på modersmål
Fred J. Eckert SNAC Ark-ID w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert NNDB person-ID 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert kön man
Fred J. Eckert Open Library-ID OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert efternamn Eckert
Fred J. Eckert OpenSanctions-ID Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert Political Graveyard politiker-ID eberhart-eddleman.html#087.54.72
Fred J. Eckert WorldCat Entities-ID E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
amerikai politikus
Fred J. Eckert VIAF-azonosító 31180244
Fred J. Eckert állampolgárság Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Fred J. Eckert foglalkozás politikus
Fred J. Eckert foglalkozás diplomata
Fred J. Eckert beosztás az Egyesült Államok képviselőházának tagja
Fred J. Eckert beosztás az Egyesült Államok képviselőházának tagja, parlamenti frakció Republikánus Párt, kezdet ideje 1985, befejezés ideje 1987
Fred J. Eckert politikai párt Republikánus Párt
Fred J. Eckert alma mater Észak-texasi Egyetem
Fred J. Eckert alma mater New York Egyetem
Fred J. Eckert osztály, amelynek példánya ember
Fred J. Eckert születési hely Rochester
Fred J. Eckert születési idő 1941
Fred J. Eckert utónév Fred
Fred J. Eckert kép F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert amerikai kongeresszusi életrajzok azonosítója E000033
Fred J. Eckert FAST-azonosító 1501559
Fred J. Eckert Commons-kategória Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase-azonosító /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert LCAuth-azonosító n91099807
Fred J. Eckert működésének helye Washington
Fred J. Eckert beszélt nyelvek angol
Fred J. Eckert anyanyelvi név
Fred J. Eckert SNAC-azonosító w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert NNDB-azonosító 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert nem férfi
Fred J. Eckert Open Library-azonosító OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert családnév Eckert
Fred J. Eckert C-SPAN-személyazonosító 1001345
Fred J. Eckert WorldCat-entitásazonosító E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
yhdysvaltalainen poliitikko
Fred J. Eckert VIAF-tunniste 31180244
Fred J. Eckert kansalaisuus Yhdysvallat
Fred J. Eckert ammatti poliitikko
Fred J. Eckert ammatti diplomaatti
Fred J. Eckert tehtävä tai virka Yhdysvaltain edustajainhuoneen jäsen
Fred J. Eckert tehtävä tai virka Yhdysvaltain edustajainhuoneen jäsen, vaalipiiri New Yorkin 30. kongressivaalien vaalipiiri, parlamenttiryhmä Yhdysvaltain republikaaninen puolue, alkamisajankohta 1985, päättymisajankohta 1987
Fred J. Eckert jäsen puolueessa Yhdysvaltain republikaaninen puolue
Fred J. Eckert opiskeli Pohjois-Texasin yliopisto
Fred J. Eckert opiskeli New Yorkin yliopisto
Fred J. Eckert esiintymä kohteesta ihminen
Fred J. Eckert syntymäpaikka Rochester
Fred J. Eckert syntymäaika 1941
Fred J. Eckert etunimi Fred
Fred J. Eckert kuva F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert Yhdysvaltain kongressin biografiatunniste E000033
Fred J. Eckert FAST Linked Data -tunniste 1501559
Fred J. Eckert Commons-luokka Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase-tunniste /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert LCAuth-tunniste n91099807
Fred J. Eckert työn sijainti Washington
Fred J. Eckert puhuu kieliä englanti
Fred J. Eckert nimi äidinkielellä
Fred J. Eckert SNAC-tunniste w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert henkilön NNDB-tunniste 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert sukupuoli mies
Fred J. Eckert Open Library -tunniste OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert sukunimi Eckert
Fred J. Eckert henkilön C-SPAN-tunniste 1001345
Fred J. Eckert OpenSanctions-tunniste Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert država državljanstva Združene države Amerike
Fred J. Eckert poklic politik
Fred J. Eckert poklic diplomat
Fred J. Eckert uradni položaj predstavnik Združenih držav Amerike
Fred J. Eckert uradni položaj član Državnega senata New Yorka
Fred J. Eckert uradni položaj predstavnik Združenih držav Amerike, mandat v parlamentu 99. kongres Združenih držav Amerike, parlamentarna skupina Republikanska stranka, čas začetka 1985, čas konca 1987
Fred J. Eckert član politične stranke Republikanska stranka
Fred J. Eckert alma mater Univerza Severnega Teksasa
Fred J. Eckert alma mater Univerza v New Yorku
Fred J. Eckert primerek od človek
Fred J. Eckert kraj rojstva Rochester
Fred J. Eckert datum rojstva 1941
Fred J. Eckert ime Fred
Fred J. Eckert slika F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert FAST 1501559
Fred J. Eckert kategorija v Zbirki Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert LCCN n91099807
Fred J. Eckert kraj delovanja Washington, D.C.
Fred J. Eckert govorjeni, pisani ali kretani jeziki angleščina
Fred J. Eckert ime v materinščini
Fred J. Eckert NNDB 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert spol moški
Fred J. Eckert Open Library OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert priimek Eckert
Fred J. Eckert oznaka OpenSanctions Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert
polític estatunidenc
Fred J. Eckert identificador VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert ciutadania Estats Units d'Amèrica
Fred J. Eckert ocupació polític
Fred J. Eckert ocupació diplomàtic
Fred J. Eckert càrrec membre de la Cambra de Representants dels Estats Units
Fred J. Eckert càrrec senador de Nova York
Fred J. Eckert càrrec membre de la Cambra de Representants dels Estats Units, legislatura 99è Congrés dels Estats Units, circumscripció electoral Districte 30 de Nova York pel congrés, grup parlamentari Partit Republicà dels Estats Units, data d'inici 1985, data de finalització 1987
Fred J. Eckert membre del partit polític Partit Republicà dels Estats Units
Fred J. Eckert formació a Universitat del Nord de Texas
Fred J. Eckert formació a Universitat de Nova York
Fred J. Eckert instància de ésser humà
Fred J. Eckert lloc de naixement Rochester
Fred J. Eckert data de naixement 1941
Fred J. Eckert prenom Fred
Fred J. Eckert imatge F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert identificador US Congress Bio E000033
Fred J. Eckert identificador FAST 1501559
Fred J. Eckert categoria de Commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificador Freebase /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert identificador LCCN n91099807
Fred J. Eckert lloc de treball Washington DC
Fred J. Eckert llengua parlada, escrita o signada anglès
Fred J. Eckert nom en la llengua materna
Fred J. Eckert identificador SNAC Ark w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert identificador Notable Names Database NNDB 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert sexe o gènere masculí
Fred J. Eckert identificador Open Library OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert cognom Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificador C-SPAN de persona 1001345
Fred J. Eckert identificador OpenSanctions Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert identificador numèric C-SPAN de persona 1001345, anomenat com a Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificador Cambra de Representants dels Estats Units 12641
Fred J. Eckert identificador Political Graveyard de polític eberhart-eddleman.html#087.54.72
Fred J. Eckert identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
políticu estauxunidense
Fred J. Eckert identificador VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert país de nacionalidá Estaos Xuníos
Fred J. Eckert ocupación políticu
Fred J. Eckert ocupación diplomáticu
Fred J. Eckert cargu miembru de la Cámara de Representantes de los Estaos Xuníos
Fred J. Eckert cargu miembru de la Cámara de Representantes de los Estaos Xuníos, grupu parllamentariu Partíu Republicanu de los Estaos Xuníos, data de principiu 1985, data de fin 1987
Fred J. Eckert miembru del partíu políticu Partíu Republicanu de los Estaos Xuníos
Fred J. Eckert educáu en Universidá de Nueva York
Fred J. Eckert instancia de humanu
Fred J. Eckert llugar de nacimientu Rochester
Fred J. Eckert fecha de nacimientu 1941
Fred J. Eckert nome Fred
Fred J. Eckert imaxe F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert categoría de Commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificador en Freebase /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert identificador d'autoridá de la Biblioteca del Congresu d'EEXX n91099807
Fred J. Eckert llugar de trabayu Washington DC
Fred J. Eckert llingües falaes inglés
Fred J. Eckert nome na llingua nativa
Fred J. Eckert identificador SNAC Ark w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert NNDB 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert sexu masculín
Fred J. Eckert identificador Open Library OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert apellíu Eckert
Fred J. Eckert
polaiteoir Meiriceánach
Fred J. Eckert VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert tír shaoránachta Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá
Fred J. Eckert gairm polaiteoir
Fred J. Eckert gairm taidhleoir
Fred J. Eckert post nó oifig Ionadaí na Stát Aontaithe
Fred J. Eckert post nó oifig ball de Sheanad Stáit Nua-Eabhrac
Fred J. Eckert post nó oifig Ionadaí na Stát Aontaithe, téarma parlaiminte 99ú Comhdháil na Stát Aontaithe, toghcheantar 30ú dáilcheantar comhdhála Nua-Eabhrac, grúpa parlaiminteach Páirtí Poblachtach, am tosaigh 1985, am deiridh 1987
Fred J. Eckert ball de pháirtí polaitíochta Páirtí Poblachtach
Fred J. Eckert scoil a d'fhreastail sé/sí Ollscoil Nua-Eabhrac
Fred J. Eckert sampla de duine
Fred J. Eckert áit bhreithe Rochester, Nua-Eabhrac
Fred J. Eckert dáta breithe 1941
Fred J. Eckert céadainm Fred
Fred J. Eckert íomhá F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert catagóir Commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert aitheantóir LoC n91099807
Fred J. Eckert suíomh oibre Washington, D.C.
Fred J. Eckert teangacha Béarla
Fred J. Eckert ainm sa teanga dhúchais
Fred J. Eckert NNDB 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert gnéas nó inscne fireann
Fred J. Eckert aitheantas Open Library OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert sloinne Eckert
فريد جيه. اكيرت
فريد جيه. اكيرت الجنسيه امريكا
فريد جيه. اكيرت الوظيفه سياسى
فريد جيه. اكيرت المنصب عضو مجلس نواب امريكا
فريد جيه. اكيرت المنصب عضو مجلس نواب امريكا, تاريخ البدايه 1985, تاريخ النهايه 1987
فريد جيه. اكيرت عضو في الحزب السياسى الحزب الجمهورى فى امريكا
فريد جيه. اكيرت اتعلم فى جامعة شمال تكساس
فريد جيه. اكيرت اتعلم فى جامعة نيويورك
فريد جيه. اكيرت واحد من انسان
فريد جيه. اكيرت مكان الولاده روتشستر
فريد جيه. اكيرت تاريخ الولاده 1941
فريد جيه. اكيرت الصوره F Eckert.png
فريد جيه. اكيرت تصنيف بتاع كومونز Fred J. Eckert
فريد جيه. اكيرت معرف فرى بيس /m/078xv_
فريد جيه. اكيرت اللغه انجليزى
فريد جيه. اكيرت الاسم باللغه الأصليه
فريد جيه. اكيرت معرف الشبكات الاجتماعيه w6k953dq
فريد جيه. اكيرت الجنس دكر
فرد جی. اکرت
Fred J. Eckert
político americano
Fred J. Eckert identificador VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert país de nacionalidade Estados Unidos
Fred J. Eckert ocupação político
Fred J. Eckert ocupação diplomata
Fred J. Eckert cargo ocupado membro da Câmara dos Representantes dos Estados Unidos
Fred J. Eckert cargo ocupado membro da Câmara dos Representantes dos Estados Unidos, grupo parlamentar Partido Republicano, data inicial 1985, data final 1987
Fred J. Eckert membro do partido político Partido Republicano
Fred J. Eckert alma mater Universidade de Nova Iorque
Fred J. Eckert instância de ser humano
Fred J. Eckert local de nascimento Rochester
Fred J. Eckert data de nascimento 1941
Fred J. Eckert primeiro nome Fred
Fred J. Eckert imagem F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert identificador no FAST Linked Data 1501559
Fred J. Eckert categoria da Commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificador Freebase /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert número de controlo da Biblioteca do Congresso n91099807
Fred J. Eckert local de trabalho Washington, D.C.
Fred J. Eckert línguas faladas, escritas ou assinadas Inglês
Fred J. Eckert nome no idioma nativo
Fred J. Eckert identificador no Contexto de Arquivamento de Redes Sociais w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert identificador NNDB 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert sexo ou género masculino
Fred J. Eckert identificador Open Library OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert apelido Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identyfikator VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert obywatelstwo Stany Zjednoczone
Fred J. Eckert zajęcie polityk
Fred J. Eckert zajęcie dyplomata
Fred J. Eckert funkcja członek amerykańskiej Izby Reprezentantów
Fred J. Eckert funkcja członek amerykańskiej Izby Reprezentantów, klub parlamentarny Partia Republikańska, od 1985, do 1987
Fred J. Eckert partia polityczna Partia Republikańska
Fred J. Eckert uczył się w University of North Texas
Fred J. Eckert uczył się w New York University
Fred J. Eckert jest to człowiek
Fred J. Eckert miejsce urodzenia Rochester
Fred J. Eckert data urodzenia 1941
Fred J. Eckert imię Fred
Fred J. Eckert ilustracja F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert identyfikator US Congress Bio E000033
Fred J. Eckert identyfikator FAST 1501559
Fred J. Eckert kategoria Commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identyfikator Freebase /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert identyfikator LCCN n91099807
Fred J. Eckert miejsce pracy Waszyngton
Fred J. Eckert porozumiewa się w języku język angielski
Fred J. Eckert imię i nazwisko w języku ojczystym
Fred J. Eckert identyfikator SNAC w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert identyfikator Notable Names Database 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert płeć mężczyzna
Fred J. Eckert identyfikator Open Library OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert nazwisko Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identyfikator osoby C-SPAN 1001345
Fred J. Eckert identyfikator OpenSanctions Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert identyfikator polityka Political Graveyard eberhart-eddleman.html#087.54.72
Fred J. Eckert identyfikator WorldCat Entities E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
americký politik
Fred J. Eckert VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert státní občanství Spojené státy americké
Fred J. Eckert povolání politik
Fred J. Eckert povolání diplomat
Fred J. Eckert ve funkci člen Sněmovny reprezentantů Spojených států amerických
Fred J. Eckert ve funkci člen Státního senátu New Yorku
Fred J. Eckert ve funkci člen Sněmovny reprezentantů Spojených států amerických, frakce Republikánská strana, od 1985, do 1987
Fred J. Eckert stranická příslušnost Republikánská strana
Fred J. Eckert škola University of North Texas
Fred J. Eckert škola Newyorská univerzita
Fred J. Eckert instance (čeho) člověk
Fred J. Eckert místo narození Rochester
Fred J. Eckert datum narození 1941
Fred J. Eckert rodné jméno Fred
Fred J. Eckert obrázek F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert FAST ID 1501559
Fred J. Eckert kategorie na Commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identifikátor Freebase /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert identifikátor LCAuth n91099807
Fred J. Eckert místo působení Washington, D.C.
Fred J. Eckert ovládané jazyky angličtina
Fred J. Eckert jméno v rodném jazyce
Fred J. Eckert ID ve SNAC Ark w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert NNDB 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert pohlaví muž
Fred J. Eckert identifikátor Open Library OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert příjmení Eckert
Fred J. Eckert WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
politikan amerikan
Fred J. Eckert VIAF ID 31180244
Fred J. Eckert shtetësia Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës
Fred J. Eckert profesioni politikan
Fred J. Eckert profesioni diplomat
Fred J. Eckert anëtar në partinë politike Partia Republikane
Fred J. Eckert instancë e njeri
Fred J. Eckert vendi i lindjes Rochester, New York
Fred J. Eckert data e lindjes 1941
Fred J. Eckert emri Fred
Fred J. Eckert imazh F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert kategoria në Commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase ID /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert Library of Congress ID n91099807
Fred J. Eckert vend pune Uashington D.C.
Fred J. Eckert gjuhë që flet, shkruan ose këndon anglisht
Fred J. Eckert emri në gjuhën amë
Fred J. Eckert gjinia mashkull
Fred J. Eckert mbiemri Eckert
Fred J. Eckert
politiko merikano
Fred J. Eckert identifikashon VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert pais di nashonalidat Estadonan Uni di Merka
Fred J. Eckert okupashon politiko
Fred J. Eckert partido polítiko Partido Republikano
Fred J. Eckert ta un hende
Fred J. Eckert fecha di nasementu 1941
Fred J. Eckert nòmber di dilanti Fred
Fred J. Eckert imágen F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert kategoria di Commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert lugá di trabou Washington D.C.
Fred J. Eckert dominio di idioma Ingles
Fred J. Eckert nòmber den idioma propio
Fred J. Eckert sekso o género maskulino
Fred J. Eckert fam Eckert
Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificador VIAF 31180244
Fred J. Eckert país de cidadania Estados Unidos
Fred J. Eckert ocupação político
Fred J. Eckert ocupação diplomata
Fred J. Eckert cargo ocupado membro da câmara dos representantes dos Estados Unidos
Fred J. Eckert cargo ocupado Senador de Nova Iorque
Fred J. Eckert cargo ocupado membro da câmara dos representantes dos Estados Unidos, grupo parlamentar Partido Republicano, data inicial 1985, data final 1987
Fred J. Eckert partido político Partido Republicano
Fred J. Eckert alma mater Universidade de Nova Iorque
Fred J. Eckert instância de ser humano
Fred J. Eckert local de nascimento Rochester
Fred J. Eckert data de nascimento 1941
Fred J. Eckert primeiro nome Fred
Fred J. Eckert imagem F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert identificador no FAST Linked Data 1501559
Fred J. Eckert categoria na Commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificador LCCN n91099807
Fred J. Eckert local de trabalho Washington, D.C.
Fred J. Eckert línguas faladas ou escritas Inglês
Fred J. Eckert nome no idioma nativo
Fred J. Eckert NNDB 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert sexo ou gênero masculino
Fred J. Eckert identificador Open Library OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert sobrenome Eckert
Fred J. Eckert identificador C-SPAN de uma pessoa 1001345
Fred J. Eckert identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJv8DvDMbD76GHr3kJXjmd
Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert mba o sị Njikota Obodo Amerika
Fred J. Eckert ọrụ ọ na-arụ Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Fred J. Eckert onye otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Republican Party (United States)
Fred J. Eckert N'ụdị ndị dị ka mmádu
Fred J. Eckert ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya 1941
Fred J. Eckert Aha enyere Fred
Fred J. Eckert foto F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert Ngalaba commons Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase ID /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert Ebe ọrụ Washington, D.C.
Fred J. Eckert asụsụ ọ na-asụ, na-ede ma ọ bụ were na-ebinye aka Bekee
Fred J. Eckert aha n'asụsụ obodo
Fred J. Eckert NJ ndị mmadụ NNDB 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert ụdịekere nwoke
Fred J. Eckert Njirimara ihe n'ọbá akwụkwọ mepere emepe OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert aha ezinụlọ ya Eckert
Fred J. Eckert
Amerikalı siyasetçi
Fred J. Eckert VIAF kimliği 31180244
Fred J. Eckert vatandaşlığı Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
Fred J. Eckert mesleği siyasetçi
Fred J. Eckert mesleği diplomat
Fred J. Eckert çalıştığı konum New York Eyalet Senatörü
Fred J. Eckert siyasi parti üyeliği Cumhuriyetçi Parti
Fred J. Eckert öğrenim gördüğü okul New York Üniversitesi
Fred J. Eckert nedir insan
Fred J. Eckert doğum yeri Rochester, New York
Fred J. Eckert doğum tarihi 1941
Fred J. Eckert ön adı Fred
Fred J. Eckert görsel F Eckert.png
Fred J. Eckert Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Kongresi Biyografik Rehberi kimliği E000033
Fred J. Eckert FAST kimliği 1501559
Fred J. Eckert Commons kategorisi Fred J. Eckert
Fred J. Eckert Freebase kimliği /m/078xv_
Fred J. Eckert ABD Kongre Kütüphanesi yetki kimliği n91099807
Fred J. Eckert iş yeri Washington, DC
Fred J. Eckert konuştuğu, yazdığı diller İngilizce
Fred J. Eckert ana dilindeki ismi
Fred J. Eckert SNAC Ark ID w6k953dq
Fred J. Eckert NNDB kişi kimliği 924/000165429
Fred J. Eckert cinsiyeti erkek
Fred J. Eckert Açık Kütüphane kimliği OL771774A
Fred J. Eckert soyadı Eckert
Fred J. Eckert C-SPAN kişi kimliği 1001345
Fred J. Eckert OpenSanctions kimliği Q5495555
Fred J. Eckert Siyasi Mezarlık politikacı kimliği eberhart-eddleman.html#087.54.72
| 14,241 |
https://github.com/myleandrov/YogeshPateliOS/blob/master/gruul/gruul-common-open/gruul-common-base-open/src/main/java/com/medusa/gruul/common/data/base/BaseEntity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
YogeshPateliOS
|
myleandrov
|
Java
|
Code
| 123 | 638 |
package com.medusa.gruul.common.data.base;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.FieldFill;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableField;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableLogic;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.activerecord.Model;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonFormat;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonSerialize;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.datatype.jsr310.deser.LocalDateTimeDeserializer;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.datatype.jsr310.ser.LocalDateTimeSerializer;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiModelProperty;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.Setter;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
/**
* @Description: BaseEntity.java
* @Author: alan
* @Date: 2019/8/30 23:48
*/
@Setter
@Getter
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = false)
public class BaseEntity<T extends Model<?>> extends Model<T> implements Serializable {
/**
* 创建时间
*/
@JsonFormat(pattern = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")
@JsonDeserialize(using = LocalDateTimeDeserializer.class)
@JsonSerialize(using = LocalDateTimeSerializer.class)
@ApiModelProperty(value = "创建时间")
@TableField(fill = FieldFill.INSERT)
private LocalDateTime createTime;
/**
* 更新时间
*/
@JsonFormat(pattern = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")
@JsonDeserialize(using = LocalDateTimeDeserializer.class)
@JsonSerialize(using = LocalDateTimeSerializer.class)
@ApiModelProperty(value = "更新时间")
@TableField(fill = FieldFill.INSERT_UPDATE)
private LocalDateTime updateTime;
/**
* 逻辑删除
*/
@TableLogic
@ApiModelProperty(value = "删除状态：0->未删除；1->已删除")
@TableField(value = "is_deleted", fill = FieldFill.INSERT)
private Boolean deleted;
}
| 16,980 |
https://github.com/xxdoc/vbExtra/blob/master/samples/UserControls/SSTabEx/frmTestSBS.frm
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| 2,021 |
vbExtra
|
xxdoc
|
Visual Basic
|
Code
| 3,776 | 12,378 |
VERSION 5.00
Object = "{BDC217C8-ED16-11CD-956C-0000C04E4C0A}#1.1#0"; "TABCTL32.OCX"
Object = "{F22668DE-E08D-467B-8E41-13900013BD5F}#2.7#0"; "vbExtra2.ocx"
Begin VB.Form frmTestSBS
BorderStyle = 1 'Fixed Single
Caption = "Test side by side with SSTab"
ClientHeight = 7020
ClientLeft = 3156
ClientTop = 2316
ClientWidth = 12156
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Arial"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
LinkTopic = "Form2"
LockControls = -1 'True
MaxButton = 0 'False
MinButton = 0 'False
ScaleHeight = 7020
ScaleWidth = 12156
Begin TabDlg.SSTab SSTab1
Height = 4116
Left = 5184
TabIndex = 20
Top = 108
Width = 4644
_ExtentX = 8192
_ExtentY = 7260
_Version = 393216
Tabs = 7
Tab = 1
TabsPerRow = 4
TabHeight = 582
BeginProperty Font {0BE35203-8F91-11CE-9DE3-00AA004BB851}
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
TabCaption(0) = "Theme"
TabPicture(0) = "frmTestSBS.frx":0000
Tab(0).ControlEnabled= 0 'False
Tab(0).Control(0)= "Picture2(1)"
Tab(0).ControlCount= 1
TabCaption(1) = "Frame"
TabPicture(1) = "frmTestSBS.frx":13E2
Tab(1).ControlEnabled= -1 'True
Tab(1).Control(0)= "Frame3"
Tab(1).Control(0).Enabled= 0 'False
Tab(1).ControlCount= 1
TabCaption(2) = "Other"
TabPicture(2) = "frmTestSBS.frx":27C4
Tab(2).ControlEnabled= 0 'False
Tab(2).Control(0)= "Picture4"
Tab(2).Control(0).Enabled= 0 'False
Tab(2).ControlCount= 1
TabCaption(3) = "Cmd"
TabPicture(3) = "frmTestSBS.frx":3BA6
Tab(3).ControlEnabled= 0 'False
Tab(3).Control(0)= "Command4"
Tab(3).Control(1)= "Command3"
Tab(3).Control(2)= "Option8"
Tab(3).Control(3)= "Check4"
Tab(3).Control(4)= "Option7"
Tab(3).Control(5)= "Label10"
Tab(3).ControlCount= 6
TabCaption(4) = "Label"
TabPicture(4) = "frmTestSBS.frx":4F88
Tab(4).ControlEnabled= 0 'False
Tab(4).Control(0)= "Label11"
Tab(4).ControlCount= 1
TabCaption(5) = "Tab 5"
Tab(5).ControlEnabled= 0 'False
Tab(5).ControlCount= 0
TabCaption(6) = "Tab 6"
Tab(6).ControlEnabled= 0 'False
Tab(6).ControlCount= 0
Begin VB.CommandButton Command4
Caption = "Command standard"
Height = 588
Left = -74568
TabIndex = 32
Top = 936
Width = 1900
End
Begin VB.CommandButton Command3
Caption = "Command graphical"
Height = 588
Left = -74568
Style = 1 'Graphical
TabIndex = 33
Top = 1620
Width = 1900
End
Begin VB.OptionButton Option8
Caption = "Option3"
Height = 300
Left = -74568
Style = 1 'Graphical
TabIndex = 35
Top = 2340
Value = -1 'True
Width = 1900
End
Begin VB.CheckBox Check4
Caption = "Check2"
Height = 480
Left = -74568
Style = 1 'Graphical
TabIndex = 37
Top = 3132
Width = 1900
End
Begin VB.OptionButton Option7
Caption = "Option4"
Height = 300
Left = -74568
Style = 1 'Graphical
TabIndex = 36
Top = 2700
Width = 1900
End
Begin VB.PictureBox Picture4
BorderStyle = 0 'None
Height = 2928
Left = -74784
ScaleHeight = 2928
ScaleWidth = 3720
TabIndex = 27
TabStop = 0 'False
Top = 828
Width = 3720
Begin VB.ComboBox Combo2
Height = 300
ItemData = "frmTestSBS.frx":4FA4
Left = 396
List = "frmTestSBS.frx":4FB1
TabIndex = 29
Text = "1234567890"
Top = 648
Width = 1164
End
Begin VB.ListBox List2
Height = 660
Left = 396
TabIndex = 30
Top = 1224
Width = 1848
End
Begin VB.Label Label9
Caption = "Just a Label"
Height = 372
Left = 396
TabIndex = 28
Top = 180
Width = 2352
End
Begin VB.Label Label7
AutoSize = -1 'True
BackColor = &H00C0FFFF&
Caption = "These controls are inside a PictureBox"
Height = 204
Left = 432
TabIndex = 31
Top = 2340
Width = 3012
End
End
Begin VB.Frame Frame3
Caption = "Frame1"
Height = 2784
Left = 360
TabIndex = 22
Top = 828
Width = 2640
Begin VB.OptionButton Option6
Caption = "Option1"
Height = 300
Left = 324
TabIndex = 23
Top = 324
Width = 1488
End
Begin VB.OptionButton Option5
Caption = "Option2"
Height = 300
Left = 324
TabIndex = 24
Top = 756
Value = -1 'True
Width = 1164
End
Begin VB.CheckBox Check3
Caption = "Check1"
Height = 408
Left = 360
TabIndex = 25
Top = 1188
Width = 1344
End
Begin VB.TextBox Text2
Height = 336
Left = 360
TabIndex = 26
Text = "Text1"
Top = 1728
Width = 1056
End
End
Begin VB.PictureBox Picture2
BorderStyle = 0 'None
Height = 1596
Index = 1
Left = -74820
ScaleHeight = 1596
ScaleWidth = 3720
TabIndex = 21
Top = 936
Width = 3720
End
Begin VB.Label Label11
Alignment = 2 'Center
BackStyle = 0 'Transparent
Caption = "This label is placed directly into the SSTab."
Height = 1164
Left = -74280
TabIndex = 38
Top = 1188
Width = 2784
End
Begin VB.Label Label10
Alignment = 2 'Center
BackColor = &H00C0FFFF&
BorderStyle = 1 'Fixed Single
Caption = "Yeah..."
Height = 1524
Left = -72516
TabIndex = 34
Top = 1116
Width = 1380
End
End
Begin VB.Timer tmrUpdate
Enabled = 0 'False
Interval = 1500
Left = 6120
Top = 5868
End
Begin VB.CommandButton cmdChangeBackColor
Caption = "..."
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Arial"
Size = 12
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 276
Left = 9540
TabIndex = 73
Top = 6372
Width = 330
End
Begin VB.PictureBox picBackColor
Height = 300
Left = 8928
ScaleHeight = 252
ScaleWidth = 540
TabIndex = 72
Top = 6372
Width = 588
End
Begin VB.CommandButton cmdAllTabsVisibleEnabled
Caption = "All tabs visible and enabled"
Height = 336
Left = 1260
TabIndex = 48
Top = 6156
Width = 2400
End
Begin VB.Frame Frame2
Caption = "Tab specific data (current tab):"
Height = 1236
Left = 288
TabIndex = 41
Top = 4824
Width = 4584
Begin VB.CommandButton cmdRemoveTabPicture
Height = 336
Left = 4140
Picture = "frmTestSBS.frx":4FDF
Style = 1 'Graphical
TabIndex = 47
Tag = "E"
ToolTipText = "Remove Tab"
Top = 720
Width = 275
End
Begin VB.CommandButton cmdDisableTab
Caption = "Disable tab"
Height = 336
Left = 1548
TabIndex = 45
Top = 720
Width = 1176
End
Begin VB.CommandButton cmdHideTab
Caption = "Hide tab"
Height = 336
Left = 180
TabIndex = 44
Top = 720
Width = 1176
End
Begin VB.CommandButton cmdChangeTabPicture
Caption = "Load picture"
Height = 336
Left = 2916
TabIndex = 46
Top = 720
Width = 1176
End
Begin VB.TextBox txtTabCaption
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 300
Left = 1584
TabIndex = 43
Top = 324
Width = 2820
End
Begin VB.Label Label3
Alignment = 1 'Right Justify
Caption = "TabCaption:"
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 228
Left = 144
TabIndex = 42
Top = 360
Width = 1344
End
End
Begin VB.TextBox txtTabHeight
Height = 300
Left = 8460
TabIndex = 57
Top = 5040
Width = 588
End
Begin VB.TextBox txtTabs
Height = 300
Left = 10908
MaxLength = 3
TabIndex = 64
Top = 5364
Width = 588
End
Begin VB.CommandButton cmdChangeFont
Caption = "..."
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Arial"
Size = 12
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 276
Left = 9504
TabIndex = 62
Top = 5400
Width = 330
End
Begin VB.TextBox txtFont
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 300
Left = 6624
Locked = -1 'True
TabIndex = 61
Top = 5400
Width = 2820
End
Begin VB.PictureBox picForeColor
Height = 300
Left = 6624
ScaleHeight = 252
ScaleWidth = 540
TabIndex = 69
Top = 6372
Width = 588
End
Begin VB.CommandButton cmdChangeForeColor
Caption = "..."
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Arial"
Size = 12
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 276
Left = 7236
TabIndex = 70
Top = 6372
Width = 330
End
Begin VB.Timer Timer1
Interval = 100
Left = 2952
Top = 6516
End
Begin VB.TextBox txtTabMaxWidth
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 300
Left = 10908
TabIndex = 59
Top = 5040
Width = 588
End
Begin VB.CheckBox chkEnabled
Caption = "Enabled"
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 264
Left = 6624
TabIndex = 65
Top = 5760
Width = 1740
End
Begin VB.CheckBox chkWordWrap
Caption = "WordWrap"
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 264
Left = 6624
TabIndex = 67
Top = 6048
Width = 1740
End
Begin VB.CheckBox chkShowFocusRect
Caption = "ShowFocusRect"
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 264
Left = 8928
TabIndex = 66
Top = 5724
Width = 1950
End
Begin VB.CheckBox chkVisualStyles
Caption = "VisualStyles"
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 264
Left = 288
TabIndex = 40
Top = 4392
Width = 1740
End
Begin VB.ComboBox cboStyle
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 312
ItemData = "frmTestSBS.frx":5129
Left = 6624
List = "frmTestSBS.frx":512B
Style = 2 'Dropdown List
TabIndex = 53
Top = 4680
Width = 4872
End
Begin VB.TextBox txtTabsPerRow
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 300
Left = 6624
MaxLength = 2
TabIndex = 55
Top = 5040
Width = 588
End
Begin VB.ComboBox cboOrientation
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 312
ItemData = "frmTestSBS.frx":512D
Left = 6624
List = "frmTestSBS.frx":512F
Style = 2 'Dropdown List
TabIndex = 51
Top = 4320
Width = 4872
End
Begin vbExtra.SSTabEx SSTabEx1
Height = 4116
Left = 252
TabIndex = 0
Top = 108
Width = 4644
_ExtentX = 8192
_ExtentY = 7260
Tabs = 7
BeginProperty Font {0BE35203-8F91-11CE-9DE3-00AA004BB851}
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
TabsPerRow = 4
Tab = 1
TabHeight = 582
TabPicture(0) = "frmTestSBS.frx":5131
TabCaption(0) = "Theme"
Tab(0).ControlCount= 1
Tab(0).Control(0)= "Picture2(0)"
TabPicture(1) = "frmTestSBS.frx":6513
TabCaption(1) = "Frame"
Tab(1).ControlCount= 1
Tab(1).Control(0)= "Frame1"
TabPicture(2) = "frmTestSBS.frx":78F5
TabCaption(2) = "Other"
Tab(2).ControlCount= 1
Tab(2).Control(0)= "Picture1"
TabPicture(3) = "frmTestSBS.frx":8CD7
TabCaption(3) = "Cmd"
Tab(3).ControlCount= 6
Tab(3).Control(0)= "Option4"
Tab(3).Control(1)= "Check2"
Tab(3).Control(2)= "Option3"
Tab(3).Control(3)= "Command2"
Tab(3).Control(4)= "Command1"
Tab(3).Control(5)= "Label8"
TabCaption(4) = "Label"
Tab(4).ControlCount= 1
Tab(4).Control(0)= "Label22"
TabCaption(5) = "Tab 5"
Tab(5).ControlCount= 0
TabCaption(6) = "Tab 6"
Tab(6).ControlCount= 0
Begin VB.PictureBox Picture2
BorderStyle = 0 'None
Height = 1596
Index = 0
Left = -74820
ScaleHeight = 1596
ScaleWidth = 3720
TabIndex = 1
Top = 936
Width = 3720
Begin VB.Label lblThemedIDE
Alignment = 2 'Center
BackStyle = 0 'Transparent
Caption = "The SSTabEx is themed now in the IDE just for testing, normally it won't be themed in the IDE"
Height = 984
Left = 468
TabIndex = 2
Top = 216
Width = 2784
End
End
Begin VB.OptionButton Option4
Caption = "Option4"
Height = 300
Left = -74568
Style = 1 'Graphical
TabIndex = 17
Top = 2700
Width = 1900
End
Begin VB.CheckBox Check2
Caption = "Check2"
Height = 480
Left = -74568
Style = 1 'Graphical
TabIndex = 18
Top = 3132
Width = 1900
End
Begin VB.OptionButton Option3
Caption = "Option3"
Height = 300
Left = -74568
Style = 1 'Graphical
TabIndex = 16
Top = 2340
Value = -1 'True
Width = 1900
End
Begin VB.CommandButton Command2
Caption = "Command graphical"
Height = 588
Left = -74568
Style = 1 'Graphical
TabIndex = 14
Top = 1620
Width = 1900
End
Begin VB.CommandButton Command1
Caption = "Command standard"
Height = 588
Left = -74568
TabIndex = 13
Top = 936
Width = 1900
End
Begin VB.PictureBox Picture1
BorderStyle = 0 'None
Height = 2928
Left = -74784
ScaleHeight = 2928
ScaleWidth = 3720
TabIndex = 8
TabStop = 0 'False
Top = 828
Width = 3720
Begin VB.ListBox List1
Height = 660
Left = 396
TabIndex = 11
Top = 1224
Width = 1848
End
Begin VB.ComboBox Combo1
Height = 300
ItemData = "frmTestSBS.frx":A0B9
Left = 396
List = "frmTestSBS.frx":A0C6
TabIndex = 10
Text = "1234567890"
Top = 648
Width = 1164
End
Begin VB.Label Label14
AutoSize = -1 'True
BackColor = &H00C0FFFF&
Caption = "These controls are inside a PictureBox"
Height = 204
Left = 432
TabIndex = 12
Top = 2340
Width = 3012
End
Begin VB.Label Label1
Caption = "Just a Label"
Height = 372
Left = 396
TabIndex = 9
Top = 180
Width = 2352
End
End
Begin VB.Frame Frame1
Caption = "Frame1"
Height = 2784
Left = 360
TabIndex = 3
Top = 828
Width = 2640
Begin VB.TextBox Text1
Height = 336
Left = 360
TabIndex = 7
Text = "Text1"
Top = 1728
Width = 1056
End
Begin VB.CheckBox Check1
Caption = "Check1"
Height = 408
Left = 360
TabIndex = 6
Top = 1188
Width = 1344
End
Begin VB.OptionButton Option2
Caption = "Option2"
Height = 300
Left = 324
TabIndex = 5
Top = 756
Value = -1 'True
Width = 1164
End
Begin VB.OptionButton Option1
Caption = "Option1"
Height = 300
Left = 324
TabIndex = 4
Top = 324
Width = 1488
End
End
Begin VB.Label Label22
Alignment = 2 'Center
BackStyle = 0 'Transparent
Caption = $"frmTestSBS.frx":A0F4
Height = 1164
Left = -74280
TabIndex = 19
Top = 1188
Width = 2784
End
Begin VB.Label Label8
Alignment = 2 'Center
BackColor = &H00C0FFFF&
BorderStyle = 1 'Fixed Single
Caption = "The painting of the contained controls must be tested compiled, when they have the visual style applied"
Height = 1524
Left = -72516
TabIndex = 15
Top = 1116
Width = 1380
End
End
Begin VB.Label Label5
Alignment = 2 'Center
Caption = "The right is the SSTab"
ForeColor = &H00FF0000&
Height = 480
Left = 10224
TabIndex = 39
Top = 432
Width = 1344
End
Begin VB.Label Label21
Alignment = 1 'Right Justify
Caption = "BackColor:"
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 228
Left = 7884
TabIndex = 71
Top = 6408
Width = 912
End
Begin VB.Label Label16
Alignment = 1 'Right Justify
Caption = "TabHeight:"
Height = 228
Index = 2
Left = 7344
TabIndex = 56
Top = 5076
Width = 1020
End
Begin VB.Label Label15
Alignment = 1 'Right Justify
Caption = "Tab Count:"
Height = 228
Left = 9324
TabIndex = 63
Top = 5400
Width = 1488
End
Begin VB.Label Label18
Alignment = 1 'Right Justify
Caption = "Font:"
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 228
Left = 5040
TabIndex = 60
Top = 5436
Width = 1488
End
Begin VB.Label Label17
Alignment = 1 'Right Justify
Caption = "ForeColor:"
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 225
Left = 5505
TabIndex = 68
Top = 6405
Width = 1065
End
Begin VB.Label lblFocus
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Arial"
Size = 7.8
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
ForeColor = &H00C00000&
Height = 264
Left = 324
TabIndex = 49
Top = 6552
Width = 2568
End
Begin VB.Label Label12
Alignment = 1 'Right Justify
Caption = "TabMaxWidth:"
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 228
Left = 9324
TabIndex = 58
Top = 5076
Width = 1488
End
Begin VB.Label Label4
Alignment = 1 'Right Justify
Caption = "Style:"
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 228
Left = 5040
TabIndex = 52
Top = 4716
Width = 1488
End
Begin VB.Label lblTabsPerRow
Alignment = 1 'Right Justify
Caption = "TabsPerRow:"
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 228
Left = 5040
TabIndex = 54
Top = 5076
Width = 1488
End
Begin VB.Label Label2
Alignment = 1 'Right Justify
Caption = "Orientation:"
BeginProperty Font
Name = "Tahoma"
Size = 9
Charset = 0
Weight = 400
Underline = 0 'False
Italic = 0 'False
Strikethrough = 0 'False
EndProperty
Height = 228
Left = 5040
TabIndex = 50
Top = 4356
Width = 1488
End
End
Attribute VB_Name = "frmTestSBS"
Attribute VB_GlobalNameSpace = False
Attribute VB_Creatable = False
Attribute VB_PredeclaredId = True
Attribute VB_Exposed = False
Option Explicit
Private Sub cboOrientation_Click()
SSTabEx1.TabOrientation = cboOrientation.ListIndex
SSTab1.TabOrientation = cboOrientation.ListIndex
End Sub
Private Sub cboStyle_Click()
SSTabEx1.Style = cboStyle.ListIndex
SSTab1.Style = cboStyle.ListIndex
End Sub
Private Sub chkEnabled_Click()
SSTabEx1.Enabled = chkEnabled.Value
SSTab1.Enabled = chkEnabled.Value
End Sub
Private Sub chkShowFocusRect_Click()
SSTabEx1.ShowFocusRect = chkShowFocusRect.Value
SSTab1.ShowFocusRect = chkShowFocusRect.Value
End Sub
Private Sub chkTabEnabled_Click()
End Sub
Private Sub chkVisualStyles_Click()
SSTabEx1.VisualStyles = chkVisualStyles.Value
If Not SSTabEx1.IsVisualStyleApplied Then
chkVisualStyles.Value = 0
End If
lblThemedIDE.Visible = InIde And SSTabEx1.IsVisualStyleApplied
End Sub
Private Sub chkWordWrap_Click()
SSTabEx1.WordWrap = chkWordWrap.Value
SSTab1.WordWrap = chkWordWrap.Value
End Sub
Private Sub cmdChangeBackColor_Click()
Dim iDlg As New CommonDialogExObject
iDlg.ShowColor
If Not iDlg.Canceled Then
picBackColor.BackColor = iDlg.Color
SSTabEx1.BackColor = picBackColor.BackColor
SSTab1.BackColor = picBackColor.BackColor
End If
End Sub
Private Sub cmdChangeFont_Click()
Dim iDlg As New CommonDialogExObject
Set iDlg.Font = SSTabEx1.Font
iDlg.ShowFont
If Not iDlg.Canceled Then
Set SSTabEx1.Font = iDlg.Font
Set SSTab1.Font = iDlg.Font
ShowFont
End If
End Sub
Private Sub ShowFont()
txtFont.Text = SSTabEx1.Font.Name & " " & SSTabEx1.Font.Size
End Sub
Private Sub cmdChangeForeColor_Click()
Dim iDlg As New CommonDialogExObject
iDlg.ShowColor
If Not iDlg.Canceled Then
picForeColor.BackColor = iDlg.Color
SSTabEx1.ForeColor = picForeColor.BackColor
SSTab1.ForeColor = picForeColor.BackColor
lblThemedIDE.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor
Option1.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor: Option6.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor
Option2.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor: Option5.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor
Check1.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor: Check3.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor
Label1.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor: Label9.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor
Label22.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor: Label11.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor
Option3.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor: Option8.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor
Option4.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor: Option7.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor
Check2.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor: Check4.ForeColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor
End If
End Sub
Private Sub cmdDisableTab_Click()
SSTabEx1.TabEnabled(SSTabEx1.TabSel) = Not SSTabEx1.TabEnabled(SSTabEx1.TabSel)
SSTab1.TabEnabled(SSTabEx1.TabSel) = SSTabEx1.TabEnabled(SSTabEx1.TabSel)
If SSTabEx1.TabEnabled(SSTabEx1.TabSel) Then
cmdDisableTab.Caption = "Disable tab"
Else
cmdDisableTab.Caption = "Enable tab"
End If
End Sub
Private Sub cmdHelp_Click()
frmHelp.Show
End Sub
Private Sub cmdHideTab_Click()
Dim iLng As Long
iLng = SSTabEx1.TabSel
SSTabEx1.TabVisible(iLng) = False
SSTab1.TabVisible(iLng) = False
cmdHideTab.Enabled = SSTabEx1.TabSel > -1
cmdDisableTab.Enabled = cmdHideTab.Enabled
cmdChangeTabPicture.Enabled = cmdHideTab.Enabled
cmdRemoveTabPicture.Enabled = cmdHideTab.Enabled
End Sub
Private Sub cmdChangeTabPicture_Click()
Dim iDlg As New CommonDialogExObject
iDlg.Filter = "Image files (*.bmp, *.ico)|*.bmp;*.ico"
iDlg.ShowOpen
If Not iDlg.Canceled Then
cmdRemoveTabPicture_Click
On Error Resume Next
Set SSTabEx1.TabPicture(SSTabEx1.TabSel) = LoadPicture(iDlg.FileName)
Set SSTab1.TabPicture(SSTabEx1.TabSel) = LoadPicture(iDlg.FileName)
If Err.Number <> 0 Then
MsgBox "Error: " & Err.Number & ", " & Err.Description, vbCritical
End If
On Error GoTo 0
End If
End Sub
Private Sub cmdAllTabsVisibleEnabled_Click()
Dim t As Long
For t = 0 To SSTabEx1.Tabs - 1
SSTabEx1.TabVisible(t) = True
SSTabEx1.TabEnabled(t) = True
SSTab1.TabVisible(t) = True
SSTab1.TabEnabled(t) = True
Next t
cmdHideTab.Enabled = True
cmdDisableTab.Enabled = True
cmdChangeTabPicture.Enabled = True
cmdRemoveTabPicture.Enabled = True
End Sub
Private Sub cmdRemoveTabPicture_Click()
Set SSTabEx1.TabPicture(SSTabEx1.TabSel) = Nothing
Set SSTabEx1.TabPic16(SSTabEx1.TabSel) = Nothing
Set SSTabEx1.TabPic20(SSTabEx1.TabSel) = Nothing
Set SSTabEx1.TabPic24(SSTabEx1.TabSel) = Nothing
Set SSTab1.TabPicture(SSTabEx1.TabSel) = Nothing
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()
Me.Move Screen.Width / 2 - Me.Width / 2, Screen.Height / 2 - Me.Height / 2
SSTabEx1.ForceVisualStyles = InIde
lblThemedIDE.Visible = InIde And SSTabEx1.IsVisualStyleApplied
lblThemedIDE.Visible = InIde And SSTabEx1.VisualStyles
cboOrientation.Clear
cboOrientation.AddItem ssTabOrientationTop & " - ssTabOrientationTop"
cboOrientation.AddItem ssTabOrientationBottom & " - ssTabOrientationBottom"
cboOrientation.AddItem ssTabOrientationLeft & " - ssTabOrientationLeft"
cboOrientation.AddItem ssTabOrientationRight & " - ssTabOrientationRight"
cboStyle.Clear
cboStyle.AddItem ssStyleTabbedDialog & " - ssStyleTabbedDialog"
cboStyle.AddItem ssStylePropertyPage & " - ssStylePropertyPage"
cboOrientation.ListIndex = SSTabEx1.TabOrientation
txtTabsPerRow.Text = SSTabEx1.TabsPerRow
cboStyle.ListIndex = SSTabEx1.Style
txtTabMaxWidth.Text = SSTabEx1.TabMaxWidth
chkVisualStyles.Value = Abs(SSTabEx1.VisualStyles)
chkEnabled.Value = Abs(SSTabEx1.Enabled)
chkShowFocusRect.Value = Abs(SSTabEx1.ShowFocusRect)
chkWordWrap.Value = Abs(SSTabEx1.WordWrap)
picForeColor.BackColor = SSTabEx1.ForeColor
picBackColor.BackColor = SSTabEx1.BackColor
ShowFont
txtTabs.Text = SSTabEx1.Tabs
txtTabHeight.Text = SSTabEx1.TabHeight
txtTabCaption.Text = SSTabEx1.TabCaption(SSTabEx1.TabSel)
SSTab1.Tab = SSTabEx1.TabSel
End Sub
Private Sub Label6_Click()
End Sub
Private Sub picBackColor_DblClick()
cmdChangeBackColor_Click
End Sub
Private Sub picForeColor_DblClick()
cmdChangeForeColor_Click
End Sub
Private Sub SSTab1_Click(PreviousTab As Integer)
SSTabEx1.TabSel = SSTab1.Tab
End Sub
Private Sub SSTabEx1_Click(PreviousTab As Integer)
SSTab1.Tab = SSTabEx1.TabSel
txtTabCaption.Text = SSTabEx1.TabCaption(SSTabEx1.TabSel)
If SSTabEx1.TabEnabled(SSTabEx1.TabSel) Then
cmdDisableTab.Caption = "Disable tab"
Else
cmdDisableTab.Caption = "Enable tab"
End If
End Sub
Private Sub Timer1_Timer()
lblFocus.Caption = "Focus: " & Me.ActiveControl.Name
End Sub
Private Sub tmrUpdate_Timer()
tmrUpdate.Enabled = False
SSTabEx1.TabMaxWidth = Val(txtTabMaxWidth.Text)
SSTab1.TabMaxWidth = Val(txtTabMaxWidth.Text)
txtTabMaxWidth.Text = SSTabEx1.TabMaxWidth
UpdateTabCount
End Sub
Private Sub UpdateTabCount()
Dim iLng As Long
iLng = Val(txtTabs.Text)
If iLng < SSTabEx1.Tabs Then
If MsgBox("It will erase the tab data of the last " & SSTabEx1.Tabs - iLng & " tabs, proceed?", vbYesNo + vbExclamation) = vbNo Then
txtTabs.Text = SSTabEx1.Tabs
txtTabs.SelStart = Len(txtTabs.Text)
Exit Sub
End If
End If
On Error GoTo ErrH
SSTabEx1.Tabs = iLng
SSTab1.Tabs = iLng
Exit Sub
ErrH:
MsgBox Err.Number & " " & Err.Description, vbCritical
txtTabs.Text = SSTabEx1.Tabs
txtTabs.SelStart = Len(txtTabs.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub txtFont_DblClick()
cmdChangeFont_Click
End Sub
Private Sub txtTabCaption_Change()
SSTabEx1.TabCaption(SSTabEx1.TabSel) = txtTabCaption.Text
SSTab1.TabCaption(SSTabEx1.TabSel) = txtTabCaption.Text
End Sub
Private Sub txtTabHeight_Change()
SSTabEx1.TabHeight = Val(txtTabHeight.Text)
SSTab1.TabHeight = Val(txtTabHeight.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub txtTabMaxWidth_Change()
tmrUpdate.Enabled = True
End Sub
Private Sub txtTabMaxWidth_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer)
If KeyAscii = vbKeyReturn Then
If tmrUpdate.Enabled Then
tmrUpdate_Timer
KeyAscii = 0
End If
End If
End Sub
Private Sub txtTabs_Change()
tmrUpdate.Enabled = True
End Sub
Private Sub txtTabs_KeyPress(KeyAscii As Integer)
If KeyAscii = vbKeyReturn Then
If tmrUpdate.Enabled Then
tmrUpdate_Timer
KeyAscii = 0
End If
End If
End Sub
Private Sub txtTabsPerRow_Change()
SSTabEx1.TabsPerRow = Val(txtTabsPerRow.Text)
SSTab1.TabsPerRow = Val(txtTabsPerRow.Text)
End Sub
Private Function InIde() As Boolean
Static sValue As Long
If sValue = 0 Then
On Error Resume Next
Debug.Print 1 / 0
If Err.Number Then
sValue = 1
Else
sValue = 2
End If
End If
InIde = (sValue = 1)
End Function
| 29,668 |
https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Gonod - Recherches sur la maison où Blaise Pascal est né - FR-631136102 A 33069.pdf/9
|
Wikisource
|
Open Culture
|
Publc Domain
| null |
Gonod - Recherches sur la maison où Blaise Pascal est né - FR-631136102 A 33069.pdf
|
Gonod
|
French
|
Spoken
| 4,966 | 8,795 |
CLERMONT,
IMPRIMERIE DE THIBAUD-LANDRIOT FRÈRES
Libraires, rue St-Genès, .
1847.
}} [[Fichier:Gonod - Recherches sur la maison où Blaise Pascal est né - FR-631136102 A 33069 (page 12 crop).jpg|500px|center]]
MAISON OÙ BLAISE PASCAL EST NÉ}}
</poem>}}
d
Centré
Parmi les noms dont s’honore la France, il en est peu, il n’en est pas, peut-être, qui brillent d’un plus grand, d’un plus pur éclat que celui de Pascal. Quelle ville n’envie à Clermont l’honneur d’avoir donné naissance au grand géomètre, au philosophe sublime, à l’illustre et incomparable écrivain ?
L’étranger lettré qui visite Clermont, demande à voir la maison, berceau d’un si grand homme, et s’estimerait heureux de fouler le seuil et le sol que foulèrent les pas de Pascal enfant. — Les grands hommes, ceux surtout qui se sont communiqués à nous par leurs ouvrages, qui nous ont ouvert des horizons nouveaux, à qui nous devons tant de précieuses jouissances du cœur et de l’esprit, inconnues du vul- gaire, sont pour nous des parents, des bienfaiteurs, des amis. L’admiration qu’excite leur génie, nous intéresse, nous attache à eux ; tout ce qui se rapporte à leur personne éveille nos sympathies les plus vives, et, ainsi que d’une personne aimée, rien de ce qui les concerne, ne nous est indifférent.
Après vingt siècles, on montre encore, à Rome, la maison où naquit Marc-Aurèle ; à Frascati, l’habitation de Cicéron ; dans la vallée de Licenza, les restes de la villa d’Horace<ref>Découverte de la maison de campagne d’Horace, par l’abbé Capmartin de Chaupy. Rome, 1767. , pl.</ref>.
En Angleterre, la maison où Shakspeare est né, à Stratfort, vient d’atteindre,
dans une vente aux enchères, trente fois sa valeur intrinsèque<ref>Cette maison, estimée 100 livres st. (2500 fr.), s’est vendue 3000 livres st. (75000 fr.) V. journaux de Londres, du 16 septembre 1847 ; ''Journal des Débats'', du 19.</ref>.
Dans presque toutes nos villes de France, des marbres apprennent à l’habitant et au voyageur qu’ici naquit Molière, là Bossuet, ailleurs Racine ou Vaucanson.
À Clermont, la maison où Pascal naquit, le 19 juin 1623, est restée inconnue jusqu’à ce jour. Le dix-septième siècle, ''lang'', n’a point conservé ce souvenir au dix-huitième ; et des vieillards interrogés par moi, il y a plus de trente ans, ''cour des aydes''<ref>V. ci-après, Pièces justificatives, I.</ref>. — On a pris ce Martin Pascal
le grand-père de Blaise, qui, en effet, portait
prénom, mais qui était trésorier de France à Riom ;
tandis que le conseiller du roi, général en la cour des
aides, mentionné dans l’acte de 1636, était cousin-germain d’Étienne Pascal, et oncle à la mode de Bretagne
de l’immortel Blaise<ref>V. ci-après, Pièces justificatives, II.</ref>.
Ces opinions diverses qui font naître Pascal ou
hors de Clermont, ou sur les paroisses du Port ou de
Saint-Genès, tombent devant son acte de baptême
constatant qu’il fut baptisé en l’église de la paroisse
Saint-Pierre. — Car, dirait-on que Pascal, né dans
la maison paternelle le 19 juin, a pu être porté dans
celle de quelque parent et être baptisé sur une paroisse
étrangère ? Explication toute conjecturale que
déconcerte complètement l’examen des registres de
naissances de la paroisse Saint-Pierre, où l’on trouve
tout les enfants d’Étienne :
Au 24 décembre 1617, baptême d’Anthonia ;
Au 3 janvier 1620, naissance de Gilberte ;
Au 23 juin 1623, baptême de sc ;
Au 5 octobre 1625, naissance de Jacquette<ref>V. ci-après, Pièces justificatives, III.</ref>.
On le voit, rien de mieux établi que le domicile
réel et permanent d’Étienne Pascal, père de Blaise, sur la paroisse Saint-Pierre, avant et après la naissance de son fils. Il sera établi plus loin d’une manière encore plus péremptoire.
Jusqu’en 1846 il ne m’a pas paru possible d’aller plus loin dans cette recherche, et je pensais que nous étions condamnés à ignorer à toujours ce point intéressant
de notre histoire locale. Mais, en cette année, une nouvelle lueur m’est apparue.
M. de Varennes, possesseur d’un vieux plan de Clermont, manuscrit, et levé en 1740, a bien voulu me le communiquer, et m’autoriser à en faire une copie pour la Bibliothèque de la ville.
Ce plan était accompagné d’une légende indicative de quelques maisons particulières, et j’y lus avec une bien vive satisfaction, ''maison de M. Pascal'', à la lettre J du plan, à la tête de l’île formée par les rues de l’Ente et de la Coifferie, et dans la paroisse Saint-Pierre ; à côté était la maison Potière, I, et plus haut, à l’endroit qui sert aujourd’hui de passage de communication entre la rue des Gras et la place de
la Bourse, passage ouvert seulement en 1794, H, ''maison Montorcier''<ref>Voir le plan joint au présent Mémoire.</ref>.
Vivement excité par cette espèce de révélation, je m’empressai d’aller visiter Mme Chopard, propriétaire de la maison désignée dans mon plan sous le nom de Pascal, et lui demandai communication de ses titres de possession, pour voir s’il serait possible de remonter, de possesseurs en possesseurs, jusqu’au temps d’Etienne Pascal. Les papiers de la maison étaient aux mains de M. Chopard, son fils, alors à Paris, dont j’ai dû attendre le retour à Clermont. Ces papiers dont j’ai eu enfin communication ne m’ont rien appris, sinon qu’en 1824, M. Jacques Bompart
vend à M. Chopard la maison de la rue de la Coifferie, comme provenant de la succession de Françoise Adrian, sa mère ; par conséquent, pour moi toujours
espérance vague, toujours incertitude.
La maison Potière, contiguë à la maison de ''M. Pascal,'' dans le plan précité, fut aussi l’objet de mes investigations, et M. Laurent, actuellement propriétaire
de cette maison, qui porte encore dans son ornementation extérieure et intérieure les caractères d’une maison construite au seizième siècle, mit obligeamment
à ma disposition les titres constatant que cette maison, qui avait passé par les mains de M. Alligier, son prédécesseur immédiat, avait appartenu à M. Joseph Potière jusqu’en 1769. Ce qui confirmait les indications du plan de 1740, et me laissait
encore espérer ; mais pas de ''confins'' qui pussent m’éclairer.
Alors, me rappelant un passage des Mémoires sur Pascal, renfermés dans le ''Recueil d’Utrecht'', où Marguerite Perier, nièce de Pascal, nous dit que « Étienne Pascal, étant devenu veuf, vendit sa charge
à son frère, et mit la plus grande partie de ses biens en
rentes sur l’hôtel-de-ville de Paris, où il se retira
pour vaquer uniquement à l’éducation de ses enfants…<ref>V. ''Recueil'' dit d’''Utrecht'', 239. — Et. Pascal habitait, à Paris, la rue de la Tisseranderie, paroisse de Saint-Jean-en-Grève. C’est là qu’il faudrait chercher la maison et le cabinet où furent tracés les ''ronds'' et les ''barres''
qui ont révélé le grand géomètre. Acte du 25 mai 1633 ; Caron, not. à Paris.</ref> », je résolus de consulter toutes les minutes
des actes de notaires de la ville de Clermont,
depuis l’année 1626, date de la mort d’Antoinette
Begon, femme d’Étienne Pascal, jusques et y compris
1631, année de son départ pour Paris. J’espérais
y trouver la vente ou cession de ses biens ; je n’y ai pas
rencontré un seul acte où figurât Pascal ou quelqu’un
des siens<ref>Il est vrai que les minutes de plusieurs notaires de cette
époque, de , Bard, Crozat, Mazerat, etc., ne sont
point venues jusqu’à nous, et que celles de et autres,
ne sont point complètes.</ref>.
Ce désappointement ne m’a pas ôté tout courage :
une voie nouvelle d’investigation s’est
présentée à mon
esprit, et m’a enfin conduit au but désiré.
Dans les archives de la ville, dont la direction est,
depuis quelque temps, confiée aux soins éclairés de
M., toujours empressé de communiquer
les
richesses dont il est dépositaire, on conserve les re- gistres des ''deniers communs'' et de la ''capitation''. Ces
registres remontent jusqu’à 1619 (il y en a même un
de 1580), et vont presque sans interruption jusqu’en
1785. Là les habitants sont recensés par paroisse,
par quartiers et par rues.
En ouvrant le registre de 1619, je lis :
'' Amable Montorcier, marchand,''
'' Estienne Pascal, eslu, ''
'' Robert Peghoux, eslu, ''
…
''Jean Pilon, bolanger au four du s Pascal.''
…
A la vue des trois premiers noms de mon plan de
1740, ma joie fut grande d’abord, mais de courte
durée ; car j’avais à m’expliquer comment les propriétaires
et locataires des sept ou huit maisons qui,
dans le plan, séparent la maison Montorcier de la
maison de M. Pascal, n’auraient pas été assujétis aux
charges municipales.
En consultant les registres de 1623, 1624,
1625…, 1628, 1629, 1630… ; j’y trouvai
les mêmes noms dans le même ordre ; mais en poursuivant
la série des noms et observant les professions
indiquées, je remarquai bientôt des marchands ou
marchandes de pots de terre, des merciers, et surtout
des marchands de sabots : d’où je conclus que c’était, non par la rue des ''Gras'', quoique la principale de la
paroisse Saint-Pierre, mais par la rue aujourd’hui encore
dite des ''Chaussetiers'', limite de la même paroisse,
que commençait le dénombrement ; que c’était, par
conséquent, dans la rue des Chaussetiers qu’il fallait
chercher la maison d’Et. Pascal.
Je ne me trompais point, ainsi que me l’a démontré
l’examen subséquent de toute la suite des registres
jusques en l’année 1785.
Avant d’aller plus loin, avant de donner suite à
mes nouvelles conjectures, j’avais à détruire les inductions
qu’on pouvait tirer contre elles du plan de
1740, et à me démontrer à moi-même que la maison
y indiquée sous le nom de M. Pascal, n’était
point celle que je cherchais. Je me hâtai donc de consulter
le registre de 1740.
Par une circonstance toute particulière et fort heureuse,
ce registre, ainsi que deux ou trois autres seulement
entre plus de trois cents, portait en marge
l’indication des quartiers et de quelques rues. Ces
mots, ''Quartier de l’Évêché'', placés en regard des premiers
noms de la paroisse Saint-Pierre, confirmèrent
ma conjecture, et m’assurèrent que, dans ce registre,
comme je l’ai depuis remarqué dans tous les autres,
sans exception, le dénombrement des citoyens commençait
par le haut de la rue des ''Chaussetiers'', continuait
par la ''Croix des Gras'', etc. Arrivé au quartier
des ''Trois-Raisins'' (nom d’une enseigne d’auberge qui a donné son nom à une rue), je trouvai la maison de
M. Potière et celle de M. ''Guillaume Pascal'', marchand,
personnage étranger à l’objet de mes recherches.
De ce moment, je me vis dans la véritable, dans
la seule voie de la découverte de la vérité. J’ai donc
repris depuis 1619 et continué jusqu’en 1785, l’examen
des registres de la capitation, et suivi avec curiosité
et intérêt la succession des propriétaires et locataires
depuis plus de deux siècles jusqu’à nos jours.
Là, j’ai bientôt reconnu, particulièrement par les
registres de 1630 et 1730<ref>V. ''Pièces justificatives'', IV.</ref>,
1. Que la maison par laquelle commençait le recensement
des habitants de la paroisse contenait ordinairement
deux locataires principaux, et quatre ou
cinq locataires de chambres ou de boutiques peu
considérables ; par conséquent, que les six ou sept
premiers noms de la liste des contribuables (parmi
lesquels figure constamment au premier ou au second
rang Etienne Pascal, et, depuis lui, Blaise Pascal,
son frère et son successeur à la cour des aides), appartenaient
à la première maison de la paroisse dans
l’ordre du recensement ;
2. Que cette maison, que je puis maintenant appeler
la ''maison Pascal'', est celle qui appartient au- jourd’hui à M. Dauzat, entrepreneur de bâtiments ,
au haut de la rue des Chaussetiers, et dont l’entrée
principale est aujourd’hui, comme elle était au temps
de Pascal, dans le passage Vernines.
Elle était appuyée, au N, et à l’E., à l’Abbaye
ou maison de l’Abbé de la Cathédrale, qui, depuis
l’aliénation des biens nationaux en 1793, a appartenu
à M. G. Fressanges, et a été en grande partie
démolie, en 1846, pour le passage ouvert, à cette
époque, à l’angle S.-O. de la Cathédrale.
Dans la façade du midi, sur la rue des Chaussetiers,
s’ouvraient jadis, au rez-de-chaussée, quatre
boutiques, dont deux appartenaient peut-être à
l’Abbé de la Cathédrale, comme un cabinet, aux
trois étages de la maison, pénétrait dans la maison
de l’Abbé.
L’identité de la maison se trouve établie par la succession
non interrompue des possesseurs et locataires
depuis le temps d’Etienne Pascal jusqu’à ce jour,
constatée par les registres dont j’ai parlé et par des
actes authentiques. Dans les premiers (je citerai seulement
les noms principaux), nous voyons à Etienne
Pascal succéder son frère Blaise, oncle et parrain de
l’auteur des Provinciales, qui lui succéda également
comme second président à la cour des aides, à la
date du 14 novembre 1634. On l’y voit jusqu’en
1637 ; puis Gilbert Trottier, bourgeois, et M. le
président de Bosredon. En 1647, noble Pierre Redon, conseiller en la
cour des aides;
En 1654, avec ce dernier, M Etienne Legros,
aussi conseiller en la même cour <ref>En 1632, je trouve, parmi les habitants de la maison, damoiselle Clauda Valette, veuve de Gérard de Lollier; et dans le
rôle des bâtiments étrangers de 1677, M. Valette, de Riom, est
indiqué comme propriétaire de la maison tenue, est-il dit, par
M. Legros, conseiller en la Cour des Aides, et d'une boutique
tenue par Puylever, rubantier.</ref>.
De 1658 à 1683, avec M. Legros, noble Jean
Champflour ; puis damoiselle Marie Rollet, veuve de
ce dernier, occupe le même logement jusqu’en 1699.
Dès 1692, on y voit Pierre Piquard, puis sa veuve,
puis le neveu de cette dernière, Antoine Roy,
marchand.
Ici des actes authentiques viennent se joindre aux
registres de la capitation pour établir l'identité en
question.
La maison d'Antoine Roy se partage entre trois
cohéritiers : Etienne Roy, frère du défunt, Pierre et
autre Antoine Roy, ses neveux, représentant chacun
un frère du défunt.
Etienne Roy, lieutenant du lieu de la Roche-Donnezat,
à la date du 20 septembre 1749, vend sa
portion à Sieur Jean Jouvion, marchand; le 3 décembre
de la même année, Pierre Roy, bourgeois
habitant de la Roche-Donnezat, vend la sienne au [[Fichier:Gonod_-_Recherches_sur_la_maison_où_Blaise_Pascal_est_né_-_FR-631136102_A_33069_(page_25_crop).jpg|500px|center]] sieur Jacques Chosserot, commis aux décimes, habitant
de la ville de Clermont <ref>Actes reçus Charin, notaire : — Ces pièces m'ont été obligeamment communiquées par Mme.</ref>. Enfin la portion
échue à Antoine Roy, est vendue au nommé Jean
Gendre, tailleur d’habits, moyennant une rente de
90 liv., par contrat du 28 avril 1750.
Dans les actes de vente, la maison est dite ''située
rue des Chaussetiers, près l'évéché ;'' elle est confinée
''par la rue des Chausseliers, de midi ; la rue ou
passage Vernines, de nuit et bise ; la maison de l'abbaye
de M.'abbé de la Cathédrale, de jour ; situation
et confins qui ne peuvent s'appliquer qu'à la
maison Dauzat.
La portion Jouvion, aile occidentale de la maison,
après avoir passé par héritage à Barthélemy Tordeix,
époux de Marie Jouvion, est vendue à Sébastien Dardouillet <ref>
(2) Espinasse, notaire, 13 ventôse an XIII.</ref>.
Revendue à N ? Ury, elle passe enfin
entre les mains de M., propriétaire
actuel <ref>Adjudication du 24 octobre 1839 ; actes des 25 et 30 juillet,
et 25 novembre 1841 ; Mollie, notaire.</ref>.
Les portions de Chosserot et Gendre avaient déjà
été acquises par ce dernier, à la date du 23 février
1823 <ref>M. ; notaire à Clermont.</ref>, du sieur Vigier-Latour, héritier
de Chosserot, et acquéreur des droits d’un sieur Andra, créancier hypothécaire des héritiers d'Antoine
Roy <ref>Cession de droits, par Clande Andra, au profit d'Antoina
Vigier, dit Latour, du 9 septembre 1763 ; Baptiste, notaire.</ref>.
La maison d'Etienne Pascal n'a malheureusement
pas conservé son caractère ni son aspect extérieur.
L'intérieur a dû être complétement dénaturé par suite
du partage entre les héritiers d'Antoine Roy, s'il ne
l'avait déjà été antérieurement.
La démolition de l'arcade , ancienne porte de la
cité, entre l'évêché et la maison Pascal, nécessita,
en l'an VIII, la reconstruction d’une grande partie
du mur méridional ; le propriétaire fut même obligé
de reculer d’un mètre environ pour l'élargissement de
la rue ordonné par l'administration municipale.
= En 1824, la façade ouest, et, en 1840, la façade
nord, ainsi que la tourelle contenant l'escalier, ont
été reconstruites par les soins de M. Dauzat.
La vue de la maison d’Et. Pascal, jointe au présent
mémoire, est prise du milieu du passage Vernines,
vis-à-vis la porte d’entrée, qui n’a pas changé de
place. Elle a été dessinée d’après les souvenirs de plusieurs
personnes qui l'ont vue à peu près dans son
ancien état, et la maison qui la joint à l’ouest de l’arcade
Vernines, d’après nature. — Le lecteur est redevable
de ce dessin au crayon fidèle et exercé de
M. Em. Thibaud.
La publication récente dés ''Pensées'' de Pascal,
conformément aux manuscrits originaux, heureusement
provoquée par M.<ref>Rapport de l’Académie française sur la nécessité d’une
nouvelle édition des Pensées de Pascal. Paris, 1843, .</ref>, si heureusement
exécutée par M.<ref>Pensées, fragments et lettres de Blaise Pascal, publiés pour la première fois conformément aux manuscrits originaux, en
grande partie inédits, par M.. Paris, Andrieux, 1844,
2 vol. .</ref>, a soulevé, au sujet de
l’auteur, plusieurs questions, entre autres celle de sa
fortune et de ce qu’on appellerait aujourd’hui sa position
sociale<ref>Faugère. Pensées de Pascal, Introduction, p: lxj.</ref>.
Nous avons vu plus haut qu’Étienne Pascal, devenu
veuf, vendit sa charge de second président à
la Cour des Aides, et mit la plus grande partie de
ses biens en rentes sur l’hôtel-de-ville de Paris, où
il se retira en 1632,
Les registres d’inscription des rentes sur l’hôtel-de-ville
de Paris ; renferment donc, dans le chiffre des
revenus du père, l’élément le plus indispensable à la
solution de la question soulevée au sujet du fils. J’ai
fait chercher ces registres aux Archives de la Ville de
Paris, du Ministère des finances, de la Cour des
comptes, vainement jusqu’ici. Mais en l’absence de ce document, les registres que j’ai eu occasion de
consulter, renferment une indication précieuse, que
je vais mettre sous les yeux des lecteurs : je veux
parler de la part contributive d’Etienne Pascal aux
charges communes de la ville de Clermont. — Donnons
d’abord une idée générale de ces charges, et de
la manière dont elles étaient réparties entre les habitants. —
Je prends les rôles de 1622.
La somme totale de l’imposition municipale était
de 18981 liv. 8 6<ref> On sera peut-être bien aise de trouver ici l’emploi de
cette somme ; voici ce détail :
{|
| Pour affaires communes || 9000
|-
| Subvention || 3120
|-
| Crue. Affaires du Tiers-Etat du bas pays d’Auvergne. || 102
|-
| Un premier tiers de la dette de la ville || 3175 6 6
|-
| Intérêts de la dette (qui était de 9525 19) || 595 5
|-
| Frais d’obtention des lettres d’imposition || 300
|-
| Epices des trésoriers généraux || 70
|-
| Plat et gratification de Mgr le duc de Chevreuse gouverneur de la province. || 210
|-
| Portion de la ville de Clermont dans le plat et gratification de 6000 ordonné être payées à M. le comte de Pontgibaud, lieutenant pour le roi au Bas-Auvergne || 102
|-
| Portion de la ville de Clermont dans la somme de 23451 41 6, moitié de celle de 4687 3, due par le bas-pays d’Auvergne à la ville de Saint-Germain-Lembron || 48
|-
| Portion de la ville de Clermont dans les 42000 des don et gratification dus à Mgr le duc de Chevreuse || 610
|-
| Portion dans la crue de 22000 pour dettes du pays || 530
|-
| Portion de la ville dans la somme de 9000 et tant de livres, pour le débet des comptes de MM. les échevins, concernant les affaires du pays || 190
|-
| Levée desdites sommes à raison de 12 den. pour livres. || 1128 9
|}
</ref>
, à répartir entre 2074 têtes
ou chefs de famille, habitant la ville ou les
faubourgs.
Les veuves, les femmes séparées de biens, étaient
comprises dans ce nombre<ref>En multipliant par 4 1/2 le nombre des chefs de familles, on doit avoir à très peu près la population de la ville de Clermont à cette époque : = 9333 habitants.</ref>.
La moyenne eut été de 9 liv. 3 par tête ; mais
la répartition étant faite par les asséeurs suivant la fortune
apparente des individus, il en résultait une
inégalité dans les cotes, qui nous donne une idée
aussi exacte que possible de la distribution de la richesse
dans la ville de Clermont vers 1622.
Il n’y avait que deux cotes au-dessus de 200 liv. :
La cote collective des chapitres de la Cathédrale, du Port, de Saint-Genès et de Saint-Pierre, qui était de 250 liv.
. Celle de Hugues Poisson, seigneur de Durtol, de 210 liv. 1
{|
| De 176 liv. à 200 liv. il y en avait || 3
|-
| De 151 à 175 || 7
|-
| De 126 à 150 || 2
|-
| De 101 à 125 || 8
|-
| De 76 à 100 || 21
|-
| De 50 liv. 1 à 75 || 40
|-
| De 40 liv. 1 à 50 || 27
|-
| De 30 liv. 1 à 40 || 37
|-
| || 147
|} ''Report.'' 147
{|
| De 20 liv. 1 à 30 || 69
|-
| De 10 liv. 1 à 20 || 173
|-
| De 1 liv. à 10 || 1675
|-
| colspan="2" | Au-dessous de 1 liv. 10 cotes seulement.
|-
| De 10 || 3
|-
| De 15 || 7
|-
| En tout. || 2074 cotes.
|}
Dans tout le registre je n’ai trouvé qu’un ''noble'',
ainsi qualifié ; ''noble'' Charles de Pierre-Fite, s de
Bosredon, président au bureau des finances, imposé
à 120 liv. Cependant les nobles n’étaient
point exempts de ce genre de contributions.
Parmi les membres de la cour des aides, au nombre
de 14, le moins imposé payait 5 liv. 5 ; le plus
imposé, 178 liv. ; la moyenne était 63 liv. 16.
Il y avait alors 20 avocats. Parmi eux, Jean Rigaud,
imposé comme un simple portefaix ou comme
un des plus humbles savetiers, ne payait qu’une livre,
tandis que M. Deségaux était cotisé à 68 liv. Moyenne
des avocats, 29 liv. 8.
De trente-deux procureurs, un payait 1 liv. 5. ;
un 105 liv. Leur moyenne était de 16 liv. 10.
On comptait seulement trois docteurs-médecins ;
c’étaient MM. Bompart, qui devint médecin de
Louis XIII ; André et Ternier ; mais douze chirur- giens. Les premiers payaient, en moyenne, 13 liv. 2,
et les chirurgiens 9 liv. 3.
Les 12 notaires payaient, en moyenne, 12 liv. 13 ;
le notaire apostolique, 31 liv.
La moyenne pour les marchands était fort élevée,
et les cotes de 20, 30, 40 liv. n’étaient pas rares ;
celle de M. Eustache Pellissier montait à 95 liv.
Dans ce milieu, Estienne Pascal payait 74 liv. Il
n’y avait, dans toute la ville de Clermont,
que 42 contribuables plus imposés que lui.
Quelle était cette somme relativement au revenu ?
Était-ce le 20, le 15, le 12 ? question peut-être
insoluble aujourd’hui. Ce qui est plus important à connaître,
c’est le rapport de cette somme aux prix des
objets de consommation et des diverses marchandises
destinées à satisfaire les besoins des hommes à une
époque où l’argent, moins abondant qu’aujourd’hui,
avait plus de valeur.
La base principale, sinon la seule, pour cette évaluation
c’est le prix du blé, sur lequel se règle généralement
celui des marchandises et des salaires.
Or, le prix moyen du blé, vers l’époque dont nous
parlons, 1622, ayant été de 6 liv. 10 le setier, il
s’ensuit qu’avec 74 liv. Estienne Pascal aurait pu
acheter 11 setiers et demi de blé, lesquels coûteraient
aujourd’hui, en prenant aussi la moyenne du prix du
même setier à notre époque (26 fr.), environ 300 liv.
Les 74 liv. qu’Et. Pascal payait, seulement pour les charges communales, représenteraient donc environ
300 fr. d’aujourd’hui<ref>Pour apprécier toutes les sommes ici mentionnées, il faut les multiplier par 4 et une légère fraction.</ref>.
Cette cote si élevée annonce une grande fortune,
et placerait Et. Pascal parmi les habitants les plus
riches de la cité. Mais n’oublions pas que l’impôt
n’accuse que la fortune apparente, et qu’alors, comme
aujourd’hui, les asséeurs ou répartiteurs ne pouvaient
prendre en considération les dettes et charges connues
ou inconnues des contribuables.
Quatre ans plus tard, 1626, Et. Pascal achète une
charge de second président à la cour des aides, pour
laquelle il a à payer 31,600 liv. (auj. plus de
126,400 fr.) ; sa cote municipale, en 1629, s’élève
à 84 liv., descend à 72 en 1631, en 1632 elle est
de 124 liv, ; toujours indices d’une grande fortune ;
mais, il faut le dire, indices trompeurs.
Et ce qui témoigne de la gêne d’Et. Pascal, malgré
cette fortune apparente, ce sont d’abord deux
obligations qu’il contracte les 24 et 25 mai 1633 ;
l’une de 1500 liv. (minutes de Beauvais, notaire à
Paris), l’autre de 1992 liv. 3 9 (minutes de Caron,
également notaire à Paris) ; c’est surtout une
promesse de sept vingt-deux livres dix-sept sous
(auj. environ 571 fr.), qu’il souscrivit à M. Gérard
Champflour, à la date du 15 novembre 1632, et qui, malgré les réclamations de ce dernier, ne put être
payée qu’après la mort d’Étienne Pascal arrivée en
1651 ; elle le fut, en 1652, 20 ans après l’emprunt,
par les soins de Blaise Pascal, son fils<ref>Renseignements puisés dans un registre de famille, écrit de la main de M.. Champflour, qui m’a été communiqué par M. Champflour.</ref>.
Et cet homme avait été, durant neuf années, intendant
de Normandie<ref>Les ''appointements'' annuels de l’intendant d’Auvergne étaient alors de 12000, qui équivalaient à 50,000 fr. environ de notre monnaie actuelle ; les appointements de l’intendant de Normandie ne devaient pas être au-dessous.</ref> ; de 1639 à la fin de 1648,
il avait eu, en quelque sorte, un pouvoir absolu dans
cette province, où régnaient les plus grands désordres ;
''lang'', comme aurait dit Tacite ;
et où il eut, sous la protection des armes, à reformer
tous les rôles des impôts. Mais, nouvel Agricola<ref>''lang''. [[Auteur:Tacite|Tac.]] ''[[Vie d’Agricola|Agric.]]'', 19.</ref>,
« il s’acquitta de son devoir avec toute la droiture et
l’équité possible, ne voulant point que ceux qui étoient
à lui reçussent rien de personne. Il renvoya même un
de ses parens, qui étoit son secrétaire, pour avoir reçu
quelque chose<ref>Recueil d’Ulrecht, p. 243.</ref>. » Il sortit de la province les mains
pures, et reçut de la cour, dans des lettres de conseiller
d’État, un haut témoignage de satisfaction<ref>Les ''appointements'' de conseiller d’État étaient de 2000 par an.</ref>.
Et s’il ne laissa pas à sa famille de ces grands biens
qui, selon l’expérience de tous les temps, parviennent
rarement à une troisième génération, il lui légua un
impérissable héritage d’honneur, que préféra de beaucoup
cette famille si vertueuse, si digne d’un tel père.
Par-devant le notaire royal soussigné… furent présents
nobles hommes Martin Pascal et Jehan Meyrand,
conseillers du Roy et généraux en la Cour des Aydes
de Clermont-Ferrand… lesquels ont donné et donnent
pouvoir de vandre, créer et constituer en leurs noms,
au proffit de damoiselle Clauda Pascal, veuve de Dominique
Dreux, vivant conseiller secrétaire du Roy… résidente
en la ville de Paris, la somme de quatre cents
livres de rente… Icelle constituée et assignée spécialement
et particulièrement sur les maisons cy-après déclarées
appartenans auxdits sieurs constituans, scituées
dans la ville de Clermont, celle dudit sieur Pascal étant
dans la paroisse Saint-Genez, proche le marché au bled,
joignant la rue publique de jour, la maison de M. Antoine
Roux, procureur, aussy de jour et midy, la basse
cour du couvent des cordeliers de nuict, et la maison de
Catherine Jehan de bize… Passé à Clermont… le
vingt-septiesme jour de juin 1636… Moron, notaire.
, conservé à la Bibliothèque de la ville.''
}}
[[File:Gonod - Recherches sur la maison où Blaise Pascal est né - FR-631136102 A 33069 (page 37 crop).jpg|500px|center]]
☞ Dans le registre des deniers communs de la ville
de Clermont, année 1581, je lis que Jehan Pascal était
''contrerolleur'' ; on sait que Martin Pascal était trésorier
de France à Riom ; que le fils de celui-ci, Étienne Pascal,
était habile mathématicien. Dans ces trois générations
successives de calculateurs y aurait-il quelque
chose qui aurait préparé le génie des mathématiques
dans Blaise Pascal ? Livrons, en passant, ce fait à l’examen
des physiologistes.
* Joseph Potière était, par Claire Tailhandier, sa
mère, petit-fils de Jean-Joseph Tailhandier et d’Anne de
Ferriolles, fille d’Anne Pascal, petite-fille elle-même de
Martin Pascal, oncle à la mode de Bretagne de notre
Blaise Pascal.
Le 24 jour de décembre 1617 a esté baptisée Anthonia
Pascal, fille à noble Estienne Pascal, conseiller
eslu pour le Roy en l’eslection du Bas-Auvergne à Clermont
et à….. Begon ; etc.
Le 3 jour de janvier 1620 a esté baptisée Gilberte
Pascal, fille à noble Estienne Pascal, conseiller eslu
pour le Roy en l’eslection du Bas-Auvergne à Clermont.
La mère damoiselle Anthoinette Begon…..
Le 27 jour de juin 1623 a esté baptisé Blaize Paschal,
fils à noble Estienne Paschal, conseiller eslu pour le Boy
en l’eslection d’Auvergne à Clairmont, et à noble da- moiselle Anthoinette Begon. Le Parin noble Blaize Paschal,
conseiller du Roy en la seneschaussée et siège
présidial d’Auvergne audit Clermont, la marrine dame
Antlioinette de Fontfreyde. }}
Le 5 jour d’octobre avant midy nacquit Jacquette
Pascal, fille à noble Estienne Pascal, conseiller du Roy
et président en la cour des aydes à Montferrand et à
damoiselle Antlioinette Begon…
}}
Monsieur M Blaize Pascal, président en la cour des aydes,
Germaine Brunel, veufve de Guill. Jamect,
Michel Tixier, dict Varrolie, à la boutique de M Amable Montorcier,
Boutin, talheur d’habits, à la boutique du sieur Pascal,
Robert Peghoux, eslu,
Jehan Gazier, paticier au four du sieur Pascal,
Jehan Barbier, imprimeur en la maison dudit sieur Pascal,
Jehan Bordau, talheur d’habits, en ladite maison,
| 8,476 |
US-94721410-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,010 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,424 | 7,336 |
Substrate mounting table of substrate processing apparatus
ABSTRACT
A substrate mounting table of a substrate processing apparatus includes a base portion and a circular plate-shaped electrostatic chuck adhered to an upper surface of the base portion by an adhesive layer. The electrostatic chuck has a circular attracting surface to support a substrate. The substrate mounting table further includes an annular focus ring arranged around the electrostatic chuck to surround the substrate and to cover an outer peripheral portion of the upper surface of the base portion. The electrostatic chuck has a two-layer structure including an upper circular part and a lower circular part having a diameter larger than that of the upper circular part. An outer peripheral portion of the lower circular part and an outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer adhering the lower circular part to the base portion are covered with the focus ring.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-261867 filed on Nov. 17, 2009 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/296,322 filed on Jan. 19, 2010, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a substrate mounting table of a substrate processing apparatus for performing a predetermined process, e.g., a film forming process and an etching process, on a substrate such as a semiconductor wafer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A substrate processing apparatus for performing a plasma process, e.g., an etching process, on a wafer as a substrate includes an accommodation vessel (chamber) for accommodating the wafer and a substrate mounting table, disposed in the chamber, for mounting the wafer thereon. The substrate processing apparatus generates a plasma in the chamber and performs an etching process on the wafer mounted on the substrate mounting table by the plasma.
The substrate mounting table is provided with an electrostatic chuck made of an insulating member, e.g., ceramic, and an electrostatic electrode plate is provided in the electrostatic chuck. A DC voltage is applied to the electrostatic electrode plate while an etching process is performed on the wafer, so that the wafer is attracted and held on the electrostatic chuck by Coulomb force or Johnsen-Rahbek force generated by the DC voltage.
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view schematically showing a configuration of a substrate mounting table of a conventional substrate processing apparatus.
The substrate mounting table 70 mainly includes a base portion 71 formed of, e.g., aluminum, an electrostatic chuck (ESC) 72 disposed on an upper planar surface of the base portion 71, an adhesive layer 73 for adhering the electrostatic chuck 72 to the base portion 71, and a focus ring 75 arranged to surround the electrostatic chuck 72. A circular wafer W is mounted on an upper planar surface of the electrostatic chuck 72.
A thermally sprayed film is formed on the upper planar surface of the base portion 71 by spraying ceramic made of, e.g., alumina, yttrium or the like in order to insulate the base portion 71. Further, since it is necessary to clean the inside of the chamber by using the plasma, plasma resistance and pressure resistance are required in the electrostatic chuck 72. Thus, recently, an integrated plate chuck is preferably used as the electrostatic chuck 72. The electrostatic chuck 72 serving as a plate chuck is formed of ceramic having a thickness of about 1 mm, and an electrostatic electrode plate 74 is embedded in the electrostatic chuck 72.
The focus ring 75 is formed of, e.g., single crystalline silicon and mounted at an outer peripheral portion of the upper planar surface of the base portion 71 to surround the wafer W mounted on the electrostatic chuck 72. The focus ring 75 makes the plasma density above a peripheral portion of the wafer W substantially equal to the plasma density above a central portion of the wafer W by extending a plasma distribution region to an upper region above the focus ring 75 as well as an upper region above the wafer W. Accordingly, it is possible to maintain uniformity of an etching process being performed on the entire surface of the wafer W.
There is a gap between the electrostatic chuck 72 and the focus ring 75 in the conventional substrate mounting table. The plasma enters into the gap and a gap between the wafer W and the focus ring 75. Accordingly, there is a problem in which the adhesive layer 73 formed of an organic material is worn by irradiation of the plasma. Further, a surface 71 a of the base portion 71 between the electrostatic chuck 72 and the focus ring 75 is exposed. The plasma is irradiated on the exposed surface 71 a and the thermally sprayed film is worn. Then, when the aluminum of the base portion 71 is exposed, abnormal discharge (arcing) may occur. The wear of the adhesive layer 73 and the occurrence of the abnormal discharge exert a bad influence on the functions of the substrate mounting table, thereby shortening a life span of the substrate mounting table.
Accordingly, it is required to develop a substrate mounting table capable of avoiding the wear of the adhesive layer for adhering the electrostatic chuck to the base portion. There is proposed a substrate mounting table configured to cover a peripheral portion of the adhesive layer with a protective coating (see, e.g., Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2000-286332).
However, in the substrate mounting table disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2000-286332, not only the adhesion portion between the electrostatic chuck main body and the base portion but also the entire electrostatic chuck main body and a part of the base portion are coated with a fluorine resin protective film as a separate member. Accordingly, the fluorine resin protective film is added as a new constituent component and there is a problem of increasing the number of components and the number of assembly steps.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the above, the present invention provides a substrate mounting table of a substrate processing apparatus capable of preventing arcing (abnormal discharge) on a surface of a base portion and the wear of an adhesive layer for adhering an electrostatic chuck to the base portion due to irradiation of a plasma without increasing the number of components and the number of assembly steps.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a substrate mounting table of a substrate processing apparatus including: a base portion; a circular plate-shaped electrostatic chuck adhered to an upper surface of the base portion by an adhesive layer, the electrostatic chuck having a circular attracting surface to support a substrate; and an annular focus ring arranged around the electrostatic chuck to surround the substrate and to cover an outer peripheral portion of the upper surface of the base portion, wherein the electrostatic chuck has a two-layer structure including an upper circular part and a lower circular part having a diameter larger than that of the upper circular part, and wherein an outer peripheral portion of the lower circular part and an outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer adhering the lower circular part to the base portion are covered with the focus ring.
With such configuration, the electrostatic chuck has a two-layer structure including the upper circular part and the lower circular part having a diameter larger than that of the upper circular part. The outer peripheral portion of the lower circular part and the outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer adhering the lower circular part to the base portion are covered with the focus ring. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the plasma from reaching the exposed surface of the base portion or the outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer. Consequently, it is possible to prevent arcing (abnormal discharge) on the surface of the base portion and the wear of the adhesive layer for adhering the electrostatic chuck to the base portion due to irradiation of the plasma without increasing the number of components and the number of assembly steps.
The base portion may have a depression into which the lower circular part of the electrostatic chuck is fitted, and a fitting portion of the lower circular part and the depression is covered with the focus ring.
With such configuration, the base portion has a depression into which the lower circular part of the electrostatic chuck is fitted, and a fitting portion of the lower circular part and the depression is covered with the focus ring. Accordingly, the exposed surface of the base portion or the outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer can be positioned at a lower portion of the fitting portion, thereby extending a plasma path toward the exposed surface of the base portion or the outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer. Consequently, it is possible to prevent the plasma from reaching the surface of the base portion or the outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer. As a result, it is possible to surely prevent the wear of the adhesive layer.
The focus ring may be mounted on an upper surface of the base portion surrounding the depression, and a gap between a lower surface of the focus ring and an upper surface of the lower circular part of the electrostatic chuck may be equal to or smaller than about 0.4 mm.
With such configuration, the focus ring is mounted on an upper surface of the base portion surrounding the depression, and a gap between a lower surface of the focus ring and an upper surface of the lower circular part of the electrostatic chuck is equal to or smaller than about 0.4 mm. Accordingly, it is possible to more surely prevent the plasma from reaching the surface of the base portion and the adhesive layer. Thus, it is possible to avoid the wear of the adhesive layer and the occurrence of arcing.
The focus ring may be mounted on the lower circular part of the electrostatic chuck, and a gap between a lower surface of the focus ring and an upper surface of the base portion surrounding the depression may be equal to or smaller than about 0.4 mm.
With such configuration, the focus ring is mounted on the lower circular part of the electrostatic chuck, and a gap between a lower surface of the focus ring and an upper surface of the base portion surrounding the depression is equal to or smaller than about 0.4 mm. Accordingly, it is possible to more surely prevent the plasma from reaching the surface of the base portion and the adhesive layer. Thus, it is possible to avoid the wear of the adhesive layer and the occurrence of arcing.
The focus ring may include a cutoff portion into which an outer peripheral portion of the lower circular part of the electrostatic chuck and an outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer are loosely fitted, and a gap between an inner wall surface of the cutoff portion and the outer peripheral portions of the adhesive layer and the lower circular part is covered with the focus ring.
With such configuration, the focus ring includes a cutoff portion into which an outer peripheral portion of the lower circular part of the electrostatic chuck and an outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer are loosely fitted, and a gap between an inner wall surface of the cutoff portion and the outer peripheral portions of the adhesive layer and the lower circular part is covered with the focus ring. Accordingly, it is possible to more surely prevent the plasma from reaching the surface of the base portion and the adhesive layer for adhering the electrostatic chuck to the base portion. Thus, it is possible to elongate a life span of the substrate mounting table.
The substrate may be a circular plate-shaped member, and the substrate partially vertically overlaps with the focus ring, an overlapping width in a radial direction of the substrate ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm.
With such configuration, the substrate is a circular plate-shaped member, and the substrate partially vertically overlaps with the focus ring, and wherein an overlapping width at an overlapping portion in a radial direction of the substrate ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm.
Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the plasma from entering into the gap between the substrate and the focus ring.
A gap between a lower surface of the substrate and an upper surface of the focus ring at the overlapping portion may be equal to or smaller than about 0.4 mm.
With such configuration, a gap between a lower surface of the substrate and an upper surface of the focus ring at the overlapping portion is equal to or smaller than about 0.4 mm. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the plasma from entering into the gap between the substrate and the focus ring. Thus, it is possible to prevent the wear of the adhesive layer and the occurrence of arcing.
A gap between an outer peripheral surface of the upper circular part of the electrostatic chuck and an inner peripheral surface of the focus ring may range from about 0.05 mm to about 0.4 mm.
With such configuration, a gap between an outer peripheral surface of the upper circular part of the electrostatic chuck and an inner peripheral surface of the focus ring ranges from about 0.05 mm to about 0.4 mm. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the plasma from entering into the gap between the electrostatic chuck and the focus ring.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of embodiments, given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view schematically showing a configuration of a substrate processing apparatus including a substrate mounting table in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a partial cross sectional view showing the substrate mounting table of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 illustrates a partial cross sectional view showing a substrate mounting table in a modification example of the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates a partial cross sectional view showing a substrate mounting table in another modification example of the embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view schematically showing a configuration of a conventional substrate mounting table.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof.
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view schematically showing a configuration of a substrate processing apparatus including a substrate mounting table in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The substrate processing apparatus performs a plasma etching process on a wafer for semiconductor devices (hereinafter, simply referred to as “wafer”) as a substrate.
In FIG. 1, a substrate processing apparatus 10 has a chamber 11 for accommodating a wafer W, and a cylindrical substrate mounting table (hereinafter, referred to as “susceptor”) 12 for mounting the wafer W thereon is provided in the chamber 11. In the substrate processing apparatus 10, a side exhaust path 13 is defined by an inner sidewall of the chamber 11 and a side surface of the susceptor 12. A gas exhaust plate 14 is provided in the side exhaust path 13.
The gas exhaust plate 14 is a plate-shaped member having through holes and functions as a partition plate for dividing the inside of the chamber 11 into an upper portion and a lower portion. In an inner upper portion (hereinafter, referred to as “processing space”) 15 of the chamber 11 defined by the gas exhaust plate 14, a plasma is generated as will be described later. Further, a gas exhaust pipe 17 for discharging gas in the chamber 11 is connected to an inner lower portion (hereinafter, referred to as “gas exhaust space (manifold)”) 16 of the chamber 11. The gas exhaust plate 14 prevents the plasma from leaking into the manifold 16 by blocking or reflecting the diffusion of the plasma generated in the processing space 15.
A turbo molecular pump (TMP) and a dry pump (DP) (both are not shown) are connected to the gas exhaust pipe 17, and the chamber 11 can be vacuum exhausted to a predetermined pressure by the pumps. The pressure of the chamber 11 is controlled by an automatic pressure control (APC) valve (not shown).
A first high frequency power supply 18 is connected to the susceptor 12 in the chamber 11 via a first matching unit 19. Further, a second high frequency power supply 20 is connected to the susceptor 12 via a second matching unit 21. The first high frequency power supply 18 applies a high frequency power for bias with a relative low frequency, e.g., 2 MHz, to the susceptor 12. The second high frequency power supply 20 applies a high frequency power for plasma generation with a relative high frequency, e.g., 60 MHz, to the susceptor 12. Accordingly, the susceptor 12 serves as a lower electrode. Further, the first matching unit 19 and the second matching unit 21 maximize an efficiency of the high frequency power applied to the susceptor 12 by reducing the reflection of the high frequency power from the susceptor 12.
An electrostatic chuck 23 having an electrostatic electrode plate 22 therein is placed on the susceptor 12. The electrostatic chuck 23 is formed of ceramic, and has a two-layer structure in which a lower circular part has a larger diameter than that of an upper circular part.
A DC power supply 24 is connected to the electrostatic electrode plate 22. When a positive DC voltage is applied to the electrostatic electrode plate 22, a negative potential is generated at a surface (hereinafter, referred to as “backside”) of the wafer W facing the electrostatic chuck 23. Accordingly, a potential difference is generated between the electrostatic electrode plate 22 and the backside of the wafer W, so that the wafer W is attracted and held on the electrostatic chuck 23 by Coulomb force or Johnsen-Rahbek force caused by the potential difference.
A focus ring 25 is arranged to surround the wafer W attracted and held on the electrostatic chuck 23. The focus ring 25 is formed of, e.g., silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC) or the like.
An annular coolant path 26 extending, e.g., in a circumferential direction is provided in the susceptor 12. A low-temperature coolant, e.g., cooling water or Galden (registered trademark) is circulated and supplied into the coolant path 26 from a chiller unit (not shown) via a coolant line 27. The susceptor 12 that has been cooled by the coolant cools the wafer W and the focus ring 25 through the electrostatic chuck 23.
Heat transfer gas supply holes 28 are formed to be opened at a portion (hereinafter, referred to as “attracting surface”) of the electrostatic chuck 23 on which the wafer W is attracted and held. The heat transfer gas supply holes are connected to a heat transfer gas supply unit (not shown) via a heat transfer gas supply line 29. The heat transfer gas supply unit supplies, e.g., helium (He) gas serving as a heat transfer gas to a gap between the attracting surface and the backside of the wafer W through the heat transfer gas supply holes 28. The He gas supplied to the gap between the attracting surface and the backside of the wafer W effectively transfers the heat of the wafer W to the electrostatic chuck 23.
A shower head 30 is arranged at a ceiling portion of the chamber 11 to face the susceptor 12. The shower head 30 has an upper electrode plate 31, a cooling plate 32 for detachably holding the upper electrode plate 31, and a cover 33 for covering the cooling plate 32. The upper electrode plate 31 is formed of a circular plate-shaped member having gas holes 34 formed therethrough in its thickness direction and made of, e.g., silicon as a semiconductor material. Further, a buffer room 35 is provided in the cooling plate 32, and a gas inlet line 36 is connected to the buffer room 35.
Further, a DC power supply 37 is connected to the upper electrode plate 31 of the shower head 30, and a negative DC voltage is applied to the upper electrode plate 31. In this case, the upper electrode plate 31 emits secondary electrons by collision of positive ions, thereby preventing reduction in electron density above the wafer W in the processing space 15. The emitted secondary electrons flow from a region above the wafer W to a ground electrode (ground ring) 38 formed of a semiconductor material such as silicon carbide or silicon and provided to surround the side surface of the susceptor 12 in the side exhaust path 13.
In the substrate processing apparatus 10 having the above configuration, a processing gas supplied from the gas inlet line 36 to the buffer room 35 is introduced into the processing space 15 through the gas holes 34. The introduced processing gas is excited by a high frequency power for plasma generation applied to the processing space 15 from the second high frequency power supply 20 via the susceptor 12, and converted into a plasma. Ions in the plasma are attracted toward the wafer W by the high frequency power for bias applied to the susceptor 12 from the first high frequency power supply 18, thereby performing an etching process on the wafer W.
An operation of each component of the substrate processing apparatus 10 is controlled by a CPU of a controller (not shown) of the substrate processing apparatus 10 according to a program corresponding to a plasma etching process.
FIG. 2 illustrates a partial cross sectional view showing the substrate mounting table of FIG. 1.
In FIG. 2, the susceptor 12 mainly includes a base portion (hereinafter, referred to as “metal base”) 41, the circular plate-shaped electrostatic chuck 23 adhered to an upper surface of the metal base 41 via an adhesive layer 42 and having circular attracting surface for supporting the wafer W, and the annular focus ring 25 arranged around the electrostatic chuck 23 to surround the wafer W.
The electrostatic chuck 23 has a two-layer structure (hat shape) in which a lower circular part 23 a has a larger diameter than that of an upper circular part 23 b. The thickness of each of the lower circular part 23 a and the upper circular part 23 b is, e.g., about 1 mm. The metal base 41 is a cylindrical member formed of aluminum covered with a thermally sprayed film of ceramic. The metal base 41 has at upper its surface a depression 41 a into which the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 is fitted. The lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 is fitted into the depression 41 a of the metal base 41 and adhered to a bottom planar surface of the depression 41 a by the adhesive layer 42.
The focus ring 25 is mounted on an upper planar surface 41 b surrounding the depression 41 a of the metal base 41 to cover the upper planar surface 41 b. An inner peripheral portion of the focus ring 25 is protruded inwardly from an inner peripheral end of the upper planar surface 41 b of the metal base 41. An outer peripheral portion of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 fitted into the depression 41 a and an outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer 42 are covered with the focus ring 25. That is, a fitting portion 41 c of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 and the depression 41 a of the metal base 41 is covered with the focus ring 25. In this case, an overlapping width F between the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 and the focus ring 25 in a radial direction of the electrostatic chuck 23 is equal to or larger than, e.g., about 0.5 mm. An effect of preventing the plasma from entering is increased by making the overlapping width F equal to or larger than, e.g., about 0.5 mm.
A sum of the thickness of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 and the thickness of the adhesive layer 42 is slightly smaller than the depth of the depression 41 a of the metal base 41. Accordingly, there is a gap D between a lower surface of the focus ring 25 mounted on the upper planar surface 41 b surrounding the depression 41 a of the metal base 41 and an upper surface of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23. The gap D is equal to or smaller than, e.g., about 0.4 mm. If the gap D exceeds about 0.4 mm, an effect of preventing the plasma from entering cannot be sufficiently obtained.
By providing the gap between the lower surface of the focus ring 25 mounted on the upper planar surface 41 b of the metal base 41 and the upper surface of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23, it is possible to absorb manufacturing tolerance in the manufacture of the components and ensure assembling efficiency. For example, if the upper planar surface 41 b of the metal base 41 is made to be flush with the upper planar surface of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23, even when the focus ring 25 is intended to be in contact with both the upper planar surface 41 b of the metal base 41 and the upper planar surface of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 at the same time, the upper planar surface 41 b and the upper surface of the lower circular part 23 a do not have the same vertical position due to dimension errors. Accordingly, it is difficult to achieve favorable assembly.
The wafer W is a circular plate shaped member made of, e.g., silicon. The wafer W partially overlaps with the focus ring 25 in the vertical direction. That is, an outer peripheral portion of the wafer W overlaps with an inner peripheral portion of the focus ring 25 in the vertical direction. An overlapping width A at one overlapping portion in a radial direction of the wafer W ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm. If the overlapping width A is smaller than about 0.5 mm, the effect of preventing the plasma from entering is insufficient. If the overlapping width A is larger than about 1.5 mm, a contact area between the electrostatic chuck 23 and the wafer W becomes relatively small, thereby reducing heat transfer efficiency in control of the temperature of the wafer W. If the overlapping width A ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, it is possible to prevent the plasma from entering into the gap between the wafer W and the focus ring 25 without reduction in heat transfer efficiency.
A vertical gap B between the wafer W and the focus ring 25 at the overlapping portion of the wafer W and the focus ring 25 is equal to or smaller than, e.g., about 0.4 mm. If the gap is larger than about 0.4 mm, the effect of preventing the plasma from entering is insufficient. If the gap is equal to or smaller than about 0.4 mm, it is possible to effectively prevent the plasma from entering. In this case, the lower surface of the wafer W may be in contact with the upper surface of the focus ring 25, but it is preferable to ensure a small gap of, e.g., about 0.1 mm in order to avoid damage due to stress caused by a normal force from the upper surface of the focus ring 25.
A gap C between an outer peripheral surface of the upper circular part 23 b of the electrostatic chuck 23 and an inner peripheral surface of the focus ring 25 in the radial direction is equal to or smaller than, e.g., about 0.4 mm, preferably, from about 0.05 mm to about 0.4 mm. If the gap C exceeds about 0.4 mm, the effect of preventing the plasma from entering is reduced. Further, if the gap C is smaller than about 0.05 mm, the outer peripheral surface of the upper circular part 23 b of the electrostatic chuck 23 and the inner peripheral surface of the focus ring 25 may be in contact with each other, thereby causing damage to the surfaces. If the gap C ranges from about 0.05 mm to about 0.4 mm, it is possible to prevent the plasma from entering into the gap while preventing damage due to contact. The same is also applied to a gap D formed between the lower surface of the focus ring 25 and the upper surface of the lower circular part 23 a in FIG. 2.
In accordance with the present embodiment, the electrostatic chuck 23 includes the upper circular part 23 b and the lower circular part 23 a having a larger diameter than that of the upper circular part 23 b, the lower circular part 23 a is fitted into the depression 41 a of the metal base 41, and an fitting portion 41 c is covered with the focus ring 25. Accordingly, the surface of the metal base 41 (bottom surface of the depression 41 a) and the outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer 42 can be positioned below the fitting portion 41 c of the lower circular part 23 a and the depression 41 a, thereby extending a plasma path toward the surface of the metal base 41 and the outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer 42. Consequently, it is possible to prevent the plasma from reaching the surface of the metal base 41 and the outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer 42. As a result, it is possible to prevent the wear of the adhesive layer 42 and the occurrence of arcing on the surface of the metal base 41 without adding another component.
In other words, in accordance with the present embodiment, the wafer W partially overlaps with the focus ring 25 in the vertical direction. The gap B formed between the wafer W and the focus ring 25 and extended in the radial direction, the gap C formed between the outer peripheral surface of the upper circular part 23 b of the electrostatic chuck 23 and the inner peripheral surface of the focus ring 25 and extended in the vertical direction, and the gap D formed between the lower surface of the focus ring 25 and the upper surface of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 are made to be equal to or smaller than, e.g., about 0.4 mm. Accordingly, the gaps formed between the wafer W and the focus ring 25 and between the electrostatic chuck 23 and the focus ring 25 to communicate with a space above the wafer W are made to have a labyrinth structure. Thus, it is possible to prevent the plasma from reaching the surface of the metal base 41 or the adhesive layer 42 through the gaps when a plasma process is performed on the wafer W, and to prevent the wear of the adhesive layer 42 and the occurrence of arcing on the surface of the metal base 41, thereby preventing damage to the surfaces. Further, it is possible to prevent the metal contamination and the generation of particles due to arcing.
Further, in accordance with the present embodiment, since the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 is fitted into the depression 41 a of the metal base 41, although a little large amount of adhesive is coated on the lower surface of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23, it can be absorbed by a tiny gap between the lower circular part 23 a and an inner wall surface of the depression 41 a. Accordingly, it is unnecessary to precisely adjust an amount of the coated adhesive. Further, assembling efficiency of the susceptor is improved and it is possible to prevent the generation of particles caused by peeling of the surplus adhesive.
Further, in accordance with the present embodiment, the adhesion portion of the electrostatic chuck 23 and the metal base 41 has a buried structure. Accordingly, as the focus ring 25, a conventional one may be still used.
In the present embodiment, a heater may be buried in the electrostatic chuck 23 to control the temperature of the wafer W at a location closer to the wafer W. When the heater is buried in the electrostatic chuck 23, the electrostatic chuck 23 has a thickness larger than that of a conventional electrostatic chuck having no heater, but it is made easier to form the electrostatic chuck 23 of a two-layer structure including the lower circular part 23 a having a large diameter and the upper circular part 23 b having a small diameter. Further, by forming the electrostatic chuck 23 of a two-layer structure, it becomes easier to cover the lower circular part 23 a with the thin focus ring 25 having an absolute thickness of, e.g., about 3 mm. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the plasma from reaching the metal base 41 and the adhesive layer 42 and prolong a life span of the substrate mounting table.
Further, in accordance with the present embodiment, the electrostatic chuck 23 has a two-layer structure (hat shape) including the lower circular part 23 a and the upper circular part 23 b. Accordingly, a boundary of heat transfer in the electrostatic chuck 23 can be moved to the outer side of the susceptor 12 compared to a conventional case. Consequently, heat transfer efficiency is improved and it becomes easier to ensure thermal uniformity in the electrostatic chuck 23 and the wafer W.
In the present embodiment, since the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 is fitted into the depression 41 a of the metal base 41, although thermal expansion of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 is restricted by the depression 41 a of the metal base 41, no thermal stress is generated therebetween because the metal base 41 has a larger thermal expansion coefficient than that of the lower circular part 23 a. Accordingly, it is possible to maintain accuracy of the substrate mounting surface by avoiding deformation or damage of the electrostatic chuck 23 due to thermal stress.
In the present embodiment, a spacer may be interposed between the lower surface of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 and the bottom surface of the depression 41 a of the metal base 41 in order to render the thickness of the adhesive layer 42 uniform. For example, ceramic beads may be used as the spacer.
Next, a modification example of the above embodiment of the present invention will be described.
FIG. 3 illustrates a partial cross sectional view showing a substrate mounting table in the modification example.
Referring to FIG. 3, a substrate mounting table 52 is different from the substrate mounting table 12 of FIG. 2 in that the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck has a diameter much larger than that of the upper circular part 23 b. In other words, in the substrate mounting table 52, the outer peripheral surface of the lower circular part 23 a is more protruded from the outer peripheral surface of the upper circular part 23 b in comparison to the substrate mounting table 12 of FIG. 2, and the focus ring 25 is mounted on the protruded portion of the lower circular part 23 a.
In accordance with the modification example, since the focus ring 25 is mounted on the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23, only the electrostatic chuck 23 is interposed between the wafer W and the focus ring 25 when determining the position of the wafer W with respect to the focus ring 25. Accordingly, it is possible to more accurately determine the position of the wafer W and obtain a stable dimension of the gap B formed between the wafer W and the focus ring 25. Further, it is possible to avoid a positioning error caused by accumulation of manufacturing tolerances of the constituent components.
In the modification example, an overlapping width G at an overlapping portion of the focus ring 25 and the lower circular part 23 a in a radial direction of the electrostatic chuck 23 ranges, e.g., from about 1 mm to about 30 mm. Accordingly, the focus ring 25 can be stably supported by the electrostatic chuck 23.
In the modification example, a gap E formed between the lower planar surface of the focus ring 25 and the upper planar surface 41 b of the metal base 41 is equal to or smaller than, e.g., about 0.4 mm in the same manner as the gap D formed between the lower surface of the focus ring 25 and the upper surface of the lower circular part 23 a in FIG. 2. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the plasma from entering into the gap E.
Next, another modification example of the above embodiment of the present invention will be described.
FIG. 4 illustrates a partial cross sectional view showing a substrate mounting table in accordance with another modification example of the above embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 4, a substrate mounting table 62 is different from the substrate mounting table 12 of FIG. 2 in that a metal base 61 is configured to have an upper flat surface without a depression into which the electrostatic chuck 23 is fitted, and the focus ring 55 includes a cutoff portion 55 a into which the outer peripheral portion of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 and the outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer 42 are fitted, so that the outer peripheral portion of the lower circular part 23 a of the electrostatic chuck 23 and the outer peripheral portion of the adhesive layer 42 are loosely fitted into the cutoff portion 55 a.
| 36,350 |
https://github.com/jonasribeirosilva/homepage/blob/master/index-localhost.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
homepage
|
jonasribeirosilva
|
PHP
|
Code
| 25 | 135 |
<?php header("location:homepage"); ?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="pt-br">
<head>
<title>HOMEPAGE</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
</head>
<body>
<script>
window.location = '/homepage';
</script>
</body>
</html>
| 39,191 |
https://github.com/jaynm123/RhymeMusic-master/blob/master/app/src/main/java/priv/valueyouth/rhymemusic/fragment/OptionDialogFragment.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
RhymeMusic-master
|
jaynm123
|
Java
|
Code
| 257 | 1,017 |
package priv.valueyouth.rhymemusic.fragment;
import android.app.AlertDialog;
import android.app.Dialog;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.DialogFragment;
import android.support.v4.app.FragmentManager;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.GridView;
import android.widget.Toast;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.List;
import priv.valueyouth.rhymemusic.R;
import priv.valueyouth.rhymemusic.adapter.GridAdapter;
import priv.valueyouth.rhymemusic.application.MusicApplication;
import priv.valueyouth.rhymemusic.service.MusicService;
import priv.valueyouth.rhymemusic.util.OptionGrid;
import priv.valueyouth.rhymemusic.util.OptionGridUtil;
/**
* 弹出式对话框
* Created by Idea on 2016/6/5.
*/
public class OptionDialogFragment extends DialogFragment
implements AdapterView.OnItemClickListener
{
private static final String TAG = "RhymeMusic";
private static final String SUB = "[OptionDialogFragment]#";
private static final int PLAY_MODE = 0;
private static final int AUTO_STOP = 1;
private static final int AUDIO_INFO = 2;
private static final int MORE_INFO = 3;
private GridView gridView;
private List<OptionGrid> options = null;
private Calendar c;
@Override
public Dialog onCreateDialog(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
final AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(getActivity());
LayoutInflater inflater = getActivity().getLayoutInflater();
View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.dialog_option, null);
gridView = (GridView) view.findViewById(R.id.grid_view);
gridView.setOnItemClickListener(this);
setOptionGrid(); // 设置具体的对话框显示样式
builder.setView(view);
return builder.create();
}
@Override
public void onPause()
{
super.onPause();
}
/**
* 设置点击专辑图片后的显示方式
* GridView方式
*/
private void setOptionGrid()
{
OptionGridUtil gridUtils = new OptionGridUtil();
options = gridUtils.getOptions();
GridAdapter adapter = new GridAdapter(getActivity(), options);
gridView.setAdapter(adapter);
}
@Override
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id)
{
switch ( position )
{
case PLAY_MODE:
MusicApplication application =
(MusicApplication) getActivity().getApplication();
MusicService.MusicBinder musicBinder = application.getMusicBinder();
musicBinder.changePlayMode();
break;
case AUTO_STOP:
getDialog().dismiss(); // 关闭父对话框
DialogFragment dialogFragment = new ASDialogFragment();
FragmentManager manager = getFragmentManager();
dialogFragment.show(manager, "dialog auto stop");
break;
case AUDIO_INFO:
getDialog().dismiss(); // 关闭父对话框
DialogFragment dialogFragment1 = new AIDialogFragment();
FragmentManager manager1 = getFragmentManager();
dialogFragment1.show(manager1, "dialog audio info");
break;
case MORE_INFO:
getDialog().dismiss(); // 关闭父对话框
Toast.makeText(getActivity(), "暂未开发", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
| 25,335 |
https://github.com/Ratzee/RagnaCustoms/blob/master/tournaments/templates/frontend/challenge/index.html.twig
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
RagnaCustoms
|
Ratzee
|
Twig
|
Code
| 59 | 267 |
{% extends 'base.html.twig' %}
{% block stylesheets %}
{{ parent() }}
{{ encore_entry_link_tags('home') }}
{% endblock %}
{% block body %}
<main class="wrapper">
<section class="section-banner bg1 home-title">
<h1>{{ "Nos challenges"|trans }}</h1>
</section>
<section class="section-parallax static challenges-list">
<div class="container">
{{ render(controller("\\App\\Controller\\Component\\CmsBlockController::getCmsBlock",{slug:'challenge-1',default:""})) }}
<div class="row">
{% include 'frontend/challenge/partial/challenges.html.twig' with {paginator:paginator} %}
</div>
{{ render(controller("\\App\\Controller\\Component\\CmsBlockController::getCmsBlock",{slug:'challenge-2',default:""})) }}
</div>
</section>
</main>
{% endblock %}
| 44,483 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49043486
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Lapis Point
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 104 | 196 |
Lapis Point
Lapis Point
mountain in New Mexico, United States of America
Lapis Point GeoNames ID 5475269
Lapis Point coordinate location
Lapis Point GNIS Feature ID 899713
Lapis Point country United States of America
Lapis Point instance of mountain
Lapis Point located in the administrative territorial entity Rio Arriba County
Lapis Point Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names ID 2482587
Lapis Point
berg in Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Lapis Point GeoNames-identificatiecode 5475269
Lapis Point geografische locatie
Lapis Point GNIS-identificatiecode 899713
Lapis Point land Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Lapis Point is een berg
Lapis Point gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Rio Arriba County
Lapis Point TGN-identificatiecode 2482587
| 2,273 |
oeuvresphilosop00helvgoog_15
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,791 |
Oeuvres philosophiques
|
Helvétius, 1715-1771
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,502 | 10,162 |
Pourquoi n'est-il point de méchant de cette espèce dans les sociétés? Pourquoi les lois y sont-elles presque toujours justes et sages? C'est que les lois s'y font du consentement, et par conséquent pour l'utilité de tous. Mais pourquoi les lois sont-elles aussi religieusement observées? C'est qu'alors nul citoyen n'est si fort que les lois. Pourquoi les lois concernant la propriété, il point auxquelles on donne le nom de lois naturelles? Celles, commoiredemontre, qui concernent la propriété, et qu'on trouve établies chez presque toutes les nations et les sociétés policées, parce que les sociétés ne peuvent se former qu'à l'aide de ces lois. Et encore d'autres lois? Oui, il en est de variables, selon leur nature, telles sont celles qui regardent le commerce, la discipline militaire, les impôts, etc., peuvent et doivent se changer selon le temps et les circonstances. Les autres, immuables de leur nature, sont variables parce qu'elles ne sont point encore portées à leur perfection. Par ce nombre, je citerai les lois civiles et criminelles, celles qui regardent l'administration des finances, le partage des biens, les testaments, les mariages, etc. Le droit de tester, est-il exclusive ou ouvert à tous ? Le droit de tester, disent les nôtres, est un droit de propriété dont on ne peut légitimement enlever le citoyen. Tous les hommes, disent les autres, ont, sans doute, le droit de disposer à leur gré de la propriété : mais, en effet, il convient d'établir que la propriété mortuaire n'existe pas. Le mort n'a plus rien. Le droit de survivre est fini, bien sûr, et il n'est plus à charge à la successibilité, qui peut disposer de cette succession le droit de changer une loi qui devient nuisible ? La volonté de l'homme est arbitraire, dit le Code, et les lois ordonnent la succession bilatérale du mariage. Quelle contradiction ! Quelle absurdité ! Le malheur d'une infinité d'époux. Or, le malheur engendre entre eux la haine; et la haine produit les crimes les plus atroces. Mais qui a donné lien à l'indisponibilité du mariage ? La profession de laboureur, qui exerçait déjà dans les premiers hommes. Dans cet état, le besoin réciproque et journalier que les époux ont l'un de l'autre, et le joug du mariegé. Tandis que le mari demeure actif, la femme joue un rôle passif, influant sur lui. Évidemment, la perfection de ces lois est essentielle pour que le bien-être réciproque des époux soit assuré. Il importe donc que les Législateurs prennent soin de garantir la stabilité des relations entre les partenaires. La femme, dans ces cas, est chargée de veiller sur le ménage et la basse-cour, préparer le dîner du mari, des enfants, et des étrangers. Les conjoints, occupés du même objet, c'est-à-dire, de l'amélioration de leurs possessions, font peu, sont à l'abri de la vanité, pas conséquent du dégoût. On ne s'étonne donc pas si le mari et la femme, toujours en action, et toujours nécessaires l'un à l'autre, chérissent même parfois l'inféodation de la fécondité de leur ménage. Si l'on n'en est pas certain dans les professions de la Charité, de l'Armes, et de la Magistrature, c'est qu'étant ces diverses professions les époux y sont moins nécessaires l'un à l'autre. En effet, de quelle utilité la femme peut-elle être à son mari dans les fonctions de Mulhouse, de Vifargue, de Caft? La femme alors n'est plus pour le bon ménage propriété de luxe et de plaisir. Telles sont les causes, qui, chez les différents peuples, ont modifié d'une infinité de manières, l'union des deux sexes. Il y a des pays où l'on a plusieurs femmes et plusieurs concubines, et d'autre part où l'on s'épouse après deux ou trois ans de jouissance et d'épreuves. Il est enfin des contrées où les femmes sont en commun; où l'union des deux époux ne s'étend pas au-delà de la durée de leur amour. Or, supposons, que, dans une réorganisation d'une nouvelle forme de mariage, un Législateur, affranchi de la tyrannie des préjugés et de la coutume, ne propose que cela. Le bien public et le plus grand bonheur des époux, pour objet; que, non content de permettre le divorce, il enerce et découvre le moyen de fendre l'union conjugale, inscrite dans le ciel, pour des raisons délicatives, pour... D'autres causes y contribuent: tel est le fanatisme, la superfluité, et la conquête. Si les lois établies par l'une de ces causes sont favorables aux frippons, que s'en suit-il? Que elles sont protégées par ces mêmes frippons. Les vertueux, par la raison contrarie, ne doivent pas en désirer l'abolition? Oui, mais les vertueux sont un petit nombre, ils ne sont pas toujours les plus puissants. Les mauvaises lois, en conséquence, ne sont point abolies, et peuvent rarement l'être. Pourquoi? Ce serait qu'il faut du génie pour substituer de bonnes lois à de mauvaises, qu'il n'a le droit de substituer de moins bonnes à de meilleures? Et de diminuer la limite de la félicité nationale, et même de s'opposer aux plaisirs des individus, lorsque ces plaisirs ne sont pas contraires au bonheur du plus grand nombre. Mais, comment n'a-t-on pas encore résolu ce problème important? C'est qu'évidemment attaquées à leurs bases, les nations ne les changent point qu'elles n'y soient forcées par une absolue nécessité. Or, quelque mauvaise que soit la forme actuelle des mariages, il arriva cependant que si les sociétés, en conséquence, subsistent moins heureusement, cependant elles subsistent, et le paraitre des Lecteurs s'en contente. SON ÊME DIRAIT. SERTS X. 429 fasse et qu'il faut ensuite du courage, pour les actions to salutaires. Or, dans presque tous les pays, les Grandi et Chute ta le géneral nécessaire pour faire de bons lois, et le courage suffisant pour les établir, et l'achever le cri des opprimés. Si l'homme aime à régir les autres hommes, c'est toujours avec le moins de peine et de soin possible. En supposant dans un Prince se désir de perfectionner la science des lois, que doit-il faire? Encourager les hommes de génie à l'étude de cette science, et les charger d'en répondre les divers problèmes. Qu'arriverait-il alors? Les lois variables, encore imparfaites, se perfectionneraient de l'étude et deviendraient invariables. Pourquoi faites? C'est que d'excellentes lois, nécessaires sans nécessairement l'œuvre de l'expérience et d'une raison éclairée, sont révélées par le ciel lui-même; c'est que l'observation de telles lois peut être gardée comme le culte légitime agréable à la Divinité, et comme la vraie religion; religion que nulle puissance humaine ne peut abolir, parce que se mal répugne à sa nature. Les Rois, à cet égard, n'ont-ils pas été quelquefois plus puissants que les Dieux? Parmi les Princes, il en est, même outre, qui, violant les droits les plus essentiels de la propriété, ont attenté aux biens, à la vie, à la liberté de leurs sujets. Ils reçurent du ciel la puissance et non le droit de nuire. Ce droit ne fut conféré à personne. Peut-on croire qu'à l'exemple des écrits infernaux, Es Princes font condamnés à toutement leur fumets. Que l'idée de la souveraineté, ne faut-il accoutumer les peuples à se voir sous un Monarque, & dans le respect que leur pouvoir de nuire. On sent par cette équivalence, le degré de perfection auquel un tel Catéchisme pourrait porter réducation du citoyen. Combien il éclaire les sujets & le langage sur leurs devoirs respectifs, & quelles idées fausses, enfin il doit donner Beroit de la morale. Réduit au simple sens de la biote physique, le principe fondamental de la science des mœurs, cette science devient à poste des connaissances de tout âge & de notre esprit. Tous personne en avaient la même idée. Du moment où l'on reconnaît cette facilité physique, comme le premier principe de la philosophie, les maximes cessent d'être complémentaires, & ses axiomes s'entre-déchirent les uns les autres, l'apparition de la démonstration la plus rigoureuse : ses principes, enfin, dégagés des ténèbres, d'une philosophie spéculative, sont clairs, & d'autant plus généralement adoptés, qu'ils découvrent plus sensiblement aux citoyens l'intérêt qu'ils ont d'être vertueux. Le féminin des Termes été détaché peut être senti Dans l'Antiquité même, Ventre gravé profondément dans l'histoire les principes de la justice. Je voudrais, que dans un tribunal créé à cet effet dans chaque Collège, les enfants jugeaient eux-mêmes leurs différends; que les sentences de ce petit tribunal, portées par appel devant les maîtres, y seraient confirmées ou révisées selon qu'elles seraient justes; que, dans ces mêmes Collèges, l'appel (les hommes pouvant faire aux élevés de ces espèces d'innuences et d'offenses, dont l'injustice, difficile à prouver, contraint le plaignant de réfléchir sur sa cause pour bien plaider, et le Tribunal d'enfant de réfléchir sur cette même cause pour se bien rendre. Les élevés, serrés par ce moyen de porter l'attention sur les préceptes de la justice, obtiendraient bientôt des idées nettes. C'est sur une méthode à peu près pareille que M. Rousseau donne à son Emile les premières actions de la propriété. Rien de plus ingénieux. Cette méthode: cependant on l'a négligé. Rousseau l'a dit que cette seule découverte, le Gommentariste parmi les bienfaiteurs de l'humanité, et lui érige en volontaire la statue. De l'Homme Quiconque s'est élevé à ce premier principe, y voit, je ne sais dire, du préjudice. L'on ne s'attache point assez à former le jugement des enfants. A-t-on chargé leur mémoire d'une infinité de petits faits, sans s'en douter? Que s'en suivrait-il? Que l'homme est un poilu de bête dans l'enfance, et de non-sense cassé mûr. Four former le Jugement d'un élevé, que l'on dit il? Le sire d'ahord raisonner sur ce seul Tintée refle pédagogiquement. Son esprit s'étend-il? il faut le lui faire appliquer aux de plus grands objets. Exposer pour cet effet à ses yeux le tableau des lois et des usages des différents peuples; l'établir juge de la légiflation, de la folie de ces usages, de ces lois, et lui en faire enfin préférer la perfection ou l'imperfection, à la balance du plus grand bonheur et du plus grand intérêt de la République. C'est en méditant le principe de l'intérêt national, que l'enfant acquerrait des idées stables et générales de la morale. Son esprit, d'ailleurs exercé sur ces grands sujets, y en serait plus propre à une telle espèce d'étude. Plus l'application nous devient facile, puis que les forces de notre esprit se font accoutumées. On ne peut de trop bonne heure accoutumer l'enfant à la rigueur de l'attention, et pour lui en faire acquérir l'habitude, il faut, quoi qu'on dise, répéter. Rougeau, employer quelquefois le témoignage de la crainte. Ce sont les maîtres justes sévères, qui forment en général les meilleures élites. L'ennui, comme Théophile, me dit que, par l'espoir du plaisir, et la crainte de la douleur. L'ennui, s'est-il point encore sensible au plaisir, n'est-il point sensible à la douleur. Est-il sans émotion ? Est-ce la crainte de l'ombre ? Éducation publique, une réducation à l'usage... Un mélancolie coup d'œil à tous les défauts d'une exposition : il faut, si la digue opposée par les lois aux passions contraires au bien public, est assez forte pour en soutenir le choc, ainsi la loi punit et récompense dans cette juste proportion qui doit nécessiter les hommes à la vertu. Il s'apparait suffisamment dans cet axiome tant vanté de la morale adaptée : "Ne fais pas à autrui ce que tu ne pourrais pas". Quine maxime, (secondaire) domine que, et toujours insuffisante pour éclairer les citoyens sur ce qu'ils doivent à leur partie. Il succède bientôt à cet axiome celui qui déclare : "Le bien public, la suprême loi". Axiome, qui, renfermant d'une manière plus générale et plus nette tout ce que le premier a d'utile, est applicable à toutes les positions différentes ou peut se trouver un citoyen, et convient également au bourgeois, au Juge, au Ministre, etc. C'est, si l'on veut dire, de la autorité d'un tel principe, que, dépendant justifiées aux conventions locales, il est les maîtres (ont indépendants) obligés de recourir, mais qu'il doit être mis en wagtail avec prudence. DELPHIMME qui forment le droit coutumier de ce peuple, chacun s'intéressera plus particulièrement à la resistance de ses engagements, de la sagesse ou de la folie des usages, des lois, des coutumes de son pays, et pourrait en porter un jugement d'autant plus sain, qu'il aurait usuellement préféré les grands principes, il a balance desquels on pèse la sagesse de l'équité même des lois. On peut donc donner à la jeunesse des idées nettes et saines de la morale, à l'aide d'un Catéchisme de probités on peut donc porter cette partie de l'éducation au plus haut degré de perfection. Mais quels obstacle aura-t-on à surmonter! CHAPITRE VIII Intérêt du Prêtre et premières abstractions à la perception de l'Education morale et religieuse. Comme tous les corps, le cierge, selon les temps et les circonstances, change de couleur. Toute morale dont les principes sont fixes, ne sera jamais adoptée par le Sacerdoce, celui-ci veut une morale dont les préceptes peuvent être contradictaires, et par conséquent variables, le prêtre s'abstiendra à toutes les positions diverses dans lesquelles il se peut trouver. Il faut au Prêtre une morale arbitraire, qui lui permette de légitimer aujourd'hui l'action qu'il déclarera demain abominable. SON ÉDUCATION. SES. X. Malheur aux nations qui lui confient l'éducation de leurs citoyens! Il ne leur donnera que de fausses idées de la justice, et mieux vaudrait ne leur en donner aucune. Quiconque est dans préjugés, est d'autant plus près de la vraie connaissance, et d'autant plus susceptible de bonnes instructions. Mais où trouver de telles instructions? Dans l'histoire de l'homme, dans celle des nations, de leurs lois et des motifs qui les ont fait établir. Or, ce n'est pas dans des pareilles sources que le fermier Point de prédictions évidentes que les astrologues ne rendent problématiques. On en a vu, selon les temps et les circonstances, tantôt soutenir que c'est au Prince, tantôt que c'est à la loi qu'il faut obéir. Cependant, ni la raison, ni l'intérêt même du Monarque, ne laissent aucun doute sur cet objet. Suivez la loi, dit Louis XII, malgré les ordres contradictoires que l'importunité peut quelquefois arracher au Souverain. La loi est l'expression de la volonté réfléchie de l'État. Ses ordres ne sont réputés que la volonté de l'État. La perplexité, l'insécurité, et la confusion sont permises de poser les principes de la justice; son intérêt le lui défend. Il est essentiel d'éclairer les peuples par cette étude; les peuples mesureraient le temps ou le mépris dû aux diverfes actions, sur l'échelle de l'utilité générale. Et quel respect auraient-ils pour les Bonzes, les Bramines, et leur prétendue sainteté? Que fait au public leur macération? Faut-il haïr, leur aveugle obéissance? Toutes ces vertus monacales ne contribuent en rien au bonheur national; n'en est pas de même des vertus d'un citoyen, c'est-à-dire de la générosité, de la vérité, de la justice, de la fidélité à la parole, aux engagements pris avec la société dans laquelle on vit. De telles vertus sont vraiment utiles. Aussi nulle ressemblance entre un Saint et un bon Citoyen vertueux. Le Clergé, pour qu'on le croie utile, prétendrait-il que c'est à ses prières que les hommes doivent leur probité? On peut être religieux sous un Gouvernement aristotique, mais non vertueux; parce que le Gouvernement, en détachant l'intérêt des particuliers de l'intérêt public, éteint dans l'homme l'amour de la patrie. Rien n'est plus contradictoire dans l'essence entre la religion et la vertu. Qu'on quadruple les Prêtres dans une Province, et les Gouverneurs dans l'Administration. L'expérience prouve que la probité d'un homme est l'œuvre de son éducation; que le peuple est ce que le fait la fage de ses lois; que l'Italie moderne a plus de foi et moins de vertus que l'ancienne; et qu'enfin, c'est toujours au vice de l'administration qu'on doit attribuer les vices des particuliers. Un Gouvernement cesse-t-il d'être économe? J'endette-t-il, fait-il des mauvaises affaires? Comme le prodigue, y commence-t-il par être riche? Finit-il par être misérable? Les Grands, en qualité de forts, s'y croient-ils tout permis? Font-ils des justices et des paroles? Fussent-ces Gouvernements, les peuples y sont-ils sans mœurs. Ils s'accoutument bientôt à compter la force pour tout, et la justice pour rien. Ce fut à l'âge d'un Catéchisme moral, c'est en y rappelant à la mémoire les hommes, et les motifs de leur révolution en société, et leurs conventions simples et primitives, qu'on pourrait en la moins influencée de l'Europe. Ce ne sera pas moins qu'on généra de Prêtres. Dix millions d'indemnités par an en cavaliers, contiendront par conséquent plus de propagandes et de fanatiques que dix millions par an en Prêtres. Quelle épargne pour une nation! Quelle compagnie de brigands assistant à la charge de tous les tomes pour un Clergé! Leur donner des idées nettes de l'équité. Mais plus ce Catéchisme serait clair, plus la publication en serait défendue. Ce Catéchisme serait pour instructeurs de jeunesse, des hommes intrinsèques dans la connaissance du droit naturel, du droit des gens, & des principales lois de chaque empire. Or, de tels hommes transporteraient bien-tôt la puissance temporelle à la vénérance conçue pour la spirituelle. Les Prêtres s'opposeront donc toujours à la publication d'un tel ouvrage, & leurs expressions calomniennes trouveront encore des appropria-teurs. L'ambition lacérée par la séculière permet tout: elle calomnie, elle perjure, elle aveugle les hommes. A pardonne toujours juste aux yeux de sa partie. Reproche-t-on au Moine son intolérance & sa cruauté? Il répond, que son état l'exige; qu'il fait son métier. Et si c'est donc des professions où on a le droit de faire du mal public? S'il en est, il faut les abolir. Tout homme n'est pas citoyen, avant d'être citoyen de telle profession. S'il en est une qui excuser le crime, à quel titre on le punira Cartouche? D'être chef d'une bande de brigands. Il volait, c'était son métier. Son Éducation Scientifique. Le Clergé n'a donc pas le droit mais le pouvoir de s'opposer à la perfection de la partie morale de l'éducation. Déjà les Prêtres redoutent unement prochain dans l'instruction publique. Mais leur crainte est panique. Qu'ost loin encore d'adopter une telle politique d'éducation! Les hommes seront encore longtemps stupides. Qu'importe, l'Eglise Catholique la fera donc. Si l'on veut un siècle aussi superstitieux, ses influences conserveront toujours assez de puissance pour s'opposer en emplacement à toute réforme utile. La nécessité seule peut triompher de leurs intrigues, peut opérer un changement désirable; mais inexécutable sans la Faveur, la protection & le concours des Gouvernements. Impression de la plupart des Gouvernements y féconde objet à la perfection de l’Éducation morale de l'homme. Malheureuse forme de Gouvernement où les intérêts des états divisés & contraires, où la loi ne les force point également de concourir au bien général. Il est donc peu de bons Gouvernements. Dans les mauvais, quels sont les actes auxquels on donne le nom de vertueux? Seroient-ils aux actes conformes à l'intérêt du plus grand nombre? Ces actes, toutefois déclarés grands, par les édits des Plébiscites et les souhaits du siècle. Or, quelles pratiques honnêtes en ces parages donner aux citoyens, & quel moyen de les graver profondément dans leur mémoire? Je l'ai déjà dit, l'homme reçoit deux éductions: Celle formelle, donnée par ses maîtres; Celle de l'adolescence. Elle est donnée par la forme du Gouvernement où l'on vit, & les mœurs de la nation. Les préceptes de ces deux parties de l'éducation sont-ils en contradiction? Ceux de la première sont nuls. Alors, dès l'enseignement, inspiré à mon fils l'amour de la patrie? L'ai-je forcé d'attacher son bonheur à la pratique des actions vertueuses, c'est-à-dire, des actions utiles au plus grand nombre? Ce fils, à sa première entrée dans le monde, voit les patriotes sanctionnés dans leurs actions, la mérence & l'obéissance. réels. U 7 a cent à parier contre un, que mon fils ne verra dans moi qu'un doteur absurdu, qu'un fanatique au tête, qu'il méprisera ma perfidie, que son mépris pour moi réfléchira fureusement, maximes, et qu'il s'abandonnera à tous les vices que la faveur de la forme du Gouvernement et les mœurs de ses compatriotes. Qu'au contraire, les préceptes donnés à son encé, lui seraient appelés dans son adolescence, et qu'à son éternel dans le monde un jeune homme voie les maximes de ses maîtres honorées de l'approbation publique, plein de respect pour ces maximes, elles deviendront la règle de sa conduite: il sera vertueux. Mais dans un empire tel que celui de la Turquie, que l'on ne se flatte point de former de pareils hommes. Toujours et toujours crainte, toujours exposé à la violence, est-ce dans cet état d'incertitude; qu'un citoyen peut aimer la vertu, est la patrie? Son souhait, c'est de répandre la corps dans la parfaite. Veut-il assurer son bonheur? Peu lui importe d'être juste, il lui suffit d'être fort. Or, dans un Gouvernement arbitraire, quel est le fort? Celui qui plait aux Députés et aux Sub-Députés. Leur vouloir est une puissance. Pour obtenir, rien ne coûte. L'acquisition de l'or est facile, le mensonge et l'injustice sont de coutume; on est bas, menteur et inhumain. L'homme éloigné et isolé, déplacé dans un tel Gouvernement, y serait empalé avant la fin de l'année. S'il n'est point homme qui ne redoute la douleur et la mort, tout sélect peut toujours en ce pays justifier sa conduite là plus ou moins lame. Des besoins mutuels, dira-t-il, ont forcé les hommes à se réunir en société. S'ils ont fondé des villes, c'est qu'ils ont trouvé plus d'avantages à se rassembler qu'à s'éparpeler. Le désir du bonheur a donc été le seul principe de leur union. Or, ce même motif, ajoutera-t-il, doit forcer de se livrer au vice, lorsque par la forme du Gouvernement, les richesses, les honneurs et la félicité en font les récompenses. Quelqu'invisible raison forte l'amour des richesses et des grandeurs, il faut admettre tout pays où la loi impuisillante ne peut efficacement protéger le faible contre le fort, où l'on ne voit que des oppresseurs et des opprimés, des bourreaux et des pendus, que l'on cherche les richesses et les places, afin comme un moyen de faire des injustices, au moins comme un moyen de se soustraire à l'oppression. Mais il est des Gouvernements arbitraires, où l'on prodigue encore des éloges à la modération des Sages et des Héros anciens, où l'on vante leur définitement, l'élévation et la magnanimité de leur âme. Soit, mais ces vertus y sont passées de mode; la louange des hommes magnanimes est dans la bouche de tous, et dans le cœur de personne. Personne n'est, dans la conduite, la dupe de pareils éloges. J'ai vu des admirateurs des temps héroïques, vouloir rappeler dans leur pays les institutions des Anciens : vains efforts. La forme des Gouvernements et des Religions s'y oppose. Il est des natures où toute réforme dans l'Architecture publique, doit être précédée de quelque réforme dans l'administration du culte. A quoi se réduisent, dans un gouvernement despotique, les conseils des pères et des fils ? A cette phrase émouvante, ils s'offrent, plusieurs fois bas, rampant, vertus sans vices, sans talents laids. Ce l'Homme, à caractère. Sois ce que la Cour veut que tu sois, et chaque instant de la vie puisque tu savais que tu es esclave. Ce n'est point, en un tel pays, à des Instituteurs courageusement vertueux, qu'un père confiera la réducation de ses enfants. Il ne tarderait pas à se repentir. Je veux qu'un Lacédémonien, durant le temps de Xerxès, été nommé l'Instituteur d'un seigneur perse. Que fut-il arrivé ? Qu'élevé dans les principes du patriotisme et d'une frugalité austère, le jeune homme, odieux à ses compatriotes, eût, par sa probité mâle et courageuse, mis des obstacles à sa fortune. O Grec ! trop durement vertueux, se fit alors écrier le père, qu'as-tu fait de mon fils ? tu l'as perdu. Je désirais en lui cette midicrité d'esprit, ces vertus molles et exposées, auxquelles on donne-en Perse les noms de la jeunesse et d'esprit, de conduite, d'usage du monde, etc. Ce sont de beaux noms, diras-tu, sous lesquels la Perse déguise les vices accrédités dans la ferveur. fon Gouvernement. Soit. Je veux le bonheur & la fortune de mon fils. Son indépendance ou la richesse, à vie ou quelque sort dépendent du Prince; tu le sais. Il faut donc en faire un Courtisan adroit, Stéphane a fait qu'un Histoire lui-même. SON Éducation. Ses. X. "Tel eût été le discours du père. Quelque chose de plus grande folie, encore ajouté les présidents du pays que de donner l'éducation honnête & magnanime à l'homme distingué, par la forme du Gouvernement, à n'être qu'un courtisan vil & un sot obscur? Que servait de lui inspirer l'amour de la vertu! Est-ce au milieu de la corruption qu'il pouvait voir la conserver? Il s'en suit donc, qu'en tout Gouvernement déspotique, & qu'en tout pays où la vertu est odieuse au Puissant, il est également inutile & fol de prétendre à la formation de citoyens honnêtes. Chapitre X La réforme importante dans la partie mariée de l'éducation en Japon, dans les lois de la forme de gouvernement. L'auteur d'une telle réforme, trop borné dans ses vues, pour pouvoir en rien attendre de grand. Les préceptes de cette éducation nouvelle sont-ils en contradiction avec les mœurs et le gouvernement? Ils sont toujours réputés mauvais. En quel moment seraient-ils adoptés? Lorsque un peuple éprouve de grands malheurs, de grandes calamités, et qu'un concours heureux et singulier de circonstances fait entrer au prince la nécessité d'une réforme. Tant qu'elle n'est point sentiment, on peut, si l'on veut, méditer les principes d'une bonne éducation; leur découverte doit précéder leur établissement. D'ailleurs, plus on s'occupe d'une science, plus on y appercevoit de vérités nouvelles, plus on en simplifie les principes. Mais qu'on n'espère pas les faire adopter. Quelques hommes illustres ont jeté de grandes lumières sur ce sujet, et l'éducation est toujours la même. Pourquoi? C'est qu'il suffit d'être éclairé pour concevoir un bon plan d'instruction, et qu'il faut être puissant pour l'établir. Qu'on ne s'étonne donc pas, dans ce genre, les meilleurs esprits n'ont point encore, pour cet angement semblable. Mais ces ouvrages doivent-ils inconéquencer et relâchés? Non, ratherment avancé la science de l'éducation. Un Mécanicien invente une machine nouvelle: en a-t-il calculé les effets, et prouvé l'utilité? La science est perfusionnée. La machine n'est point faite, elle n'est encore d'aucun avantage au public; mais elle est découverte. verte. — Il ne s'agit que de trouver le riche qui la fasse construire, et tout ou tard ce riche se trouve. Qu'une idée si flatteuse encourage les Philosophes à l'étude de la science de la reduction. S'il est une recherche digne d'un citoyen vertueux, c'est celle des vérités dont la connaissance peut être un jour si utile à l'humanité. Quel espoir consolant dans ses travaux, que celui du bonheur de la postérité! Les découvertes des Philosophes sont, en ce genre, autant de germes, qui, déposés dans les bons esprits, n'attendent qu'un événement qui les féconde; et tout ou tard cet événement arrive. L'univers moral est aux yeux du stupide, dans un état constant de repos et d'immobilité. Il croit que tout a été, est, et sera comme il est. Dans le passé et l'avenir, il n'en voit jamais que le présent. Il n'en est pas ainsi de l'homme éclairé. Le monde moral lui présente le spectacle toujours varié d'une dévolution perpétuelle. L'univers, toujours en mouvement, lui parait se reproduire sans cesse sous des formes nouvelles, jusqu'à l'épuisement total de toutes les combinaisons, jusqu'à ce que tout ce qui peut être ait été. Si que l'imaginaire ait existé. Le Philosophe aperçoit, dans un plus ou moins grand lointain, le moment où la puissance adoptera le plan d'instruction présenté par la sagesse, qui excite par cet espoir, le Philosophe s'occupe d'avance à dépasser les préjugés qui s'opposent à l'accomplissement de ce cinquième. Veut-on élever un magnifique monument? Il faut, avant d'en jeter les fondements, faire choix de la place, abattre les maigreurs qui la couvrent, en enlever les décombres. Tel est l'ouvrage de la Philosophie. Qu'on ne l'accuse pas de rien édifier, c'est elle qui... On a fait longtemps de la Philosophie, qu'ils démolissaient tout, qu'ils n'édifaient rien. On ne pourra plus ce reproche. Mais, ces Hercules modernes, n'ont-ils éteint que des erreurs monstrueuses, ils en connaîtraient encore bien d'autres de l'humanité. L'accusation portée sur eux à cet égard, est l'effet du besoin, rien général les hommes ont de croire, soit des vérités, soit des mensonges. C'est dans la première jeunesse qu'on leur fait contraster ce besoin, qui devient ensuite en eux une faculté toujours avide de nourriture. Un Philosophe brûle-t-il une erreur, on est toujours prêt à lui dire : par quelle autre la remplacerez-vous? Il me semble entendre un malade demander... SON ÉDUCATION. Seul X. 4, Sans entrer dans le plan détaillé d'une éducation, j'ai du moins indiqué en ce genre les grandes choses à réformer. J'ai montré la dépendance réciproque qui se trouve entre la partie morale de l'éducation, et la forme différente des Gouvernements. J'ai prouvé enfin, que la réforme de l'une ne peut s'opérer que par la réforme de l'autre. Cette vérité clairement démontrée, l'on ne tentera plus l'impensable. Alimenté que l'excellence de l'éducation est dépendante de l'excellence des lois, l'on n'entreprendra plus de concilier les inconciliables. Si j'ai marqué l'endroit de la mine où il faut souiller, plus éclairés à ce lieu jeté dans leur recherche, les Savants à venir ne s'égareront plus dans les spéculations vaines, et je leur aurai épargné la fatigue d'un travail inutile. CHAPITRE XL De l'Inspiration, après quoi pourrait-on voir les objets qui s'opposent à un progrès. Les honneurs et les récompenses sont-ils en un pays toujours décernés au mérite? L'intérêt particulier est-il toujours lié à l'intérêt public? La education morale est nécessairement excellente, et les citoyens nécessairement vertueux. L'homme, et l'expérience le prouvent, est, de sa nature, imitateur et finge. Vit-il au milieu de citoyens honnêtes? Il le devient. Lorsque les préceptes des maîtres ne sont point contredits par les mœurs nationales, lorsque les maximes et les exemples concourent également à allumer dans un homme le désir des talents et les vertus; lorsque nos concitoyens ont le vice en horreur, et l'ignorance en mépris, on n'est ni fou, ni méchant. L'idée de mérite s'associe étroitement à l'idée du bonheur, et l'amour de notre félicité nous néeesse à l'amour de la vertu. Que je voie les honneurs; accueil ceux qui me les ont rendus et fidèles à la justice. De l'honneur, que je ne rencontre partout que des citoyens sensés, et n'entende que des discours honnêtes. J'apprends, si je peux dire, la vertu, comme on apprend sa propre langue. J'en appercevais, en tout pays, si l'on en excepte le fort, le méchant est celui que les lois et l'institution rendent tel. J'ai montré que l'experience de l'excursion morale dépend de l'excellence du Gouvernement. J'en puis dire autant de l'éducation physique. Dans toute sage constitution, l'on se propose de former uniquement des citoyens vertueux, mais encore des citoyens forts et robustes. De tels hommes sont, et plus heureux, et plus propres aux divers emplois auxquels l'intérêt de la République les destine. Dans un bon Gouvernement, on peut être heureux quoique le malheur des autres. Le seul remède à ce mal, qu'une réforme dans le Gouvernement. Mais quel moyen de faire consentir les peuples à cette réforme, et de leur faire reconnaître les bienfaits de leurs lois? Que faire pour rendre la vue à des aveugles? Je fais qu'on peut instruire les hommes par des œuvres, mais la plupart ne s'intéressent point. On peut encore les édifier par des prédications; mais les prêcheurs ont échoué de prêcher contre des vices, dont ils imaginent que l'excercise leur est avantageux. La difficulté d'instruire les peuples de leurs véritables intérêts, en s'opposant à toute sage réforme dans leurs institutions, est donc unanimement reconnue. Les appels à l'éducation. Tout Gouvernement éclairé rétablira donc les exercices de la gymnastique. Quant à cette dernière partie de l'éducation, qui consiste à créer des hommes illustres dans les Arts et les Sciences, il est évident que la perfection de sa réalisation dépend encore de la sagesse du Législateur. A-t-il affranchi les Institueurs du respect superstitieux conservé pour les usages anciens ; l'a-t-il un libre essor à leur génie ; les force-t-il, par l'espoir des récompenses, de perfectionner les méthodes d'instruction et le résultat de l'éducation ? Il est impossible qu'encouragés par cet espoir, des maîtres instruits, et dans l'habitude démontrée par l'esprit de leurs élevés, ne parviennent bien-tôt à donner à cette partie déjà la plus avancée de l'instruction tout le degré de perfection dont elle est susceptible. Supposition que require de la langue latine Peut-être elle l'efforce peu, et qu'on Oduiste, dans le moindre temps possible, exiger verbalement ces mots: Dans la nemexe d'un temps que faire? L'entourer d'hommages qui ne parlent pas le latin. Si le Voyageur jeté par la tempête formelle Isle dont il ignore la langue, y ne tardera pas à se faire entendre, c'est qu'il a besoin et bénéfice de bons maîtres. Or, qu'on mette rendement le pluriel près possible de cette position, il faudra prononcer (se latin en) d'eux sans, qu'il ait appris en dix jours. De l'Honnête; La bonne et mauvaise éducation est presque l'œuvre des lois. Mais, dira-t-on, de lumières pour les faire brillantes? Moins qu'on ne pense. Il suffit pour cet effet, que le Ministère ait intérêt et désir de les faire telles. Supposons d'ailleurs qu'il manque de connaissances, tous les citoyens éclairés et vertueux viendront à son secours. Les bonnes lois seraient faites, et les obstacles qui s'opposent aux progrès de l'instruction, seraient levés. Mais ce qui, sans doute, est facile sans dèsabitités faibles, naissant, et dont les intérêts sont encore peu compliqués, est-il possible dans des sociétés larges, puissantes et nombreuses? Comment y contenir l'amour illimité des hommes pour le pouvoir? Comment prévenir les projets des ambitieux, les guères pour s'asservir leurs compatriotes? Comment enfin s'opposer toujours efficacement? ascension, à l'élévation de ce pouvoir colonial et despotique, qui y fende sur le mépris des talents et de la vertu, fait languir les peuples dans l'unicité, la crainte et la misère. Dans ces vastes empires, il n'est peut-être qu'un moyen de résoudre d'une manière durable le double problème d'une excellente Législation. et d'une parfaite éducation. Cela déjà a été dit, de subdiviser ces mêmes empires en un certain nombre de Républiques fédératives, que leur petite taille défende de l'ambition de leurs concitoyens, et leur confédération de l'ambition des peuples voisins. Je ne m'étendrai pas davantage sur cette question. Ce que je me suis proposé dans cette section, c'est de donner des idées nettes et complètes de l'éducation physique et morale; de déterminer les diverses instructions qu'on doit donner à l'homme, au citoyen, et au citoyen de telle profession; de désigner les réformes à faire dans les Gouvernements, d'indiquer les obstacles qui s'opposent maintenant aux progrès de la science de la morale, et de montrer enfin, que, ces obstacles levés, on aurait presque résolu le problème d'une excellente éducation. Je finirai ce Chapitre par cette observation : c'est que, pour jetter plus de lumières sur un sujet si important, il faudrait connaître l'homme. Déterminer l'extende de ses facultés de raispriti. Montrer les sentiments qui le meuvent. La manière dont ces sentiments font manifestation, Et faire en sorte qu'il entrevoie au législateur des nouveaux moyens de perfumer le grand œuvre des lois. Art. de ces objets divers révélé aux hommes quelques vérités neuves & utiles, j'ai rempli ma tâche, je ai droit à leur estime & à leur reconnaissance. Entre une infinité de questions traitées dans cet ouvrage, une des plus importantes était, de savoir si le génie, les vertus & les talents, auxquels les nations doivent leur grandeur & leur félicité, étaient un effet de la différence des nourritures, des tempéraments, & enfin des organes des cinq sens, sur lesquels l'excellence des lois & de l'administration n'a nulle influence ; ou si ce même génie, ces mêmes vertus & ces mêmes talents étaient l'effet de l'éducation, sur laquelle les lois & la forme du Gouvernement peuvent tout. Si j'ai prouvé la vérité de cette dernière assertion, il faut convenir que le bonheur des nations est entre leurs mains, qu'il est entièrement dépendant de l'interêt et plus ou moins vif qu'elles mettront à perfectionner la science de l'éducation. Pour soulager la mémoire du Lecteur, je terminerai cet ouvrage par la récapitulation des divers principes sur lesquels j'ai fondé mon opinion. Le Lecteur en sera mieux apprécié la probabilité. A-Paix avoir, dans l'exposition de cet ouvrage, dit un mot de son importance, de l'ignorance où l'on est des vrais principes de l'éducation; enfin, de la chercheuse de ce sujet, & de la difficulté de le traiter, j'explique: SECTION L Si l'éducation nécessairement diffère des divers hommes, n'est pas la cause de cette inégalité des esprits jusqu'à présent attribuée à l'incapacité perfection des organes. Je me demande, à cet effet, à quel âge commence l'éducation de l'homme, & quels sont ses Instituteurs? Je vois que l'homme est disciple de tous les objets qui l'entourent, de toutes les possessions qu'il trouve, & de tous les accidents qui lui arrivent. Que ces objets, ces possessions & ces accidents ne sont exactement les mêmes pour personne, & que quand même on ne reçoit les mêmes instructions. Que, dans la supposition impossible où les hommes eussent les mêmes objets sous les yeux, ces objets ne les frappant point dans le moment précis où leur âme se trouve dans la même situation, ces objets en conséquence n'exciteraient conituellement les mêmes idées. Ainsi, la prétendue uniformité d'instruction reçue, soit dans les Collèges, soit dans les maisons paternelles, est une de ces suppositions, dont l'impossibilité est prouvée, & par le fait, & par l'inaugurance qu'un hasard indépendant des maîtres a & aura toujours sur l'Éducation de l'enseignement & de la adolescence. D'après ces données, je confédère l'extrême étendue du pouvoir du hasard. J'examine: Si les hommes illustres ne lui doivent pas souvent leur goût pour tel ou tel genre d'étude, et par conséquent leurs talents et leurs succès en ce même genre. Si l'on peut perfectionner la science de l'éducation, sans relèver les bornes de l'empire du hasard. Si les contradictions aduvelles, apparentes en toute les préceptes de l'éducation, n'étendent pas l'empire de ce même hasard. Si ces contradictions, dont je donne quelques exemples, ne doivent point être regardées comme un état de l'opposition qui se trouve entre le système religieux et le système du bonheur public. Si l'on pourrait rendre les religions moins destructives de la félicité nationale, et les fonder sur des principes plus conformes à l'intérêt général. Quels sont ces principes? Si parmi les fausses religions, il en est quelquesunes dont le culte ait été moins contraire au bonheur des sociétés, et par conséquent à la perfection de la science de l'éducation? Si d'après ces divers examens, et dans la supposition où tous les hommes auraient une égale aptitude à l'esprit, la seule différence de leur éducation ne pourrait pas en produire une dans leurs idées et leurs talents? D'où il suit, que l'inégalité aduvelle des esprits ne peut être regardée, dans les hommes communément bien organisés, comme une preuve démonstrative de leur inégale aptitude à l'esprit.
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Zonoepalpus argentinensis
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Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis vetenskapligt namn Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxonomisk rang art
Zonoepalpus argentinensis instans av taxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nästa högre taxon Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Global Biodiversity Information Facility-ID 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Encyclopedia of Life-ID 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis IRMNG-ID 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Open Tree of Life-ID 4382856
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis namo takson Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
especie de insecto
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nombre del taxón Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis categoría taxonómica especie
Zonoepalpus argentinensis instancia de taxón
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxón superior inmediato Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador de taxón en GBIF 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador EOL 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador IRMNG 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador en Global Species 478796
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Catalogue of Life 5D6Y8
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ciclo diurno diurnalidad
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Open Tree of Life 4382856
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Art der Gattung Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis wissenschaftlicher Name Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxonomischer Rang Art
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ist ein(e) Taxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis übergeordnetes Taxon Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis GBIF-ID 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis EOL-ID 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis IRMNG-ID 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis CoL-ID 5D6Y8
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Tagesgang tagaktiv
Zonoepalpus argentinensis OTT-ID 4382856
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis tên phân loại Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis cấp bậc phân loại loài
Zonoepalpus argentinensis là một đơn vị phân loại
Zonoepalpus argentinensis đơn vị phân loại mẹ Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis định danh GBIF 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ID Bách khoa toàn thư Sự sống 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ID IRMNG 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ID trong sơ đồ tri thức của Google /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
specie di insetto
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nome scientifico Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis livello tassonomico specie
Zonoepalpus argentinensis istanza di taxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxon di livello superiore Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificativo GBIF 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificativo EOL 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificativo IRMNG 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificativo Global Species 478796
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificativo Catalogue of Life 5D6Y8
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ciclo diurno diurnalità
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
species of insect
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxon name Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxon rank species
Zonoepalpus argentinensis instance of taxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis parent taxon Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis GBIF taxon ID 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Encyclopedia of Life ID 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis IRMNG ID 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Global Species ID 478796
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Catalogue of Life ID 5D6Y8
Zonoepalpus argentinensis diel cycle diurnality
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Open Tree of Life ID 4382856
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
espèce d'insectes
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nom scientifique du taxon Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis rang taxonomique espèce
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nature de l’élément taxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxon supérieur Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identifiant Encyclopédie de la Vie 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identifiant Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identifiant Global Species 478796
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identifiant Catalogue of Life 5D6Y8
Zonoepalpus argentinensis cycle diurne diurne
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identifiant Open Tree of Life 4382856
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
вид насекомо
Zonoepalpus argentinensis име на таксон Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ранг на таксон вид
Zonoepalpus argentinensis екземпляр на таксон
Zonoepalpus argentinensis родителски таксон Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis IRMNG ID 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
вид насекомых
Zonoepalpus argentinensis международное научное название Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis таксономический ранг вид
Zonoepalpus argentinensis это частный случай понятия таксон
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ближайший таксон уровнем выше Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis идентификатор GBIF 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis идентификатор EOL 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis идентификатор IRMNG 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis код Global Species 478796
Zonoepalpus argentinensis код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis код Catalogue of Life 5D6Y8
Zonoepalpus argentinensis суточный цикл дневной образ жизни животных
Zonoepalpus argentinensis код Open Tree of Life 4382856
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
soort uit het geslacht Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis wetenschappelijke naam Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxonomische rang soort
Zonoepalpus argentinensis is een taxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis moedertaxon Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis GBIF-identificatiecode 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis EOL-identificatiecode 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis IRMNG-identificatiecode 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Global Species-identificatiecode 478796
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Catalogue of Life-identificatiecode 5D6Y8
Zonoepalpus argentinensis dagelijkse gang dagactief
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Open Tree of Life-identificatiecode 4382856
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxon nomen Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ordo species
Zonoepalpus argentinensis est taxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis parens Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
вид комах
Zonoepalpus argentinensis наукова назва таксона Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis таксономічний ранг вид
Zonoepalpus argentinensis є одним із таксон
Zonoepalpus argentinensis батьківський таксон Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ідентифікатор у GBIF 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ідентифікатор EOL 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ідентифікатор IRMNG 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ідентифікатор таксона Global Species 478796
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life 5D6Y8
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 4382856
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
especie d'inseutu
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nome del taxón Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis categoría taxonómica especie
Zonoepalpus argentinensis instancia de taxón
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxón inmediatamente superior Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador EOL 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ainm an tacsóin Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis rang an tacsóin speiceas
Zonoepalpus argentinensis sampla de tacsón
Zonoepalpus argentinensis máthairthacsón Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
specie de insecte
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nume științific Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis rang taxonomic specie
Zonoepalpus argentinensis este un/o taxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxon superior Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificator EOL 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
espécie de inseto
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nome do táxon Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis categoria taxonómica espécie
Zonoepalpus argentinensis instância de táxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis táxon imediatamente superior Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Encyclopedia of Life 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis IRMNG ID 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ciclo diurno diurnalidade
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis naukowa nazwa taksonu Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Zonoepalpus argentinensis jest to takson
Zonoepalpus argentinensis takson nadrzędny Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identyfikator GBIF 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identyfikator EOL 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identyfikator IRMNG 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis tryb życia dzienny tryb życia
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identyfikator Open Tree of Life 4382856
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
lloj i insekteve
Zonoepalpus argentinensis emri shkencor Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis instancë e takson
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis tieteellinen nimi Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taksonitaso laji
Zonoepalpus argentinensis esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Zonoepalpus argentinensis osa taksonia Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Encyclopedia of Life -tunniste 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis IRMNG-tunniste 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Catalogue of Life -tunniste 5D6Y8
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Open Tree of Life -tunniste 4382856
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nom scientific Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis reng taxonomic espècia
Zonoepalpus argentinensis natura de l'element taxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxon superior Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificant GBIF 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificant Encyclopedia of Life 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taksonomia nomo Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taksonomia rango specio
Zonoepalpus argentinensis estas taksono
Zonoepalpus argentinensis supera taksono Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identigilo laŭ Enciklopedio de Vivo 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Global Species-a identigilo 478796
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identigilo en Scio-Grafo de Google /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
speco di insekto
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identifikilo che Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis izen zientifikoa Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis maila taxonomikoa espezie
Zonoepalpus argentinensis honako hau da taxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis goiko maila taxonomikoa Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis GBIFen identifikatzailea 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis EOL-en identifikatzailea 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis IRMNG identifikatzailea 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Google Knowledge Graph identifikatzailea /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea 5D6Y8
Zonoepalpus argentinensis eguneko zikloa eguneko
Zonoepalpus argentinensis Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 4382856
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
espécie de inseto
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nome taxológico Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis categoria taxonômica espécie
Zonoepalpus argentinensis instância de táxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis táxon imediatamente superior Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador GBIF 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador EOL 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ciclo diário diurnalidade
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
espècie d'insecte
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nom científic Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis categoria taxonòmica espècie
Zonoepalpus argentinensis instància de tàxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis tàxon superior immediat Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador GBIF 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Encyclopedia of Life 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador IRMNG de tàxon 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Global Species 478796
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Catalogue of Life 5D6Y8
Zonoepalpus argentinensis cicle diürn diürnalitat
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Open Tree of Life 4382856
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
especie d'insecto
Zonoepalpus argentinensis instancia de Taxón
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nomine del taxon Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis rango taxonomic specie
Zonoepalpus argentinensis instantia de taxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxon superior immediate Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis ID EOL 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis
especie de insecto
Zonoepalpus argentinensis nome do taxon Zonoepalpus argentinensis
Zonoepalpus argentinensis categoría taxonómica especie
Zonoepalpus argentinensis instancia de taxon
Zonoepalpus argentinensis taxon superior inmediato Zonoepalpus
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador GBIF 1478241
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador EOL 762452
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador IRMNG de taxon 11306144
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Global Species 478796
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador de Google Knowledge Graph /g/12pgd7_8n
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Catalogue of Life 5D6Y8
Zonoepalpus argentinensis identificador Open Tree of Life 4382856
| 9,753 |
https://github.com/bharding2/slothbear-station/blob/master/components/Playlist.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
slothbear-station
|
bharding2
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 57 | 226 |
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import PlaylistUpdateForm from './PlaylistUpdateForm';
import './Playlist.css';
class Playlist extends Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
}
render() {
let playlistEmbedSrc = `https://www.youtube.com/embed/?listType=playlist&list=${this.props.playlistId}&showinfo=1`;
return (
<div>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src={ playlistEmbedSrc } frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<PlaylistUpdateForm playlist={ this.props.playlist } updatePandoraSelectItems={ this.props.updatePandoraSelectItems} handleSubmit={ this.props.handleSubmit }/>
</div>
)
}
}
export default Playlist;
| 17,279 |
https://github.com/OpenNTF/XPagesExtensionLibrary/blob/master/extlib/lwp/product/runtime/eclipse/plugins/com.ibm.xsp.extlib.domino/src/com/ibm/xsp/extlib/beans/DominoDBUserBeanDataProvider.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, Apache-2.0, BSD-3-Clause, LicenseRef-scancode-generic-cla, LicenseRef-scancode-other-permissive, MIT, CDDL-1.1, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain
| 2,020 |
XPagesExtensionLibrary
|
OpenNTF
|
Java
|
Code
| 842 | 3,815 |
/*
* © Copyright IBM Corp. 2010
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at:
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
* implied. See the License for the specific language governing
* permissions and limitations under the License.
*/
package com.ibm.xsp.extlib.beans;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.Vector;
import javax.faces.context.FacesContext;
import lotus.domino.ACL;
import lotus.domino.NotesException;
import lotus.domino.Session;
import com.ibm.commons.Platform;
import com.ibm.commons.util.StringUtil;
import com.ibm.domino.xsp.module.nsf.platform.AbstractNotesDominoPlatform;
import com.ibm.xsp.FacesExceptionEx;
import com.ibm.xsp.extlib.social.impl.AbstractPeopleDataProvider;
import com.ibm.xsp.extlib.social.impl.PersonImpl;
import com.ibm.xsp.extlib.util.ExtLibUtil;
/**
* Domino related user bean data provider.
* <p>
* The data provided by this class are relative to the curent database.
* </p>
* @author Philippe Riand
* @author Tony McGuckin, IBM
*/
public class DominoDBUserBeanDataProvider extends AbstractPeopleDataProvider {
public static final String FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_DOCS = "canCreateDocs"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public static final String FIELD_DBACL_DELETE_DOCS = "canDeleteDocs"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public static final String FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_AGENTS = "canCreatePrivAgents"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public static final String FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_FOLDERS_VIEWS = "canCreatePrivFoldersViews"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public static final String FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_SHARED_FOLDERS_VIEWS = "canCreateSharedFoldersViews"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public static final String FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_SCRIPT_AGENTS = "canCreateScriptAgents"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public static final String FIELD_DBACL_READ_PUBLIC_DOCS = "canReadPublicDocs"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public static final String FIELD_DBACL_WRITE_PUBLIC_DOCS = "canWritePublicDocs"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public static final String FIELD_DBACL_REPLICATE_COPY_DOCS = "canReplicateCopyDocs"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public static final String FIELD_DBACL_ACCESS_LEVEL = "accessLevel"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public static final String FIELD_DBACL_ACCESS_LEVEL_AS_STRING = "accessLevelAsString"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public static final String FIELD_DBACL_ACCESS_ROLES = "accessRoles"; // $NON-NLS-1$
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
// Internal class that stores the user related data
public static class PeopleData extends PersonImpl.Properties {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
int DBACL_CREATE_DOCS;
int DBACL_DELETE_DOCS;
int DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_AGENTS;
int DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_FOLDERS_VIEWS;
int DBACL_CREATE_SHARED_FOLDERS_VIEWS;
int DBACL_CREATE_SCRIPT_AGENTS;
int DBACL_READ_PUBLIC_DOCS;
int DBACL_WRITE_PUBLIC_DOCS;
int DBACL_REPLICATE_COPY_DOCS;
int DBACL_ACCESS_LEVEL;
String DBACL_ACCESS_LEVEL_AS_STRING;
Vector<String> DBACL_ACCESS_ROLES;
}
private static PeopleData EMPTY_DATA = new PeopleData();
public static final String PROP_SIZE = "extlib.social.people.dominodb.cachesize"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public static final String PROP_SCOPE = "extlib.social.people.dominodb.scope"; // $NON-NLS-1$
public DominoDBUserBeanDataProvider() {
}
@Override
protected String getDefaultCacheScope() {
return "application"; // $NON-NLS-1$
}
@Override
protected int getDefaultCacheSize() {
return 100;
}
@Override
public boolean isDefaultProvider() {
// If running on Notes/Domino, then we become a default provider
if(Platform.getInstance() instanceof AbstractNotesDominoPlatform) {
return true;
}
return super.isDefaultProvider();
}
@Override
public String getName() {
return "DominoDB"; // $NON-NLS-1$
}
@Override
public void enumerateProperties(Set<String> propNames) {
propNames.add(FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_DOCS);
propNames.add(FIELD_DBACL_DELETE_DOCS);
propNames.add(FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_AGENTS);
propNames.add(FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_FOLDERS_VIEWS);
propNames.add(FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_SHARED_FOLDERS_VIEWS);
propNames.add(FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_SCRIPT_AGENTS);
propNames.add(FIELD_DBACL_READ_PUBLIC_DOCS);
propNames.add(FIELD_DBACL_WRITE_PUBLIC_DOCS);
propNames.add(FIELD_DBACL_REPLICATE_COPY_DOCS);
propNames.add(FIELD_DBACL_ACCESS_LEVEL);
propNames.add(FIELD_DBACL_ACCESS_LEVEL_AS_STRING);
propNames.add(FIELD_DBACL_ACCESS_ROLES);
}
@Override
public int getWeight() {
return WEIGHT_LOW+1;
}
@Override
public Object getValue(PersonImpl person, Object key) {
if(key.equals(FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_DOCS)){
return (getPeopleData(person).DBACL_CREATE_DOCS > 0) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
}
if(key.equals(FIELD_DBACL_DELETE_DOCS)){
return (getPeopleData(person).DBACL_DELETE_DOCS > 0) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
}
if(key.equals(FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_AGENTS)){
return (getPeopleData(person).DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_AGENTS > 0) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
}
if(key.equals(FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_FOLDERS_VIEWS)){
return (getPeopleData(person).DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_FOLDERS_VIEWS > 0) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
}
if(key.equals(FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_SHARED_FOLDERS_VIEWS)){
return (getPeopleData(person).DBACL_CREATE_SHARED_FOLDERS_VIEWS > 0) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
}
if(key.equals(FIELD_DBACL_CREATE_SCRIPT_AGENTS)){
return (getPeopleData(person).DBACL_CREATE_SCRIPT_AGENTS > 0) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
}
if(key.equals(FIELD_DBACL_READ_PUBLIC_DOCS)){
return (getPeopleData(person).DBACL_READ_PUBLIC_DOCS > 0) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
}
if(key.equals(FIELD_DBACL_WRITE_PUBLIC_DOCS)){
return (getPeopleData(person).DBACL_WRITE_PUBLIC_DOCS > 0) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
}
if(key.equals(FIELD_DBACL_REPLICATE_COPY_DOCS)){
return (getPeopleData(person).DBACL_REPLICATE_COPY_DOCS > 0) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
}
if(key.equals(FIELD_DBACL_ACCESS_LEVEL)){
switch(getPeopleData(person).DBACL_ACCESS_LEVEL){
case(ACL.LEVEL_NOACCESS) : {
return new Integer(ACL.LEVEL_NOACCESS);
}
case(ACL.LEVEL_DEPOSITOR) : {
return new Integer(ACL.LEVEL_DEPOSITOR);
}
case(ACL.LEVEL_READER) : {
return new Integer(ACL.LEVEL_READER);
}
case(ACL.LEVEL_AUTHOR) : {
return new Integer(ACL.LEVEL_AUTHOR);
}
case(ACL.LEVEL_EDITOR) : {
return new Integer(ACL.LEVEL_EDITOR);
}
case(ACL.LEVEL_DESIGNER) : {
return new Integer(ACL.LEVEL_DESIGNER);
}
case(ACL.LEVEL_MANAGER) : {
return new Integer(ACL.LEVEL_MANAGER);
}
default : {
return new Integer(ACL.LEVEL_NOACCESS);
}
}
}
if(key.equals(FIELD_DBACL_ACCESS_LEVEL_AS_STRING)){
switch(getPeopleData(person).DBACL_ACCESS_LEVEL){
case(ACL.LEVEL_NOACCESS) : {
return "NOACCESS"; // $NON-NLS-1$
}
case(ACL.LEVEL_DEPOSITOR) : {
return "DEPOSITOR"; // $NON-NLS-1$
}
case(ACL.LEVEL_READER) : {
return "READER"; // $NON-NLS-1$
}
case(ACL.LEVEL_AUTHOR) : {
return "AUTHOR"; // $NON-NLS-1$
}
case(ACL.LEVEL_EDITOR) : {
return "EDITOR"; // $NON-NLS-1$
}
case(ACL.LEVEL_DESIGNER) : {
return "DESIGNER"; // $NON-NLS-1$
}
case(ACL.LEVEL_MANAGER) : {
return "MANAGER"; // $NON-NLS-1$
}
default : {
return "NOACCESS"; // $NON-NLS-1$
}
}
}
if(key.equals(FIELD_DBACL_ACCESS_ROLES)){
Vector<String> rolesVector = getPeopleData(person).DBACL_ACCESS_ROLES;
int i = rolesVector.size();
String[] rolesArray = new String[i];
return rolesVector.toArray(rolesArray);
}
return null;
}
@Override
public Class<?> getType(PersonImpl person, Object key) {
return null;
}
@Override
public void readValues(PersonImpl[] persons) {
for(int i=0; i<persons.length; i++) {
getPeopleData(persons[i]);
}
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // $NON-NLS-1$
private PeopleData getPeopleData(PersonImpl person) {
String id = person.getId();
if(StringUtil.isEmpty(id)) {
return EMPTY_DATA;
}
PeopleData data = (PeopleData)getProperties(id,PeopleData.class);
if(data==null) {
synchronized(getSyncObject()) {
data = (PeopleData)getProperties(id,PeopleData.class);
if(data==null) {
try {
data = new PeopleData();
Session session = ExtLibUtil.getCurrentSession(FacesContext.getCurrentInstance());
lotus.domino.Database database = session.getCurrentDatabase();
// TODO get a Notes/Domino id from an identity provider...
String effectiveUserName = session.getEffectiveUserName();
data.DBACL_CREATE_DOCS = database.queryAccessPrivileges(effectiveUserName) & lotus.domino.Database.DBACL_CREATE_DOCS;
data.DBACL_DELETE_DOCS = database.queryAccessPrivileges(effectiveUserName) & lotus.domino.Database.DBACL_DELETE_DOCS;
data.DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_AGENTS = database.queryAccessPrivileges(effectiveUserName) & lotus.domino.Database.DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_AGENTS;
data.DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_FOLDERS_VIEWS = database.queryAccessPrivileges(effectiveUserName) & lotus.domino.Database.DBACL_CREATE_PRIV_FOLDERS_VIEWS;
data.DBACL_CREATE_SHARED_FOLDERS_VIEWS = database.queryAccessPrivileges(effectiveUserName) & lotus.domino.Database.DBACL_CREATE_SHARED_FOLDERS_VIEWS;
data.DBACL_CREATE_SCRIPT_AGENTS = database.queryAccessPrivileges(effectiveUserName) & lotus.domino.Database.DBACL_CREATE_SCRIPT_AGENTS;
data.DBACL_READ_PUBLIC_DOCS = database.queryAccessPrivileges(effectiveUserName) & lotus.domino.Database.DBACL_READ_PUBLIC_DOCS;
data.DBACL_WRITE_PUBLIC_DOCS = database.queryAccessPrivileges(effectiveUserName) & lotus.domino.Database.DBACL_WRITE_PUBLIC_DOCS;
data.DBACL_REPLICATE_COPY_DOCS = database.queryAccessPrivileges(effectiveUserName) & lotus.domino.Database.DBACL_REPLICATE_COPY_DOCS;
data.DBACL_ACCESS_LEVEL = database.queryAccess(effectiveUserName);
data.DBACL_ACCESS_ROLES = database.queryAccessRoles(effectiveUserName);
addProperties(id,data);
} catch(NotesException ex) {
throw new FacesExceptionEx(ex,"Error while retrieving user names"); // $NLX-DominoDBUserBeanDataProvider.Errorwhileretrievingusernames-1$
}
}
}
}
return data;
}
}
| 22,051 |
https://github.com/byfbaish/NppMarkdownPanel/blob/master/MarkdigWrapper/Markdig/YamlFrontMatter/YamlFrontMatterAsCodeBlockExtensions.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
NppMarkdownPanel
|
byfbaish
|
C#
|
Code
| 34 | 134 |
using Markdig;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace MarkdigWrapper.Markdig.YamlFrontMatter
{
public static class YamlFrontMatterAsCodeBlockExtensions
{
public static MarkdownPipelineBuilder UseRenderYamlFrontMatterAsCodeBlock(this MarkdownPipelineBuilder pipeline)
{
pipeline.Extensions.Add(new YamlFrontMatterAsCodeBlockExtension());
return pipeline;
}
}
}
| 14,532 |
https://github.com/Romop5/procgen/blob/master/examples/stochasticpyramide.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
procgen
|
Romop5
|
C++
|
Code
| 971 | 4,670 |
/*
* 2017/12/15 Roman Dobias
*
* Pyramide generator
*
* PYRAMIDE:
* float startingWidth;
* float starting position;
* FLOOR:
* float width;
* float positionY;
*
* Note: FLOOR is cuboid (temporary a terminating symbol)
* Note 2: this gonna be replaced with quad as terminating symbol THE MOMENT the language parsing is ready
* Grammar:
* PYRAMIDE(width > 5, position) : PYRAMIDE(width*0.91,position+10), FLOOR(width,position)
*
*/
#include <procgen/derivation/derivation.h>
#include <procgen/derivation/appender.h>
#include "obj.h"
#include <cassert>
void pyramide_language(std::shared_ptr<Derivation> der, std::shared_ptr<TypeRegister> tr, std::shared_ptr<FunctionReg> fr)
{
/*
* Register two new types:
* - PYRAMIDE as (float, float)
* - FLOOR as (float, float)
*/
auto floatType = tr->getTypeId("float");
auto floatVector = {floatType, floatType};
// Register 'pyramide' (float,float)
tr->addComposite("pyramide", floatVector);
// Register 'floor' (float,float)
tr->addComposite("floor", floatVector);
// Create predicate function for 'pyramide rule'
auto inputPyramide = tr->sharedResource("pyramide");
assert(inputPyramide);
auto boolReturn = tr->sharedResource("bool");
assert(boolReturn);
/*
* Pseudocode logic:
* if(pyramide.width > 5 )
* return = true;
* else
* return = false;
*/
auto getWidth = std::make_shared<CompositeGet>();
assert(getWidth);
auto indexWidth = tr->sharedResource("int");
assert(indexWidth);
*(int*) indexWidth->getData() = 0;
getWidth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(inputPyramide));
getWidth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(indexWidth));
auto comparisonConstant= tr->sharedResource("float");
*(float*) comparisonConstant->getData() = 5.0;
auto comparisonResult= tr->sharedResource("float");
auto greater = fr->getFunc("Greater:float");
assert(greater);
greater->bindInput(0, getWidth);
greater->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(comparisonConstant));
greater->bindOutput(comparisonResult);
// now we have 'greater' as expression tree which stands for
// (pyramide.width > 5)
// create two returns with correct value
auto trueConstant= tr->sharedResource("bool");
*(bool*) trueConstant->getData() = true;
auto falseConstant= tr->sharedResource("bool");
*(bool*) falseConstant->getData() = false;
auto copyTrue = fr->getFunc("Copy:bool");
assert(copyTrue);
copyTrue->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(trueConstant));
copyTrue->bindOutput(boolReturn);
auto copyFalse = fr->getFunc("Copy:bool");
assert(copyFalse);
copyFalse->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(falseConstant));
copyFalse->bindOutput(boolReturn);
auto conversionResult= tr->sharedResource("bool");
auto convertor = std::make_shared<FloatToBool>();
convertor->bindInput(0, greater);
convertor->bindOutput(conversionResult);
auto ifbox = std::make_shared<If>();
ifbox->setExpression(convertor);
// on true, return true
ifbox->setPath(0,copyTrue);
ifbox->setPath(1,copyFalse);
auto typePyramide = tr->getTypeId("pyramide");
// Register function which executes ifbox, takes pyramide and returns bool
// in 'boolReturn'
fr->addCompositeFunction("pyramideCondition", ifbox,{inputPyramide}, boolReturn);
/*
* Now register procedure
* Procedure pseudocode:
* procedure(pyramide):
* Pyramide newone;
* newone.width = pyramide.width*0.91;
* newone.heigth = pyramide.height+20;
* appendSymbol(newone);
*
* Floor newflor;
* flor.width = pyramide.width;
* flor.heigth = pyramide.heigth;
* appendSymbol(flor);
*/
auto inputProcPyramide = tr->sharedResource("pyramide");
auto outputPyramide = tr->sharedResource("pyramide");
auto getPyramideWidth = std::make_shared<CompositeGet>();
assert(getPyramideWidth);
auto widthIndex = tr->sharedResource("int");
*(int*) widthIndex->getData() = 0;
getPyramideWidth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(inputProcPyramide));
getPyramideWidth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(widthIndex));
auto halfConstant = tr->sharedResource("float");
*(float*) halfConstant->getData() = 0.91;
auto mulResult= tr->sharedResource("float");
auto mulBox = fr->getFunc("Mul:float");
assert(mulBox);
mulBox->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(halfConstant));
mulBox->bindInput(1, getPyramideWidth);
mulBox->bindOutput(mulResult);
// newone.width = pyramide.width*0.5;
auto setPyramideWidth = std::make_shared<CompositeSet>();
assert(setPyramideWidth);
setPyramideWidth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(outputPyramide));
setPyramideWidth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(widthIndex));
setPyramideWidth->bindInput(2, mulBox);
//----------------------------------------------------------
auto getPyramideHeigth= std::make_shared<CompositeGet>();
assert(getPyramideHeigth);
auto heigthIndex = tr->sharedResource("int");
*(int*) heigthIndex->getData() = 1;
getPyramideHeigth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(inputProcPyramide));
getPyramideHeigth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(heigthIndex));
auto twentyConstant = tr->sharedResource("float");
*(float*) twentyConstant->getData() = 20.0;
auto addResult= tr->sharedResource("float");
auto addBox = fr->getFunc("Add:float");
assert(addBox);
addBox->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(twentyConstant));
addBox->bindInput(1, getPyramideHeigth);
addBox->bindOutput(addResult);
// newone.width = pyramide.width*0.5;
auto setPyramideHeigth= std::make_shared<CompositeSet>();
assert(setPyramideHeigth);
setPyramideHeigth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(outputPyramide));
setPyramideHeigth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(heigthIndex));
setPyramideHeigth->bindInput(2, addBox);
// append new symbol
auto appendPyramide = std::make_shared<AppendSymbol>(der);
appendPyramide->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(outputPyramide));
/*
* Now lets create new floor
*/
auto outputFloor = tr->sharedResource("floor");
auto setFloorWidth= std::make_shared<CompositeSet>();
assert(setFloorWidth);
setFloorWidth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(outputFloor));
setFloorWidth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(widthIndex));
setFloorWidth->bindInput(2, getPyramideWidth);
auto setFloorHeigth= std::make_shared<CompositeSet>();
assert(setFloorHeigth);
setFloorHeigth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(outputFloor));
setFloorHeigth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(heigthIndex));
setFloorHeigth->bindInput(2, getPyramideHeigth);
// append new symbol
auto appendFloor= std::make_shared<AppendSymbol>(der);
appendFloor->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(outputFloor));
auto body = std::make_shared<Body>();
/*
* Finally, put it together & register as func
*/
body->appendStatement(setPyramideWidth);
body->appendStatement(setPyramideHeigth);
body->appendStatement(appendPyramide);
body->appendStatement(setFloorWidth);
body->appendStatement(setFloorHeigth);
body->appendStatement(appendFloor);
fr->addCompositeFunction("pyramideProcedure", body,{inputProcPyramide}, nullptr);
}
/*
* This implements PYRAMIDE procedure part of rule
* - create a new PYRAMIDE
* - creates a new primitive FLOOR
*/
void pyramide_language_second_rule(std::shared_ptr<Derivation> der, std::shared_ptr<TypeRegister> tr, std::shared_ptr<FunctionReg> fr)
{
/*
* Now register procedure
* Procedure pseudocode:
* procedure(pyramide):
* Pyramide newone;
* newone.width = pyramide.width*0.50;
* newone.heigth = pyramide.height+20;
* appendSymbol(newone);
*
* Floor newflor;
* flor.width = pyramide.width;
* flor.heigth = pyramide.heigth;
* appendSymbol(flor);
*/
auto inputProcPyramide = tr->sharedResource("pyramide");
auto outputPyramide = tr->sharedResource("pyramide");
auto getPyramideWidth = std::make_shared<CompositeGet>();
assert(getPyramideWidth);
auto widthIndex = tr->sharedResource("int");
*(int*) widthIndex->getData() = 0;
getPyramideWidth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(inputProcPyramide));
getPyramideWidth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(widthIndex));
auto halfConstant = tr->sharedResource("float");
*(float*) halfConstant->getData() = 1.00;
auto mulResult= tr->sharedResource("float");
auto mulBox = fr->getFunc("Mul:float");
assert(mulBox);
mulBox->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(halfConstant));
mulBox->bindInput(1, getPyramideWidth);
mulBox->bindOutput(mulResult);
// newone.width = pyramide.width*0.5;
auto setPyramideWidth = std::make_shared<CompositeSet>();
assert(setPyramideWidth);
setPyramideWidth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(outputPyramide));
setPyramideWidth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(widthIndex));
setPyramideWidth->bindInput(2, mulBox);
//----------------------------------------------------------
auto getPyramideHeigth= std::make_shared<CompositeGet>();
assert(getPyramideHeigth);
auto heigthIndex = tr->sharedResource("int");
*(int*) heigthIndex->getData() = 1;
getPyramideHeigth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(inputProcPyramide));
getPyramideHeigth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(heigthIndex));
auto twentyConstant = tr->sharedResource("float");
*(float*) twentyConstant->getData() = 20.0;
auto addResult= tr->sharedResource("float");
auto addBox = fr->getFunc("Add:float");
assert(addBox);
addBox->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(twentyConstant));
addBox->bindInput(1, getPyramideHeigth);
addBox->bindOutput(addResult);
// newone.width = pyramide.width*0.5;
auto setPyramideHeigth= std::make_shared<CompositeSet>();
assert(setPyramideHeigth);
setPyramideHeigth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(outputPyramide));
setPyramideHeigth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(heigthIndex));
setPyramideHeigth->bindInput(2, addBox);
// append new symbol
auto appendPyramide = std::make_shared<AppendSymbol>(der);
appendPyramide->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(outputPyramide));
/*
* Now lets create new floor
*/
auto outputFloor = tr->sharedResource("floor");
auto setFloorWidth= std::make_shared<CompositeSet>();
assert(setFloorWidth);
setFloorWidth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(outputFloor));
setFloorWidth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(widthIndex));
setFloorWidth->bindInput(2, getPyramideWidth);
auto setFloorHeigth= std::make_shared<CompositeSet>();
assert(setFloorHeigth);
setFloorHeigth->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(outputFloor));
setFloorHeigth->bindInput(1, fr->getHandler(heigthIndex));
setFloorHeigth->bindInput(2, getPyramideHeigth);
// append new symbol
auto appendFloor= std::make_shared<AppendSymbol>(der);
appendFloor->bindInput(0, fr->getHandler(outputFloor));
auto body = std::make_shared<Body>();
/*
* Finally, put it together & register as func
*/
body->appendStatement(setPyramideWidth);
body->appendStatement(setPyramideHeigth);
body->appendStatement(appendPyramide);
body->appendStatement(setFloorWidth);
body->appendStatement(setFloorHeigth);
body->appendStatement(appendFloor);
fr->addCompositeFunction("pyramideProcedureSecond", body,{inputProcPyramide}, nullptr);
}
// Print out result
void inspectResultSymbols(TypeId floor, const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Resource>>& symbols)
{
Object o;
std::cout << ">>>>>>> RESULTING OBJECT >>>>>>\n";
for(auto &x: symbols)
{
if(x->getBaseId() == floor)
{
auto floorObject = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<CompositeResource>(x);
float width = *(float*) floorObject->getComponent(0)->getData();
float heigth = *(float*) floorObject->getComponent(1)->getData();
std::cout << "Floor object: " << width << " " << heigth << std::endl;
o.addPrimitive(glm::vec3(0.0f,0.0f,heigth),glm::vec3(width,width,20.0f));
} else {
auto floorObject = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<CompositeResource>(x);
float width = *(float*) floorObject->getComponent(0)->getData();
float heigth = *(float*) floorObject->getComponent(1)->getData();
std::cout << "Pyramide object: " << width << " " << heigth << std::endl;
}
}
o.dumpVertices("pyramide.obj");
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
std::cout << "Generate pyramide\n" << std::endl;
if(argc < 2)
{
std::cout << "FORMAT: <iteration-count>\n";
return 1;
}
unsigned int iterationCount = atoi(argv[1]);
srandom(time(NULL));
auto tr = std::make_shared<TypeRegister>();
auto fr = std::make_shared<FunctionReg>(tr);
registerStandardTypes(tr.get());
registerStandardFunctions(fr.get());
auto derivation = std::make_shared<Derivation>(tr,fr);
// Add rule
pyramide_language(derivation,tr,fr);
pyramide_language_second_rule(derivation,tr,fr);
auto pyramideCond= fr->getFunc("pyramideCondition");
auto pyramideProc= fr->getFunc("pyramideProcedure");
auto pyramideProcSecond= fr->getFunc("pyramideProcedureSecond");
derivation->addRule(tr->getTypeId("pyramide"), pyramideCond,pyramideProc);
derivation->addRule(tr->getTypeId("pyramide"), pyramideCond,pyramideProcSecond);
/*
* Starting symbol
* pyramide(50, 0)
*/
auto startPyramide = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<CompositeResource>(tr->sharedResource("pyramide"));
assert(startPyramide);
*(float*) startPyramide->getComponent(0)->getData() = 1000;
*(float*) startPyramide->getComponent(1)->getData() = 0;
std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Resource>> symbols = {startPyramide};
derivation->setStartSymbols(symbols);
/*
* Run generation
*/
derivation->generate(iterationCount);
auto syms= derivation->getCurrentSymbolList();
inspectResultSymbols(tr->getTypeId("floor"), syms);
return 0;
}
| 37,319 |
https://github.com/NazaQuintero/algo3_tp2/blob/master/src/main/java/edu/fiuba/algo3/vista/CampoDeJuego.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
algo3_tp2
|
NazaQuintero
|
Java
|
Code
| 268 | 1,439 |
package edu.fiuba.algo3.vista;
import edu.fiuba.algo3.modelo.Juego;
import edu.fiuba.algo3.modelo.paises.MultitonPaises;
import edu.fiuba.algo3.modelo.paises.Pais;
import edu.fiuba.algo3.modelo.turnos.Turno;
import javafx.geometry.Insets;
import javafx.geometry.Pos;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.image.Image;
import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
import javafx.scene.layout.*;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class CampoDeJuego extends BorderPane {
private final Juego juego;
private final ArrayList<VistaPais> vistasPaises = new ArrayList<>();
private final MenuLateralDerecho menuLateralDerecho;
private Pais paisSeleccionado;
private VentanaVictoria ventanaVictoria;
public CampoDeJuego(Stage stage, Juego juego) {
this.juego = juego;
this.menuLateralDerecho = new MenuLateralDerecho(this, juego);
this.getStylesheets().add("styles.css");
crearTablero();
this.setRight(this.menuLateralDerecho);
this.mostrarPaisesDelJugadorActual();
this.mostrarMenuLateralDerecho();
this.ventanaVictoria = new VentanaVictoria();
stage.setScene(new Scene(this, 1500, 900));
stage.centerOnScreen();
}
public Juego getJuego() {
return juego;
}
private void crearTablero() {
Pane pane = new Pane();
pane.getChildren().add(crearVistaImagen());
crearVistasPaises(pane);
HBox anHbox = new HBox(pane);
anHbox.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
VBox aVbox = new VBox(anHbox);
aVbox.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
setMargin(this, new Insets(50,50,50,50));
this.setCenter(aVbox);
}
private ImageView crearVistaImagen() {
Image imagen = new Image("tablero.png");
ImageView imageView = new ImageView(imagen);
imageView.setPreserveRatio(true);
imageView.setFitWidth(1000);
imageView.setFitHeight(800);
return imageView;
}
private void crearVistasPaises(Pane pane) {
ArrayList<Pais> paises = new ArrayList<>(MultitonPaises.obtenerTodosLosPaises());
paises.forEach(pais -> vistasPaises.add(new VistaPais(pais, this)));
setVistasPaisesLimitrofes();
pane.getChildren().addAll(vistasPaises);
}
private void setVistasPaisesLimitrofes() {
vistasPaises.forEach(vistaPais -> vistasPaises.stream().filter(vistaPaisLimitrofe -> vistaPais.getLimitrofes().
contains(vistaPaisLimitrofe.getPais())).forEach(vistaPais::setVistaLimitrofe));
}
public void resaltarLimitrofesAdversarios(VistaPais vistaPais) {
this.vistasPaises.stream().filter( vista -> !vistaPais.getVistaLimitrofes().contains(vista) ||
(vistaPais.getPais().dominadoPor() == vista.getPais().dominadoPor())).
forEach(VistaPais::desactivar);
}
public void resaltarLimitrofesPropios(VistaPais vistaPais) {
this.vistasPaises.stream().filter( vista -> !vistaPais.getVistaLimitrofes().contains(vista) ||
(vistaPais.getPais().dominadoPor() != vista.getPais().dominadoPor())).
forEach(VistaPais::desactivar);
}
public void mostrarPaises() { for (VistaPais vista : vistasPaises) vista.activar(); }
public void mostrarPaisesDelJugadorActual() {
this.mostrarPaises();
this.vistasPaises.stream().filter(vista -> vista.getJugadorDominante() != this.juego.getTurno().obtenerJugadorTurnoActual()).
forEach(VistaPais::desactivar);
}
public void setPaisSeleccionado(Pais pais) {
this.paisSeleccionado = pais;
}
public Pais getPaisSeleccionado() {
return paisSeleccionado;
}
public Turno getTurno() {
return this.juego.getTurno();
}
private void mostrarMenuLateralDerecho() {
this.menuLateralDerecho.mostrarFormularioDeColocacion();
}
public void actualizarObjetivoGeneral() {
menuLateralDerecho.actualizarLabelObjetivoGeneral();
}
public void checkearGanador() {
if (this.juego.estaTerminado()) {
ventanaVictoria.setGanador(this.getTurno().obtenerJugadorTurnoActual());
ventanaVictoria.mostrar();
}
}
}
| 12,368 |
bub_gb_vSyLJ_DX0SEC_37
|
Latin-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,666 |
Cl. viri Petri Peckii Ziricaei olim in Academia Louaniensi iuris professoris, in magno senatu Belgico consiliariiOpera omnia in vnum volumen redacta, ac de nouo in lucem producta: quorum elenchum altera post epistolam dedicatoriam pagina indicabit
|
Peck, Pieter, 1529-1589
|
Latin
|
Spoken
| 6,480 | 12,382 |
videtur : cum per alium vendiderit. Sic nec fecunda quoque movet dubitatio : quia cum, excepta possessionis causa, per liberam personam? Qua alterna luri subjeta non est, nihil sequitur per positis : Quot per son, nobis que utique nec per liberam personam a die directa personalis acquirere solent, prohibere, quod nun aut clam. Labeonis quoque sententia; de obstetrice tertio loco proposta, nihil hoc praedikat: quia ad legem Aquilia quod attinet, inter cum qui occidit, et eum qui per alium occidens, occasionem mortis praebet, item Melus Celus si. ad Aquil. magna est differentia propter ea quod verba legis Aquilia directe loquuntur de occidendo. Sed respectu legis Cornelii de crimina accussationis nulla est differentia. Illa enim animo occidere volentis, et tamen non occidentis considerat, in fine qui cum solo. C. ad l. corneli, de fura. quod et Hypol. tandem, qui paulo ante, num. 17. confundus erat, et solutionem invenire non potse, probat, et sequitur, add.l. malum uti. Quod autem quarto loco contrahetur, hanc rationem habet, quod ut eleganter explicat Angelus ad d. i.fin. aliud est, cum iubebis ut tu facias, et cum tu alteri mandes, ut ille faciat. Posterius enim causae explicatas opus per illum, ideoque tenemur. Aliud etiam est, cum ego abibo mandando, ut tu mandes alteri, ut sic faciat: quia tunc non facis per illum sed ego, cuius tu instrumentum et organum es, et ideo non tenens tu, sed ego dumtaxat, et is qui fecit, excepto atroci auctore, ex quo omnes tenemur. Neque dubitandum est, quin isti (sicut in quinta dubitatione) aliud sit facere, aliud mandare, inspectare veritate causae, sed et consecuti legisque interpretatione, unum funt, licet causa respuit causari, Baldus in C. de iudiciis servus. Eodem etiam textum dubitationis solutionem pertinet concludere. Obligationes enim in numero sunt diversae, sicut per sonas ledunt, quia ex eodem facto manant atque oriuntur, sed et de eodem facto homicidii uterque punitur: sic et opteret per solutem dici unum delictum numero, licet qualitate diversum sit, Salicet, ad d. L non ideo, quia si. 9. Sic et considerando essedum finalem, unum quidem delictum est, licet personae et modi delinquentium sint plurima numero, sicut unum potest esse furium, licet plurimarum perinarum, Baldus ad 4.1. non ideo quas per 1. ita vulnerat tu si. ad al. Aquil. Quod autem septimo loco de legato judicum est, ita accipiendum est edere docet Bernardus, nihil vigore mandati specialis secus legatus, quia tunc videtur ab ipso Pontifice sadum esse. Alioqui enim constitutum multa Pontifici permittunt dicere, quae legato etiam de latere non permittuntur, quod elegantius explicat Mandolius ad regulas Cancellerii; quem vide. Porro quod ulionum loco proponitur, hac ratione dissolvit Tiraquellus in libro. De nobilitate, quid 28 num. 9, cum sequent. quod lex regula non procedit, quando lex vel futurum consensu vacat adum ipfius per sonam quae illum exercet. Sic et cum de merito et renumerandi gratiam divina agitur, plus sano meretur, et maiorem apud Dominum gratiam consequitur is, qui plus facit cum posse, quam qui cesse facit cum impedimento per alium facit. Id quod ex insigni illa homilia Chrysostomi apparet, quam sripit de eo, quod dispensatio rerum tuarum per te ipsum exequenda est, et alius minime concedanda, dum ait: Ipsi semel tum manibus sulto tacta. Tu semel ialito, tur te hoc praemio fraudatur. Tu tur illam mercedem tibimun licet non venduat? Esse igitur et tu tuarum rerum dispensator, Sancte, pium et usum faciunt, qui per alios, infirmos vel solitos, visunt surdientes pascent, captios consolandur: sed maior auctoritas consequuntur, qui hac ipsi faciunt, cum possessor id quod ex historia Evangelica de Regulo, qui ipse ad Dominum venit et de illo qui alium ad eum misit, apparet. Fandum legitime retinere non debet, licet casus posteveniat, in quo non potuit inchoari. I. legitime factum quid sit. Ampliationes huius regulae. Rationes dubitandi. Rationes de indeundi. Quando non firmatur tempore, quod illegitime factum est, et ab initio vitiosum fuit: cap. non firmatur sup. eod. Ita contraire non infirmatur et retradatur factum legitime, si perhanum casus A quo incipere non potest. Legitime autem factum est, id quod secundum legem prescripta factum, peradum, et absolum est, sicut vocamus legitimas nuptias, legitimam conventionem, legimum tutorem, quando nuptiae et conventiones secundum leges initio funt, quando tutela ex lege venit. Ex adverso autem illegitimum est, quod fit lege prohibente, quia lex prohibens inficit, necat, interimit omnia, non dubium. Delegib. Sc. alias legitimium vocamus, vel quia lex certam formam dat ad usum, ut in stipulatione et contradictione empthyictico, adeo institut. de locat. & conduci, vel quia nullam formam dando, efficacem cum ad agendum risu decrevit, tametsi alioqui convenio nudata implexam fit, qua de plus pluribus tradidit. Duarenus, qui videmus ad usufructum. Itaque matrimonium legitime contrahitur, propter furorem vel affinitatem supervenientem, sicut de buxus qui sunt sive viri, sive uxores propter furorem. Sic, cuique. Paulus, iudex inquit, datus, indeposito officio permanet, licet furere coeperit; quia de facto ab initio iudex addictus est, et index Cajus tudit. Et Ulpianus ait, cum retinere quidem magistratum iam acceptum possit, sed ad novum aspirare non potest, et disputatio do. Amplius, primo, hanc regulam, etiam si causa eius quod legitime salvum est, per supereructum causum cedet. Legitime enim revocatur donatio, si donator possedit libenter agnatus, neque revocatio illa retrahtur ea revocatio, sed amicably, res humanas denique exemptas. Albertus, Bartolus, et Titius de legibus. Ex fit mater semel legitime liberorum tutela privata, idque quod vel secundas nuptias secuta fuit, vel se amplius eas velle professus est: ut quidque non retractur haec privato, neque illa veterem tutelam readimit, posteriores marito e vivus decedente. Albertus, et Alberus, quando mulier offici tulit. Neque movetur in contrarium, quod quidque causa cedat esse; cum enim esscus in appellat, quia illa regula locum non habet in asse iam concluso, per se perfecto, ut pluribus verbis explicat Ulpianus, et Cassus causa. Itaque, secundo, non solum in acho legitime facto, sed etiam in eo qui inchoatus est, iure tamen aliquo linguulare, habetur propitius. Cur non ultimum ad mora. Art. 6, inducteur omnia. Nam aliquis fit callis, in quo id quod captum est, habetur pro completo; sancit (sufficit edes coeptum), ut effetus non restincteur, propter stipulationem causam, quia perenni non potuit. Titequinim. Vnde cum argentum legatum, fieri incipio, quo ad formam, habeatur pro sismo: ex stipulatione calii, quo pro sasso haberi per rerum naturam non potuit, legati effectus non tollitur. Et sic, si de auro & argento. Amplius, tertio, non solum incipere legitimatum Absolumum est, venit in aliquem, quod ab Austro isto legitime sasso dependet. Sicut enim propter solemnitatem stipulationem, a quo incipere nuptias non possunt, matrimonium legitimatum contrahtum non infirmatur; et quoque nec patria potestas, nec commodium acquisitionis eorum, quae quis acquirat, solvaticum id quod aequum ponderi, Imulos, quem videre ad de pluribus. Amplius, quid sis, ut procedat etiam in foro consequentium. Nam si quis legitimatus, bonaque fide prescriptionem contrastrictum: litigiat in stipulationem malam fide, a qua incipere non potest. Tamen quia praescriptionio iam perfessit erat & consummata, juste retinet qui praescriptionis. Ad caput decedens. Sed hoc ante latius dissertimus hodie. Postremo, quod etiam non legitime factum lube non restrahitur. Ut quandocumque lex stat in extremis finibus prohibitionis, vitia non egreditur declarando asinus in contrarium sasum edes nullum; quia multa fieri prohibentur, qua tamen fasssa tenent, s. fidutim, quando appellandum est. Id quod pulchris elegantibus exemplis demonstrrat Salvianus, ad id. Patiens suus isto. Ratio dubitandi est, primo ex eo, quod Marcello ait: ea quae res consilium requisivit, resolvere cum in eum calum reciderint, a quo incipere non possunt, et ex limine sed verbo obitum. Et sine legem respondent: placere sibi exigui obligationem, si in eum calum inciderit, a quo incipere nemo potest, et si plurimus nemo declarat stipulationem, quae ab initio valuit, vitari; si in eum casum incedentur, a quo incipere necquit, pro parte feruit. Et denique Martinianus disseruit, ait, quod eo quod in eam causam petiverunt, de qua incipere non poterant, pro ratione scriptis habentur, et si in metallum sed de jure qua pro non scriptum habentur. Secundo ex eo, quod sicut ab initio ad dignitatem ecclesiasticam assumunt honores potest, qui enumeratis aliquo notati sunt, ita quoque legitime facta causa excipit, si supervenit scriptum mente, a quo incipere nequit, vitatur, caput de tutelae, hoc autem si secundum leges civiles Romanorum, accidit quod legitimae succedunt, est ex supervenienti concursu, a quo incipere sumere non potest, corrumpitur, debentur quomodo oportet episcopo. Tertius ex eo, quod si creditor succedat reo debendi, excedere illa quae ante legitimae contra facta a fuerebat, obligatio debitori. Codex de patribus et urbanius, de idem sonum qui in usu reipresentationis ac confusio his, quae obligatio incipere non potest, sicut furti oppositio acquiessa, propter servitutem supervenienti obligatur, si is qui furium admisit, eius cui furium secerat, servus esset: facti usufructu. Quarto ex eo, quod nepos ab avo praetorius, legitimam aurem testamentum, in quo pater suus indinurus, seda supervenienti mortuus fuerat, rupit, qui eadem non alta ratione, quam quod casus existentis nepotis, quotidianum avus, hoc est, praeterito nepote, fieri non poterat. Si tu tum Cui et libenter dixeris, putatorum inter ipsum litium, album tumultum in litigio solvit. Quinto ex eo, quod licet initio res volutier in stipulatione edunda fit, et tamen postea efficacius sea, et sic causus quemadmodum incipere non potest, extinguitur obligatio sua. Sixto ex eo, quod stipulationes de historio legitime contra has, propter superunietem affinitatem, a nullis inaperte non poterant, rumpuntur et impediuntur, esp. x. in thing. et in ultionem nitunt. Interrogationem in quemadmodum casus fulgistudo suspicionis impedit et sistit. Octavo ex eo, quod si subiectus error cessit legitime ad officium assumptus, lepra inficitur, superueniens lepra causas effait, via legitima illam administrationem removetur. Radote vero decidendi est, quod testis Vlp. in sistutatione diuorsarum partium in unius cuiusque aditum in initio spei stantum cese, et hoc quemdem legitimum et utile esse, latis est. Constat enim leges futuris dumtaxat formam dare negotiis, non adfacere praetendere uocari, l. legit. c. in legibus, et quod ante superuenientem legem prohibitionem factum est, iam nam non mereatur, quia lege permittente, aut certe non prohibente, factum fuit. I. tuiss. cf. inquir. perstit. Plurimorum sive fretus prima sive dubitatio, Sit beatus omnes sive orare floruerant, austus impositus, sic ad cum causam pervenire ne, quo incipere non polluit, ipso quasi vivit: coque modo accipiens edere existimant praeadjecta controversiarum solutionem, adus vero perfektos et iam conclusos non vitiari: considere tamen, hac distince non latis fieri his, qui ex atuis pericruuntur. Marcellus enim ingenue confitetur, haec re, de hac reguli veritate, summam suistit olim inter veteres contentiones. Ius litigabat. Paulus trepide assertit simul partem, scilicet quod retrahendus deberet, sequens causam plausibilis reguli poluit huic quodammodo contrariam, quam tamen promeretur non in omnibus esse veram. Alii vero neque audebant, non edere notium, ut qua semel volutus constituta sunt durabant, licet causus existierit, a quo initium capere non potuerunt. Martianus priorem Pauli sententiam satis, simpliciter contra hac nostram praesentem regulam se habebat, et contrarium assertit, nec solum ad satisfactionem de qua illic agit, lege constringit, ut plarius putant, id quod Modestimis putius sederi videri possit, in propositione qui loquitur in calculis, ubi servitutus quidem promissus erat, sed nondum verus constitutus. Etcetera, si quidquam est in legibus pugna et contrahendus, hoc loco esse videtur, ubi tam aperte veteres sibi adversantur. Et pugnantia dicunt. Sed quia Justinianus sic statuit, litis indicia inducenda effectum esse, ut necessitatem in ius nostra discordia, etique inucndus est exitus aliquis reconciliationis, et tamen ex multis et variis et pene infinitis interpretum distinctibuns dicendum, non retrahendus fastum legitime iam perfettum et absolutum, praeterquam si opercunia defectus format, ut Christum esse qui essit quid est. Et exibit quaestion, res amplius non siste, si defectus facta, sine adhuc facienda, lus qui quaehitur. diligentiam, si deficiat causa finalis non suppeditat impulsus generatricis effectus. Si quid libenter, si causa eadem impedit in contrahendo aut iam contracto: quia tuus quod impedit urtimque, impedit aliud sicut suspicione, dubitatione. Si quid suffertur ab usu, in I. si une pulsantum est per legem, si sequetur aburdum quid vel impossibile, sed ex nullo usus est, si impedimentum superscindens respicit agendam rem et effecatum, tam ad impediendum iam existum quam adhuc inchoandum ordinatum, ius istiuguem aut scribendi aut agendi. Si quid superfluum adijurit, si non cellare effeculum Conflummatum, protempore praescriptor, et bene pro tempore futuro, si effecatos illos efficiendus, habet ultimam legem, aut si superscindens causam retro a contraria removens illud quod iam consilium sine producendum sujuisset. Tunc enim restatur ad usus nunc perfectos et absolutus, ut in causa appellations, et ea quidem in est prodenda, haramaticque interpolata est, tamen revocato causa et gravamine, celebratur appellatio, totum actum cessat iter ibi Bulius. Idem quoque est, si is ad cuius commodum fastum legitimi consilium, fuerit in mota, litiguitur. Et si restatur secundum dubitationem minimae nocendi causa: quia laustum legitimi restatur causa superscindente, in odium eius cuius culpa causus est, et cum poena dignus est, non honore. Certes huius regulae beneficio sive in usu vel in future non potest inuire, et publicus ecclesiasticus favor postulat, impuros et nefarios pallares, nullo aliorum scnatu, non tolerari. Tertia vero dubitatio hac ratione diluitur, quod quoties debitori succedat creditor, consequentim ipi (a successione confunditur, et propter superuentem impotestitute veluti retractatur obligatio. Cum enim siliationem legis, hanc debentur reipresentet, iustulbecut. It utrumque in mutuum possit transferendum esse debitor et creditor, haberent. Si enim sit studium. Et duorum perforum qualitate et conditione diversam seu potius contrariam, reipresentare. Idemque est si fideiussor debitori succedat, propter quod nemo potest sibi ipsi obligatus esse. Sic etiam est de actione sursum. Nam cum liectui nomine dominus tenetur, eius nomine agere non potest, fieri antiqui C. I. §. 2. et si sit nemo qua debitoria movet. Testamentum enim legittime fieri, tamen per moriendum sic in hereditate constitutum ante testatores, in vitium caducii venit, adeoque risu illius conluminatus non fuist, cum nemo ex eo testimonio luere esse posit, id quod tamen ad huius reculae veritatem requiebat, quod de re late agunt Parilius ton. 60. Ub. 1. A Marianus in 84. §. 2. Sic etiam re, qua post promissionem quidem, sed ante traditionem, qua promissionis effertur in conluminatio est, Jaera efficitur, idem dri potent quod de re qua dari debuit, sine fide promissionis subtrahenda, dicitur. Qui rei vindicat. Et sicut debitor specie eius interitus ante moram liberatur, et ex legge de vebit. ob haec. Ita quoque si res promissa futuris in conventionem de aurata, commercio hominum excepta est. Unde a quinta dubitationi satisfaciendum videtur. Quod vero de affinitate superueniente in loco contrahetur, rationem in publicacales A Christiani fidelium honestate positam a collocata habet. Etenim si quum aut honestum non est, matrimonio non consummatum a perverso, sed in futurum tantum conceptum? A dum adhuc aliquis omni scandalo occultum potest illi quempiam coniungi, cuius cohabitationem car illicit ante se coniunxit. Nec mirum est quod causas suspicionis suppenientem judicium sive, ut est in septima dubitatione, cum nondum fuerit consummatum sed ineptuni, licet firmatum sit, nihil est quod imputetur parti; quam ante litis contentionem 1. suspitionis, quam ignoravit, non propulit, Paulus ad 1 Cor. 5/9 ad d.c. infirmante. A quarundem de novo emergent, non indigent auxilio, sed taque syncera justitiae officina, nulla in parte iudicii suppetaculum iudicem sufficit. Periculum quod publicum leprae id efficit, ut legitime assimultus id ecclesiae gubernationem destituar, ut absque horrore nec inde inter funus lii, qui Christi nomen dederunt, A lacrimarum interdicendum cupiunt. REGULA LXXIV. Quod aliqui gratiose conceditur, trahi non debet ab aliis in exemplum. Peccaudae de amortizatione caput 24. h; I c elicitur locusafpcrioli, inquo ficar- _ J pii poteft. t Quz procedunt a ture Ipc- 1 riali, non habemur in canfiderauone, pdeuomm.Ubert. Pr.pl! m loto d fptcidli. Idcoquc ufjdm. Lutum ex fc niliil aliud eft , quam lutum, (iipreiali priuilegid Regi n ultro indultum iit. Ex co fingit figulus poculum elegans , quic- Bb. 3 quid vt ckftioni Prarlati poifit Ide admifeere , ci- demque interefle , ne forte (editio aliqua oria- tur, hoc ab alijs Regibus , & principibus m exemplum trahi non debet, i.bmc eft i e. qneft. a. EtvtadBotuficiumMoeimtinum Arthic- pifeopum Icribit Zacharias Pontifex, fidium tpifapo tonctffnmfit , reftbt ipfe fuctefrrem fnum deftgnore atque conftituere poftit , nulli dlq fodli tri- buendum eft, quod iticbdrUdle agente conceffum fmu.feuftt. 7. qneft. 1. 1 Sic & Gregonus loan- 2 nem Raucnmtera Archicpifcoptim co nomine reprehendens, quod extra MilEirum (olcmnia pallio vtebatur, eleganter oftendit (c ( nift luz ccclefia: priuilcgiuin probare poflit ) aliarum ccdcfiarum iure lingulari iuuarc non debere , e. Amdo, morema. 100. Diffus. Sicut Dominus noster Christus, dum indicaret Ioannem non edem modo ex hac vita decedendum, quo Petrus decederet, perunctans Petro de Ioanne quem veluti iocium et collegam cupiebat, nec abedaudivit Vellert, ut ait Chrysostomus. Hui nutem quid sic Respondit, Iodocus. Si eum roles in medio, quid si nudo? His verbis eruditus, neque de aliena felicitate dolendum, neque incognitum quid sit divinam voluntatem inquisitandum in his beneficiis, quae aliis divinitus concinfa et collata sunt, atque sua quemque sorte contentum esse debere. At urium vero, cum Evangelicus illic pater familias, novicios, qui ad normam undecimem primum venerant in vincula, quauit primis, nullam his primis fecit inunium, neque illi de beneficio isto novicios impensum querere poterant. Sunt proinde unius eorum dixit Soisien. "O Amentensenfitibi annuum. Soline ex denario meum, sicut quod tuum est & rude. An non licet mihi quod volutare?" An oculi tuvini quidque est quod bonum illi? Nam cum onerent, qui fraudati mercedis suae, Led quia alii plus quam merebantur, ex gratia accipiebant, nemine hoc amplius et quoque ex gratia accipere debere, vel certe alii illis inviderant. At quia hoc est proprium invidiae, quando alter aliquid additur, sic dolent invidia, quasi illis fit aliquid subdumat, quod illi est additum. Vtpma sic viderint fieri aliquem ditiorem, putant invidiae facere pauperes fieri. Si alter (apianior) fuertit falsus, ita dolent, quasi ipsum in ipsas mentes suas, et ideo dolent secundi, quia desiderant esse priores, non intelligentes quod non fit homine nec rationem causae exigere, cur unum quid facit, alium deprimatum, unum scientia & eruditione illustratum, et alium non illustratum, neque ponderantes quod longe vilior est homo collatus cum Deo, quam cum homine. De quo ad Romanos scribens Beatus Paulus ait: "Quidquid enim quid sit, quidquam dicit figuratum ei, quid me fecit sic in An non habet potestatem figuri huic, ex eodem nihil fecere dudus quidem isti in hominem enim dudus reto in volumus." PETRI PECKII COMMENT. quid hoc est honoris, debet suo artifici, sine matula, nulla sortidus villosum lutum sit limina. Quod si aliter quam haec regula praepedit, constitutas, utique ad mortem puerorum desideres, qui si quid aut fratri, aut pæatori, aut alii pueri auctum vident, nist etiam tantumdem accipiant, contenti non sunt, pares facies conditionem eorum, qui beneficis gaudeant eundi modus promerentur, et eorum quibus supplicium potius quam primum debetur, aut certe eorum qui nulla mercede digni sunt, & inania telluris pondera redeunt appellantur. Quoniam vero ea que dixi latius dicere & tradare solent, alio loco a nobis ut dudashus declarata, ideo inutilem, & Lediolam recessionem omittentes, sola remissioni contenti erimus. ad 2, primiegum Cor. qua a unire supradictum. REGULA LXXV. Fratres tibi fidem quis postulat servari, cui fidem ab se praestitam servare technicum. 1. Fides an bonorum servanda. 2. Ampliationes ad hanc regulam. 3. Princeps, si non eruit, sive considerat res a solo, an vassalta. 4. Lusturandum per aquipones, non adimpletur. 5. Rano dubitandi. Ratio decidendi. 6. Inducta, an violari positt. 7. Doli majus. Requiem, est praesalientis capitis usus, & allegatio permitto isto & turbulento sarculo, quo fides excuat, fraus regnat, monstrantur digitis fraudum magistratus, sic prudentior judicatur, qui peritior est fallendi, Sc non tanto studio neque tot laqueis venatores atque aucupes fieras ac volucres captant, quodversitis homines alios quovis simplicioris. Grauitur time, fane olim Domitius Ulpianus libro 4. ad cidum ait, nihil effe tam congruum fidei humante quam ea servare, quae placuerunt, 1 §. de pace, gravissimum esse fidem fallere, §. de conjurationibus. Hanc esse legem naturae, qua nemo solutus est, decorum die fidem, l. de justitia, §. 1. justitiam gratam nenfirram arquittatis suadentem, insidiae dic, qui eam non servant, §. quis maior, C. de trans. ad. Ecum. Nulla res, testes Cicero, vel neminem rem publicam contineat, quam fides, atque proinde Romanos eam in templo Acti vicino loui proximam esse vulnereum, censuerunt veteres eam etiam hosti servandam esse, proponentes Principibus doctrinam Aristotelis, qui Alexandrum hortatur, ut fidem data et soedera conformata observetur. Alii malum finem fecundum, & quod tres Romanos dominari: Sanum consilium secretum tenendo; Paupertati, 1 §. dividis suisis pecuniis pettinadter inhaerere non frangendo; Unde & Valerius, hbr. i. c. hb. 9. c. Notatum, Romanum linguum conungens fulit fideliter semel praesentare, hostem non fallere, perfidia non notari, eamque tantum incommodi humano generi adferre, quantum bonae fidei commodi praedat, id quod olim in magno illo Scipione egregie apparebit, qui cum Annibale ei fidem non servabat, atque postea tamen peccuniam leti inducas affedasict respondit eidem, compos estse non de foedere agendi, in quo stare misc.ebat, sed annis decertandi, commilique cum eo praelio, immortalem gloriam, & ingentem victoriam obtinuit etque Annibale qui pacem cum pollet non serviavit, eamque necessitate constitutus & petens non impetravit. Redematur igitur Plutarchus: "quod autem angebatur, séd hostes fallere non satis et usu bonum, etiam commodum quoque et lucrum." Quod Augustinius probat, dum ait: "bellum supertur, quodrumque alterum pugna an ensibus decidistis." Porro autem quod dicimus hostem aut alteri fidem datam servandam esse, ita intelligendum & accipiendum esse docet lex legislator, sicut et clavum clavo pellere, artemque arte deludere viz possit quidquid sit de via fraterna. Quotique Pontifex, sicut politus fidem servari ab eo, suum fidem a se servare curavit. Sicut & in simili frusta legi implorat auxilium, qui in eam committitur, et ex eo quod quis subactor sentiat, lucrum non accipit, coeperunt ideo ex eodem. Hinc est quod, testes Vlpiano, contra socium adium non datur cui, qui conditionem societatis non praesit, sicut committitur pio socio, Sc ut ait Julius Paulus: sicut conducator qui pensionibus satis non fecit, coepit patere penam, prodente locatori doli exceptio, quod quoque §. 1. jf. locati. f Amplia primo IxinC regulam, vt locum 2 habeat , etiam fi fides feu pactum iureinrando fulciatur. Nam & tunc adhuc quoque licitum cft frangenti fidem , fidem non /eru.irc : quia cum tadtamhanc conditionem in fe contineat iufiurandum , fi obfemauens , confequcns eft, promiflionem quo ad cffvdum jeftimari , & per- inde haben atque fi nihil adum luifict, argu.l.fi quu.ff.de contr empt. & ideo fi quis certo (alario certis diebus fibi pratftando , alicui femirc pro- miferit, abfquc lurifuirandi lafionccixlem fa- la no fuo dic non fbluto, a conucntiiHK* recedit* D.Ant ad d.c. y infui. Amplia fecundo, etiamfi quis neccftaria ciu- fa impeditus fidem non feruct AU. ad d. I. cum proponas riumer. 1 3. Quamuis enim nccellkas aut .impedimentum a mora fai poena, excolet, l.fi rebenda. §. idem turis jf. ad l. Rhodiam, ad prodii- • , cendam AD REG. LXXV. FRUSTRA SIBI FiptM, &c. condam tamen a&ioncm fatis momenti non Kibet. Eaque lententia reieda Hoflmifis opi- nione, d.c.ficut , receptior cft, aperto Papiniani rctponlo comprobatur , dum ait : catum con- tingentem in perlonam ftipulatoris , Se promil- fi actionem impedire , & ioluci condictionem tribuere , l.fi viio§. i.ff. beati. caqucqux a!> Hofticnlc in contrarium adteruntur , non ad aCltoncm» fed ad cxculationcm Se exceptio- nem pertinent , fanor m. numero 6add. ea.jicat. In nominatis tamen contractibus receptum cft, fi propter promiilionis naturam adimpleri ne- quc3nt,lumcere vt eo modo , quo poliunt ( vel- uti cantione przftita ) adimpleantur. l.m^ulam. $. fi.fi. locati. Amplia tertio, vt procedat , fi vel in mini- ma re alter fidem feruare neglexerit. Alexandr. ad l.penmlttm. C.de bis qui u nui ig. Nam cum eo calu venim fit , intemerata paCti iura leruata non efle tperBide eft , atque ii in nullo prorlus leruata cflent, Gorn.cmf*t q6.hlrrms.ALu/.conf. Si proinde propter minimam partem contractus non impletam, obstat agenti exceptio: Bull.ad.l.p.MU cvmnt i.ss.dtenttdb.cmpt. licut videmus quod venditor potest rem totam unditam retinere pro uno numero pretii non offerri. § de actione empt. Bull.ad l.vi/tm. C. commodati. Qua de re plurima notat Tiraquils, videmus in rebus extrahend. Sed hoc ita, misi tam leve momenti res sit, quae cadaverum est, ut non sit vicesimile partes ad eam replectisse. Li/r, s. 5 pondere, § de adiudicato. Amplius, quarto, ut nullus hac mere privati aut sancit excuset. Nam Si Cornuus, advolare monasteriorum administratores, huius regulæ beneficium admittit, consit. 167. mutuare. Si vis quid coram Episcopo aliquem laicum in ius traxit, non recte petit eum secundum consuetudinem laicorum puniri, cap. quod Clerum definit compet. quia cum illam ipse servare non tenetur, non debet alium ad eius oblivionem adigere, Act. Mon. Au. §. de loco. Ne ius quod in le non probat, in aliis consequitur velit. § quod sin isti usus isti alii. Amplius, quinto, adeo ex parte contrahentis contractum esse adimplendum, ut qui id notitiam certus, non solum quaqua ab adversario pester non potest, sed nec liberationem proprietatis condicionem potest de cunis. Cur in limine. Act. Cur. Ut. §. de loco. Quoniam lex indebitam pecuniam errore compromittentibus, liberationis conditionem concdit, seu syngrapham repetitionem subjicit, § non etiam aliis, qui sua ex parte non implent, cum alioqui in collecta possetate citiat, in unius creditore quandocunque velunt obligatione le eximere. Amplius, lecto, quot quoque in partibus observavit, contra me agat, quique rei nomine ego non exceperim, atque ideo condemnatus sum, non tamen hanc res factitertus milles pro arbitrio, iudicis quit hutnem in comitatu indocumenta quin potessum deinde petere, ut si ipso observet quod promisit. Licitur enim petitor understandum non oppugnare paucis tamen exceptis, quos elegenter illi Albigenses observabant. Amplius, lege toto, etiam promissionis addita fit clausula, rationalmente acto petitor solvendum esset: quia adsum nullius cessio facta est in aula, quantum ad eius, qui eam promissionem non observavit, favorem attinet, ad legem qui fidem sine transfandeat. Eademauctor natu a jure, quo ad propositionem dictam causam, clausularum & jurulandandi, et nemo tacitam habet conditionem, nisi culpa adversarii aliud acciderit, laese et Albigenses nutu. Amplius, ordinem, ut sic quilibet ex parte sua ad fidem datam observationem tenearut, quod etiam si ipso promittentiis causa cessaret, nihilominus tamen durat ipsa obligatio, legem si in factum, vendit. Quod cum Decio intelligit, Albigenses eo calu, quo obligatio propter verborum generalem ab ea causa non restringeretur. Nam alioqui regulare est, quod promissionis causa cessante, cessat promissio. Caput 2. de custodia euchartsum. Tiraqu. in trad. cessum causa num. Amplius, nono, etiam si sit superor aut Princeps, qui fidem non leniat. Nam si dominus non servat fidem valallax, valallax non tenetur ci servare juramentum fidelitatis, gl. quid sit illi licitum in c. de nova sorta fidelitate sit et usu. A via confitto. 167. Inter. Jo. & idico dicitur quod princeps subditos lucoe parentali amore prosequi, & incostatu in quo cos reperit, concurrendi debet, jox. de Hatea ad Un neminem, c. de detur Roi.d Vallciotis. t.num.xoj. [Cai/u p.p, 1 num 1 1 ,&seqq. ] Sic & d Praelato ex contemptu lacros canones non obleniant, recedi potest, sicut ab excommunicato , gl.tn c.f acer dotes. 2 .qH. 7 .Rotna.fing.no. Ampha dcccind, etiam si adversarius vdict Imorem fidem per arquipollens t adhuc alter potest resiste, & a fide data recedere, quod eleganter admodum explicat Jalonrc*»/ii. W.j. <r. Vt li coincecrit inter emptorem & venditorem, quod emptor deponeret pretium apud itium, et ille deponit apud alium que idemenum : quia non potest in unuto altero mutare personam, ab vtroque clamat. Neque movet ( inquit ) quod is qui constituuit certam personam pro sec fideli administrum, potest aliam personam non minus idoneam constituuere : /. qui autem, s. et c.s quid de const. pecu. quia id verum est,quando persona quis deberet fideli administrare, iusta conventionem , vel rebus humanis excepta est , vel fideli administrare debet, ipso etiam pro administrare scu conventionem in mora non repetto. Tunc enim ex aequitate illud admittitur. Sed quidem potissimum hare locum lubent, si accederit iustitium, quod non per arquipoilens, sed in formam specia ad imponi debet. Ratio vero dubitandi est, primo ex eo, quod Usurpianus ait: "Si quis a pupillo fine tutoris autoritate emergit, ex uno latus contra idus." Nam qui emit obligatus est pupillo, datamque fidem sacerdos compellitur, Pupillum autem sibi non obligat, qui potest lite a promissione sada respondere. Itaque quis a pupilla. Secundo ex eo, quod is qui petitione hereditatis, vel in rem adisque experibatur, si transegit, Aquilianus auc stipulatione item Se acceptilatione reum liberauit, amplius etiam reo pro tunc non observante ad eas adiones redire non potest. Respondens: Legum cum mortis causa transacta sint, ex eo quod si publico iudicio maritus uxorem (uam, sacrandum matrimonii soedus contaminat, adulterii ream facit, iudex qui de adulterio cognovisset, etiam in maritum fidem non servientem ob lenocinium statueret potest. Quarto ex eo, quod licet non solvatur pretium, res vendita et tradita vindicari se et condicere non potest. Limitaneus c.de rei ver. Quinto ex eo, quod neutri videtur esse succurrendum: nam si stipulator dolorem promisit, et promissor dolo stipulatoris, impeditus fuerit, quo minus ad iudicium veniret, neutri eorum praetorem subvenire debere leges constituet. Fin. Sexto ex eo, quod is qui in invicem legem committit, alterius legis beneficio non exuitur, et substitutus habeat redit, qui institutionem recusavit, ex substitutione succedere potest. Septimo ex eo, quod si quis inducias ex parte sua violaverit, debet aliter quod in se est, observare ne dum alienam perfidiam redarguat, suam fidem solvat. Ea invocent. Et enim Dominus, ut in libro de Nabute, r.17. Sericabitur B. Ambroius, indignus rex Achab (cruciauit tenorem sententiae): Se promittuit sibi, Achab beneficia circa se divina non tenuit. Omdat ex eo, quod si ab extraneo possessor vendicat fundum, quem in emphyteusis a republica habere, ea exceptione iuare se illi non poterit, quod reipublicae vedalet non potest. Nono ex eo, quod si dominus testato ab emphyteuto admonitus, duorum mensium spatium labi permittebant, non tamen ideo emphyteusis permittebatur, ut adversus legem contradus quicquam attentet. Decimo ex eo, quod si uterque cohigo votum continentiae (seu castitatis secernerit), altero fidem frangente, alter nihilominus constantine specerficuerarc. Undecimo ex eo, quod Gregorius ex Patricio reseravit iis servandam diem pacis, qui nobis pacem non habent, cum verba quibus domus vidi. Postremo, quod provident qui a dicendo superessercant, propternac quod in republica sibi stipendium non pensatur, pro hoc temporis interest nihil non oharii consequitur. Albertus Ladinus, de adiatu aliut, Ratio vero decidendi est, quod in omni promissione tacite inserta est conditio, Nisi aliud sado adversarii contigerit. cum proponae. Cod. de nau. Se qui differt facere aut decet, non potest petere quod ei promissum est, si non fuert btgl. ff. Heureiur. Se qui non facit quod debet, non recipit quod opus est. Usu rv/i. WfM a./ifr. Estenim harenatura conventionum, quod nisi ad huius probet ex sua parte debitum implementum contracaus finite lccutum, repellitur, Se propter minimum capitulum conventionis non observatum, obstaculum agenti exceptio in principali. d. Upa & convention. & ibi Bal. Neque movet prima dubitatio. Id enim satis bumum est, ut pupilli luam conditionem meliorem facere sine tutoris autoritate possint, deteriorem non possint, l. contra lurit, sate suJ. praeterquam si artatis privilegio iniquum cupiant trahere pensum, quodque depravata magis quam de damno solvat, mortui ssMM admittitur nec proprie sive inde fraudare dicuntur, qui hoc ipsum quod agunt non satis intelligunt, finuss. de iuris et ignoro. Legisque autoritate, non etiam proprio arbitrio contrauebant conventioni. Redem igiitur dixit Romanus, ad sum proponas, num. 5. C. de padu. quod regula ista obtinet tunc tantum, quando utriusque partis pars & aqualis est conditio. Sic nec lelunda quoque dubitatio nocet, quia duplici modo contrahitur transactio, pacto nudo, itemque Se acceptilatione. Si pacto nudo transigerim, tuque fidem frangendo conventionem non servues posteriores actiones, super qua transactio erat expedit, Se tibi de crangido cipationi devoluto & in observantia hac regula replicabo, l. siue C. de transact. ipa tamen actione neque extensa neque iusta. l. si vum. Si pactus de pactu. At quoties acceptilata est prior adio, ea in unicum extinguitur per acceptilationem, ipso iure laessione. C. de transact. Semel autem extensa adio, non reviduit. l. qui res. $ arepmss. defoluit. Et ideo etiam si tu leges transactioins non servies, nullus mihi ad priorem extindam adionem regretus est. It. l. cum mota. C. de transaffectus non propter causam impunis, qui si legem transgressit. Poteris enim vel de dolo, adinvento, vel praescriptus verbis, vel conditioni ob causam convenire. Curtis, Rem Baldetti ad alut. ad directum ut responsum, et ad directum ad actionem. Et hoc ipsum est, quod paucis verbis ait Alexander, ad directum ut responsum. Hanc nostram regulam locum habere, si prima adion ad ipsum junctis sublata non fit. Nec obstat id quod de adulterio uxoris vel lenocinio manutendis dictum est; Nam cum talem in ipso iniquum est, ut pudicitiam ab uxore exigat maritus, quam tamen ei novam exhibet, vel contra. AD REG. LXXV. FRESTA SIBI FIDEM, etc. Contradicta Usus et abutus, ff. de adl. uxori manu, optimus illi mei mutua delirii competissatio admittitur. I. cum mulier. et iti lute Renumunt, ff. solutionem materiae. Ad tertium vero haec: non pertinet, sed pro inde iudex crimen hoc adulterii ante oculari habere, atque de eo inquirere debet, an maritus pudicus vivens mulieri quoque ad bonos mores colendos et sequendos autor hanc esse nec ne. Si aliuad reperent, delirium admixtum in utroque castigare: dicens, Neque sic obijci potest haec exceptio, quod fidem non (surrexit, quia ipse fidem dedit justitia et principi, quam sic adimpleto, non privato delinquenti, cum quo consuevit non debet. Quarta quoque dubitatio vim non habet: quia in contrarium nominatis regulat nostrarum locum non est siti excepto ab altera parte factum fit, ut si a venditore traditio facit tueri, led actione ex contradictionem detrandum cogimus, ut adimpleat quod promisit, praeterquam si ea pars non servemur, quarum omnino causam contrariuos dederunt, quem te, Qui suist, ut reund. Et ratio huius exceptionis videtur esse haec, quod executione acta, fides (soluta est, qua idcirco re integra existat, non sinit, vel frangi, vel denegari dici non potest. In qua posita fides qua frangitur, non est in articulo emptionis, sed in articulo executionis, et ideo quod fidem habet de pretio, prioris fidei nove observantiam, vel necessitatem eorum quae ex natura consanguinei luminis remissile videtur. Si autem solutio non fiat, ut possessor fidei data concurrebat, non habet venditor in quo fidem non observare potest, ut qui nunc rem tradidit, tradendo eam sicut observavit, et ex hac parte, contrarium adimpluit. Quando quoque non movet, quod ibi neutri succunendum esse aisunt Consulti, quia ut dirium est verum esse potest, quando mutua deliria mutua compensatione tolluntur, ad easque regula nostra obtinet, non in separatis factis, sed in promissionibus, quorum altera alterius causa tali. Vndec & (extas dubitationis latissev viden potest. Connexorum erat idem unique est indicium, custoditur de trasluto. Praelus vero re Se natura, distinguantur serieus conditionem. Et ideo pulchre ait Alexander, addit. cum praepis. Hanc regulam procedere, si tibilenienti fidem, vestuarecam nobis circa idem capitulum, vel circa capitulum connexum, vel circa separatum, et gloria sit duobus de iure. Ita dicuntur (inquit) obligationes connexa; quae autem id quod opposite contrahentur. Alciati, i/o£. «11.41. Socinum sequus, emsti. a. existimat ideo spacio more in indicisi receptum esse, quod idem diei ducantur-ledisse-differentur, intercessuque ab omni vindicia aliena incre, ut omne violari foederis dedecus, apud violatorem sit, pashtque alius ledavit. Alexander d. litet. ex usu conscientiae magis, quam ex in re receptum esse. Et imo quod amplius est, arbitrantur et Felynus. In cap. $. dubitetur, id quod ex aduerio proponitur, non ad politicam necessitatem, sed ad plenitudinem perfectionis Christiane dumtaxat, pertinere. Et quod liber. 5. offic. cap. 10. Eleganter oftendit B. Ambroius verius; Cerem autem sum de dictu ntu omni pententium stermitlum, sumurtur burum feuteutium, scensturu dictum euteleuter esfresum hirtum I esit umentum retent, quod quid lesum nul modo scribetur. Nem cum exisset summi feri sulet, futurum se mure Hebraeorum resistit: siuste equum de serto de cieute diurnem nutritionem alimentum tot sumptus 1 multitudo ul madenem tempestas sic turn Hiuruth, fuerunt Tubursum sumi idem. Crulutu selle ericium: Gubernem quoque regem rinens, insuffens in hanc rebus quaestiones respectum: Gebeonitum quidque vidimodus metum, venerunt cum veritate, simulunt se de terra longinquely esse. Diuise sapientem in possessione pedum, detruitur autem equitum que lege veterum memoratus mulus mensturent. Cum universum tegebat sileberit emerenda puellis o neuidus etiam deruit, est enim universi constructio. Et expectant ubi lesum Nane perfectum, sit factum firmare sectetem. Sae quia adhuc erat ignaurum locum, necegirant frendere cerum, neque Demutim interegratum, sed eat credidit: testes mutum faciem dedit ieusnum in seiatum. Sed et in terra cere rum renum est, deprehenso cere frendere, quid cum esset finitimi, adveniat esse simile cruciutu, pugnem tumulorum de istis rebus, quae in solis regionibus consumerunt. Qui firmavit ergo iudicem in religione, se diem elicitam perfidum arguere, fidem quem defenderet. Orianavcro dubitatio hoc modo dissoluta potest, quod exceptio tua non interest, semper repellit agentem. Et cum inter alios et alios neque proest et neque prejudicat: Et sic ut res inter alter et alter non licet, sed lege terpa.q compellit eruti. Si in tercia quis succedit: quis in prima, quid in secunda, quid in tertia, quem in quarta, quem in quinta succedit. Sic accepit pro tertio oligistus fit, ut lunt fidelicus, exceptis in juxta poscenti remedio ahcinternocoeptat: Post merce fin. sed bene ess. continent. vel per allegationem in tertio, lippote iure ipsi agentis exclusetur: de quo plurima notant Bartolus et Zabel, quos vide, ed. Li. de except. Sic illud quoque quod in nona obfectione contrahitur, illis nihil praejudicat. Poenitentia in delirio maius non debet, neque metus C. de petitionibus. Sic et Alesius in lege num. 48. difficilius jus plenum quid sit nobis aduratur, quam id quod sicut modo et conditione delatum ad hoc ipso peratur. Quod autem de decimo loco de continente singula adfatur, hanc testes Cardinalis et dominus Antonio, ei. i. cap. 1, rationem habet, quod votum castitatis a viro et uxore cum summo. principaliter concernit Deum, notus illus ipso, et quia unius votum non praetendit implementation alterius, ideo alterum fidem suspicantur, et in continenta. PETRI PECKII COMMENT. Prolipsus, alter quo ad Deum fidem servare debet. Undecima quoque dubitatio non obat: quia in foro conscientiae hómo per se superor esse non solum pacem non servare, sed etiam inimicos tuos diligere debet. Alii autem illud audient: Nisi unius resistitur, quid autem in tumultum, ne in tumultum in attentum starum. Denique vero quod ultimo loco proponitur, hac ratione difficultate potest, quod illi cui fides non situr, nullum quemquam damnum inferri debet, sed lucrum quod facere potuit, non facit, minime acquirit. Illud quoque ex Romano in Cadastro d. l. pro bored. addi potest, quod et contra quod quis non servat, quatenus durat impugnatio et contraventus, lege ivnare non potest; ea vero firata, sic. quod si caulea causae cessat et actus. REGULA LXXVII. Delictum per sonar non debet in detrimentum ecclesiae reducenda. Tutoribus gratia funt agenda pupillorum. Ampliationes ad hanc regulam: 1. Si festiatio Prolati et capituli deconcursete peccatorum ecclefaie probet. 2. Legatum sub potentem pium loco isti auctor, an aufertur, si administratores isti liti solvunt non adimpletebant onus annexum. 3. Rationes dubitandi. 4. Rationes decidendi. Quandmodum magna habenda est gratia Pipiati, tutoribus et curatoribus, quorum fides atque industria res ecclesiae, pupillorum et minorum, conservantur et augmentantur: ob quod non facile licedit istos finistres praesumitur, cap. absit. 1 quaest. 3. In quoque viceversa supponitur dignus sunt, qui spem istam conceptam felium, et in rebus eorum fidei creditis, gratiantur, et administrant praedatio, cum publico scandalo in his versautibus. Unde est, quod lite non contientur, ad sententiam definitivam, vel ad testimium receptionem, procedi non potest: l. pro ut am. C. de fettitut. extra v. lit.
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US-29873828-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
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Tire trimmer
May 6, 1930- v c. EMAYNARD 1,757,127
TIRE TRIMMER .Filed Aug. 10. 1928 l INVENTOR. E'f-/A NLES 275m? MAY/VAUD.
A TTORNE Y.
A Patented Mays,Y `193() A' UNITED STATES CHARLESEDGAR'MAYNARD, 0F NoRTi-IAMPTON,MAssAci-IUSETTS, Assis-NOR To RISK RUBBER COMPANY, or onrcorna FALLS, ivrAssAmans nfrfrs,AcomoRATIolst'` or' MASSACHUSETTS TIRE TRifriyruRV v Appiieati'on filed August 10, i'e'asfsriai m1295338.
My invention relates to a device :for trimming the edges of treadlstock or sidewall strips after this stock has been stitched to aV tire carcass.
The purpose of my inventionfis to provide a device that will yaccurately and essentially.
automatically turn the edges of such strips and that may easily and quickly be brought into Working position from an inoperative position. Another purpose of my invention is to provide a device that vvill'cons-tantly hold the'trimmer against the tire with a yield-k ing pressure. Other purposesy will be apparent from the following specification and claims. Y
Referring to the drawings showing but one embodiment of my invention:
Fig. 1 is a front elevation lof the trimmers mounted on the frame of a tire building machine; Y
A Fig. 2 isa view taken substantially on line 2--2ofFig.1; i
Fig. 3 is an enlarged View of .one of the trimmers showing it in trimming position; and
Fig. 4 is a view taken substantially-on line 4-4 of Fig. 3.
In the drawings a tire carcass 'has been constructed on a tire building drum- 11 and a tire `tread 12, built in-this case as one unit with the sidewall strips, has been located and stitched onto the carcass 10.. A pair of trimmers, one for each edge of the drum, are carried by a bar 13 fixed to a-member 14 that is pivoted on a shaft 15 carried by a bracket 16 on the housing of a tire building machine 17. A stop 18 (zo-acting With an adjustable bolt 19 on the member 14 regulates the horizontal position of the'y bar 13 While a stop plate 20 allows the bar 13, together 'with the trimmers, to be tilted back intoan inoperative position as indicated bythe dotted lines 21.
As the trimmers are similar only one Will be described, this description suiicing for both units. port bracket 22 slidably `mounted ony the bar 13 and prevented from rotation by ka pair ot' keys 23. A knife holder, 24 is pivotally held on a stud 25 adjustably xed in an elongated slot 26 in the bracket 22. A knife blade27 The trimmer consists of a supis clamped-'onto a ecting portion 28 of'fth'e holder 24'.v A tension spring 29 `fliedib'etvveer'l afpoint on`the1holder'24 and on theb'racket 221tends lto keep the holder against a flange A f 30 onfthe bracketV 22 as shovvnv in Fig. 2.
A vlink 31C is pivotedtothe -stud125 and a' coiled spring 32, fitting at one endl 33 linto the studl` 25,- is-'fastened tofthe link31 as at- 34 (see 4). Normally the link'31'will restas shown in Fig. 2 Without much or any tension on theV spring 32 against the portionl `fHowever,vvhen it is'desiredtoii'nove the blade 26toward the tire (see Fig; 3)'`the link 31'is movedvbackso that aplunger3 5,carried bytheflinkand control-led bya knobf364 andk a spring "37, will engage behind-a handle 38 ofthe holder 24. Thelinks"mov`ement,'of`
approximately'120", 'v vill put a tens-ion-A on the spr1ng32 and rotate 'thelink-ab'out the stud 25-until the lbladef27 comes in Contact with "i the tire,`fthe bladethen-riding at this point f With-a'yieldable pressure.,
^ The'trimmers 'may be adj usted for' various' Width drums-bymoving them-along the bar 13 and locking them-in place by-a set screw 39. The bar itself; may'bemoved 'avvay or-v toward the drum-by moving the shaft 15in thebracket 16.
The operation offthetrimmers `is l-a's follovv. The tirecarcass lO'is firstconstructed on thebuildingdrum lland the ltiretread 12, made 'eitherfseparate'oi integral/'With sideivallfstrlps,I `is stitched into place von the carcass. Thel` b ar13is brought down from the inoperative-position21to' a 'positionVv int front of. thek drum as shown in Figs. 1 andV 2. The operator then locks the links 31 in back of the 'handles38 with the plungers 35 as shown in Fg.`3 and rotates the drum.: As vthe drum rotates theblades 27 Will gradually cut or force their Way through the rubber stock at kthe predetermined point at which the blades Were set. The pressure caused by the springs 32 is not great enough to cause the blades to cut throughmore than just the rubber stock.
When `the blades f have performed their func-k tion,' the operator lifts up on the knobs 36 which kallows the springs 29 todraW the holders 24'back against the flanges 30. The cut blade, a stud adapted to act as a pivot-for the holder, and a spring controlled member also oil strips of rubber 40 arethen pulled olf the i tire by the operator.v v
During the time the blades are cutting their Way through the rubber the machine operator is free to gather his material for the next tire. Y
Having claim: Y, Y
1'. In a machine of the character described,
a trimming unit adapted to be positioned ad`V jacent a tire buildingfdrum,"rsaid unitcomprising 'a blade, a holder for carrying the carried by the stud adapted to be locked behindthe holder to. thereby :forceV the saidV bladefinto yielding contact With the tire..
2. In, y a tire building ,Y machine, a device ortrimmingsurplus rubber stock from tire casings comprising a bracket mounted kadjacent a tire buildingk drum,`a studadjustably Xed tothe bracket, a blade'adapted, when i pressed into contact with the rubber stock on a tireecasing on the building drum, to gradf ually'cut its Way through the rubber stock,
a blade holder pivoted on the stud and nor. i
mally holding the blade from Contact `With the tirecasing anda spring pressed member also carried by the said stud to holdthe blade in yielding contact with `thetirev when the said spring pressed member is locked behindv the blade holderfV j ,c 3. In' a'tire buildingmachine, a pair of de-V Vices for trimming surplusrubber stock fromV tire casings each comprising 'a bracket mounted adjafent one side of a tire building drum, a stud adjustably fixed to each bracket, a pair of blades adapted, when pressed into Contact with the rubber stock on a tire casing on the'building drumyto gradually cut theirrwayfthrough therubber stock, blade holders pivoted on the studs andinormallyY holding the blades from Contact with the tire casingjand'spring pressed members also carried by the studs to hold the blades in yielding contact With the tire When the said spring. pressed members are locked behind the'blade holders, each device adjusted and operable Y independent of the other.
thus described `my invention, I.
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Poly[[aquabis(μ<sub>3</sub>-isonicotinato-κ<sup>3</sup><i>O</i>:<i>O</i>′:<i>N</i>)tris(μ<sub>2</sub>-isonicotinato-κ<sup>3</sup><i>O</i>,<i>O</i>′:<i>N</i>)(nitrato-κ<i>O</i>)bis(μ<sub>4</sub>-oxalato-κ<sup>6</sup><i>O</i><sup>1</sup>,<i>O</i><sup>2</sup>:<i>O</i><sup>2</sup>:<i>O</i><sup>1′</sup>,<i>O</i><sup>2′</sup>:<i>O</i><sup>1′</sup>)dierbium(III)tetrasilver(I)] tetrahydrate]
|
Yong Wen
|
Latin
|
Spoken
| 5,324 | 17,552 |
Table 1
S l
d Table 2
Hydrogen-bond geometry (A˚ , ). D—H A
D—H
H A
D A
D—H A
O14—H14A O9v
0.84
2.39
2.81 (3)
111
O14—H14B O12vi
0.84
1.99
2.62 (3)
131
O16—H16A O11vii
0.84
1.95
2.773 (12)
170
O16—H16B O5viii
0.84
2.06
2.862 (12)
158
C6—H6 O2
0.93
2.53
3.371 (12)
151
C11—H11 O5iii
0.93
2.42
3.315 (8)
162
C12—H12 O14ix
0.93
2.56
3.441 (2)
158
Symmetry codes: (iii) x 1; y; z þ 1; (v) x; y; z þ 2; (vi) x þ 1; y þ 1; z þ 2;
(vii) x þ 2; y þ 1; z þ 2; (viii) x þ 2; y þ 1; z þ 1; (ix) x; y; z þ 1. metal-organic compounds metal-organic compounds Acta Crystallographica Section E
Structure Reports
Online
ISSN 1600-5368 Acta Crystallographica Section E
Structure Reports
Online
ISSN 1600-5368 Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 Poly[[aquabis(l3-isonicotinato-
j3O:O000:N)tris(l2-isonicotinato-
j3O,O000:N)(nitrato-jO)bis(l4-oxalato-
j6O1,O2:O2:O1000,O2000:O1000)dierbium(III)-
tetrasilver(I)] tetrahydrate] Experimental
Crystal data
[Ag4Er2(C6H4NO2)5(C2O4)2-
(NO3)(H2O)]4H2O
Mr = 1704.64
Triclinic, P1
a = 8.8561 (8) A˚
b = 11.6428 (8) A˚
c = 11.9597 (9) A˚
= 76.940 (1)
= 76.612 (1)
= 76.035 (1)
V = 1145.14 (16) A˚ 3
Z = 1
Mo K radiation
= 5.40 mm1
T = 296 K
0.30 0.25 0.21 mm
Data collection
Bruker APEXII CCD
diffractometer
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996)
Tmin = 0.224, Tmax = 0.336
5823 measured reflections
4043 independent reflections
3265 reflections with I > 2(I)
Rint = 0.028
Refinement
R[F 2 > 2(F 2)] = 0.053
wR(F 2) = 0.128
S = 1.06
4043 reflections
377 parameters
95 restraints
H-atom parameters constrained
max = 1.57 e A˚ 3
min = 1.32 e A˚ 3 Experimental
Crystal data
[Ag4Er2(C6H4NO2)5(C2O4)2-
(NO3)(H2O)]4H2O
Mr = 1704.64
Triclinic, P1
a = 8.8561 (8) A˚
b = 11.6428 (8) A˚
c = 11.9597 (9) A˚
= 76.940 (1)
= 76.612 (1)
= 76.035 (1)
V = 1145.14 (16) A˚ 3
Z = 1
Mo K radiation
= 5.40 mm1
T = 296 K
0.30 0.25 0.21 mm
Data collection
Bruker APEXII CCD
diffractometer
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996)
Tmin = 0.224, Tmax = 0.336
5823 measured reflections
4043 independent reflections
3265 reflections with I > 2(I)
Rint = 0.028
Refinement
R[F 2 > 2(F 2)] = 0.053
wR(F 2) = 0.128
S = 1.06
4043 reflections
377 parameters
95 restraints
H-atom parameters constrained
max = 1.57 e A˚ 3
min = 1.32 e A˚ 3 Yan-Mei Wen,a* Tian-Jun Fengb and Li-Xin Hec Yan-Mei Wen,a* Tian-Jun Fengb and Li-Xin Hec aCollege of Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, People’s
Republic of China, bCollege of Mathematics, Physics and Software Engineering,
Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China, and
cSchool of Pharmacy, Guangdong Phamaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006,
People’s Republic of China Correspondence e-mail: wenym75@126.com Received 15 April 2009; accepted 15 May 2009 Received 15 April 2009; accepted 15 May 2009 Key indicators: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 296 K; mean (C–C) = 0.015 A˚;
disorder in main residue; R factor = 0.053; wR factor = 0.128; data-to-parameter
ratio = 10.7. In the title coordination polymer, {[Ag4Er2(C6H4NO2)5-
(C2O4)2(NO3)(H2O)]4H2O}n, each ErIII atom is coordinated
in a bicapped trigonal–prismatic coordination geometry by
three O atoms from two isonicotinate (IN) ligands, four O
atoms from two oxalate ligands and one O atom from either a
nitrate ion or a water molecule, both of which are half-
occupied over the same site. One AgI atom has a Y-shaped
geometry defined by one N atom from one IN ligand, one O
atom from another IN ligand and one O atom from an oxalate
ligand. The other AgI atom is coordinated by two IN ligands
and one O atom from an oxalate ligand. One of the IN ligands
is disordered over an inversion center and forms a bridge
between two centrosymmetric AgI ions. Due to the disorder,
this IN ligand coordinates to the Ag atom through either the
pyridyl N or the carboxylate O atoms. The IN and oxalate
ligands link the Er and Ag atoms into a three-dimensional
coordination framework. O—H O and C—H O hydrogen
bonds are observed in the crystal structure. Table 1
Selected bond lengths (A˚ ). Er1—O7
2.254 (7)
Er1—O11
2.339 (8)
Er1—O2i
2.364 (7)
Er1—O4ii
2.369 (7)
Er1—O3
2.371 (6)
Er1—O1
2.382 (6)
Er1—O5iii
2.400 (6)
Er1—O6iii
2.423 (7)
Ag1—N1
2.231 (8)
Ag1—O8
2.263 (7)
Ag1—O1
2.417 (7)
Ag2—N5
2.122 (9)
Ag2—N2
2.199 (8)
Ag2—O9iv
2.521 (9)
Ag2—O10iv
2.492 (9)
Symmetry
codes:
(i)
x þ 2; y þ 2; z þ 2;
(ii)
x þ 1; y þ 2; z þ 2;
(iii)
x 1; y; z þ 1; (iv) x; y; z þ 3. Table 1
Selected bond lengths (A˚ ). Table 2 For general background to coordination polymers and open
framework materials, see: Barbour (2006); Kepert (2006);
Kong et al. (2008); Rao et al. (2004); Zhang et al. (2005). For
background to isonicotinate complexes, see: Gheorghe et al. (2002). m676
Wen et al. Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 doi:10.1107/S160053680901842X metal-organic compounds Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2007); cell refinement: SAINT
(Bruker, 2007); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve
structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine
structure:
SHELXL97
(Sheldrick,
2008);
molecular
graphics:
SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 1999);
software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL. Supplementary data and figures for this paper are available from the
IUCr electronic archives (Reference: HY2195). Wen et al.
[Ag4Er2(C6H4NO2)5(C2O4)2(NO3)(H2O)]4H2O
m677 Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 S1. Comment The design and construction of transition-lanthanide metal complexes have gained great recognition over the last decade
because of their intriguing network topologies and potential applications, and due to their magnetic properties, their
capacity for gas storage, as luminescent materials, and so on (Barbour, 2006; Kepert, 2006; Kong et al., 2008; Rao et al.,
2004; Zhang et al., 2005). Isonicotinic acid is a multifunctional bridging ligand possessing of oxygen and nitrogen
donors, which can thus be utilized to construct lanthanide-transition heterometallic complexes via the carboxyl oxygen
atoms binding to lanthanides and nitrogen atoms bonding to transition metal ions such as AgI or CuI ions (Gheorghe et al.,
2002). On the basis of above considerations, we chose nicotinic acid, mixed 4 d–4f metal ions and nitric acid as our
building blocks. A new three-dimensional 4 d–4f coordination framework resulted from the hydrothermal treatment of
Er2O3, AgNO3, oxalic acid, isonicotinic acid and nitric acid in water. As depicted in Fig. 1, the asymmetric unit of the title compound contains one ErIII atom, two AgI atoms, two and a half
IN ligands, two half oxalate anions, each on an inversion center, a half-occupied nitrate ion, a half-occupied coordinated
water molecule and two uncoordinated water molecules. The ErIII atom is eight-coordinated in a bicapped trigonal prism
coordination geometry by three O atoms from two IN ligands, four O atoms from two oxalate ligands and one O atom
from either a nitrate ion or a water molecule, both of which are half-occupied over the same site (Table 1). The Ag1 atom
is located in a Y-shaped configuration, defined by one N atom from one IN ligand, one O atom from another IN ligand
and one O atom from one oxalate ligand. One of the IN ligands is disordered on an inversion center halfway between two
Ag2 atoms and forms a bridge between the two Ag2 atoms. Due to the inversion disorder of this IN ligand, Ag2 is thus
coordinated either to two N atoms or to a pyridyl N and two carboxylate O atoms from two IN ligands. In the crystal
structure, a zigzag Er–oxalate–Ag chain is formed via the oxalate ligand. The chains are linked by pillared IN ligands to
form a two-dimensional layer. The layers are further interconnected by Ag2(IN)3 units to form a three-dimensional
coordination framework. S1. Comment The supramolecular structure are further stabilized by O—H···O and C—H···O hydrogen bonds
involving the carboxylate groups, uncoordinated water molecules and disordered nitrate ions (Table 2; Fig. 2). References Barbour, L. J. (2006). Chem. Commun. pp. 1163–1168. Barbour, L. J. (2006). Chem. Commun. pp. 1163–1168. Brandenburg, K. (1999). DIAMOND. Crystal Impact GbR, Bonn, Germany. ,
(
)
pp
Brandenburg, K. (1999). DIAMOND. Crystal Impact GbR, Bonn, Germany. B
k
(2007) APEX2
d SAINT B
k
AXS I
M di
Wi
i Bruker (2007). APEX2 and SAINT. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin,
USA. Gheorghe, R., Andruh, M., Muller, A. & Schmidtmann, M. (2002). Inorg. Chem. 41, 5314–5316. Kepert, C. J. (2006). Chem. Commun. pp. 695–700. Kepert, C. J. (2006). Chem. Commun. pp. 695–700. The
authors
kindly
acknowledge
Guangdong
Ocean
University for supporting this work. Kong, X. J., Ren, Y. P., Chen, W. X., Long, L. S., Zheng, Z. P., Huang, R. B. &
Zheng, L. S. (2008). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 2398–2401. Zheng, L. S. (2008). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 2398–2401. Rao, C. N. R., Natarajan, S. & Vaidhyanthan, R. (2004). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 1466–1496. Sheldrick, G. M. (1996). SADABS. University of Go¨ttingen, Germany. (
)
y
g
Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112–122. Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112–122. Zhang, M. B., Zhang, J., Zheng, S. T. & Yang, G. Y. (2005). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 1385–1388. Wen et al. [Ag4Er2(C6H4NO2)5(C2O4)2(NO3)(H2O)]4H2O
m677 Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 supporting information Poly[[aquabis(µ3-isonicotinato-κ3O:O′:N)tris(µ2-isonicotinato-κ3O,O′:N)(nitrato-
κO)bis(µ4-oxalato-κ6O1,O2:O2:O1′,O2′:O1′)dierbium(III)tetrasilver(I)]
tetrahydrate] Poly[[aquabis(µ3-isonicotinato-κ3O:O′:N)tris(µ2-isonicotinato-κ3O,O′:N)(nitrato-
κO)bis(µ4-oxalato-κ6O1,O2:O2:O1′,O2′:O1′)dierbium(III)tetrasilver(I)]
tetrahydrate] Poly[[aquabis(µ3-isonicotinato-κ3O:O′:N)tris(µ2-isonicotinato-κ3O,O′:N)(nitrato-
κO)bis(µ4-oxalato-κ6O1,O2:O2:O1′,O2′:O1′)dierbium(III)tetrasilver(I)]
tetrahydrate] supporting information Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 [doi:10.1107/S160053680901842X] Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 [doi:10.1107/S160053680901842X] S2. Experimental A mixture of Er2O3 (0.192 g, 0.5 mmol), AgNO3 (0.169 g, 1 mmol), isonicotinic acid (0.123 g, 1 mmol), oxalic acid (0.09
g, 1 mmol), HNO3 (0.12 ml) and H2O (10 ml) was placed in a 23 ml Teflon-lined reactor, which was heated to 433 K for
3 d and then cooled to room temperature at a rate of 10 K h-1. The pale-purple crystals obtained were washed with water
and dried in air (yield 46% based on Er). Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 sup-1 supporting information Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 S3. Refinement C-bound H atoms were positioned geometrically and refined as riding atoms, with C—H = 0.93 Å and with Uiso(H) =
1.2Ueq(C). Water H atoms were tentatively located in difference Fourier maps and were refined with distance restraints of
O—H = 0.84 (1) and H···H = 1.35 (1) Å and with Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(O). The hightest peak is located 0.95 Å from Ag1 and
the deepest hole is located 1.02 Å from Er1. Figure 1
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, with the symmetry-related atoms to complete the Er coordination. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. H atoms have been omitted for clarity. [Symmetry code:
(i) 2 - x, 2 - y, 2 - z; (ii) 1 - x, 2 - y, 2 - z; (iii) -1 + x, y, 1 + z; (iv) -x, -y, 3 - z.] Figure 1 Figure 1
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, with the symmetry-related atoms to complete the Er coordination. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. H atoms have been omitted for clarity. [Symmetry code:
(i) 2 - x, 2 - y, 2 - z; (ii) 1 - x, 2 - y, 2 - z; (iii) -1 + x, y, 1 + z; (iv) -x, -y, 3 - z.] g
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, with the symmetry-related atoms to complete the Er coordination. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. H atoms have been omitted for clarity. [Symmetry code:
(i) 2 - x, 2 - y, 2 - z; (ii) 1 - x, 2 - y, 2 - z; (iii) -1 + x, y, 1 + z; (iv) -x, -y, 3 - z.] sup-2 Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 supporting information Figure 2
A packing view of the title compound. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines. Figure 2 g
A packing view of the title compound. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines. g
A packing view of the title compound. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines. Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 supporting information Hydrogen site location: inferred from
neighbouring sites
H-atom parameters constrained
w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0536P)2 + 8.9026P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
Δρmax = 1.57 e Å−3
Δρmin = −1.32 e Å−3 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0536P)2 + 8.9026P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
Δρmax = 1.57 e Å−3
Δρmin = −1.32 e Å−3 Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2)
x
y
z
Uiso*/Ueq
Occ. Figure 2 Poly[[aquabis(µ3-isonicotinato-κ3O:O′:N)tris(µ2- isonicotinato-κ3O,O′:N)(nitrato-κO)bis(µ4- oxalato-
κ6O1,O2:O2:O1′,O2′: O1′)dierbium(III)tetrasilver(I)] tetrahydrate] κ6O1,O2:O2:O1′,O2′: O1′)dierbium(III)tetrasilver(I)] tetrahydrate]
Crystal data
[Ag4Er2(C6H4NO2)5(C2O4)2(NO3)(H2O)]·4H2O
Mr = 1704.64
Triclinic, P1
Hall symbol: -P 1
a = 8.8561 (8) Å
b = 11.6428 (8) Å
c = 11.9597 (9) Å
α = 76.940 (1)°
β = 76.612 (1)°
γ = 76.035 (1)°
V = 1145.14 (16) Å3
Z = 1
F(000) = 808
Dx = 2.472 Mg m−3
Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Cell parameters from 2895 reflections
θ = 2.4–27.9°
µ = 5.40 mm−1
T = 296 K
Block, colorless
0.30 × 0.25 × 0.21 mm
Data collection
Bruker APEXII CCD
diffractometer
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube
Graphite monochromator
φ and ω scans
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996)
Tmin = 0.224, Tmax = 0.336
5823 measured reflections
4043 independent reflections
3265 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Rint = 0.028
θmax = 25.2°, θmin = 1.8°
h = −10→10
k = −9→13
l = −12→14
Refinement
Refinement on F2
Least-squares matrix: full
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.053
wR(F2) = 0.128
S = 1.06
4043 reflections
377 parameters
95 restraints
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant
direct methods
Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier
map Crystal data
[Ag4Er2(C6H4NO2)5(C2O4)2(NO3)(H2O)]·4H2O
Mr = 1704.64
Triclinic, P1
Hall symbol: -P 1
a = 8.8561 (8) Å
b = 11.6428 (8) Å
c = 11.9597 (9) Å
α = 76.940 (1)°
β = 76.612 (1)°
γ = 76.035 (1)°
V = 1145.14 (16) Å3
Z = 1
F(000) = 808
Dx = 2.472 Mg m−3
Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Cell parameters from 2895 reflections
θ = 2.4–27.9°
µ = 5.40 mm−1
T = 296 K
Block, colorless
0.30 × 0.25 × 0.21 mm
Data collection
Bruker APEXII CCD
diffractometer
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube
Graphite monochromator
φ and ω scans
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996)
Tmin = 0.224, Tmax = 0.336
5823 measured reflections
4043 independent reflections
3265 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Rint = 0.028
θmax = 25.2°, θmin = 1.8°
h = −10→10
k = −9→13
l = −12→14
Refinement
Refinement on F2
Least-squares matrix: full
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.053
wR(F2) = 0.128
S = 1.06
4043 reflections
377 parameters
95 restraints
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant
direct methods
Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier
map sup-3 Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 supporting information supporting information (<1)
Er1
0.75631 (5)
0.84475 (4)
1.13533 (4)
0.02560 (13)
Ag1
1.03061 (11)
0.73575 (8)
0.83111 (8)
0.0482 (3)
Ag2
0.34657 (11)
0.20986 (8)
1.22733 (8)
0.0471 (2)
C1
1.0226 (11)
0.9620 (8)
0.9516 (8)
0.027 (2)
C2
0.4797 (11)
1.0449 (8)
1.0425 (8)
0.027 (2)
C3
1.5447 (11)
0.8125 (8)
0.3439 (9)
0.029 (2)
C4
1.4291 (12)
0.7896 (9)
0.4583 (9)
0.034 (3)
C5
1.4180 (12)
0.8533 (8)
0.5437 (9)
0.034 (3)
H5
1.4845
0.9070
0.5338
0.041*
C6
1.3046 (12)
0.8368 (8)
0.6469 (9)
0.035 (3)
H6
1.2931
0.8834
0.7031
0.042*
C7
1.2262 (14)
0.6927 (10)
0.5844 (10)
0.046 (3)
H7
1.1616
0.6370
0.5969
0.056*
C8
1.3334 (13)
0.7052 (10)
0.4786 (10)
0.044 (3)
H8
1.3407
0.6585
0.4232
0.053*
C9
0.8121 (10)
0.5945 (8)
1.0183 (9)
0.029 (2)
C10
0.7093 (11)
0.5019 (8)
1.0682 (9)
0.030 (2)
C11
0.5937 (12)
0.5111 (9)
1.1686 (10)
0.042 (3)
H11
0.5839
0.5735
1.2082
0.050*
C12
0.4945 (13)
0.4316 (9)
1.2108 (10)
0.040 (3)
H12
0.4167
0.4421
1.2769
0.048*
C13
0.6205 (13)
0.3255 (10)
1.0633 (10)
0.043 (3)
H13
0.6291
0.2613
1.0264
0.052*
C14
0.7232 (13)
0.4003 (9)
1.0175 (10)
0.039 (3)
H14
0.8023
0.3851
0.9532
0.046*
N1
1.2105 (10)
0.7535 (8)
0.6665 (8)
0.038 (2)
N2
0.5076 (10)
0.3372 (7)
1.1577 (7)
0.032 (2)
O1
0.9558 (8)
0.8752 (6)
0.9658 (6)
0.0322 (17)
O2
1.1251 (8)
0.9947 (6)
0.8621 (6)
0.0335 (17)
O3
0.5567 (8)
1.0219 (5)
1.1240 (6)
0.0308 (16)
O4
0.3750 (8)
1.1387 (6)
1.0208 (6)
0.0323 (16)
O5
1.5301 (8)
0.7718 (6)
0.2569 (6)
0.0358 (18)
O6
1.6484 (8)
0.8716 (7)
0.3354 (6)
0.0425 (19)
O7
0.8188 (8)
0.6624 (6)
1.0829 (6)
0.0359 (18)
O8
0.8790 (8)
0.5966 (6)
0.9143 (6)
0.0387 (18)
O11
0.9834 (9)
0.7560 (8)
1.2154 (8)
0.057 (2)
H11A
1.0281
0.7809
1.2572
0.085*
0.50
H11B
0.9946
0.6776
1.2434
0.085*
0.50
N3
0.995 (4)
0.651 (2)
1.281 (2)
0.085 (8)
0.50 dinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) sup-4 Acta Cryst. (2009). Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 supporting information E65, m676–m677 supporting information supporting information
5
O12
0.860 (3)
0.612 (2)
1.318 (2)
0.088 (7)
0.50
O13
1.125 (3)
0.595 (3)
1.313 (3)
0.133 (12)
0.50
O14
0.209 (2)
0.3871 (14)
0.4571 (16)
0.063 (5)
0.50
H14A
0.1251
0.3651
0.4575
0.095*
0.50
H14B
0.1868
0.4304
0.5088
0.095*
0.50
O15
1.035 (3)
0.5205 (17)
1.2890 (18)
0.078 (6)
0.50
H15A
1.0173
0.4989
1.2315
0.117*
0.50
H15B
1.1234
0.4801
1.3018
0.117*
0.50
O16
0.7488 (11)
0.1435 (8)
0.8439 (9)
0.080 (3)
H16A
0.8223
0.1814
0.8284
0.120*
H16B
0.6798
0.1831
0.8045
0.120*
N5
0.1892 (14)
0.1154 (11)
1.3561 (10)
0.037 (4)
0.50
C15
0.1322 (18)
0.0286 (12)
1.3241 (10)
0.042 (5)
0.50
H15
0.1631
0.0135
1.2482
0.051*
0.50
C16
0.029 (2)
−0.0355 (13)
1.4057 (13)
0.049 (5)
0.50
H16
−0.0092
−0.0935
1.3843
0.058*
0.50
C17
−0.0173 (19)
−0.0129 (14)
1.5192 (12)
0.035 (4)
0.50
C18
0.0398 (18)
0.0739 (14)
1.5512 (9)
0.039 (4)
0.50
H18
0.0088
0.0890
1.6271
0.047*
0.50
C19
0.1430 (16)
0.1380 (11)
1.4696 (11)
0.042 (5)
0.50
H19
0.1812
0.1960
1.4910
0.050*
0.50
C20
−0.136 (3)
−0.087 (2)
1.607 (3)
0.048 (5)
0.50
O9
−0.180 (3)
−0.162 (2)
1.5730 (17)
0.095 (7)
0.50
O10
−0.170 (2)
−0.0606 (18)
1.7064 (16)
0.070 (6)
0.50
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2)
U11
U22
U33
U12
U13
U23
Er1
0.0229 (2)
0.0283 (2)
0.0268 (2)
−0.01183 (17)
0.00013 (17)
−0.00509 (17)
Ag1
0.0470 (5)
0.0600 (6)
0.0354 (5)
−0.0242 (4)
0.0112 (4)
−0.0090 (4)
Ag2
0.0507 (5)
0.0476 (5)
0.0445 (5)
−0.0299 (4)
0.0100 (4)
−0.0089 (4)
C1
0.023 (5)
0.032 (5)
0.026 (5)
−0.009 (4)
0.002 (4)
−0.005 (4)
C2
0.026 (5)
0.027 (5)
0.027 (5)
−0.008 (4)
0.001 (4)
−0.004 (4)
C3
0.031 (5)
0.021 (5)
0.033 (6)
−0.006 (4)
−0.005 (4)
−0.003 (4)
C4
0.029 (5)
0.036 (6)
0.032 (6)
−0.004 (4)
0.002 (4)
−0.007 (5)
C5
0.043 (6)
0.023 (5)
0.035 (6)
−0.019 (4)
0.007 (5)
−0.002 (4)
C6
0.046 (6)
0.021 (5)
0.038 (6)
−0.010 (4)
−0.006 (5)
−0.004 (4)
C7
0.053 (7)
0.046 (6)
0.040 (7)
−0.032 (5)
0.014 (5)
−0.010 (5)
C8
0.049 (6)
0.042 (6)
0.044 (7)
−0.027 (5)
0.015 (5)
−0.019 (5)
C9
0.016 (4)
0.026 (5)
0.043 (6)
−0.009 (4)
−0.014 (4)
0.012 (4)
C10
0.030 (5)
0.028 (5)
0.035 (6)
−0.013 (4)
−0.012 (4)
0.003 (4)
C11
0.043 (6)
0.031 (5)
0.056 (7)
−0.021 (5)
0.013 (5)
−0.027 (5)
C12
0.047 (6)
0.037 (6)
0.040 (6)
−0.022 (5)
0.005 (5)
−0.015 (5)
C13
0.055 (7)
0.035 (6)
0.042 (7)
−0.026 (5)
0.002 (6)
−0.007 (5)
C14
0.042 (6)
0.035 (6)
0.038 (6)
−0.017 (5)
0.006 (5)
−0.010 (5)
N1
0.036 (5)
0.043 (5)
0.031 (5)
−0.016 (4)
0.009 (4)
−0.004 (4)
N2
0.042 (5)
0.021 (4)
0.036 (5)
−0.016 (4)
−0.002 (4)
−0.001 (3)
O1
0.034 (4)
0.025 (3)
0.036 (4)
−0.018 (3)
0.008 (3)
−0.005 (3) O12
0.860 (3)
0.612 (2)
1.318 (2)
0.088 (7)
0.50
O13
1.125 (3)
0.595 (3)
1.313 (3)
0.133 (12)
0.50
O14
0.209 (2)
0.3871 (14)
0.4571 (16)
0.063 (5)
0.50
H14A
0.1251
0.3651
0.4575
0.095*
0.50
H14B
0.1868
0.4304
0.5088
0.095*
0.50
O15
1.035 (3)
0.5205 (17)
1.2890 (18)
0.078 (6)
0.50
H15A
1.0173
0.4989
1.2315
0.117*
0.50
H15B
1.1234
0.4801
1.3018
0.117*
0.50
O16
0.7488 (11)
0.1435 (8)
0.8439 (9)
0.080 (3)
H16A
0.8223
0.1814
0.8284
0.120*
H16B
0.6798
0.1831
0.8045
0.120*
N5
0.1892 (14)
0.1154 (11)
1.3561 (10)
0.037 (4)
0.50
C15
0.1322 (18)
0.0286 (12)
1.3241 (10)
0.042 (5)
0.50
H15
0.1631
0.0135
1.2482
0.051*
0.50
C16
0.029 (2)
−0.0355 (13)
1.4057 (13)
0.049 (5)
0.50
H16
−0.0092
−0.0935
1.3843
0.058*
0.50
C17
−0.0173 (19)
−0.0129 (14)
1.5192 (12)
0.035 (4)
0.50
C18
0.0398 (18)
0.0739 (14)
1.5512 (9)
0.039 (4)
0.50
H18
0.0088
0.0890
1.6271
0.047*
0.50
C19
0.1430 (16)
0.1380 (11)
1.4696 (11)
0.042 (5)
0.50
H19
0.1812
0.1960
1.4910
0.050*
0.50
C20
−0.136 (3)
−0.087 (2)
1.607 (3)
0.048 (5)
0.50
O9
−0.180 (3)
−0.162 (2)
1.5730 (17)
0.095 (7)
0.50
O10
−0.170 (2)
−0.0606 (18)
1.7064 (16)
0.070 (6)
0.50 Atomic displacement parameters (Å2)
U11
U22
U33
U12
U13
U23
Er1
0.0229 (2)
0.0283 (2)
0.0268 (2)
−0.01183 (17)
0.00013 (17)
−0.00509 (17)
Ag1
0.0470 (5)
0.0600 (6)
0.0354 (5)
−0.0242 (4)
0.0112 (4)
−0.0090 (4)
Ag2
0.0507 (5)
0.0476 (5)
0.0445 (5)
−0.0299 (4)
0.0100 (4)
−0.0089 (4)
C1
0.023 (5)
0.032 (5)
0.026 (5)
−0.009 (4)
0.002 (4)
−0.005 (4)
C2
0.026 (5)
0.027 (5)
0.027 (5)
−0.008 (4)
0.001 (4)
−0.004 (4)
C3
0.031 (5)
0.021 (5)
0.033 (6)
−0.006 (4)
−0.005 (4)
−0.003 (4)
C4
0.029 (5)
0.036 (6)
0.032 (6)
−0.004 (4)
0.002 (4)
−0.007 (5)
C5
0.043 (6)
0.023 (5)
0.035 (6)
−0.019 (4)
0.007 (5)
−0.002 (4)
C6
0.046 (6)
0.021 (5)
0.038 (6)
−0.010 (4)
−0.006 (5)
−0.004 (4)
C7
0.053 (7)
0.046 (6)
0.040 (7)
−0.032 (5)
0.014 (5)
−0.010 (5)
C8
0.049 (6)
0.042 (6)
0.044 (7)
−0.027 (5)
0.015 (5)
−0.019 (5)
C9
0.016 (4)
0.026 (5)
0.043 (6)
−0.009 (4)
−0.014 (4)
0.012 (4)
C10
0.030 (5)
0.028 (5)
0.035 (6)
−0.013 (4)
−0.012 (4)
0.003 (4)
C11
0.043 (6)
0.031 (5)
0.056 (7)
−0.021 (5)
0.013 (5)
−0.027 (5)
C12
0.047 (6)
0.037 (6)
0.040 (6)
−0.022 (5)
0.005 (5)
−0.015 (5)
C13
0.055 (7)
0.035 (6)
0.042 (7)
−0.026 (5)
0.002 (6)
−0.007 (5)
C14
0.042 (6)
0.035 (6)
0.038 (6)
−0.017 (5)
0.006 (5)
−0.010 (5)
N1
0.036 (5)
0.043 (5)
0.031 (5)
−0.016 (4)
0.009 (4)
−0.004 (4)
N2
0.042 (5)
0.021 (4)
0.036 (5)
−0.016 (4)
−0.002 (4)
−0.001 (3)
O1
0.034 (4)
0.025 (3)
0.036 (4)
−0.018 (3)
0.008 (3)
−0.005 (3) Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) sup-5 supporting information supporting information
sup-6
Acta Cryst. supporting information (2009). Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677 supporting information 1.280 (12)
O15—H15B
0.8410
1.519 (13)
O16—H16A
0.8365
2.762 (10)
O16—H16B
0.8405
1.365 (15)
N5—C15
1.3900
1.394 (14)
N5—C19
1.3900
1.407 (14)
C15—C16
1.3900
0.9300
C15—H15
0.9300
1.374 (13)
C16—C17
1.3900
0.9300
C16—H16
0.9300
1.299 (14)
C17—C18
1.3900
1.396 (15)
C17—C20
1.57 (3)
0.9300
C18—C19
1.3900
0.9300
C18—H18
0.9300
1.243 (12)
C19—H19
0.9300
1.246 (12)
C20—O9
1.22 (3)
1.509 (13)
C20—O10
1.24 (3)
78.4 (3)
C14—C10—C9
123.0 (9)
140.7 (2)
C12—C11—C10
122.1 (10)
74.3 (3)
C12—C11—H11
118.9
73.3 (2)
C10—C11—H11
118.9
146.0 (3)
N2—C12—C11
121.0 (10)
118.2 (2)
N2—C12—H12
119.5
139.7 (2)
C11—C12—H12
119.5
141.7 (3)
N2—C13—C14
124.5 (10)
73.1 (2)
N2—C13—H13
117.7
69.5 (2)
C14—C13—H13
117.7
78.8 (2)
C13—C14—C10
119.4 (10)
79.9 (3)
C13—C14—H14
120.3
69.1 (2)
C10—C14—H14
120.3
76.4 (2)
C7—N1—C6
117.5 (9)
106.1 (2)
C7—N1—Ag1
123.2 (7)
83.7 (2)
C6—N1—Ag1
119.2 (7)
110.4 (3)
C13—N2—C12
117.6 (9)
132.3 (2)
C13—N2—Ag2
122.1 (7)
85.0 (2)
C12—N2—Ag2
120.4 (7)
78.5 (2)
C1—O1—Er1
118.2 (6)
157.4 (2)
C1—O1—Ag1
121.9 (6)
122.2 (2)
Er1—O1—Ag1
119.9 (3)
81.4 (3)
C1—O2—Er1i
118.2 (6)
81.1 (2)
C2—O3—Er1
117.8 (6)
130.0 (2)
C2—O4—Er1ii
118.2 (6)
74.3 (2)
C3—O5—Er1v
92.1 (6)
148.1 (2)
C3—O6—Er1v
91.9 (6)
54.4 (2)
C9—O7—Er1
150.9 (6)
132.0 (3)
C9—O8—Ag1
118.1 (6)
124.5 (3)
N3—O11—Er1
120.6 (14)
103.6 (2)
N3—O11—H11A
91.9 C3—O5
1.280 (12)
O15—H15B
0.8410
C3—C4
1.519 (13)
O16—H16A
0.8365
C3—Er1v
2.762 (10)
O16—H16B
0.8405
C4—C5
1.365 (15)
N5—C15
1.3900
C4—C8
1.394 (14)
N5—C19
1.3900
C5—C6
1.407 (14)
C15—C16
1.3900
C5—H5
0.9300
C15—H15
0.9300
C6—N1
1.374 (13)
C16—C17
1.3900
C6—H6
0.9300
C16—H16
0.9300
C7—N1
1.299 (14)
C17—C18
1.3900
C7—C8
1.396 (15)
C17—C20
1.57 (3)
C7—H7
0.9300
C18—C19
1.3900
C8—H8
0.9300
C18—H18
0.9300
C9—O7
1.243 (12)
C19—H19
0.9300
C9—O8
1.246 (12)
C20—O9
1.22 (3)
C9—C10
1.509 (13)
C20—O10
1.24 (3)
O7—Er1—O11
78.4 (3)
C14—C10—C9
123.0 (9)
O7—Er1—O2i
140.7 (2)
C12—C11—C10
122.1 (10)
O11—Er1—O2i
74.3 (3)
C12—C11—H11
118.9
O7—Er1—O4ii
73.3 (2)
C10—C11—H11
118.9
O11—Er1—O4ii
146.0 (3)
N2—C12—C11
121.0 (10)
O2i—Er1—O4ii
118.2 (2)
N2—C12—H12
119.5
O7—Er1—O3
139.7 (2)
C11—C12—H12
119.5
O11—Er1—O3
141.7 (3)
N2—C13—C14
124.5 (10)
O2i—Er1—O3
73.1 (2)
N2—C13—H13
117.7
O4ii—Er1—O3
69.5 (2)
C14—C13—H13
117.7
O7—Er1—O1
78.8 (2)
C13—C14—C10
119.4 (10)
O11—Er1—O1
79.9 (3)
C13—C14—H14
120.3
O2i—Er1—O1
69.1 (2)
C10—C14—H14
120.3
O4ii—Er1—O1
76.4 (2)
C7—N1—C6
117.5 (9)
O3—Er1—O1
106.1 (2)
C7—N1—Ag1
123.2 (7)
O7—Er1—O5iii
83.7 (2)
C6—N1—Ag1
119.2 (7)
O11—Er1—O5iii
110.4 (3)
C13—N2—C12
117.6 (9)
O2i—Er1—O5iii
132.3 (2)
C13—N2—Ag2
122.1 (7)
O4ii—Er1—O5iii
85.0 (2)
C12—N2—Ag2
120.4 (7)
O3—Er1—O5iii
78.5 (2)
C1—O1—Er1
118.2 (6)
O1—Er1—O5iii
157.4 (2)
C1—O1—Ag1
121.9 (6)
O7—Er1—O6iii
122.2 (2)
Er1—O1—Ag1
119.9 (3)
O11—Er1—O6iii
81.4 (3)
C1—O2—Er1i
118.2 (6)
O2i—Er1—O6iii
81.1 (2)
C2—O3—Er1
117.8 (6)
O4ii—Er1—O6iii
130.0 (2)
C2—O4—Er1ii
118.2 (6)
O3—Er1—O6iii
74.3 (2)
C3—O5—Er1v
92.1 (6)
O1—Er1—O6iii
148.1 (2)
C3—O6—Er1v
91.9 (6)
O5iii—Er1—O6iii
54.4 (2)
C9—O7—Er1
150.9 (6)
N1—Ag1—O8
132.0 (3)
C9—O8—Ag1
118.1 (6)
N1—Ag1—O1
124.5 (3)
N3—O11—Er1
120.6 (14)
O8—Ag1—O1
103.6 (2)
N3—O11—H11A
91.9 sup-7 Acta Cryst. supporting information E65, m676–m677
O2
0.037 (4)
0.036 (4)
0.034 (4)
−0.023 (3)
0.003 (3)
−0.013 (3)
O3
0.033 (4)
0.024 (3)
0.039 (4)
−0.002 (3)
−0.011 (3)
−0.012 (3)
O4
0.031 (4)
0.037 (4)
0.032 (4)
−0.001 (3)
−0.009 (3)
−0.016 (3)
O5
0.036 (4)
0.032 (4)
0.039 (4)
−0.017 (3)
0.001 (3)
−0.004 (3)
O6
0.039 (4)
0.058 (5)
0.036 (4)
−0.034 (4)
0.006 (3)
−0.006 (3)
O7
0.038 (4)
0.022 (3)
0.049 (5)
−0.014 (3)
−0.005 (3)
−0.004 (3)
O8
0.041 (4)
0.035 (4)
0.042 (5)
−0.020 (3)
−0.001 (4)
−0.004 (3)
O11
0.052 (5)
0.055 (5)
0.068 (6)
−0.011 (4)
−0.033 (4)
0.001 (4)
N3
0.12 (2)
0.081 (17)
0.087 (18)
−0.060 (16)
−0.025 (17)
−0.036 (14)
O12
0.099 (15)
0.086 (14)
0.102 (17)
−0.043 (13)
−0.028 (13)
−0.030 (12)
O13
0.099 (19)
0.12 (2)
0.14 (2)
−0.004 (17)
−0.052 (18)
0.058 (18)
O14
0.054 (10)
0.040 (9)
0.082 (13)
−0.013 (8)
−0.005 (10)
0.015 (9)
O15
0.121 (17)
0.054 (11)
0.080 (14)
−0.036 (12)
−0.042 (13)
−0.010 (10)
O16
0.068 (6)
0.064 (6)
0.117 (9)
−0.029 (5)
−0.044 (6)
0.010 (6)
N5
0.041 (10)
0.028 (9)
0.043 (8)
−0.021 (7)
0.005 (8)
−0.003 (7)
C15
0.053 (12)
0.037 (11)
0.041 (10)
−0.017 (9)
−0.015 (8)
0.000 (8)
C16
0.055 (12)
0.039 (11)
0.062 (9)
−0.029 (9)
−0.007 (9)
−0.014 (8)
C17
0.020 (8)
0.029 (9)
0.057 (8)
−0.009 (6)
−0.009 (7)
−0.003 (7)
C18
0.032 (10)
0.043 (10)
0.042 (9)
−0.019 (7)
0.003 (8)
−0.007 (7)
C19
0.049 (12)
0.029 (10)
0.049 (10)
−0.025 (8)
0.002 (10)
−0.007 (8)
C20
0.026 (10)
0.029 (10)
0.075 (10)
−0.006 (7)
−0.011 (9)
0.018 (8)
O9
0.090 (13)
0.125 (15)
0.088 (14)
−0.089 (12)
0.001 (13)
0.001 (11)
O10
0.053 (11)
0.068 (13)
0.072 (10)
−0.016 (10)
0.005 (10)
0.011 (9)
Geometric parameters (Å, º)
Er1—O7
2.254 (7)
C10—C11
1.392 (14)
Er1—O11
2.339 (8)
C10—C14
1.415 (15)
Er1—O2i
2.364 (7)
C11—C12
1.365 (14)
Er1—O4ii
2.369 (7)
C11—H11
0.9300
Er1—O3
2.371 (6)
C12—N2
1.357 (13)
Er1—O1
2.382 (6)
C12—H12
0.9300
Er1—O5iii
2.400 (6)
C13—N2
1.332 (13)
Er1—O6iii
2.423 (7)
C13—C14
1.350 (14)
Ag1—N1
2.231 (8)
C13—H13
0.9300
Ag1—O8
2.263 (7)
C14—H14
0.9300
Ag1—O1
2.417 (7)
O2—Er1i
2.364 (7)
Ag2—N5
2.122 (9)
O4—Er1ii
2.369 (7)
Ag2—N2
2.199 (8)
O5—Er1v
2.400 (6)
Ag2—O9iv
2.521 (9)
O6—Er1v
2.423 (7)
Ag2—O10iv
2.492 (9)
O11—N3
1.28 (3)
C1—O1
1.251 (11)
O11—H11A
0.8385
C1—O2
1.283 (11)
O11—H11B
0.8880
C1—C1i
1.536 (19)
N3—O13
1.28 (4)
C2—O3
1.260 (12)
N3—O12
1.32 (3)
C2—O4
1.270 (11)
O14—H14A
0.8385
C2—C2ii
1.545 (19)
O14—H14B
0.8436
C3—O6
1.248 (12)
O15—H15A
0.8402 O2
0.037 (4)
0.036 (4)
0.034 (4)
−0.023 (3)
0.003 (3)
−0.013 (3)
O3
0.033 (4)
0.024 (3)
0.039 (4)
−0.002 (3)
−0.011 (3)
−0.012 (3)
O4
0.031 (4)
0.037 (4)
0.032 (4)
−0.001 (3)
−0.009 (3)
−0.016 (3)
O5
0.036 (4)
0.032 (4)
0.039 (4)
−0.017 (3)
0.001 (3)
−0.004 (3)
O6
0.039 (4)
0.058 (5)
0.036 (4)
−0.034 (4)
0.006 (3)
−0.006 (3)
O7
0.038 (4)
0.022 (3)
0.049 (5)
−0.014 (3)
−0.005 (3)
−0.004 (3)
O8
0.041 (4)
0.035 (4)
0.042 (5)
−0.020 (3)
−0.001 (4)
−0.004 (3)
O11
0.052 (5)
0.055 (5)
0.068 (6)
−0.011 (4)
−0.033 (4)
0.001 (4)
N3
0.12 (2)
0.081 (17)
0.087 (18)
−0.060 (16)
−0.025 (17)
−0.036 (14)
O12
0.099 (15)
0.086 (14)
0.102 (17)
−0.043 (13)
−0.028 (13)
−0.030 (12)
O13
0.099 (19)
0.12 (2)
0.14 (2)
−0.004 (17)
−0.052 (18)
0.058 (18)
O14
0.054 (10)
0.040 (9)
0.082 (13)
−0.013 (8)
−0.005 (10)
0.015 (9)
O15
0.121 (17)
0.054 (11)
0.080 (14)
−0.036 (12)
−0.042 (13)
−0.010 (10)
O16
0.068 (6)
0.064 (6)
0.117 (9)
−0.029 (5)
−0.044 (6)
0.010 (6)
N5
0.041 (10)
0.028 (9)
0.043 (8)
−0.021 (7)
0.005 (8)
−0.003 (7)
C15
0.053 (12)
0.037 (11)
0.041 (10)
−0.017 (9)
−0.015 (8)
0.000 (8)
C16
0.055 (12)
0.039 (11)
0.062 (9)
−0.029 (9)
−0.007 (9)
−0.014 (8)
C17
0.020 (8)
0.029 (9)
0.057 (8)
−0.009 (6)
−0.009 (7)
−0.003 (7)
C18
0.032 (10)
0.043 (10)
0.042 (9)
−0.019 (7)
0.003 (8)
−0.007 (7)
C19
0.049 (12)
0.029 (10)
0.049 (10)
−0.025 (8)
0.002 (10)
−0.007 (8)
C20
0.026 (10)
0.029 (10)
0.075 (10)
−0.006 (7)
−0.011 (9)
0.018 (8)
O9
0.090 (13)
0.125 (15)
0.088 (14)
−0.089 (12)
0.001 (13)
0.001 (11)
O10
0.053 (11)
0.068 (13)
0.072 (10)
−0.016 (10)
0.005 (10)
0.011 (9) Geometric parameters (Å, º) sup-6 supporting information supporting information (2009). E65, m676–m677 Symmetry codes: (iii) x−1, y, z+1; (vi) −x, −y, −z+2; (vii) −x+1, −y+1, −z+2; (viii) −x+2, −y+1, −z+2; (ix) −x+2, −y+1, −z+1; ( Symmetry codes: (i) −x+2, −y+2, −z+2; (ii) −x+1, −y+2, −z+2; (iii) x−1, y, z+1; (iv) −x, −y, −z+3; (v) x+1, y, z−1. supporting information supporting information N5—Ag2—N2
156.4 (4)
Er1—O11—H11A
130.9
O1—C1—O2
125.7 (9)
Er1—O11—H11B
115.6
O1—C1—C1i
117.7 (10)
H11A—O11—H11B
103.8
O2—C1—C1i
116.6 (10)
O13—N3—O11
121 (3)
O3—C2—O4
125.6 (9)
O13—N3—O12
123 (3)
O3—C2—C2ii
117.8 (10)
O11—N3—O12
115 (3)
O4—C2—C2ii
116.5 (11)
O13—N3—H11B
120.8
O6—C3—O5
121.5 (9)
O12—N3—H11B
110.8
O6—C3—C4
120.3 (9)
N3—O13—H15B
100.2
O5—C3—C4
118.2 (9)
H14A—O14—H14B
106.6
O6—C3—Er1v
61.3 (5)
H15A—O15—H15B
106.7
O5—C3—Er1v
60.3 (5)
H16A—O16—H16B
107.4
C4—C3—Er1v
177.8 (7)
C15—N5—C19
120.0
C5—C4—C8
118.8 (9)
C15—N5—Ag2
118.0 (7)
C5—C4—C3
119.4 (9)
C19—N5—Ag2
122.0 (7)
C8—C4—C3
121.8 (10)
N5—C15—C16
120.0
C4—C5—C6
119.2 (10)
N5—C15—H15
120.0
C4—C5—H5
120.4
C16—C15—H15
120.0
C6—C5—H5
120.4
C15—C16—C17
120.0
N1—C6—C5
121.6 (10)
C15—C16—H16
120.0
N1—C6—H6
119.2
C17—C16—H16
120.0
C5—C6—H6
119.2
C18—C17—C16
120.0
N1—C7—C8
124.5 (10)
C18—C17—C20
122.1 (15)
N1—C7—H7
117.8
C16—C17—C20
117.9 (15)
C8—C7—H7
117.8
C17—C18—C19
120.0
C4—C8—C7
118.2 (10)
C17—C18—H18
120.0
C4—C8—H8
120.9
C19—C18—H18
120.0
C7—C8—H8
120.9
C18—C19—N5
120.0
O7—C9—O8
126.5 (9)
C18—C19—H19
120.0
O7—C9—C10
117.7 (9)
N5—C19—H19
120.0
O8—C9—C10
115.7 (9)
O9—C20—O10
128 (2)
C11—C10—C14
115.3 (9)
O9—C20—C17
118 (2)
C11—C10—C9
121.7 (9)
O10—C20—C17
113 (2) Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º)
D—H···A
D—H
H···A
D···A
D—H···A
O14—H14A···O9vi
0.84
2.39
2.81 (3)
111
O14—H14B···O12vii
0.84
1.99
2.62 (3)
131
O16—H16A···O11viii
0.84
1.95
2.773 (12)
170
O16—H16B···O5ix
0.84
2.06
2.862 (12)
158
C6—H6···O2
0.93
2.53
3.371 (12)
151
C11—H11···O5iii
0.93
2.42
3.315 (8)
162
C12—H12···O14x
0.93
2.56
3.441 (2)
158
S
t
d
(iii)
1
+1 ( i)
+2 ( ii)
+1
+1
+2 ( iii)
+2
+1
+2 (i )
+2
+1
+1 ( )
+1 Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) sup-8 Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m676–m677
| 22,441 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11810851
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Parafia św. Wawrzyńca w Kleczy Dolnej
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 96 | 268 |
Parafia św. Wawrzyńca w Kleczy Dolnej
parafia rzymskokatolicka w archidiecezji krakowskiej
Parafia św. Wawrzyńca w Kleczy Dolnej jest to parafia
Parafia św. Wawrzyńca w Kleczy Dolnej państwo Polska
Parafia św. Wawrzyńca w Kleczy Dolnej diecezja archidiecezja krakowska
Parafia św. Wawrzyńca w Kleczy Dolnej data utworzenia lub powstania 1350
Parafia św. Wawrzyńca w Kleczy Dolnej znajduje się w jednostce administracyjnej Klecza Dolna
Parafia św. Wawrzyńca w Kleczy Dolnej znajduje się w kościelnej jednostce administracyjnej Dekanat Wadowice-Południe
Parafia św. Wawrzyńca w Kleczy Dolnej ilustracja POL Klecza Dolna Kościół.jpg
Parafia św. Wawrzyńca w Kleczy Dolnej wyznanie religijne Kościół katolicki
| 4,963 |
https://github.com/kommar/metaheuristics-lab/blob/master/MetaheuristicsCS/Optimizers/Framework/PopulationOptimizers/Individual.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
metaheuristics-lab
|
kommar
|
C#
|
Code
| 94 | 303 |
using System.Collections.Generic;
using EvaluationsCLI;
using Mutations;
namespace Optimizers.Framework.PopulationOptimizers
{
class Individual<Element, EvaluationResult>
{
private bool evaluated;
public List<Element> Genotype { get; }
public EvaluationResult Fitness { get; private set; }
public Individual(List<Element> genotype)
{
evaluated = false;
Genotype = genotype;
Fitness = default(EvaluationResult);
}
public Individual(Individual<Element, EvaluationResult> other)
{
evaluated = other.evaluated;
Genotype = new List<Element>(other.Genotype);
Fitness = other.Fitness;
}
public void Evaluate(IEvaluation<Element, EvaluationResult> evaluation)
{
if(!evaluated)
{
Fitness = evaluation.tEvaluate(Genotype);
evaluated = true;
}
}
public bool Mutate(IMutation<Element> mutation)
{
if(mutation.Mutate(Genotype))
{
evaluated = false;
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
}
| 39,699 |
https://github.com/sergeyleschev/leetcode-swift/blob/master/1046. Last Stone Weight.swift
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
leetcode-swift
|
sergeyleschev
|
Swift
|
Code
| 264 | 482 |
class Solution {
// Solution @ Sergey Leschev, Belarusian State University
// 1046. Last Stone Weight
// We have a collection of stones, each stone has a positive integer weight.
// Each turn, we choose the two heaviest stones and smash them together. Suppose the stones have weights x and y with x <= y. The result of this smash is:
// If x == y, both stones are totally destroyed;
// If x != y, the stone of weight x is totally destroyed, and the stone of weight y has new weight y-x.
// At the end, there is at most 1 stone left. Return the weight of this stone (or 0 if there are no stones left.)
// Example 1:
// Input: [2,7,4,1,8,1]
// Output: 1
// Explanation:
// We combine 7 and 8 to get 1 so the array converts to [2,4,1,1,1] then,
// we combine 2 and 4 to get 2 so the array converts to [2,1,1,1] then,
// we combine 2 and 1 to get 1 so the array converts to [1,1,1] then,
// we combine 1 and 1 to get 0 so the array converts to [1] then that's the value of last stone.
// Note:
// 1 <= stones.length <= 30
// 1 <= stones[i] <= 1000
func lastStoneWeight(_ stones: [Int]) -> Int {
var sortedStones = stones.sorted()
while sortedStones.count > 1 {
var largest = sortedStones.removeLast()
var second = sortedStones.removeLast()
if largest != second {
sortedStones.append(largest - second)
sortedStones.sort()
} else {
if sortedStones.count == 0 { return 0 }
}
}
return sortedStones.first!
}
}
| 4,393 |
americanjournal35titcgoog_2
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,887 |
The American journal of psychology
|
Hall, G. Stanley (Granville Stanley), 1844-1924 | Titchener, Edward Bradford, 1867-1927 | Dallenbach, Karl M., 1887-1971, ed | Bentley, Madison, 1870-1955, ed | Boring, Edwin Garrigues, 1886-1968, ed | Washburn, Margaret Floy, 1871-1939, ed
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,162 | 8,872 |
He is supposed to die and then be brought back to life. This seems to be an expression of the idea apparently almost imi- versal, that in order for a youth to be a complete or worth- while individual he must become a member of society, must experience social consciousness. This idea of the new birth among the Greek cults is. Miss Harrison believes, merely an expression of this idea of tribal initiation and not the revival of Spring, as has so often been held. Of this initiation Miss Harrison writes (29:19) : "Till the boy has died and come to life again, till he has utterly put away childish things he cannot become a full member of the tribe, he may not know the tribal secrets or dance the tribal dances . . . he cannot perform any of the functions of a full-grown man . . . at and through his initiation the boy is brought into close communion with his tribal ancestors he becomes socialized, part of the body politic. Henceforth he belongs to something bigger, more potent, more lasting, than his own individual existence; he is part of the stream of totemic life, one with the generations before and yet to come." Digitized by Google 16 CAMPBELL We believe then, that the consciousness experienced during social activity is the only one that could give rise to the concept of a great power such as mana. Such a power once experienced is afterward used as an explanatory concept which is applied to all things that seem extraordinary, all things that arouse awe or wonder or fear in man. These emotions in themselves will not give one the idea of power. Goldenweiser** criticizes Durkheim's statement that the primi- tive contrasts the feeling of the social self with that of the everyday self, and appealing to similar situations in modem man states that the individual identifies rather than contrasts himself with the social. "The individual identifies himself with the group, with the crowd; he represents himself as sharing in the power which is of the crowd, of the group. IVe thought, we felt, we did, is for him descriptive also of his own part in the proceedings. Social settings of this variety are so constant, so common an experience in the life of man, . .. that the average . . . individual never thinks of contrasting these experiences with others, or of regarding his crowd or group self as transcending the self of his daily routine. On the contrary, the crowd or group self is the self par excellence, as well as the self at its best" This quotation is a little hard to understand. If, as it seems to admit, the self is regarded as at its best when in society, then this is all that is needed for Durkheim's theory. Goldenweiser goes on to point out that what is common in a group experience is the crowd psychology, not a specific emotion aroused. The emotion varies with the different crowd psychological situations. A crowd psychology situation may transform but never create a religious thrill. Now our con- tention has been that there is a specific state of conscious- ness experienced when in group activity. Doubtless, as Gold- enweiser states, we may experience joy when in a crowd and it still remains joy — ^we may experience hatred and have it remain hatred — ^but if consciousness of group-self comes it is different from these specific emotions — it is consciousness of heightened activity — ^heightened power — of self par excel- lence, as Goldenweiser states. It is this power that is realized to be a contrast to that of everyday, individual action. As the primitive so often says, it is the extraordinary self that has mana just as it is the extraordinary external event that is due to mana. III. Is Mana Impersonal? Most writers in describing mana have called it impersonal and since we have called it personal we are bound to consider ^LOC, Ht,, p. 122. Digitized by Google A STUDY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION 17 what is meant by these tenns personal and impersonal. In the discussion in regard to mana we believe that the term impersonal has been used in one of three ways ; as equivalent to (1) mechanical, (2) non-bodily, (3) super-individual. Such writers as Schmidt, J. King, and Leuba who hold that mana is a force distinct from spiritual power or force use the term impersonal correctly we believe — but do not prove by appeal to the facts that it applies to mana. As we have stated before nearly all of the field-workers report mana as spiritual. But even if we did not have explicit statements that mana is spiritual, in what other way can force or power be conceived? As we have pointed out before force can not be other than ideal. Marett in a way seems to make mana mechanical force when he points out instances of external events giving rise to the idea of power. Goldenweiser* also contends that "mana requires nothing but nature, acting, and man's mind, acted upon." Mana is^ "impersonal magic potency ... to which, on the subjective side, corre- sponds the religious thrill." Again® "manifestations of the powers of nature always did, as they still do, impress them- selves on the mind of man and arouse in him that thrill or recoil which constitutes the emotional nucleus of religion." One cannot deny that gr^at events in nature impress man — that the emotions of awe, wonder, fear, etc. are aroused by these happenings — ^but to react with a certain emotion in the face of a certain stimulus is not to be religious as we shall contend in a later section. An active relationship must be assumed before we have religion proper. Moreover to jump from the passivity of an emotion to the activity of the cause of an emotion seems unjustified to us. Mana is an explana- tory principle. " It is or has Wakanda " is said of the extraor- dinary man or event. It is not the fear that the lightning causes in us that makes us say that it is powerful — it is what the lightning does. What it does is perfectly evident the first time that we encounter it — ^but why, by what means it does this — requires an explanatory principle. This we have in mana. Lightning can blast a huge tree because it has power — it has that same force which we sometimes experience when we have the consciousness that we can do great things. Most reporters and interpreters of mana admit that mana ^Loc, cit., p. 120. "^ Loc, cit,, p. 113. ^Loc. cit, p. 116. Digitized by Google 18 CAMPBELL is spiritual or quasi-spiritual force and yet state that it is impersonal, by this meaning either that it does not belong to one concrete individual human body or else that belonging to all members of the group it cannot be personal. Hubert and Mauss (37:105) speak of mana as spiritual power and yet call it impersoiud. They grant however that this impersonal power tends to become represented by means of "Demons" — for man seems to judge it a more concrete re- presentation of power when placed in a personal being. They contend, however, that the idea of a spiritual person repre- sents very poorly the general anonymous force which gives efficacy to the magician, words, gestures, power of regard, intention, etc. These writers state that "the representations of magic are personal or impersonal according to whether or not the idea of individual beings is present." From such statements it certainly is suggested that a body must be pres- ent in order that the word personal be used. Of course if they simply mean by individual, the consciousness of self, then we cannot see why power based upon an experience of self should not be called personal. Of course this may be a matter of different usage of terms but if so it is a usage that has caused a great deal of confusion. It seems to us that the word personal may be used of all spiritual experiences while impersonal refers to what is generally classified as mechanical. Some writers would probably wish to retain the word personal to apply to body. But why should personal designate the body? By personal one generally means all that belongs to a concept of a self. Self very often means to a person the mass of feelings, willings, etc., that he experiences, without any conscious reference to body. Now if attention has centred upon this direct experiencing of feeling or willing, and in the future, things are interpreted in the light of the power felt during this experience, why call it impersonal? Workers among primitive peoples show very clearly that what a primitive stresses in a thing is not its external bodily form, but rather it is the power that is thought to be in this thing. Much " pre-logical " thinking has been attributed to the primitive on the ground that he seems to disregard the law of contradiction. For instance it is stated that the primi- tive believes that a man can be both himself and a totem animal at the same time. But what is thought to be the same is not the external form but rather the power that is shared by both. Levy-Bruhl expresses it in this way, " d'uns sorte de symbiose par identite d' essence." Radin (62:351-352) in arguing that the Indian belief is in spirits rather than in the Digitized by Google A STUDY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION 19 supposed all-pervasive force says that a confusion has arisen from not observing what the Indian believes in regard to spirits. Because spirits are not observed to have individual shapes, reporters assume that an impersonal non-individualized force is intended. But "we are apt to make an unjustifiable assumption. Our ordinary division into personal and impersonal is made on the possession of corporeal characteristics, which are in turn dependent upon our sense- perception, sight, hearing, touch, etc. Ordinarily too the presence or absence of corporeality is the test of its reality or un-reality. What right have we to assume that the Indian makes the same classification and equates reality, with existence? To judge from specific inquiries made among the Winnebago and Ojibwa and from much of our data in general, reality does not depend necessarily upon sense im- pressions. Radin points out that it does not follow from the fact that the primitive does not conceive of mana as invested in a cer- tain shape or body, that he therefore necessarily conceives of it as impersonal. Jones (41:185) brings out the same point in dealing with the custom of the sweat-lodge among the Algonkins. In this custom the manitou which is supposed to reside in a stone comes out of its abode and enters a man. The manitou in the stone is supposed to be "an objective presence; it rests on the sense of an existing reality with the quality of self- dependence; it rests on the perception of a definite, localized personality. Yet at the same time there is the feeling that the apprehended reality is without i orm and without feature." Another reason that these writers give for calling mana impersonal is that it is super-individual. Mana for Miss Har- rison, Durkheim, Hubert and Mauss, Cornford, is that power experienced in the part of an individual's consciousness which they call collective. When man takes part in social activities he has a very different consciousness than when he acts in isolation, and since his consciousness is shared by all, it is, these writers contend, not personal. Cornford (9:81) speaks of it in this way, Digitized by Google 20 CAMPBELL " Outside of each individual private world of inner and outer experi- ence, i.e., of inner and outer sensations and movements directly con- nected with the states of the organism there is what we have called the collective consciousness of the group as a whole. This conscious- ness, unlike the individual consciousness, is the same in all, consisting in those infectious or epidemic states of feeling . . . which at times when the common functions are being experienced invade the whole field of mentality and submerge the individual areas." Cornford finds that it is this collective consciousness which is read out into any specific field of nature and forms the " daemons " of Greek religion — a thesis which Miss Harrison also defends. These " daemons " are not specific concrete individuals but merely " functions," the " group-behaviors." It IS for this reason, Cornford states (9:97), **that daemons in Greek theology, as elsewhere, remain impersonal ; thoy consist of will and force without individuality, because they are each the soul ; not of an individual but of a species or kind to which they are related exactly as a * daemon ' of the himian kindred is related to the group." Miss Harrison extends this idea of the content of an object being merely its " functions " to the Olympian gods, stating that at first these gods were merely a projection of the consciousness felt during group activity. Later when the group had a leader we see such individual gods as those of .the traditional Olympians. In the festival of the Oschophoria Miss Harrison (29:325) points out, "the very act of transition from the periodic festival with its Eniautos-daemon to the cult of the individual hero; from, in a word, the functionary to the personality." On psychological grounds it is a little hard to understand just what is meant by this distinction of personal and imper- sonal. If it is mental experiences that make up the con- sciousness of self why is it that certain ones of these should be called personal while others are called impersonal. Doubt- less in a group activity when all the members are filled with similar states of consciousness we have what may be called a collective consciousness, but surely this is for each member merely the emotion or what not that he is feeling. The power experienced at this time may perhaps be thought to come partly from the outside but all the time it is felt as the self experiencing it. Because this consciousness is stimulated by the group action is not sufficient reason to call it impersonal. This consciousness is doubtless of a very different quality from that experienced when the individual is in isolation but at both times it is certain mental complexes that are being experienced by the same individual. Durkheim says that our soul is made up of two factors — social consciousness incar- Digitized by Google A STUDY IN THE PSYCHOLCXSY OF RELIGION 21 nated in each individual and the bodily factor. But we believe that the consciousness of the self is made up of the two factors mentioned above, i.e., the consciousness felt while acting in isolation and that felt while acting with society. We shall consider this point at more length in the next section. If mana then is spiritual power what is its relation to the soul as this has been conceived? We have stated that mana for us is merely a certain self power experienced tmder specific conditions. It would be very valuable if we could state in just what the consciousness of this power consisted, but such a statement would be worthless without careful intro- spective analyses of such states of consciousness. But though we cannot now state what the content of such a state of con- sciousness is, it is at least valuable, we hope, to point out that such a state exists and to express the belief that some day such states will be subjected to careful introspective analysis. We can only indicate now that we are inclined to think that into this consciousness of great power, would come some experience of conscious function or of conscious- ness of self -activity, such experiences as are now being pointed out in some introspective studies on will, etc* IV. Is Manaism Prior to Animism ? It is the usual thing at the present time to speak of the doctrine of manaism as prior to that of animism — to call it pre-animism. The discussion in regard to this question has shown in what a loose, even confusing way, this term animism has been used. The specific formulation of animism is, as is well known, the work of E. B. Tylor (73). Tylor, working with data gathered from among a large number of primitive peoples, found what seemed to be a belief in a " soul." This " soul " was a something variously described ; at times as the shadow of a man, at other times as a small man within the man. This " soul " was the principle by which all things were explained. Tylor believed that the concept of this " soul " arose as the conscious answer to the question which presented itself to primitive man in regard to the phenomena of dreams and of death. The dreamer saw persons he knew had long been dead and from this concluded that there must have been something within the body that did not disappear when the body did. This observation added to the belief, • Cf. A. Michotte et, E. Prum. * Etude Experimentale sur Ic Choix Volontaire et Ses Antecedents Immediate.' Archives de Psychologie, 1911, X, p. N. Ach. ' Uber den Willensakt tmd das Temperament' Leipzig, 1910. Digitized by Google 22 CAMPBELL universally held among primitive man, that life is present in ever3rthing in the universe, gave rise to the concept of a ghost-soul. Some writers have adhered to this strict usage of animism but other writers would include under animism all beliefs which rise through the reading of one's own experience into other things ; i.e., even before there arises the idea that there is within one a double which is separate from the body, what- ever other experiences are had are read out, projected. This period when willing etc. experiences are read out into things Marett would call " animatism." This usage of animatism seems perfectly justifiable to us, if what it means be kept clearly in mind. Tylor used animism to mean the belief in ghost-souls and it might lend itself to clearness to retain the term for this purpose. But do not let us extend this restriction to mean that there was a time when man did not have a concept of the soul — the soul mean- ing self-consciousness. Marett (54:14) illustrates his usage of the two terms in the following passage, "Thus, when a thunderstorm is seen approaching in South Africa, a Kaffir village, led by its medicine-man, will rush to the nearest hill and yell at the hurricane to divert it from its course. Here we have awe finding vent in what on the face of it may be no more than a simple straightforward act of personification. It is animism in the loose sense of some writers, or, as I propose to call it, animatism; but it is not animism in the strict scientific sense that implies the attribution, not merely of personality and will, but of * soul ' or * spirit * to the storm." If one wishes to use the term animism in this way, as we have said, it seems to us justifiable — ^but to restrict the term soul to mean merely the small ghost-like "mannikin" that is often thought to be within one — does not seem justifiable. The word soul has been so widely used to mean self -conscious- ness that it cannot be restricted to the sense f otmd in Tylorian animism. Soul for the primitive has not meant merely dream- double as we shall point out in our next section. Soul means self-consciousness and as such has always been present to man's consciousness. This consciousness did not begin at some specific period of human evolution. The concept of self has always been used as an explanatory principle just because the anthropomorphic tendency of man has always been so strong. It was this tendency that made man use the great power, mana, to explain external events. Mana is not prior to the soul for it is a part of the soul. Mana does not repre- sent an idea that has grown up in an historical sense, but represents a definite psychological experience that comes to Digitized by Google A STUDY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION 23 every man. The different things that have been explained by means of mana may be a matter of historical setting or evolu- tion but the genesis of mana as such belongs to man as man. But the statement by many writers that manaism is prior to animism is for them more than a difference in usage of terms — it involves a denial to the primitive individual of the consciousness of self. By these writers animism is used in the sense in which Marett would have us use animatism ; i.e., to mean the consciousness of personality, will, etc., which in turn is ejected outward as an explanatory principle. These writers contend that a great power such as mana is conceived before any idea of the soul (self) is present. They state that man does not at first, explain things in analogy to his own soul (used in the sense of self) for he is not yet conscious of him- self: he is not yet consciously differentiated out from the group of which he is a member. Miss Harrison (29:122) in speaking of the system of totemism, which she believes to be based on some such force as mana, states that man at this time has not yet drawn a distinction between himself and a kangaroo for he has not yet said, "This is I." At this time, "his human will is felt chiefly as one with the undifferentiated mana of the world." Levy-Bruhl holds to the same idea when he states that at first man was merely conscious of " participation " but that later as he began to notice himself the idea of the soul arose. Corn- ford contends that he finds no animistic doctrine in early society. At this early time man feels himself as continuous with the group — ^the collective life pervades him and he has as yet made no distinction between his own and the collective power. But gradually as self-consciousness comes, the col- lective consciousness also becomes individualized and we have the idea of the soul come forth. The soul is really only a "pool of mana." From these representative statements it is plain that it is the supposed complexity of the idea of the soul that makes these writers deny the concept to primitive man. Primitive man simply had not reached the stage when he realized that he had a soul and hence he could not read his image into the universe. But to have an idea of the soul does not mean that you must have some complex, logical idea of it. Doubtless the primitive man is not a Hegelian but he does have some consciousness of self, just as every human being does. These writers seem to think that you must have some definitely formulated concept which you then consciously use as an explanatory principle, in a logical sense. But this is not Digitized by Google 24 CAMPBELL necessary for an animatistic doctrine. It seems absurd to us to deny to primitive man an idea of himself when it is gen- erally admitted that there is such a primary emotion as self- elation. Is primitive man to be denied the primary human emotions ? Moreover it is not necessary that man in a rational fashion " read " himself out into things. To sum up, then, we have granted that there is a group of facts found among primitive peoples which cannot be placed under the concept of animism — if by animism is meant the doc- trine according to which all things in the universe are interpre- ted in analogy to the human soul, when this soul is thought to be like an image seen in dreams, trances, and so forth. But we have not been willing to grant that the primitive does conceive of his soul in this manner, i.e., we are not to compare his idea of dream-double with our idea of soul, as self, and sup- pose we are comparing the same concept. We do not deny that at times the ideas of the dream-double and the shadow have played a large, even fantastic, role among primitive peoples, but we do not believe that the primitive confuses these ideas with that of the soul or self. If our contention is correct that mana is simply the power felt within the self when, due to social activities, it feels very efficient, feels an efficiency which contrasts strongly with the efficacy usually felt, then we should expect to find that the primitives had a concept of these different self -efficiencies. And this we can find, we believe, in what has been reported to be a belief in several souls. These supposedly different souls are only different experiences that the self imdergoes. The following point of view kept in mind during the investi- gation and interpretation of such beliefs would throw, we believe, much light upon the discussion. Such a view con- tends that primitive man ftmctions in the same way as a modem man, just because he is a human being. His social and historical heritage may be very different — ^but when it comes to the human conscious experiences he is the same being whatever his state of culture may be. Man notices that he is a living being and he also notices that he has certain mental experiences. Moreover he has such experiences as dreaming, trances, recovery from seeming death, etc. Again he notices shadows. Also as a normal human being Digitized by Google A STUDY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION 25 he has an experience which, though mental, is different from all of these in that it seems to make him so much more powerful, namely the experience he has when taking part in a social activity. During this experience the self is felt as much greater than it has ever felt before and yet there is also a sense of identity. As to the relation of these ideas in the mind of the primi- tive, our reading of the data shows a state of affairs some- what as follows. Dream-doubles are not thought to be the same as the consciousness of self, this latter being the experi- ence to which we would confine the use of the term soul. There is a spiritual, i.e., mental part of man which is different from the bodily as well as from the dream-doubles and it is this which is thought by the primitive to be the soul (when used in our sense of self). Mana is the power which like the soul is spiritual, personal — though just how they conceive it to be related to the soul is not so clearly stated. There are indica- tions however, that as Codrington says, mana is thought to be a certain part of the soul or of some souls. Codrington says that mana is not soul for not all persons have mana while all have souls. This is a thing that should be expected. When sufficient observations have been made to show what mana power can accomplish — then when it comes to serve as an explanatory category, only those persons who live up to this standard will be said to have mana. The question of the priority of manaism seems to us then irrelevant. We cannot find any culture where the concept of mana is present that there is not also a belief in spirits in the sense of ghost or dream-doubles. Either concept may assume the leading role and which concept shall thus be made most prominent in a certain society, depends upon some "happy chance" just as specific taboos do. Both of these concepts will be present, though with varying degrees of emphasis, just because they are founded upon normal psychical experiences. Such a view does not make primitive man a Berkeleyian philosopher — ^but makes him like a child (or an adult for that matter) who kicks the chair when he stumbles over it. It makes him a being who tends to anthropomorphize his experiences. V. Application of Our Theory to Representative Primitive Data In attempting to apply this theory to the facts gathered among primitive peoples, we encounter many difficulties, but most of all that of contradictory reports. For instance for Digitized by Google 26 CAMPBELL many years two Kaffir terms, itonga and idlozi, were re- ported to mean the same thing, namely, ancestral spirits. Dudley Kidd (43:282 seq.), believing that these terms did not mean just the same thing in the native's mind, during a period of fifteen years tried to find out just what these terms did mean to the native. As his analysis seems to be so much in point, we abstract from it at some length. The idlozi is an individual thing born with the child in the course of nature, is never lost during life, even though the person should become a Christian. At death the idlozi continues its individual existence near the grave of the dead man. The idlozi cannot transcend space and each man has an idlozi to himself. The itonga on the other hand may be divided among the various members of the family. It is not born with the child but is imparted to it by a ceremony after birth. It can depart from a person who abandons tribal custom. It then returns to the grandfather or to the bosom of the amatongi (ancestral spirits) from whence it came out. It has the power of being in several places at once and may be living in the huts of a number of persons at one and the same time and can also at the same time be an immanent spirit in several people at the same time, as if it were a deity or being of wide powers. In fact a hundred people may share an itonga. When the tribe migrates the idlozi of the individual stays near the grave while the itonga goes with the tribe. Mr. Kidd suggests that the idlozi is the individual side while the itonga is the corporate or clan side of personality. In our more detailed study of the beliefs of certain African and Australasian tribes, let us first consider whether these people do mean by the soul what we have contended they do — ^namely, a consciousness of self or mental experiences. So often it has been stated that by the soul these people mean the mere phenomenon of living or they mean the shadow or they mean the dream-double. That the primitive does relate these things in an intimate way, a way which often leads to confusion in dealing with their beliefs, we must of course grant — ^but there are too msiny indications that these things do mean different experiences to him to allow us to group all the experiences together and say — ^this is what the primi- tive means by soul. Nassua (57:53-55) who has given forty years of close study to the tribes of West Africa, has a very illuminating discussion of the meaning of soul among these people. He divides the reports which he has received from the natives into four groups. Digitized by Google A STUDY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION 27 " I. Ordinarily, the native will say in effect, ' I am one, and my soul is myself. When I die, it goes out somewhere else.' 2. Others will say, * I have two things,— one is the thing which becomes a spirit when I die, the other is the spirit of the body and dies with it.' But it has frequently happened that even intelligent natives, standing by me at the side of a dying person, have said to me, ' He is dead.' The patient was indeed unconscious, lying stiff, not seeing, speaking, eat- m^, or apparently feeling; yet there was slight heart-beat I would point out to the relatives these evidences of life. But they said: 'No, he is dead. His spirit is gone, he does not see nor feel; that slight movement is only the spirit of the body shaking itself. It is not a person, it is not our relative ; he is dead.' . . . Such attempts to distinguish between soul-life and body-life has not infrequentlv led to premature burial. ... 3. Another set of witnesses will say that, besides the personal soul and the soul of the body, there is a third entity in the human unit, namely, a dream-soul. ... 4. A fourth entity is vaguely spoken of by some as a component part of the human personality by others as separate but closely associated from birth to death, and called life-spirit. . . . Others speak of this vague life-spirit as the * heart' . . . The natives believe that by witchcraft a person in health can be deprived of his life-soul, or * heart;' that he will then sicken; that the wizard or witch feasts in his or her magic orgy on this 'heart,' and that the person will die if that heart is not returned to him." Here we certainly see the soul as different from the dream- double as it is from the mere phenomenon of living. The fourth entity seems to us suggestive of some of the ways in which mana is fotmd to be used. It reminds one of the itonga that Kidd reports. Significant is it that it is this that the magician desires when dealing with a person. Ellis (18:155) tells us that the tribes of the Gold Coast of Africa have a belief in two individualities — ^the living man and the tenanting kra. When the man dies the first of these becomes the ghost while the latter becomes a sisa, and is then bom again. Sisa in this way seems comparable to itonga. Talbot (70:139) states that the West African believes that the body and soul are entirely different; that the soul is the real man and cannot be destroyed, while the body is some- thing different and inferior, and temporary, and rots away when no longer needed. Junod (42 :Vol 1 :339) tells us that the Thonga locate different psychic qualities in different parts of the body, such as patience in the liver, etc. — "Yet they cer- tainly believe in an independent psychic principle, in a soul." Similarly we have reports from Australasia that show that a distinction is made between consciousness and mere living. In Motlav, Codrington (8:250) states that the word for soul is talegi and it is believed that a ghost can take the talegi away from a man and " the man just lies breathing in his chest." Brown (4:193) upon asking the natives of New Britain why Digitized by Google 28 CAMPBELL the soul survived the body received the reply, " Because it is different, it is not the same nature at all." This difference is shown also by the belief among these peoples that when a man recovers from a faint or from unconsciousness it is due to the fact that his soul was refused entrance into the other world and was driven back. The man was observed to be alive but his soul or consciousness was gone. Seligmann (66:185) reports that when a man among the South West Koita people falls down tmconscious on the road it is because a tabu has taken his sua (soul). The barom (66:734) among the North Massim people was thought to leave the body without death ensuing. A man who lay motionless and scarcely breathing for seven days was thought to have been without his barom, which during this time visited the upper world. Among the Mafulu Mountain people (78:266) it is thought that man has " a mysterious ghostly self in addition to his bodily and conscious self." It is hard to know just what is meant by this as Williamson does not tell us what a bodily conscious self is. Best (1 :103) states that toira (soul) " represents the spiritual and intellectual welfare of the genus homo; while his physical health or welfare is described by the common term oraf These quotations show explicitly that soul does not mean mere living. As to the soul being the same thing as the shadow we give the following representative quotations. Junod in speaking of the Thonga people says (42 :Vol. 1 :339) that they do not fear to tread on the shadow. " It may even be questioned if they identify the material shadow with the shitjhuti, the spir- itual part of man which separates from his body at death." Dennett (13:79) who has done a great deal of excellent work among the tribes of South Africa says that when you read a report which says that the same word means breath, shadow, ghost, soul, — you may be sure that the observer has misunder- stood the native's thought. "The Bakulu, or souls, of the Bavili have nothing to do with shadows." Routledge (64 :240) states that the soul does not depart during dreams or trances for it is the soul that gives a man his individuality, will, ego. Leonard too (49:139) says that it is the soul that gives a man intelligence. Surely soul and shadow are not here synony- mous. Similarly in Australasia we find statements by reporters that souls and shadows are not the same. Codrington (8:250) mentions a belief that a spirit could lay hold of a man by means of his shadow • . . " the shadow being in a way another person or man. But that the shadow was the sotd Digitized by Google A STUDY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION 29 was never thought." Seligmann (66:189) reports that among the South West Koita people of British New Guinea the words for soul and shadow are entirely different — sua for soul and laulau for shadow. Nowadays this latter word is applied to photographs and images seen in mirrors. Among the Roro- speaking tribes he finds a similar difference — auba for reflec- tion, oriorena for shadow, and tsirava for (66 :309) " the vital forces or essence within an individual precisely as the Koita use the term sua/^ Sometimes the word tsirava is used for spirit, although beriwa is generally used to mean spirit. Among the South Massim peoples at Tubetube yaruyarua was soul and kwanukwanuna was shadow. At Bartle Bay however aru was reported to mean both soul and shadow. Keyser*^ states that the Kai people of German New Guinea have an idea of soul which is more inclusive than ours in that it included the shadow as a part of it. The soul in fact for these people pervades the body as does warmth. The Kai believe in two souls — ^that which survives after death, re- sembling man on earth except in body — and the other is the spiritual essence or soul stuff, which pervades the body as sap does a tree. In regard to the Fiji Islands there has been some little discussion about the meaning of yalo, which was supposed {77: vol. 1:24) to be the word for soul and yet to mean shadow. Fison (reported by Frazer" from a letter of Fison's) thinks this a misapprehension because yalo means soul while yaloyalo means shadow. Thompson (72:354) writes, "It is difficult to say precisely what the Fijian believes to be the essence of the immortal part of man.'* The word yalo has the following meanings: yalo (with pronoun suffixed) means mind ; yalo with the possessive pronoun separate means shade or spirit ; yaloyalo means shadow. "From the possessive pronoun being suffixed we may gather that the mind was re- garded as being as intimately connected with a man's body as his arm, but that the spirit could be detached from it. . .. The question of the material of the ghost was as much vexed as it is in English ghost stories." Let us now consider some of the statements about the great force mana — let us see what relation we can find between beliefs in regard to this power and in regard to the soul. We have seen that mana belongs to the spiritual side of man and can only be originated by personal beings. We have seen that in Melanesia those who during life have had mana i^Sce (25:268). i*Sec (25:411 scq.). Digitized by Google 30 CAMPBELL become powerful spirits, tebarans, when they die. Now what indications are there that there is among the African tribes a belief in such a power? In looking for evidences of such a belief it will be well to bear in mind that for many years it was reported that the Indians believed in a Great Spirit, an All-Father, but that later more scientific, if not more careful, work showed that the Great Spirit was really a great force. We find an exactly comparable state of affairs among the Masai in Africa in regard to the beliefs about Ngai. Ngai for many years was supposed to be a supreme God, a great spirit. But Hinde (34:108) reports that the Masai have an idea of Ngai as " the Unknown " and Ngai " embodied their apprehension of power beyond the human faculties of coping with. Thunderstorms, rains, the telegraph, a railway engine are all referred to as Ngai and the word represents the incom- prehensible, of which they are vaguely conscious. . .. In a case of accidental homicide or injury it is regarded as the "will of Ngai." Routledge (64:22(5) in describing Ngai among the East African writes, " The being thus described is not visible to the naked eye ... the sim, moon, light- ning and rain are all in a sense worshipped as manifestations of the great Power, a conception apparently not dissimilar to that of the poet when he sings of the One * Whose robe is the light. Whose canopy space.' The prayer of the medicine-man when he invoked divine aid is addressed to God, the sun of Kenija as * all the same thing.' " Livingstone reported that natives of Central Africa believed in the existence of a supreme being called Mpambe and also Morungo (Mulunga) but that Mulunga means a supreme being is questionable in the light of Hetherwick's observations.
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Pain de campagne ("country bread" in French), also called "French sourdough", is typically a large round loaf ("miche") made from either natural leavening or baker's yeast. Most traditional versions of this bread are made with a combination of white flour with whole wheat flour and/or rye flour, water, leavening and salt. For centuries, French villages had communal ovens where the townsfolk would bring their dough to be baked, and the loaves weighed from . Such large loaves would feed a family for days or weeks, until the next baking day.
Before the advent of roller milling, virtually all wheat was milled by stone grinding. In order to produce a lighter, less chewy bread, the whole wheat flour was sifted or bolted using mesh or cloth. This resulted in a whiter flour that still retained some of the bran and germ. The addition of rye flour in some recipes probably originates from the presence of rye growing among the wheat. All the grain was harvested together, and as much as 10 percent of it would be rye. Rye flour ferments more quickly than wheat flour, and it imparts a distinctive flavor to traditional pains de campagne.
With the rise of commercial yeast at the turn of the 20th century, pain de campagne fell out of favor in French cities, where it was replaced by the baguette. However, with the rise of artisan breads in the 1970s, pain de campagne has been growing in popularity, both in Europe and the US.
Today pain de campagne is still made in France, and is enjoying a growing appreciation in the United States and the UK. When made traditionally, the dough is allowed to ferment for several hours, allowing the yeasts to grow and develop the flavors. The dough is then rounded and placed in linen-lined baskets called "bannetons". After the dough has risen, it is dumped out of the basket and onto peel, and slid into the oven where it bakes at around 240 °C (450 °F) for about one hour.
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Pain de Campagne sourdough recipe
Yeast breads
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The polymer components (f) are preferably present as a block in the resin (A). The resin (A) may be any type of copolymer as far as it contains the fluorine atom and/or silicon atom-containing polymer components (f) as a block. The term "to be contained as a block" means that the resin has a polymer segment comprising at least 70% by weight of the fluorine atom and/or silicon atom-containing polymer component based on the weight of the polymer segment. The forms of blocks include an A-B type block, an A-B-A type block, a B-A-B type block, a grafted type block, and a starlike type block as schematically illustrated with respect to the resin (P) above.
These various types of block copolymers of the thermoplastic resins can be synthesized in accordance with conventionally known polymerization methods. Specifically, those described with respect to the resin (P) above can be employed.
The resin (A) is preferably used at least 70% by weight, more preferably at least 90% by weight based on the total amount of the composition for the transfer layer.
If desired, the transfer layer may contain various additives for improving physical characteristics, such as adhesion, film-forming property, and film strength. For example, rosin, petroleum resin, or silicone oil may be added for controlling adhesion; polybutene, DOP, DBP, low-molecular weight styrene resins, low molecular weight polyethylene wax, microcrystalline wax, or paraffin wax, as a plasticizer or a softening agent for improving wetting property to the light-sensitive element or decreasing melting viscosity; and a polymeric hindered polyvalent phenol, or a triazine derivative, as an antioxidant. For the details, reference can be made to Hiroshi Fukada, Hot-melt Secchaku no Jissai, pp. 29 to 107, Kobunshi Kankokai (1983).
The transfer layer may be composed of two or more layers, if desired. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the transfer layer is composed of a first layer which is in contact with the surface of primary receptor and which comprises a resin having a relatively high glass transition point or softening point, for example, one of the resins (AH) described above, and a second layer provided thereon comprising a resin having a relatively low glass transition point or softening point, for example, one of the resins (AL) described above, and in which the difference in the glass transition point or softening point therebetween is at least 2° C., and preferably at least 5° C. By introducing such a configuration of the transfer layer, transferability of the transfer layer onto a receiving material is remarkably improved, a further enlarged latitude of transfer conditions (e.g., heating temperature, pressure, and transportation speed) can be achieved, and the transfer can be easily performed irrespective of the kind of receiving material. Moreover, a filing property (an anti-sticking property after filing) is improved since the surface of the transfer layer transferred onto a receiving material is composed of the resin having a relatively high glass transition point or softening point, and the retouching property and sealing property similar to those of normal paper may be imparted to the resulting color duplicate by appropriately selecting the thermoplastic resin having a relatively high glass transition point or softening point. In case of the transfer layer of a double-layered structure, the polymer component (f) described above is preferably incorporated into the resin (A) which is used for forming the first layer adjacent to the primary receptor.
The transfer layer suitably has a thickness of from 0.2 to 20 μm, and preferably from 0.5 to 10 μm. When the transfer layer is composed of a plurality of layers, a thickness of a single layer is at least 0.1 μm while the thickness of the total layers is usually at most 20 μm.
According to the method of the present invention, the transfer layer should be formed on a primary receptor until the completion of the process for forming toner image on the electrophotographic light-sensitive element. Although a primary receptor having provided thereon the peelable transfer layer can be used, an embodiment in which the transfer layer is formed on a primary receptor in an apparatus for performing the electrophotographic process is preferred.
According to this embodiment, since the transfer layer is formed each time on the primary receptor, the primary receptor can be repeatedly employed after the transfer layer is released therefrom. Therefore, it is advantageous in that the formation and release of the transfer layer can be performed in sequence with the electrophotographic process in an electrophotographic color image-forming apparatus without throwing the primary receptor away after using it only once. As a result, a cost for the formation of color image can be remarkably reduced.
In order to form the transfer layer in the present invention, conventional layer-forming methods can be employed. For instance, a solution or dispersion containing the composition for the transfer layer is applied onto the surface of primary receptor in a known manner. In particular, for the formation of transfer layer on the surface of primary receptor, a hot-melt coating method, an electrodeposition coating method or a transfer method from a releasable support is preferably used. These methods are preferred in view of easy formation of the transfer layer on the surface of primary receptor in an electrophotographic apparatus. Each of these methods will be described in greater detail below.
The hot-melt coating method comprises hot-melt coating of the composition for the transfer layer by a known method. For such a purpose, a mechanism of a non-solvent type coating machine, for example, a hot-melt coating apparatus for a hot-melt adhesive (hot-melt coater) as described in the above-mentioned Hot-melt Secchaku no Jissai, pp. 197 to 215 can be utilized with modification to suit with coating onto the primary receptor. Suitable examples of coating machines include a direct roll coater, an offset gravure roll coater, a rod coater, an extrusion coater, a slot orifice coater, and a curtain coater.
A melting temperature of the resin (A) at coating is usually in a range of from 50° to 180° C., while the optimum temperature is determined depending on the composition of the resin to be used. It is preferred that the resin is first molten using a closed pre-heating device having an automatic temperature controlling means and then heated in a short time to the desired temperature in a position to be coated on the primary receptor. To do so can prevent from degradation of the resin upon thermal oxidation and unevenness in coating.
A coating speed may be varied depending on flowability of the resin at the time of being molten by heating, a kind of coater, and a coating amount, etc., but is suitably in a range of from 1 to 100 mm/sec, preferably from 5 to 40 mm/sec.
Now, the electrodeposition coating method will be described below. According to this method, the resin (A) is electrostatically adhered or electrodeposited (hereinafter simply referred to as electrodeposition sometimes) on the surface of primary receptor in the form of resin grains and then transformed into a uniform thin film, for example, by heating, thereby the transfer layer being formed. Grains of the resins (A), (AH) and (AL) are sometimes referred to as resin grains (AR), (ARH) and (ARL), respectively hereinafter.
The resin grains must have either a positive charge or a negative charge. The electroscopicity of the resin grains is appropriately determined depending on a charging property of the primary receptor to be used in combination.
The resin grains may contain two or more resins, if desired. For instance, when a combination of resins, for example, those selected from the resins (AH) and (AL), whose glass transition points or softening points are different at least 2° C., preferably at least 5° C. from each other is used, improvement in transferability of the transfer layer formed therefrom to a receiving material and an enlarged latitude of transfer conditions can be achieved. In such a case, these resins may be present as a mixture in the grains or may form a layered structure such as a core/shell structure wherein a core part and a shell part are composed of different resins respectively. Resin grains having a core/shell structure wherein the core part is composed of one of the resins (AL) and (AH) and the shell part is composed of the other resin are preferred to form the transfer layer since the transfer onto a receiving material can be rapidly performed under moderate conditions.
An average grain diameter of the resin grains having the physical property described above is generally in a range of from 0.01 to 15 μm, preferably from 0.05 to 5 μm and more preferably from 0.1 to 1 μm. The resin grains may be employed as powder grains (in case of dry type electrodeposition) or grains dispersed in a non-aqueous system (in case of wet type electrodeposition). The resin grains dispersed in a non-aqueous system are preferred since they can easily prepare a thin layer of uniform thickness.
The resin grains used in the present invention can be produced by a conventionally known mechanical powdering method or polymerization granulation method. These methods can be applied to the production of resin grains for both of dry type electrodeposition and wet type electrodeposition.
The mechanical powdering method for producing powder grains used in the dry type electrodeposition method includes a method wherein the resin is directly powdered by a conventionally known pulverizer to form fine grains (for example, a method using a ball mill, a paint shaker or a jet mill). If desired, mixing, melting and kneading of the materials for resin grains before the powdering and classification for a purpose of controlling a grain diameter and after-treatment for treating the surface of grain after the powdering may be performed in an appropriate combination. A spray dry method is also employed.
Specifically, the powder grains can be easily produced by appropriately using a method as described in detail, for example, in Shadanhojin Nippon Funtai Kogyo Gijutsu Kyokai (ed.), Zoryu Handbook, II ed., Ohm Sha (1991), Kanagawa Keiei Kaihatsu Center, Saishin Zoryu Gijutsu no Jissai, Kanagawa Keiei Kaihatsu Center Shuppan-bu (1984), and Masafumi Arakawa et al (ed.), Saishin Funtai no Sekkei Gijutsu, Techno System (1988).
The polymerization granulation methods include conventionally known methods using an emulsion polymerization reaction, a seed polymerization reaction or a suspension polymerization reaction each conducted in an aqueous system, or using a dispersion polymerization reaction conducted in a non-aqueous solvent system.
More specifically, grains are formed according to the methods as described, for example, in Soichi Muroi, Kobunshi Latex no Kagaku, Kobunshi Kankokai (1970), Taira Okuda and Hiroshi Inagaki, Gosei Jushi Emulsion, Kobunshi Kankokai (1978), Soichi Muroi, Kobunshi Latex Nyumon, Kobunsha (1983), I. Purma and P. C. Wang, Emulsion Polymerization, I. Purma and J. L. Gaudon, ACS Symp. Sev., 24, p. 34 (1974), Fumio Kitahara et al, Bunsan Nyukakei no Kagaku, Kogaku Tosho (1979), and Soichi Muroi (supervised), Chobiryushi Polymer no Saisentan Gijutsu, C.M.C. (1991), and then collected and pulverized in such a manner as described in the reference literatures cited with respect to the mechanical method above, thereby the resin grains being obtained.
In order to conduct dry type electrodeposition of the fine powder grains thus-obtained, a conventionally known method, for example, a coating method of electrostatic powder and a developing method with a dry type electrostatic developing agent can be employed. More specifically, a method for electrodeposition of fine grains charged by a method utilizing, for example, corona charge, triboelectrification, induction charge, ion flow charge, and inverse ionization phenomenon, as described, for example, in J. F. Hughes, Seiden Funtai Toso, translated by Hideo Nagasaka and Machiko Midorikawa, or a developing method, for example, a cascade method, a magnetic brush method, a fur brush method, an electrostatic method, an induction method, a touchdown method and a powder cloud method, as described, for example, in Koich Nakamura (ed.), Saikin no Denshishashin Genzo System to Toner Zairyo no Kaihatsu.Jitsuyoka, Ch. 1, Nippon Kogaku Joho (1985) is appropriately employed.
The production of resin grains dispersed in a non-aqueous system which are used in the wet type electrodeposition method can also be performed by any of the mechanical powdering method and polymerization granulation method as described above.
The mechanical powdering method includes a method wherein the thermoplastic resin is dispersed together with a dispersion polymer in a wet type dispersion machine (for example, a ball mill, a paint shaker, Keddy mill, and Dyno-mill), and a method wherein the materials for resin grains and a dispersion assistant polymer (or a covering polymer) have been previously kneaded, the resulting mixture is pulverized and then is dispersed together with a dispersion polymer. Specifically, a method of producing paints or electrostatic developing agents can be utilized as described, for example, in Kenji Ueki (translated), Toryo no Ryudo to Ganryo Bunsan, Kyoritsu Shuppan (1971), D. H. Solomon, The Chemistry of Organic Film Formers, John Wiley & Sons (1967), Paint and Surface Coating Theory and Practice, Yuji Harasaki, Coating Kogaku, Asakura Shoten (1971), and Yuji Harasaki, Coating no Kiso Kagaku, Maki Shoten (1977).
The polymerization granulation method includes a dispersion polymerization method in a non-aqueous system conventionally known and is specifically described, for example, in Chobiryushi Polymer no Saisentan Gijutsu, Ch. 2, mentioned above, Saikin no Denshishashin Genzo System to Toner Zairyo no Kaihatsu.Jitsuyoka, Ch. 3, mentioned above, and K. E. J. Barrett, Dispersion Polymerization in Organic Media, John Wiley & Sons (1975).
The resin grains composed of a random copolymer containing the polymer component (f) to increase the peelability of the resin (A) can be easily obtained by performing a polymerization reaction using one or more monomers forming the resin (A) which are soluble in an organic solvent but becomes insoluble therein by being polymerized together with a monomer corresponding to the polymer component (f) according to the polymerization granulation method described above.
The resin grains containing the polymer component (f) as a block can be prepared by conducting a polymerization reaction using, as a dispersion stabilizing resins, a block copolymer containing the polymer component (f) as a block, or conducting polymerization reaction using a monofunctional macromonomer having a weight average molecular weight of from 1×10³ to 2×10⁴, preferably from 3×10³ to 1.5×10⁴ and containing the polymer component (f) as the main repeating unit together with one or more monomers forming the resin (A). Alternatively, the resin grains composed of block copolymer can be obtained by conducting a polymerization reaction using a polymer initiator (for example, azobis polymer initiator or peroxide polymer initiator) containing the polymer component (f) as the main repeating unit.
The resin grains having a core/shell structure described above can also be prepared easily using the polymerization granulation method. Specifically, fine grains composed of the first resin are prepared by a dispersion polymerization method in a non-aqueous system and then using these fine grains as seeds, a monomer corresponding to the second resin is supplied to conduct polymerization in the same manner as above, whereby resin grains having a core part composed of the first resin and a shell part composed of the second resin are obtained.
As the non-aqueous solvent used in the dispersion polymerization method in a non-aqueous system, there can be used any of organic solvents having a boiling point of at most 200° C., individually or in a combination of two or more thereof. Specific examples of the organic solvent include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, fluorinated alcohols and benzyl alcohol, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone and diethyl ketone, ethers such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, carboxylic acid esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and methyl propionate, aliphatic hydrocarbons containing from 6 to 14 carbon atoms such as hexane, octane, decane, dodecane, tridecane, cyclohexane and cyclooctane, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and chlorobenzene, and halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, dichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, chloroform, methylchloroform, dichloropropane and trichloroethane. However, the present invention should not be construed as being limited thereto.
When the dispersed resin grains are synthesized by the dispersion polymerization method in a non-aqueous solvent system, the average grain diameter of the dispersed resin grains can readily be adjusted to at most 1 μm while simultaneously obtaining grains of mono-disperse system with a very narrow distribution of grain diameters.
A dispersive medium used for the resin grains dispersed in a non-aqueous system is usually a non-aqueous solvent having an electric resistance of not less than 10⁸ Ω·cm and a dielectric constant of not more than 3.5, since the dispersion is employed in a method wherein the resin grains are electrodeposited utilizing a wet type electrostatic photographic developing process or electrophoresis in electric fields.
The insulating solvents which can be used include straight chain or branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and halogen-substituted derivatives thereof. Specific examples of the solvent include octane, isooctane, decane, isodecane, decalin, nonane, dodecane, isododecane, cyclohexane, cyclooctane, cyclodecane, benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, Isopar E, Isopar G, Isopar H, Isopar L (Isopar: trade name of Exxon Co.), Shellsol 70, Shellsol 71 (Shellsol: trade name of Shell Oil Co.), Amsco OMS and Amsco 460 Solvent (Amsco: trade name of Americal Mineral Spirits Co.). They may be used singly or as a combination thereof.
The insulating organic solvent described above is preferably employed as a non-aqueous solvent from the beginning of polymerization granulation of resin grains dispersed in the non-aqueous system. However, it is also possible that the granulation is performed in a solvent other than the above-described insulating solvent and then the dispersive medium is substituted with the insulating solvent to prepare the desired dispersion.
Another method for the preparation of a dispersion of resin grains in non-aqueous system is that a block copolymer comprising a polymer portion which is soluble in the above-described non-aqueous solvent having an electric resistance of not less than 10⁸ Ω·cm and a dielectric constant of not more than 3.5 and a polymer portion which is insoluble in the non-aqueous solvent, is dispersed in the non-aqueous solvent by a wet type dispersion method. Specifically, the block copolymer is first synthesized in an organic solvent which dissolves the resulting block copolymer according to the synthesis method of block copolymer as described above and then dispersed in the non-aqueous solvent described above.
In order to electrodeposit dispersed grains in a dispersive medium upon electrophoresis, the grains must be electroscopic grains of positive charge or negative charge. The impartation of electroscopicity to the grains can be performed by appropriately utilizing techniques on developing agents for wet type electrostatic photography. More specifically, it can be carried out using electroscopic materials and other additives as described, for example, in Saikin no Denshishashin Genzo System to Toner Zairyo no Kaihatsu.Jitsuyoka, pp. 139 to 148, mentioned above, Denshishashin Gakkai (ed.), Denshishashin Gijutsu no Kiso to Oyo, pp. 497 to 505, Corona Sha (1988), and Yuji Harasaki, Denshishashin, Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 44 (1977). Further, compounds as described, for example, in British Patents 893,429 and 934,038, U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,122,397, 3,900,412 and 4,606,989, JP-A-60-179751, JP-A-60-185963 and JP-A-2-13965.
The dispersion of resin grains in a non-aqueous system (latex) which can be employed for electrodeposition usually comprises from 0.1 to 20 g of grains mainly containing the resin (A), from 0.01 to 50 g of a dispersion stabilizing resin and if desired, from 0.0001 to 10 g of a charge control agent in one liter of an electrically insulating dispersive medium.
Moreover, the dispersion of resin grains for electrodeposition may contain the compound (S) in order to improve peelability of the transfer layer to be formed therefrom from the surface of primary receptor.
Furthermore, if desired, other additives may be added to the dispersion of resin grains in order to maintain dispersion stability and charging stability of grains. Suitable examples of such additives include rosin, petroleum resins, higher alcohols, polyethers, silicone oil, paraffin wax and triazine derivatives. The total amount of these additives is restricted by the electric resistance of the dispersion. Specifically, if the electric resistance of the dispersion in a state of excluding the grains therefrom becomes lower than 10⁸ Ω·cm, a sufficient amount of the resin grains deposited is reluctant to obtain and, hence, it is necessary to control the amounts of these additives in the range of not lowering the electric resistance than 10⁸ Ω·cm.
The resin grains which are prepared, provided with an electrostatic charge and dispersed in an electrically insulting liquid behave in the same manner as an electrophotographic wet type developing agent. For instance, the resin grains can be subjected to electrophoresis on the surface of primary receptor using a developing device, for example, a slit development electrode device as described in Denshishashin Gijutsu no Kiso to Oyo, pp. 275 to 285, mentioned above. Specifically, the grains comprising the resin (A) are supplied between a primary receptor and an electrode placed in face of the primary receptor, and migrate due to electrophoresis according to potential gradient applied from an external power source to adhere to or electrodeposit on the primary receptor, thereby a film being formed.
In general, if the charge of grains is positive, an electric voltage was applied between an electroconductive support of the primary receptor and a development electrode of a developing device from an external power source so that the primary receptor is negatively charged, thereby the grains being electrostatically electrodeposited on the surface of primary receptor.
Electrodeposition of grains can also be performed by wet type toner development in a conventional electrophotographic process. Specifically, the primary receptor is uniformly charged and then subjected to a conventional wet type toner development without exposure to light or after conducting a so-called print-off in which only unnecessary regions are exposed to light, as described in Denshishashin Gijutsu no Kiso to Oyo, pp. 46 to 79, mentioned above.
The amount of resin grain adhered to the primary receptor can be appropriately controlled, for example, by an external bias voltage applied, a potential of the primary receptor charged and a developing time.
After the electrodeposition of grains, the developing solution is wiped off upon squeeze using a rubber roller, a gap roller or a reverse roller. Other known methods, for example, corona squeeze and air squeeze can also be employed. Then, the deposit is dried with cool air or warm air or by a infrared lamp preferably to be rendered the resin grains in the form of a film, thereby the transfer layer being formed.
The electrodeposition coating method is particularly preferred since a device used therefor is simple and compact and a uniform layer of a small thickness can be stably and easily prepared.
Now, the formation of transfer layer by the transfer method from a releasable support will be described below. According to this method, the transfer layer provided on a releasable support typically represented by release paper (hereinafter simply referred to as release paper) is transferred onto the surface of primary receptor.
The release paper having the transfer layer thereon is simply supplied to a transfer device in the form of a roll or sheet.
The release paper which can be employed in the present invention include those conventionally known as described, for example, in Nenchaku (Nensecchaku) no Shin Gijutsu to Sono Yoto.Kakushu Oyoseihin no Kaihatsu Siryo, published by Keiei Kaihatsu Center Shuppan-bu (May 20, 1978), and All Paper Guide Shi no Shohin Jiten, Jo Kan, Bunka Sangyo Hen, published by Shigyo Times Sha (Dec. 1, 1983).
Specifically, the release paper comprises a substrate such as nature Clupak paper laminated with a polyethylene resin, high quality paper pre-coated with a solvent-resistant resin, kraft paper, a PET film having an under-coating or glassine, each having coated thereon a release agent mainly composed of silicone.
A solvent type of silicone is usually employed and a solution thereof having a concentration of from 3 to 7% by weight is coated on the substrate, for example, by a gravure roll, a reverse roll or a wire bar, dried and then subjected to heat treatment at not less than 150° C. to be cured. The coating amount is usually about 1 g/m².
Release paper for tapes, labels, formation industry use and cast coat industry use each manufactured by a paper making company and put on sale are also generally employed. Specific examples thereof include Separate Shi (manufactured by Oji Paper Co., Ltd.), King Rease (manufactured by Shikoku Seishi K.K.), San Release (manufactured by Sanyo Kokusaku Pulp K.K.) and NK High Release (manufactured by Nippon Kako Seishi K.K.).
In order to form the transfer layer on release paper, a composition for the transfer layer mainly composed of the resin (A) is applied to releasing paper in a conventional manner, for example, by bar coating, spin coating or spray coating to form a film. The transfer layer may also be formed on release paper by a hot-melt coating method or an electrodeposition coating method.
For a purpose of heat transfer of the transfer layer on release paper to the primary receptor, conventional heat transfer methods are utilized. Specifically, release paper having the transfer layer thereon is pressed on the primary receptor to heat transfer the transfer layer. For instance, a device shown in FIG. 4 is employed for such a purpose. In FIG. 4, release paper 24 having thereon the transfer layer 22 comprising the resin (A) is heat-pressed on the primary receptor by a heating roller 25b, thereby the transfer layer 22 being transferred on the surface of primary receptor 20. The release paper 24 is cooled by a cooling roller 25c and recovered. The primary receptor is heated by a pre-heating means 25a to improve transferability of the transfer layer 22 upon heat-press, if desired.
The conditions for transfer of the transfer layer from release paper to the surface of primary receptor are preferably as follows. A nip pressure of the roller is from 0.1 to 10 kgf/cm² and more preferably from 0.2 to 8 kgf/cm². A temperature at the transfer is from 25° to 100° C. and more preferably from 40° to 80° C. A speed of the transportation is from 0.5 to 100 mm/sec and more preferably from 3 to 50 mm/sec. The speed of transportation may differ from that of the electrophotographic step, that of the transfer of toner image on a transfer layer, or that of the heat transfer step of the transfer layer to a receiving material.
Now, the primary receptor which can be used n the present invention will be described in detail below.
According to the present invention, the toner image formed on the surface of light-sensitive element is transferred onto the transfer layer provided on a primary receptor by an electrostatic transfer method or upon bringing the light-sensitive element into intimate contact with the primary receptor under applying heat and/or pressure and then the transfer layer is released from the primary receptor and transferred together with the toner image onto a receiving material under applying heat and/or pressure thereby forming a color duplicate.
It is important therefore that releasability of the surface of primary receptor is less than releasability of the surface of light-sensitive element but is sufficient for peeling and transferring onto a receiving material. Specifically, the surface of primary receptor has the adhesive strength larger, preferably 10 g.f larger, more preferably 50 g.f larger, than the adhesive strength of the surface of light-sensitive element. On the other hand, the adhesive strength of the surface of primary receptor is preferably at most 250 g.f, more preferably at most 200 g.f.
Any type of primary receptor can be employed. For example, primary receptors of a drum type and an endless belt type which are repeatedly usable are preferred in the present invention. Also, any material can be employed for the primary receptor as far as the conditions described above are fulfilled. In the primary receptor of drum type or endless belt type, an elastic material layer or a stratified structure of an elastic material layer and a reinforcing layer is preferably provided on the surface thereof stationarily or removably so as to be replaced.
Any of conventionally known natural resins and synthetic reins can be used as the elastic material. These resins may be used either individually or as a combination of two or more thereof in a single or plural layer. Specifically, various resins described, for example, in A. D. Roberts, Natural Rubber Science and Technology, Oxford Science Publications (1988), W. Hofmann, Rubber Technology Handbook, Hanser Publisher (1989) and Plastic Zairyo Koza, Vols. 1 to 18, Nikkan Kogyo Shinbunsha can be employed.
Specific examples of the elastic material include styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, acrylo-nitrile-butadiene rubber, cyclized rubber, chloroprene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, butyl rubber, chloro-sulfonated polyethylene rubber, silicone rubber fluoro-rubber, polysulfide rubber, natural rubber, isoprene rubber and urethane rubber. The desired elastic material can be appropriately selected by taking releasability from the transfer layer, durability, etc. into consideration. The thickness of elastic material layer is preferably from 0.01 to 10 mm.
Examples of materials used in the reinforcing layer for the elastic material layer include cloth, glass fiber, resin-impregnated specialty paper, aluminum and stainless steel. A spongy rubber layer may be provided between the surface elastic material layer and the reinforcing layer.
Conventionally known materials can be used as materials for the primary receptor of endless belt type. For example, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,893,761, 4,684,238 and 4,690,539 are employed. Further, a layer serving as a heating medium may be provided in the belt as described in JP-W-4-503265 (the term "JP-W" as used herein means an "unexamined published international patent application").
The adhesive strength of the surface of primary receptor can be easily adjusted by applying the method as described with respect to the releasability of the surface of light-sensitive element hereinbefore, including the application of the compound (S). The surface of primary receptor has preferably an average roughness of 0.01 mm or below.
The heat transfer of toner image onto a primary receptor can be performed using known method and apparatus. In order to heat the light-sensitive element, a non-contact type heater such as an infrared line heater, a flash heater or the like is preferably used. The surface temperature of light-sensitive element at the time of heat transfer is preferably in a range of from 40° to 150° C., and more preferably from 50° to 120° C.
The nip pressure of rollers is preferably in a range of from 0.2 to 20 kgf/cm² and more preferably from 0.5 to 15 kgf/cm². The rollers may be pressed by springs provided on opposite ends of the roller shaft or by an air cylinder using compressed air. A speed of the transportation is preferably in a range of from 0.1 to 100 mm/sec and more preferably in a range of from 0.5 to 50 mm/sec. The speed of transportation may differ between the electrophotographic process and the heat transfer step.
The transfer layer bearing the toner image on the primary receptor is then heat-transferred onto a receiving material. The heat-transfer of the toner image together with the transfer layer onto a receiving material can be performed using known methods and apparatus.
The receiving material used in the present invention is not particularly limited and any material conventionally known can be employed. Suitable examples of the receiving materials include those of reflective type, for example, natural paper such as high quality paper, coated paper or art paper, synthetic paper, a metal plate such as an aluminum, iron or SUS plate, and those of transmittive type, for example, a plastic film such as a polyester, polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride or polyacetate film.
Preferred ranges of temperature, nip pressure and transportation speed for the heat-transfer of transfer layer onto the receiving material are same as those described for the heat transfer step of toner image to the primary receptor respectively. Further, the conditions of transfer onto the receiving material may be the same as or different from those of transfer of toner image to the primary receptor.
The heat-transfer behavior of transfer layer onto the receiving material is considered as follows. Specifically, when the transfer layer softened to a certain extent, for example, by a pre-heating means is further heated, for example, a heating roller, the tackiness of the transfer layer increases and the transfer layer is closely adhered to the receiving material.
After the transfer layer is passed under a roller for release, for example, a cooling roller, the temperature of the transfer layer is decreased to reduce the flowability and the tackiness and thus the transfer layer is peeled as a film from the surface of the primary receptor together with the toner thereon. Accordingly, the transfer conditions should be set so as to realize such a situation.
The cooling roller comprises a metal roller which has a good thermal conductivity such as aluminum, copper or the like and is covered with silicone rubber. It is preferred that the cooling roller is provided with a cooling means therein or on a portion of the outer surface which is not brought into contact with the receiving material in order to radiate heat. The cooling means includes a cooling fan, a coolant circulation or a thermoelectric cooling element, and it is preferred that the cooling means is coupled with a temperature controller so that the temperature of the cooling roller is maintained within a predetermined range.
In the method of the present invention, the transfer of toner image from the light-sensitive element to the primary receptor and the transfer of toner image together with the transfer layer from the primary receptor to the receiving material may be simultaneously performed within one sheet. Alternatively, after the transfer of all of one sheet from the light-sensitive element to the primary receptor is completed, the image is transferred to the receiving material.
According to the present invention, the toner image transferred on the receiving material is covered with the transfer layer, and hence the toner image is protected from being scratched or stained.
Further, by stopping the apparatus in the stage where the transfer layer has been formed on the primary receptor, the next operation can start with the electrophotographic process.
It is needless to say that the above-described conditions for the transfer of toner image or transfer layer should be optimized depending on the physical properties of the light-sensitive element (i.e., the light-sensitive layer and the support), the primary receptor, the transfer layer, and the receiving material. Especially it is important to determine the conditions of temperature, in the heat transfer step taking into account the factors such as glass transition point, softening temperature, flowability, tackiness, film properties and film thickness of the transfer layer.
Now, the method of forming a color image using an electrophotographic process according to the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings hereinbelow.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an apparatus for forming a color image suitable for conducting the method according to the present invention wherein a primary receptor of a drum type is employed.
As described above, when an electrophotographic light-sensitive element 11 whose surface has been modified to have releasability, a toner image 3 is formed on the light-sensitive element 11 by a conventional electrophotographic process. On the other hand, when releasability of the surface of light-sensitive element 11 is insufficient, the compound (S) is applied to the surface of light-sensitive element before the start of electrophotographic process thereby the desired releasability being imparted to the surface of light-sensitive element 11. Specifically, the compound (S) is supplied from an applying device for compound (S) 10 which utilizes any one of the embodiments as described above onto the surface of light-sensitive element 11. The applying device for compound (S) 10 may be stationary or movable.
The light-sensitive element whose surface has the releasability is then subjected to the electrophotographic process. In this example, a wet type developing method is employed.
The light-sensitive element is uniformly charged to, for instance, a positive polarity by a corona charger 18 and then is exposed imagewise by an exposure device (e.g., a semi-conductor laser) 19 on the basis of yellow image information, whereby the potential is lowered in the exposed regions and thus, a contrast in potential is formed between the exposed regions and the unexposed regions. A yellow liquid developing unit 14Y containing a liquid developer comprising yellow pigment particles having a positive electrostatic charge dispersed in an electrically insulating liquid is brought near the surface of a light-sensitive element 11 from a liquid developing unit 14 and is kept stationary with a gap of 1 mm therebetween.
The light-sensitive element 11 is first prebathed by a pre-bathing means provided in the developing unit, and then the yellow liquid developer is supplied on the surface of the light-sensitive element while applying a developing bias voltage between the light-sensitive element and a development electrode by a bias voltage source and wiring (not shown). The bias voltage is applied so that it is slightly lower than the surface potential of the unexposed regions, while the development electrode is charged to positive and the light-sensitive element is charged to negative. When the bias voltage applied is too low, a sufficient density of the toner image cannot be obtained.
The liquid developer is subsequently washed off by a rinsing means provided in the developing unit and the rinse solution adhering to the surface of the light-sensitive element is removed by a squeeze means. Then, the light-sensitive element is dried by passing under the suction/exhaust unit 15 comprising a suction part 15a and a exhaust part 15b. The above described electrophotographic process is repeated with respect to each image information of magenta, cyan and black using a magenta liquid developing unit 14M, a cyan liquid developing unit 14C, and a black liquid developing unit, respectively. Meanwhile a primary receptor 20 is kept away from the surface of the light-sensitive element.
On the other hand, a transfer layer 22 is formed on the primary receptor 20 by a transfer layer-forming device 21 before the end of the formation of toner image on the light-sensitive element 11 by the electrophotographic process. In this example, the transfer layer is formed by the electrodeposition coating method. On electrodeposition unit containing a dispersion of resin grains is first brought near the surface of primary receptor 20 and is kept stationary with a gap of 1 mm between the surface thereof and a development electrode. The primary receptor 20 is rotated while supplying the dispersion of resin grains into the gap and applying an electric voltage across the gap from an external power source (not shown), whereby the grains are deposited over the entire areas of the surface of the primary receptor 20.
The dispersion of resin grains excessively adhered to the surface of the primary receptor 20 is removed by a squeezing device built in the electrodeposition unit, and the primary receptor. Then the resin grains are fused by a heating means and thus a transfer layer 22 in the form of resin film is obtained.
In order to conduct the exhaustion of solvent in the dispersion, the suction/exhaust unit 15 provided for the electrophotographic light-sensitive element may be used together by arranging it in an appropriate position. Alternatively, a suction/exhaust unit similar to the unit 15 is independently provided for the primary receptor. As the pre-bathing solution and the rinse solution, a carrier liquid for the liquid developer is generally used.
After the four color images are formed on the light-sensitive element 11, the light-sensitive element is pre-heated in the desired range of temperature by a pre-heating means 16 and a temperature controller 17, the transfer layer 22 on primary receptor 20 is also pre-heated in the desired range of temperature if desired, and then the toner image 3 is brought into close contact with the transfer layer 22 on the primary receptor, whereby the toner image 3 is heat-transferred to the transfer layer on the primary receptor.
The toner image 3 transferred on the primary receptor is then heat-transferred onto a receiving material 30, for example, coated paper together with the transfer layer 22. Specifically, the primary receptor is pre-heated in the desired range of temperature by a pre-heating means 16, the receiving material 30 is also pre-heated in the desired range of temperature by a back-up roller for transfer 31, the primary receptor 20 bearing the toner image 3 is brought into close contact with the receiving material 30 and then the receiving material is cooled by a back-up roller for release 32, thereby heat-transferring the toner image 3 to the receiving material 30 together with the transfer layer 22. Thus a cycle of steps is terminated.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of another example of apparatus for forming a color image according to the present invention wherein a primary receptor of an endless belt type is employed. In the apparatus of FIG. 3, its construction is essentially the same as that of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 except for the primary receptor.
Further, in order to form the transfer layer on the primary receptor, a device utilizing the hot-melt coating method or a device utilizing the transfer method from a release support can be used in place of the transfer layer-forming device 21 described above utilizing the electrodeposition coating method.
In case of using the hot-melt coating method, thermoplastic resin is coated on the surface of a primary receptor provided on the peripheral surface of a drum by a hot-melt coater and is caused to pass under a suction/exhaust unit to be cooled to a predetermined temperature to form a transfer layer. Thereafter, the hot-melt coater is moved to the stand-by position.
A device for simply forming the transfer layer on the primary receptor using release paper is schematically shown in FIG. 4.
A transfer layer-forming portion 120 in FIG. 4, is first employed to transfer a transfer layer 22 from release paper 24 to a primary receptor 20 and then used for transfer of the transfer layer to a receiving material 30 by replacing the transfer portion 130 shown in FIG. 2 or 3 with the transfer layer-forming position 120. Alternatively, both the transfer layer-forming portion 120 for transfer the transfer layer 22 from release paper 24 to the primary receptor 20 and the transfer portion 130 for transfer the transfer layer bearing the toner image 3 to the receiving material 30 are installed in the apparatus for forming a color image according to the present invention.
In accordance with the present invention, color images of high accuracy and high quality can be obtained in a simple manner by conducting toner development to form a toner image on an electrophotographic light-sensitive element whose surface has the releasability, transferring the toner image onto a transfer layer provided on a primary receptor, and then transferring the transfer layer bearing the toner image onto a receiving material. A color duplicate obtained is excellent in storage stability.
Further, when a step of forming a transfer layer on a primary receptor is performed in an apparatus which conducts a step of electrophotographic process and a step of heat-transfer on a receiving material, the primary receptor is repeatedly usable, thereby reducing a running cost.
Moreover, a conventional electrophotographic light-sensitive element can be employed in the method of the present invention by imparting the desired releasability on the surface thereof using the compound (S).
The present invention is illustrated in greater detail with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not to be construed as being limited thereto.
Synthesis Examples of Resin Grain (AR) for Transfer Layer:
SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE 1 OF THERMOPLASTIC RESIN GRAIN (ARH): (ARH-1)
A mixed solution of 10 g of Dispersion Stabilizing Resin (Q-1) having the structure shown below, 100 g of vinyl acetate, and 384 g of Isopar H was heated to a temperature of 70° C. under nitrogen gas stream while stirring. To the solution was added 0.8 g of 2,2'-azobis(isovaleronitrile) (abbreviated as AIVN) as a polymerization initiator, followed by reacting for 3 hours. Twenty minutes after the addition of the polymerization initiator, the reaction mixture became white turbid, and the reaction temperature rose to 88° C. Then, 0.5 g of the above-described initiator was added to the reaction mixture, the reaction were carried out for 2 hours. The temperature was raised to 100° C. and stirred for 2 hours to remove the unreacted vinyl acetate by distillation. After cooling, the reaction mixture was passed through a nylon cloth of 200 mesh to obtain a white dispersion which was a latex of good monodispersity with a polymerization ratio of 90% and an average grain diameter of 0.23 μm. The grain diameter was measured by CAPA-500 manufactured by Horiba Ltd. (hereinafter the same).
| 3,979 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58071598
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StackExchange
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ddply() is saying there is some missing value in my data when there is none, any idea why?
I'm trying to use the ddply() instead of tapply(). But it is showing some error which I'm unable to fix.
library(MASS)
data(birthwt)
ddply(birthwt$bwt,birthwt$race,mean)
Error in if (empty(.data)) return(.data) :
missing value where TRUE/FALSE needed
The error is not due to missing data, it's because the syntax used for ddply is incorrect. The first argument should be the data frame, then the variables to group by, then the summary function.
So something like:
ddply(birthwt, ~race, summarize, Mean = mean(bwt))
race Mean
1 1 3102.719
2 2 2719.692
3 3 2805.284
However I'd consider looking at dplyr, the more modern successor to plyr. The same operation would look like this:
library(dplyr)
birthwt %>%
group_by(race) %>%
summarise(Mean = mean(bwt))
| 31,420 |
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2018/Information note_32/Information note_SL.pdf_1
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Eurlex
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CC-By
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Slovenian
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13319/18 dm/--/men 1
GIP.2 SL
Svet
Evropske unije
Bruselj
,
26.
oktober
2018
(OR.
en
)
13319
/
18
CODEC 1726
FSTR 66
REGIO 95
FC 60
SOC 633
PECHE 409
CADREFIN 276
POLGEN 186
AGRISTR 78
PE 134
Medinstitucionalna zadeva:
2018/0265(COD)
INFORMATIVNI DOPIS
Pošiljat
elj:
generalni sekretariat Sveta
Prejemnik:
Odbor stalnih predstavnikov/Svet
Zadeva:
Predlog uredbe Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta o spremembi Uredbe
(EU) št. 1303/2013 glede virov za ekonomsko, socialno in teritorialno
kohezijo ter o popravku navedene u
redbe glede virov za cilj „naložbe za
rast in delovna mesta“
–
izid prve obravnave v Evropskem parlamentu
(Strasbourg, 22.–25. oktober 2018)
I. UVOD
Poročevalka Iskra MIHAJLOVA (ALDE, BG) je v imenu Odbora za regionalni razvoj predstavila
poročilo, v katerem je predlagala, da se prevzame predlog Komisije za uredbo Evropskega
parlamenta in Sveta o spremembi Uredbe (EU) št. 1303/2013 glede virov za ekonomsko, socialno in
teritorialno kohezijo ter o popravku navedene uredbe glede virov za cilj „naložbe za rast in delovna
mesta“.
13319/18 dm/--/men 2
GIP.2 SL
II. GLASOVANJE
Odbor stalnih predstavnikov je 10. oktobra 2018 odobril predlog Komisije brez sprememb. Svet bi
zato moral biti pripravljen odobriti stališče Evropskega parlamenta. Zakonodajni akt bi bil nato
sprejet v obliki, ki ustreza stališču Evropskega parlamenta.
13319/18 dm/--/men 3
PRILOGA GIP.2 SL
PRILOGA
23.10.2018
P8_TA (2018)0 398
Viri za ekonomsko, socialno in teritorialno kohezijo ter viri za cilj „naložbe za
rast in delovna mesta“ ***I
Zakonodajna resolucija Evropskega parlamenta z dne 23. oktobra 2018 o predlogu uredbe
Evropskega parlamenta in Svet a o spremembi Uredbe (EU) št. 1303/2013 glede virov za
ekonomsko, socialno in teritorialno kohezijo ter o popravku navedene uredbe glede virov za
cilj „naložbe za rast in delovna mesta“ (COM(2018)0498 – C8-0307/2018 – 2018/0265(COD))
(Redni zakonodajni po stopek: prva obravnava)
Evropski parlament ,
– ob upoštevanju predloga Komisije Evropskemu parlamentu in Svetu (COM(2018)0498),
– ob upoštevanju člena 294(2) in člena 177 Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije, na podlagi
katerih je Komisija podala predlog Parlamentu (C8 -0307/2018),
– ob upoštevanju člena 294(3) Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije,
– po posvetovanju z Evropskim ekonomsko -socialnim odborom,
– po posvetovanju z Odborom regij,
– ob upoštevanju člena 59 Poslovnika,
– ob upoštevanju poročila Odbor a za regionalni razvoj (A8 -0282/2018),
A. ker je zaradi nujnosti utemeljeno, da se glasuje pred iztekom roka osmih tednov, kakor je
določeno v členu 6 Protokola št. 2 o uporabi načel subsidiarnosti in sorazmernosti;
1. sprejme stališče v prvi obravnavi , kakor je določeno v nadaljevanju ;
2. poziva Komisijo, naj mu zadevo ponovno predloži, če svoj predlog nadomesti, ga bistveno
spremeni ali ga namerava bistveno spremeniti;
3. naroči svojemu predsedniku, naj stališče Parlamenta posreduje Svetu in Komisiji ter
nacionalnim parlamentom.
13319/18 dm/--/men 4
PRILOGA GIP.2 SL
P8_TC1 -COD( 2018) 0265
Stališče Evropskega parlamenta, sprejeto v prvi obravnavi dne 23. oktobra 2018 z namenom
sprejetja Uredbe (EU) 201 8/... Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta o spremembi Uredbe (EU)
št. 1303/2013 glede virov za ekon omsko, socialno in teritorialno kohezijo ter virov za cilj
„naložbe za rast in delovna mesta“
EVROPSKI PARLAMENT IN SVET EVROPSKE UNIJE STA –
ob upoštevanju Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije in zlasti člena 177 Pogodbe,
ob upoštevanju predloga Evropske komisije,
po posredovanju osnutka zakonodajnega akta nacionalnim parlamentom,
po posvetovanju z Evropskim ekonomsko -socialnim odborom ,
po posvetovanju z Odbor om regij,
v skladu z rednim zakonodajnim postopkom1,
1 Stališče Evropskega parlamenta z dne 23. oktobra 2018.
13319/18 dm/--/men 5
PRILOGA GIP.2 SL
ob upoštevanju naslednjega:
(1) Uredba (EU) št. 1303/2013 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta2 določa skupna in splošna
pravila, ki se uporabljajo za evropske strukturne in investicijske sklade.
(2) Uredba (EU) 2017/2305 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta3 je spremenila Uredbo (EU)
št. 1303/2013 med drugim tudi glede virov za ekonomsko, socialno in teritorialno
kohezijo.
(3) V splošnem proračunu Evropske unije za proračunsko leto 20184 je bilo spremenjeno
finančno načrtovanje za pobudo za zaposlovanje mladi h, in sicer s povečanjem odobritev
za prevzem obveznosti za posebno dodelitev za pobudo za zaposlovanje mladih za 116,7
milijona EUR v tekočih cenah, s čimer se je skupni znesek odobritev za prevzem
obveznosti za pobudo za zaposlovanje mladih za leto 2018 povečal na 350 milijonov EUR
v tekočih cenah.
2 Uredba (EU) št. 1303/2013 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 17. decembra 2013 o
skupnih določbah o Evropskem skladu za regionalni razvoj, Evropskem socialnem skladu,
Kohezijskem skladu, Evropskem kmetijskem skladu za razvoj podeželja in Evropskem
skladu za pomorstvo in ribištvo, o splošnih določbah o Evropskem skladu za regionalni
razvoj, Evropskem socialnem skladu, Kohezijskem skladu in Evropskem skladu za
pomorstvo in ribištvo ter o razveljavitvi Uredbe Sveta (ES) št. 1083/2006 (UL L 347,
20.12.2013, str. 320).
3 Uredba (EU) 2017/2305 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 12. decembra 2017 o
spremembi Uredbe (EU) št. 1303/2013 glede spremembe virov za ekonomsko, socialno in
teritorialno kohezijo in virov za cilj „naložbe za rast in delovna mesta“ ter cilj „ekonomsko
teritorialno sodelovanje“ (UL L 335, 15.12.2017, str. 1).
4 UL L 57, 28.2.2018.
13319/18 dm/--/men 6
PRILOGA GIP.2 SL
(4) Znesek odobritev za prevzem obveznosti za leto 2020 bi bilo treba ustrezno prilagoditi
navzdol, tako da se bo odražala zgodnejša dodelitev sredstev v letu 2018. Uredbo (EU)
št. 1303/2013 bi bilo zato tre ba ustrezno spremeniti.
(5) Ko je bil z Uredbo (EU) 2017/2305 spremenjen člen 92(1) Uredbe (EU) št. 1303/2013, so
bili nekateri finančni podatki iz točke (a) člena 1(2) Uredbe (EU) 2017/2305 napačni.
Navedene finančne podatke bi bilo treba nadomestiti s pr avilnimi podatki. Uredbo (EU)
št. 1303/2013 bi bilo zato treba ustrezno spremeniti.
(6) Glede na nujnost spremembe programov, ki podpirajo pobudo za zaposlovanje mladih, je
primerno določiti izjemo od roka osmih tednov iz člena 4 Protokola št. 1 o vlogi
nacionalnih parlamentov v Evropski uniji, ki je priložen Pogodbi o Evropski uniji, Pogodbi
o delovanju Evropske unije in Pogodbi o ustanovitvi Evropske skupnosti za atomsko
energijo.
(7) Glede na nujnost spremembe programov, ki podpirajo pobudo za zaposlovan je mladih, bi
morala ta uredba začeti veljati dan po objavi v Uradnem listu Evropske unije –
SPREJELA NASLEDNJO UREDBO:
13319/18 dm/--/men 7
PRILOGA GIP.2 SL
Člen 1
Uredba (EU) št. 1303/2013 se spremeni:
(1) v členu 91 se odstavek 1 nadomesti z naslednjim:
„1. Viri za ekonomsko, socialno in teritorialno kohezijo, ki so na voljo za proračunsko
postavko za obdobje 2014 –2020, znašajo 329 982 345 366 EUR v cenah iz leta 2011,
v skladu z letno razdelitvijo, določeno v Prilogi VI, od česar 325 938 694 233 EUR
predstavlja skupne vire, dodeljene ESR R, ESF in Kohezijskemu skladu, 4 043 651
133 EUR pa predstavlja posebno dodelitev za pobudo za zaposlovanje mladih.
Zneski virov za ekonomsko, socialno in teritorialno kohezijo se za namene
načrtovanja in naknadne vključitve v proračun Unije indeksirajo za 2 % na leto.“;
13319/18 dm/--/men 8
PRILOGA GIP.2 SL
(2) člen 92 se spremeni:
(a) odstavek 1 se nadomesti z naslednjim:
„1. Viri za cilj „naložbe za rast in delovna mesta“ znašajo 96,09 % skupnih virov
(tj. skupno 317 073 545 392 EUR) in se dodelijo, kot sledi:
(a) 51,52 % (tj. skupno 163 359 380 738 EUR) za manj razvite regije;
13319/18 dm/--/men 9
PRILOGA GIP.2 SL
(b) 10,82 % (tj. skupno 34 319 221 039 EUR) za regije v prehodu;
(c) 16,33 % (tj. skupno 51 773 321 432 EUR) za bolj razvite regije;
(d) 20,89 % (tj. skupno 66 236 030 665 EUR) za države članice, ki prejmejo
podporo iz Kohezijskega sklada;
(e) 0,44 % (tj. skupno 1 385 591 518 EUR) kot dodatno financiranje za
najbolj oddaljene regije iz člena 349 PDEU in regije na ravni NUTS 2, ki
izpolnjujejo merila iz člena 2 Protokola št. 6 k Aktu o pristopu iz leta
1994.“;
(b) odstavek 5 nadomesti z naslednjim:
„5. Viri za pobudo za zaposlovanje mladih znašajo 4 043 651 133 EUR iz posebne
dodelitve za pobudo za zaposlovanje mladih in vsaj 4 043 651 133 EUR iz
ciljnih naložb ESS.“;
(3) Priloga VI se nadomesti z besedilom iz Priloge k tej uredbi.
13319/18 dm/--/men 10
PRILOGA GIP.2 SL
Člen 2
Ta uredba začne veljati dan po objavi v Uradnem listu Evropske unije.
Ta uredba je v celoti zavezujoča in se neposredno uporablja v vseh državah članicah.
V ...,
Za Evropski parlament Za Svet
Predsednik Predsednik
13319/18 dm/--/men 11
PRILOGA GIP.2 SL
PRILOGA
„PRILOGA VI
LETNA RAZDELITEV ODOBRITEV ZA PREVZEM OBVEZNOSTI ZA LETA 2014 –2020
Prilagojen letni profil (vključno z dopolnilnimi sredstvi za pobudo za zaposlovanje mladih)
2014 2015 2016 2017
EUR, po cenah iz
leta 2011 34 108 069 924 55 725 174 682 46 044 910 736 48 027 317 164
2018 2019 2020 Skupaj
EUR, po cenah iz
leta 2011 48 341 984 652 48 712 359 314 49 022 528 894 329 982 345 366.
| 45,233 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/76085307
|
StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Stack Exchange
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Community, https://stackoverflow.com/users/-1
|
Danish
|
Spoken
| 417 | 979 |
Decision tree with `rpart` and `caret` for a Target variable factorized in quartiles
The following code
library(rpart)
library(caret)
youdenSumary <- function(data, lev = NULL, model = NULL){
if (length(lev) > 2) {
stop(paste("Your outcome has", length(lev), "levels. The joudenSumary() function isn't appropriate."))
}
if (!all(levels(data[, "pred"]) == lev)) {
stop("levels of observed and predicted data do not match")
}
Sens <- caret::sensitivity(data[, "pred"], data[, "obs"], lev[1])
Spec <- caret::specificity(data[, "pred"], data[, "obs"], lev[2])
j <- (Sens + Spec)/2
out <- c(j, Spec, Sens)
names(out) <- c("j", "Spec", "Sens")
out
}
trctrl <- trainControl(method = "repeatedcv", number = 10, repeats = 20,
search = "grid",summaryFunction = youdenSumary)
classifier = train(x = training_set[, names(training_set) != "Target"],
y = training_set$Target,
method = 'rpart',
parms = list(split = "gini"),trControl=trctrl,
tuneLength = 10,metric = "j")
classifier
complexity_parameter=classifier$bestTune
folds = createFolds(dataset$Target, k = 10)
cv = lapply(folds, function(x) {
training_fold = dataset[-x, ]
test_fold = dataset[x, ]
classifier = rpart(formula = Target ~ .,
data = training_fold,control = rpart.control(cp = complexity_parameter))
y_pred = predict(classifier, newdata = test_fold[!(names(test_fold)%in%"Target")], type = 'class')
# confrontiamo la variabile di target con i valori predetti
cm = table(test_fold[, names(test_fold)%in%"Target"], y_pred)
accuracy = (cm[1,1] + cm[2,2]) / (cm[1,1] + cm[2,2] + cm[1,2] + cm[2,1])
sensitivity = cm[1,1] / (cm[1,1] + cm[2,1])
specificity = cm[2,2] / (cm[1,2] + cm[2,2])
df = data.frame(accuracy = accuracy, sensitivity=sensitivity,
specificity=specificity)
return(df)
})
accuracy = Reduce("+", lapply(cv, "[[", 1))/10
sensitivity = Reduce("+", lapply(cv, "[[", 2))/10
specificity = Reduce("+", lapply(cv, "[[", 3))/10
balanced_accuracy=(sensitivity+specificity)/2
performs a Grid Search to find the best parameter. Suppose that method = "repeatedcv", number = 10 and repeats = 3, then three separate 10-fold cross-validations are used as the resampling scheme.
Then we apply again the cross validation to obtain accuracy, sensitivity and so on.
This code is designed for a binary target variable. How can I adapt this code for a non-binary target variable, for example a target variable divided into quartiles (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4)?
I think you might need to rewrite a lot of this.
The function only works as the caret spec and sens functions are comparing a binary outcome. This won't work in the multinomial case. I would check out this great package https://github.com/WandeRum/multiROC which goes into more detail on this.
Your answer could be improved with additional supporting information. Please [edit] to add further details, such as citations or documentation, so that others can confirm that your answer is correct. You can find more information on how to write good answers in the help center.
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USPTO
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None
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| 5,913 | 7,237 |
Referring now to the method 300 of FIG. 3, at operation 305, a processing device of a host system (e.g., 120) receives (or otherwise retrieves) a key-value pair comprising a particular key and an associated value. As noted herein, the processing device may receive the key-value pair in response to a client request on the host system (e.g., request from a software application on the host system).
At operation 310, the processing device of the host system generates, for a tree data structure (e.g., stored on in-memory layer of a KVS), a new node associated with the particular key. The new node may comprise a set of child pointers to point to one or more child nodes of the new node in the tree data structure, and a set of linked-listed pointers to point to one or more adjacent nodes of linked-lists associated with the set of linked-listed pointers. Additionally, the new node may comprise a pointer to the particular key of the key-value pair, and can include a pointer to the particular value of the key-value pair, thereby associating the new node with the key-value pair received at operation 305. For some embodiments, the tree data structure comprises a binary tree data structure (e.g., bonsai tree data structure), and the set of child pointers comprises a first pointer to point to a first child node (e.g., left child node) of the new node, and a second pointer to point to a second child node (e.g., right child node) of the new node. For some embodiments, the set of linked-listed pointers comprises a next pointer to point to a next node in the tree data structure based on a forward key order, thereby facilitating forward key node traversal. Additionally, for some embodiments, the set of linked-listed pointers comprises a previous pointer to point to a previous node in the binary tree data structure based on a reverse key order, thereby facilitating backward key node traversal.
At operation 315, the processing device of the host system inserts the new node generated at operation 310 into the tree data structure. For some embodiments, the tree data structure comprises a RCU mechanism, and insertion of the new node into the tree data structure comprises using the RCU mechanism.
Referring now to the method 400 of FIG. 4, for some embodiments, operations 405, 410, 415 are respectively similar to operations 305, 310, 315 of the method 300 of FIG. 3.
At operation 420, the processing device of the host system receives a search request (e.g., request from a software application on the host system 120) comprising an initial search key. Depending on the embodiment, the method 400 can begin at operation 420 or operation 420 can follow (e.g., sometime after) operation 415. From operation 420, at operation 425, in response to receiving the search request, the processing device of the host system searches the tree data structure to identify an initial node, associated with the initial search key, using at least one child pointer in the set of child pointers, of a root node of the tree data structure. Subsequent to operation 425, the method 400 can proceed to operation 430.
From operation 415 or operation 425, at operation 430, the processing device of the host system receives a request (e.g., request from a software application on the host system) to traverse (based on an order) from an initial node of the tree data structure (e.g., new node or one identified at operation 425) to a subsequent node of the tree data structure. At operation 435, in response to receiving the request to traverse, the processing device of the host system traverses from the initial node to the subsequent node of the tree data structure by at least one pointer (e.g., a previous pointer or a next pointer) in the set of linked-list pointers.
FIG. 5 provides diagrams illustrating example tree data structures 500, 540 that support order-based node traversal, in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the tree data structure 500 is a balanced, binary tree data structure storing key-value pairs for Keys A, D, G, J, K, L, P, T, V, Z. According to some embodiments, nodes of the tree data structure 500 comprise at least one pointer (e.g., forward pointer) to implement a linked list of nodes to facilitate key order traversal of nodes within the tree data structure 500. Based on the one pointer, a node traversal operation can, for example, traverse from initial node 530 associated with Key J to node 535 associated with Key Z (through nodes associated with Keys K, L, P, T, V) in forward key order. As noted herein, the traversal from initial node 530 to node 535 can be performed without having to visit any nodes more than once during the in-order traversal. Initial node 530 can be reached by performing a binary search starting from root node 515 of the tree data structure 500 down to initial node 530 using a search key of “J.” As noted herein, the binary search may be performed using child node pointers stored in each node.
The tree data structure 540 represents the tree data structure 500 after new node 505 is generated and inserted (510) into the tree data structure 500. Accordingly, the pointer supporting forward key order traversal of nodes, within the tree data structure 540, permits node traversal from initial node 530 associated with Key J to node 535 associated with Key Z (through nodes associated with Keys K, L, M, P, T, V) in forward key order.
FIG. 6 provides a block diagram illustrating an example node 600 of a tree data structure that supports order-based node traversal, in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure. As illustrated, node 600 comprises a data structure 605, where the data structure 605 comprises key data 610, value data 615, a first pointer 620, a second pointer 625, a previous pointer 630, and a next pointer 635. According to some embodiments, the data structure 605 represents a node (e.g., root, internal, or leaf node) of a binary tree data structure. According to some embodiments, the first pointer 620 can point to a first child node (e.g., left child node) of node 600, and the second pointer 625 can point to a second child node (e.g., right child node) of node 600. For some embodiments, the previous pointer 630 can point to another node, within the binary tree data structure, that implements a linked-list data structure of nodes facilitating reverse order (e.g., reverse key order or reverse value order). Additionally, for some embodiments, the next pointer 635 can point to another node, within the binary tree data structure, that implements a linked-list data structure of nodes facilitating forward order (e.g., forward key order or forward value order). For some embodiments, the node structure may vary from the node structure illustrated by FIG. 6. For example, where a tree data structure comprises a node that can be connected to more than two child nodes, or the tree data structure implements more than two linked-list data structures, the data structure of a node could comprise different data elements (e.g., more or less data elements) than those illustrated in FIG. 6.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating operation of an example key-value store (KVS) 700 that uses data tree order-based node traversal, in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure. As shown, a KVS 700 comprises an in-memory layer 705 (also referred to herein as node c0 of the KVS 700), a journal layer 715 (also referred to herein as node c1 of the KVS 700), and a long-term layer 720 (also referred to herein as nodes cN of the KVS 700). Each stored kvset on the in-memory layer 705 comprises a binary tree data structure (e.g., bonsai data tree), supporting order-based node traversal as described herein, for storing key-value pairs (e.g., entered as put and delete operations that mutate key-value pairs). As illustrated, data tree 1 of c0 stores mutations to key-value pairs of keys 1, 2, 3 (K1, K2, and K3 respectively); data tree 2 of c0 stores mutations to key-value pairs of keys A, B, C (KA, KB, and KC respectively); and data tree 3 of c0 stores mutations to key-value pairs of key X and Y (KX and KY respectively).
Eventually, key and value data 710 of the key-value pair stored by (binary data tree structures of) the in-memory layer 705 are moved (e.g., committed) to the journal layer 715 for durability and persistence. The move may be in response, for example, to satisfaction of a condition (e.g., durability interval, such as 7 microseconds) to move key data and value data 710 of key-value pairs from the in-memory layer 705 to the journal layer 715. As illustrated in FIG. 7, eventually the key and value data is moved from the journal layer 715 to the long-term layer 720 for long-term/bulk data storage.
FIG. 8 provides an interaction diagram illustrating interactions between components of the computing environment 100 in the context of an example embodiment in which a method for data tree order-based node traversal is performed. The operations of the method can be performed by processing logic that can include hardware (e.g., a processing device, circuitry, dedicated logic, programmable logic, microcode, hardware of a device, an integrated circuit, etc.), software (e.g., instructions run or executed on a processing device), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method is performed by the host system 120. Although the operations are shown in a particular sequence or order, unless otherwise specified, the order of the processes can be modified. Thus, the illustrated embodiments should be understood only as examples, and the illustrated processes can be performed in a different order, and some processes can be performed in parallel. Additionally, one or more processes can be omitted in various embodiments. Thus, not all processes are required in every embodiment.
In the context of the example illustrated in FIG. 8, the host system can comprise the host system 120, and the memory sub-system can comprise the memory sub-system 110, where one or more of the memory components 112A to 112N can implement data storage media for providing journal data storage space and long-term data storage space as described herein.
As shown, at operation 802, the host system 120 receives a key-value pair comprising a particular key and a particular value (associated with the key). At operation 804, the host system 120 responds to receiving the key-value pair by generating, for a tree data structure (stored on an in-memory layer of a KVS), a new node associated with the particular key, where the new node comprises a set of child pointers to point to one or more child nodes of the new node in the tree data structure, and a set of linked-listed pointers to point to one or more adjacent nodes of linked lists associated with the set of linked-listed pointers. At operation 806, the host system 120 inserts the new node generated at operation 804 into the tree data structure. At operation 808, the host system 120 determines whether a condition (e.g., durability interval, client request to flush, etc.) is satisfied for moving key-value pair data from the in-memory layer to a journal layer of the KVS. In response to the condition being satisfied, at operation 810, the host system 120 moves key-value pair data from the tree data structure on the in-memory layer to the journal layer. As a result, at operation 820, the memory sub-system 110 stores the key-value pair data from the in-memory layer to journal data storage space of the memory sub-system 110.
FIG. 9 illustrates an example machine in the form of a computer system 900 within which a set of instructions can be executed for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. In some embodiments, the computer system 900 can correspond to a host system (e.g., the host system 120 of FIG. 1) that includes, is coupled to, or utilizes a memory sub-system (e.g., the memory sub-system 110 of FIG. 1) or can be used to perform the operations of a controller (e.g., to execute an operating system to perform operations corresponding to the data tree component 122 of FIG. 1). In alternative embodiments, the machine can be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines in a local area network (LAN), an intranet, an extranet, and/or the Internet. The machine can operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in a client-server network environment, as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment, or as a server or a client machine in a cloud computing infrastructure or environment.
The machine can be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a server, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.
The example computer system 900 includes a processing device 902, a main memory 904 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) or Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), etc.), a static memory 906 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), and a data storage device 918, which communicate with each other via a bus 930.
The processing device 902 represents one or more general-purpose processing devices such as a microprocessor, a central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processing device 902 can be a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, a processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. The processing device 902 can also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), a network processor, or the like. The processing device 902 is configured to execute instructions 926 for performing the operations and steps discussed herein. The computer system 900 can further include a network interface device 908 to communicate over a network 920.
The data storage device 918 can include a machine-readable storage medium 924 (also known as a computer-readable medium) on which is stored one or more sets of instructions 926 or software embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 926 can also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 904 and/or within the processing device 902 during execution thereof by the computer system 900, the main memory 904 and the processing device 902 also constituting machine-readable storage media. The machine-readable storage medium 924, data storage device 918, and/or main memory 904 can correspond to the memory sub-system 110 of FIG. 1.
In one embodiment, the instructions 926 include instructions to implement functionality corresponding to a parity calculator with partial calculation tracking (e.g., the data tree component 122 of FIG. 1). While the machine-readable storage medium 924 is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media that store the one or more sets of instructions 926. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing or encoding a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical media, and magnetic media.
Some portions of the preceding detailed descriptions have been presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the ways used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. The present disclosure can refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system's memories or registers or other such information storage systems.
The present disclosure also relates to an apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus can be specially constructed for the intended purposes, or it can include a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, such as, but not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks; read-only memories (ROMs); random access memories (RAMs); erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs); EEPROMs; magnetic or optical cards; or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, each coupled to a computer system bus.
The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems can be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it can prove convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the method. The structure for a variety of these systems will appear as set forth in the description above. In addition, the present disclosure is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages can be used to implement the teachings of the disclosure as described herein.
The present disclosure can be provided as a computer program product, or software, that can include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which can be used to program a computer system (or other electronic devices) to perform a process according to the present disclosure. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). In some embodiments, a machine-readable (e.g., computer-readable) medium includes a machine-readable (e.g., computer-readable) storage medium such as a read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory components, and so forth.
In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the disclosure have been described with reference to specific example embodiments thereof. It will be evident that various modifications can be made thereto without departing from embodiments of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 is a system comprising: volatile memory storing a binary tree data structure; and a processing device, operatively coupled to the volatile memory, configured to perform operations comprising: receiving a key-value pair comprising a particular key and a particular value; and in response to receiving the key-value pair: generating a new node associated with the particular key, the new node comprising a first pointer to point to a first child node (e.g., left child node) of the new node, a second pointer to point to a second child node (e.g., right child node) of the new node, a previous pointer to point to a previous node, and a next pointer to point to a next node, wherein based on a key order, the particular key is adjacent to both a first key associated with the previous node and a second key associated with the next node; and inserting the new node into the binary tree data structure to generate an updated binary tree data structure.
In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 optionally includes where the new node comprises a pointer to the particular key of the key-value pair.
In Example 3, the subject matter of Example 1 or Example 2 optionally includes where the new node comprises a pointer to the particular value of the key-value pair.
In Example 4, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 3 optionally includes where the key order comprises a consecutive key order, the first key comprises a higher value than the particular key, and the second key comprises a lower value than the particular key.
In Example 5, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 4 optionally includes where the operations further comprise: receiving a search request comprising an initial search key; in response to the search request, performing a binary search on the binary tree data structure to identify an initial node associated with the initial search key, the binary search being performed using at least one of a particular first pointer of a root node of the binary tree data structure or a particular second pointer of the root node.
In Example 6, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 5 optionally includes where the initial search key comprises a key prefix.
In Example 7, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 6 optionally includes where the operations further comprise: receiving a request to traverse from the new node of the binary tree data structure to a subsequent node of the binary tree data structure based on the key order; and based on the request to traverse, traversing to the subsequent node of the binary tree data structure by at least one of the previous pointer of the new node or the next pointer of the new node.
In Example 8, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 7 optionally includes where the key order comprises a consecutive key order, the first key comprises a higher value than the particular key, the second key comprises a lower value than the particular key, and the traversing to the subsequent node by at least one of the previous pointer or the next pointer is determined based on whether the traversing comprises at least one of a scan up request or a scan down request.
In Example 9, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 8 optionally includes where the traversing to the subsequent node is performed without applying a lock on the binary tree data structure.
In Example 10, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 9 optionally includes where the binary tree data structure comprises a bonsai tree data structure.
In Example 11, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 10 optionally includes where the binary tree data structure comprises a read-copy-update mechanism to control concurrent data access to the binary tree data structure by a plurality of processes.
In Example 12, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 11 optionally includes where the inserting the new node into the binary tree data structure comprises using the read-copy-update mechanism.
In Example 13, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 12 optionally includes where the binary tree data structure implements a key-value set in a sequence of key-value sets stored on the volatile memory.
In Example 14, the subject matter of any one of Examples 1 to 13 optionally includes where the system further comprises: a set of memory components for persistent storage of key-value pair data wherein the operations further comprise: determining whether a condition is satisfied to move key-value pair data from the binary tree data structure; and in response to determining that the condition is satisfied, moving key-value pair data from the binary tree data structure to a new key-value set stored on the persistent data storage space.
Example 15 is a method comprising: receiving a key-value pair comprising a particular key and a particular value; and in response to receiving the key-value pair; generating, by a processing device for a binary tree data structure, a new node associated with the particular key, the new node comprising a first pointer to point to a first child node of the new node, a second pointer to point to a second child node of the new node, a previous pointer to point to a previous node, and a next pointer to point to a next node, wherein based on a key order, the particular key is adjacent to both a first key associated with the previous node and a second key associated with the next node; and inserting, by the processing device, the new node into the binary tree data structure to generate an updated binary tree data structure.
In Example 16, the subject matter of Example 15 optionally includes wherein the key order comprises a consecutive key order, the first key comprises a higher value than the particular key, and the second key comprises a lower value than the particular key.
In Example 17, the subject matter of Example 15 or Example 16 optionally includes where the method further comprises: receiving a search request comprising an initial search key; in response to the search request, performing a binary search on the binary tree data structure to identify an initial node associated with the initial search key, the binary search being performed using at least one of a particular first pointer of a root node of the binary tree data structure or a particular second pointer of the root node.
In Example 18, the subject matter of any one of Examples 15 to 17 optionally includes where the method further comprises: receiving a request to traverse from the new node of the binary tree data structure to a subsequent node of the binary tree data structure based on the key order; and based on the request to traverse, traversing to the subsequent node of the binary tree data structure by at least one of the previous pointer of the new node or the next pointer of the new node.
In Example 19, the subject matter of any one of Examples 15 to 18 optionally includes where the key order comprises a consecutive key order, the first key comprises a higher value than the particular key, the second key comprises a lower value than the particular key, and the traversing to the subsequent node by at least one of the previous pointer or the next pointer is determined based on whether the traversing comprises at least one of a scan up request or a scan down request.
Example 20 is a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device to: receive a key-value pair comprising a particular key and a particular value; and in response to receiving the key-value pair: generate, for a tree data structure, a new node associated with the particular key, the new node comprising a set of child pointers to point to one or more child nodes of the new node in the tree data structure, and a set of linked-listed pointers to point to one or more adjacent nodes of linked lists associated with the set of linked-listed pointers; and insert the new node into the binary tree data structure to generate an updated binary tree data structure.
What is claimed is:
1. A system comprising: volatile memory storing a binary tree data structure; and a processing device, operatively coupled to the volatile memory, configured to perform operations comprising: generating a new node associated with a particular key of a key-value pair, the new node comprising a first pointer to point to a first child node of the new node, a second pointer to point to a second child node of the new node, a previous pointer to point to a previous node, and a next pointer to point to a next node, wherein based on a key order, the particular key is adjacent to both a first key associated with the previous node and a second key associated with the next node; inserting the new node into the binary tree data structure to generate an updated binary tree data structure; receiving a search request comprising an initial search key; in response to the search request, performing a binary search on the binary tree data structure to identify an initial node associated with the initial search key, the binary search being performed using at least one of a particular first pointer of a root node of the binary tree data structure or a particular second pointer of the root node, the initial node identified being the new node; and traversing from the initial node to a subsequent node of the updated binary tree data structure by at least one of the previous pointer of the new node or the next pointer of the new node.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the new node comprises a pointer to the particular key of the key-value pair.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the new node comprises a pointer to a particular value of the key-value pair.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the key order comprises a consecutive key order, the first key comprises a higher value than the particular key, and the second key comprises a lower value than the particular key.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the initial search key comprises a key prefix.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the binary tree data structure comprises a bonsai tree data structure.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the binary tree data structure comprises a read-copy-update mechanism to control concurrent data access to the binary tree data structure by a plurality of processes.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the inserting the new node into the binary tree data structure comprises using the read-copy-update mechanism.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the binary tree data structure implements a key-value set in a sequence of key-value sets stored on the volatile memory.
10. The system of claim 1, comprising: a set of memory components for persistent storage of key-value pair data: wherein the operations comprise: determining whether a condition is satisfied to move key-value pair data from the binary tree data structure; and in response to determining that the condition is satisfied, moving key-value pair data from the binary tree data structure to a new key-value set stored on persistent data storage space.
11. A method comprising: generating, by a processing device, for a binary tree data structure, a new node associated with a particular key of a key-value pair, the new node comprising a first pointer to point to a first child node of the new node, a second pointer to point to a second child node of the new node, a previous pointer to point to a previous node, and a next pointer to point to a next node, wherein based on a key order, the particular key is adjacent to both a first key associated with the previous node and a second key associated with the next node; inserting, by the processing device, the new node into the binary tree data structure to generate an updated binary tree data structure; receiving, by the processing device, a search request comprising an initial search key; in response to the search request, performing, by the processing device, a binary search on the binary tree data structure to identify an initial node associated with the initial search key, the binary search being performed using at least one of a particular first pointer of a root node of the binary tree data structure or a particular second pointer of the root node, the initial node identified being the new node; and traversing, by the processing device, from the initial node to a subsequent node of the updated binary tree data structure by at least one of the previous pointer of the new node or the next pointer of the new node.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the new node comprises a pointer to the particular key of the key-value pair.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein the new node comprises a pointer to a particular value of the key-value pair.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein the key order comprises a consecutive key order, the first key comprises a higher value than the particular key, and the second key comprises a lower value than the particular key.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein the initial search key comprises a key prefix.
16. The method of claim 11, wherein the binary tree data structure comprises a bonsai tree data structure.
17. The method of claim 11, wherein the binary tree data structure comprises a read-copy-update mechanism to control concurrent data access to the binary tree data structure by a plurality of processes.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the inserting the new node into the binary tree data structure comprises using the read-copy-update mechanism.
19. The method of claim 11, wherein the binary tree data structure implements a key-value set in a sequence of key-value sets stored on a volatile memory of a memory system.
20. A non-transitory machine-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device to perform operations comprising: generating for a binary tree data structure, a new node associated with a particular key of a key-value pair, the new node comprising a first pointer to point to a first child node of the new node, a second pointer to point to a second child node of the new node, a previous pointer to point to a previous node, and a next pointer to point to a next node, wherein based on a key order, the particular key is adjacent to both a first key associated with the previous node and a second key associated with the next node; inserting the new node into the binary tree data structure to generate an updated binary tree data structure; receiving a search request comprising an initial search key; in response to the search request, performing a binary search on the binary tree data structure to identify an initial node associated with the initial search key, the binary search being performed using at least one of a particular first pointer of a root node of the binary tree data structure or a particular second pointer of the root node, the initial node identified being the new node; and traversing from the initial node to a subsequent node of the updated binary tree data structure by at least one of the previous pointer of the new node or the next pointer of the new node..
| 45,014 |
https://github.com/AniolAndres/Engine/blob/master/Scripts/BasicEnemyAIScript/EnemyStateChase.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
Engine
|
AniolAndres
|
C++
|
Code
| 186 | 798 |
#include "EnemyStateChase.h"
#include "GameObject.h"
#include "ComponentAudioSource.h"
#include "ComponentTransform.h"
#include "Application.h"
#include "ModuleTime.h"
#include "BasicEnemyAIScript.h"
#include "EnemyControllerScript.h"
#include "debugdraw.h"
EnemyStateChase::EnemyStateChase(BasicEnemyAIScript* AIScript)
{
enemy = AIScript;
trigger = "Chase";
inRangeMoan = enemy->gameobject->GetComponent<ComponentAudioSource>();
}
EnemyStateChase::~EnemyStateChase()
{
}
void EnemyStateChase::HandleIA()
{
float distance = enemy->enemyController->GetDistanceToPlayer2D();
if (enemy->scared)
{
enemy->currentState = (EnemyState*)enemy->flee;
}
if (distance < enemy->attackRange)
{
enemy->currentState = (EnemyState*)enemy->attack;
}
else if (distance > enemy->returnDistance)
{
enemy->currentState = (EnemyState*)enemy->returnToStart;
}
}
void EnemyStateChase::Enter()
{
if (inRangeMoan != nullptr)
{
inRangeMoan->Play();
}
}
void EnemyStateChase::Exit()
{
if (enemy->audioFoot != nullptr)
{
enemy->audioFoot->Stop();
}
timer = 0.0f;
}
void EnemyStateChase::Update()
{
timer += enemy->App->time->gameDeltaTime;
if (timer >= walkTimer && enemy->audioFoot != nullptr)
{
timer = 0.0f;
enemy->audioFoot->Play();
float offset = enemy->randomOffset(0.4) - 0.2;
enemy->audioFoot->SetPitch(1.0 + offset);
}
//if player has moved since last time we checked, make a new move request
float diffX = abs(positionGoingTowards.x - enemy->enemyController->GetPlayerPosition().x);
float diffZ = abs(positionGoingTowards.z - enemy->enemyController->GetPlayerPosition().z);
if (diffX > 50.f || diffZ > 50.f)
{
// Move towards the player
positionGoingTowards = enemy->enemyController->GetPlayerPosition();
enemy->enemyController->Move(enemy->chaseSpeed, refreshTime, positionGoingTowards, enemyPath);
//enemy->gameobject->transform->LookAt(positionGoingTowards);
}
if (enemy->drawDebug)
{
math::float3 playerPos = enemy->enemyController->GetPlayerPosition();
dd::point(playerPos, dd::colors::Purple, 10.0f);
dd::line(enemy->enemyController->GetPosition(), playerPos, dd::colors::Purple);
}
}
| 19,072 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition%20of%20same-sex%20unions%20in%20Greece
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Recognition of same-sex unions in Greece
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recognition of same-sex unions in Greece&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,724 | 2,357 |
Greece recognizes cohabitation agreements which provide same-sex couples with several of the rights and benefits of marriage. Legislation allowing such unions was approved by the Hellenic Parliament on 23 December 2015 and published in the Government Gazette the following day.
In 2022, the opposition Syriza party submitted a bill to legalize same-sex marriage, but it was not discussed before the 2023 election. In July 2023, the re-elected government headed by the liberal-conservative New Democracy party announced its intention to legalize same-sex marriage.
Cohabitation agreements
Introduction for opposite-sex couples
The Government of Greece under Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis, which governed until October 2009, was opposed to same-sex marriage. The New Democracy-led government had proposed legislation that would offer several rights to unmarried couples, but only to opposite-sex couples. If introduced, the law was expected to be declared unconstitutional or against Council of Europe principles if brought to Greek or European courts.
The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) under Prime Minister George Papandreou, then in opposition, presented in April 2006 a legislative proposal for the recognition of unmarried couples, same-sex and opposite-sex, following the French example of the civil solidarity pact. However, according to some LGBT groups, the proposal's controversial terminology made little headway on LGBT rights and PASOK's proposed partnership law banned same-sex couples from adopting. In November 2008, PASOK once again submitted a draft law on cohabitation agreements, but it made no progress in Parliament. Responding to government proposals in 2008 to introduce legal rights for cohabiting couples, Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens, primate of the Church of Greece, suggested that "[t]here is a need to change with the time". It is unclear, however, whether this view applied to same-sex couples, particularly as the Church has previously opposed LGBT rights in general and civil union laws in particular.
Law 3719/2008 ("Reforms concerning the family, children and society"), which entered into force on 26 November 2008, established a form of partnership known as "cohabitation agreements" (, , ), but only available to opposite-sex couples.
Extension to same-sex couples
Before the October 2009 legislative election, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) announced its support for same-sex registered partnerships in a reply to a questionnaire sent by the LGBT rights group OLKE (, Lesbian & Gay Community of Greece). PASOK won a majority of seats in Parliament in that election. On 17 September 2010, Minister of Justice Haris Kastanidis announced that a special committee had been formed to prepare a registered partnership law that would include both same-sex and different-sex couples. The committee was constituted on 29 July 2010 and, according to its members, its work was to make proposals regarding the modernization of family law. It discussed matters regarding heterosexual couples until the end of 2010, and matters regarding same-sex couples from January 2011 onwards. On 19 August 2011, a government official announced that legislation recognizing same-sex relationships would be introduced soon. In February 2013, Minister of Justice Antonis Roupakiotis said that the government was considering amending the cohabitation agreement law to include same-sex couples.
On 8 February 2011, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) decided to merge and accept two cases from four couples regarding a breach of article 8 (respect of private and family life), article 14 (freedom from discrimination) and article 13 (effective remedy) of the European Convention on Human Rights. The cases were brought to the ECHR as a result of the government introducing cohabitation agreement legislation that specifically and expressly excluded same-sex couples. On 7 November 2013, the ECHR ruled in Vallianatos and Others v. Greece that excluding same-sex couples from cohabitation agreements is discriminatory. On 12 November, PASOK announced its intention to introduce a bill extending the cohabitation agreement law to same-sex couples.
In November 2014, it was announced that many major changes to Greek family law would be considered, including the extension of cohabitation agreements to same-sex couples. It was also reported that the Ministry of Justice was not considering same-sex marriage. Parliament was dissolved in December 2014 following the government's failure to elect Stavros Dimas as president of Greece. Snap elections were called for January 2015, delaying the discussion to the following year.
Passage of legislation in 2015
On 9 February 2015, following the January 2015 legislative election, the Syriza-led government, sworn in on 27 January 2015, promised to extend cohabitation agreements to same-sex couples. On 24 April 2015, the Secretary General of the Ministry of Justice announced the government's intention to introduce a bill to the Hellenic Parliament within two months. Shortly thereafter, a committee was formed to study the issue until 15 June 2015. The bill was published on 10 June 2015.
A new draft of the cohabitation agreement bill granting some of the rights of marriage was published on 9 November 2015. It was under public consultation until 20 November. Justice Minister Nikos Paraskevopoulos announced that the legislation would not grant adoption rights to same-sex couples, but that the issue "would be studied in the future". The bill was submitted to Parliament on 9 December, and approved on 23 December 2015 by a vote of 194–55 with 51 abstentions, following a contentious debate that lasted ten hours. The bill was supported by the governing leftist party Syriza, the Democratic Alignment, The River, and the Union of Centrists but opposed by the Communist Party of Greece, the national-conservative Independent Greeks, and the far-right Golden Dawn, while the liberal-conservative New Democracy was divided. The law was signed by President Prokopis Pavlopoulos, and published in the Government Gazette on 24 December. It took effect upon publication. The first same-sex cohabitation agreement was conducted in Athens on 25 January 2016 by Mayor Giorgos Kaminis.
On 9 November 2016, the government submitted a draft bill equalizing cohabitation agreements with marriages in several areas including employment benefits and workers' rights. The bill was approved by Parliament on 2 December in a 201–21 vote. It was signed into law by President Pavlopoulos on 8 December 2016 and took effect upon publication in the official journal the following day.
Statistics
According to the Hellenic Statistical Authority, the number of cohabitation agreements contracted per year is as follows:
Same-sex marriage
First marriages in Tilos
In 2008, the LGBT rights group OLKE announced its intention to sue municipalities that refused to marry same-sex couples, pointing out a loophole in the 1982 law that legalized civil marriage between "persons", without reference to gender. On 3 June 2008, Mayor Anastasios Aliferis of Tilos married two same-sex couples, two lesbians and two gay men, citing the legal loophole. He was heavily criticized by clergymen of the Church of Greece, which in the past had also opposed the introduction of heterosexual civil marriage, the original intent of the 1982 law. Justice Minister Sotirios Hatzigakis declared the Tilos marriages "invalid" and Supreme Court prosecutor Georgios Sanidas warned Aliferis of the legal repercussions of his "breach of duty", but he said he had "no intention of annulling the marriages". Government officials filed a court motion to annul the two same-sex marriages, triggering demonstrations and protests among the LGBT community.
On 5 May 2009, a court of first instance in Rhodes ruled that the marriages were invalid, but the couples appealed the ruling. A hearing on the case by a court of appeal was held on 14 January 2011. The court issued a decision invaliding both marriages on 14 April 2011. On 30 November 2017, this ruling was upheld by the Supreme Court. The couples subsequently announced their intention to sue Greece at the European Court of Human Rights.
Attempts at legalisation
On 10 June 2019, Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras said that same-sex marriage would be legalized if his party, Syriza, won the parliamentary election held on 7 July 2019. However, his party was not re-elected. In June 2022, Syriza lawmakers introduced a same-sex marriage bill to the Hellenic Parliament, but it was not discussed. On 1 April 2023, Tsipras again vowed to legalize same-sex marriage if his party were elected to government in the May 2023 elections; however, Syriza was not elected.
In July 2023, Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis, whose New Democracy party was re-elected in the June 2023 election, announced his government's intention to legalize same-sex marriage. In an interview with Bloomberg Television, Mitsotakis added that "Greek society is much more ready and mature." In September, Kathimerini reported that a draft bill legalizing same-sex marriage is expected to be introduced to Parliament "in the coming months". The bill would define marriage as the union of "two persons of the same or different sex", and guarantee all the rights and obligations of marriage to married spouses irrespective of sexual orientation. Mitsotakis also said New Democracy MPs would be able to vote according to their conscience.
Public opinion
A May 2015 Focus Bari poll found that 70% of Greeks agreed that civil partnerships should be extended to same-sex couples. The same poll also found majority support for same-sex marriage, with 56% in favor and 35% opposed. A poll conducted by DiaNEOsis in December 2016 showed that 50% of Greeks supported same-sex marriage and 26% were in favor of adoption by same-sex couples.
The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 39% of Greeks thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, while 56% were opposed. The same poll found that 64% of respondents agreed with the statement: "Gay, lesbian and bisexual people should have the same rights as heterosexual people", whereas 32% disagreed. Those figures marked an increase of 6% and 2%, respectively, compared to the 2015 Eurobarometer survey.
A 2020 poll conducted by the Friedrich Naumann Foundation in cooperation with KAPA Research found that same-sex marriage was supported by 56% of respondents, while adoption by same-sex couples was supported by 40%.
A Pew Research Center poll conducted between February and May 2023 showed that 49% of Greeks supported same-sex marriage, 50% were opposed and 1% did not know or refused to answer. When divided by age, support was highest among 18–39-year-olds at 62% and lowest among those aged 40 and above at 42%. When divided by political affiliation, support was highest among those on the left of the political spectrum at 74%, followed by those at the center at 50% and those on the right at 36%.
See also
LGBT rights in Greece
Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
Same-sex union court cases
References
LGBT rights in Greece
Greece
Marriage, unions and partnerships in Greece
| 43,787 |
US-202016781354-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,020 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,137 | 1,266 |
What is claimed is:
1. An end effector assembly of an electrosurgical instrument, comprising: first and second opposing jaw members, at least one of the first or second jaw members movable relative to the other of the first or second jaw members between a first position and a second position for grasping tissue therebetween, each of the first and second jaw members including: an insulative surface, wherein the insulative surfaces of the first and second jaw members oppose one another and are configured to facilitate grasping tissue between the first and second jaw members in the second position; and a plurality of seal plates protruding above the insulative surface and spaced-apart from one another to expose portions of the insulative surface therebetween, each seal plate of the plurality of seal plates configured to connect to a source of electrical energy and correspondingly pair with a seal plate of the plurality of seal plates on the opposing jaw member to form a plurality of pairs of seal plates, each pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates selectively energizable to conduct electrical energy therebetween independently of at least one other pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates, wherein, in the second position, the seal plates of each pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates define a gap therebetween, and wherein the gap defined between the seal plates of at least one pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates is different from the gap defined between the seal plates of at least one other pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates.
2. The end effector assembly according to claim 1, further including a cutting element located along a central axis of at least one of the first or second jaw members.
3. The end effector assembly according to claim 2, wherein the cutting element is a mechanical knife blade configured to reciprocate along the central axis.
4. The end effector assembly according to claim 2, wherein the cutting element is an energizable cutting electrode.
5. The end effector assembly according to claim 1, further including a plurality of bipolar circuits, each bipolar circuit configured to supply electrical energy to at least one pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates.
6. The end effector assembly according to claim 5, wherein each pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates corresponds to one bipolar circuit of the plurality of bipolar circuits.
7. The end effector assembly according to claim 1, wherein each pair of seal plates is individually energizable.
8. The end effector assembly according to claim 1, wherein at least two pairs of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates are energizable in a sequence.
9. The end effector assembly according to claim 1, wherein, in the second position, each pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates applies a force to tissue grasped between the first and second jaw members, and wherein at least one pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates applies a force greater than a force applied by at least one other pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates.
10. The end effector assembly according to claim 9, wherein the seal plates of the at least one pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates define a gap therebetween in the second position that is different from a gap defined between the seal plates of the at least one other pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates, and wherein the different gaps at least partially account for the different forces.
11. The end effector assembly according to claim 1, wherein at least one pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates is configured to enable measurement of at least one parameter independently of parameter measurement enabled by at least one other pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates.
12. The end effector assembly according to claim 11, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one of impedance, temperature, current, or voltage.
13. The end effector assembly according to claim 12, wherein energization of the at least one pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates is controllable based upon the at least one measured parameter independently of control of energization of the at least one other pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates.
14. An end effector assembly of an electrosurgical instrument, comprising: first and second opposing jaw members, at least one of the first or second jaw members movable relative to the other of the first or second jaw members between a first position and a second position for grasping tissue therebetween, each of the first and second jaw members including: an insulative surface, wherein the insulative surfaces of the first and second jaw members oppose one another and are configured to facilitate grasping tissue between the first and second jaw members in the second position; and a plurality of seal plates protruding above the insulative surface and spaced-apart from one another to expose portions of the insulative surface therebetween, each seal plate of the plurality of seal plates configured to connect to a source of electrical energy and correspondingly pair with a seal plate of the plurality of seal plates on the opposing jaw member to form a plurality of pairs of seal plates, each pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates selectively energizable to conduct electrical energy therebetween independently of at least one other pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates, wherein, in the second position, each pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates applies a force to tissue grasped between the first and second jaw members, and wherein at least one pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates applies a force greater than a force applied by at least one other pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates.
15. The end effector assembly according to claim 14, wherein the seal plates of the at least one pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates define a gap therebetween in the second position that is different from a gap defined between the seal plates of the at least one other pair of seal plates of the plurality of pairs of seal plates, and wherein the different gaps at least partially account for the different forces..
| 42,469 |
https://github.com/kitaaman0904/collect/blob/master/collect_app/src/main/java/org/odk/kitaaman/android/tasks/InstanceUploaderTask.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
collect
|
kitaaman0904
|
Java
|
Code
| 757 | 1,863 |
/*
* Copyright 2016 Nafundi
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.odk.kitaaman.android.tasks;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.SQLException;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import org.odk.kitaaman.android.application.Collect;
import org.odk.kitaaman.android.dao.InstancesDao;
import org.odk.kitaaman.android.listeners.InstanceUploaderListener;
import org.odk.kitaaman.android.preferences.GeneralSharedPreferences;
import org.odk.kitaaman.android.preferences.GeneralKeys;
import org.odk.kitaaman.android.provider.InstanceProviderAPI;
import org.odk.kitaaman.android.provider.InstanceProviderAPI.InstanceColumns;
import org.odk.kitaaman.android.upload.InstanceServerUploader;
import org.odk.kitaaman.android.utilities.ApplicationConstants;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import timber.log.Timber;
public abstract class InstanceUploaderTask extends AsyncTask<Long, Integer, InstanceUploaderTask.Outcome> {
private InstanceUploaderListener stateListener;
private Boolean deleteInstanceAfterSubmission;
@Override
protected void onPostExecute(Outcome outcome) {
synchronized (this) {
if (outcome != null && stateListener != null) {
if (outcome.authRequestingServer != null) {
stateListener.authRequest(outcome.authRequestingServer, outcome.messagesByInstanceId);
} else {
stateListener.uploadingComplete(outcome.messagesByInstanceId);
// Delete instances that were successfully sent and that need to be deleted
// either because app-level auto-delete is enabled or because the form
// specifies it.
Set<String> keys = outcome.messagesByInstanceId.keySet();
Iterator<String> it = keys.iterator();
int count = keys.size();
while (count > 0) {
String[] selectionArgs;
if (count > ApplicationConstants.SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER - 1) {
selectionArgs = new String[
ApplicationConstants.SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER];
} else {
selectionArgs = new String[count + 1];
}
StringBuilder selection = new StringBuilder();
selection.append(InstanceColumns._ID + " IN (");
int i = 0;
while (it.hasNext() && i < selectionArgs.length - 1) {
selectionArgs[i] = it.next();
selection.append('?');
if (i != selectionArgs.length - 2) {
selection.append(',');
}
i++;
}
count -= selectionArgs.length - 1;
selection.append(") and status=?");
selectionArgs[i] = InstanceProviderAPI.STATUS_SUBMITTED;
try (Cursor results = new InstancesDao().getInstancesCursor(selection.toString(),
selectionArgs)) {
if (results != null && results.getCount() > 0) {
List<Long> toDelete = new ArrayList<>();
results.moveToPosition(-1);
boolean isFormAutoDeleteOptionEnabled = (boolean) GeneralSharedPreferences.getInstance().get(GeneralKeys.KEY_DELETE_AFTER_SEND);
// The custom configuration from the third party app overrides
// the app preferences set for delete after submission
if (deleteInstanceAfterSubmission != null) {
isFormAutoDeleteOptionEnabled = deleteInstanceAfterSubmission;
}
String formId;
while (results.moveToNext()) {
formId = results.getString(results.getColumnIndex(InstanceColumns.JR_FORM_ID));
if (InstanceServerUploader.formShouldBeAutoDeleted(formId, isFormAutoDeleteOptionEnabled)) {
toDelete.add(results.getLong(results.getColumnIndex(InstanceColumns._ID)));
}
}
DeleteInstancesTask dit = new DeleteInstancesTask();
dit.setContentResolver(Collect.getInstance().getContentResolver());
dit.execute(toDelete.toArray(new Long[toDelete.size()]));
}
} catch (SQLException e) {
Timber.e(e);
}
}
}
}
}
}
@Override
protected void onProgressUpdate(Integer... values) {
synchronized (this) {
if (stateListener != null) {
stateListener.progressUpdate(values[0], values[1]);
}
}
}
public void setUploaderListener(InstanceUploaderListener sl) {
synchronized (this) {
stateListener = sl;
}
}
public void setDeleteInstanceAfterSubmission(Boolean deleteInstanceAfterSubmission) {
this.deleteInstanceAfterSubmission = deleteInstanceAfterSubmission;
}
/**
* Represents the results of a submission attempt triggered by explicit user action (as opposed
* to auto-send). A submission attempt can include finalized forms going to several different
* servers because the app-level server configuration can be overridden by the blank form.
*
* The user-facing message that describes the result of a submission attempt for each specific
* finalized form is written messages to {@link #messagesByInstanceId}. In the case of an
* authentication request from the server, {@link #authRequestingServer} is set instead.
*/
public static class Outcome {
/**
* The URI for the server that requested authentication when the latest finalized form was
* attempted to be sent. This URI may not match the server specified in the app settings or
* the blank form because there could have been a redirect. It is included in the Outcome so
* that it can be shown to the user so s/he will know where the auth request came from.
*
* When this field is set, the overall submission attempt is halted so that the user can be
* asked for credentials. Once credentials are provided, the submission attempt resumes.
*/
public Uri authRequestingServer;
/**
* Map of database IDs for finalized forms to the user-facing status message for the latest
* submission attempt. Currently this can be either a localized message in the case of a
* common status or an English message in the case of a rare status that is needed for
* developer troubleshooting.
*
* The keys in the map are also used to identify filled forms that were part of the ongoing
* submission attempt and don't need to be retried in the case of an authentication request.
* See {@link #authRequestingServer}.
*
* TODO: Consider mapping to something machine-readable like a message ID or status ID
* instead of a mix of localized and non-localized user-facing strings.
*/
public HashMap<String, String> messagesByInstanceId = new HashMap<>();
}
}
| 16,109 |
938113_2003_7
|
SEC
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 367 | 545 |
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES, AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
(a) DOCUMENTS FILED AS PART OF THIS REPORT:
1. Financial Statements. The financial statements of Apollo Gold Corporation are included in a separate section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2. Financial Statement Schedules. The financial statement schedules of Apollo Gold Corporation have been omitted because they are not applicable, not required, or the information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
3. Exhibits. The following Exhibits are attached hereto and incorporated herein by reference:
(b) REPORTS ON FORM 8-K.
On November 17, 2003, Apollo Gold Corporation issued a press release announcing its results of operations for the third quarter ended September 30, 2003. The full text of the press release was set forth in our Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2003.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
APOLLO GOLD CORPORATION
/s/ R. David Russell - ----------------------- R. David Russell, President and Chief Executive Officer
March 30, 2004
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
SIGNATURE TITLE DATE - --------- ----- ----
/s/ R. David Russell President and March 30, 2004 - ----------------------- Chief Executive Officer and R. David Russell a Director
/s/ G.W. Thompson Chairman of the Board of March 30, 2004 - ----------------------- Directors and a Director G.W. Thompson
/s/ R. Llee Chapman l Vice President, Chief March 30, 2004 - ----------------------- Financial Officer, Treasurer R. Llee Chapman & Controller
/s/ G. Michael Hobart Assistant Secretary and March 30, 2004 - ----------------------- a Director Michael Hobart
/s/ Charles E. Stott Director March 30, 2004 - ----------------------- Charles E. Stott
/s/ Robert A. Watts Director March 30, 2004 - ----------------------- Robert A. Watts
/s/ W.S. Vaughan Director March 30, 2004 - ----------------------- W.S. Vaughan
/s/ Gerald J. Schissler Director March 30, 2004 - ------------------------ Gerald J. Schissler.
| 31,648 |
https://github.com/rccclr/Metronome/blob/master/cypress/integration/frontend_spec.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Metronome
|
rccclr
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 162 | 661 |
/// <reference types="Cypress" />
/// <reference types="Mocha" />
describe('Metronome front-end', () => {
before(() => {
cy.visit('http://localhost:3000');
});
it('Should contain the brand title Metronome', () => {
cy.title().should('include', 'Metronome');
});
it('Should have signup and login links', () => {
// Get DOM elements by class
cy.get('.nav').should('contain', 'Sign Up');
cy.get('.nav').should('contain', 'Log In');
});
it('Should have Buy Now button', () => {
cy.get('.btn').should('contain', 'Buy Now');
});
it('Should have carousel', () => {
cy.get('.carousel .slider').children().should('have.class', 'slide');
});
context('Go to Signup page', () => {
it('Should redirect to signup page when clicking signup', () => {
cy.visit('http://localhost:3000');
cy.contains('Sign Up').click();
cy.url().should('include', '/signup');
cy.get('select').select('teacher');
cy.get('select').select('student');
cy.get('input[name="firstName"]').type('John');
cy.get('input[name="lastName"]').type('Smith');
cy.get('input[name="email"]').type('123@123.com');
cy.get('input[name="password"]').type('12345678');
cy.get('input[name="confirmPassword"]').type('12345678');
cy.get('.link').click();
cy.url().should('include', '/login');
});
});
context('Go to Login page', () => {
it('Should redirect to login page when clicking login', () => {
cy.visit('http://localhost:3000');
cy.contains('Log In').click();
cy.url().should('include', '/login');
cy.get('input[name="username"]').type('123@123.com');
cy.get('input[name="password"]').type('12345678');
cy.get('.link').click();
cy.url().should('include', '/signup');
});
});
context('Go to teacher dashboard', () => {
it('Should redirect to teacher assignments page', () => {
cy.visit('http://localhost:3000/teacher');
cy.contains('assignments').click();
cy.url().should('include', '/assignments');
});
});
});
| 6,689 |
bub_gb_Vh_veiVJD30C_3
|
Latin-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,610 |
Ioannis Hucheri Bellouaci ... De sterilitate vtriusque sexus, opus in quatuor libros distributum, & nunc primùm in lucem editum: cui annexus est liber De diaeta et therapeia puerorum
|
Hucher, Jean, m. 1603
|
Latin
|
Spoken
| 7,481 | 17,567 |
Situs quoque mutati fpecicseftpdaaxnf Paulo di- da, relaxatio fcilicct vel mollificatio feroti, tc- itibus nihilominus in fua fede remanentibus, id eft non conuulfis neque refolutis. Eft autem ferotum velfcortumteftium inuolucrum , cutis nempe te- nuis & valde rugofa teftes obuoluens, vnde grsecis dida o^tos & pc aprvmtv quafi burfa,& ayfatv , id eft vafculum,ab officio. Latinis autem a fimilitudine facculi coriacei, vocabant enim fcortea quacum- que aluta aut pelle conftabant. Porro relaxatur cu- tis hsc ab intemperie humida per fympathiam hy- , pogaftrij partiumque eius. Ea quidem fcecundita- ti no officit : fed foeditatem viro infedendique dif- ficultatem,mulicri taedium parit. Curatur itaq; iif- dem fcopis tribus & inftrumentis, vt dista calida ficcaque, purgatione cacochymif pituitof^&exfic- catione,aftridioneque per topicacalida,ficca & a- fti-ingentia,de quibus ahtea in intemperie humida frigidaque teftium.Chifurgicam curationem leges apud Paulum lib.6.cap,6. T efUculorum occultatio. • + ‘ ' . ) - • VItiofi fitus : fed tamen naturalis, fpecies quo- que eft tefticulorum intra ventrem & peri- toneum occultatio, vnde foras in ferotum cum fuis vafis fpermaticis per peritonei produdione emer- gunt,per statis aut coitus vehementis audam cali- i ditatem, de qua teftiu eruptione Iphidis fabula vi- tirna lib.9.tnetamorph.nec non hiftorig de multis aliis e fceminis in mares mutatis, apud Pliniu lib.7. cap.4-audiends funt,aut de clitoride nimis loga a- pud j£tliiopes,& /Egyptios, cuius amputads modu docet Paulus.Nequ^ veto propterea exiftimandum *"• * geni- Digitized by < DE STHRIL. VIRILI, 53 genitales partes vtriufq; fexus folo fitu inter fe dif- ferre.Nam & quoad formam, &c quoad ftru&urani differunt.In foeminis,ccruicis vteri ioucrfse,vna eft cauitas,eaquc perampla,penis vero tresfunt, bina: quidem duorum ligamentorum , tertia vero vrinar femimq; comunis eft , suntque omnes exiguse.fun- du quoque inuerfum vteri feroto diffimiie eft, hoc enim cutis quaedam tenuis & rugofa eft , vteri vero membrana interna crafia deniaque eft,&carnea,o- mnique genere villorum contexta. Vide Aueigam in vltimum caput lib.<5.de locis. Porro hic teftium fitus perfe quidem foecunditati no officit, cum tc- ftibus prteter fitum nihil defit ad p er fe<5ta feminis elaborationem, non vafa praeparantia& eiaculantia: fed proba tantum temperies & valida facultas, quae ob caloris infirmitatem illos foras extrudere non potuit. Quamobrem tentanda curatio efthontam rcdu&ionis quam intemperiei temperanda: caufia, ficuti expofitum eft in frigida tefticulorum intem- perie. De morbis communibus. ' ; VTriufque tefticuli auulfio excifioque &Juis e- tiam integrifque ambobus valis fperma- ticis fterilitatem incurabilem inuehit, quod tefti- culorum proprium munus fit feminis foecundi per- fedio:alterutrius tamen fed dextri potiflimum in- tegritas foecunditatem fouet, ideoque temperies eius accurate conferuanda roborandaque eft reme- diis in frigida intemperie propofitis. Vicus vulnufque vtriufque, vel alterius tefti- culorum fterilitatem faepe inuehit ob intemperie frigidioreimvel exhalate eorum calore natiuo, vel d 3 r~r * \ ' .i* 54 L I B E R„ I. .dura fubftantiam eorum fubcunte , vel proprio ali- mento eum fani,e& excrementis exclufo, vel medi- camentorum frigidorum appolitione^vel denique cidatricisaftridione. Eadem eft tumorum pr*ter naturam phlcgmonoforum/eirrhofoiu aliorumq; noxa,ob eandem tefticulorum intemperiem friei- dam,calore fcilicet vel opprelTo a mul.itudine ttu- *ionis,vel extindo a frigiditate eiufdem & medica- men toru repellentiu,vel difloluto per medjcame- ta digcrentiaJ proinde ifti fterilitatis fpeciei quam vulnus > vlcufque aut tumor aliquis inuexerit me- dendum erit,vt intemperiei frigidae. JDe compreftione & contufone tefticulorum. DV* funt folutionis reliquae differenti* , alias fortuitae ex inopinato idu,cafoue & violenta corporum grauium durorumq*, occurfione vel in- curfione : alias volutari* & artifyriof* in eunuchis olim ita vocatis <£m a ledo & verbo «£«r /habere, quod thalamis mulierum fine vlla pudici- ti* earum fufpicionepr*ficerentur,Fuerunt autem eorum fpecies du*. Ali) enim didi fune thlafi* quod comprimere eft , & fpadones '&m r norcLv trahere , quod eorum adhuc iuniorum teftes aqua calida pr*molliti tantifper comprimerentur donec tota earum fubftantia difpulfa nufquam ap- pareret. De ajfeRibus par aft at arum ^)v a forum * deferentium. VAfa deferentia & eiaculantia a proprio mune- re dida funt,quod cxcodu in teflibus femen deferant , in quibus contineatur & afferuetur ad coi- 1 3gle DE STR&IL. VIRILI. 55 coitus vfque tempus, quo calore multoque fpiritu turgens in proprium eiaculantium ductum cuadat. Hic enim ex duobus vnus fit ad radicem penis : ad cuius medium cum vrethra coit, ficque vnicusex duobus femini vrinique communis. Sunt autem vafa illa duo deferentibus continuata,& a teftibus per eandem peritonei productionem per quam in ferotum priparantia deuoluuntur , fupra idem pcCtinis os reuoluuntur ad vefici latera eiufque ceruicem, vbi in multiplices eius glandulas infe- runtur femenque deponunt quae paraftati dSim- J&r id eft glandulofi , vocantur , praeter quas aliae duae funt glandula: ad penis radicem quarum mu- nus eft oleofa & veluti faltuali* quadam hunlidita- te vrethram irrigare ne vrina? acrimonia laeda- tur. Paraftatarum glandulofarum & eiaculan- tium vaforum affe&us funt Gonorrhoea*, phleg- mone, miCtio cruenta & purulenta. Eft autem Gonorrhoea duplex, vna vera,altcra falfa : vtraque duplex quoque eft. Vna feminis cocti , & eft naturalis aCtio facultatis expultricis irritati a copia vel acrimonia feminis & calida carum par- tium intemperie quae antea curata eft fub nomine noCturna; pollutionis. Altera eft fymptomatica ex debilitate rctcntricis facultatis earUndem partium, idedque affidua inuoluntaria fine tentigine &volu- ptate vlla, femine aquofo cruentoque continenter fluente. Symptoma igitur eft intemperiei tum hu- midi& naturalis (ficuti fphin&eris veficae) tum frigidi, vt a frigidiori aliqua caufta externa vt felfione (uper lapidem , crebra natatione ia gelida , vel applicatione frigidiorum medi- camentorum , aut ab inanitione immodica, d 4 j6 liberI. aut immatura, qualis impuberum eft, aut recens c-r tiam maritatorum aliquando Tymptoma cft con- pulfiui cuiufdam affedusnon proprij quidem cum liiufculi non fmtjfed per fympathiam totius corpo* risaut partis conuulfae. Contradis enim illis Te- rne exprimitur e paraftatis in vrethram vt per epi- lepfi§ acceflionem accidere folct .Condolefcunt e- tiam partes toti corpori paralytico aut parti paralytica? cum qua ftmul laxantur & emolliuntur. Debilior itaque facultas retentrix vaforum defere- tium & paraftatarum glandulofarumaffiduo quid- quid affluit tum femen tum alimentum diffluere finit.Plurimum autem affluit fanguinis ob confue- tudinem. Prognofitcum. QVare inueterata Gonorrhoea non foluni foecunditatcm delet : fcd omnes quoque fun- dion es animales, vitales , naturales fubuertit,hinc metis incrtia,fatuitas,obliuio,fenfuum ftupor,mo- tuu torpor, tremo;q; & artuu dolor, hincignauia, moeror,metusmorurnqi peruerfitas,hinc cruditas, vomitus, facies decolor, totus denique habitus, ex- trema tandem macies & irreparabilis mjircor pro^ ptcrafliduuni feminis effluxum codionumqjnoxa. Curatio. ERgo GonorrhcEa,vtfymptoma cft retcntricis facultatis debilitat^idq; ob humidam vel etia frigidam vaforum deferetium & paraftataiu inte- perie, duobus curatur fcopi» & inftrumetis,vnu$ eft vt fanguis crafflor ficcidrq;curouletur,ex quo feme minus tenue &liquidum excitetur per diaeta ficcio- 4* ' Mmt de steril. virili. 57 yem & aftringentem , pofterior vt partium intem- peries deleatur pertopica, internaque modice fic- cantia,calefacientia & aftringcntia. Diaeta igitur conftet acre calidco ficcoqUc , parie albo, vino rubro, crafloquc, iufculis crafhonbus cx oriza,femoula,phidiis &. leguminibus, frudibus, vt amygdalatis & aucllanis toitis,nucleis pineis & pi- ttaciis i&m tollis ne plus feminis congeratur, for- bis,mefpillis,cydoneis. Topica medicamenta fotus vnguenti Sc cerati jj fpecie e calidis liccifque & aftringentibus mixta adhibeatur perineo, pubUumbifque & feroto: fcd praemiffa lcui purgatione phlegmagoga. • 34 rad.biflortae & f cyperi an. quart.fi rolioru fal- • uiae oleallri, menthae & myrti an.m.j. feminis viti- cis & cumini torrefactorum an. 5 j fantal. citr. ca- lamlarom.maftich.balauft. & aluminis an.^ firofa- rum p.j. coquantur in aequis partibus aqua: ferratae aut ciiferna: & vini rubri tortiui poli finitam co- ftionem additi , hoc decocto foucantur regiones praedirae cum filtris mane & vefperi per horam. 34. olei de caftoreo collini & myrtini an.g ij o- lci mufeat. 5 fi. olei caryophyllorum 5 ij. maltic. (cortic.thur.fantal.citr.aluminisvlli an.3 ij feminis viticis, cumini & plantag.torrefaifli an.3 j fi boli ar- i me.terr^ figili.an.5 j adde ziuet£9 j mofchi optimi 9 fi cera: alb.parum.liat vnguentum applicetur iif- dem partibus poli fotum fricando multum cutn pauco vino. Ex iifdem oleis fine ccra fiat embro- chatio, cum fera linimentum fimile, & hoc eft ef- ficaciffimum. 1j4.olibani.5j acaciae hypocill.fanguinis drac. gal- larum vftarum & ladani an. 5 ij olei maftichini& . j '3X' * 1 • , 0: Vt V £,<• ',:k *■* ^8 liberI. de fpica an.il; ij cera: albae parum, fiat vnguentum. Interna pra:fidia calfaciendi ficcadlque & aftrin- gendi femenque incraflandi facultate eadem pol- Icant. $z.rad.fymphyti J j confer. rofarum & acori an. § jconditurar cortic.citr. carnis cydonior. nucis iu- gbndis & myrobal.an.5 ij feminis viticis, mentha:^ & > nafturtij tollorum an 5) terra: figill.& maflic.an. 5 fi mofchi optimi 9 j ambrae grifeargr. o&o cum fy- rupo de mentha fiat opiata, capiat lingulis matuti- nis cum pauco vino tortiuo. fantal.citr.maftic.& rofarum rub.an.3 ij cin- nam. nucis mofch. feminis viticis, mentha: & na- fturtij torrtfacloru an. 5 j zingib. viridis , caryoph. balauftiorum corall. rub. an. 5 fi mofchi ambrae* grifea: gra. vj. 9 fi facchari rof. ad pondus omnium, fiat pulu scapiat 3; ;j horis duabus ante paftum fu- ; perbibendo vtfupra.idem puluis exceptus faccharo aqua rofarum difloluto redigatur in tabellas pon- deris 5 ij vel trium quarum vfus fit idem. Quod fi gonorrhccf ortus fit per fympathiam ex '• conuulfione aur paralyfi totius corporis vel partis (vt in acceflu epileptico contingit)remediis qua: v- i trique affedui propria fint & prxterea topicis cu- . retur. Q^od fi ex ciufdem retcntricis infirmitate fr per efframem concubitum eftufo toto femine ha:- morrhagia,fanguimfque excretio obrepfcrit, tum cohibedaefl: promptiffime per rcuulfiones omnes vt fri&iones, ligationes brachiorutn,applicationcs cucurbitularum in hypochondriis , in ilibus & in lumbis , per topica refrigerantia & aftringentia ad perineum, pubem & lumbos admouenda,tum deni- B; que per potiones frigidas & aftringcntcs ex quibus fuccus DE STERIL. VIRILI. 59 (uccus platag. efficaciffinurs eft ad 3 iij vel quatuor, denique corporis moles & facultatum robur in- ftaurandum eft vidu analeptico , frequenter antea deferipto ex carnium euchymarum decotlis vt vo- cant confummatis expreflionibus carnium iuribus concretis vino rubro & dulci. Hanc quoque inftau- rationem plurimum aditiuct hoc electarium. ^.Ben albi & rubri, zedoar. macis nucis mofch. cinna.& croci an. 5 fi ligni aloes, feminis bafiliconts an. 5 j margarir.hyacinth. fmaragcfi , gummi Arab. rafurx cbor.cepa: cruda: an.3 fi nucleorum pini, pi- ftaciorum,amygd.dulc.aucllanar.an 3 fi mofchi o- ptimi 3 fi ambra? griz.5 fi panis facchari q.f.fiat pul- uis, capiat cochlear vnum ante paftus. Regio quoque ftomachi in hac gonorrhoea debi- lioris, vnguento calido ficcoque & aftringenti ma- ne & vcfperi munienda eft, quale eft ceratu ftoraa- chicum Gal.& hoc fequens. i^.olei nardini & maftieb. an. ^ ij mufcatellini 3 fi ladani maftic. & benioini an. 3 ij nucis mofch. m a cis acacia: & hyp0cift.an.3j cera; alb. paru mo- fchi optimi & ambra?griz.an.granavj. De Gonorrhoea virulenta. E St Gonorrhoea: falfe fpecics quadam, qua non femen co<ftum erudumve fed corruptu excre- mcntum.nunc albicans & purulentum^alias liuidu, vircfccns , citrinum, *dque vel liquidum velcraf- fum Sc femper acerrimum per penem redditur. Eft autem huius gonorrhoea: falfe ortus in paraftatis ex earum inflammatione vel vlcere,& quidem vel fine coitu vel poft coitum. Illius gonorrhoe^ caufla eft inflammatio vel a femine in illis retento & pu- Digitized byCl 6o I B e R I. trcfcentc quodaffiduo fenfimqucextillanspuden- dum madefacit, indultum inficit, pene cum dolore erigit & ardorem vrin§ infcrt,aut a defluxione hu- morum ©b equitationem longam, ccleremquc, aut ab acriorum eduliorum aut medicamentorum v£u, vel denique a fympathia alicuius partis inflamma- ta qua; vicina fit vt in ha;morroidibus. Aperta; ru- ptasque inflammationi vicus fucccdit,cx quo maior quidem puris quantitas fed ardor vrina; minor eft & tentigo minus molefta. Poft coitum cum fana muliere & calla aut folus ardor vrina; exoritur e paraftatis & proflatis nimium refiecatis & inanitis, aut etiam inflammatio & gonorrhoea : fed cum Ie- uiori vrina; ardore minufque molefta tentigine. At vero ex coitu cum impura fpurcaque muliere , go- norrhoea illa virulenta , id cft maligniffima & acer- rima excitatur, vnde penis pariter & indufia com- maculantur , vrina cum cruciante dolore redditur quem vulgus apud Gallos vocat peculiariter chau- depijfe,8c tentigine moleftiffima,cuiiungitur etiam coiitradlio penis cum dolore acerbiore ob reple- tionem vel phlogo/im & inanitionem non liga- mentorum quidem, fic enim erigeretur potius qua infledleretur penis , fed meatus vrinarij in inferna penis parte.oritur autem ab intemperie calida, fic- caque & contagiofa paraftatarum & proflatarum, cui contagio comes acceffit ex tetro quodam putri- que & lento excrementorum muliebris genitalis per coitus incendium in molles laxafque partes il- las per penis dudlum rapto, ex qua intemperie con- tagiofa,tum femen , tum alimentum illarum par- tium, tum denique quilibet affluens ad illas humor corrumpitur in varias alieni excrementi fpecies foetidi Digitized by DE STER1L. VIRILI. 6l foetidi albicantis, virefeentis, flauefcentis & viru- lenti vel etiam mucoli. Stgna diagnofiica. DIftinguitur vtraque fpecics falfae gonorrhoea: tum ab origine: nam contagiofa vnico coitu contrahitur, fimplex non nili multiplici glandula? inflammante & inaniente : tum fymptomatis duo- bus ardore fcilicet vrina: & erectionis dolore,in cor tagiofa mulj;o magis quam in fimplici granibus tum curatione quod limplex per fc, aut a medica- mentis faltem topicis prompte exolefeat, cotagio- la non nili prxgreflis vacuadonibus per purgatio- nem, phlebotomias & fudores. Diftinguitur deni- que co quod limplex minus, contagiofa longius perdurat. Qua? autem fine coitu eft, aliis non eget lignis. Stgna prognoftica. COntrahitur autem facilius virulenta gonor- rhoea quibus eft praeputium longius, penis cu- tis,&: tota fubftantia mollior, habitus calidus , hu- - midufque, quique ferius aut emittunt femen aut eo etiam emifto diutius fcortorunj amplexibus hat- rent , qui denique fcortis funt chariores,seftuant e- nim illa concubitu expedito vehementius, indeque fentinam fuam magis commouct. Gonorrhoea co- tagiofa negledti in luem veaeream tranfit, ficuti & eadem reprefla maturius vel inieflionibus frigidis vel exercitatione vehementi pure fui fum conuer- fo phlegmonem excitat. In telliculis, vel perineo, gonorrhoea virulenta paraftatas & vrethram exul- cerat vnde ftranguria , dy furia, & fubnafcente tu- berculo carnolo ifchuria. » >. Gt t I B t R I. Curatio gonorrhoea contagiofa. H^c mature inchoanda eftneahoqui dilatio* ne in luem venerea mutetur. Scopi eius funt ■ tres,vnus vt totus fanguis & vrina temperemur, (ne in tranfitu acrimonia iua phlogofin paraftatarum cxafperent) fecudus vl humores ex toto corpore ad paraftatas decurrentes vacuet & reuellat. Tertius v t paraftatarum fordes leniter abttergeantur litnulq; » phlogofis& intemperies calida extinguatur. Pri- mus Icopus vidu frigido * humidoqqe & leniente expletur vt hordeatisamygdalatis,iufculis carnium recentium,vt vitulinarum, haedinarum, vertfccina- rum,gallinacearum elixatarum cum laduca borra- ginebugloffo fpinaciis, funnnitatibus maluae vio- lari* & rad. althc* , pifeibus recentibus elixatis» prunis,pomis,pynfque codis &faccharatis,fed Tal- la omnia acria 6c aromatibus condita, vt& grauif- fima animi fymptomata, motus vehementes & vi- gili* fugiantur , venus quoque intermittenda eft qu* ad paraftatas fanguinemiomniaque-eius excre- menta calefadione deducat, vnde tum phlogofis, tum fymptomata eius dyfuria & tentigo cxafpere- tur , quanquam recentem aliquando profufo omni humore vaporeque infedo cum femine perfana- l e folct. Secundi fcopi inftrumentum duplex cft,phar- macia & chirurgia, illa quidem pf*cedat, per cly- fterem & purgationem lenientem fiue minorati- uam. Clyfter conftetcx decodo emolliente fiue communi dido in quo mellis violati & olei viola- cei an.j iij looth de caffia vcldiacathol.vel diapru. fimpl. 5 j diffoluta fit. h*c vero ex medullae caffi*, eledarij diaprun. fimpl. aut diacathol. |j, vel coar da in : ' DF. STERIL. VIRILI. 6$ <51 a in bolum cum faccharo , vel diiloluta cum de- ' co£to florum & fructuum cordialium. talis elt ma- / na ad 5ijveliij& pulpa tamimnd.ad 3 ij ficenim nonTolum deriuatio fit excrementorum acrium a viis vrinariis fed viae quoque alfumendis medica- mentis aperiun.ur,fitquc’phIcbotomiae tutior vfus fine raptu cacochymix primarum viarum in vrina- rias dillantiorcs.Poftridie purgationis axillar s ve- na tundenda cft dextri cubiti, fanguifquc maiori vel minori quantgate demendus pro apparentibus vtriufque plenitudinis indiciis & vi gentibus fym- ptomatis ardore vrinae & tentigine.Eadem gonor- rhoex i ncipientis phlogoiis temperanda effipartifi- que affedtx dolor leniendus frigidis quidem humi- difque & lenientibus remediis non repellentibus , aut aftringcntibus ne repulfa furfum 3 teftes vel in- flamm et vel fanguinem, heparque corpus totum fimili Labe commaculet. Frigidaautcm illa intus forifqac vfurpentur : fed externa vnguenti fpecie, renurr* , lumbon\mquc & teftium prxfertina vero pubis & perinei regioni bis, ter, aut fxpiuSjdiupio- duque admoucnda & cum pauco aceto albo inul- tum & leniter affricanda^talia funt officinarum vn- guentum 3lbum camplioratum,vnguentum popu- leum, vnguentum refrigerans Galeni recens para- tu m^vnguentum rofatum & ceratum fantal. fimilia quoque cx oleo rofato , violato , nenuph.papau.5c mandrag. conuenienti addico pulucre concinnen- tur. vt. ^.vnguenti alb.camph.5 “i tr°chifc. albi rhafis cum opio 5 fi olei nenuph.q.ffi3t vnguentum. vel l^.olei rofarum,nenuph.an.^ j fucci Jact.quart.j.. bulliant fimul ad fucci confuniptionem deinde ad- 64; ' LIBER I. demucilag. feminis pfyllij extrafbe cxaquancnd- ph.ij ij fem. papau. alb.hyolcyami & la&uc. an 5 ij caiiiphor.jj cum cera alba fiat vnguentum. Interna remedia funt tum fumenda per os * tum iniicienda per vrethra cum cathetere, profuerit e- nim no mediocriter, phlogofeos paraltatarum ex- tindioni , iniedio per mentulam refrigerans , hu- medanfque, tergens leuiter & deliccaws ab initio led nullo modo aifringens* Ea autem fiat vel ex la- dc afinino & caprillo recenti «dmixta facchari ' rofati parte fexta* Fiet quoque commode e,x deco- cto rad.altheae&liquir.foliorum maluas violar.ro-' farum rub.& hordei mundati. In aflu mendis reponuntur iulcpi cmulfioncs &: • opiarse fed prseterea ladis pradidi potio matutina albfiad tb.j. Iulepi e fimili decocto & fyrupfs conficiantur. ^.rad»liquir.rec,polyp. qUerc. & alth. an.^ j fo-^ liorum capill. vener. fummit. viol. & malu. hordei mund. florum violarum & rofarum an. m.j. paflfuL mujjdatar. paria xxfeminum melonum & cucurbi- ta'an. 3 fi feminis papau. alb. hyofcyami albi & la- ductean.3 j fiat decodio in aqua fontana & in co- lat.lbj fi diir.fyrupi adiantini 3 violati & de althei an.^ ij trochi (c.alktkengi 3 j facch.jof^ iij fiat iu- lepus capiat 3 vj vtrifque diluculis continuando ad remifiionem vfque ardoris &teritiginis.Emulfionu efficacifhma vis eft. y '“T ^.Amygd. dulc.excortic* & in-aqua frigida per duodecim horas maceratarum paria duodeciin,nu- clcorum pini pariter lotorum & piftaciorum am 1 par.viij. feminum quatuor frigidoru maiorum an. 3 ij feminum laducae, papau. alb.& hyofcyam.alb. * • , V an* , pigitized by Google DE STERIL. VIUlti. Cj an.gj contundantur in mortario affundendo fen- fimfb ij dcco&ionis vulgaris ptifanae & colentur; Colaturae addantur facch. cand.^ ij vel fyr.viol.c:* pili, vener.3 iiij capiat ffe (5 vt diciutn elt. » ^.conferuas florum malu. & viol. an. 3 j fi fcminii ccctofae& maluae,vel altheae, vel goffipij ^fipulue- lis eled.diatrag.frig. & trochifc. alkekengi an. 3 ij cum fyrupo dc althsa vel vio' capiat 3 iij mane ik vefperi ptifanae vulgaris. Terebinthina quia in principio caliditate fua, paraftatarum phlogofln accendit & prae tenuitate fubftantiae fuae excrementis primae fecundaeque re- gionis eafdcm opprimit, omittenda eft, fed fub ini- tium declinationis mitcfcente iam ardore & tenti- gine lota eadem vel aqua pariet, vel ptifana vulga- ri, dabitur vtilitej ad 3 iij in bolos ex cochleari c« pauco fyrupo viol.& nebulis tranfgluticndos. Da- bitur etiam diffoluta in mortario cum pauco vi- tello oui:fed in fine declinationis extin&a ia phlo- gofi omnique ardore & tentigine remifla eadem terebinthina nonlota (vt magis abftergear) vtilius exhibebitur mixtto rhabarbari puluere ad 5j vel 3 j fieaquefiepius repetita, quanquam puluere etiam fumi poteft ficcata prius, vel in furno fuper lauri fo- lia, vel fuper laminam ferri candentem' igni ad eun- dem declinationis finem. Harum quoque pillula? rum eximia vis eft. fy. Aloes optimae 3 j rad.gcntian, ariftel.rotund. Se myrrhx alabaftri & carabe an.3 j mithrid. veter. 3 j fithercb.3tiij cum fyrupo viol. fiat maffa cx citius 5 j fiant pilluke vj,«piat quatuor fingulis do- ftbns matutinis. lato, nat optata de qua fuperbibendo parum 7 66 LIBER I. Quod fi gonorrhoea repreflo ardore &tentigine nihilominus protrahatur diutius vnde morbi Gal- lici periculum impendeat fparfa aparaftatis per va- fa deferentia in hepar , totumque corpus venenata labe,tu prajmifla purgatione vehementiori& phle- botomia labis huius feminaria fudortbus dierum 15 aut zo exhaurienda funt ex deco&o guaiacino vel ialfseparillae. Topica quoque validius tergentia,fic- eantiaque per penem altius inferendi & per os e- tiam admittenda. ^i.fol.agrim. abfinth.hord.integ.rofarum &cen- taurij minor.an.p.j. coquantur & in colar, tb.j. dif- fol. mellis mercur. £ ij vnguenti apoftolorum aut i£gyptiaci ^ j fiat inie&io quinquies aut fexies ite- rada finguhs diebus, & in pene diutius contineatur corpore refupinato conftri&aque manu vrethra. cineris filiquarum fabaceaym 5* iiij infundan- tur in tb j aquae pariet, vel deco&i eiufde per duo- decim horas, deinde colentur & colatur^ addantur (yr.viol.vel adiantini ^ iiij capiat iij vel iiij horis tribus ante coenam fudoristempore,eodem tepore vnguenta & emplaftra nrercuriata vt de ranis pubi, & perineo tuto apponantur contagiofie qualitatis delendar caufla.initio autem metuendum efletneab illis augeretur phlogofis. Gonorrhoeae virulentae grauiora fymptomata funt.Subeft vicus in ceruice vefie* & in vrethra vn- de ifchuria, de quibus deinceps in penis aflfedtibus curandis. Dolor autem acerbior ardorq; inter me- jendum qui in ceruice veficae & glande penis poti£- limum fentitur demulcendus clt inter meiendum penis demerfione in lac recens, tepidumque, vel in deco&um leniens cuiufmodi mox expolitum eft. Sic i , -•» , ■ 2 ‘ ? \; J3 E S T 4 R 1 t, VJRII2. 5/ Sictentrgo moleflior dcmerfo pene In aquam fri- gidam vel impolitis linteolis eadem imbutis repri- menda cft ne fciflurar fiant. , Gonorrhoea Jirnp licis curatio » QVx ab i-nflamatione orta cft retemi feminis* ea quide tenui frigidbqjvidln & medicame- tis lenietibus primum quidem minus fed unde va- lidius abftergeritibus, ficcanribufque tum iniicicn- dis, tum admouendis curetur , de quibus omnibus paulb ante. Eadem eft eius curatio qua? ab-inftam- matione & fluxione excitatur pratequitaaio ne ,a~ i criumque nimio vfu,ficuti & quar ex congreflu im- portuno cum eafta muliere genita eft. Si vero adiit i fiolus ardor vrina? ex inanitis & reficcatis proftatis tum altcratio fola,id eft refrigeratio & humed&tio i per topica molienda eft. Tenis hifioria anatomica. P Eliis pars eft organica partiam tefticafi fubfer- uientium vltima,propriumque in maribus vri- i nae & feministranfrn it tendi inftrumenrurn, vtfurn- i que enim per communem meatam foras exponit non expellit. Pars corporis eft pendola, praelonga, fiftulofa,e ligamentis duobus meatu vrina rie, qua- tuor mufculis , venis & arteriis qnaphmmi* & roa- i ximis neruifque^membrananeruofa, cute, glande, i & praeputio conftituta. Ligamenta autem ex infe- : riore offis pubis parte e.xerta funt numerofis vena- I rum & arteriarum plexibus, &c fanguine crafto , ni- li groque plena,fuperne quidem immota, inferni di£ it jun£ta,quantum meatuivrinario deducendo fuffieit t ad glandem, Nam inter h^c duoligamenta vrethra,' i.' * e z 62 LIBER I. id eft meatus vrinae feminique emittefldo comunis confpicuus eft,ex neruofa tunica intus fiftulae inftar caua. Nihil enim aliud eft quam veficae ceruix ad extremam vfque glandem exporreda , qua parte quam in reliquo dudu fuo voluptatis caufia multo ardior eft. Mufculi quatuor funt ex. quibus duo a lateribus offis pubis orti per latera penis feruntur eius eredioni & dilatationi adminiculantes. Alij duo a fuperiore oftis ifchij parte fecundum eius 16- gitudinem & pofteriorem partem feruntur qui pe- nem eredum continent & amplificant, venas & ar- - teriae magnas, multaeque a facris vtrinque expropt* fanguinem,fpiritumquc vitalem affatim & copiose aoicus tempore impertiuntur quo flaccidus penis tendatur & attollatur. Nerui motores mufculorura , a fpiftali medulla facrafentifici voluptatis a fextae coniugationis ramis ad coftarum radices defume- tibus.Ad ligamentorum fines, penifqu e extremum adnata glans eft e carnea prorfus Cubitantia glandis fpecieefficta}comunem vrinae, feminique meatum ' compledens.Totius denique penis fubftantia ftru- duraque membrana neruofa cute &c epidermide obuallatur fine vllo adipe,neaut mollior,aut gran- dior euaderet.Glans quoque cute tegitur, prasputiu dicitur quod glandi anneditur inferne vinculo di- do (canis ) Glandis furculus corona vocatur ficuti fpatium peni & ano interiedum (perineum) quod fupra pubis os eft(fumen)Eft autem colis vfus traf- miffio feminis & vrinae. Adio propria eft eredio diftenfioque infundendo in vterum femini necef- faria non tamen excernendae vrinae quod in alie- num corpus non exponatur. Porro diftenfio haec non naturalis prorfus , aut animalis Ted mixta quae- dam by Google DE STERIL. VIRILI. 69 diam a&io eft. Naturalis quod fit cauffa: omnes de- monftranttuminftrumentarise (vt ligamenta duo (Utulofa & fpongiofa)tum efficiens qua: infita a na- tura eft & vernacula huius partis facultas vt diftedi pofiit, tum adiuuans calor fcilicet , & fpiritusper hiantia multarum , magnariimque arteriarum ora turgente libidinis prutitu affluens. Finalis denique propagatio nempe fpeciei qua: ad procreationem refertur. c 3 De morbi 's ycnis. FEnis morbi a quibus aiftio cius heditur, id eft vel tollitur omnino , vel imminuitur » vel peruertitur, omnium funt generum, tum (imila- pes vt intemperies frigida humidaque , vel fic- ea ,* tum organici vt breuitas, prolixitas, exilitas, jCraflities , obliquitas , curuitas, conuulfio, para- lyfis, praeputij breuitas, aftri&io adhaeddqueeum glande, phimofis, paraphimofis, glandis inepta, yel nulla perforatio , meatus vrinarij obftru&io abi ampa&Q lapillo » aut tuberculo carnofo ; tum deni* gue communes vt vicus internum , externumque, priapifmus,fatyriafis, MoJLitiee penis, tum cum erigi,diftcndi , infla- nqu.e nullo modo aut perbreui Ipatio poffit, quan- do ex Idiopathia laborat fymptoma eft , nempe abolita ece6tio , & coeundi impotentia nata ex in- temperie plus fatis frigida , vel calida ligamento- rum ipfius aut ex eiufdem mufeulorum paraljfi, /Egri dicuntur frigidi differ untque a maleficiatif ,dc quibus poftea, Inteperies autem frigida vt ca- loris & fanguinis tra&ricem debilitat \ fi c calida eandem quidem j roborat fed tractum fpiritum continuo difpcrdit, ob partis fubftantia? laxitatem pororumqup amplitudinem : frigida quidem in- temperies alias fecundum naturam eft , vel ex for- matricisdebilitatea feminis parentum frigiditate v,el ratione aetatis in lenioribus & iunioribus: fe4 in illis fteca infuper eft: , in hishumida. AHaspra?- ter naturam eft ex immodico partis otio& vene, rss abftinentia : fme propter vitat .inftitutum vt iq. propter vota & religiones, vt in ma- nae!»#. usta h / :ed by Googie - ..... J DE STERIL. VIRILI. 71 ' nachis, fiue propter fapientia? ftudium vt inphi- lofophis. Alias denique contra naturam eft , ab externa aliqua vehementique perfrigeratione fiue aeris fiue medicamentorum calido affedui vt phle- gmone,carbunculoeryfipelati oppofitorum, Para- lyfis mufculorum penis oritur neruulo illo qui ab ofle facro per foramen offis pubis ad penem con- tendit ,velobftruCto,adeftillationc externa capi- tis , lumborum regionem irrigante , vel aftricto a tumore aliquo per cafum i&umve excitato, vel de- nique incifo ex vulnet-e,vcl pun&ura. Eadem mol- lities aliquando oritur ex fympathia vel totius cor- poris,obcfioris, tenuioris, vel aliorum vifceru pra?- fertim principum intemperatorum & frigidiorum: illinc enim feminis inopia, hinc eiufdem frigiditas: vel denique yaforum fpermaticorum fiue obliman- tur fiue allringantur fic enim feminis aut generatio aut ciaculatio intercipitur. Curatio. OMnium fympathia? fpecierum diagnofis & therapia antea enarrata eft. Nunc idiopar thia? curatio inchoanda eft a frigida inteperie cuius ligna funt penis ruga?, exilitas , decoloratio & gla- britics(fi infita a natura fit) pubis & perinaei. Na in adfeititia pilofitas no decft, qua? autem ab a?tate eft fenili incurabilis habeatur, qua? a puerili non eget curatione. Aliis curabilis fere eft idque cum dia?ta calida, humidaque & omnino analeptica,qu£ tame mixtis quibufdam acribus aromatis & flatuofis ci- bis vt radicibus & leguminibus condita fit qui- bus feminis fubftantia multiplicetur & fpirituum e 4 7i ilBER L impetus irritetur, de quo dia:t£ genere plura ant«i« Pharmacia externa internaque medicamentis con-* ftet calidis, flatuofis,3i: odoratis vt. ty.rad.conferua: (atyrion. & eryngij an.ij ij con- ditura: cortic.citr.& zinzib. viridis an. ^ j confe«£tt jdkerm.^fi priapi tauri, cerui & lumborum fcinco- ruman^iij fem.paftinac.erucae , cxpularum 8c vr- ticae an. 3 ij mofchi optimi 5 j ainbr.griz. 9 fi cesm fyrupo de pomis, fiat opiata de qua capiat 3 ij vel iij vtrifquc diluculis fuperbibendo cochlear vnum vel alterum vini hippocratici. Jtem, feminis fraxini , eruca:, menthae, paftinacar, vrtica:,& carpularum an.3 ij lumborum Ici neor uni g fi auellan. amygd. dulcium, pittaciorum , grano- rum pini, medullae nucis indicae an.^ j tefticulorum vulpis & leporis, zinzib. virid. conditi an.^ fi con- tundantur omnia & excipiatur pauco meile defpu- mato, addendo mofchi optimi 3 j ambr.grizeae 31 ) fiat opiata vtatur pariter. Topica caltda, humidaque acria quoque & odo- rata, fotus, vnguenti, linimenti & emplaftri fpecio toti coli, oflique pubis & perinad regioni appo- nenda funt vt ex oleo coftino , laurino , de fpic#, mufcatellino , finapino& caryophylloruna addito pauco mofcho, ambra, aut ciucta ex quibus etiam vnguentum fiat vt, ^i.olei coftini & de caftoreo an,^ j olei caryoph* ^fieuphorbij y feminis fynapi , baccarum junipe- ri an. 3 j mofchi gran. vj cerz parum > fiat vn- guentum. Crebra: quoque & valida: fri&iones ex manu ve^ linteolis calidis penis fopitum calorem exfufei- tant vt fpiritus & fanguinem validius deinceps ad Digilized by Google DE STERIL. VIRILI. 7; ad fefe protrahar, quorum tra&um frigidior intem- peries indeque attraiftricis facultatis imbecillitas impedire folet.Calida quos validius attraxit fpiri- tus promptiflime difeutit ob vaforum latitudinem propr/seque colis fubftantias laxitatem , quae tamen <juod rarior fit peculiarem curationem vix exigit mfi^ex Topicis refrigerantibus modiceque aftrin- getibus, & clecftariis frigidioribus intro aflumptis. Mollities a paralyfi & obftru&ioncjmufculorura penis curada eft diaeta calida ficcaque,& pharmacia alterante & vacuante. Vacuatio autem ex pilulis phlegmagogis aut ele6tariis (anilibus tentanda eft poft fedulampituitoii humoris coctionem & alte- rationem per detergentia, attenuantia, tum apoze- mata,tum fyrupos & eledtaria vt thcriacam & mi- thridatium. Phlebotomia; autem in hacobftrucftionis fpecie rarior fit vfus, nifi alterutrius plcthora? manifefta adfint indicia. Dcriuationis multo crebrior oppor- tunitas eft per errhina,apophlcgmatifmos & fudo- resex deco&oGuaiacinoaut fimtli prouocandos. Topica calida, ficcaque fine &■ refoluentia humore neruorum propagini infixum, ideoq; perinate, pu- bi , & offi facro e quo neruorum fpiritum animale in mufculoscolis deferentium exortus cft inducen- da,qualia funt vnguenta &: clea modo prsefcripta pro cole frigido,multaq*,alia iftis vehementiora vt cmbiochationes & ftillicidia aquarum fulphurca- rum cx balneis naturalibus, dropaces compofiti, finapifmi &phcenigmi de quibus antea. At tumer ex contufione in eadem offis facri regione deledus ' cft ab initio quidem poft rcuulfioncm per phlebo- tomiam & purgationem topicis attenuantibus & 74 HIER I, difcutientibus tanto validioribus quanto parti» fubftantia denfior eft & neruofior. quod fi fluxio- nis metus abdit multoque ante tempore excitatu» tumor fuerit, folis praedi&is topicis locus futurus «ft nulla propofita rcuulfione» nifi fortafle per purgationem quae fufpc&am fluxionem a calore topicorura excitanda anteuertat» mixtis tamen e- tiam malacticis quibufdam ne exficcata nimis refolucntium vfu materia in duritiem fcirrhofam, x abeat vt. $£* olei de caftoreo decofto an.jj j oleiamygd. dulc. vel lilior.g ij adipis fuilli rec. axungiae gal- linae vel cuniculi an.^ ftfem.finapi , nafturtij , ful- phur. & ftercoris columbini an. ajij cerae citrinse parum > fiat vnguentum > applicetur parti poft fo- tum qui conflet ex deco&o fimilis materi* emol- lientis, attenuantis, refoluentis. Incifionis eorun- dem nemorum vel mufculorum ab infli&o vulne- ie nulla curatio expe&anda eft. De magnitudine fenis. - MAgnicudo & craffities & longitudo enor- mis & immoderata penis virilis fcecundita- tem duobus nominibus interpellat , Primum qui- dem eo quod muliebre pudendum vt & vteri cer- mx immaniter dilacerantur» vnde cicatrix relin- quitur, quae maris femen ante effluere foras finat quam id ipfum vterus prolecbarit (fic fotminam vnam vrinae incontinentia , alteram perpetua diarrhoea laborantem videre mihi contigit , diuul- fo ab eiufmodi violento concubitu , veficae aluiquq Iphindlerc) Deinde quia interno vteri ofculo gra- uiter Digilized by Google DE $ T E B I L, VIRILI. 75 Ulter impulfo per coitum contufoque, ita prae do- lore mulieris voluptas interturbatur , vt neq; pro- prium femen emittat, neque virile admittat» exci-, piatque. Nam in tantula v ia? prolixitate quata vrc- tbrae elfc potcft , maris femen vix adeo refrigefcat, quod tamen Atifiotcli perfuafum eft,locispraeler- tim muliebribus calidioribus vt infoecundum fiat. Ifta autem penis magnitudo infita & naturalis curationem quidem habet valde difficilem , ten- landa tamen haeceftdn iuuencular prasfertim virgi- nis marito.vel adultae etiam pudendo anguftiori v- terdque depreffiori. Curatio. C"» Vrationis fcopi duo funt,vnu$ vt alimentum >ab ipfo pene reuellatur: alter vt ab eodem rc- pellatur,extrudaturque. Prioris fcopi inftrumenta tria funt. Vnum eft diaeta vtfitvidtus attenuans frigidus & ficcus,totum corpus exerceatur vno pe- ne excepto qui veneris vfum intermittat, neq; pe- dulusfed fufpenfusjneque multis calidifq-, veftibus fed paucifSc tenuibus veftitus,te<Sufque fit. Alte- rum chirurgia eft, vt fiintfridiones fublimaru par- tium & deligationes externarum , cucurbitulae hypochondriis & lumbis applicentur,crebrae quoq; fed leues phlebotomiae & haemorroidu profluuiu. Tertiu deniqjinftrumentu pharmacis eft vt purga- tio frequens & fudor per laconica aut decodia Guaiacina. Pofteriorjs fcopi vnicum eft inftru- tnentum pharmacia : vt funt topica ex frigidis ficcifque aftringentibus & repellentibus medica- mentis cooftituta » fine frigore tnanifefto a 76 liber! quibus non folum al/mcntu obuio frigore afflu e ns extrudatur denfata partis fubftantia porifq;allri- distfed tradrix eiufdem facultas obtundatur. E- iufmodi funt alume vftum,tuthia prarparata,abro- tan.& cuminum, ruta? etiam femen,caque omnia v- fla. Illius generis funt folanum, plantago, cauda e- quina,hyofcyamus, cicuta, balauftia, pfyllia, nuces, cupreffi, calyces glandium, gallae virides, femina plantaginis, acacia , hypocift. fcoria ferri , fquatn- maque , fanguis draconis, bolus armena,opium,o- ^ea Cydoniorum, ticnuphar.myrtin.lentifcimlm,ro- fat.omphacinum. Tota haec materia fotus, catapla- fmatis,litus, vngueti & etnplaftri fpecie vfurpetdr, in lumborum, pubis, inguinum, perinaei & penis i- pfiusregione.Fotusergo fiat tum ex decocto prae- didorum foliorum & fruduum in oxycrato vel a- qua ferrata , tum ex fuccis eorundem viridium ex- preflis , admotifquc per linteola frpius interdiu & tepide.Sicex iifdcm fuccis tum cum farina hordei mixtis cataplafma fiat ficuti ex eadem materia co- da tufa cretaque additis iifdem farinis. Litus fine embrochatio praedidis oleis conflet quibus addito triente pulueris fcoria? fetri , fang. drac.fcminis p!antag.& portuhvfti & fimilium au- daque cerae albae dofi vnguentum euadat : fed em- plaftri ex eadem materia lingularis vfus eft , quod parti diutius adhaerere fine remotione poffit. De colis parnitate. COlis paruitas id eft bntaitas & exilitas , ex in- u ali da facultate, tumTarmatriee,tum alimeri- ti fpiritufque attradricc,pra? frigida intemperie o- ritur,fiue haec infita fit ab ipfis generationis prir^ cipits Digitized by Coogle DE STERIL. VIRILI. 77 cipiis frigidioribus , fiueadfcititia aut ob interdi- ctam, aut fpretam venerem , aut ob cpigaftrij fagi- nam, genitalium mutuos coitus prohibentemffiue ab aliquo moibo contra&avt a vehemente refn- tas colis olim probrofa fuit maribus & indecora cu nudis corporibus publica certamina ab illis obire- tur quorum confuetudo cum penitus noftris tem- poribus exoleueritno deformitas quidem vlia fcd iterilitas fola inde metuenda cft. Neque enim ido- nea titillatione venerem accendere fatis poteft vt fimul cum viro femen fuu mulier effundat, nifi for- talfe feminis virilis auidior vterus ad pudedum vf- que obuia prouoluatur. Curationis fcopi funt tres primus vt audionis penis impedi menta tollantur, fecundus vt propria penis fubffatia& ligamentum laxetur, tertius vr ad eandem fpiritus & fanguinis affluentia inuitetur indeque diffendatur ni fl iadu- ra partis excilidque incurabilis interuenerit aut #- hreuior. Primum igitur in eanisaftridione detegenda glans cft,pcr mnfuerfam illius cxcifto- nem. Hft autem canis vel caninum vinculum vel frenum filctim vulgus vocat colis particula prepu- tium ad glandis inferam regionem iuxta vrcthra annedens.Quod fi breuior Iit penis paujp longio- rem extenfionein fine dolore npn concedit vude incrementum cius perbibetur contra quam mulie- rofis viris accidit quibus ob congreffus frequen- tiam penis grandior, & craffior effe confucuit. Ganglia tumores funt exigui granorum milij in- ftar alias nodi,duri, concolores indolcntcs ex crafla lentaque pituita concrcfcentc iuxta neruos & arti- geratione externa, vel cxciftonc cancrofe particula: vt glandis,vel a cane ardiori de quo poff ea. Parui- tim I. culos concidentes a quibus ligamentorurfi^ptfnia productio impediri foiet. Emollienda igitur & re-» foluendaillafunt crebra vndione& fricatione ex? oleis liliorum amygd.dulc.catellorum» lini,vulpis* coflini, laurini» quibus fi axungia? porci » gallinae»' medulla? vituli, verueeis, butyri, mucilagtms femi- nis lini, maluaeakhe^ cum pauco putuere fiiormn chamaemeli feminis fcenugr. iridis floren. & bac-» carum iuniperi cum ccra ci crina aliquid adiiciaior» vnguentum euadet efficaciffimum pradertim mix- to mofchi momento. Atque fic primus, fecundufq^ 1 feopus expediuntur. Tertius qui in fangoinis calo- ris & fpiritus dedud:oire ad penem verfatur,reme~ diis comparatur calidioribus tam internis quarrs externis. Atque bis quidem vc crebro coitu fri- cationibus duris fepiufque vt decies per diem re- petitis id que cum linteolis tepidis» aut manu folar fed latSfce praifertim ouilio , aut aliquo pingui vt o- ieo imbuta* Ab his enim tum fubftantia liga- mentorum laxatur, vt produci & dilatari poflit, tum meatus ofrarciontur nequidquam dedodi fpr- ritus difperdatur ac exhalet. Eiufinodi funt oleum dc caftoreo»coftinum,nardinum, defpica, laurinum lumbricorum.Similia funt fuceus acrior ex fmilacis foliis,lac ficulneum & tithi malinum, fi toti puden- do,vel foii glandi inuncantur, ita carmen vt mox ab inond ione ardor » dolorque ex acrimonia inuflus fotu ladis vel deeodi lenientis» aut ex olei violati nenuphar. & rof.litu temperetur. Srmifem facul- tatem augendi penis fed tantum occultam quidatw aferibum vermibus terrenis vino lotis exficcatis & in puluerem redadis mixtifque oleo dulci auta- jnygdalino.Idem dicunt de hirudine, poftquam per «fies DE STERIL. VIRILI. 79 •dies feptem nucis indic* fucco macerata fit, fi con- tufa peni allinatur. Copofita eiufdem facultatis re- de vfurpentur dropax, linapifmus,de quibus antea, vnguentum denique ex thapfia. Interna autem re- media petenda lunt cx formulis antea deferiptis aduerfus frigidos tefticulos & feminis penuriam* Vidus dentque deligendus eft totus quidem ana- lepticus, calidus , humidiifquc,fcd flatuofis c.bis & acribus vt puta aromatis mixtus vt a multo acri & vaporofo femine expultrix facultas vehementius lacelfatu^pemTque violentius diftendatur.Qu* au- tem breuitas a mole nimia ventris orta elt pr^feri- ptis aduerfus obefitatem prsefldiis reftituetur. Sed quam excifiocaufauit nulla ars emendet aut amo- liatur, licuti neque illam quam breuior *f>aL%os attu- lit, ardius enim rcuulfa ad vmbilicum vefica vre- thram colemqu,e contrahit. De curtiitate & obliquitate penis. PEais curuitas & obliquitas hoc nomine foecia- ditati obfunt quod redam feminis virilis eia- culationem in vteri interiorem finum pr*pediant aut in ceruicis latera conuertant, vnde euanidura paulo poft effluar. Curuatura autem penis eiufquc meatus fit vitio vinculi canini quod ad penis fi- nem glandifque initium definit , quoties bre- uius & contradius vt fit a natura contigit : de quo vitio loquitur Gal. cap. j.lib. 15. de via partium, xgrofque vocat ^rnoaraJieu*' , &: libel- lo de definitionibus medicis. Sic idem ad late- ra torquetur & infleditur paralyfi & conuulfio- nc alterius musculorum ex pedinis offc SO t I B E R I* • prodeutiu,penemqi ipfum arrigentiu. Curatur cur- uiras continui vinculi productione per cmollitio-* ne & relaxatione, vel tranfuerfam feCtione. Emol- lientia,laxaniiique medicamenta calido,humido- ejue temperamento temperata fint,vt buiyrutn,ee- fipus,oieum chawam. hmum,amygd.dulcium,ca- telloruro,lini, adipis fuilli, vitulini, bxdini,vcrue- cini,anfcrini, gallinacei, medulla; ceruinac,verucci- nx,caprinar. Haec omnia fotus litufquc & vnguen- ti fpecie,peni eiufque inferna parti frequenter ob- ducantur .Fotui quidem fiet ex radicibus altheae,li- liorum albor u, ebuli, cucumeris agreft. foliis qua- tuor remollient. fummitatib.ebuli,fambuci,ancthi viridis,feminis lini malux foenugr.in hydraleo de- coCtis. Hoc decodo imbuta fpongia vel aliquo praedidorum oleorum, applicetur quotidie & qui- dem faepius. Exiifdem oleis fimplicibus litus & embrochationes fianr,vt & vnguenta additis nimi- rum adipibus, meduliis,mucilaginibus & cera no- ua.Taleeft iftud. olei amygd.du!c.& femin.lini an.qrt 1? muci- lag.fcminis lini & malux cxtraCtae ex decocto ficuu ^ij butyri recentis, axungiae fuillx& medullae cru- rum vituli an.ij j cerx nonae parum, fiat vnpientu. Vfu ergo iftorum emollientium penis, camfq; fub- ieCtis puludlis extenlus Sc direCtus finietur. Quod fi per eniollitionem & relaxationem direCtio obtineri nequit , tunc fieri debet canini ligamenti ad glandis radicem tranfuerfa excifio,inuiolatain- tcrim inradaquc manente vrerhra, vt ita carne in- ter ipfas fcCtionis oras fubnafcente penis protra- hatur dirigaturq;. Obliquitas autemremediisad- uerfuspaialyfim& conuulfionem aflteaprxfcriptis * > / diri^ •» # y j~n r> fc St ERIL, VIRILI; 8f dirigenda eft. De prapHty morbis , NVmerantur etiam in Organicis penis mor- bis breuitas praeputij , adhofio cum glan* de, rhJgadcs,phimofis & paraphimofis. De breuiutepr&pHtij. BReuitas quidem eft nimia , cum glandem te- gere prxpuiium nequit fiue ea infita fit : fiue adicititia ex artificiofa eius procifione fufcepta vel fcb religionem popularem Iudoorum &Ma- humetanorum quam Albucbrafis Arabs mun- dificationem vocat, eiufque rationem tradii(harc Grocis fieuti & noftris Chriftianis infueta eft) vel ob curationem Gangrena: & Sphaceli : dum tota proputij nigricantis & emortui pars orbi- culaum prociditur fanguine interim fi immode- ratius e vulnere fluat vftione repreiTo , alias fubinde cicatrice inducta per epulotica topica vt a puluefe fquamas oris , vel plumbi , vel tu- thise , vel malicorij in vnguenti fpeciem meile excepto. Neutra autem breuitatis fpccies a&ioni penis quo extenfio eft & feminis eiaculatio aut fecunditati incommodat (tametfi venereae vo- luptati mulierum ob pudendi minutam titilla- tionem nonnihil detrahat) quin potius a fordiuin putrium, acrium auc contagiofarum etiam in- flammatione & exulceratione , denique ab ipfii lue venerea tutatur ideoque curatione non indi- get, neque enim ob palseftram & publica cer- tamina nudis coporibus obiri olim folita quas his temporibus prorfus exoleuefunt deformitas liber*I. exeftae & dete&a: glandis noftris hominibus me- tuenda eft. Legi tamen illa curatio poteft apud PauJ.cap.53.lib. 6. « r De adh&fione. " i • ' 4. PRarputij cum glande adhaefio praepedire coi- tum praefertim cum virgine, & foeeundita- tem interturbare folet. Haec autem ac-cidere fo- let carne quadam fpongiofa , ob negletta aut ma- le, curata neque fatis accurate rcficcata illarum partium vlcufcula , fubcrefcente & vtraquc in- ter fe committente. Eiufmodi coalitus & adhse- fio frequens eft in digitis, labiis & pudendo mulie- bri. Curatio igitur adhibenda eft,peroexus fo- lutioncm & fubnatae carnis exeifionem cum fcal- pello chirurgico » ea tamen cautione vt neutra pars ferro violetur , fi fieri poflit , fin minus glan- di potius quam praeputio vis inferatur : ne ob tenuitatem fuam prorfus ipfum pertundatur, poft diffolutionera autem carnifque excifionera mox litneolum aqua frigida madidum prarputio & glandi interponendum eft : ac deinceps poft- quam calor dolorque reftin&us fuerit ex vino tortiuo & aftringenti fiepius vfurpadum.Vnguen- tu etiam epuloticum vt quod rubeum & ex minio inferibitur crebro inferedum eft dum cicatrix du- <fta fit , nc rurfus partes diuulfas coear>c & coale- fcant. i '3 De rhagadibus. R* Hagade* extremas prgputij oras moleftia gra. - Digitized by Co^lc / D E STERIL. T1RILI, L‘i aliquando difcindunt.Harc autem vlcera funt ob- longa, ang uftaque extremis multarum partium po* fis fibroiis infenfa, ldque alias ex diuulfione vio- lenta vt ani prae tranfitu faecum duriorum, & prae* putij prae violenta eius redudionc a glande fiu* ob proprium Huc ob glandis tumorem. Alias £ vehementi exliccatione&refrigeratione vt hyber- no tempore per Aquilonarem flatum , in mani* bus& labris, vel etiam a calore nafcutur. Nonnun* quam non aflmplici intemperie fed ab humore a- cri aut falfo vtin pudendo muliebri & papillis naa* millarum in nutricibus, excitantur. Recentes rhagades cruentantur , inflammantur & dolent grauiter, antiquae obcallefcutiiTquefym- ptomatis carent.Recentesergo curentur lenienti* bus frigidis humidifque & aftringentibus mixtis quale cfl fequens vnguentum»1 i. olei rof. & de papau. an.^ j vnguenti albi eamphorati 3 fi terrae figill. & fang. drac. an. 31) albumen oui vnius cerae alb. parum , fiat vnguen- tum Plumbea lamina tenuilflma in medio difleda Sc nodit fuper labra geftata certiflimum eft rhaga- dum i«> labris remedium. Angquae rhagades pri- mum emolliedf funt mixti pauca agglutinantium portione ficuti hac formula.- 1 54. olei de femine lim§ jouum vnum litharg* 3 i) fiat vnguent. vel^. olei de femine lini & de amygdal. dulc. an. 3 j mucaginis feminis altheaf & butyri rec.an.3j fi nucum euprefli & gallarum an. 3 ij cerae nouae pafum,fiat ynguenrum* Quod fi durior callus emolliri non poflit*rhiga- • -.7. *■ /•'■? . . -t-v i a «4 LIBER* I. dum labra fupcrficie tenus fcalpello primum funi «exterenda, deinde coniungenda vnguentis praedi- olis lenientibus & aftrlngentibus. Atque haec efto curatio rhagadum qua: a diiuilfione violenta auc a ficcitate eximia fiunt. Quod fi adfit acris hutnor vt biliofusin aliis partibus & pituitofus,falfufque fub balano pr^miffa deterfione cum linteolis, vnguen- tis lenientibus & aftringentibus praedidis tergen- tia vtaloe myrrha & erui farina fune admifeenda. Quod fi adfit fufpicio venerese luis , lithargyri ex- tindi momentum lifdem vnguentis permifcen- dum eft. j De phimofi & paraphimoft. VTerque affectus eft organicus infitupraepu- tij mutato, nam per phimofim detegi nudari- que balanus, ficuti per paraphimofim obcegi,vefti- rique a praeputio non poteft. Eft autem phimofis dicta ^70 t» i gallis cheueftre3y ndc pty.au & 9 iua- <ns. Haec quandoque infita eft,fa?pius adfoititia , ex cicatrice interna praeputij, vel hyperfarcomate,yel ex inflammatione, comitantibus fiepius vlceribus. omnis quidem phimofis non coitum tantum fed feminis etiam vrina:que liberam excretioneiti co- hibet atque adeo moleftiffima ifchuriam accerfere folet. Qua: ex callo & cicatrice eft a curatis vlce- ribus relida , hoc padoavulgo chirurgorum cu- ratur ; nempe fi prxputium per vncos eiufdera ;| oris impados validius extendatur & dilatetur, e- iufque interior cutis (intada & incolumi qua: ex- terna eftj fcalpelli fubtus admifli acie tribus vel epiatuor pari fpatio dillantibus inter fe vulnufcu- lis diffindatur. Si tamen prarputij foramen tam • ; au- Digitized by GoJgle miii DE STERIL. VIRILI. ' 85 anguftum fit.-vtvix excipiat fpeeillum , tum im- miifa fiftula plumbea in vrcthram : vt per eam af- fuefeat meicrc aeger , aliquo pingui vc oleo , vel axungia gallinae emollitur & dilatatur callus & praeputium quod fit peredto dies. Sic hyperfar- coma quod male curatis neque fatis ficcatis vlce- ribus praefertim Venereis praeputij , glandifque ex- pullulare folet, praeputium pariter exrenfum , a- da<fto fcalpello densifque &crcbris incifionibus e- lidendum & extirpandum eft , ita tamen vt dein- ceps circulo plumbeo interiedto quod charta ob- uolutum fit glans & praeputium a mutuo coalitu contadluque prohibeantur. Phlegmone denique huius quoque partis qualis impurae fcortationi cumvlceribus fuccederc folet & quidem cu dolo- re,aliarum inftar profliganda efl , tum diaeta tenui, frigida, ficcaque, tum reuullione per phleboto- miam &r purgationem , tum repercuflione ab i- nitio moxque refolutione adhibita per topica re- media , immitia interim in vrethram fiftula plumbea vtrinque pertufa per quam aeger toto curationis tempore meicrc afluefeat. Atque haec quidem foris admouenda.Sed propria vlcerum,ex- ficcan ia valide & tergentia modice inter praepu- tium &glandem aefedem viceris funt inferenda, vt ^.ligni indiei qrt.j. foliorum agrim.fcab.beton.
| 14,901 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9169295
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Bernard Lüdtke
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 826 | 2,139 |
Bernard Lüdtke
Bernard Lüdtke jest to człowiek
Bernard Lüdtke płeć mężczyzna
Bernard Lüdtke imię Bernard
Bernard Lüdtke data śmierci 2003
Bernard Lüdtke data urodzenia 1908
Bernard Lüdtke skazany za zbrodnia wojenna
Bernard Lüdtke skazany za morderstwo
Bernard Lüdtke identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/121dcy7w
Bernard Lüdtke miejsce śmierci Paderborn
Bernard Lüdtke miejsce pracy Stutthof
Bernard Lüdtke miejsce urodzenia Gdańsk
Bernard Lüdtke obywatelstwo Rzesza Niemiecka
Bernard Lüdtke obywatelstwo Niemcy
Bernard Lüdtke zajęcie sprzedawca
Bernard Lüdtke imię i nazwisko w języku ojczystym
Bernard Lüdtke nagroda Wojenny Krzyż Zasługi
Bernard Lüdtke partia polityczna Narodowosocjalistyczna Niemiecka Partia Robotników
Bernard Lüdtke nazwisko Lüdtke
Bernard Lüdtke identyfikator elementu FactGrid Q976679
Bernard Lüdtke
Bernard Lüdtke instancia de humanu
Bernard Lüdtke sexu masculín
Bernard Lüdtke nome Bernard
Bernard Lüdtke data de la muerte 2003
Bernard Lüdtke fecha de nacimientu 1908
Bernard Lüdtke condergáu por Crime de guerra
Bernard Lüdtke condergáu por asesinatu
Bernard Lüdtke llugar de fallecimientu Paderborn
Bernard Lüdtke llugar de nacimientu Gdańsk
Bernard Lüdtke país de nacionalidá Reich alemán
Bernard Lüdtke país de nacionalidá Alemaña
Bernard Lüdtke ocupación vendedor
Bernard Lüdtke nome na llingua nativa
Bernard Lüdtke miembru del partíu políticu Partíu Nacionalsocialista Obreru Alemán
Bernard Lüdtke apellíu Lüdtke
Bernard Lüdtke
convicted war criminal
Bernard Lüdtke instance of human
Bernard Lüdtke sex or gender male
Bernard Lüdtke given name Bernard
Bernard Lüdtke date of death 2003
Bernard Lüdtke date of birth 1908
Bernard Lüdtke convicted of war crime
Bernard Lüdtke convicted of murder
Bernard Lüdtke Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/121dcy7w
Bernard Lüdtke place of death Paderborn
Bernard Lüdtke work location Stutthof concentration camp
Bernard Lüdtke place of birth Gdańsk
Bernard Lüdtke country of citizenship German Reich
Bernard Lüdtke country of citizenship Germany
Bernard Lüdtke occupation salesperson
Bernard Lüdtke name in native language
Bernard Lüdtke award received War Merit Cross
Bernard Lüdtke member of political party Nazi Party
Bernard Lüdtke family name Lüdtke
Bernard Lüdtke FactGrid item ID Q976679
Bernard Lüdtke
Bernard Lüdtke nature de l’élément être humain
Bernard Lüdtke sexe ou genre masculin
Bernard Lüdtke prénom Bernard
Bernard Lüdtke date de mort 2003
Bernard Lüdtke date de naissance 1908
Bernard Lüdtke condamné pour crime de guerre
Bernard Lüdtke condamné pour meurtre
Bernard Lüdtke identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/121dcy7w
Bernard Lüdtke lieu de mort Paderborn
Bernard Lüdtke lieu de travail camp du Stutthof
Bernard Lüdtke lieu de naissance Gdańsk
Bernard Lüdtke pays de nationalité Reich allemand
Bernard Lüdtke pays de nationalité Allemagne
Bernard Lüdtke occupation vendeur ou vendeuse
Bernard Lüdtke nom dans la langue maternelle de la personne
Bernard Lüdtke distinction reçue croix du Mérite de guerre
Bernard Lüdtke parti politique Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands
Bernard Lüdtke nom de famille Lüdtke
Bernard Lüdtke identifiant FactGrid d'un élément Q976679
Bernard Lüdtke
Bernard Lüdtke instancia de ser humano
Bernard Lüdtke sexo o género masculino
Bernard Lüdtke nombre de pila Bernard
Bernard Lüdtke fecha de fallecimiento 2003
Bernard Lüdtke fecha de nacimiento 1908
Bernard Lüdtke condenado por crimen de guerra
Bernard Lüdtke condenado por homicidio doloso
Bernard Lüdtke identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/121dcy7w
Bernard Lüdtke lugar de fallecimiento Paderborn
Bernard Lüdtke lugar de trabajo Campo de concentración de Stutthof
Bernard Lüdtke lugar de nacimiento Gdansk
Bernard Lüdtke país de nacionalidad Reich alemán
Bernard Lüdtke país de nacionalidad Alemania
Bernard Lüdtke ocupación vendedor
Bernard Lüdtke nombre en el idioma nativo
Bernard Lüdtke premio recibido Cruz al Mérito de Guerra
Bernard Lüdtke miembro del partido político Partido Nazi
Bernard Lüdtke apellido Lüdtke
Bernard Lüdtke identificador de elemento en FactGrid Q976679
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke
deutscher SS-Oberscharführer im KZ Stutthof
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke ist ein(e) Mensch
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Geschlecht männlich
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Vorname Bernard
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Sterbedatum 2003
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Geburtsdatum 1908
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke verurteilt wegen Kriegsverbrechen
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke verurteilt wegen Mord
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/121dcy7w
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Sterbeort Paderborn
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Wirkungsort KZ Stutthof
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Geburtsort Danzig
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Land der Staatsangehörigkeit Deutsches Reich
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Land der Staatsangehörigkeit Deutschland
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Tätigkeit Verkäufer
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Name in Muttersprache
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Auszeichnung Kriegsverdienstkreuz (1939)
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Parteizugehörigkeit Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Familienname Lüdtke
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke FactGrid-Objektkennung Q976679
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke is a Mensch
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Vorname Bernard
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Nam in Muadasproch
Bernard Ferdinand Lüdtke Familiennåmen Lüdtke
Бернхард Людтке
обершарфюрер СС в концлагере Штуттгоф
Бернхард Людтке это частный случай понятия человек
Бернхард Людтке пол или гендер мужской пол
Бернхард Людтке личное имя Бернард / Бернар
Бернхард Людтке дата смерти 2003
Бернхард Людтке дата рождения 1908
Бернхард Людтке осуждён за военное преступление
Бернхард Людтке осуждён за убийство
Бернхард Людтке код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/121dcy7w
Бернхард Людтке место смерти Падерборн
Бернхард Людтке место активности Штуттгоф
Бернхард Людтке место рождения Гданьск
Бернхард Людтке гражданство Германский рейх
Бернхард Людтке гражданство Германия
Бернхард Людтке род занятий продавец
Бернхард Людтке имя на родном языке
Бернхард Людтке полученные награды крест «За военные заслуги»
Бернхард Людтке член политической партии Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия
Бернхард Людтке код статьи в FactGrid Q976679
| 44,821 |
https://github.com/ninianne98/CarrotCakeCMS-MVC/blob/master/CMSAdmin/Views/CmsAdmin/SiteDataExport.cshtml
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
CarrotCakeCMS-MVC
|
ninianne98
|
C#
|
Code
| 403 | 1,381 |
@{
ViewBag.Title = "Site Export";
DateTime dtBegin = SiteData.CurrentSite.Now.AddMonths(-6);
DateTime dtEnd = SiteData.CurrentSite.Now.AddDays(7);
}
<script type="text/javascript">
function ExportContent() {
var dateBegin = $('#txtBegin').val();
var dateEnd = $('#txtEnd').val();
var exportAll = $('#rdoAll').prop('checked');
var exportRange = $('#rdoRange').prop('checked');
var exportScope = $('#rdoScope').prop('checked');
var exportBlog = $('#chkBlog').prop('checked');
var exportPage = $('#chkPage').prop('checked');
var exportComment = $('#chkComment').prop('checked');
var selectedNode = getSelectedNodeValue();
//alert("dateBegin : " + dateBegin + " exportBlog : " + exportBlog + " exportPage : " + exportPage + " exportAll : " + exportAll);
var exportQS = "export=site";
if (exportRange) {
exportQS = exportQS + "&datebegin=" + encodeURIComponent(dateBegin) + "&dateend=" + encodeURIComponent(dateEnd);
}
if (exportScope) {
exportQS = exportQS + "&node=" + selectedNode;
}
if (exportComment) {
exportQS = exportQS + "&comment=include";
}
if (exportBlog && exportPage) {
exportQS = exportQS + "&exportwhat=AllData";
} else {
if (exportPage) {
exportQS = exportQS + "&exportwhat=ContentData";
}
if (exportBlog) {
exportQS = exportQS + "&exportwhat=BlogData";
}
}
if (exportBlog || exportPage) {
var exportURL = '@String.Format("{0}?", SiteFilename.ContentExportURL)' + exportQS;
//alert(exportURL);
window.open(exportURL);
} else {
cmsAlertModal("You must select at least one export data type.");
}
}
</script>
<fieldset style="width: 650px;">
<legend>
<label>
Export Date Range
</label>
</legend>
<p>
Will not restrict selection by any criteria other than page/post content type.<br />
<br />
<input id="rdoAll" type="radio" name="rdoExportGroup" value="all" checked="checked" />
<label for="rdoAll" class="caption">All date ranges</label>
<br />
</p>
<p>
<br />
Restrict pages/posts to those with a go live data that falls in the selected range
<br />
<br />
<input id="rdoRange" type="radio" name="rdoExportGroup" value="range" />
<label for="rdoRange" class="caption">Selected date range</label>
From : <input name="txtBegin" type="text" value="@dtBegin.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy")" size="12" id="txtBegin" class="dateRegion" />
Through : <input name="txtEnd" type="text" value="@dtEnd.ToString("MM/dd/yyyy")" size="12" id="txtEnd" class="dateRegion" />
<br />
</p>
<p>
<br />
Only export pages that fall under the hierarchy of the selected page. Does not affect blog post selection.
</p>
<div style="clear: both">
<div style="float: left; margin-top: 8px;">
<input id="rdoScope" type="radio" name="rdoExportGroup" value="scope" />
</div>
<div style="float: left;">
<!-- parent page plugin-->
@{
var drill = new SitePageDrillDownModel {
FieldName = "txtPageNodeID",
CurrentPageID = Guid.Empty,
SelectedPageID = null
};
}
@Html.Partial("_SitePageDrillDown", drill)
</div>
</div>
</fieldset>
<fieldset style="width: 650px;">
<legend>
<label>
Export Data Types
</label>
</legend>
<p>
<input id="chkBlog" type="checkbox" name="chkBlog" checked="checked" />
<label for="chkBlog">Blog Posts</label> <br />
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| 23,448 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27769688
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Boyd Stephen Smith Jr., Daniel Wagner, Petr, dfeuer, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1333025, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1477667, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2008899, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3858142, https://stackoverflow.com/users/745903, https://stackoverflow.com/users/791604, leftaroundabout, sevo
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What is the most general way to compute the depth of a tree with something like a fold?
What minimal (most general) information is required to compute depth of a Data.Tree? Is instance of a Data.Foldable sufficient?
I initially tried to fold a Tree and got stuck trying to find right Monoid similar to Max. Something tells me that since Monoid (that would compute depth) needs to be associative, it probably cannot be used to express any fold that needs to be aware of the structure (as in 1 + maxChildrenDepth), but I'm not certain.
I wonder what thought process would let me arrive at right abstraction for such cases.
Define what you mean by "minimal information". I think the tree itself is pretty much as simple as it gets, for any "structure with depth".
I like this question a lot. Perhaps a related question is: is there anything like Traversable that uses both the Alternative and Applicative structure of the folding Functor?
(A few more details of what I'm thinking: it wouldn't be hard to define data Depth a = Depth Nat with the obvious Functor instance. The Applicative monoid could be (+,0) and the Alternative one (max,0).)
Unfortunately, Data.Foldable won't do anything for you here, except provide a (possibly infinite) upper bound. It's just too "one-dimensional". Anything you can do with the Data.Foldable instance for Tree you can do using just toList.
The minimal information required to compute the depth of a tree is ... the depth of the tree. I know that's not so useful, but it's very clearly true.
I can't say if it's a minimal/most general amount of information. But one general solution is that a given structure
is a catamorphism
underlying functor of the catamorphism is Foldable so that it's possible to enumerate sub-terms.
Here is sample code using recursion-schemes.
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies, FlexibleContexts #-}
import Data.Functor.Foldable
import Data.Semigroup
import Data.Tree
depth :: (Recursive f, Foldable (Base f)) => f -> Int
depth = cata ((+ 1) . maybe 0 getMax . getOption
. foldMap (Option . Just . Max))
-- Necessary instances for Tree:
data TreeF a t = NodeF { rootLabel' :: a, subForest :: [t] }
type instance Base (Tree a) = TreeF a
instance Functor (TreeF a) where
fmap f (NodeF x ts) = NodeF x (map f ts)
instance Foldable (TreeF a) where
foldMap f (NodeF _ ts) = foldMap f ts
instance Recursive (Tree a) where
project (Node x ts) = NodeF x ts
I don't think that F.Foldable instance is law-abiding, since it drops all rootLabels.
@BoydStephenSmithJr. That's a misunderstanding. The data type TreeF a t holds 2 kinds of things: The root label of type a and the sub-forests of type t. The F.Foldable (TreeF a) instance iterates on elements of type t, that is, on sub-forests - the type a is even outside the scope of the instance.
Four years later and I still don't understand the answer. But yeah, this does look like what I was asking for...
To answer the first question: Data.Foldable is not enough to compute the depth of the tree. The minimum complete definition of Foldable is foldr, which always has the following semantics:
foldr f z = Data.List.foldr f z . toList
In other words, a Foldable instance is fully characterized by how it behaves on a list projection of the input (ie toList), which will throw away the depth information of a tree.
Other ways of verifying this idea involve the fact that Foldable depends on a monoid instance which has to be associative or the fact that the various fold functions see the elements one by one in some particular order with no other information, which necessarily throws out the actual tree structure. (There has to be more than one tree with the same set of elements in the same relative order.)
I'm not sure what the minimal abstraction would be for trees specifically, but I think the core of your question is actually a bit broader: it would be interesting to see what minimum amount of information is needed to compute arbitrary facts about a type with a fold-like function.
To do this, the actual helper function in the fold would have to take a different sort of argument for each sort of data structure. This naturally leads us to catamorphisms, which are generalized folds over different data types.
You can read more about these generalized folds on a different Stack Overflow question: What constitutes a fold for types other than list? (In the interest of disclosure/self-promotion, I wrote one of the answeres there :P.)
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Prix%20automobile%20du%20Mexique%201963
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Grand Prix automobile du Mexique 1963
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand Prix automobile du Mexique 1963&action=history
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Le Grand Prix du Mexique 1963 (), disputé sur le circuit de Mexico le , est la cent-vingtième épreuve du championnat du monde de Formule 1 courue depuis 1950 et la neuvième manche du championnat 1963.
Contexte avant la course
Le championnat du monde
Depuis 1961, la Formule 1 suit la réglementation (dérivée de l'ancienne Formule 2 de la période 1957 à 1960). Initialement prévue pour une période de trois ans, la formule a été prolongée de deux années supplémentaires par la Commission sportive internationale, garantissant la stabilité technique jusqu'à fin 1965. La réglementation s'appuie sur les points suivants :
interdiction des moteurs suralimentés
cylindrée minimale :
cylindrée maximale :
poids minimal : (à sec)
double circuit de freinage obligatoire
arceau de sécurité obligatoire (le haut du cerceau devant dépasser le casque du pilote)
démarreur de bord obligatoire
carburant commercial
ravitaillement en huile interdit durant la course
L'insolente domination de Jim Clark et de sa Lotus cette saison a permis au champion écossais (vainqueur de cinq des huit manches déjà disputées) de s'approprier le titre mondial bien avant la dernière épreuve du calendrier. Bien que n'ayant remporté aucun Grand Prix, Richie Ginther, grâce à ses nombreuses places d'honneur, paraît le mieux placé pour devenir son dauphin, mais Graham Hill, son coéquipier chez BRM, a mis fin à une longue série noire en s'imposant aux États-Unis et peut logiquement viser cette place.
Le circuit
Réalisé en 1959 dans un parc de la banlieue sud-est de Mexico, le circuit Magdalena Mixhuca a tout d'abord accueilli des courses de voitures de tourisme avant d'être retenu pour l'organisation du premier Grand Prix du Mexique, en 1962, épreuve hors championnat marquée par l'accident mortel survenu au héros local Ricardo Rodríguez lors des essais. Très modernes, les installations comportent d'immenses tribunes couvertes et des grands stands qui peuvent faire office de garages. Le circuit routier emprunte partiellement l'anneau de vitesse ; long de cinq kilomètres, son tracé se caractérise par ses nombreuses courbes, dont le très rapide virage relevé de La Peraltada, débouchant sur la principale ligne droite. L'altitude élevée (2 285 mètres) pénalise les moteurs, qui perdent jusqu'à vingt pour cent de leur puissance. Vainqueur du premier Grand Prix sur sa Lotus, Jim Clark détient le record de la piste, ayant accompli un tour à 150,4 km/h de moyenne.
Monoplaces en lice
BRM P57 "Usine"
Graham Hill et Richie Ginther disposent de leurs habituelles P57, avec lesquelles ils se sont récemment imposés aux États-Unis. Ces monoplaces à châssis multitubulaire sont équipées d'un moteur V8 à injection indirecte Lucas développant 208 chevaux à 11000 tr/min, accouplé à une boîte de vitesses à six rapports. Elles pèsent 475 kilos à vide. La Scuderia Centro Sud engage de son côté une BRM P57, dotée de l'ancienne boîte à cinq rapports, confiée au pilote local Moisés Solana.
Lotus 25 "Usine"
Comme à Watkins Glen, Colin Chapman aligne trois Lotus 25 à châssis monocoque pour Jim Clark, Trevor Taylor et Pedro Rodríguez. Pesant 455 kg à vide, ce sont les plus compactes et les plus légères monoplaces du plateau. Elles sont dotées de moteurs V8 Coventry Climax FWMV, en version injection (198 chevaux à 9500 tr/min) pour Clark et Taylor et en version carburateurs (184 chevaux) pour Rodríguez. Deux types de boîtes de vitesses sont utilisés : boîte Hewland à cinq rapports pour Taylor, boîte cinq ZF pour ses coéquipiers.
Lotus 24 privées
Les modèles 25 étant pour l'instant réservés à l'usine, Colin Chapman propose à ses clients ses Lotus 24 à châssis multitubulaire (dont la coque est quatre fois moins rigide que celle des 25). Ces modèles peuvent recevoir le moteur V8 Climax ou le V8 BRM, ce dernier étant plus généralement adopté. Reg Parnell a engagé deux 24 pour Chris Amon et Hap Sharp tandis que l'équipe BRP en aligne une pour Jim Hall. Le pilote indépendant Jo Siffert dispose de sa propre 24. Tous utilisent un moteur V8 BRM. Walt Hansgen a quant à lui dû déclarer forfait, sa monoplace accidentée quelques semaines plus tôt n'étant pas réparée.
Cooper T66 "Usine"
Bruce McLaren et Tony Maggs pilotent les deux Cooper T66 engagées par l'usine de Surbiton. Ces monoplaces à châssis tubulaire, conçues par Owen Maddock, sont dotées d'un moteur V8 Climax à injection, accouplé à une boîte de vitesses à six rapports réalisée en interne. Elles pèsent 460 kg à vide.
Cooper privées
Rob Walker engage une T66 pour le Suédois Joakim Bonnier. Elle est dotée d'un V8 Climax à injection et d'une boîte de vitesses Colotti à six rapports. Le pilote privé Frank Dochnal effectue sa première sortie en Formule 1 au volant d'une ancienne T51 à moteur quatre cylindres Climax FPF.
Ferrari 156 "Usine"
La Scuderia Ferrari aligne deux 156 Aero pour John Surtees et Lorenzo Bandini, les deux pilotes disposant en outre chacun d'une 156-63, en guise de mulet. Apparue à Monza, la 156 Aero est la première monoplace à structure monocoque du constructeur italien. Elle dispose de la même mécanique (moteur V6 à injection directe Bosch délivrant 205 chevaux à 10500 tr/min, boîte de vitesses à cinq rapports) que la précédente 156-63 à châssis tubulaire, mais sa carrosserie est beaucoup plus fine et sa masse moindre (460 kg contre 480 pour sa devancière).
Brabham BT7 "Usine"
Le pilote-constructeur Jack Brabham et son coéquipier Dan Gurney s'alignent sur leurs Brabham BT7 à moteur V8 Climax à injection et boîte cinq vitesses Hewland. Ces monoplaces ont un châssis multi tubulaire et pèsent 470 kg à vide.
BRP MK1 "Usine"
Innes Ireland devait piloter sa BRP Mk1 à moteur V8 BRM mais, blessé lors des essais du North-West Grand Prix, dans la région de Seattle, a dû renoncer à disputer les dernières épreuves de l'année.
ATS 100 "Usine"
L'équipe Automobili Turismo e Sport engage ses deux ATS 100 à châssis multitubulaire, toujours confiées à Phil Hill et Giancarlo Baghetti. Ces monoplaces de 460 kg sont équipées d'un moteur V8 à carburateurs, d'une puissance de l'ordre de 190 chevaux, accouplé à une boîte Colotti à six rapports.
Lola Mk4
Comme à Watkins Glen, Masten Gregory pilote la Lola Mk4A de l'équipe de Reg Parnell. Équipée d'un moteur V8 Climax à injection et d'une boîte de vitesses Colotti à six rapports, cette monoplace à châssis multitubulaire accuse 490 kg sur la balance.
Porsche 718
Carel Godin de Beaufort aligne son ancienne Porsche 718 à moteur quatre cylindres à plat refroidi par air, d'une puissance de l'ordre de 165 chevaux.
Coureurs inscrits
Qualifications
Les séances qualificatives ont lieu le vendredi et le samedi précédant la course. Deux sessions de quatre heures sont prévues.
Première séance - vendredi 25 octobre
Les premiers essais qualificatifs commencent le vendredi après-midi, à treize heures, sous le soleil. Jim Clark est parmi les premiers en piste mais se rend vite compte que les réglages de son moteur ne sont pas adaptés à l'altitude et regagne son stand après seulement quelques minutes. Les mécaniciens de l'équipe Lotus parviennent à trouver rapidement le bon réglage de l'injection et le champion du monde effectue alors une série de tours très rapides. Tournant à 151,5 km/h de moyenne, il sera le seul à descendre sous la barre des deux minutes, améliorant son record de l'année précédente. Derrière lui, John Surtees (Ferrari) et Graham Hill (BRM) sont relégués à plus d'une seconde. Les autres pilotes sont beaucoup plus loin, ayant tout d'abord cherché à optimiser leurs réglages sur ce circuit spécifique avant de se faire surprendre par l'arrivée de la pluie en fin de session. Alors qu'il effectuait son premier tour lancé, Frank Dochnal est sorti de la route et a percuté le talus, endommageant la suspension arrière de sa Cooper ; sa monoplace étant irréparable, il doit déclarer forfait.
Deuxième séance - samedi 26 octobre
Il pleut le samedi après-midi et malgré l'accalmie survenant en fin de séance, la piste va rester détrempée. Dans ces conditions, Jack Brabham, dont la monoplace n'était pas tout à fait au point la veille, se montre nettement le plus rapide, près de deux secondes devant Surtees ; il sera le seul pilote à améliorer sa position sur la grille, presque exclusivement déterminée par les temps réalisés la première journée. Clark s'élancera donc une nouvelle fois en pole position, au côté de Surtees.
Tableau final des qualifications
Grille de départ
Déroulement de la course
Il a plu durant la nuit mais la piste est sèche lorsque le départ est donné, le dimanche à quatorze heures trente, devant soixante-cinq mille spectateurs. Lorsque le drapeau se baisse, Jim Clark se met immédiatement en action et place sa Lotus en tête devant la Ferrari de John Surtees et la Brabham de Dan Gurney. Graham Hill a eu du mal à engager une vitesse et sa BRM a perdu plusieurs places. À la fin du premier tour, Clark repasse légèrement détaché devant Surtees et Gurney, tous deux au coude à coude. Ils précèdent la Cooper de Bruce McLaren et la BRM de Richie Ginther, alors que, mal placé au départ, Jack Brabham est déjà remonté en sixième position. Gurney prend facilement l'avantage sur Surtees, tandis que McLaren ne reste pas longtemps en tête du peloton de chasse, se faisant déborder par Ginther au cours du deuxième tour, puis par Brabham au suivant. Ce dernier déborde la BRM peu après, accédant au quatrième rang. Après cinq tours, Clark domine largement, possédant déjà cinq secondes d'avance sur Gurney, alors que Surtees est relégué trois secondes plus loin. Le champion du monde maintient un rythme très soutenu, égalant régulièrement son temps de qualification. Au la fin du dixième tour, il possède une marge de huit secondes sur Gurney et de dix-sept sur Surtees, l'ancien motard (dont la voiture, réglée pour piste humide, sous-vire beaucoup)) étant en passe d'être rejoint par le trio Brabham, Ginther et McLaren. Septième, Graham Hill perd progressivement du terrain, le champion britannique devant en permanence garder une main sur le sélecteur pour empêcher les vitesses de sauter.
Alors qu'en tête Clark continue à creuser l'écart sur ses poursuivants, Brabham rejoint Surtees et le dépasse dans le quinzième tour. Mécontent du comportement de sa Ferrari, le Britannique regagne son stand quelques minutes plus tard pour faire ajuster la pression des pneus. Au moment de repartir, il ne peut redémarrer son moteur ; ses mécaniciens poussent alors sa voiture pour la relancer, mais cette manœuvre est interdite et les officiels le disqualifient aussitôt. Ginther, toujours talonné par McLaren retrouve la quatrième place. Sur la deuxième Ferrari, Lorenzo Bandini a dépassé Hill, les deux hommes roulant de concert. Devant, Clark accentue toujours son avance, loin devant les deux Brabham. Au vingt-cinquième tour, la Lotus du champion du monde possède une marge d'environ vingt-cinq secondes sur son premier poursuivant mais Clark continue cependant à foncer, battant à plusieurs reprises le record de la piste. Gurney commence alors à connaître quelques problèmes d'alimentation d'essence et son coéquipier, qui se maintenait à une quinzaine de secondes derrière lui, va se rapprocher peu à peu. Malgré ses problèmes de boîte de vitesses, Hill est parvenu à prendre la sixième place à Bandini ; peu après, l'abandon de McLaren (moteur cassé), lui permet de gagner une place supplémentaire. À la mi-course, l'écart entre les deux premiers est passé à quarante-huit secondes, Brabham étant quant à lui revenu à une dizaine de secondes de son camarade d'équipe. La pompe d'injection de ce dernier se désamorce alors ; l'Américain parviendra à redémarrer son moteur mais entretemps Brabham est passé en seconde position. Gurney ne peut suivre et va régulièrement perdre du terrain, peu à peu rattrapé par Ginther et Hill, alors que Bandini a dû renoncer, allumage hors d'usage, permettant à Moisés Solana d'accéder à la sixième place, pour la plus grande joie de son public. Le pilote mexicain va cependant perdre le bénéfice de sa course régulière un peu plus tard, le moteur de sa BRM rendant de l'huile ; après quelques tours à allure réduite, Solana doit renoncer.
Malgré un baroud d'honneur de Brabham, momentanément détenteur du record du tour, Clark a la situation bien en main. Il accélère encore l'allure, portant le record de la piste à de moyenne. Brabham va dès lors assurer sa deuxième place et le champion du monde ne sera dès lors plus inquiété et terminera la course avec plus d'une minute et demie d'avance sur l'Australien, remportant sa sixième victoire de la saison. Moteur hoquetant, Gurney n'a rien pu faire pour contrer Ginther et Hill, qui s'adjugent les troisième et quatrième places. Terminant au ralenti, l'Américain sera même dépassé par la Cooper de Joakim Bonnier, pourtant attardé, en fin de course, et ne se classera que sixième.
Classements intermédiaires
Classements intermédiaires des monoplaces aux premier, troisième, cinquième, dixième, quinzième, vingtième, vingt-sixième, trente-troisième, quarantième et cinquantième tours.
Classement de la course
Légende :
Abd.=Abandon
Pole position et record du tour
Pole position : Jim Clark en 1 min 58 s 8 (vitesse moyenne : ). Temps réalisé lors de la journée d'essais du vendredi .
Meilleur tour en course : Jim Clark en 1 min 58 s 1 (vitesse moyenne : ).
Tours en tête
Jim Clark 65 tours (1-65)
Classement général à l'issue de la course
Attribution des points : 9, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 respectivement aux six premiers de chaque épreuve.
Pour la coupe des constructeurs, même barème et seule la voiture la mieux classée de chaque équipe inscrit des points.
Seuls les six meilleurs résultats sont comptabilisés. Jim Clark doit donc décompter les quatre points acquis aux États-Unis et les six points de sa deuxième place en Allemagne et Richie Ginther les deux points marqués aux Pays-Bas. Chez les constructeurs, Lotus-Climax doit décompter le point acquis à Monaco, les quatre acquis aux États-Unis et les six marqués en Allemagne, et BRM les trois points marqués en Belgique et les deux marqués aux Pays-Bas.
Troisième du Grand Prix de France sur sa BRM, Graham Hill n'a cependant pas inscrit les quatre points associés, le pilote britannique ayant bénéficié d'une aide extérieure au départ, BRM étant également privé de ces points pour la coupe des constructeurs.
Le règlement permet aux pilotes de se relayer sur une même voiture, les points éventuellement acquis étant alors perdus pour pilotes et constructeur.
À noter
en championnat du monde pour Jim Clark.
en championnat du monde (et de la saison) pour Jim Clark (pole position, meilleur tour en course, victoire et GP mené de bout en bout).
en championnat du monde pour Lotus en tant que constructeur.
en championnat du monde pour Climax en tant que motoriste.
Première apparition en championnat du monde d'une monoplace arborant le (la BRM de Moisés Solana). Ce numéro ne sera plus utilisé en championnat F1 jusqu'au Grand Prix d'Australie 2014, Pastor Maldonado l'ayant choisi comme numéro permanent en Formule 1.
John Surtees est disqualifié pour avoir reçu de l'aide extérieure.
Notes et références
Notes
Références
Mexique
Grand Prix de Formule 1 du Mexique
1963 au Mexique
Sport en octobre 1963
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Die Verfassung und Verwaltung des Preussischen Staates, eine systematisch geordnete Sammlung ...
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Dec. 1799 die Frift hierzu geſtattet, und erft nady deren Ablauf fol auch gegen r und Beſitzer folder Eteine hlernady verfahren werden. 2384 GBefebgebung über dad Etaatd- und öffentl. Bauweſen, deſſen Bertsalkung Wenn bie Bauenben, nach der Verfchiebenheit der Bauten, ber eitva hierzu ei berlihen Steine in der Art, daß ſolche von dem gefegl. Maß abweichen, nidyt zum fondern nur zu ihren: eigenen Bedarf wirklich erweldlich benöthigt fein follten, und auf den Zlegelelen fich beftellen wollen, fofoll ihnen ſolches und die Verfertigung ber® nad) der befteltten willfürlichen Form In Anfehung der Größe und Dicke aud) in deu maͤrkiſchen Ziegelelen zwar nachgelaffen fein, jedoch wird, bei Strafe der Konfitalieg: den Entreprencur der Ziegelei und ded Kaufwertho für den Käufer, hierburch vere baß der Bauende fich zuvor hierzu mit dem bei der Bot.-Obrigfeit auszurirfenden worin die Quantität der Steine und deren Form beflimmt ausgedrüdt ſein müſſen fehen foll. Auf foıhe Päſſe foll e8 auch den Bauenden verftattet ſein, aus andern diſchen Probinzen ſolche Steine, die ein von diefem Publit. abweichendes Maß} zum eignen Verbrauch nicht aber zum Kandel einzuführen. Den Pol.⸗DObrigkeilen aber hierdurch zur Pflicht gemacht, dergieichen Väffe nicht ohne erhebliche Urſachen fi teilen, fondern fi) zubor von ben Bauenden überzeugend nachweiſen zu laffen, entiweber ihren Bedarf an Ziegelfteinen aus Kurmärtifchen, nicht zu weit entlegenen } lelen nicht erhalten fünnen, oder zu ihren Bauten, nad) Verſchiledenheit und Beſcheſe berfeiben, wirklich foicher Ziegelfteine bebürfen, welche dad In der Kurmarl ge beffimmte Maß nicht halten. ' Da es auch nöthig ift, fich der bisher üblichen 10 Zoll langen, vier und fünf theil Zoll breiten, und zwei und einen halben Zoll dicken Mauerfteine bei ber Be alter mafliven Gebäude zu bedienen ; fo mollen Ce. K. Maj. von Preußen, um bei bene Geſetz in feiner Kraft zu erhalten, und weil auch ehedem dreierlei Zormen g worden find, zwiſchen den Im Publik. v. 5. Jull 1793 vorgeſchriebenen zweierlel bon Mauerfleinen, naͤmlich: elf und einen halben Zoll lang, fünf und einen halben Zoll breit, zwel und einen Zoll did, und , — und einen halben Zoll lang, bier und einen halben Zoll breit, zwel und eir 0 nod) eine Mittelform bon Mauerfteinen ‚zu sehn Zoll lang, vier und fünf Schötheil Zoll breit, und zwei und einen $ Id =. o auf allen Kurmärkiſchen Ziegeleien zum Verkauf anzufertigen hlerdurch allergn..z Diefe Mittelform fol! jedoch aum Vorthelt derjenigen Ziegeielen, weiche bisher wie nad) dem durch das Publik. d. 5. Juli 1793 vorgefchriebenen. Maße ang vor dem 1. Dec. 1709 nicht erlaubt fein, daher die Steine von diefem Mitteimaf Strafe des ® nicht eher auf den Ziegelelen verkauft werben bürien. I ESämmtl. Maurermeiſtern in der Kurmart wird auch hierdurch anbefohlen. dieſen Vorſchriſten auf dad genaueſte zu richten, feine dad geſetzliche Maß nicht Ziegelſteine zu vermauern, oder ſich die Befugniß zum Gebrauch derſelben von der herren zuvor gehörig nachweiſen laſſen, widrigenfalls fie im erſten Konfraver eine Geidbuße von zehn Thlrn. oder verhältnigmäßige Leibesſtrafe, im zweiten holungofall die Verdoppelung diefer Strafe und im britten alle den Veriuft des rechts au gemärtigen haben. Gegeben Berlin, ven 16. Juni 1798. (L. S.) e Auf Sr. 8. Maj. alleran. Spezialbefehl. (Rabe’d Samml. Bd. 5. ©. 131.) 3) Wublit. der K. Reg. zu Liegnib, v. 6. April 1818, betr. daB Mauer- und Dadyziegeln. (Amtobl. der Reg. zu Liegnitz.) 4) Publik. ber K. Meg. zu Bumbinnen, v. 18. Dec. 1820, betr. Diet ber Mauerziegel. (X. IV. 880. — 4. 101.) 1 5) Publif. der K. Reg. zu Erfurt, d. 20. Rob. 1822, betr. dad IRA Ziegeln zu herrſchaftl. und Communalbauten, (9. VI.83.— 4.103.) 6) Publik. der K. Reg. zu Gumbinnen, v. 13. April 1826. Beftims bed Maßed der Biberſchwänze, Dadypfannen und Manerfteine, (8. X. 434. — 2. 110.) T) R. ded 8. Min. ded I. u, d. P. (v. Schuckmann) v. 31. Der. I an die K. Reg. zu Bromberg, betr. die Form und Größe der Mauer Dadıfteine. Ich finde c8 auf den Ber. der K. Reg. d. 26. v. M. wegen Beſtimmung ber | und Bröße der Maucr- und Dachfteine unbedenklich, daß die K. Weg. eine aͤhnlich fanntmadjung cerlaffe, wie ſolched von der Reg. du Burhinnen ariüchen iq, nd Di Yehfolge für Bauliche Konfruftionen und Iahrebgelt der Auführung. 283 —* den Slegeleibeflhern e te zu beftimmender Abmeſſungen ihrer HER der . Verw. für H., Fabrik⸗ u. Bauweſen (Mother) v. 15. Dec. 5, an ſammtl. K. Reg. Die bei Staatöhauten anzunehmenden beftimmten für Mauer: und Dadyiegel. Um deu Uebeiſtaͤnden entgegen zu wirken, welche die große Verſchledenheit der au “nen Ziegeizien üblichen Maße der Mauer⸗ und Dachziegel mit fich bringt, am Nauahme angemeffener und gieihymäßiger Dimenftonen au fördern, iſt befchlofs perben, den Sorfchriften, welche über die Abmeflungen ver Ziegel für einzeine Landes» Hehtweichend munter fidy ergangen find, feine meltere Folge zu geben, dagegen aber für Raatöbexten zu verwendenden Wauer- und Dacpziegei allgemein gewiffe Dimenflo» Mföruia zu beftimmen, tole dies für einzelne Reg. Bez. bereits geſchehen iſt. demgemäß wird hierdurch Folgendes angeordnet: jA allen gewöhnlichen Staatöbauten follen feine anderen Mauer⸗ und Dachziegel * oder verwendet werben, ald ſolche, welche in gebranntem Zuſtande nach⸗ de Dimenflonen haben: a) Maurerziegel. Fohe Form 114 Zoll lang, 54 Zoll breit, 24 Zoll did; pitiere Form 10 300 fang, 44 Zoll breit, 24 Zoll did, ine Form 94 Zoll lang. 44 Zoll breit, 24 Zoll did. b) Dachziegel oder Biberſchwaͤnze. 30H, einſchlleßlich der Rafe, lang, 6 Zoll breit, und $ 300 ftarf. san außergewöhniiche Konfiruttionen andere Verhättniffe nöthig madyen, follen Neſe von den Weglerungen in jedem einzeinen Falle feftgeftellt, und e& fol dem⸗ mãß eine ſchrifti. Beſſellung für die Anfertigung gemadıt werden. m Ermeflen der 8. Reg. bicibt es überlafien, den Termin mit Rüdficht auf die der Gegend und bie Lage ber ſchon eingeieiteten Bauten feftzufeßen, bon wo Betimmungen in Wirkfamteit treten follen. Es iſt dann firenge daranf zu halten, Natzahme ohne dringende Weranlaffung ftattfinde, wie folche fi In der erften jer bie. Ziegeieibefiger fih auf Die obengedachten Maße eingerichtet haben, aller- ben Kann, und daß, mo eine Ausnahme nicht zu vermeiden If, dazu jedesmal Smigung der 8. Reg. eingeholt werde, be bat hiernady die fümımti. Baubeamten Ihres Bez. zu inftruiren und bie mungen durch Ihr Amtsbl. zur allgem. Kenntniß zu bringen, die Diesjällige hung auch von Zeit zu Zeit, wenn fd) dies ald angemieflen ergeben follte, zu =. (&. XIX. 1101.—4. 149.) ABorfchriften über die Zeitfolge für baulihe Konftruf- and die paffende Yahredzeit zur Ausführung bon. d Bublit. der K. Meg. zu Münfter v. 15. Nov. 18232). rährend erniebt der Augenfchein, daß bei mehreren Schul⸗ und andern öffenti. bei Privatbauten, auf die für die Dauer der Bebäude und für ble @efund» Bewohner zu beachtende Zeitfolge der Konftruftion wenige Nüdfiht genom- m; B. kese maflivde und Fachwände werben gleich nad) ber rohen Arbeit mit Mörtel bew 3 und berbußt, . , sb Mauern, Lehmentiren und ähnliche naffe Arbeiten bid In ben Spätherbft fort- Bes Belegen der Fußböden für die Wintermonate aufgeſchoben, Wele mit Liebereilung voliendeten Gebäude gleich bezogen. Bkerans entipringen die Folgen Die Gebäude daß die Mauer u. f. to. nie völlig, toenigftend nur langſam auötrodnen; bie Semäder, wenn nicht für immer, doch auf lange Zeit feucht bleiben, hierburd) ein früheres Vermodern deö Holzwerles verantaflen, Salpeterfraß 2c. erzeugen ; edintretende Kälte den Bewurf abblättert; die Bedielung. wenn and) mit trode- nen Brettern verfertigt, dennoch in den warmen Frühlingätagen ſich zufame = menzieht und Nacharbeit crjordert u. ſ. f. zu Liegniß hat unterm 10. Febr. 1824. died Vublit. auch für Ihr rn Hahadtung eınpfohlen. (Heinze, Baupolizel⸗Geſetze, S. 197.) 286 Gefehgebung über bad Etaatd- undöffent!. Bauweſen; beffen Wert TI. Für die Beroohner außer dem fehr ſchädlichen Einfluffe auf die Geſundheit, ein gerfkären wirfen auf Mobilien, neh und Leinen. Es mögen einzelne Faͤlle eine fo gebrüngte Zeitfolge der Konftrutti bern und entſchuldigen; für die bei weitem größere Zahl iſt fie nicht zu tigen, und wir fehen uns veranlaßt, rüdfichilid) der Schul- nnd ander Bauten den Orto⸗ und landräthl. Behörden, bei perſoͤnlicher Veran! zu gleichen Thellen, folgende Beftimmung al allgemeine Regel, zu erk dem Wunſche. daß audy die Privaten biete möglihft anwenden, in me polizei. Hinficht aber beachten werden. A, Im Allgemeinen. Sir neue Schulen oder Dienftgebäube, die im laufenden Jahre beine den ſollen, müflen im Vorwinter die Vorbereitungen fo getroffen werben Ausführung ſeibſt im Frühjahre und ununterbroden bis zur Bollends DE. ftattfinden kann. Dieſer Iweck It durch einen verfländigen technifd rationeplan zu erzielen, wenn nad) frühzeitig abgefchloffenem Verdinge a) der Zimmermann im inter ben Holzbau verbindet, Die Beblelungäbretter zubereitet; b) ber Maurer für Materialien forgt und die nöthigen Arbelten befpricht, um bie eintreten reſzeit der Ausführung zu benußen; c) ber Tiſchler, Schloſſer Glaſer einander in bie Haͤnde arbeiten; d) dajür die Kontrafte zeitig genug abgeichloflen werden. Wo befondere Umſtaͤnde dab Lektere behindern, fänt ſelbſtredend die feßung ded Bewohnens im laufenden Jahre fort. B. Im Detail. a) die Mauern und Fachwände wenigſtens vier Wochen ohne Kalkbemurf | überhaupt diefe Arbeit außerhalb, auch das Mauern im Freien nur bie Eu fortzufeßen. b) Der Kaltbernurf nemidelter Teden muß , nad) den Erfahrungen, vor dem Austrodnen diefer flattfinden, ſelbſt mit Behinderung eines ſchnell trocknenl zuges bewirkt werden, weil fonft beide ſich nicht genau verbinden, und erf fonderd in Pferdeſtaͤllen, leicht abfällt. c) Dad Bedleien mit trodenen Brettern kann in den oberen Etagen In. Tagen borgenommen werden, in der untern Etage mit weniger trodenen | ftattfinden, weit die Dünfte aus dem Boden fonft cm Verquellen und Be anlaffen. Bel weniger Eile werden Bedielungen mit naflen Brettern nur. angeheitet, im Krühlahr volftündig verlegt. Wo ber Fonds es gefla die Bretter zu den Bedielungen Im Kern durchgeſchnitten.. d) Das Vertegen der Dachpfannen und den äußern Bewurf, wo möglich, | fertalt zu beroirten. (9. VII. 974.4. 147.) | 2) Publik. der K. Reg. zu Cöln dv. 9 Febr. 1825. Häufiger Wahrnehmungen zufolge wird auch in unfern Reg. Bez. die bei ten und Haupt-Inftandfeßungen gleichwohl höchſt wichtige Rüdficht auf die zeit, fo wie die Beobachtung der Zwiſchenräume vernachläffigt, die man für z Meihenfolge verſchledener Buuarbeiten eintreten laffen foll. So werben neue achwaͤnde gleich nad) der rohen Arbeit mit Mörtel beworfen und bepußt, lieſtern und ähnliche Arbeiten bis in den Spätherbſt fortgefeßt, dad Belegen den für die Wintermenate aurgefhoben, und ſolche mit Ueberellung vollen gleich bezogen. Hieraus entipringen für die Webäube die übein Foigen, daß nie völlig außtrodnen, bie Gemäder, wenn nicht für immer, doc) auf lange bleiben, hierdurdy das Holzwerk früher verfauit, Ealpeterfraß und Schwamm befonder® in den Erbgeichoffen ſolcher Gebäude, deren Zußboden nidyt wen hoch über dem Boden aufgeführt werden, eintretende Kälte den Bewurf abbi dielung, wenn auch mit trodenen Brettern veriertigt, dennoch In der märmeren fi zufammenzieht und Nacharbeit erfordert u.f.w. Den Bewohnern ermähft aber außer dem fehr ſchädlichen Einfluffe auf bie heit, ein zerftörendes Einwirfen auf Mobitien, Hausgeräth und Leinen. Es mögen einzelne Fülle eine fo gebrängte Zelifolge der Konftruftion entſchuldigen; da fie aber für die, bei meiteın größere Zahl nicht zu rechtfertigen den wir und veranlaßt, rüdjihtlih der Echul- und andern öffentt. Bauten, Haupt» Inflandfegungen an vorhandenen Bebauden ber Art, an bie betr. bei perfönlicyer Werantwortlichkelt, folgende Beſtimmungen ald allgemeine au erlaflen: T Ferbe ded Anſtricho öffenti. Bauten; Nichtgebrauch erhitter Bolzen. 287 1) für neue Schufdienfigebäude und Haupt-Inflandfegungen der erwähnten Art müſ⸗ fen, wenn das Bebäude im laufenden Jahr bewohnt werben foll, im Borminter bie Borbereitungen fo getroffen werben, daß die Ausführung feibft im Fruͤhlahre und szunterbrochen bi zur Vollendung Ende Dt. ftattfinden kann. Diefer Zweg it durch einen verfiändigen, techniſchen Operationsplan zu errelchen, wenn nad) frühzeitig abgeſchloſſenem Verdinge \ a) der mermann hm ®inter den Holzbau verbindet und bie Bedlelungsöbretter zubereitet; b) der Maurer für Materialien forgt und die nöthigen Arbeiten beſpricht, um bie eintrelende zeit zur Wusführung zu benußen. e) Tiſchler. Schiofler, Blafer einander in die Hände arbeiten und d) Die Kontratte dafür zeitig genug abgefchloffen werden. Der Termin eined im Dt. bollembeien ce muß jedoch angemeflen verlängert werben . wenn während der Bauzeit häufig naffe und ungünftige Witterung einge⸗ rien wäre ıt. (9. IX. 241.—1.170.) aunftig 8 einge 3) €. R. der K. Reg. zu Marienmwerder v. 20. Ian. 1843 an fänmtl, drathBd> und DomainensRentämter ıc. Ausführung von Bauten zur paf- Jahreszeit. Die Dauerhaftigkeit ſowohl neuer Gebäude, als weſentlicher Reparaturbauten, wird dadurch bedingt, daß Die Bauarbeiten zur paſſenden Jahreszeit und nicht über⸗ ährt, ingleichen daß nicht ſogleich nach der Vollendung berfelben die Gebäude in genommen werden, fondern zum bolllommenen und langfamen Austrocknen nod) enen Zeitraum hindurch leer ftehen bleiben, und mährend deflelben äfter6 ne» den. Beſonderd nachthellig ift es aber nicht nur für die Tüchtigfelt und Dauer überhaupt, fondern auch in Anfehung der Wohnhäufer für die menfchliche Ge⸗ wenn Keubauten oder Hauptreparaturen erft Im Spätherbfte vollendet und dann sum Winter in Gebrauch gegeben werben. die hieraus hervorgehenden, allgemein befannten Uebelftände möglichft zu ver⸗ ad ſowohl bei Neubauten, 018 bei erhebiichen Neparuturen alter Gebäude, weiche . Rechnung ausgeführt werden follen, folgende Bebingungen, ſowelt als e8 bie nur irgend geftatten, in Srfüllung zu bringen: 1) Die Bauarbeiten ſind in der Regel im Frühjahre anzufangen, und müffen Die neu» eufgeführten Mauern, fo wie die Zehıne und Fachwerköwände eine angemeffene Zeit um Austrocknen ftehen bieiben, ehe fie abgebußt werden, maß insbefondere euch bei den ausgeſtakten Wünden und Windeldeden au beobachten Ift; Naurer⸗ und Lchmer- Arbeiten find in der Hegel nur bis Ende Eept. im Freien md bis Ende Oft. im Innern der Gebäude zu geftatten; Termine zur Vollendung der Neubauten oder Neparaturen von bedeutendem Umfange find auf den Monat Juli anzufegen; Die Uebergabe der neu errichteten oder ausgebauten Bebäude gefhieht erft brei Nonate nad) der erfolgten Voliendung derfelben. fofern es möglid) if, bleiben die Gebäude nach Ihrer Vollendung nod einen Abenutzt neben, damit die Mauern, das Holziwert, Die Yeuerungen 2c. nad) und en fönnen. es auch oft erheblichen Schwierigkeiten unterliegen wird, biefe Bedingungen ng zu bringen, fo wird deren Berüdfichtigung doch für alle diefenigen Fälle em⸗ wo dadurch andere weſentl. Intereffen nicht verlegt werden fünnen; weöhalb denn bei dortommenden, für öffentt, Rehnung durch Adminiſtration auszuführenden Wege der Entreprife zu bewirfenden Bauten hierauf, foweit eo die ſonſtigen Um⸗ d end geftatten, gebührende Rüdficht zu nehmen ift. : (iRin. FYi d. 1. ®. 1843. ©. 81. Wr. 109.) ©) Borfchriften über bie Farbe bed Anftrihd der öffentli- Baugegenftände. N. der 8. Reg. zu Potsdam v. 15. Aug. 1820. Zufolge Allerh. 2. DO. v. 30. Juni e. follen fortan alle oͤffentl. Begenftände, als der, Barriören, Zugbrücken, Pfähle u. dergl., wenn fie mit einem Anſtrich verſehen R, wieder bie Preuß. National⸗Farben, weiß und ſchwarz. erhalten. Wir machen fol- wu betr. Behörden zu pflichtmäßiger Bejoigung hierdurch befannt. (#. IV. 230 —2. 10.) d) Vorſchriften über den Nichtgebrauch erhibter eiferner jen bei Bauten auf Staatdtoften. * 388 GBefchgebung über bad Staatd: und öffentl. Banweſen; deffen Verwaln C. R. ded K. Fin. Min. (vd. Bodelſchwingh) v. 25. Jan. 1844 an fün K. Reg. und an die K. Min.-Bau-Kom. Es ift fürglich der Fall vorgefommen, daß durch unvorfichtige® Cintreiben eine bitten eifernen Bolzens in das Holziverk einer neuen Brüde dieſe In Brand, geraten nänziich zerftört iſt. Ich veranfaffe deshalb die K. Bteg., bei den auf Staatöfoften es führenden Bauten das nur In einigen Gegenden üblihe Verfahren, bie eifernen Bi Wehufs des Eintreibens in Holmerk vorher zu erhitzen, ferner nicht zu geftatten um fämmtt. Baubeamten Ihres Verro. Beztrtö hlernach mit Anweiſung zu verfehen.- Min. Bi. d. 1.8. 1844. S. 41. Nr. 52.) e) Vorſchriften, betreff. dad Verbot ber Ueberfäreit der Anſchläge. 1) C. R. ded K. Min. der G., U. u. Med. Ang. v. 14. Ang. ji (A. XIV.549.—3.28.) 2) C. R. ber 8. Bert. für H., F. u. Bauweſen v. 27. Dft. 1835... 3) C. R. derfelb. Verw. v. 8. April 1836. 4) C. R. derfelb. Verw. v. 4. Febr. 1837. (U. XXI. 236. — 1,237) 5) C. R. ded K. Min. ded J. u. d. P. v. 5. März 1837. (A. XXI. 236. — 1.235.) 6) C. R. deffelb. Min. v. 28. April1837. CM. XXI 235.— 1. 236.) DE R. ded K. Fin. Min. v. 31. Dit. 1837. (I. XXI. 1088.—4 (Bergi. oben Kap. 1., Tit. II., Unter-Wbth. II. eub Mr. I., ©. 244 ff.) f) Berüdfihtigung der Befhäftigung der arbeitenden RI durch Verwendung derfelben bei öffentlihen Bauten. C. R. des K. Min. für H. G. u. öffentl. A. (v. d. Heydt) v. 25. Dee. an die K. Ob. Präſid. Die in Folge der theilweiſe ungünſtigen Ernte geſteigerten Preiſe der Lehen] haben von vielen Seiten Anträge auf Einteltung öffentlicher Arbeiten herborgernff bie Beiegenheit zum Brodertwerb für die arbeitenden Kiaffen zu vermehren. Die fenttihen Bauten für dad fünftige Jahr verfügbaren Fonds reihen nicht hin, ur denjenigen Bauwerken, weiche twegen Ihrer Befimmung für die Zwece ber Ber gefördert werben müffen, noch andere Bauten ausguführen, die vorzugärmelfe bazs; follen, der arbeitenden Klaſſe in einer bedrängten Zeit Befhäftigung zu gemühren, auch wenn fle an ſich für den Öffentlichen Verkehr von Nugen find, doch nach ihre Iuten Werthe weniger dringend find, al diejenigen Bauten, deren Ausführung bed fäufigen Vertheilung ber Baufonds nad) den vorgelegten Bauplänen der KönigLi gen für das nächſte Jahr vorgefehen find. Diefe plarmäßigen Bauten werden g Belegenheit geben, eine große Menge Hänbe zu befchäftigen : ben Regierungen IRe der Mittel im Voraus übermiefen, um namentlich zu den Shauffee-Reubauten malt: fee-Reparaturen Stelnmaterial im Laufe des Winters anfahren und berlleinern IE‘ Es wird daher von Wtugen fein, wenn In denjenigen Begenden, in melden au. fteht, daß es an Iohnender Arbeit fehlen werde, die Eingefefienen zeitig auf die 8 naächſt belegenen öffentiihen Bauten hingewieſen, und wenn zugleid durch Berg ber Orto⸗ und Kreisbehörben und durch Nerftändigung mit den diefe Bauten Behörden Einrichtungen getroffen werden, um in Betreff ſolcher Arbeiter, meiche au Zeit ihre Heimath au verlaffen genöthigt find, einen entſprechenden Thelt ihres ürbg dienfteß zum Unterhalt ihrer gurüdgeblicbenen Angehörigen zurüdsulegen und zu "den. Wo folhe Vorkehrungen nicht ausreichen möchten, fondern ein größere Bei oder befonderc Berhältniffe die Einleitung neuer, außer den feitgeftclten Bar * Koͤnlgl. Behörden liegenden Bauten wünſchenowerth erſcheinen laſſen, muß die biefe, ſowie die Beſchaffung der Mittel zur Auoiührung, den Kommunen oder Kre rationen, deren Angehörigen badurd ein bequemerer Arbeitöperdienft mehr In Ni; ihrer Helmath zugemiefen werden foll, überlaffen werden. Sofern ſolche Arbei mie ed bel ähnlichen @Belegenhelten früher und befonders im Jahre 1848 häufig geweſen iſt, lediglich darauf berechnet find, ohne Rüdiiht auf einen von den Arbde zu erwartenden Nugen eine augenblickliche Verlegenheit wegen Beſchaͤftigung müßte: zu befeitigen, fonbern geeignet find, ein öffentliche8 Intereffe dauernd gu fürder fondere mo nüßliche neue Chauffee-Antaffen oder größere Wegebauten beſchloſſe Mittel dazu fomeit bereit geftellt tverden, daß e8 zur Ausführung -derfeiben nur ı angemefienen Bau⸗Prämie für die Ehauffee oder eines mäßigen Zufchuffes zu a Seren Wegebauten bedarf, werde ich, durch die Bewilligung diefer, ſolche U au befördern gern bereit fein. 6 ſol audy die bereit erfolgte Verhellung der 3 Revifion ımd Abnahme öffentl. Bauten und Koſten-Juſtifikation. 289 Nndern, für ſolche Zwede die zu beroifligenden Zufchüffe aus der Staatsfaffe noch anfe deb bevorftehenden Zahres zahlbar zu machen. Jedoch darf auf diefe Zufchüffe zu bein, Zwecke Rechnung gemacht werden, um bie Mittel zur’ Einfeitung oder zum au von Arbeiten zu getolnnen, während die fonft in Ausfidyt genommenen Baufoften nicht beiräthig find, fondern die Zahlung der Prämien zc. darf nur beantragt und wur geleitet werben im Verhaͤltniß mit dem Fortfchritt der Arbeiten ſelbſt und den Ronmmunal- oder Kreio⸗Fonds darauf geleifteten Verwendungen, nad) den bei folchen kienbauten biöher ais maßgebend vorgeichriebenen Grundſoͤtzen. Ew. ıc. erfune ich ergebenft, hiervon die Königl. Megierungen Ihrer Provinz gefäl- in Renniniß zu feßen und darauf einzumirfen, daß die Thätigfeit der Behörden in hung auf Die Veforgnifie wegen hoher Preife der Lebenömittel im beporftehenden jahre überall eine zmedmäßige Richtung gewinne. (Min. Br. d.1.8. 1851. ©. 310. Nr. 333.) g) Ueber die Berüdfihtigung der Erwerböverhältniffe ber gdwerfer bei Audführung Öffentliher Bauten, vergl. die C. R. 8, Min. für H., G. u. öffentl. A. v. 26. Mai 1849 u. 10. Jan. 1851. n-üfe des Handeld-Min. III. 3263 u. Min. BI. d.1.8. 1851. ©. 18. Nr. 20., f. In ane's Bemwerbe » Bolizel [Breslau bei G. Ph. Aderholz 1851.] 8b. I. S 284, ) 7 Drittes Kapitel. [hriften über dad nad beendigter Aubführung öffent: liher Bauten zu beobadtende Verfahren, Erftter Titel. der Revifion und Abnahme öffentlicher Bauten, ſowie von der Juſtifikation der Koften derfelben. Das R. v. 5. April 1788 an ſämmtl. SKerieged- und Domainen-Kam— rdnete, daß don allen ausgeführten wichtigeren Bauten Anzeige zu und Deren Reviſion zu bewirken. ch Wilhelm ıc. ıc. Da e8 bei allen Bauten und Reparaturen, welche nadı igten und rebidirten Anfchlägen entweder auf Rechnung oder auf Entreprife werden, hauptfüchlich darauf mit ankömmt, fichere Ueberzeugung zu erhalten, überall anichlagsmäßlg tüchtig und dauerhaft realijjret, und die dazu affordirs swedmüßig verwendet worden find, fo wollen Wir fünftig von allen und jeden auch ſonſtigen Bauten, weiche mehrere Taufend Kthir. betragen, fle mögen auf oder auf Entreprife ausgeführt werben, wenn fie bis zur Nevillon fertig fint, Eure Anzeige ohne alle Erinnerung davon eriwarten, um wegen einer von hier zu veranlafienden Lokal⸗Reviſton eriorderlihen Falls dad Nöthige verfügen wornad) Ihr Euch In vortommenden Füllen auf Das Benauefte zu achten habt. Begeben Berlin, den 5. April 1788. Auf Spezial⸗-Befehl. K@iumenthal. dv. Gaudi. v. Werder. v. Mauſchwitz. v. Schulenburg. '{N.cC.C, Tom. VII. pag. 2035. Nr. 22.) Dazı erging die Dekl. v. 3. Juni 1788. Kiedrich Witbelm ıc. In Derfolg des C. R. v. 5. April a.c., nad) melhem bon Rd jeden Wafler-, auch fonfligen Bauten und Heparaturen, welche mehrere Taufend en. fle mögen auf Rechnung oder auf Entreprife ausgeführt werden, wenn fle Hevifion fertig find, künftig zu denen von hieraus nöthigenfalle darüber zu veran: g 2ofai-KRepiljonen jedesmal ohne alle Erinnerung Anzeige anher geicheben ſoll, Bir Euch hierdurch befannt, daß Wir das Quantum derBaufoften auf 3000 Hthlr. L en dergeftait feftaelett haben, daß von allen Bauten und Meparaturen, wozu —— — oder noch mehr nach ben gefertigten Anſchlaͤgen erforderlich iſt, die be⸗ Anzeinge anher geſchehen muß, wornach Ihr Euch genau zu achten habt. Eind x @egeben Berlin, den 3. Juni 1788. Auf Se es⸗ u. Dom.-Rammern u. Kammer-Deput. =. Fi Po Tom. VIII. pag. 2123. Nr. 34.) une, Bau-Bolizch. 2. Aufl. 19 ! 290 Gefeßgebung über dad Staatd⸗ und öffentl. Bauweſen; beffen Berto 2) Dad C. R. ded K. Min. des H. u. d. F. (b. Bülow) d. 26. Rot an ſämmtl. K. Reg. beftimmte hiernädft:. a) daß ed bei Bauten unter 100 Thlr. keiner förmlichen Nepif Protokollie bebürfe, fondern Bau-Abnahme-Attefte genügen fol ertheilte zugleich - b) Vorſchriften über Die Einrihtung und den Inhalt, ſowohl ber B vifiond-Brotofolle, ald aud) der Bau:Abnahme-Attefte, Um die Baubeamten bei Ihren fchrifll. Ausarbeitungen auerleichtern und ide: Muße zur Beforgung des zweckmäßigen Entwurfs und der tüchtigen Ausführung zu verſchaffen, ift nachgelaſſen worden, daß über dienigen von den unters. Min.‘ renden Baue, deren Koſten nicht über 100 Rihlr. betragen und bei dem leicht zu ü it, ob bei der Audführung weſentlich vom Anfchlage abgewichen worden ober n' den all, wenn entweder gar feine Abweichungen vorgelommen oder doch nu welche dein Ziwed und der Dauer ded Bauıs keinen Nachtheil bringen, ftatt berg lihen RepiflondsProtofolle nur Abnahme-Atteſte audgeftellt werden dürfen, in jedoch Me etwa gefchehenen unſchädlichen Abweichungen vom Anfchlage bemer den müflen. Veber alle Baue hingegen, deren Koften die Summe von 100 Thir. übe müffen nach wie vor jedesmal ausiührlidhe Reviſ.⸗Protokolle aufgenommen erde der Einleitung berfelben muß die Zeit der an Ort und Stelle wirklich erioigten Al der Name des Beamten,. der den Bau geleitet, oder de6 Bau-Unternehmerd und d tum der Verf. oder des Kontrafts, durdy welchen der Bau diefem oder jenem üb worden, bemertt werden. Hierauf muß die Watance zwifchen den Vofltionen dei | ged und den wirklich ausgeführten Gegenftänden folgen. Am Schluß muß bei werden, in wiefern die vorgefommenen Abweichungen fidy rechtfertigen faffen, in fie dem Zweck und der Dauer des Buauss mehr oder weniger borthellhaft ſind und Bau überhaupt gut und dauerhaft ausgeführt und der Kontraft, im Fall die Luk in Entrepriie gefchehen, überalf erfüllt worden iſt; überdies ind die Atteſte über‘ nahme des Baues ſowohl, als die Reviſ.⸗Protokoſle jedesmal mit dem Rebiſ.⸗Bern Baurath6 der Reg. zu verfchen, fo mie denn auch bei den Arbeiten diejenigen nodp Vorſchriften beobachtet werden müflen, welche in den der K. Reg. unterm 11. Ju mitgetheilten, auf dad Gutachten der Ober⸗Bau⸗Dep. fundirten Brundzüge der J für die Baubeamten in dem VII. Art. !) gegeben find. Die (Tit.) hat hiernach Ihre Baubeamten zu inftruiren, und dafür zu forge biefelben die Zeit, welche fle durch die nachgelaffene Erieldhterung gewinnen, ulm | auf die gute Beſorgung der Baue feibft verwenden.. (Acta gen. ded 2. Fin. Min., Abth. für H., ©. u. Bauw., A. 4. Ar. 4, Nr. 155) Mit Bezug hierauf (ad 2) ergingen: ' a) M. des K. Min. des 3, (Köhler) v. 23. Jan. 1821 an die 8. Aachen. Die Beftimmungen ded C. R. v. 26. Nov. 1820, finden Beamten im Heifort ded Min. ded 3. Anwendung. Zur Wir haben nichtd dagegen zu erinnern, daß nad dem Antrage der 2. ® Ber. d. 13. Dec, 0. 3. die in dem R. der 8. Min. des H. u. d. Sin. v. 26. nachgelaffene Ausftellung von bloßen Abnahme» Atteften ftatt der Rev.» Br Bauten, deren Koften nicht über 100 Thir. betragen, aud) auf die von dem teffortirenden Bauten gleichen Betrages Anmendung finde. (U. V. 30. — 1. b) C. #. der 8. Min. ded H. (Gr. v. Bülow) und d. F. (v. 8 31.Aug. 1824 an fümmtl. K. Reg. u. an die Win. Bau-Kom. Bel Rechn Bauen über 100 Ihr. brauden nur Mehr: Ausgaben durch Bau-Wel Protokolle gerechtfertigt werden, wogegen Abnahme-Atteſte, ohne auf den Betrag der Baukoften, genügen, wenn anſchlagömäßig gebaut Zur Vermeidung unnöthiger Schreibereien wird die C. Verf. v. 26. Non. Reviſton der Baue betr., hierdurd dahin abgeändert, daß bon nun an bei’ Re Bauen über den Koftenbetrag von 100 Thir. hinaus nur Mehr-Ausgaben ſtändliche Bau» Revifiond » Brotofofle gerechtfertigt zu merben brauchen, baß ti Behnungds Bauen, welche wohlfeiler ausgeführt ald beranfchlagt worden, ein nn f 1) Vergl. oben ©. 136 fi. Neviſion und Abnahme öffentl. Bauten und Köften-Iuftifitation. 291 R. wonach bei Abnahme des Buucd fich gefunden, daß folder anfhlagamäßig tüchtig dauerhaft ausgeführt ift, ohne Hüdficht auf den Betrag der Baufoften, genügen foll. R. Reg. bat aber Ihren Baubeamten einzufcharfen, daß fle, bei Vermeidung der ernſt⸗ a Uhndung, die Attefte nur nach der forgfältigften örtlichen Prüfung ausftellen. —* re 8. Min. der %., Abth. für H. ®. u. Baum., A. 4. Nr. 24. Vol. 1. Mr.. ER. der K. Min. der G., U. u. Med. Ang. (v. Altenſteln), Des 9. Edyudmann) und d. %. v. 5. Ecpt. 1828 an fämmtl. 8. Reg. und Prob.- ver-Dir. Anwendbarkeit ded C. R. v. 31. Aug. 1824 auf Entreprife-Baue. In der,G. Verf. v. 26. Nov. 1820 iſt beſtimmt, daß in ben Faͤllen, mo bie Koflen BHanes die Eumme von Einhundert Thirn. nicht überfteigen, und feine wefentlichen nihungen vom Anſchlage borgelommen, ben Baubeamten die Aufftellung vollſtändl⸗ bolancirender Bevif..Wrotofolle eriaflen werden folle, dagegen in allen andern Faͤllen burn ausführliche Repif.-Protofolle anzuiertigen felen. Durch die andermeite &. ®. . Ung. 1824 iR diefe Beſtimmung dahin erweitert worden, daß bei Rechnungsbauen hüber den Koftenbetrag von Einhunbert Thirn. hinaus nur Wehr» Ausgaben durch Madiihe Bau-Revif.-Brotofolle gerechtfertigt voerben dürfen, dagegen bei Rechnungs» weiche wohlfeiler audgefuhrt, als beranfchlagt worden, ohne Rückſicht auf den dr ker Roften ein Abnahme-Atteſt genügen folle. Gegenwärtig wird dies, mit Bezug ‚ unterm 30. Nov. 1826, megen Suftififation der Koften für Entreprife-Baue, . B. ) dahin ausgedehnt, daß auch bei Entrepriſe⸗Bauten, wenn ſolche voͤllig ig auögeführt, oder doc) bie bei der Reviſion befundenen Abwelchungen nicht find, von jegt an bloße Abnahme» Attefte zum Belag der Rechnungen genügen jedoch‘ find, bei vorhandenen dergleichen unweſentlichen Abweichungen, foide ledes⸗ dem Abnahme⸗Atteſt genau anzugeben. (A. XII. 645. — 3. 25.) I-C.N. der K. Min. ded I. (vd. Rochow), d. %. (Gr. v. Alvendleben) 6, U. u, Med, Ang. (Eihhorn) v. 21. Juni 1841 an ſämmtl. K. Reg. ob.Eteuer⸗Dir. und an die 8. Min. Bau⸗Kom. Superrevifion und Feſt⸗ von Bauanfchlägen durch die K. Ober-Bau-Dep. und Aufnahme bon iſiond⸗Protokollen, ſowie Ausftelung von Bau-Abnahme-Ütteften, Nachdem bie in der €. ®. v. 26. Nov. 1820 enthaltene Belimmung, da6 in den Fällen, wo die Koften eines Baues die Summe von Einhundert Thirn. nicht überfieigen und feine welentliche Abweichungen vom Anſchlage borgefom: men, ben Baubeamten die Auiftellung vollſtändiger balancirender Mebif.- Wroto- tolle erlaffen werden folle, dagegen in allen andern Fällen von ihmen ausführliche ' Ktepii.Wrotofolle anzufertigen feien, bie andermeite €. ®. v. 31. Aug. 18324 dahin erweitert worben, daß bei Nechnungsbauten auch über den Koftenbetrag ven Einhundert Thlrn. hinaus, nur eine Mehrausgabe durch umftändtihe Bau -Beoif.» Protofolle ges rechtfertigt werden dürfe, dagegen bei Hechnungdbauten, welche mwohlfeiler aus⸗ gerührt, ald veranfhlagt worden, ohne Kückſicht auf den Betrag der Koften, ein Abnahme⸗Atteſt genügen folle, tere fpäterhin durch bie C. ®. v. 5. Sept. 1828 (U. ©. 645.) mit Bezug auf die dem 30. Nov. 1826, wegen Juflifisirung der Koften für Entreprife-Baue, erlafiene dahin ausgedehnt. j j j daß aud) bei Entreprife-Bauen, wenn folhe völlig anſchlogsmäßlg auögeführt, oder Loch die bei der Mebiflon befundenen Abweichungen nicht mefentiid find, fortan btoße Abnahme⸗Atteſte zum Belag der Rechnung genügen follen, bel vor⸗ handenen dergleichen unweſentlichen Abweichungen ſolche jedoch jedesmal in dem vbnahme⸗Atteſte genau anzugeben ſeien. e Beftimmungen haben zu der nicht begründeten Vorausſetzung geleitet, al® nr der —— balancirenden Reviſ⸗Proiokolle aud) in denen Yälten nicht, wo Be dort aufgeftellten Bedingungen zutreffen, Die Unfchläge aber, — ſſe verfaſ⸗ näßig der Superreblflon der Ober -Bau⸗ Dep, au unterwerfen geweſen wären, don Behört: doch nicht ſuperrevidirt und feſtgeſtellt worden ſind. In der Regel eitigung bon Zwelieln wird nun hierdurch beftimmt, daß in der Rege Fa Fl fDeihen der-Anfchlag, den beftchenden allgemeinen Bermaltunge-Borfhnit- 3, der Superrepiflon und Feſtſtellung durch bie Dber-Bau-Dep. unterworfen Ift, Bergi. unten sub Wr. 4. 1. 292 "Gefebgebung über bad Staatd- und‘ öffentl. Bauweſen, deſſen Bertealtes begonnen werden darf, bebor der Anfchlag nicht bon biefer Behörde. fuperrenibirt und | geftellt und.die Ausführung auédrücklich genehmigt iſt. . | Wenn in dringenden Fällen Ausnahmen von biefer Regel zu begründen finb fo haben bie Vermaltungdbehörden darüber den betr. Minifterien Anzeige zu lel die Genehmigung zum Beginn der Arbeiten vor feftgeftelltem Anfchlage vachm wenn aber bie Limftände fo dringend find, daß aud) vor diefer Entſcheidung mit dem’ begongen werden muß, daß dies geichehen, ſogleich anzuzeigen und die nach nehmigung zu erbitten. In allen Fällen aber, in denen ein der Superrebiflon nub ftellung durch bie Ober-Bau- Dep. zu unterwerfender Anfdylag zur Ausführung fe bevor derfeibe biefer Behörde porgelegen und von Ihr geprüft und feftgeftellt bie Aufftellung eines vollftändigen bafancirenden Reviſ.⸗Protokodls erforderlich. (Min. Bi. d.1. 8.1841. ©. 178, Nr.269., Gentraib! d. Fin: Min. 1841. Nr. 71.) 3) Dad E.R ded K. Min.-ded H. (G. v. Bülow) dv. 27.. Sept. 18 an ſämmtl. K. Meg. verordnete in dieſer Beziehung: _ J a) daß dad Buu⸗Reviſtond-⸗Protokoll den Nachweis der Abweichungen Anſchlage enthalten müffe, ' | b) daß und in welcher Art bie Mepifion der Bau sMebifiond -Prokg durch den Reg. Baurath zu bewirken, und | c) in weldyen Fällen e8 der Vorlegung bed Bau-Revifiond- Vrotofol der Db.-Bau:Dep. bedürfe. M Wenn gleich in der BRegel nur nad) den Anfchlägen gebauet, und Ueberſchre berfeiben auf alle Weife vermieden werben follen, fo legt ed doch in ber Natur ber. daß fein Reubau oder irgend eine bedeutende Reparatur ohne alle Abmeldung vom Anfchlage auszuführen iſt. Dad nach der Beendigung bed Baues aufjzunehmenbe fion6» Protokoll aber muß den genaueften Rachweis darüber enthalten, da dergt Abmeldungen, wenn auch hinſichtlich der Konftruftion unweſentlich, body auf ben betrag einen mehr oder weniger bedeutenden Einfluß haben fönnen, und nur ans bei clellen Angabe aller gefertigten Arbeiten und berimendeten Materlallen daB Refuitet gen Ya fann, ob überhaupt mehr oder weniger al6 der Anfdjlag vorſchreibt, worden Es iſt nun durchaus nothwendig, auch der bisherigen Praxis gemäß, daß f Reviſtond⸗Prototolle von dem betr. Reg.⸗Baurath durchgeſehen und feftgefegt 1 Derfeibe hat babel vorgüglid zu prüfen, ob der Baubeamte bei der Ausführung ſich Schranken ber Ihm ertheliten Mutorifaticn gehalten oder der Entrepreneur jelue Ge lichfeiten erfüllt; ob die etwa ftatt gefundenen Abweichungen von dem Anfchlage meidlich oder nüßlich geweſen, und die Mehr» oder MinversKoften nach ben u. Anſchlag feftgeftellten Brundfägen berechnet find. ef Der Reg.⸗Baurath hat diefe Prüfung nicht ner, fondern auch die Reviflon & der Ausführung bei den wichtigeren Bauen in der Negel, fondern auch bei dem ı geren mitunter gelegentlich vorzunehmen, um die Aufmerffamfeit der Baubeamten erhalten, und Ihr amtliche Verfahren zu fontrofliren. Doc) ift es nicht noͤthlg. Dber-Bau-Dep. von allen Einzeinheiten der bewirkten Ausführungen Kenntaig e pielmehr reicht e8 hin, wenn berfelben die Reviſtons⸗Protokolle über die wichtigeren! nur in folgenden Fällen vorgelegt erben: N 1) Wenn dad betr. 8. Min. aud befonderen Bründen bie örtliche Sup dur) den Dep.⸗Rath der Ober» BausDep. für nothtvenbige hält. 007 2) Wenn bei der Ausführung weſentliche Abänberungen ded genehmigten Bank‘ hinfihtlih der Einrichtung oder Konftruftion der Gebäude vorgenommen we und es auf die Beurtheilung anfommt, ob ſich biefelben reätiertigen laffen. 3) Wenn der Anſchlag durch bejondere Umſtände, als: Erhöhung der Breife, ii. Ausdehnung, nanträglihe Bewilligung nicht veranſchlagter Begenftäude, wad jebei lichſt zu vermeiden, bedeutend überfchritten worden iſt. In dieſen letzteren sub 3 benannten Füllen genügt es, und wird auch für die ſelbſt die leichteſte Ueberſicht gemähren, wenn die Preis» Erhöhungen ober hinze 9 menen Begenftände in cinem Nach » Anfchlage audgeführt, und durch benfelben die J ſchreitungen der beroilligten Summen nachgewieſen werden. ® Bon Selten ber Ober-Bau-Dep. wird es hiernähft nur auf Feſtſezung DER. Anfchlages anfommen, und ed wird einer weitern Durchſicht der Reviſtons⸗Prototlsc bedürfen. Anders verhält ed ſich jedoch, wenn ber urfprüngliche Bauplan In aBeR doch vielen Buntten hat modificirt werden müffen, in weldhem Kalle mit der Revif Anfchlage, Eat vor Eaß gefolgt werben muß, da bei der Verpfledhtung der beranfil " und nicht beranfchlagten Begenftände ein Rah-Auileg nicht nur eine fehr muͤhſa h ° Mevifion und Abnahme äffent!. Bauten und Roften-Juftiffation. 203 | era aud; eine ganz fruchtiofe Arbeit erfordern, und die Weberficht erſchweren würde. In sen folchen Falle muß baher die Euperreniflon bed ganzen Revlſtond⸗Protokollsd durd) e Dier-Bau«Dep. erfolgen, in fofern der Bau überhaupt, nad) deren oder ter Reg.» kfreft. v. 23. Oft. 1817 au Ihrer Kenntniß zu gelangen beftimmt ift. 8 ift bemerlt worden, daß chnerachtet der bereits erlaffenen K. V. doch mehs pe boe Formelle der Bau-Angelegenheiten betr. Borfchriiten immer nody unvollkommen werden. Es wird baher der K. Weg. hierdurch aufgegeben: [N 1) feinen zur Euper-Reviflon der Ober-BausTep. befiimmten Anfchlag einzureichen, berfeibe nicht zuvor bie Vor-Bepifion des beir. Reg.⸗Bauratho paffirt if; auch die Erinnerungen bed letzteren, infofern ſolche die Umarbeitung ded Anſchlages die Beibringung vermißter Angaben berühren, vor ber Einſendung, ſoweit e8 zur digen Beurtbellung nöthig ift, eriebigen zu laſſen. 2) Jedem Anſchlage das erforderliche Erläuterungs-Protofou beizufügen. ' 3) Bel Land-WBebäuden barauf zu fehen, daß außer Grund⸗ und Aufriffen aud) bie Broflie, und, mo Auowechblungen vorlommen, aud) Die Zeihnung der Ballen» beigefügt. fonft aber bie Vertheilungen der Hallen, wenigſtend unter den Brund«- angedeutet werben. J 4) Dei Zeichnungen von Brücken auf die Angabe bed höchften und des niedrigſten andes zu halten. 2 Den Reg. Bauräthen ſowohl ald der Talculatur der Gebrauch der rothen Dinte nfchlägen zu unterfagen, was zwar unbedeutend fcheint, aber nothwendig If, um feiungen au verhüten. 6) Bei Ausarbeitung der Anfchläge zu Landbauen die unterm 17. Mal 1820 ertheil- chriften wegen Berechnung der Mauerziegel genan befolgen zu läffen, aud) fiber» Ihr Augenmert dahin zu richten, daß D) fümmit. Materlallen nad) den einzelnen Pofltionen des Anfchlagd, und Angabe blüße, nach welchen der Bedarf ermittelt worden, nachgewieſen, auch 8) Die Abmeſſungen der Körper und Flächen, welche in dem Anſchlage vorkommen, angegeben werden. hat die 8. Meg. auf bad genauefte zu achten. (Acta gen. bed 8. Min. d. F. Abth. für H. ®. u. Baum. A. 4. Nr. 24. Vol, 1.) Dazu : ER. der K. Verw. für H., Zabr. u. Bauw. (Beuth) v. 9. uni 1835 an K. Meg., und an die K. Min.-Bau-Kom. Nothwendigkeit der Einfen: ber Beläge in allen Fällen, mo cd der Euperrevifion durch die Ober: td. bedarf. der K. Meg. wird aufgegeben, für bie Folge in allen Füllen, mo nad) Ausführung Beues Die Zuperrepifion durch die Ober-Bau-Dep. nöthig ift, die Beläge mit ein- Wenn die Dichr » Ausgabe Iediglidy die Grund Entihäbigungätoften betrifft, Eriparniß bei andern Anfchlagd - Pofltionen nicht gededt wird, fo iſt zwar bie ifion Durch die Ober-Bau-Dep. nicht erforderlich, e& muß aber nichto deſto mweni- Senehmigung zur ehr Aubgabe nachgeſucht werden, ba ohne diefe die K. Ober⸗ fammer die Ausgabe moniren wũ en wurde. Zugleich wird bie Anordnung der €. ®. v. 27. Ecpt. 1822 zu 3 dahin in Erinne- adıt, daß wenn — mie dies am häufigften vorfommt — bedeutende Anfchlagd- Kreifungen in einzelnen Buntten ftattgefunden haben, ohne daß von dem ganzen Blare wefentlich abgemichen wäre, nur darüber Neviflond-Nachanfchläge aufzuftellen (ü. XIX. 498. — 2. 139.) 4) C. R. des 8. Min. der G., U. u. Med. Ang. (v. Altenflein), des 9. Shudmann) u. d. Fin. (vd. Mob) v. 30. Nov, 1826, an die K. Reg. zu ja und zur Nachachtung an ſämmtl. übrige K. Reg. Vorſchriften über Berfahren bei Iuftifitation der Koften für Entreprife-Bauten und das ihren bei Zahlung der Baugelber. Damit bei Zuftififation der Koften für EntreprijesBauten in den Mechnungen künftig R ein gleichmäßiged, den Beihäitöbetrieb_möglihft vereinfachendes Werfahren ftatt- Ad Die unterzeichneten Min. mit der K. Ober⸗Rechn.⸗Kammer, über die Feſtſtellung der Bunfie Üübereingefommen, welche der K. Reg. auf den, dieſen Begenftand betr. b. 17. März d. J. zur fünftigen Beachtung mitgethellt werden. 1) Die Anfchtäge find In der Kegel von den Bau-Infpeftoren und Kondukteurs nur ‚ anzufertigen und ber Weg. einzureiben. _. 2) Die BausEntreprife-Kontratte find zwiefach auszufertigen: ein Exemplar behalt nternehmer, bad andere mird der Reg. zurüdgereicht; ber Baubeamie nlmmt \ich 294 Gefebgebung über das Staatb⸗ und öffentl. Bauweſen, deſſen Berwalh — Motizen aus dem Kontrafte, welche ihm zur Beauſſichtigung des Bauch nd; ' i 3) In dem Kontrafte wird e8 in der Megel dem linternehmer zur Bedingung gem ſich Abfchrift des Anſchlags zu nehmen. Findet dies In einzelnen Füllen Bedenten, I bie Reg. die nöthigen Mbichriften für den Entrepreneur beforgen zu loffen. Das on bed Anſchlags erhält jedenfalls der die Ausführung beauffichti gende Baubeamte und folhes&is zur Abnahme des Baues. - 4) Die Anmoelfung der erfien Kontraftöpoft gefchiehet ohne Beifügung bed Konl und bed Anfchlags, jedoch jederzeit In der Art, daß die ganzen refp. anfdhlage- und traftmäßigen Baufoften, ald von der zahlenden Kaffe gieich zur Soll⸗Audgabe zu fl in die Anweiſung übernommen, auch da, wo vielleicht über einen und benfelben Bam | welfe mit mehreren Entrepreneurd fontrahirt, oder ein Theil des Baued ber Ausfäf auf Rechnung vorbehalten wird,’ die Fontraftmäßigen ganzen Koften-Beträge für: Entrepreneur, fo wie der anfchlagemäßige Kofen» Betrag des Rehnungd-Baueb ik Anmellnng angegeben werden, damit diefe Beträge von der Kaffe fofort in Ihrem M unb demnädft au In der Rechnung in welcher die erfte Zahlung darauf In erfcheint, zur Soll⸗Ausgabe geftellt werben. 5) Sind Zwiſchen⸗Zahlungen ftipulirt und von dem Vorſchreiten Im Ban In geil Verhättnifien abhängig gemadt: fo erfolgt deren Anmelfung auf den Grund und ——— des Zeugniſſes des Baubeamten, daß der Bau bis zu dem beftimmten Wi vorgerädt ſei. ' “ g 6) Bei Anwelſung ber letzten Kontraltspoſt, wird der Kaſſe ſowohl dad der zurückgerelchte Koniraftö» Eremplar, als dad Bau⸗Reviſtond⸗Prototkoll. oder bes nahme Jen anib jugefertigt, je nachdem es vorfchriftömäßig bes erftern oder nur tern bedarf. Erhält bie Kaffe dad Bau⸗Reviſtons⸗Protololl, fo bedarf fle bed Driginal-W nicht, und es iſt vielmehr nur darauf zu fehen, daß der Kalkulator, welcher die Za Meviftons-Protofoll6 prüft, die dem letztern borgeießte Abfchriit des Anfchlgg® ber Liebereinftimmung mit dem Orginat befcheinigt. Iſt aber nur ein Abnahme» Zeugniß auögeftellt: fo muß ber Kaffe der Anfcylag äugefertigt werben. Die Beflimmung in dem Eirk. des Fin. Min. v. 29. Aug. 1820 "), wegen fl gung ber Entreprije-Kontrafte 2c. bei der erften Zahlungs-Aniweilung, Ift nad dem al8 aufgehoben zu betrachten. (Ada ben * Fin. Min., Abth. für H., F. u. Bauw., sign. Generalia | r. 12) .. Mit Bezugnahme hierauf bemerkt über dad in dieſer Bezleh Brüdenbau-Angelegenheiten indbefondere zu beobadıtende dad C. N. der K. Reg. zu Königöberg v. 22. März 1835, an die Lan fter und Landbau⸗Inſpektoren zc. Mit Bezug auf dab ſäͤmmtl. Krei-Baubeamten mitielſt Berf. v. 8. Jan. 1 fertigte ©. R. der 8. Din. v. 30. Rod. 1826 wird Ihnen auf die unterm 16. gemachte Anfrage eröffnet, daß in den Brückenbau⸗Angelegenheiten für die Folge bendes Verfahren beobachtet werben foll. ,. Die bon den Kreiß-Baubeamten eingereichten Anfchlüge werben, foferu 1) PH allegirie €. R. des 8. Fin. Min. v. 29. Yug. 1820 an fämmil. eſtimmte: »ꝛc. 2) Zahlungen aus etatömäßigen Fonds an Spezlal⸗Kaſſen, Beh einzelne Perſonen zur mweltern Berechnung als 3. B. zu Bauten, F „Holzhauerlohn u. f. w. deögl. S »3) Abſchlagſ⸗Jahlungen auf Forderungen, 3. 8. auf Bau» Entreprifen »beide Battungen find kuͤnftig durchaus nad den Beftimmungen der Verf. ! »Dec.1817 zu behandeln und auf die betr. Fonds gleidy zu verandgaben, »die nöthigen Kontrollen zu führen, Damit die Rechnungslegung gehörig »bei Abfchlage » Zahlungen die gezahlten Summen bei Berichtigung deb I ‚Anrechnung gebracht werben. Bel ber erften Zahlung find der Kaffe bis sfatorien, worauf die ganze Ausgabe fid gründet, 3. B. die Entreprife- Ki »Genehmigungs⸗ſt. zc. gleid) zugufertigen und bei den folgenden Zahl »fungen barauf Bezug zu nehmen ıc.« (Arte io ded 8. Min. des 8. H., Abth. I1., II. 11,580. IL 16,386 4 Revifion und Abnahme öffentl. Bauten und Koſten⸗-VJuſtifikation. 295 ine oder body feine weſentlichen Abänberungen bei der Mebiflon nöthig geivefen, den betr. katümtern In allen den Fällen zur Ermittelung eines Bau-linternehmers im Wege der kltation in bibimirter Abjchrift zugefertigt, mo das Objelt über 50 Thir. beträgt. Ein ſolches Licitation8-Verfahren Ift durch die —— des K. Min. vom 20. 1819 ?) ausdrüdtidh vorgeſchrieben, und kann nur in den Faͤllen davon abgeftanden wo befondere, von den Rreis-Baubeamten beilleberreihung bed Anſchlages anzu⸗ Gründe die Ausführung deo Baues auf Rechnung bedingen. Unter 50 Thir. werden in der Regel alle Bauten auf Rechnung audgeführt, und bes Be dazu keines befondern Anſchlages, fondern nur einer vom betr. Bau⸗Handwerker machten Liquidation , welche aber nach ber Din. E. Verf. v. 6. Mai 1825 (v. 8.9. 3.9.2. S. 489) 2) von dem Kreid-Baubeamten jedesmal an Ort und Stelle zu rebi- u, und demnädft mit feiner Beicheinigung verjehen, einzureichen ift. ‚Des nal des Anſchlages bleibt waͤhrend des Baues bei unfern Alten und dient ichſt der Kafle zum Rechnungsbelage. . Eobaid die Licitationd-Verhandlungen eingegangen und auf Grund berfelben ber alt gefchioften worden, erhalten die Kreis-Baubeamten das Haupt⸗Kontrals⸗Exem⸗ dem bon hier aus gleich eine vidimirte Mbfchrift des Bau: Anfchlaged beigefügt iſt, sehändigung an den Entrepreneur, nachdem fie vorher die Ihnen jür die Beauſſichti⸗ nd Repifion des Baues erforderlihen Notizen daraus entnommen, und nad ber Beten didimirten Abichrift dad in ihren Händen befindlidhe Koncept bed Anſchlages ) ed nöthig, berichtigt haben. Das dem Entrepreneur audgehändigte Kontralts⸗Exemplar bleibt in deſſen Händen barf nicht, role es bis jest nody häufig gefchehen, und aurüdgereicht werben. In weichen Källen über die ausgeführten Bauten förmliche Nebifiond » Brotofole Intigt werden müfien, und hingegen bie Abnahme⸗-Atteſte genügen, Ift durch die den Baubeamteh unterm 25. Sept. 1828 mitgethellte Min. C. Verf. v. 5.Cept. 1828 ?) it, wonach genau zu berfahren. ._ Ufer Anmabnungen ungeachtet haben wir doch vielfältig mabrnchmen müffen, daß Mn Kreld-Baubeamten bei Anfertigung ber Anſchläge zu Brücken und Wegebauten Kereinftimmend zu Werte gehen. Ramentiidy wird häufig die unerläßliche Angabe vermißt: | I} auf weicher Landſtraße oder Gommunitationäftraße,. 2) in welchen Brenzen die Brüde liegt, 1) meiche Nummer fie in unferın Katafter hat, 4) über weiches Gewäſſer dleſelbe führt, j 5) und wenn ſolche zum leßtenmal neugebaut, und wenn und tie oft nachher 0 reparirt worden. efe Rachrichten dürfen nie fehlen, und müffen namentlich zu 1. mit gehöriger Schtigung der geſetzlichen Vorfchrift Ded A. 2. 9. Thl. 1. Tit. 15. 8. 1. und ber AMeßenden Unterſcheidung zwiſchen Landſtraßen und Kommunifationöftraßen, alfo euadftraßen: ſtets durch Bezeichnung der Städte, Poſtämter u. ſ. w., weiche ald Banfte dieſer Kommunitation, derſelben den Charakter einer Landſtraße geben, nicht Aber zunächſt gelegenen Dörfer, gelleſert werben.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12837292
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StackExchange
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CC-By-SA
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Spoken
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id3 tag won't be added
I use this function:
def set_trackno(f, track):
"""Set id3 track number"""
audio = MP3(f)
audio["TRCK"] = TRCK(encoding=3, text=[unicode(track)])
audio.save()
To try to set an id3 tag on a file that lacks it. It throws no exception. But it simply does'nt work. Why is that? Here is a sample output:
In [1]: %paste
def set_trackno(f, track):
"""Set id3 track number"""
audio = MP3(f)
audio["TRCK"] = TRCK(encoding=3, text=[unicode(track)])
audio.save()
## -- End pasted text --
In [2]: from mutagen.mp3 import MP3
In [3]: from mutagen.id3 import TRCK
In [4]: set_trackno('/home/nine/Musik/Kristet/Buster Inc/Buster_Inc.-Summertime.mp3', 1)
In [5]: exit
nine@nine-laptop:~/Musik/Kristet/Buster Inc$ id3v2 -l Buster_Inc.-Summertime.mp3
Buster_Inc.-Summertime.mp3: No ID3 tag
nine@nine-laptop:~/Musik/Kristet/Buster Inc$
Update 1
I changed the function to this (see last line in code):
def set_trackno(f, track):
"""Set id3 track number"""
audio = MP3(f)
audio["TRCK"] = TRCK(encoding=3, text=unicode(track))
audio.tags.save(v1=2)
And now it writes id3 version 1 (which seems pretty obvious). But I can't figure out how to write a version 2. audio.tags.save() won't do...
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85800338
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Senegal at the Africa Cup of Nations
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 19 | 32 |
Senegal at the Africa Cup of Nations
Senegal at the Africa Cup of Nations Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11h4nhjds_
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfarrhaus%20%28Obenhausen%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Pfarrhaus (Obenhausen)
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https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pfarrhaus (Obenhausen)&action=history
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German
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Spoken
| 71 | 159 |
Das Pfarrhaus in Obenhausen, einem Ortsteil der Gemeinde Buch im Landkreis Neu-Ulm im bayerischen Regierungsbezirk Schwaben, wurde im Kern 1725 errichtet. Das Pfarrhaus an der Graf-Moy-Straße 2 ist ein geschütztes Baudenkmal.
Das zweigeschossige Gebäude mit vier zu vier Fensterachsen besitzt ein hohes Zeltdach. Das im Kern 1725 errichtete Pfarrhaus wurde 1847 erneuert.
Literatur
Weblinks
Baudenkmal in Buch (Schwaben)
Bauwerk in Buch (Schwaben)
Obenhausen
Barockbauwerk in Bayern
Erbaut in den 1720er Jahren
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https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%99%AE%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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埃普瓦斯
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https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=埃普瓦斯&action=history
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Chinese
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Spoken
| 15 | 340 |
埃普瓦斯（，）是法国科多尔省的一个市镇，属于蒙巴尔区。
地理
埃普瓦斯（）面积，位于法国勃艮第-弗朗什-孔泰大區科多尔省，该省份为法国中东部省份，北起奥布省，西接涅夫勒省和约讷省，南至索恩-卢瓦尔省，东南接汝拉省，东临上索恩省，东北部与上马恩省接壤。
与埃普瓦斯接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：。
埃普瓦斯的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。
行政
埃普瓦斯的邮政编码为，INSEE市镇编码为。
政治
埃普瓦斯所属的省级选区为。
人口
埃普瓦斯于时的人口数量为人。
参见
科多尔省市镇列表
参考文献
Epoisses
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bpt6k62404643_1
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French-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Compte-rendu de ses travaux...
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None
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French
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Spoken
| 5,234 | 7,859 |
BULLETIN MENSUEL CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE DE L'INDRE COMPTE RENDU DE SES TRAVAUX Pendant l'Année 1918 N° 4. JUIN-JUILLET CHATEAUROUX : TYPOSBAPHIE ET LITHOGRAPHIE BADEL 4, 6, 8, RUE VIEILLE-PRISON 1918 COMPOSITION M LA CHAMBRE Pendaat l'Année 1918 ) ) M. PUGEAULT, Préfet de l'Indre, Président d'honneur. Président M. POISSON, (#.G 0), Industriel, à Saint-Maur. Vice-Présidents. M. BOISFARD ($M A.), Industriel, à Issoudun. M. DE LA SELLE, Manufacturier, à Châteauroux. Secrétaire. M. PHILIPPEAU, Épicier en gros, à Châteauroux. Trésorier. M. ROLLIN, Entrepreneur de couvertures,à Châteauroux. ; M. BODARD, Industriel, à Verneuil. ( M. CUSSON, Fondeur-Constructeur, à Châteauroux. l M. DÉDOLIN, Entrepreneur de menuiserie, à La Châtre. ) M. JOUET, Commerçant détaillant, à Châteàuroux. In timbres 1linotier, à Issoudun. J M. LUNEAU, Minotier, à Issoudun. M. MOUCHEBOEUF, Fabricant de parchemins, à Issoudun. 1 M. PÊYROT-DESGACHONS (|>I.), Pharmacien, au Blanc. * M. POLOGNE, Épicier en gros, au Blanc. secrétaireIrésorier honoraire., M. ROUFFILANGE, ancien Banquier, à Châteauroux. Secrétaire administratif: M. FOURNIER, 11, avenue de la Gare, à Châteauroux. TABLEAU PAR SÉRIES SORTANTES en 1914 t en 191G en 1918 MM. BODARD. N. BOISFARD. DÉDOLIN. LUNEAU. CUSSON. N. MOUCHEBOEUF. JOUET. V PEYROT-DES6ACHONS. PHILIPPEAU. ROLLIN. POISSON. POLOGNE. DE LA SELLE. s k -. Siège de la Chambre ii. AVENUE DE LA GARE. Bulletin soumis à la censuré. CHAMBRE DE COMMERCE DE CHA TEAUROUX Séance du 19 Juin 1918 La Chambre de Commerce de Châteauroux s'est réunie le 19 juin 1918, à 1 heure et demie, sous la présidence de M. Poisson. Etaient présents: MM. Poisson, président; Boisfard, et de la Selle, vice-présidents ; Rollin, trésorier ; Bodard, Cusson, Dédolin, Luneau, Mouchebœuf et Pologne. Excusés : MM. Philippeau, secrétaire et Peyrot-Desgachons. Absent par cas de force majeure : M. Jouet, capitaine territorial d'infanterie, mobilisé. ORDRE DU JOUR: 4° Lecture du procès-verbal de la séance précédente ; 2° Correspondance ; 30 Approbation du compte de -4947 et du projet de budget de 4949 ; 40 Demande de subvention ; 5° Achat d'une obligation entière de la Société en formation « France-Expansion » ; 6° Offices municipaux de placement pour les ouvriers et employés ; 70 Communications diverses. Lecture du procès-verbal Le procès-verbal de la séance du 15 mai 1918 est adopté sans observation. CORRESPONDANCE M. le Président communique à la Chambre la correspondance reçue depuis la dernière séance, notamment les lettres et circulaires ci-après : — De M. le Ministre des Travaux publics et des Transports au sujet des transports des charbons par la voie d'eau ; — De M. le Ministre de l'Armement et des Fabrications de guerre, indiquant les taux des frets maxima applicables à partir du 1er mai aux voiliers naviguant sur l'Atlantique ; De M. le Sous-Intendant militaire de Châteauroux, faisant envoi de notices émanant du Sous-Secrétariat d'Etat du Ravitaillement au sujet de l'utilisation des sous-produits de la vigne ; — De M. le Président de l'Assemblée des Présidents des Chambres de Commerce de France faisant connaître que MM. A. Drouant, restaurateur, A. Glon, limonadier et A. Duval, restaurateur, sont présentés comme délégués suppléants à la Commission supérieure de classement des établissements de luxe ; — De M. le Directeur de l'Office colonial remerciant la Chambre pour la subvention allouée par elle à cette organisation ; — De MM. Ratier, sénateur, Cosnier, Bénazet et Fougères, députés, accusant réception de l'envoi de délibérations prises par la Chambre de Commerce ; De la Ligue Nationale contre l'alcoolisme accusant réception de l'envoi de la délibération prise parla Chambre de Com merce relativement à l'extension du privilège des bouilleurs de cru ; De M. le Directeur de l'Enregistrement, des Domaines et du Timbre, à Châteauroux, faisant envoi de trois exemplaires d'une note éditée par le Ministère des Finances au sujet de l'application de la taxe sur les paiements ; — De M. le Consul Américain, à Limoges, demandant des renseignements sur l'industrie et le commerce du département. La Chambre approuve toutes les réponses faites par M. le Président. Situation de la Chambre de Commerce au 31 décembre 1917. Par lettre en date du 25 mai 1918, M. le Préfet de l'Indre communique l'état ci-après de la situation de la Chambre de Commerce au 31 décembre 1917. Département : Indre. Ville où siège la Chambre de Commerce : Châteauroux. Nombre des membres déterminé par décret : 45. Nombre des membres en exercice : 13. Date de la création : 17 janvier 1809. Etendue de la circonscription : Le dépaftemt'nt de l'Indre. Population de la circonscription de la Chambre : 287.673 habitants. Nombre des patentés de la circonscription : 10.443. Principal de la circonscription des patentes dans la circonscription: 272.062 francs. Montant de l'imposition additionnelle ordinaire (non compris les centimes spéciaux pour non-valeurs) autorisée en 1917 : 6.500 francs. Nombre de centimes ou fraction de centime que représente au marc le franc ladite imposition : 0 fr. 0268787. Approbation du compte de l'exercice 1917 et du projet de budget de 1919. L'rocès-verbal de la Commission des Finances. La Commission des Finances s'est réunie le dix-neuf juin mil neuf cent dix-huit, à midi et demie, à la Chambre de Commerce. Assistaient à la séance : MM. Bodard, Cusson, Luneau et Pologne. M. le Trésorier met à la disposition de la Commission les registres, pièces de comptabilité et compte de gestion de 1917. La Commission procède immédiatement à l'examen de toutes les pièces communiquées, et il ressort de cet examen : Que les recettes de l'exercice 1917, y compris la quote-part revenant à la Chambre de Commerce sur le produit de l'exploitation, pendant le 4e trimestre 1916 et les lor, 2e et 3e trimestres 1917, du circuit téléphonique Paris-Châteauroux 2°, se sont élevées à 13.088 34 Et que les dépenses, y compris la somme venant en remboursement à la Caisse des Dépots et Consignations sur l'emprunt de 45.000 francs ayant contribué à l'établissement du circuit télé phonique Paris-Châteauroux 2e ont été de. , 10.530 03 D'où il résulte un excédent de recettes de 2 558 31 Le fonds de réserve à la clôture de l'exercice 1917 est de 2.900 » * Par sa vérification complète, la Commission constate la parfaite exactitude des chiiïres de tous les documents communiqués et approuve le compte de gestion de 1917 présenté par M. le Trésorier. Elle approuve ensuite les prévisions du budget de Î919 établies par M. le Président. D'après lesdites prévisions, ce budget s'élèvera, en recettes et dépenses, à la somme de 9.810 francs. OBSERVATIONS I Le dépassement de l'article 11 (subventions diverses), a fait l'objet d'une autorisation de M. le Ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie en date du 19 février 1918. [es Membres de la Commission des Finances, Signé : BODAHD, CUSSON, LUNEAU, POLOGNE. La Chambre de Commerce, après avoir pris connaissance du procès-verbal établi par sa Commission des Finances, prend la délibération suivante : La Chambre de Commerce, Vu le compte de 1917 établi ear son Trésorier ; Vu les propositions de M. le Président pour l'exercice 1919; Arrête : Le compte de 1917 est arrêté comme suit : Recettes. 13.088 34 Dépenses 10.530 03 Excédentderecettes. 2.558 31 Fonds de réserve 2.900 » Les prévisions du budget de 1919 sont fixées en recettes et en dépenses, à la somme de 9.810 francs dont 8.000 francs sont demandés à l'imposition, plus 5 centimes par franc pour couvrir les non-valeurs. La présente délibération est adoptée à l'unanimité des membres présents. 1 Demande de subvention. La Chambre de Commerce reçoit communication d'une lettre de M. le Président de l'Association nationale d'Expansion économique qui demande l'attribution d'une subvention pour l'exercice 1918. A l'unanimité une subvention de 100 francs est accordée à l'Association nationale d'Expansion économique. r Achat d'une obligation entière de la Société en formation « France-Expansion ». La Chambre de Commerce avait décidé, à sa séance du 15 mai dernier, de souscrire à une part d'obligation de 50J fr. de la Société Nationale de renseignements commerciaux et d'action économique en formation « France-Expansion ». L'article 6 des statuts de cette société prévoit, en effet, que le Conseil d'Administration aura le droit de diviser chacune des actions en deux parts de 500 francs ; mais, d'après une lettre reçue du Directeur de l'Association Nationald'Expansion économique, le Conseil d'Administration n'est pas décidé, quant à présent, à user de cette faculté et seules des actions complètes peuvent être souscrites. M. le Président consulte à ce sujet la Chambre qui, à l'unanimité, décide d'aequérir une action de 1.000 francs. Cette participation permettra à la Chambre de Commerce d'obtenir de la Société des renseignements commerciaux dont pourront bénéficier ceux de ses ressortissants qui voudront bien la consulter. Offices municipaux de placement pour les ouvriers et employés. M. le Président donne lecture de plusieurs délibérations de Chambres de Commerce au sujet de deux propositions de loi présentées, l'une, par M. Lauche, député, et ayant pour objet l'organisation du placement des ouvriers, employés et domestiques, l'autre par M. Treignier, député, tendant à modifier les articles 82 et 102 du Livre 1 du Code du Travail et de la Prévoyance so iale concernant l'organisation du marché du travail. D'après ces propositions et modifications, le placement des travailleurs et employés serait exercé complètement par des offices spéciaux du Ministère du Travail et du Ministère de l'Agriculture., Ces offices, organisés dans chaque commune, recevraient la dénomination « d'Offices municipaux de placement gratuit. » Il n'est pas douteux que lesdits offices pourraient rendre d'utiles services, mais la disposition formelle qui indique que le placement des travailleurs se fera exclusivement par leur intermédiaire et qui prévoit des peines graves contre tout particulier ou toute collectivité ayant publié des offres d'emploi ou recueilli des demandes, semble excessive. En conséquence, la Chambre de Commerce de Châteauroux : Considérant, Que la création d'offices municipaux de placement peut être, dans une certaine mesure, utile à la répartition de la maind'œuvre; 1 Mais, que d'un autre côté, la liberté individuelle en cette matière doit être respectée ; Emet le vœu : Qu'au cas ou des offices municipaux de placement seraient créés, la liberté individuelle soit respectée, c'est-à-dire que chaque particulier, collectivité, journal, etc., conserve le droit de recevoir et de publier des offres et demandes d'emploi ; Décide, Que copie de la présente délibération sera adressée a M. le Ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie, à M. le Ministre du Travail et fie la Prévoyance sociale et à MM. les Sénateurs et Députés de l'Indre. Communications diverses Assemblée des Présidents des Chambres de Commerce de France. M. de La Selle, vice-président, qui a représenté la Chambre de Commerce à la réunion de l'Assemblée des Présidents des Chambres de Commerce, le 3 juin courant, rend compte à ses collègues du résultat de sa mission (le texte des vœux émis à cette réunion figure à l'annexe). Bureau d'Etudes et de documentation des Chambres de Commerce. Le Bureau d'Etudes et de documentation des Chambres de Commerce, auquel la Chambre de Commerce de Châteauroux est affiliée, est définitivement constitué et fonctionne dès maintenant. Ce nouvel organisme qui est installé 23, avenue de Messine, à Paris, est administré par un Conseil de direction. Ce Conseil de direction a constitué ainsi qu'il suit son Bureau pour 4918 : M. Lamy, Président de la Chambre de Commerce de Limoges, Président du Bureau d'Etudes et de Documentation ; M Marot, Président de la Chambre de Commerce de Niort, Vice-Président, chargé spécialement du Secrétariat ; M. Tréhu, Président de la Chambre de Commerce de Fougères, spécialement chargé de la Trésorerie. Prix maxima des bois de feu. D'une note émanant du Ministère de l'Armement et des Fabrications de guerre, il résulte que les prix des bois de feu, pour le département de l'Indre ne doivent pas dépasser les suivants qui sont ceux offerts par les services militaires : Bois dur : 22 francs le stère ; Bois tendre : 16 francs le stère. Ces prix s'entendent marchandise prise sur wagon départ, ou rendue au centre dont le prestataire aura reçu l'indication. Ils ne comprennent pas les taxes d'octroi. Durée de validité des coupures émises par les Chambres de Commerce. La Chambre prend connaissance de la dépêche en date du 15 mai dernier, de M. le Ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie, dépêche dont un extrait est inséré ci-après : « Les hostilités se prolongeant et la pénurie des espèces continuant par suite, malgré la frappe de monnaie, j'estime, d'accord avec M. le Ministre des Finances, qu'il convient de prolonger, en même temps, d'une façon uniforme pour toutes les Chambres de Commerce, le délai de validité des coupures. « J'ai, en conséquence, l'honneur de vous prier de vouloir bien porter, le plus tôt possible, à la connaissance du public, que, nonobstant la clause imprimée sur la plupart des coupures émises par les Chambres de Commerce, les détenteurs de ces coupures pourront, en tout état de cause, obtenir encore le remboursement, soit au siège de la Chambre de Commerce, soit dans les caisses publiques ou aux succursales de la Banque de France jusqu'à l'expiration de l'année qui suivra la cessation des hostilités, cessation qui sera fixée par décret. » D'aj rès les indications figurant à leur verso, les plus anciennes coupures émises par la Chambre de Commerce de Châteauroux ne doivent venir en remboursement que le 6 avril 1920. Ce délai sera prorogé s'il est nécessaire et la Chambre de Commerce fera, en temps utile, une publicité suffisante pour que les détenteurs de ces coupures ne soient pas gênés par la date de leur remboursement. La Chambre reçoit encore communication des documents ci-après : 1° Plusieurs délibérations de la Chambre de Commerce de Roanne relatives à l'impôt sur les objets de luxe, la tenue des livres de commerce, les consortiums et la voie navigable du Rhône ; 20 Plusieurs délibérations du Conseil d'Administration de l'Association nationale d'Expansion économique au sujet des contributions indirectes, de l'impôt sur le revenu et du droit de timbre et d'enregistrement; 3° Rapport de la Chambre de Commerce de Bourg relatif à la taxe sur les paiements ; 4° Délibération de la Chambre de Commerce de Lyon-relative à la suppression du privilège des bouilleurs de cru : 50 Rapport de la Chambre de Commerce de Troyes au sujet du remembrement de la propriété rurale ; 6° Cinq projets de décrets déterminant les conditions d'application de la loi du 29 décembre 1917 sur le régime des entrepôts réels. L'ordre du jour étant épuisé, la séance est levée à 3 heures 45. ANNEXE ASSEMBLÉE DES PRÉSIDENTS DES CHAMBRES DE COMMERCE Vœux émis à la réunion du 3 juin 1918 à Paris. Projet de modification de la loi sur l'autonomie des ports de commerce. L'Assemblée, après avoir entendu le compte rendu qui lui a été fait, par les Présidents des Chambres de Commerce des ports maritimes, de leur réunion du l01 juin, dans laquelle M le Ministre des Travaux publics leur a fait connaître son intention de donner satisfaction aux vœux qu'elles avaient émis au sujet du rôle prépondérant qu'elles doivent avoir dans l'administration des ports, a décidé d'attendre le texte du nouveau projet ministériel qui leur parviendra par l'intermédiaire du Président de l'Assemblée des Présidents. ,.V'> Impôt de 10 0/0 sur les industries de luxe et taxe sur les paiements. L'Assemblée, rappelant le vœu qu'elle a émis dans sa séance du 19 mars 1918, proteste contre le principe d'une taxe élevée sur les objets de luxe, si contraire aux véritables intérêts de l'industrie française; Emet le vœu que tout au moins, si cette taxe doit être main tenue, elle ne soit appliquée que durant la guerre, qu'elle frappe seulement la partie du prix qui dépasse la limite à partir de laquelle l'objet rentre dans la catégorie des articles de luxe, ainsi que l'avait demandé à l'unanimité la Commission de classement ; Emet le vœu que sur cette nouvelle base les tableaux A et B soient revisés par ladite Commission. Au sujet de la taxe de 0,20 0/0, l'Assemblée a été d'avis qu'il y avait lieu de maintenir une distinction entre les consommations personnelles proprement dites et les consommations opé rées pour les besoins d'un commerce ou d'une industrie, distinction qui résulte tant de la loi qui a été votée que des explications du Ministre, affirmant qu'il n'y aurait aucun double emploi dans l'application de l'impôt. Elle a demandé, en conséquence, que les règlements et circulaires administratifs qui ont méconnu l'esprit de la loi sur ce point soient rap1 portés. Enregistrement obligatoire des contrats et marchés. L'Assemb'ée, examinant le projet de budget ordinaire des Services civils pour 1 exercice 1918, adopté par la Chambre des Députés, décide d'appeler l'attention du Parlement sur les inconvénients graves de l'article 11, rendant obligatoire l'enregistrement des contrats et marchés, mesure qui aura la plus fâcheuse répercussion sur les affaires. Elle demande que dans le § 1er de l'article 8 du projet primitif, devenu l'article 4 du projet soumis au Sénat, soit insérée une disposition précisant que son texte n'est pas applicable aux marchés et conventions réputés actes de commerce par les lois existantes et que ces marchés et conventions ne sont pas soumis à l'enregistrement obligatoire. Elle demande, en outre, que le § 4 de cet article 8, devenu l'article 11, soit supprimé de manière que Ifs marchés, traités et autres actes réputés actes de commerce, revêlant la forme synallagmatiqup, puissent continuer à bénéficier de l'article 22 de la loi du 11 juin 1859. Confiscation des marchandises dans le délai de 5 jours pour inobservation des formalités prescrites pour l'importation. L'Assemblée, considérant que la loi du 5 avril 1918, en édictant la confiscation des marchandises non munies d'une auto risation régulière d'importation dans le délai de 5 jours après leur arrivée est dans beaucoup de cas inapplicable ; Demande que le délai de 5 jours soit porté à 30 jours, et que, dans tous les cas, la loi ne soit mise en œuvre qu'avec tous les tempéraments nécessaires en tenant compte de la bonne foi des importateurs. Régime des fabrications de guerre. L'Assemblée, rappelant que seuls les commerçants et indus triels supportent le poids de l'impôt sur les bénéfices de guerre pui n'a atteint, jusqu ici, ni les viticulteurs ni les agriculteurs ; Considérant que le projet de loi qui fait l'objet du rapport � de M. le Sénateur Perchot non seulement aggrave considéra blement les charges de l'industrie, mais encore inaugure un régime de véritable tutelle de l'Etat de nature à apporter un trouble grave dans la production ; Considérant qu'il revêt un caractère particulièrement dangereux et qu'il constitue une mesure rétroactive dont l'application pourrait entraîner la ruine de certains contribuables ; Renouvelle ses protestations contre la rétroactivité donnée aux lois et demande que le législateur s'en tienne à l'impôt sur les bénéfices de guerre qui, au tarif auquel il a été porté, est de naturte à donner au Trésor des rentrées importantes. Office commercial français en Suisse. Zurich Bahnhofstrasse, 73 Zurich, le 6 mai 1918 Paris Office National du Commerce extérieur Monsieur le Président, 3, rue Feydeau Monsieur le Ministre du Commerce a bien voulu, par circulaire du 6 février dernier, aviser votre Compagnie de la création de l'Office commercial français en Suisse. En nous déférant à cette demande officielle, nous avons avons l'honneur de vous faire connaître que l'Office, dont les bureaux ont été ouverts à Zûrich le 15 février dernier, est en ce moment en plein fonctionnement. Vous voudrez bien trouver dans la notice ci-annexée tous , les renseignements concernant son objet et ses moyens d'action. Nous croyons devoir cependant insister d'une façon ioute particulière sur le caractère réellement pratique de notre activité qui tendra surtout à favoriser la réalisation des ventes en Suisse par l'exposition d'échantillons, par la remise de col-, lections à de bons agents recrutés par les soins de l'Office, ou par leur présentation directe aux acheteurs suisses par notre personnel. Nous vous serions reconnaissants, pour nous permettre de donner à notre action le maximum d'efficacité, de vouloir bien signaler à l'attention des industriels et commerçants de votre région, la création de cette institution d'intérêt général. Nous avons pensé, en effet, que les efforts que nous comptons faire pour favoriser le commerce français en Suisse, rencontreront l'appui et les sympathies des Chambres de Commerce et groupements industriels de France. Situé au centre de la Suisse, au cœur même des atIaires, administré et dirigé par des commerçants ou d'anciens commerçants, l'Office se croit tout particulièrement apte à aider de ses conseils et à guider les efforts de nos producteurs qui chercheraient à s'établir sur le marché suisse, ou à y développer leurs affaires. Nous n'ignorons certes pas les difficultés économiques de l'heure présente, tant au point de vue de la production que de l'exportation. Témoins de l'action constante de l'Allemagne en vue d'accaparer le marché suisse et d'y supplanter nos industriels, postés en quelque sorte au front de la lutte économique qui s'allume, nous pensons qu'un grand effort est nécessaire, dès à présent, de la part de nos producteurs, pour assurer l'avenir de notre exportation en Suisse. En les conviant à une action énergique dans ce sens, nous nous mettons à leur entière disposition pour les aider dans toute la mesure de nos moyens. Veuillez agréer, Monsieur le Président, l'assurance de notre considération la plus distinguée. Le Directeur de l'Office Commercial français en Suisse, | (Illisible). ML � Séance du 24 Juillet 1918 La Chambre de Commerce s'est réunie le 24 juillet 1918, à 1 heure et demie, sous la présidence de M. Poisson. Etaient présents : MM. Poisson, président ; Boisfard et de La Selle, vice présidents ; Rollin, trésorier; Bodard et Dédolin. Excusés : MM. Philippeau, secrétaire; Cusson, Luneau, Mouchebœuf, Peyrot-Desgachons et Pologne. Absent par cas de force majeure : M. Jouet, capitaine territorial d'infanterie, mobilisé. OHDRE DU JOUR : 4° Lecture du procès-verbal; 2o Correspondance; 3° Installation du chef-lieu de la XVe région économique ; 40 Examen d'une lettre du Directeur de l'Association Nationale d'Expansion économique au sujet de la formation de la Société « France Expansion » ; 5° Modification de la loi du 18 juillet 1866 sur les courtiers de marchandises ; 6° Emploi du bois comme combustible dans l'industrie; 7° Communications diverses. Lecture du procès-verbal Le procès-verbal de la séance du 19 juin 1918 est adopté sans observation. CORRESPONDANCE M. le Président communique à la Chambre la correspondance reçue depuis la dernière séance, notammént les lettres ci-après : — De M. le Préfet de l'Indre, invitant la Chambre de Commerce à assister, le 14 juillet, sur la place Voltaire, à Châteauroux, à la revue des troupes franco-américaines de la garnison, passée par M. le Général Passard, commandant la subdivision ; De M. le Consul américain, à Limoges, remerciant la Chambre pour l'envoi de renseignements au sujet de questions économiques ; — De M. Cosnier, député, accusant réception d'une délibération prise par la Chambre de Commerce ; — De l'Association Italo-Française d'expansion économique demandant des renseignements concernant les importations et exportations ; Du Bureau d'Etudes et de Documentation faisant envoi d'un répertoire des documents concernant le commerce et l'industrie, parus au Journal officiel du 16 juin au 16 juillet 1918. Installation du chef-lieu de la XVe Région économique. La Chambre de Commerce reçoit communication d'une lettre de M. le Ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie faisant connaître que la XVe Région économique est constituée et que son siège sera situé à Bourges où aura lieu, le lundi 29 juillet, jour de son installation, une réunion des Chambres de Commerce de Bourges, Orléans, Chateauroux, Blois et Nevers A cette réunion, M. le Ministre du Commerce sera représenté par MM. Fighiéra, directeur des affaires commerciales et industrielles au Ministère du Commerce et de l'Industrie ; Hauser, membre correspondant de l'Institut et AllegTet, chargé de mission au Ministère du Commerce. M. le Président annonce également qu'il a reçu de la Chambre de Commerce de Bourges une lettre invitant les Membres du Bureau à assister à la réunion d'installation et au déjeuner devant avoir lieu, à Bourges, le 29 juillet. Il est ensuite décidé que la Chambre de Commerce de Chateauroux sera représentée au déjeuner et à la réunion d'installation du chef-lieu de la XVe Bégion économique par MM. Poisson, président; Boisfard et de La Selle, vice présidents. Examen d'une lettre du Directeur de l'Association Nationale d'Expansion économique au sujet de la formation de la Société « France-Expansion ». M. le Président informe ses collègues que M. le Directeur de l'Association Nationale d'Expansion économique lui a écrit que, dans le but de provoquer des souscriptions à la Société en formation « France Expansion , il viendrait volontiers à la Chambre de Commerce de Chateauroux exposer dans une réunion des principaux industriels et commerçants, le programme le but, les moyens d'action de cette société. Plusieurs des membres de l'Assemblée et notamment M. de La Selle, vice-président, font remarquer que les industriels et commerçants du département paraissant les plus susceptibles de participer à la formation de a France-Expansion » ont été pressentis par la Chambre de Commerce et n'ont pas répondu à l'appel qui leur a été fait. Dans ces conditions il y a tout lieu de penser que la démarche projetée par M. le Directeur de l'Association Nationale d'Expansion économique ne produirait pas le résultat escompté. M. le Président reçoit la mission de lui répondre dans ce sens. Modification de la loi du 18 juillet 1866 sur les courtiers de marchandises. La Fédération méridionale des syndicats des courtiers en vins, a adressé, à la Chambre de Commerce, un projet de modification de la loi du 18 juillet 1866 sur les courtiers de marchandises. La modification en question assurerait certaines garanties d'honorabilité et de probité à la profession de courtier de marchandises qui, surtout depuis la guerre, est exercée trop: souvent par des gens tarés et sans ressources certaines ::. Le commerce en général gagnerait certainement beaucoup à n'être représenté que par des gens probes, honnêtes et consciencieux. Aussi la Chambre de Commerce de Châteauroux n'hésite nullement à se ranger à l avis de la Fédération méridionale des syndicats des courtiers en vins et à émettre le vœu que la loi du 18 juillet 1866 soit modifiée comme suit : Article premier. — Ajouter le paragraphe suivant : o Toutefois, ne pourront exercer la profession de courtier « de marchandises que les personnes qui satisferont aux con« ditions imposées à l'article 2 et qui, ayant fait leur demande « par écrit au Président du Tribunal de Commerce, ou à défaut « de Tribunal de Commerce au Président du Tribunal Civil « jugeant commercialement, de la juridiction dont elles « dépendent, auront été agréées par délibération dudit Tribu« nal. Leur radiation ne pourra être prononcée que par déci« sion de ce Tribunal siégeant en Chambre du Conseil ». Article 2. — Modifier le début ainsi qu'il suit : (< Il devra être dressé par le Tribunal de Commerce et, « dans les juridictions où n'existe pas de Tribunal de Com« merce, par le Tribunal Civil, une liste des courtiers de mar« chandises de tout le ressort de la juridiction, agréés par le «,Tribunal ». Article 4. — Ajouter un paragraphe conçu ainsi : « Pour toutes les transactions quelles qu'elles soient où il sera « fait usage de l'entremise d'un courtier, celui-ci devra être « régulièrement inscrit, à peine par chacune des parties con« tractantes, de devenir passible d'une amende qui pourra « aller de 5* 0 à 5.000 francs ». Copie de la présente délibération sera adressée à M. le Ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie et à M. le Ministre de la Justice.) Emploi du bois comme combustible dans l'industrie. M. le Président communique à l'Assemblée une lettre et une instruction toute récente de M. le Ministre de l'Armement réglementant l'emploi du bois comme combustible dans l'industrie. Il lit également une délibération de la Chambre de Commerce d'Epinal protestant contre cette réglementation. Après discussion, la Chambre de Commerce sur la proposition de M. de La Selle, vice-président, décide, à l'unanimité, de réserver son appréciation à ce sujet, jusqu'au moment où les mesures édictées par l'instruction ministérielle seront entrées en vigueur. C'est, en effet, à ce moment seulement, qu'on pourra se rendre compte soit des inconvénients de cette réglementation, soit de son utilité. Communications diverses Mise en sursis des ouvriers spécialistes des réparations de machines agricoles. M. le Président fait connaître à ses collègues que nombre d'ouvriers mécaniciens, spécialistes de réparations des machines agricoles, qui étaient en sursis jusqu'au 30 juin, n'ont pu obtenir le renouvellement de leurs sursis, ce dont se plaignent vivement les entrepreneurs de réparations, lesquels ne peuvent, par suite, donner satisfaction à leur clientèle. Les agriculteurs se plaignent également et déclarent qu'ils auront du fait de ce manque de réparations, de grosses difficultés pour effectuer les travaux de la moisson. En conséquence, le vœu suivant est adopté à l'unanimité : « La Chambre de Commerce de Châteauroux, considérant « que le manque de main d'oeuvre empêche la réparation de a nombreuses machines agricoles et que l'agriculture éprou« vera, de ce fait, de grandes difficultés pour faire les travaux « de la moisson et ensuite ceux de, préparation des terres et « d'ensemencements des céréales ; « Demande aux Pouvoirs publics : « 1° De faire accorder le plus grand nombre possible de « sursis aux spécialistes des professions se rattachant à l'agri« culture; « 2° De faire replacer d'urgence en sursis dans les maisons « où ils étaient précédemment employés, les spécialistes dont * « les sursis n'ont pas été renouvelés le 30 juin ; « Décide, , < « Que copie de la présente délibération sera adressée d'ur« gence à M. le Président du Conseil, Ministre de la Guerre , à « M. le Ministre de l'Agriculture et à M. le Ministre du Com« merce et de l'Industrie. » La Chambre reçoit encore communication des documents ci-après: 1° Délibération de la Chambre de Commerce de Rotiez au sujet de la taxe sur les paiements ; 20 Rapport de la Chambre de Commerce de Rodez sur la spécialisation des usines ; 3° Délibération de la Chambre de Commerce de Bergerac concernant le monopole de l'alcool ; 4° Rapport de la Chambre de Commerce de Lyon relatif au régime d'expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique ; aO Délibération de la Chambre de Commerce do Vienne relative à la création de Chambres de métiers ; 60 Rapports des Chambres de Commerce d'Elbeuf et de Vienne sur le régime des fabrications de guerre ; 70 Rapport de la Chambre de Commerce d'Elbeuf concernant la refonte générale de la tarification des grands réseaux. Il est donné acte à M. le Président de ces diverses communications. L'ordre du jour étant épuisé, la séance est levée à 3 heures 45'. COMMISSIONS die la Oham byae de Commerce , MM. BODARD. , POLOGNE. Transports et 1/1/M, 1*1**0 V I LUNEAU. » PEYROT-DESGACHONS DÉDOLIN. L l , : l JOUET. Législation commerciale ) lJf B ( MOUCHEBOEUF. 113 Bourses et Ecoles de commerce 1 P HILIPPEAU J | PHILIPPEAU, POISSON. ,-. ( BOISKARD. Conditions du travail CUSSON. C Questions économiques < JOUET. et sociales I ROLLIN. [ DE LA SELLK. < BODARD. D Budget de la Chambre CUSSON. — de Commerce J LUNEAU. POLOGNE. Le Bureau fait partie des Commissions A. B. C. * I Le Bulletin de la Chambre de Commerce est envoyé régulièrement à MM. les Ministres du Commerce, de l'Agriculture, des Travaux publics et du Travail ; à MM. le Préfet, les Sénateurs et Députés de l'Indre, le Président du Conseil général ; aux Municipalités de Châteauroux, du "Blanc, de La Châtre, d'Issoudun et des chefs-lieux de canton de l'Indre ; à toutes les Chambres de Commerce françaises.
| 11,846 |
https://github.com/CommerceKitty/commercekitty-ose/blob/master/src/Command/ReplayWarehouseEventsCommand.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
commercekitty-ose
|
CommerceKitty
|
PHP
|
Code
| 91 | 415 |
<?php declare(strict_types=1);
namespace CommerceKitty\Command;
use CommerceKitty\Entity\Warehouse\WarehouseEventStore;
use Doctrine\ORM\EntityManagerInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Command\Command;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Output\OutputInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Messenger\MessageBusInterface;
class ReplayWarehouseEventsCommand extends Command
{
protected static $defaultName = 'app:warehouse:replay';
private $manager;
private $warehouse;
public function __construct(EntityManagerInterface $manager, MessageBusInterface $eventBus)
{
$this->manager = $manager;
$this->eventBus = $eventBus;
parent::__construct();
}
protected function configure()
{
}
protected function execute(InputInterface $input, OutputInterface $output)
{
// Count Events
$collection = $this->manager->getRepository(WarehouseEventStore::class)
->createQueryBuilder('es')
->orderBy('es.createdAt', 'ASC')
->getQuery()
->getResult()
;
$namespace = 'CommerceKitty\\Message\\Event\\Warehouse';
foreach ($collection as $event) {
$fqcn = $namespace.'\\'.$event->getEventType().'Event';
$command = new $fqcn($event->getPayload(), $event->getMetadata());
$this->eventBus->dispatch($command);
}
return Command::SUCCESS;
}
}
| 40,785 |
jrusalemdlivrep00lebrgoog_32
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,836 |
Jérusalem délivrée, poème du Tasse; traduit en françois par le prince Le Brun
|
Tasso, Torquato, 1544-1595. Gerusalemme liberata. French
|
French
|
Spoken
| 8,039 | 13,216 |
Che del pensier délia futura proie , Porto la fama e dirnigô d' inturno Un tacilo placer sentia nel petto. L' aspetlato venir de' tre baroni ; L' alba inianto sorgea , nunsia del sole ; E tnnanii ad essi al pio GolTredo corse , E *l eiel cangiara in oriente aspetto : Che per raccorli dal suo seggio sorse. CHANT XVm. 385 I »n WBaMB m«oa m CHANT DIX-HUITIÈME. Renaud, d'un air soumis et respectueux , aborde Godefroi, et lui adresse ce discours : « Seigneur , l'honneur jaloux « m'arma contre l'infortuné Gernand ^ si j'ai violé tes lois , M le repentir et le remords m'en ont puni. Je reviens à ta « voix , prêt à tout faire pour expier mon crime. » Bouillon se penche vers lui , et le serrant dans ses bras : « Perdons, lui dit-il, le souvenir d'une triste erreur ; oublions w ton malheur et ta faute : pour l'expier, je ne te demande « que de te ressembler à toi-même et de t'illustrer par des « exploits nouveaux. Viens combattre pour nous. Viens « hâter la perte de nos ennemis, en triomphant des monstres «< qui défendent la forêt. « Cette antique forêt, qui fournit du bois pour la construc « tion de nos machines premières , est devenue le séjour des « enchantements , un lieu de terreur et d'effroi ^ personne « n'ose y porter la cognée, et cependant, sans machines, « l'Infidèle rira de nos impuissants efforts. Que cet objet de « terreur pour tous nos guerriers devienne pour toi la ma « tière d'un nouveau triomphe. » GANTO XVIII. 1. Gianto Rlnaldo ove Gofl^edo è sorto Ad incontrarlo, Incomtnclô ; Signore, A Teodtcarml del gneriier ch* è morto , Gora mi splnse di geloso onore: E •* lo n' oITest te , ben disconforto Ne sentil poscla e penitenza al core. Or Tegno a' tnoi richiami ; ed ogni emenda Son pronto a far, che grato a te ml reoda. s. A loi ch' amli gli s' incbinô , le braccla stase al collo Gofliredo , e gll rlspose : Ogni irista niemorla oinai si taocia , E pongansi in oblio le andate cose : E per emenda io vorrô sol che faccla , Quai per oso faresti , opre famose ; Ghe 'n daono de' nemici , e 'n pr6 de* nostrl , Vincer conTientl della seWa i mostri. 3. L' antichlssima seka onde fu avanti De* nostri ordigni la materla traita , Qaal che sia la caglone , ora è d' Incanti Sécréta stanza e formidabil fatta ; Ne r* è chi legno indi troacar si vantl : Ne TuoI ragion, che la città si batta Senza tall instramenti. Or cola dore Paventan gll aitrl « Il too valor si prove. 25 386 LA JÉRUSALEM DÉUVRÉE, Il dit , et le héros , d'un ton modeste , se dévoue aux dan gers et aux travaux qu'il offre à sa valeur. On lit sur son front la certitude d'un succès que ne promettent point ses paroles. Guelfe , Tancrède et les principaux héros se ras semblent et se pressent autour de lui ; il leur donne la main et les embrasse, les quitte, revient à eux et les embrasse encore. D'un air affable, populaire, il accueille la foule empressée ; tout retentit de cris d'allégresse, tout le camp l'environne; on croiroit qu'il revient vainqueur des peuples de l'aurore et du midi. Suivi de ce nombreux cortège , il rentre dans sa tente , et s'y assied au milieu d'un cercle d'amis ; ils s'entretiennent long-temps et de la guerre et de la forêt enchantée. Enfin on se sépare. Le solitaire , resté seul , adresse à Renaud ce dis cours : « Tu as vu , Seigneur , d'étonnantes merveilles ; un « charme funeste avoit bien loin de nous égaré tes pas et ta « valeur. u Que ne dois-tu point à l'arbitre du monde? Il t'arrache « à un magique pouvoir -, il te rend à un troupeau, dont une « folle erreur t'avait séparé ; par l'organe de Bouillon , il te « choisit pour être sous lui l'exécuteur de ses volontés ; mais « il ne faut pas que tu armes pour ces grands desseins une « main impure encore et profane. « Le bandeau fatal est toujours sur tes yeux ; ton ame est 4. GosI disse egli : e 1 caralter ^ oflérM Goo brevl detU «I risfhio e alla fatlca; Ma negli attl magnanlml si scerM Gh' awal farà, benchè non molto et dica. E verso gU allri pot lieto conTerse La destra e ^ Tolto alP accogUenta arnica. Qui Gnelfo , qnl Taocredt , e qui già tutti S' eran dell' oste 1 principi ridattl. 5. Poichë le dimostranse oneste e care Gon que* soprani egU Itéré più Tolte , Placido affabilmente e popolare L' allre gentl mlnorl ebbe raccolte. Ne saria già plè allegro il mlliiare Grldo, o le tarbe intorno a Ini più foite, Se Tlnto r Oriente e *l Meuoglorno , Trionfante ei n' andasse in carro adorno. 6. Gosl ne Ta sino al sno albergo , e siede In cmrchio qnUi al cari amtci aocanto : E molto lor risponde, e molto cbiede Or délia gnerra, or del sUveslre incanto. Ma qnaodo ogono partendo agio lor diede, Gosl gli disse r Eremita santo: BeQ gran cose , signore , e longo corso ( Mirabll peregrino ! ) errando bai scorso. 7. Qnanto deri al gran Re che 1 mondo ren« Tratto egli t' ha dalP incanute soglie : El te smarrito agnel , fra le soo gngg^ Or rlcondooe * e nel sno OTlle accogUe ; E per la voce del Bnglion t* elegge Secondo esecntor délie sue vogUe. Ha non conTlensI già ch' ancor profano Ne* snol gran ministeri arml la mano : 8. Che sel délia callgine del mondo E dolla came tu dl modo asperso , CHANT XVIII. 387 <i toujours plongée dans la fange d'un monde corrompu , et « toutes les eaux du Nil , du Gange et de l'Océan , ne pour « roient lui rendre sa pureté. Le ciel seul effacera les traces « honteuses de tes foiblesses. Saintement humilié, implore « sa clémence , dévoile tes fautes secrètes , verse des larmes « avec des prières. » Il dit , et le héros déplore ses superbes dédains et ses folles amours. Le cœur déchiré, les yeux baissés, il se prosterne aux pieds du solitaire, et lui découvre toutes ses jeunes erreurs. Pierre, au nom du Ciel, l'absout et lui pardonne : « Demain , lui dit-il , aux premiers rayons du jour, tu iras *< offrir ton hommage à l'Eternel , sur cette montagne que « l'aurore naissante éclaire de ses feux. « De là tu iras à cette forêt qu'assiègent tant de vains pres «< tiges, tant de fantômes imposteurs. Ces monstres, ces « géants , tu les vaincras , Renaud , si tu sais te défendre « d'une nouvelle erreur. Que les cris de la douleur, que les « chants de la volupté n'amollissent point ton ame. Sois, je « t'en conjure , sois insensible au doux sourire, aux regards « caressants de la beauté -, dédaigne un aspect trompeur et « de feintes prières. » Le guerrier, qu'enflamment ses conseils , brûle de voler à une entreprise dont le succès flatte ses vœux. Il y rêve tout le jour, il y rêve toute la nuit , et dans son impatience il accuse la lenteur de l'aurore. Avant qu'elle ait allumé ses CheM Nilo o '1 Gange, o V OcMn profondo Non tl potrebbe far candldo e teno. Sol la gracia del Cial qaanto hai d* Immondo Pvô render pnro : al Ciel donqne cou? erso RlTerente perdon ricitledi , e «{dega Le tue tacite colpe , e plangl e prega. 9. Gosi gli disse : ed ei prima in se stesso Pianse i superbi sdegni e I folU amori, Pol chinato a' saoi piè loesto e dimesso Tnttl scoprigll i gioTenlII errorl. Il ministro del Ciei , dopo il concess'^ Perdono , a lai dicea : co^ noTi albori Ad orar te n' andrat là sa quel monte Che al raggio mattatin volge la fronte. 10. Qoinci al boi»co t' iovia, dore cotant! Son fantaami inganneroli e bagiardi. TIncerai , qnesto so , mostri e giganti , Pnr ch' aitro folle error non ti (itardt. Deh aè Toce cbe doice o plaoga o canti , Ne beltà che sofire o rida o gnardl , Con tenere losinghe il cor ti pieghi ; Ma sprezza i finti aspetlif e i flnti pregbi. 11. Cosî il ctmsiglia : e M cavaUer s' appresta , Desiando e sperando , ail' alta impresa. Passa pensoso il di , pensosa e mesta La Dotte ; e pria ch' In ciel sta r alba acce<a. Le belle arme si cioge , e soprav testa Nova ed estrania di color s* ha presa ; E tntto solo e tacito e pedone Lascia i compagnl e lascla il padigllono. 388 LA JÉRUSALEM DÉLIVRÉE, feux , il a déjà pris son armure; il sort de sa tente, et seul^ à pied , il marche en silence vers la montagne. Les ombres luttoient encore avec la lumière ; quelques étoiles encore brilloient sur Tazur des cieux ; mais déjà l'orient étoit couvert d'un manteau d'or et de pourpre. Renaud con temple ces beautés immortelles , incorruptibles ^ qui ornent la nuit et redoublent l'éclat du jour. « Que de clartés, disoit-il, répandues dans les cienx ! le so « leilroulesursoncharmajestueux; desastresd'orétincellent « sur le front delà nuit, et tant de merveillesne peuvent atta « cher nos cœurs et nos pensées I £t nous sommes éblouis de « cette lumière sombre et pâle que le jeu d'un regard , que w réclair d'un sourire fait luire sur le flpont d'une mortelle ! » Cependant il atteint le sommet de la montagne-, là ,11 s'in cline d'un air respectueux , et les yeux tournés vers l'orient, il élève ses pensées jusqu'au trône de l'Eternel ^ <* O mon « père ! ô mpn souverain maître ! s'écrie-t-il , jette un re « gard de pitié sur ma vie première et mes premières cr « reurs. Épanche sur moi la rosée de ta grâce , et chasse de M mon ame le levain impur dont elle est infectée. » L'aurore plus vermeille l'éclairoitde ses rayons ; son casque, ses armes, la cime de la montagne , étoient dorés de sa lu mière : un air plus pur et plus frais portoit le calme dans ses sens , et le zéphyr qui agitoit les nuages en faisoit des cendre une douce rosée. la. En nella itagloii eh' anco non oMto LIbero ogol coofin la Dotte al giorno. Ma V oriente rpsseggtar si vede , Ed anco è 11 ciel d' alcana steBa adorno ; Qaando el driszô ter V OllTeto 11 ptede , Cocli occhi alutl contemplando Intorno Quincl nottarne « qulndl uatintine Bellesse inoorrattlbili e divine. 13. Fra se stesso pensava : oh qoante belle Lncl 11 templo céleste In se ragana ! Ha 11 «no sran carro 11 dl ; V anrate stelle Spiega la notte , e V argentata lona. Ma non è chl vagheggi o qnesta o quelle : E mlrlam nol torbida Ince e brana , Gh* un glrar d' oochl , an balenar dl rlso Scopre In brève conOn dl fragU tIso. 14. Cosi pensando , aile plù eocebe cime Ascèse ; e qnivl Inehlno e rlverente , Alz6 il pensler sorra ognl ciel soblime, E le lucl ÛMÔ nell' oriente : La prima ?ita e le mie colpe prime Mira con occhlo dl pietà , clémente Padre e Signor, e In me tna grazia plovl , Sicchè M mlo veccfalo Adam parghl e rlnnoTl. 15. Cosl pregava : e gli aorgeva a fï-onte , Fatta gtà d* aaro , la TermigUa anrora , Che V elmo e V arme , e Intorno a loi del monte Le verdi dme illnminando Indora : Ë ventllar nel petto e nella fronte Sentia gli spirtl dl placevol ora , Che sovra il capo sno scotea dal grembo Délia beir alba an mgiadoso nembo. CHANT XVIII. 389 Ces perles liquides répandent sur ses habits une blancheur éclatante. Telle la fleur aride s'embellit des pleurs de l'au rore. Tel , au printemps , le serpent rajeuni étale l'or d'une peau nouvelle. Renaud , à cette vue , sent croître sa confiance et redou bler son courage 5 d'un pas intrépide il marche vers la forêt. Il arrive enfin au fatal endroit où règne la terreur, et où se sont arrêtés avant lui les plus audacieux guerriers. Le bois n'ofire à ses yeux rien qui l'eflraie ou l'étonné ; il n'y voit qu'un délicieux ombrage. Il avance : une douce harmonie vient charmer ses oreilles c'est un ruisseau qui murmure , c'est le zéphyr qui soupire à travers le feuillage , le cygne qui gémit , le rossignol qui se plaint et lui répond : c'est un concert d^nstruments et de voix, et dans un même son tous les sons mêlés et confondus. Il attendoit les éclats du tonnerre et mille objets de ter reur. Il n'entend que le chant des sirènes , le gazouillement des oiseaux , te murmure des eaux et des airs -, surpris , il s'arrête -, puis il avance d*un pas lent et suspendu ^ enfin il ne rencontre d'obstacle qu'un fleuve qui promène sans bruit ses ondes transparentes. Les bords en sont tapissés d'une riante verdure que par fument des fleurs *, dans son cours il embrasse la forêt ; ses 16. La ngf ada del ciel mile sue spofUe Cade , cha paraan cenere al colore ; Ë si r asperge , ehe ^ pallor ne toglle « E Indaoe in etse un luctdo candore. Tal rabbelllace le amanite foglie AI mattntlol gell arido flore ; E tal di Tasa gtOTentù rltoma Lleto il aerpente, e dl noT' or s* adoraa. 17. Il bel caador délia motata vesta Egll medesaio riguardando ammlra. Poscta rerao 1* antica alta foresta Con secura baldaaza I passl gira. Era là ginnto , oie I men forti arresta Solo il terror che di raa rlsta splra : Par né splacente a lai , ne paorow Il boaoo par, ma Uetamente ombroso. 18. Patia pl4 oitre ; ed ode on saono Intanto , Che doldailmamente «1 diffonde. Vi sente d* un nucelto il rooo pianto , £ 'I sospirar dell* aura infra le flronde , E dl mosico cifno 11 IlebU canto , E V nslgnool ohe plora e gU risponde; Organi e cetre , e tocI omane In rime ! Tant! e si fatti snoni an saono esprlme. ift. n cavalier, por oome agli allri av?Iene, N* attendera on gran taon d* alto spa? ento ; E t' ode pot di ninfe e dl sireoe , ly anre , d' acqne e d' anget dolce coooento-; Onde meraTlgNando il piè ritiene ; £ pot sen ?a totto sospeso e lento; E fra Tia non ritrora altro dhleto , Che qnel d' on flnme trasparente e cheto. 90. L' on marge e 1' altro del bel flame adorno, Di Tagbeise o d' odori olessa e ride. El tanto stende il soo glrevol eono , Cbe tra H sao giro U gran bosco ^ awide: 390 LA JÉRUSALEM DÉLIVRÉE , ondes amoureuses se replient et y forment un canal. Par un heureux échange , le bois s'abreuve de ses eaux et Fem bellit de son ombre. Le guerrier cherche un passage : soudain un pont s'élève sur des arches d'or, et lui offre un large chemin -, mais à peine il touche à l'autre rive, que l'onde s'enQe et mugit, et le pont s'abîme au milieu d'un torrent impétueux. Renaud se retourne ; il voit les Qots débordés qui s'agitent, et sur eux-mêmes ramènent mille fois leurs vagues écu mantes. Cependant un désir curieux l'entraîne sous ces om brages épais. Au milieu de cette soUtude sauvage , toujours dé nouvelles merveilles frappent ses regards et les attirent. Des sources jaillissent , des fleurs naissent sous ses pas : ici le lis ouvre son sein , plus loin la rose s'épanouit ; une fontaine les abreuve de son onde , un ruisseau les réfléchit dans son mobile cristal. Partout l'antique forêt rajeunit son feuillage , l'écorce s'amollit , tous les arbres se couronnent d'une nouvelle verdure. Sur les feuilles une manne céleste brille comme la rosée : le miel le plus pur distille des rameaux. Les chants de l'al légresse se mêlent encore aux accents de la douleur. Des voix humaines s'accordent aux sons plaintifs des cygnes , au murmure des airs et des eaux ; mais ce concert invisible se cache aux regards du guerrier. Ne par gH fa doloe ghirlanda Intorno ; E In qoeHe folUiidini seWftgse , Ma an canaietto sno r' entra, e 1 divide. Sempre a se nova meraTlglia U tragge. Bagna egli n boMO , e 1 boaco 1} flame.adoiiibra , as. Con bel camUo fra lor d* nmore e d' oaubra. Dove In paasando le Tosttgfa ei posa , SI. Par cir Ul scatartsca , o che gerrao^le : Mentre mira il gnerrlero ore si gnade , Là s' âpre 11 gigllo , e qal sponta la rose ; Ëcco un ponte mirabUe appariva , Qui sorge un fonte , ItI on rnscel si scloglle. Un rioco ponte d' or, che larghe strade E sorra e Intorno a lui la selva anooca SagU archt stabiUssiml gll offHva. Tatta parea ringiovenlr le foglie: Passa 11 dorato rarco : e quel gtù eade S' ammolliscon le suorie , e si rinrerde Tosto che n plè toccata ha 1* allra rira; Pin lioUmente In ogni planta il Tarde. R se nel porta In già 1' acqna repente , l4. L' acqna ch' è d' un bel rlo fatta un torrente. Rngladosa dl manna era ogni fronda ; ss. E dIatllIaTa dalle scorze II mêle. El si rlTolge , e dilata lo il mira E dl novo s' udia qnella gloconda E gonflo assai , qnasl per ne? i sclolte ; Strana armonla dl canto e dl querele : Che 'n se stesso volubll si raggira Ma il coro aman ch' al cignl, aU' aara, aU' onda Con mille raptdissime rlTOlte. Facea ténor, non sa dove si rele ; dla pur deslo di novitate II tira Non sa veder chi formi umani acceoli, A spiar tra le iriante antiche e folle ; Ne dore slano 1 mnslcl strooientl. CHANT XVIII. 39i Pendant que d'un œil inquiet il examine ces lieux , et que son esprit se refuse au rapport de ses sens , il aperçoit un myrte qui s'élève dans un espace solitaire *, il y court. Plus altier que le palmier et le cyprès , ce myrte domine sur les autres arbres , et semble le souverain de ces bois. Renaud s'arrête ; un plus grand prodige a frappé ses re gards. Un cbêne se fend de lui-même , et de son écorce ou verte sort une nymphe au printemps de l'âge , et revêtue des plus pompeux habits. Cent autres arbres enfantent cent autres nymphes. Elles ont le bras nu , la robe retroussée ; des brodequins leur servent de chaussure des tresses d'or flottent sur leurs épaules. Telles, sur la scène ou dans nos tableaux, on re présente les déesses des bois ; seulement , au lieu d'arc , au lieu de carquois , elles ont des sistres , des luths et des gui tares. Elles commencent à danser, et forment un cercle autour du myrte et du héros : en dansant , elles chantent toutes en semble : « Heureux le jour qui t'amène dans nos bois , ô fa <« vori de notre reine , d tendre objet de son amour et de son « inquiétude ! « Viens éteindre le feu qui la dévore , viens lui rendre la « vie , et guérir ses profondes blessures ! Cette forêt , jadis si as. Mentre rtgurda , 6 M» 11 pentiar aega A qnel che * lenso gll offerla per rero : Vode on mlrlo la disparta, e là cl pl«st , Ove in gran piaua tarmlna un senUero. L' estranto mirto i mol gran raml spl«ft, Pià del diveno e délia palma altero; E 80?ra tattl gU arborl frondeggia : Ëd iTl par del bosoo ester la reggla. 16. Fermo il guerrier oella gran plaisa , afflsa A maggior novitate allor le clglia. Quercia gll appar, cbe per se stessa Incisa Apre féconda 11 caro rentre , e flgUa ; E n' esce ftaor restlta In stranla gnlsa Ninfa d* età crescluta ( ob merariglla ! ) E vede insleme poi oento altre plante Cento nlnfe produr dal sen pregnante. Qoal le mostra la soena , o quai diplnte TalTolta rlmlrlam Dee boscarecce. Nade le braeela, • V aUto aoccinte, Con bel cotarnt e con disciolte trecce : TaM In aenbiani» il redean le llnte FigHe délie seWatIcbe oortecce; Se non cbe in vece d* aroo • di faretra , Chi tien llato , e chi viola o cetra. •a. E Incomlnciar costor danxe e carole , E dl se stesae nna corona ordiro , E clnsero il guerrier , siccome snole Esser panto rincbluso entro 1 sno giro. Cinser la planta ancora ; e tai parole Nel dolce canto lor da lai s* udiro : Ben caro ginngi In qaeste cbiostre amené , 0 délia donna nostra amore e spene. 99. Ginngi aspettato a dar sainte ail* egra , D' amoroso penslero arsa e ferita. Qnesta selva cbe diansi era si negra , Stanxa conforme alla dolente vlta. 393 LA JÉRUSALEM DÉUVRÉE , « sombre , asile convenable à sa douleur, tu la vois se raui « mer à ton aspect , et reprendre pour toi les formes les plus <« belles. » Des sons plus touchants encore sortent du myrte, qui s'entr'ouvre à son tour. Jamais de ses bois fabuleux l'antiquité ne vit sortir une si rare merveille : c'est une nymphe , c'est une déesse. Re naud la voit , Renaud reconnoit les traits d'Armide et son visage enchanteur. Elle Gxe sur lui des regards où la douleur, la joie , mille autres sentiments encore sont mêlés et confondus. «< Enfin « je te revois , lui dit-elle ; enfin tu reviens auprès de Ta « mante que tu as abandonnée ! Quel dessein te ramène ? « Yiens-tu , par ta présence , consoler mes tristes nuits et M mes déplorables jours? viens-tu me persécuter et me ban M nir de cet asile? Cruel! tu me caches tes beaux yeux, et tu a ne me montres que des armes. w Est-ce un amant, est-ce un ennemi que je retrouve? « Ce n'étoit pas pour un ennemi que j'avois élevé ce pont « qui t'a reçu, que j'avois fait éclore ces fleurs, jaillir ces « fontaines , et disparottre les obstacles qui auroient arrêté u tes pas. Si tu m'aimes encore, détache ce casque odieux, <« montre^moi ton front ; que mes lèvres baisent tes lèvres , <c que mon sein presse ton sein , que ma main du moins serre « la tienne. » En parlant , elle porte sur lui des regards attendris ; ses joues se décolorent : des sanglots , des soupirs , s'échappent Vedi cbe tatta al tno renlr »* allegra , E 'n plu le^adre forme è riTestita. Taie era il canto : e poi dal mlrto nscla Un doldMlmo raono ; e qael s* aprfa. 30. Già aelP aprir d' no rastico Slleno Mara? IgHe redea V antlca etade : Ma qael gran mirto dair aperto seno Imairlnl mostrè più belle e rade. Donna mostrô, che assomlgllara appleno Nel falso aspelto angellca beltade. Rtnaldo guata, e dl reder gli è avviso Le sembianze d* Armlda e H dolce riso. 31. Qoella loi mira la on tleta e dolente ; Mille affetll in an gnardo appajon mlsti. Pol dlce : io pur il Teggio , e flnalmente Par rltomi a colei da cnl foggtstl. A cbe ne rient ? a consolar présente Le mie vedore nolti , e I giornl tristi ? 0 Tlenl a mover guerra, a dlscacdarme; Cbe ml celi il bel rolto , e mostrl l' arme ? sa. Giaogi amante o nemlco? Il rlcco ponte Io glà non prépara va ad nom nemloo; Ne gU aprWa 1 roscelli, i fior, la fonte, Sgombrando 1 duml e ciô ch' a passi è Intrico. TogU qnest' elmo ornai , acopri la fronte E gll occbi agi! occhi miei, s' arrlrl amiico; Ginngi i labbrl a le labbra , Il seno al seno; Porgi la destra alla mia destra almeno. 33. Segoia parlando; e in bel pietosl giri Volgeva 1 luml , e scoloria i «embtanti , CHANT XVIII. 8Ù3 de son seio, et ses yeux sont inondés de lannes. La douleur qu^elIe fait éclater pourroit , dans un cœur de diamant , ex citer une imprudente pitié : mais Renaud , toujours en garde contre sa sensibilité , tire son épée. Il marche droit au myrte ; le fantôme s'y attache , em brasse ce tronc chéri , et lui crie : « Non , barbare , non , tu « ne me feras point Tinjure de couper l'arbre auquel je suis « unie : quitte , quitte ce fer, ou plonge-le plutôt dans le « cœur de la malheureuse Armide. Ce n'est qu'en perçant « mon sein , en déchirant mes entrailles, que ton épée at « teindra le myrte que je protège. » Toujours inexorable, Renaud lève le bras : soudain elle prend des formes nouvelles. Tels , dans le délire d'un songe, les fantômes se multiplient et se succèdent. Son corps s'é paissit , les lis et les roses de son teint s'effacent ; les ombres s'étendent sur son front. C'est un géant terrible , un Briarée qui, avec cent mains, fait mouvoir cinquante épées et ré sonner cinquante boucliers. Il frémit , il menace ; chaque nymphe à son tour devient un cyclope , et se couvre de fer et d'acier. Le héros redouble ses outrages sur l'arbre, qui gémit en les recevant. Pour le défendre , les monstres , les prodiges se multiplient , et la fo rêt semble être devenue le séjour des enfers. Le ciel tonne , la terre tremble , les vents et les tempêtes Falseggiando i dolciwlml sosplri « E i WMiTl slnfvlti , e i raghi piantl : Tal che iDcaata pietade a qoei martiri Inlenerlr potea sli aspri dlamantl. Ma 11 caTaliero acoorto si , non crado , Pià Don t' attende , e stringe il ferro Igrnido. 34. Vassene al mlrto : allor colel s* abbracda Al caro tronco , e ff interpooe , e frrlda : Ah non sarà mai Ter che ta ml facda OItragKio tal , cbe V arbor mio reclda. Deponl il ferro , o displetato , o '1 caocia Pria nelie ren^ ail* infelloe Armida. Per qdesto sen , per qnetto cor la spada Solo al bel mtrto mio trovar pu6 strada. 95. Lgli alsa il ferro , e '1 sao prettar non cora ; Ma Golei si trasmnta : ob noTl ino«tri I Siccome aTTlen che d' ona altra figura Trasformando repente il sogno moetri ; Cosl ingroesô le membra, e tornô scnra La faccia, e tI gparir gli avori e gli ostrt. Crebbe ^ gtgante altisslmo , e si feo Con cento armate braccia an Brlareo. 36. Cinqnanta spade iœpugna , e oon cinquanta ScadI risuona , e minacciando freme. Ofn* alira ninfa ancor d' arme s^ ammanta , Fatta an ciclope orrendo : ed ei non terne; Ma doppia i coipi alla difesa planta , Cbe par come animata al colpt geme. Sembran dell* aria i campi i campi stifl; Tantl appajono in lor mostri e prodigt. 37. Sopra il tarbato ciel , sotto la terra , Tuona e fulmina qoello , e tréma qaesta : Vengono i rentl e le procelle in gnerra, £ gU soOiano al Tolto aspra tempesia. 3)M LA JÉRUSALEM DÉUVRÉE, grondent et mugissent; mais le coeur du guerrier est tou jours intrépide, et sa main, toujours sûre, porte d'inévitables coups. Le tronc est coupé ; ce n'est plus qu'un myrte , le charme est rompu et les fantômes s'évanouissent. L'air se calme , les cieux se revêtent d'azur -, la forêt , af franchie du magique pouvoir, ne conserve plus que cette sombre horreur qu'y répandit la nature. Le vainqueur, par de nouveaux essais , s'assure de son triomphe ; puis il sourit, et se dit à lui-même : Vains fantômes , quelle folie de vous redouter ! Bientôt il retourne au camp : cependant le solitaire s'é crie : « Déjà le charme est détruit -, déjà Renaud revient «triomphant:... le voilà! » Le héros, en effet, paroit dans le lointain : sa démarche est imposante et altière. Sa cotte d'armes a la blancheur de la neige , et son aigle d'ar gent , que le soleil frappe de ses rayons , brille d'un nouvel éclat. Par des cris d'allégresse le camp célèbre son retour et sa victoire. Bouillon le serre dans ses bras, et lui prodigue des éloges que personne n'ose envier. « Seigneur, lui dit Re^ « naud , j'ai , suivant tes ordres , pénétré dans cette forêt « redoutée. J'ai vu , j'ai vaincu les monstres qui la défen <t doient ; tu peux y envoyer tes travailleurs , ils n'ont plus « d'obstacle à redouter. » On y court aussitôt ; mille arbres tombent sous les coups Ma pur mai colpo U ctTtUw oon erra; Né per tanto ftiror, ponto g' arresta. Tronca la noce : e noce e mlrto parre. Qol V incanto forni , sparir le larre. 38. Tornô sereno il cieio , e l' aura chela : Tomô la Mlft al nataral rao atato ; Non d' Incanti terribile , e non Ueta ; Piena d' orror, ma dell' orror innato. Rltenta 11 ? Incltor, s* altro pià Tiela Ch' esser non possa il bosco ornai troncato. Poacia florride, e fra se dioe : oh rane Sembianxe! e folle chi per vol rkmaoe! 39. Qninct §' invia Terso le tende ; e intanto Golà gridava il soUtario Piero : Già Tinto è dalla leUa il fero incanto ; Già sen ritorna 11 Tinoltor gaorriero : Vedilo. Ed ei da lunge In blanco manto Comparia renerabile ed altero ; B deir aqnila sna V argentée pisne Splendeano al sol d* inosiiato lume. 4a Ei dai campo giojoso alto saluto Ha con sonoro replicar di grldi ; E poi con lieto onore è ricevato Dal pio Bncrlione ; e non è cbt 1' invidi. Disse al Duce il goerriero : a quel tonoto Bosco n' andai , corne ImponesU , e 1 ? idi ; Vidi e Tins! gi' incanti. Or radan pure Le gentl là ; cbe son le rie secore. 41. Vassi ail' antica aelra; « qnindi è tolu Materia tal, quai baon giadiclo elease. CHANT XVIII. 395 de la cognée. Un ouvrier inhabile avoit construit sans art les machines premières ^ une main plus savante et plus illustre dirigea cette fois des travailleurs moins grossiers, et leur apprit à form^ un assemblage plus heureux. Jadis souverain des mers , Guillaume y avoit fait respecter le pavillon génois , mais , forcé de céder à l'ascendant des Sarrasins , il avoit transformé ses matelots en soldats : nul ne savoit alors mieux que lui suppléer à la force par l'in dustrie y et son génie créateur étonnoit les esprits par des miracles nouveaux. Deux cents bras que , d'un coup d'œil y il faisoit mouvoir, exécutoient les plans qu'il avoit formés. Des catapultes, des béliers, fléaux des murailles de So lime, s'élèvent sous ses yeux; bientôt une machine plus terrible vient effrayer les regards : c'est une tour dont la masse énorme est formée de sapin. Des cuirs encore frais la revêtent , et la mettent en état de braver la flamme en nemie. Les pièces qui la composent se démontent et se rassem blent : à la partie inférieure est attachée un mobile bélier destiné à battre les remparts ; au milieu est un pont qui s'é lance sur les murs plus haut est une autre tour qui , par de secrets ressorts , ou s'élève ou s'abaisse. Elle roule sur cent roues -, pleine d'armes, pleine de guer riers , son mouvement n'en sera pas moins rapide. L'armée E bencbè os€oro fabro arte noa molta Por nelle prime macchlne Mpesse; Pur arteQce Illustre a questa volta É colal ch' aile traTt i Tinehl lotewe : Gogllelnio , il duce Ligare, rhe pria Signer del mare con^sgiar aoUa. 49. Poi sfonato a rilrartl , ei cesse 1 ref ol Al gran naTllio saracin de' mari. Kd ora al campo conducea dai legnl E le marittime arme e 1 marinari. Ed era qnesti , Infra 1 più indastri ingegni Ne' meccanicl ordlgni , nota senxa pari : E cento seeo avea fabrl minori , Dl ciô ch' eglî disegna esecntori. 43. Costal non solo iDeoraincl6 a comporre Catapulte , baliste ed arleti , Onde aile mnra le difese torre Possa , e speizar le sodé allé pareil ; Ma rece opra magglor : mirabil torre Ch' entro di pin tessuta era e d' abêti ; E nelle cnoja arvoito ba quel dl ftaore Per ischermlrsi dal lanciato ardore. 44. Si scommette la mole e ricompone , Con sotllli giunture in un congiunta : E la Irare cbe testa ha dl montone, Dair ime parti sue cozxando spunta. Lancia dal meuo un ponte ; e speaso 11 pone SulP opposta muraglla a prima ginnta : E ruor da lei su per la clma n* eace Torre minor che in suso è spinta e cresce. 45. Per le facili vie désira o oorrente Soyra ben cento sue Tolubil rote , Gravlda d' arme e grarida di gente , Senza molta fatica elle glr pnote. Stanno le schlere in rimirando intente La presteua de' fabri , e r arli ignote., 3U6 LA JÉRUSALEM DÉLIVRÉE , attentive admire l'activité des ouvriers , et un art jusqu'a lors inconnu. Deux autres tours sont formées sur ce pre mier modèle. Du haut de leurs remparts , les Sarrasins observent ces travaux ; ils voient rouler des arbres immenses , ils voient s'élever des machines , mais ils en ignorent la structure et la forme. Eux-mêmes , par de nouveaux ouvrages , signalent leur industrie; ils affermissent leurs tours, réparent leurs mu railles , en exhaussent les parties les plus foibles , et déjà ils osent défier tous les efforts des mortels : Ismen , pour mieux les rassurer encore , prépare des feux d'une nature inconnue. L'exécrable enchanteur se promet de venger par des in cendies les affronts faits à sa forêt et à son art ; il mêle du soufre et du bitume que lui fournit le lac de Sodome , ou peut-être les noirs torrents qui roulent dans les enfers : de ces matières enflammées s'élance un feu impétueux qui infecte et dévore. Pendant que les Chrétiens se préparent à l'assaut et les Infidèles à la défense , on aperçoit un pigeon qui fend les plaines de l'air et dirige son vol vers les remparts de Solime : les ailes étendues , il plane sur l'armée chrétienne. Déjà cet étrange courrier, du sein des nues , s'abaisse vers la cité. E doe torri In qael |»anto anco son fatlA , Copia di focU InmltaU e rara. Oella prima ad imagine riiratte. 4s. 46. Heice 11 mago fellon lolfo e bltnaie Ma non eran firattanto al Saraclnl Che dal lago dl Sodoma ha racoolto : L' opre ch' Ivl si fean del tatto aacoste ; E fa , credo , In Inrerno ; e dal gran fiame Perché nell' alte mura al più tIcIdI Che nove Tolte il cerchla, aneo n' ha lolto. LochI le goardle ad isplar son poste. G05I fa che qnel foco e pota e Aime , QaestI gran Mlmerle d' orni e di pini E che s' aTTentl flammegglando al Tolto. Vedean dal Ikmco ewer condolte ail' oste : E ben co' ferl incendt egll 0* arvlsa E maccUne redean ; ma non appleno Dl Tendicar la cara aeWa Incisa. Rlconosoer lor forma Indl potleno. 49. 47. Mentre 11 campo ail' assalto , e la dttade Fan lor maceUne anch' essi , e oon molt' arte S* apparecchia in tal modo aile difese , Rinforiano le torri e la muraglla ; Una colombe per T aeree strade E V aliaroo eosl da quelle parte VIsta è passer sorra lo stuoi nrancese ; Of' è men alta a sostener battaglia , Che ne dlmena I presti ranni , e rade Che a lor credeua omal sforio dl Marte Quelle liquide Tie ooU' ail tese. Esser non po6 , ch' ad eepngnarla raglla. E già la mesaaggiera peregrina Ma soTra ogni difesa Ismen prépara Dali* alte nubi alla clttà s' loehina ; CHANT XVin. 397 Mais soudain un faucon , au bec tranchant , à la serre cruelle , fond sur l'oiseau timide ; il le poursuit , il le presse, et déjà il est prêt à le déchirer. Le pigeon tremblant s'abat, et va chercher un asile sur les genoux de Bouillon. Le héros le reçoit et le sauve : mais au bout d'un fil attaché à son cou pend un billet qui est caché sous son aile. Gode m froile prend, l'ouvre et y lit ces mots : « Le général d'Egypte u au roi de la Palestine , salut : « Ne laisse point, seigneur, abattre ton courage ; résiste « encore quatre ou cinq jours. Je viens délivrer tes murs. « Tes yeux verront tomber tes ennemis. » Tel étoit le secret qu'en langue barbare portoit aux assiégés le messager ailé. Godefroi rend à l'oiseau sa liberté ; mais il n'ose revoler vers les remparts , et semble craindre de revoir un maître dont son malheur a trahi la confiance. Le héros fait assem Wer ses guerriers et leur révèle cet important mystère : « Le «< Ciel > leur dit^il , veille sur nous , et nous dévoile les des « seins de nos ennemis. « Il n'est plus temps de différer -, il faut , du côté du midi , M commencer une nouvelle attaque : l'accès en est difiicile , « des rochers le défendent; mais notre courage peut triom « pher des rochers et de la nature. L'ennemi , que rassure 50. Qoando dl non ao donde efce nn fUoone E Tddral tosto U tao nemico rlnto. ]y aduBco rostro armato e di grand' ngna , Qnesto U aecreto ta , che la icrittort Che fra '1 campo e le mura a lel g' oppone.'* In barbariche note area dbtioto. Non aspetta ella del cradel la pnsna. Dato In costodia al porUtor Tolante; QnegU d' alto Tolando al padiglione Che ta! mettl in quel tempo iim il LeTaofe. Maggior 1* incalxa : e par ch' ornai 1' aggingna ; S3. Ed al tenero capo H ptede ha aorra. Uhera 11 Prence la colomba ; e qnella Essa nel grembo al plo Boglion rlcorra. c^e de* secretl fa rireUtrice , 51. Corne esser creda al sno slgnor rnbella , La raccoglie Goffredo e la difende ; Non ardi più tornar nnnzia Infelice. Pol flcorge in loi gnardando estranla coia : Ma il sopran Duce i mlnor duci appelle , Che dal ooUo ad on flio aTvlnta pende E lor mostra la carta , e cosi dlce : Rinchiosa carta e sotto un' ala aacosa. Vedete corne il lutto a noi rlvell La disserra e displega , e bene intende La provldenza del Slgnor de^ ciell. Qoelia che 'n se conilen non langa prosa. 54. M slgnor di Giodea (dicea lo scrltto ) q^ j^j, ^i rlurdar teoipo non parmi*. Inria sainte il capitan d' Egitto. ^q^^ spianata or cominciar potrassl ; SS. E fatica o sador non si risparmi , Non sbigottir, slgnor, resisti e dura Per soperar d' Invcrso P Anstro i saisi. Insino al qoarto o Inslno al giorno qointo : Duro (la si Tar cola strada air armi : Ch' io Tengo a liberar cotmte mara ; Pur far si pa6 ; nouto ho il loco e i passl : 398 LÀ JÉRUSALEM DEUVRÉE, « sa situation , nous y opposera moins de soldats et moins de « fortifications. « Raymond , c'est là que tu iras avec tes machines atta «< quer Solime : moi , avec tout l'appareil de la guerre , je me « porterai contre la porte septentrionale : rinfidèle abusé « attendra sur ces seuls points toutes nos forces et tous nos « efforts : ma grande tour, plus mobile , ira plus loin former « une attaque imprévue. « Toi , Camille , tu feras près de moi mouvoir la troisième « tour. » Il se tait. Raymond assis auprès de lui a pesé son discours : « Je ne puis , lui dit-il , qu'applaudir à tes des « seins ; je voudrois seulement qu'un espion adroit et fidèle «< pénétrftt dans le camp égyptien et nous éclairât sur leurs « projets et sur leurs forces. u — J'ai un écuyer , dit Tancrède , que j'ose vous propo « ser pour ce délicat emploi : intrépide , intelligent , il unit « la prudence à l'audace ; il connolt les mœurs et le langage « des peuples divers , et sait à son gré varier le son de sa (i voix , ses mouvements et ses gestes. » On l'appelle, on lui confie la mission périlleuse dont on veut le charger ; il l'accepte en souriant : « Je pars , dit-il 5 « bientôt je serai au milieu des Égyptiens ; je veux , sans être « reconnu, entrer dans leur camp, à la clarté du jour, et y « compter et leurs chevaux et leurs soldats. E ben quel mnro che aisecnra 11 gito , D* arme • d' opre meo deve ester manito. S5. Ta , Raimondo , Togl' io , cbe da quel lato -Colle macchioe lae le mnra offeoda. Vo' che deir arme mte V alto apparato CoDtra la porta Aqoilonar si stenda ; Sicchè 11 Demico il veggla , ed InganDato , Indi il magglor Impeto nostro attenda. Pot la gran torre mla , ch* agOTOl more , Traacorra alqaanto, e portt guerre altroTe. Ta drlKxerai , Camillo , al tempo siesso , Noo loniana da me la tersa torre. Tacqoe : e Raimondo che gli slede appresso, E cbe , parlando lui , fra se dlscorre , Disse : al cooslglio da GoUTedo espresso , Nalla glaoger si paote , e nolla torre. Lodo solo oltra ei6 , ch' nicun s' inrii Nel campo ostii, che i saoi secret! aj^i ; $7. E 06 ridioa il namero e '1 penslero , Qaanto raccor potrà , corto e ? erace. Soggiauge allor Taocredi : ho on mio acodiero Ch' a qoesto aflBxio di propor ml place; Uom proDlo e deslro , e sovra i plè leggiero ; Aodace si « ma cautamente audace : Che parla in moite llngae , e rarla il noto Suou délia Toee , e '1 portamento e M moto. 58. Venne coloi chiamato .* e poi ch' intese Ciô cbe Coffredu e M soo signer desia ; Altè ridendo 11 toUo , ed intraprese La cara , e disse : or or mi pongo In rla. Toito sarô dove quel campo tese Le tende arrà , non eonosciata spta : Vo' peœtrar dl mesiodl nel rallv « E nomerarf i ogn* aomo , ognt caralk». CHANT XVIII. âî>9 R Je vous promets le détail de lears Forces et de leurs pro tt jets ; je lirai dans l'ame du général , j'en arracherai les « pensées les plus secrètes. » Il dit , et soudain il revêt une robe longue et flottante, et ceint le turban. Le carquois est sur son épaule et l'arc dans sa main ^ sa voix , ses gestes, ses traits, annoncent un Syrien. Il étonne les oreilles par des accents étrangers ; on l'eût cru Egyptien à Memphis et Phénicien à Tyr. Il monte un agile coursier qui à peine imprime sur le sable la trace de ses pas. Cependant , du côté du midi , on aplanit le terrain ; on dé robe la nuit au repos pour l'employer au travail. Dans leur ardeur impatiente , les Chrétiens épuisent leurs forces et n'écoutent que leur courage ; et déjà tout est prêt pour secon* der leurs audacieux projets. La veille du jour qui doit éclairer l'assaut , le pieux Bouil lon se livre à la prière ; il ordonne que tous ses guerriers se prosternent aux pieds des prêtres , y fassent l'humble aveu de leurs fautes , et que du pain céleste ils se nourrissent et se fortifient. Il fa^; ensuite avancer ses machines vers les lieux qu'il veut le moins attaquer. L'Infidèle , trompé par ce stratagème , se console et se promet la victoire. Dans l'ombre de la nuit, la plus redoutable des tours roule vers l'endroit où le mur oppose moins d'angles et moins d'ou 59. Quanta e quai sia qoell* oete , e de ehe pend E foniir gV instrnmentl anoo In quel punto : Il dace loro , a Toi ridlr prometto : Che non far le fatlcbe nnqaa interrotte ; Vantoml In lui scoprlr gl' Inttimi seiut , Anzl ail' opre de* giornl avean oonginnto , E I secretl pensler trargli del petto. Togliendola al riposo , anco la notte : CosI parla Vafrino ; e non traltlensl. Ne cosa è pin , cbe ritardar H poasa Ma cangia in lungo manto il sno farsetto , Dal far r eatremo ornai d' ognl lor poMa. E mostra fa del nudo coUo , e prende 6t. ty intorno al capo attorcigliate bende. Del di cni delP assaito il dl snccenef ea Gran parte orando il plo BugUon dispensa ; La faretra s* adatta e r arco siro; E impon cb' ogni altro i falli snol confesse, E barbarieo sembra ogni sno gesto. R pasca 11 pan delF aime alla gran mensa. Stnpiron qnei cbe farellar r ndiro , Maccbine ed arme posda M plù spesse Ed in diverse lingue esser si presto : Dimostra , ove adoprarle egli men pensa : Cb' egizio in Menfl, oppnr fenice in Tiro E '1 deluso Pagan si rlcooforta, L' arria crednto e quel popolo e qnesto. Cb' oppor le vede alla munita porta. EgU sen Ta sovra un destrier ch* appena 63. Segna nel corso la pin molle arena. Col bujo délia notte è poi la vasta 61. Agil macchina sua cola iraslaia , Ma i Franchi , pria cbe M terzo dl sia ginnto , Oto ë men cnrro 11 mnro ,e men contrasta ; Àppianaron le vie scoscese e rotte ; Cb* angulosa non fa parte o plegata. 400 LA JÉRUSALEM DÉLIVRÉE, vrages avancés. Raymond, avec la sienne, est déjà sur la colline et menace la cité. Camille , avec la troisième , s'est porté entre le nord et le couchant. L'aurore allume ses feux , avant-coureurs du jour qui la suit ; à sa clarté naissante , les InGdèles voient de trois côtés s'élever les trois formidables tours ; partout leurs yeux ren contrent des béliers , des catapultes , et mille instruments funestes. Ils se troublent à cet aspect. Mais bientôt , avec une ardeur égale , ils travaillent à leur défense , et ramènent aux endroits qui vont être attaqués les machines qu'eux-mêmes ont préparées. Cependant le héros , qui craint les surprises de l'Egyptien , appelle Guelfe et les deux Robert ; « Tenez-vous , leur dit-il , à cheval , et les « armes à la main.
| 47,300 |
https://github.com/nikhilballari/Hydrograph/blob/master/hydrograph.ui/hydrograph.ui.engine/src/main/java/hydrograph/ui/engine/ui/constants/UIComponentsConstants.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
Hydrograph
|
nikhilballari
|
Java
|
Code
| 199 | 717 |
/*******************************************************************************
* Copyright 2017 Capital One Services, LLC and Bitwise, Inc.
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*******************************************************************************/
package hydrograph.ui.engine.ui.constants;
public enum UIComponentsConstants {
FILE_DELIMITED("File Delimited"),
FILE_PARQUET("File Parquet"),
HIVE_PARQUET("Hive Parquet"),
HIVE_TEXTFILE("Hive Text File"),
VALIDITY_STATUS("validityStatus"),
INPUT_CATEGORY("INPUT"),
FILE_FIXEDWIDTH("File Fixed Width"),
FILE_MIXEDSCHEMA("File Mixed Schema"),
OUTPUT_CATEGORY("OUTPUT"),
STRAIGHTPULL_CATEGORY("STRAIGHTPULL"),
CLONE("Clone"),
ORACLE("Oracle"),
MYSQL("Mysql"),
TERADATA("Teradata"),
REDSHIFT("RedShift"),
UNION_ALL("Union All"),
REMOVE_DUPS("Remove Dups"),
TRANSFORM_CATEGORY("TRANSFORM"),
AGGREGATE("Aggregate"),
GROUP_COMBINE("Groupcombine"),
TRANSFORM("Transform"),
JOIN("Join"),
LOOKUP("Lookup"),
FILTER("Filter"),
LIMIT("Limit"),
DISCARD("Discard"),
SORT("Sort"),
CUMULATE("Cumulate"),
NORMALIZE("Normalize"),
WARN("WARN"),
ERROR("ERROR"),
VALID("VALID"),
COMMAND_CATEGORY("COMMAND"),
RUN_PROGRAM("RunProgram"),
RUN_SQL("RunSQL"),
BATCH("batch"),
PARTITION_BY_EXPRESSION("PartitionByExpression"),
XML("XML"),
DB_UPDATE("DB Update"),
EXCEL("Excel");
private final String value;
UIComponentsConstants(String value) {
this.value = value;
}
public String value() {
return value;
}
public static UIComponentsConstants fromValue(String value) {
for (UIComponentsConstants uiComponentsConstant : UIComponentsConstants
.values()) {
if (uiComponentsConstant.value.equals(value)) {
return uiComponentsConstant;
}
}
return null;
}
}
| 46,654 |
32633_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,032 | 1,366 |
J. SKELLY WRIGHT, District Judge.
On June 7, 1958, the crew boat Timbalier Bay was crushed by the Williams Drilling Barge No. 6 against the Cenac Towing Company dock near Houma, Louisiana, at which she was moored. Barge No. 6, which was also moored to the dock forward of, but bow to, the Timbailer Bay, parted its stern lines and pivoted around on an inboard bow spud. The Timbalier Bay was caught between the square bow of the barge and the dock. Williams Drilling Company, owner of both vessels, here libels the M/V Ben McCool and her owner, alleging fault contributory to the loss.
On the morning of June 7, 1958, the Ben McCool, pushing a tow of four loaded oil barges in tandem, was proceeding west in the Intracoastal Waterway ap proaching Houma. As a westbound tow approaches this area, there is a gradual bend to the left beginning at approximately Mile 56 west. Prior to approaching the bend, the McCool reduced speed to two miles per hour, under which speed she passed the tug Leo eastbound pushing one loaded barge. After the bend the canal runs in a straight reach for approximately one mile to the intersection of Bayou Terrebonne, near which is located the Houma Pontoon Bridge. Between the bend and the bridge, on the north bank of the canal at approximately Mile 57, is the Cenac dock. In the area where the dock is located, the canal is approximately 300 feet wide. To the west of the dock, however, the canal is bulk-headed and narrows, as the Houma bridge is approached, to approximately 125 feet.
This action is predicated on the theory that the towboat Ben McCool, pushing her tow of four loaded barges in tandem, passed the Cenac dock at an excessive speed, the suction from the passage parting the lines of the Drilling Barge No. 6. Only one witness supports this theory, the tool pusher and caretaker of the drilling barge, who was asleep at the time therein. He testified that he was awakened by the sound of falling glass from the Timbalier Bay and arrived on deck of the barge in time to see the Timbalier Bay crushed and in a sinking condition. His efforts to save her were unavailing. He further testified that at the time he arrived on deck the Ben McCool and her tow were passing in close proximity to the barge which had parted its stern lines and had moved out into the canal, bow on to the dock.
Against this single witness for the libelants is the crew of the Ben McCool who testified that they saw the drilling barge athwartship in the canal end on to the dock long before the McCool and her tow approached. The witnesses from the McCool also testified to a conversation with the tool pusher and caretaker from the drilling barge, in which conversation, according to them, the tool pusher stated that suction from a tow going in the opposite direction, presumably the Leo, had parted the lines of the barge and caused the casualty to the Timbalier Bay. The tool pusher, while admitting a conversation with the members of the crew of the McCool, denies that he made any statement whatever about any tug other than the McCool parting the lines of the drilling barge.
Supporting the testimony of the crew of the McCool is the captain of the tug Mary Joan, George Lingo, a lately discovered witness. Lingo testified that he was approaching the Cenac dock from the west, having just cleared the Houma bridge. At that time he saw the McCool and her tow still to the east of the Cenac dock. At that time also he saw the drilling barge end on in the canal. The witnesses from the McCool verified the presence of the Mary Joan, but the Houma bridge log shows the tug Leo had transited the bridge at 6:30 A.M. on June 7, 1958, going east, and that the Ben McCool, going west, came through at 6:45 A.M. But no Mary Joan. Moreover, Lingo testified on cross-examination that he could see the barges in the McCool tow well because, being light, they were high up in the water, whereas in fact they were heavily laden with oil.
So there is here the usual uncertainty caused by the mendacity which often accompanies these maritime collision cases. Vessels leave no marks on the water. Consequently, ordinarily there is no physical evidence to aid the court in resolving the discrepancies in the testimony. Resort must finally be had to sheer observation of credibility where that is available, or simply a count of the witnesses.
The case must be decided. So taldng the evidence as it is in the record, it is necessary to hold that the Drilling Barge No. 6 parted her lines before the Ben McCool approached, and consequently the crushing of the Timbalier Bay occurred through no fault of the McCool or her tow.
Decree accordingly.
. The M/V Timbalier Bay was a steel hulled crew boat. She. was 28.6 feet in length, 10.1 feet in breadth and drew about 4 feet. She was powered by twin gasoline engines developing 250 horsepower and was pilothouse controlled. Her official number was 272241.
. The Williams Drilling Barge No. 6 is a typical square end drilling barge constructed of steel with a collapsible drilling derrick. It has a keyway drilling slot at one end and two spuds at the opposite end. It is 146 feet in length, 38 feet in width and 10 feet in depth. It draws about 5 feet.
. The M/V Ben McCool is a steel hulled push boat with a flat bow. She is 94.8 feet in length, 30 feet in breadth and draws about 7 feet. She is powered by twin diesel engines developing about 1800 horsepower and is pilothouse controlled. Her official number is 270809.
. Barges G.T.C. 8 and 9 are steel hulled tank barges each 264 feet in length, 50.2 feet in bi'eadth and 10.6 feet in depth. Barges G.T.C. 10 and 11 are steel hulled tank barges each 234 feet in length, 50 feet in breadth and 10.6 feet in depth..
| 8,557 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/70817460
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,022 |
Stack Exchange
|
Andrey, Botahamec, John Gordon, Strike, https://stackoverflow.com/users/11073827, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12195838, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1251293, https://stackoverflow.com/users/17965313, https://stackoverflow.com/users/494134, vinalti
|
English
|
Spoken
| 544 | 1,081 |
How to pick words from a string that matches a criteria
I have one string containing many words, I want to store all the words that start with a in a list.
It'll be easier if first we turn the string into a list of words.
words = s.split()
We'll make a new list called a_words which contains all the words that start with 'a'
a_words = []
for word in words:
if word[0].lower() == 'a':
a_words.append(word)
And now we're done, but this can be simplified
words = s.split()
a_words = filter(lambda word: word[0].lower() == 'a', words)
yourlist = [word for word in yourstring.split() if word.startswith("a")]
This will not work as it will not append the word in the list but only the letter a.
@Aditya This will work. Did you actually try it?
@Aditya, it will work 100%.
@Aditya, it works just fine (I even verified it). Do you know what this list comprehension does? I think you're misinterpreting it.
Maybe a little bit more complicated than the other answers, but this works as well.
text = "Happy Ape comes around"
list = []
for i in text.split():
x = i.lower()
if x.startswith("a"):
list.append(i)
print(list)
Output: ['Ape', 'around']
You should have a look to Regular Expressions (RE) module.
The documentation is here
The method re.findall(...) will find all the expressions matching the regex and return a list of them.
import re
string = "Ah, this is an absolutely amazing example"
re.findall('(?:\s|^)((?=a|A)\w*)', string)
# -> ["Ah", "an", "absolutely", "amazing"]
Here you select any word starting with 'a' or 'A'.
Explanation :
(?:\s|^) :
(?: non selective group
\s Any space or tab char
| & ^ or start of string
((?=a|A)\w*)
(?=a|A) Non selective group for 'a' or 'A'
\w* any word character at least zero times
( & ) selective group, that will be the returned string.
--EDIT--
After a quick benchmark test, the RegEx method seems actually slower than the Filter method proposed by @Botahamec
def regex_method(s):
start = timer()
re.findall('(?:\s|^)((?=a|A)\w*)', s)
end = timer()
return( timedelta(seconds=end-start) )
def filter_method(s):
start = timer()
words = s.split()
a_words = filter(lambda word: word[0].lower() == 'a', words)
end = timer()
return( timedelta(seconds=end-start) )
len(s)
# -> 27000000
print(regex_method(s))
# -> 0:00:01.231664
print(filter_method(s))
# -> 0:00:00.759951
Next time, could you please finish your answer before you post it?
You don't need to add the space and parentheses to the regular expression. 'a\w+' will work just fine and will find matching words at the beginning and end of the string.
@cesarv No you would also match the "ample" from "example".
@vinalti, you're right! The correct regex would be r'\ba\w+\b'.
@cesarv I corrected the regex, I found the real one, tell me what you think :) -- Aditya can you reconsider this answer ? I think that's much more efficient and elegant than creating a loop. -- Wait, after testing, it seems having issues with python, i'll fix it
Ok that seems to work good, s = "Ah, this is an absolutely amazing example" re.findall('(?:\s|^)((?=a|A)\w*)', s)
-> ['Ah', 'an', 'absolutely', 'amazing']
@vinalti, it works but goes against one of Python's principles: simple is better than complex.. :)
@cesarv Yes, and if you check now, I made a benchmark and it is actually slower, so... My Bad ! ^^
| 3,336 |
https://github.com/ArnCarveris/nebula/blob/master/code/render/characters/charactercontext.cc
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-2-Clause, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,020 |
nebula
|
ArnCarveris
|
C++
|
Code
| 2,241 | 8,206 |
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// charactercontext.cc
// (C) 2018-2020 Individual contributors, see AUTHORS file
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include "render/stdneb.h"
#include "charactercontext.h"
#include "skeleton.h"
#include "characters/streamskeletonpool.h"
#include "coreanimation/animresource.h"
#include "coreanimation/streamanimationpool.h"
#include "graphics/graphicsserver.h"
#include "visibility/visibilitycontext.h"
#include "models/modelcontext.h"
#include "coreanimation/animsamplemixinfo.h"
#include "coreanimation/animsamplebuffer.h"
#include "util/round.h"
#include "dynui/im3d/im3dcontext.h"
#include "models/nodes/characternode.h"
#include "profiling/profiling.h"
#include "resources/resourceserver.h"
using namespace Graphics;
using namespace Resources;
namespace Characters
{
CharacterContext::CharacterContextAllocator CharacterContext::characterContextAllocator;
_ImplementContext(CharacterContext, CharacterContext::characterContextAllocator);
Jobs::JobPortId CharacterContext::jobPort;
Jobs::JobSyncId CharacterContext::jobSync;
Threading::SafeQueue<Jobs::JobId> CharacterContext::runningJobs;
Util::HashTable<Util::StringAtom, CoreAnimation::AnimSampleMask> CharacterContext::masks;
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
CharacterContext::CharacterContext()
{
// empty
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
CharacterContext::~CharacterContext()
{
// empty
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
void
CharacterContext::Create()
{
_CreateContext();
__bundle.OnBegin = CharacterContext::UpdateAnimations;
__bundle.OnBeforeFrame = CharacterContext::OnAfterFrame;
__bundle.StageBits = &CharacterContext::__state.currentStage;
#ifndef PUBLIC_BUILD
__bundle.OnRenderDebug = CharacterContext::OnRenderDebug;
#endif
CharacterContext::__state.allowedRemoveStages = Graphics::OnBeforeFrameStage;
Graphics::GraphicsServer::Instance()->RegisterGraphicsContext(&__bundle, &__state);
CharacterContext::jobPort = Graphics::GraphicsServer::renderSystemsJobPort;
Jobs::CreateJobSyncInfo sinfo =
{
nullptr
};
CharacterContext::jobSync = Jobs::CreateJobSync(sinfo);
_CreateContext();
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
void
CharacterContext::Setup(const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId id, const Resources::ResourceName& skeleton, const Resources::ResourceName& animation, const Util::StringAtom& tag)
{
const ContextEntityId cid = GetContextId(id);
n_assert_fmt(cid != ContextEntityId::Invalid(), "Entity %d is not registered in CharacterContext", id.HashCode());
characterContextAllocator.Get<Loaded>(cid.id) = NoneLoaded;
// check to make sure we registered this entity for observation, then get the visibility context
const ContextEntityId visId = Visibility::ObservableContext::GetContextId(id);
n_assert_fmt(visId != ContextEntityId::Invalid(), "Entity %d needs to be setup as observerable before character!", id.HashCode());
characterContextAllocator.Get<VisibilityContextId>(cid.id) = id;
// get model context
const ContextEntityId mdlId = Models::ModelContext::GetContextId(id);
n_assert_fmt(mdlId != ContextEntityId::Invalid(), "Entity %d needs to be setup as a model before character!", id.HashCode());
characterContextAllocator.Get<ModelContextId>(cid.id) = id;
characterContextAllocator.Get<SkeletonId>(cid.id) = Resources::CreateResource(skeleton, tag, [cid, id](Resources::ResourceId rid)
{
characterContextAllocator.Get<SkeletonId>(cid.id) = rid.As<Characters::SkeletonId>();
characterContextAllocator.Get<Loaded>(cid.id) |= SkeletonLoaded;
const Util::FixedArray<CharacterJoint>& joints = Characters::SkeletonGetJoints(rid.As<Characters::SkeletonId>());
characterContextAllocator.Get<JobJoints>(cid.id).Resize(joints.Size());
// setup joints, scaled joints and user controlled joints
characterContextAllocator.Get<JointPalette>(cid.id).Resize(joints.Size());
characterContextAllocator.Get<JointPaletteScaled>(cid.id).Resize(joints.Size());
characterContextAllocator.Get<UserControlledJoint>(cid.id).Resize(joints.Size());
// setup job joints
IndexT i;
for (i = 0; i < joints.Size(); i++)
{
const CharacterJoint& joint = joints[i];
SkeletonJobJoint& jobJoint = characterContextAllocator.Get<JobJoints>(cid.id)[i];
jobJoint.parentJointIndex = joint.parentJointIndex;
}
}, nullptr, true);
characterContextAllocator.Get<AnimationId>(cid.id) = Resources::CreateResource(animation, tag, [cid, id](Resources::ResourceId rid)
{
characterContextAllocator.Get<AnimationId>(cid.id) = rid.As<CoreAnimation::AnimResourceId>();
characterContextAllocator.Get<Loaded>(cid.id) |= AnimationLoaded;
// setup sample buffer when animation is done loading
characterContextAllocator.Get<SampleBuffer>(cid.id).Setup(rid.As<CoreAnimation::AnimResourceId>());
}, nullptr, true);
// clear playing animation state
IndexT i;
for (i = 0; i < MaxNumTracks; i++)
{
memset(&characterContextAllocator.Get<TrackController>(cid.id).playingAnimations[i], 0, sizeof(AnimationRuntime));
characterContextAllocator.Get<TrackController>(cid.id).playingAnimations[i].clip = -1;
}
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
IndexT
CharacterContext::GetClipIndex(const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId id, const Util::StringAtom& name)
{
const ContextEntityId cid = GetContextId(id);
return CoreAnimation::animPool->GetClipIndex(characterContextAllocator.Get<AnimationId>(cid.id), name);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
bool
CharacterContext::PlayClip(
const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId id,
const CoreAnimation::AnimSampleMask* mask,
const IndexT clipIndex,
const IndexT track,
const EnqueueMode mode,
const float weight,
const SizeT loopCount,
const float startTime,
const float fadeIn,
const float fadeOut,
const float timeOffset,
const float timeFactor)
{
n_assert(track < MaxNumTracks);
const ContextEntityId cid = GetContextId(id);
const CoreAnimation::AnimClip& clip = CoreAnimation::animPool->GetClip(characterContextAllocator.Get<AnimationId>(cid.id), clipIndex);
// the animation runtime is the context used to keep track of running animations
AnimationRuntime runtime;
runtime.clip = clipIndex;
runtime.enqueueMode = mode;
runtime.blend = weight;
runtime.fadeInTime = fadeIn;
runtime.fadeOutTime = fadeOut;
runtime.timeFactor = timeFactor;
runtime.timeOffset = timeOffset;
runtime.startTime = startTime;
runtime.mask = mask;
runtime.baseTime = 0;
runtime.duration = 0;
runtime.evalTime = runtime.prevEvalTime = 0;
runtime.sampleTime = runtime.prevSampleTime = 0;
runtime.paused = false;
runtime.duration = Timing::Tick(clip.GetClipDuration() * loopCount * (1 / timeFactor));
// append to pending animations
if (mode == Replace)
characterContextAllocator.Get<TrackController>(cid.id).playingAnimations[track] = runtime;
else if (mode == Append)
characterContextAllocator.Get<TrackController>(cid.id).pendingAnimations[track].Append(runtime);
else if (mode == IgnoreIfSame)
{
const AnimationRuntime& current = characterContextAllocator.Get<TrackController>(cid.id).playingAnimations[track];
// if clip index doesn't match, append animation
if (current.clip != clipIndex)
characterContextAllocator.Get<TrackController>(cid.id).pendingAnimations[track].Append(runtime);
}
return false;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
void
CharacterContext::StopTrack(const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId id, const IndexT track)
{
n_assert(track < MaxNumTracks);
const ContextEntityId cid = GetContextId(id);
AnimationTracks& tracks = characterContextAllocator.Get<TrackController>(cid.id);
tracks.pendingAnimations[track].Clear();
tracks.playingAnimations[track].clip = -1;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
void
CharacterContext::StopAllTracks(const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId id)
{
const ContextEntityId cid = GetContextId(id);
AnimationTracks& tracks = characterContextAllocator.Get<TrackController>(cid.id);
// just clear all processing animations
for (IndexT i = 0; i < MaxNumTracks; i++)
{
tracks.pendingAnimations[i].Clear();
tracks.playingAnimations[i].clip = -1;
}
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
void
CharacterContext::PauseTrack(const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId id, const IndexT track)
{
n_assert(track < MaxNumTracks);
const ContextEntityId cid = GetContextId(id);
AnimationTracks& tracks = characterContextAllocator.Get<TrackController>(cid.id);
// set for all pending tracks, and the current track
IndexT i;
for (i = 0; i < tracks.pendingAnimations[track].Size(); i++)
tracks.pendingAnimations[track][i].paused = !tracks.pendingAnimations[track][i].paused;
tracks.playingAnimations[track].paused = !tracks.playingAnimations[track].paused;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
void
CharacterContext::Seek(const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId id, const float time)
{
const ContextEntityId cid = GetContextId(id);
characterContextAllocator.Get<AnimTime>(cid.id) = time;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
const float
CharacterContext::GetTime(const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId id)
{
const ContextEntityId cid = GetContextId(id);
return characterContextAllocator.Get<AnimTime>(cid.id);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
bool
CharacterContext::IsPlaying(const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId id)
{
const ContextEntityId cid = GetContextId(id);
// if any track is playing, this entity is playing
bool ret = false;
for (IndexT i = 0; i < MaxNumTracks; i++)
ret |= characterContextAllocator.Get<TrackController>(cid.id).playingAnimations[i].clip != -1;
return ret;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
void
CharacterContext::SetTrackWeight(const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId id, const IndexT track, const float weight)
{
const ContextEntityId cid = GetContextId(id);
AnimationTracks& tracks = characterContextAllocator.Get<TrackController>(cid.id);
// set for all pending tracks, and the current track
IndexT i;
for (i = 0; i < tracks.pendingAnimations[track].Size(); i++)
tracks.pendingAnimations[track][i].blend = weight;
tracks.playingAnimations[track].blend = weight;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
void
CharacterContext::SetTrackTimeFactor(const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId id, const IndexT track, const float factor)
{
const ContextEntityId cid = GetContextId(id);
AnimationTracks& tracks = characterContextAllocator.Get<TrackController>(cid.id);
// set for all pending tracks, and the current track
IndexT i;
for (i = 0; i < tracks.pendingAnimations[track].Size(); i++)
tracks.pendingAnimations[track][i].timeFactor = factor;
tracks.playingAnimations[track].timeFactor = factor;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
void
CharacterContext::QueryClips(const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId id, Util::FixedArray<CoreAnimation::AnimClip>& outClips)
{
const ContextEntityId cid = GetContextId(id);
const CoreAnimation::AnimResourceId& animRes = characterContextAllocator.Get<AnimationId>(cid.id);
outClips = CoreAnimation::AnimGetClips(animRes);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
Clamp key indices into the valid range, take pre-infinity and
post-infinity type into account.
*/
IndexT
ClampKeyIndex(IndexT keyIndex, const CoreAnimation::AnimClip& clip)
{
SizeT clipNumKeys = clip.GetNumKeys();
if (keyIndex < 0)
{
if (clip.GetPreInfinityType() == CoreAnimation::InfinityType::Cycle)
{
keyIndex %= clipNumKeys;
if (keyIndex < 0)
{
keyIndex += clipNumKeys;
}
}
else
{
keyIndex = 0;
}
}
else if (keyIndex >= clipNumKeys)
{
if (clip.GetPostInfinityType() == CoreAnimation::InfinityType::Cycle)
{
keyIndex %= clipNumKeys;
}
else
{
keyIndex = clipNumKeys - 1;
}
}
return keyIndex;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
Compute the inbetween-ticks between two frames for a given sample time.
*/
Timing::Tick
InbetweenTicks(Timing::Tick sampleTime, const CoreAnimation::AnimClip& clip)
{
// normalize sample time into valid time range
Timing::Tick clipDuration = clip.GetClipDuration();
if (sampleTime < 0)
{
if (clip.GetPreInfinityType() == CoreAnimation::InfinityType::Cycle)
{
sampleTime %= clipDuration;
if (sampleTime < 0)
{
sampleTime += clipDuration;
}
}
else
{
sampleTime = 0;
}
}
else if (sampleTime >= clipDuration)
{
if (clip.GetPostInfinityType() == CoreAnimation::InfinityType::Cycle)
{
sampleTime %= clipDuration;
}
else
{
sampleTime = clipDuration;
}
}
Timing::Tick inbetweenTicks = sampleTime % clip.GetKeyDuration();
return inbetweenTicks;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
const bool
IsExpired(const CharacterContext::AnimationRuntime& runtime, const Timing::Time time)
{
if (runtime.duration == 0)
return false;
else
return runtime.startTime + runtime.baseTime + runtime.duration <= time;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
const bool
IsInfinite(const CharacterContext::AnimationRuntime& runtime)
{
return runtime.duration == 0;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
Timing::Tick
GetAbsoluteStopTime(const CharacterContext::AnimationRuntime& runtime)
{
n_assert(!IsInfinite(runtime));
return (runtime.baseTime + runtime.startTime + runtime.duration) - runtime.fadeOutTime;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
void
CharacterContext::UpdateAnimations(const Graphics::FrameContext& ctx)
{
N_SCOPE(CharacterBeforeFrame, Character);
using namespace CoreAnimation;
const Util::Array<Timing::Time>& times = characterContextAllocator.GetArray<AnimTime>();
const Util::Array<AnimationTracks>& tracks = characterContextAllocator.GetArray<TrackController>();
const Util::Array<AnimResourceId>& anims = characterContextAllocator.GetArray<AnimationId>();
const Util::Array<CoreAnimation::AnimSampleBuffer>& sampleBuffers = characterContextAllocator.GetArray<SampleBuffer>();
const Util::Array<Util::FixedArray<SkeletonJobJoint>>& jobJoints = characterContextAllocator.GetArray<JobJoints>();
const Util::Array<Characters::SkeletonId>& skeletons = characterContextAllocator.GetArray<SkeletonId>();
const Util::Array<Util::FixedArray<Math::mat4>>& jointPalettes = characterContextAllocator.GetArray<JointPalette>();
const Util::Array<Util::FixedArray<Math::mat4>>& scaledJointPalettes = characterContextAllocator.GetArray<JointPaletteScaled>();
const Util::Array<Util::FixedArray<Math::mat4>>& userJoints = characterContextAllocator.GetArray<UserControlledJoint>();
const Util::Array<Graphics::GraphicsEntityId>& models = characterContextAllocator.GetArray<ModelContextId>();
// update times and animations
IndexT i;
for (i = 0; i < times.Size(); i++)
{
// update time, get track controller
Timing::Time& currentTime = times[i];
currentTime += ctx.frameTime;
AnimationTracks& trackController = tracks[i];
const AnimResourceId& anim = anims[i];
const Util::FixedArray<SkeletonJobJoint>& jobJoint = jobJoints[i];
const Util::FixedArray<Math::mat4>& bindPose = Characters::SkeletonGetBindPose(skeletons[i]);
const Util::FixedArray<Math::mat4>& userJoint = userJoints[i];
const Util::FixedArray<Math::mat4>& jointPalette = jointPalettes[i];
const Util::FixedArray<Math::mat4>& scaledJointPalette = scaledJointPalettes[i];
const CoreAnimation::AnimSampleBuffer& sampleBuffer = sampleBuffers[i];
const Graphics::GraphicsEntityId& model = models[i];
// loop over all tracks, and update the playing clip on each respective track
bool firstAnimTrack = true;
IndexT j;
for (j = 0; j < MaxNumTracks; j++)
{
// get playing animation on this track
AnimationRuntime& playing = trackController.playingAnimations[j];
bool startedNew = false;
// update pending animations
IndexT k;
for (k = 0; k < trackController.pendingAnimations[j].Size(); k++)
{
AnimationRuntime& pending = trackController.pendingAnimations[j][k];
if (playing.clip == -1)
{
// no clip is playing, this acts as replace automatically
pending.baseTime = ctx.time;
startedNew = true;
playing = pending;
}
else
{
if (pending.enqueueMode == Characters::Replace)
{
pending.baseTime = GetAbsoluteStopTime(playing);
startedNew = true;
playing = pending;
}
else if (pending.enqueueMode == Characters::IgnoreIfSame)
{
if (pending.clip == playing.clip && !IsExpired(playing, currentTime))
{
// erase clip, because we are already playing it
trackController.pendingAnimations[j].EraseIndex(k);
k--;
continue;
}
else
{
// otherwise, act like replace
pending.baseTime = GetAbsoluteStopTime(playing);
startedNew = true;
playing = pending;
}
}
else if (pending.enqueueMode == Characters::Append && IsInfinite(playing))
{
#if NEBULA_DEBUG
n_error("CharacterContext: Can't insert anim job '%s' because track is blocked by an infinite clip\n", playing.name.AsCharPtr());
#endif
}
// if none of the above, we have to wait for our current animation to finish
}
// if we started a new clip, erase the current pending, and quit the loop
if (startedNew)
{
trackController.pendingAnimations[j].EraseIndex(k);
break;
}
}
// if expired, invalidate job
if (IsExpired(playing, currentTime))
trackController.playingAnimations[j].clip = -1;
// if current playing job on this track is invalid, copy a pending job over
if (playing.clip == -1)
{
if (trackController.pendingAnimations[j].Size() > 0)
{
playing = trackController.pendingAnimations[j].Back();
trackController.pendingAnimations[j].EraseBack();
}
}
// this might change from the previous condition, so test it again
if (playing.clip != -1)
{
// update times
playing.evalTime = ctx.ticks - (playing.baseTime + playing.startTime);
playing.prevEvalTime = playing.evalTime;
playing.sampleTime = playing.startTime + ctx.ticks;
playing.prevSampleTime = playing.sampleTime;
// if not paused, update sample time
if (!playing.paused)
{
int timeDivider = Math::n_frnd(1 / playing.timeFactor);
Timing::Tick frameTicks = playing.evalTime - playing.prevEvalTime;
Timing::Tick timeDiff = frameTicks / timeDivider;
playing.sampleTime = playing.prevSampleTime + timeDiff;
playing.prevSampleTime = playing.sampleTime;
playing.sampleTime += playing.timeOffset;
}
// prepare both an animation job, and a character skeleton job
Jobs::JobContext ctx[2];
Jobs::JobId jobs[2];
// setup two jobs, the first evaluates the animation from the NAX3 resource,
// and the next step integrates it with the skeleton, and resolves the new hierarchy
// this is done through single-slice jobs, one per character
{
// start setting up job
if (firstAnimTrack || playing.blend != 1.0f)
jobs[0] = Jobs::CreateJob({ AnimSampleJob });
else
jobs[0] = Jobs::CreateJob({ AnimSampleJobWithMix });
// need to compute the sample weight and pointers to "before" and "after" keys
const CoreAnimation::AnimClip& clip = CoreAnimation::AnimGetClip(anim, playing.clip);
Timing::Tick keyDuration = clip.GetKeyDuration();
IndexT keyIndex0 = ClampKeyIndex((playing.sampleTime / keyDuration), clip);
IndexT keyIndex1 = ClampKeyIndex(keyIndex0 + 1, clip);
Timing::Tick inbetweenTicks = InbetweenTicks(playing.sampleTime, clip);
// create scratch memory
AnimSampleMixInfo* sampleMixInfo = (AnimSampleMixInfo*)Jobs::JobAllocateScratchMemory(jobs[0], Memory::ScratchHeap, sizeof(CoreAnimation::AnimSampleMixInfo));
Memory::Clear(sampleMixInfo, sizeof(AnimSampleMixInfo));
sampleMixInfo->sampleType = SampleType::Linear;
sampleMixInfo->sampleWeight = float(inbetweenTicks) / float(keyDuration);
sampleMixInfo->velocityScale.set(playing.timeFactor, playing.timeFactor, playing.timeFactor, 0);
// get pointers to memory and size
SizeT src0Size, src1Size;
const Math::vec4 *src0Ptr = nullptr, *src1Ptr = nullptr;
AnimComputeSlice(anim, playing.clip, keyIndex0, src0Size, src0Ptr);
AnimComputeSlice(anim, playing.clip, keyIndex1, src1Size, src1Ptr);
// setup output
Math::vec4* outSamplesPtr = sampleBuffer.GetSamplesPointer();
SizeT numOutSamples = sampleBuffer.GetNumSamples();
SizeT outSamplesByteSize = numOutSamples * sizeof(Math::vec4);
uchar* outSampleCounts = sampleBuffer.GetSampleCountsPointer();
ctx[0].input.numBuffers = 2;
ctx[0].output.numBuffers = 2;
ctx[0].uniform.numBuffers = 3;
// setup inputs
ctx[0].input.data[0] = (void*)src0Ptr;
ctx[0].input.dataSize[0] = src0Size;
ctx[0].input.sliceSize[0] = src0Size;
ctx[0].input.data[1] = (void*)src1Ptr;
ctx[0].input.dataSize[1] = src1Size;
ctx[0].input.sliceSize[1] = src1Size;
// setup outputs
ctx[0].output.data[0] = (void*)outSamplesPtr;
ctx[0].output.dataSize[0] = outSamplesByteSize;
ctx[0].output.sliceSize[0] = outSamplesByteSize;
ctx[0].output.data[1] = (void*)outSampleCounts;
ctx[0].output.dataSize[1] = Util::Round::RoundUp16(numOutSamples);
ctx[0].output.sliceSize[1] = Util::Round::RoundUp16(numOutSamples);
// setup uniforms
ctx[0].uniform.data[0] = &clip.CurveByIndex(0);
ctx[0].uniform.dataSize[0] = clip.GetNumCurves() * sizeof(AnimCurve);
ctx[0].uniform.data[1] = sampleMixInfo;
ctx[0].uniform.dataSize[1] = sizeof(AnimSampleMixInfo);
ctx[0].uniform.data[2] = (const void*)playing.mask;
ctx[0].uniform.dataSize[2] = sizeof(AnimSampleMask*);
ctx[0].uniform.scratchSize = 0;
}
{
// create skeleton eval job
jobs[1] = Jobs::CreateJob({ SkeletonEvalJobWithVariation });
const SizeT elmSize = sizeof(Math::mat4);
const SizeT numElements = jobJoint.Size();
SizeT outBufSize = numElements * elmSize;
ctx[1].input.numBuffers = 2;
ctx[1].uniform.numBuffers = 2;
ctx[1].output.numBuffers = 2;
ctx[1].uniform.scratchSize = outBufSize;
// setup inputs
ctx[1].input.data[0] = jobJoint.Begin();
ctx[1].input.dataSize[0] = numElements * sizeof(SkeletonJobJoint);
ctx[1].input.sliceSize[0] = numElements * sizeof(SkeletonJobJoint);
ctx[1].input.data[1] = sampleBuffer.GetSamplesPointer();
ctx[1].input.dataSize[1] = sampleBuffer.GetNumSamples() * sizeof(Math::vec4);
ctx[1].input.sliceSize[1] = sampleBuffer.GetNumSamples() * sizeof(Math::vec4);
// setup outputs
ctx[1].output.data[0] = scaledJointPalette.Begin();
ctx[1].output.dataSize[0] = outBufSize;
ctx[1].output.sliceSize[0] = outBufSize;
ctx[1].output.data[1] = jointPalette.Begin();
ctx[1].output.dataSize[1] = outBufSize;
ctx[1].output.sliceSize[1] = outBufSize;
// setup uniforms
ctx[1].uniform.data[0] = bindPose.Begin();
ctx[1].uniform.dataSize[0] = bindPose.Size() * sizeof(Math::mat4);
ctx[1].uniform.data[1] = userJoint.Begin();
ctx[1].uniform.dataSize[1] = userJoint.Size() * sizeof(Math::mat4);
}
// schedule jobs
Jobs::JobScheduleSequence({ jobs[0], jobs[1] }, CharacterContext::jobPort, { ctx[0], ctx[1] });
// add to delete list
CharacterContext::runningJobs.Enqueue(jobs[0]);
CharacterContext::runningJobs.Enqueue(jobs[1]);
// flip the first anim track flag, which will trigger the next job to mix
firstAnimTrack = false;
}
}
// get all character node instances, so we can set their skeleton
const Util::Array<Models::ModelNode::Instance*>& nodeInstances = Models::ModelContext::GetModelNodeInstances(model);
for (j = 0; j < nodeInstances.Size(); j++)
{
// if type is character node, set the joint palette pointer to this instance of the characater
// this bridges the gap between the model node and this character instance
if (nodeInstances[j]->node->type == Models::NodeType::CharacterNodeType)
{
Models::CharacterNode::Instance* cinst = static_cast<Models::CharacterNode::Instance*>(nodeInstances[j]);
cinst->joints = &jointPalette;
}
}
}
// put sync object
Jobs::JobSyncSignal(CharacterContext::jobSync, CharacterContext::jobPort);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
void
CharacterContext::OnAfterFrame(const Graphics::FrameContext& ctx)
{
if (CharacterContext::runningJobs.Size() > 0)
{
Util::Array<Jobs::JobId> jobs;
jobs.Reserve(CharacterContext::runningJobs.Size());
CharacterContext::runningJobs.DequeueAll(jobs);
// wait for all jobs to finish
Jobs::JobSyncHostWait(CharacterContext::jobSync);
// destroy jobs
IndexT i;
for (i = 0; i < jobs.Size(); i++)
{
Jobs::DestroyJob(jobs[i]);
}
}
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
CoreAnimation::AnimSampleMask*
CharacterContext::CreateAnimSampleMask(const Util::StringAtom& name, const Util::FixedArray<Math::scalar>& weights)
{
IndexT index = CharacterContext::masks.Add(name, CoreAnimation::AnimSampleMask{ name, weights });
return &CharacterContext::masks.ValueAtIndex(name, index);
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
CoreAnimation::AnimSampleMask*
CharacterContext::GetAnimSampleMask(const Util::StringAtom& name)
{
IndexT index = CharacterContext::masks.FindIndex(name);
n_assert(index != InvalidIndex);
return &CharacterContext::masks.ValueAtIndex(name, index);
}
#ifndef PUBLIC_BUILD
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/**
*/
void
CharacterContext::OnRenderDebug(uint32 flags)
{
// wait for jobs to finish
Jobs::JobSyncHostWait(CharacterContext::jobSync);
const Util::Array<Util::FixedArray<Math::mat4>>& jointPalettes = characterContextAllocator.GetArray<JointPaletteScaled>();
const Util::Array<Graphics::GraphicsEntityId>& modelContexts = characterContextAllocator.GetArray<ModelContextId>();
const Math::mat4 scale = Math::scaling(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f);
IndexT i;
for (i = 0; i < jointPalettes.Size(); i++)
{
const Util::FixedArray<Math::mat4>& jointsPalette = jointPalettes[i];
const Math::mat4& transform = Models::ModelContext::GetTransform(modelContexts[i]);
IndexT j;
for (j = 0; j < jointsPalette.Size(); j++)
{
Math::mat4 joint = scale * jointsPalette[j] * transform;
CoreGraphics::RenderShape shape;
shape.SetupSimpleShape(CoreGraphics::RenderShape::Sphere, CoreGraphics::RenderShape::RenderFlag(CoreGraphics::RenderShape::CheckDepth | CoreGraphics::RenderShape::Wireframe), joint, Math::vec4(1, 0, 0, 0.5f));
CoreGraphics::ShapeRenderer::Instance()->AddShape(shape);
//Im3d::Im3dContext::DrawSphere(joint, Math::vec4(1,0,0,0.5f));
}
}
}
#endif
} // namespace Characters
| 28,497 |
US-63290190-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,990 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,741 | 4,888 |
Data processor having an output terminal with selectable output impedances
ABSTRACT
A data processor has at least one output terminal which a user of the data processor can vary the output impedance thereof depending upon the application environment of the data processor. A first output buffer of an output buffer stage has a predetermined output impedance and is coupled between an input of the stage and the output terminal. The first output buffer provides a first output terminal impedance. A second output buffer having a lower output impedance then the first output buffer may be selectively coupled in parallel to the first output buffer to reduce the output impedance of the output terminal. The coupling of the output buffers is controlled by a user of the data processor who provides a control input for selecting one of a plurality of predetermined output terminal impedance values.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to data processors, and moreparticularly, to output impedances of output terminals of dataprocessors.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Data processors are frequently used in two types of operatingapplications. A first operating application is a use in ahigh-performance, zero-wait state system. In a high-performance system,output buffers which have a very fast slew rate are used at outputterminals. In a printed circuit board to which data processors arecommonly connected, bus lines are terminated to a reference potential tocontrol conventional ringing effects. High-performance terminated linesrequire interfacing with an output buffer having a low output impedance,such as ten ohms or less. Output buffers having such low impedancerequire transistors with large physical dimensions in order to achieveproper logic levels. A terminated line has the disadvantages ofadditional components and circuit area and increased power consumption.A second operating application is a use in a mid-performance, lower costsystem. In the mid-performance system, output buffers with slower slewrates may be implemented and may be used with non-terminated lines on aprinted circuit board. An output buffer for a non-terminated linetypically requires a higher impedance to avoid conventional lineringing. Data processors which use output buffers for non-terminatedline applications are less costly to implement in part becausetransistors having smaller dimensions may be used.
Data processors have typically tried to satisfy both types of outputimpedance requirements in order to be satisfactory for eitherhigh-performance or mid-performance applications. In order to beapplicable for both terminated line and non-terminated lineapplications, a data processor having an output driver circuit with afixed output terminal impedance somewhere between low and high impedanceapplication values has been implemented. Examples of such dataprocessors are the commercially available MC68020 and the MC68030 dataprocessors offered by Motorola Inc.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The previously mentioned needs are fulfilled with the present invention.There is provided herein a data processor having an output terminal withselectable output impedances. A plurality of output buffer circuits areselectively coupled in parallel between a buffer input terminal and thedata processor output terminal in response to a control signal. Eachoutput buffer circuit has a predetermined buffer output impedance. Thecontrol signal has a value controlled by a user of the data processor.The user is able to select predetermined discrete, non-varying outputterminal impedances of the data processor by controlling the value ofthe control signal.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1(A) illustrates in schematic form a known buffer circuit for usewith an open ended transmission line, and FIG. 1(B) illustrates ingraphical form voltage variation with respect to time at two points ofthe transmission line of FIG. 1(A).
FIG. 2(A) illustrates in schematic form a known buffer circuit for usewith a terminated transmission line, and FIG. 2(B) illustrates ingraphical form voltage variation with respect to time at two points ofthe transmission line of FIG. 2(A).
FIG. 3 illustrates in block diagram form a portion of a data processorhaving a selectable impedance output terminal in accordance with thepresent invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates in block diagram form a portion of a data processorhaving a selectable impedance output terminal in accordance with anotherform of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Data processors are operating at ever-increasing frequencies. At higheroperating frequencies, the time required for a valid logic leveltransition is beginning to approach the amount of time required for avoltage waveform to travel thru a typical printed circuit boardconductor. As a result, data processor timing specification delays areno longer large enough so that printed circuit board propagation delaysare insignificant. Therefore, data processor timing specifications areno longer large enough to guarantee that there is sufficient time forintrinsic buffer switching delays and circuit board level propagationdelays. Also, as transistor device sizes are increasingly made smaller,the timing constraints for data buses are also reduced and output bufferedge rates are sped up. At higher edge rates, the loads which outputbuffers drive begin to approximate transmission line characteristics. Asa result, a conductor connected to an output terminal of a dataprocessor will not change voltage value equally with respect to time.Since the load of an output buffer of a data processor approximates atransmission line at high frequencies, a reflection may occur at the endof the line which may result in ringing and a significant reduction innoise margin. Therefore, a proper impedance value of an output drivercircuit of a data processor will prevent undesired reflections of avoltage waveform provided at the output of the data processor.
Shown in FIG. 1(A) is a schematic of an output buffer 10 connected to atransmission line having a non-terminated portion 12. Output buffer 10is for use in a mid-performance data processor. A P-channel transistor14 has a source connected to a positive power supply voltage, V_(DD), agate connected to a first bias voltage, V_(Bias) 1, and a drainconnected to a drain of an N-channel transistor 16 at a point labeled"A." Point A may be considered as an output pin of a data processor. Agate of transistor 16 is connected to a second bias voltage, V_(Bias) 2,and a source of transistor 16 is connected to an analog ground referenceterminal labeled "V_(AG)." The drain of transistor 14 provides an outputvoltage and is connected to a thirty-ohm transmission line 18 and isunterminated at a point labeled "B." Point B may be considered as adestination point at the end of the transmission line. A receiver 20 hasan input connected to the transmission line at point B for receiving theoutput voltage of output buffer 10.
In operation, output buffer 10 functions to switch between two logiclevels in response to the first and second bias voltages. However, dueto the transmission line characteristics of a transmission line with thenon-terminated portion 12, the transition between logic levels of theoutput voltage of buffer 10 varies depending upon whether the voltage isviewed at point A or point B. Referring to FIG. 1(B), the voltage atboth point A and point B is compared in response to the bias voltagesfunctioning to cause the output voltage of buffer 10 to transition froma logic high to a logic low. It should be noted that although the outputvoltage at point A begins to fall before the voltage at point B beginsto transition, the voltage at point B actually crosses atransistor-transistor logic (TTL) switchpoint threshold before thevoltage at point A does. The delay associated with the voltage at pointA is due to a reflection component of the signal thru transmission line18 due to the non-terminated portion 12. The delay between the point intime when the voltage at point A begins to fall and the point in timewhen the TTL switchpoint is reached at point A may be expressed as(2t_(pd) +t_(fall)) where "t_(pd) " is the propagation delay of line 18(i.e., the time required for a signal to propagate from point A to pointB) and "t_(fall) " is the time required for a signal to transition froma logic high to a logic low without any propagation delay. The delay inthe transition of voltage at point A may be a significant problem athigh operating frequencies.
Shown in FIG. 2(A) is a schematic of an output buffer 25 connected to atransmission line having a terminated portion 27. Output buffer 25 isfor use in a high-performance data processor application. A P-channeltransistor 30 has a source connected to a positive power supply voltage,V_(DD), a gate connected to a first bias voltage, V_(Bias) 1, and adrain connected to a drain of an N-channel transistor 32 at a pointlabeled "A." A gate of transistor 32 is connected to a second biasvoltage, V_(Bias) 2, and a source of transistor 32 is connected to ananalog ground reference terminal labeled "V_(AG)." The drain oftransistor 30 provides an output voltage and is connected to a fifty-ohmtransmission line 34 and is terminated at a point labeled "B." Point Bis terminated by connecting a fifty ohm resistance 36 in series with apower supply 38 providing a voltage which is approximately one-half thevoltage of a data processor system supply voltage between point B andthe analog ground reference terminal. For example, when a five voltsystem supply voltage is used, power supply 38 is two and one-halfvolts. A receiver 39 has an input connected to point B for receiving theoutput voltage of output buffer 25.
In operation, output buffer 25 also functions to switch between twologic levels in response to the first and second bias voltages. As withbuffer 10 of FIG. 1(A), the transition between logic levels of theoutput voltage of buffer 25 varies depending upon whether the voltage isbeing viewed at point A or point B. Referring to FIG. 2(B), the voltageat both point A and point B is compared in response to the bias voltagesfunctioning to cause the output voltage of buffer 25 to transition froma logic high to a logic low. It should be noted that with a terminatedtransmission line, the output voltage at point A begins to fall beforethe voltage at point B begins to transition. Because the output ofbuffer 25 is connected to a terminated line, the voltage at point Acrosses the same transistor-transistor logic (TTL) switchpoint thresholdas in FIG. 2(A) before the voltage at point B crosses the TTLswitchpoint threshold. Unlike buffer 10, there is not a large componentreflected signal transmitted thru transmission line 34 to interfere withthe transition of the output signal at point A. The amount of time delayin reaching the TTL switchpoint between points A and B is approximately(t_(pd) +t_(fall)). Therefore, output buffer 25 is significantly fasterthan output buffer 10. However, the speed enhancement is costly in thatthe additional components of resistance 36 and power supply 38 arerequired. Also, resistance 36 and power supply 38 conduct current thrutransmission line 34 and create additional power consumption. Therefore,there are trade-offs regarding power consumption and cost to be balancedwhen choosing between high- and low-performance applications. In thehigh-performance application, an output buffer having an impedance atthe output pin of a data processor which is significantly lower than theimpedance at the output pin of a data processor in a mid-performancesystem is required. A high-performance application using a terminatedline requires a low output impedance in order to obtain proper logiclevels at the output. A lower cost, non-terminated line applicationrequires a higher impedance to avoid unacceptable line ringing.
Shown in FIG. 3 is an output buffer section 40 of a data processorhaving an output terminal with selectable impedance values in accordancewith the present invention. Output buffer section 40 generally comprisesa plurality of n output buffers, such as buffers 42, 44, and 46. Asillustrated, "n" is an integer. Buffers 42, 44, and 46 respectively havea first output impedance value Z1, a second output impedance value Z2,and a third output impedance value Zn. Each of the plurality of buffershas an input connected to an input at a node 48, and each buffer has anoutput connected to an output terminal at a node 49. The input at node48 may either be a data input, an address input, or a control input. Inthe illustrated form, the output terminal is an output pin of a dataprocessor. Each of buffers 42, 44, and 46 also has a control input forrespectively receiving control signals C0, C1 and Cn.
In operation, output buffer section 40 functions to provide a collectiveoutput buffer at the output pin wherein the collective output buffer hasan output impedance which is selectable in response to control signalsC0, C1, and Cn. By choosing differing values of Z1, Z2 . . . Zn, theoutput impedance at the output pin may be significantly varied. Forexample, should a high impedance output pin be needed in amid-performance application, a single buffer may be coupled betweennodes 48 and 49 and all other buffers left unconnected. In one form,control signals C0, C1, and Cn respectively function to couple each ofbuffers 42, 44, and 46 to the output pin by controlling a couplingtransistor within each of the buffers to couple the output of the bufferto the output pin. Each of buffers 42, 44, and 46 may be implementedwith any type of known buffer circuit structure, including the bufferstructure illustrated in each of FIGS. 1(A) and 2(A). In ahigh-performance application, control signals C0, C1, and Cn may be usedto respectively couple buffers 42, 44, and 46 between nodes 48 and 49.By implementing buffers 42, 44, and 46 with a variety of differingimpedance values, differing parallel connected combinations of buffers42, 44, and 46 will result in differing impedances at node 49. Forexample, if Z1 is a relatively large valued impedance, such as fiftyohms, and Z2 is a much smaller valued impedance, such as four ohms, anoutput impedance which varies between approximately four and fifty ohmsmay be readily implemented in direct response to control signals C0 thruCn. In the simplest form, the present invention may be implemented byusing only two buffer circuits.
Illustrated in FIG. 4 is an output buffer section 50 generally having acontrol portion 52 and a buffer portion 54. Within buffer portion 54 isa plurality of n buffer circuits such as buffer circuits 60, 61, and 65.Each of buffer circuits 60, 61, and 65 has an input connected to aninput terminal labeled "Input" at a node 68 for receiving either data,control or address information. Each of buffer circuits 60, 61, and 65has an output connected to an output pin at a node 70. Each of buffercircuits 60, 61, and 65 has a control input terminal for receiving acontrol signal. The control input of buffer circuit 60 is connected to aground logic zero reference terminal. Within control portion 52 is astorage device 75 having an input for receiving an input control signallabeled "Control Input". In the illustrated form, storage device 75 has(n-1) control outputs. Each control output of storage device 75 isconnected to a control input terminal of a predetermined one of thebuffer circuits of buffer portion 54.
In operation, output buffer section 50 receives a control input forselecting the output impedance at node 70. The control input may begenerated from any one of numerous sources. For example, the controlinput may be derived from another input pin of the data processor. Inone form, storage device 75 may be a register which receives scanned inimpedance selection control data during a predetermined time period inthe operation of the data processor. As a result, there is complete usercontrol of the output impedance of predetermined pins of a dataprocessor for application flexibility. Further, the ability touser-control the impedance or drive capability of each data processorpin is independent of other output pins of the data processor. Outputbuffer section 50 has a predetermined maximum value of output impedanceas established by buffer circuit 60 with impedance Z1. Storage device 75generates control signals for buffers 61 and 65 and any interveningbuffers. The control signals selectively connect either none, one, or aplurality of the buffer circuits between nodes 68 and 70 for the purposeof reducing the output impedance at node 70. The input signal connectedto node 68 may then be buffered by buffer 60 and any additional selectedbuffers to provide an output signal having propagation delaycharacteristics specifically tailored for a predetermined application.In one form of operation, the data processor may be reset to causestorage device 75 to generate control signals which make output buffersection 50 default to a predetermined output impedance.
Specific impedance values for buffers 60, 61, and 65 may be calculatedto provide a variety of predetermined output impedances. When selectingpredetermined impedance values, it should be remembered that the outputimpedance of transistors used in the output buffers is nonlinear andthese impedances are to be measured at differing source/drain oremitter/collector voltages. Therefore, the calculation of impedancevalues for each buffer circuit to obtain a predetermined outputimpedance is also a nonlinear calculation. As an example of one form ofthe present invention wherein only two buffer circuits are implemented,a low buffer impedance value and a significantly higher valued impedancemay respectively be used to provide user selection of an output terminalimpedance for either a high-performance application or a low-performanceapplication.
By now it should be apparent that there has been provided a dataprocessor having user controlled output buffer impedance selection. Thepresent invention may be implemented using any type of buffer circuit inconnection with a control device which functions to functionally couplethe buffer circuit between an input terminal and an output terminal. Thestorage device 75 illustrated in FIG. 4 may be implemented for exampleas either a one-of-N decoder, by a PLA, or by a memory circuit such as aROM. The control input for storage device 75 may be implemented byconventional mask selection or by use of a data processor instruction.The data processor instruction which controls the output terminalimpedance selection may be provided either as an instruction from anexternal source or may be generated internally in response to apredetermined input. The present invention provides an efficient methodfor implementing a single data processor which may be used in a varietyof applications requiring differing output impedance values. Noadditional integrated circuit pin is required as the user selection maybe easily multiplexed with the function of an existing pin of the dataprocessor.
While there have been described herein the principles of the invention,it is to be clearly understood to those skilled in the art that thisdescription is made only by way of example and not as a limitation tothe scope of the invention. For example, although the present inventionis illustrated as in FIGS. 3 and 4 as using at least three buffercircuits to selectively vary the output impedance of an output terminal,as few as two buffer circuits may be implemented. Although the controlsignals, C0, C1, . . . Cn, are illustrated as distinct signals, a singlecontrol signal may be used where C0, C1, etc. represent one or more bitsof the single control signal. Accordingly, it is intended, by theappended claims, to cover all modifications of the invention which fallwithin the true spirit and scope of the invention.
We claim:
1. A data processor having an output terminal, comprising:aplurality of output buffer circuits, each output buffer circuit having apredetermined buffer output impedance and being coupled in parallel byhaving a first input connected to a buffer information input terminal,an output connected to the data processor output terminal, and a secondinput for receiving a control signal having a value which is controlledand may be varied by a user of the data processor, said user being ableto select predetermined discrete, output terminal impedances of the dataprocessor by controlling the value of the control signal.
2. The dataprocessor of claim 1 wherein the plurality of output buffer circuitscoupled in parallel comprise two output buffer circuits coupled inparallel.
3. The data processor of claim 1 further comprising:storagemeans coupled to at least one of the output buffer circuits forproviding the control signal for selectively biasing at least a first ofthe output buffer circuits with same logic values as a second of theoutput buffer circuits.
4. The data processor of claim 3 wherein thestorage means is a register circuit having an input coupled to an inputterminal of the data processor.
5. The data processor of claim 1 whereinthe control signal is derived from a data processor instruction.
6. In adata processor having an output terminal, a method for selecting anoutput impedance of the output terminal, comprising the stepsof:providing a plurality of output buffer circuits, each output buffercircuit having a predetermined buffer output impedance; connecting afirst input of each of the output buffer circuits to an informationinput terminal, connecting an output of each of the output buffercircuits to the output terminal, and providing a second input for eachof the output buffer circuits for receiving a control signal; andallowing a user of the data processor to select a value of the controlsignal to permit the user of the data processor to select one of aplurality of predetermined discrete, output impedance values for theoutput terminal, the user being able to change the output impedance ofthe output terminal from a first substantially constant impedance to asecond substantially constant impedance by modifying the value of thecontrol signal.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the step of providingthe plurality of output buffer circuits further comprises providing twooutput buffer circuits having substantially different values of bufferoutput impedance.
8. The method of claim 6 further comprising the stepof:providing an additional output buffer circuit having a first inputterminal connected to the information input terminal, a second inputterminal connected to a reference voltage, and an output connected tothe output terminal.
9. The method of claim 6 further comprising thestep of:storing the control signal in a storage device before couplingthe control signal to the second input of each of the plurality ofoutput buffer circuits.
10. The method of claim 6 wherein the step ofselecting the value of the control signal further comprises receiving adata processor instruction to form the control signal therefrom.
11. Adata processor having an output terminal, comprising:a first outputbuffer circuit having a first input connected to a first node of thedata processor for receiving a signal to be buffered prior to beingprovided as an output, a second input connected to a reference voltageterminal, and an output connected to the output terminal, the firstoutput buffer circuit having a first predetermined impedance; a secondoutput buffer circuit having a first input connected to the first nodeof the data processor for also receiving the signal to be buffered priorto being provided as an output, a second input for receiving animpedance selection signal, and an output connected to the outputterminal, the second output buffer circuit having a second predeterminedimpedance which is less than the first predetermined impedance; andmeans for receiving a predetermined input provided by a user of the dataprocessor to provide the impedance selection signal to the second outputbuffer circuit, the user of the data processor varying output impedanceat the output terminal of the data processor by the predetermined input.12. The data processor of claim 11 wherein the impedance selectionsignal is a single bit control signal.
13. The data processor of claim11 wherein the impedance selection signal is provided in response toreceiving a data processing instruction as the predetermined input..
| 28,683 |
S_22287-AR.pdf_1
|
UN-Digital-Library
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Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
Letter dated 1 March 1991 from the Permanent Representative of Jordan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council.
|
None
|
Haitian Creole
|
Spoken
| 1 | 2 |
None
| 50,139 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69109190
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
https://stackoverflow.com/users/8559025, osbwh
|
English
|
Spoken
| 185 | 459 |
Dialogflow message with audio input (chat bot Dialogflow cx)
I have created an agent by DialogFlow Cx and I need do a web demo. I'm trying create this page using Dialog Flow message:
<DOCKTYPE html>
<html lang="pt-br">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title> PocJbsEngineering </title>
<script src="https://www.gstatic.com/dialogflow-console/fast/messenger-cx/bootstrap.js?v=1"></script>
<df-messenger df-cx="true" location="us-east1" chat-title="JBS" agent-id="bfb3f030-9d41-4160-b13c-90de6f3b8c1d"
language-code="pt-br" request.inputAudio = "audio"></df-messenger>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
but, the chat message doesnt have the voice input:
chat
How can I put a voice input on Dialogflow message? some suggestion to do this agent Dialogflow Cx with audio input?
unfortunately as you pointed out the embedded version doesn't have audio as an input.
If you want to use the embedded chat then you'd need to record your voice and convert it to text using speech to text.
If you wanted to create your own UI then you should use Dialogflow CX v1beta2 and the type InputAudioConfig. You'd record your voice and use the InputAudioConfig to pass into the detect intent call. Similar to the link below just with Dialogflow CX instead of ES
https://cloud.google.com/dialogflow/es/docs/how/detect-intent-audio
Do you know if this still the case https://stackoverflow.com/questions/77504988/how-to-enable-microphone-for-published-dialogflow-web-agent-despite-being-avail. Thank you!
| 28,093 |
https://github.com/rmm5t/alfred-emoji/blob/master/lib/getLTSversion.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
alfred-emoji
|
rmm5t
|
Shell
|
Code
| 41 | 136 |
#!/bin/bash
type jq >/dev/null
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
echo "Need jq -- https://stedolan.github.io/jq/"
exit 1
fi
curdir=$(pwd)
cd $(dirname $0)
parentDir=$(pwd)
cd ${curdir}
curl -s https://nodejs.org/dist/index.json | \
jq 'map(select(.lts != false)) | map(.version)' | \
node ${parentDir}/latestLTS.js
| 37,314 |
ACCOTEXT000041723966
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| null |
EFFIA
|
ACCO
| null |
Spoken
| 1,875 | 3,001 |
AVENANT DE REVISION A L’ACCORD COLLECTIF INSTAURANT
DES GARANTIES COLLECTIVES DE REMBOURSEMENT DE FRAIS DE SANTE
AU SEIN D’EFFIA SAS
ENTRE
La société EFFIA SAS représentée par XXX, en sa qualité de Directrice des Ressources Humaines.
d'une part,
ET
L’organisation syndicale CFDT, représentée par XXX en sa qualité de Déléguée syndicale, accompagnée de XXX membre de la délégation syndicale.
d'autre part.
Préambule :
L’ Organisation Syndicale représentative de l’entreprise et la Direction se sont réunies afin de confirmer les modalités d’application, d’adhésion et de financement de la protection sociale complémentaire dont bénéficient les salariés définis par le présent avenant en matière de garanties complémentaire de « remboursement de frais de santé » au niveau de la société EFFIA SAS.
L'objectif de ces négociations a été :
D’entériner la volonté de conserver un dispositif en conformité avec les règles induites par la réglementation actuelles et à venir modifiant le cahier des charges des contrats dits responsables et solidaires prévu aux articles L. 871-1 et R. 871-2 du Code de la Sécurité sociale.
D’appliquer les obligations du décret n° 2019-21 du 11 janvier 2019 dont l’obligation de prendre en charge les paniers de soins dans le cadre du 100% santé.
De rappeler certaines obligations induites par la réglementation ainsi que le financement du régime.
Eu égard à ces modifications, et afin d’en faciliter la lecture pour les salariés, il a été décidé de réécrire la totalité des dispositions de l’accord collectif relatif au système des garanties collectives de remboursement de Frais de santé du 4 décembre 2007 et ses avenants du 11 décembre 2009 et 28 janvier 2011. Les dispositions du présent avenant se substituent donc aux précédentes stipulations.
En cas de modifications substantielles du cadre législatif et règlementaire, les signataires conviennent de réexaminer les dispositions du présent avenant qui seraient concernées.
Il a donc été décidé ce qui suit, en application de l'article L. 911-1 du Code de la Sécurité sociale, après information et consultation du Comité d’entreprise (futur CSE) de la société en date du 7 novembre 2019.
TITRE I
Clauses communes
Article 1
Objet et Champ d’application
Le présent avenant a pour objet d’organiser l’adhésion des salariés visés à l’article 2.1., aux contrats collectifs d’assurance souscrits à cet effet par la société auprès d’organismes assureurs habilités, sur la base des garanties et de leurs modalités d’application ci-après annexées à titre informatif.
Le présent avenant concerne la société EFFIA SAS à la date du 01/01/2020.
Toute société venant à intégrer le périmètre de la société EFFIA SAS pourra adhérer au présent avenant, dans les conditions de l’article 7. Cette intégration au champ d’application de l’accord sera notifiée à l’ensemble des organisations syndicales signataires ou adhérentes au présent avenant, ainsi qu’à la DIRECCTE.
Concomitamment à son adhésion au présent accord et ses avenants, la société devra adhérer aux contrats d’assurance collective souscrits pour la gestion de ce régime.
Le présent avenant cessera de s’appliquer de plein droit à une société signataire ou adhérente, dès lors qu’elle n’entrera plus dans le périmètre la société EFFIA SAS dans les conditions prévues par le dispositif légal applicable. Dans une telle hypothèse, l’application du présent avenant sera mise en cause au sein de la société concernée. L’entreprise devra par conséquent engager des négociations avec ses organisations syndicales aux fins, le cas échéant, de convenir des nouvelles modalités de couverture de ses salariés.
Parallèlement la société concernée devra souscrire un contrat d’assurance séparé en exécution de ses obligations.
Cette sortie du champ d’application de l’accord sera notifiée à l’ensemble des organisations syndicales signataires ou adhérentes au présent accord, ainsi qu’à la DIRECCTE.
Article 2
Adhésion des salariés
2.1.
Salariés bénéficiaires
Ensemble des salariés de la société EFFIA SAS.
Le présent régime bénéficie à titre obligatoire à l’ensemble des salariés des sociétés comprises dans le champ d’application du présent avenant.
2.2.
Caractère obligatoire de l’adhésion
L'adhésion au régime des salariés visés à l’article 2.1., est obligatoire. Elle résulte de la signature du présent avenant par les organisations syndicales représentatives des salariés de l’entreprise. Elle s'impose donc dans les relations individuelles de travail et les salariés concernés ne pourront s'opposer au précompte de leur quote-part de cotisations.
2.3.
Salariés dont le contrat de travail est suspendu
L’adhésion des salariés est maintenue en cas de suspension de leur contrat de travail, quelle qu’en soit la cause, dès lors qu’ils bénéficient, pendant cette période, d’un maintien de salaire, total ou partiel, ou d’une indemnisation financée au moins en partie par la société qui les emploie.
Dans ce cas, la société verse la même contribution que pour les salariés actifs pendant toute la période de suspension du contrat de travail rémunérée ou indemnisée. Parallèlement, le salarié acquitte sa part de cotisations.
Sauf à ce que la société soit en mesure de procéder au précompte de la cotisation, le salarié est tenu d’adresser dans les meilleurs délais un relevé d’identité bancaire au gestionnaire du régime, ainsi qu’une autorisation de prélèvement de sa cotisation.
2.4.
Salariés dont le contrat de travail est rompu : portabilité
Les salariés bénéficiaires du présent régime auront droit au maintien des garanties en vigueur dans l’entreprise en cas de rupture de leur contrat de travail ouvrant droit à une prise en charge par le régime d’assurance chômage, ceci pendant une durée maximale de 12 mois, sous réserve de remplir l’ensemble des conditions fixées par l’article L. 911-8 du Code de la Sécurité sociale.
Le financement du maintien de ces garanties est assuré par un système de mutualisation.
Article 3
Garanties
Les garanties souscrites ne constituent, en aucun cas, un engagement pour la société, qui n’est pas tenue, à l’égard de leurs salariés respectifs, qu’au seul paiement des cotisations, des garanties minimales imposées par la convention collective de branche et des dispositions légales et réglementaires.
Par conséquent, les garanties mises en œuvre par les contrats d’assurance relèvent de la seule responsabilité de l’organisme assureur retenu, au même titre que les modalités, limitations et exclusions de garanties.
Article 4
Information
4.1.
Information individuelle
En sa qualité de souscripteur, la société remettra à ses salariés et à tout nouvel embauché, une notice d'information détaillée, établie par l’organisme assureur, résumant notamment les garanties et leurs modalités d'application.
Les salariés seront informés individuellement, selon la même méthode, de toute modification de leurs droits et obligations.
4.2.
Information collective
Conformément à l’article R. 2312-22 du Code du travail, le Comité d’Entreprise (futur CSE) est informé et consulté préalablement à toute modification des garanties de prévoyance.
TITRE II
Garantie de remboursement de frais de santé
Article 5
Cotisations
Les cotisations servant au financement du régime de base obligatoire du contrat d'assurance « remboursement de frais de santé » s’élèvent à un montant correspondant à pourcentage du plafond mensuel de la sécurité sociale (PMSS).
Pour information, le plafond mensuel de la sécurité sociale est fixé à 3 424€ pour 2020. Il est modifié une fois par an (au 1er janvier), par voie règlementaire.
La cotisation ci-dessus définie est prise en charge par l'entreprise et par les salariés dans les proportions suivantes :
A noter un taux d’appel de 90% est appliqué pour les cotisations de la seule année 2020.
Article 6
Évolution ultérieure des cotisations
Il est expressément convenu qu’en application du présent avenant, l'obligation de l'employeur se limite au seul paiement des cotisations pour leurs taux et montants arrêtés à cette date.
En conséquence, en cas d'augmentation des cotisations, due notamment à un changement de législation ou à un mauvais rapport sinistres à primes (S/P), l'obligation de l’employeur sera limitée au paiement de la cotisation définie à l’article 5 en fonction de la garantie concernée.
En cas d’évolution annuelle des cotisations à la hausse ou à la baisse, inférieure à 5%, celle-ci sera répercutée entre l’Employeur et les salariés dans les mêmes proportions que celles mentionnées ci-dessus et sans formalisation d’un avenant.
Toute demande d’augmentation des cotisations supérieure à 5% sur une année fera l’objet d’une nouvelle négociation avec les Organisations Syndicales représentatives de l’Entreprise et d’un avenant à l’accord.
TITRE III
Dispositions finales
Article 7
Durée-Révision-Dénonciation
Le présent avenant est conclu pour une durée indéterminée et prendra effet le 1er janvier 2020.
Le présent avenant se substitue de plein droit à toutes les dispositions résultant d’accords collectifs, d’accords adoptés par référendum, de décisions unilatérales ou de toute autre pratique en vigueur dans l’Entreprise et portant sur le même objet que celui prévu par le présent avenant.
Il pourra, à tout moment, être modifié ou dénoncé en respectant la procédure prévue respectivement par les articles L. 2222-5, L. 2261-7 et suivants et L. 2222-6, L. 2261-9 et suivants du Code du travail.
Conformément aux articles L. 2222-5 et L. 2261-7-1 et suivants du Code du travail, sont habilitées à engager la procédure de révision du présent avenant :
Jusqu’à la fin du cycle électoral au cours duquel cet avenant de révision a été conclu, une ou plusieurs organisations syndicales de salariés représentatives dans le champ d’application et signataires ou adhérentes de cet avenant ;
A l’issue de cette période, une ou plusieurs organisations syndicales de salariés représentatives dans le champ d’application de l’accord.
La demande de révision, qui peut intervenir à tout moment à l’initiative de l’une des parties signataires, doit être notifiée par lettre recommandée avec avis de réception aux autres signataires.
L’ensemble des partenaires sociaux se réunira alors dans un délai d’un mois à compter de la réception de cette demande afin d’envisager l’éventuelle conclusion d’un avenant de révision.
L’éventuel avenant de révision se substituera de plein droit aux dispositions du présent avenant qu’il modifiera.
Conformément à l’article L. 2222-6, L. 2261-9 et suivants du Code du travail, les parties signataires du présent avenant ont également la possibilité de le dénoncer moyennant un préavis de trois mois.
L’accord pourra faire l’objet soit d’une dénonciation totale, soit d’une dénonciation partielle.
L’avenant dénoncé continue donc à produire effet jusqu’à l’entrée en vigueur du nouvel accord qui lui est substitué ou, à défaut, pendant une durée d’un an à compter de l’expiration du préavis de trois mois.
En tout état de cause et sauf accord contraire des parties, y compris de l'organisme assureur, la dénonciation ne pourra avoir d'effet qu'à l'échéance du contrat d’assurance collectif.
La résiliation, par l'organisme assureur du contrat, entraînera de plein droit caducité de l’accord et ses avenants par disparition de son objet.
Article 8
Dépôt et publicité
Conformément aux dispositions des articles L. 2231-6 et D. 2231-2 du Code du travail, le présent avenant et ses éventuelles annexes seront déposés à la Direction Régionale des Entreprises de la Concurrence, de la Consommation, du Travail et de l’Emploi (DIRECCTE) via la plateforme de téléprocédure et en un exemplaire original au secrétariat du Greffe du Conseil de Prud’hommes.
En outre, un exemplaire original sera établi pour chaque partie.
Cet avenant fera l’objet d’une publication sur la base de données nationale prévue à l’article L. 2231-5-3 du Code du travail.
Le présent avenant sera notifié à l’ensemble des organisations syndicales représentatives dans l’Entreprise et non signataires de celui-ci.
Enfin, en application de l’article L. 2262-5 du Code du travail, le présent avenant sera disponible sur l’Intranet de l’entreprise.
À Paris, le 7 Novembre 2019
Fait à Paris, en 3 exemplaires originaux.
Pour la société EFFIA SAS, XXX, agissant en qualité de Directrice des Ressources Humaines.
Pour la CFDT, XXX
| 43,385 |
https://github.com/jojolepro/ludumdare43/blob/master/Assets/UnityResources/Scripts/Triggers/FanWaveTrigger.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
ludumdare43
|
jojolepro
|
C#
|
Code
| 65 | 265 |
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
[Serializable]
public class FanWaveTrigger : WaveActivableBase
{
public FanTrigger fan;
public ParticleSystem activeVFX;
public ParticleSystem windVFX;
public override void Start()
{
base.Start();
if (!OnByDefault)
OnDeactivate();
}
public override void OnActivate()
{
fan.enabled = true;
activeVFX.Play();
windVFX.Play();
//var c = Physics2D.IsTouching(gameObject.GetComponent<BoxCollider2D>(), InjectorAccessor.GetInjected().GetComponent<PlayerInjector>().player.GetComponent<CircleCollider2D>());
//fan.isInside = c;
}
public override void OnDeactivate()
{
fan.enabled = false;
activeVFX.Stop();
windVFX.Stop();
}
}
| 38,335 |
5574207_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 4,059 | 4,795 |
Evans, J.
The plaintiff below, by his next friend, brought a suit for damages against the defendant railway company for personal injuries alleged to have been received while in its employ. The case made by the plaintiff’s petition was substantially as follows: Plaintiff was employed to work in the company’s machine-shops. On the day of his injury, he found it necessary, in *681order to properly perform the duties assigned. to him, to have a chisel, he not having been supplied with one. For the purpose of obtaining information as to where he could get a chisel, he approached one Wheeler, who was acting as foreman of the company’s shop, and who' was the proper person to whom to apply. Wheeler was at work in the shop chipping brass, and fragments of the metal were flying in front of and to the right and left of him, though not towards him. In order to avoid being hit by the fragments of metal, plaintiff approached Wheeler from behind and inquired where to find the chisel needed. Wheeler stopped chipping the brass, and plaintiff then advanced to his side and received instructions as to where to get a chisel; but before plaintiff could retire to a place of safety, Wheeler began again to chip the brass, and caused a fragment of the metal to strike plaintiff’s right eye. The injury thus inflicted produced total.blindness in that eye. The plaintiff was entirely free from fault. He was at the time but sixteen years of age. Had he not been injured as alleged, he could have earned one hundred dollars per month by the time he reached his majority, but because, of his injury his earning capacity will be decreased one half. He suffered intense physical pain for a period of four months after the injury, and will continue to experience great pain and suffering, not only in the eye of which he has lost the sight, but in his left eye also.
The defendant filed an answer in which it alleged, that on the day of the injury the plaintiff was assigned work on the outside of the shop and was under the direction of a special boss, from whom he could have obtained a chisel, if needed, but he did not in fact need one to do the work; that Wheeler was not acting as foreman of the shop and had no authority over the plaintiff, but was at the time in the building performing special work; that there was no occasion for the plaintiff to go in the shop, but he did so and approached Wheeler as an idler and a loafer, in violation of his duty as an employee, for the purpose of killing time, as it was just before the noon hour, when the work at the shop cease’d; that plaintiff was out of his place, Wheeler not being a foreman or an employee upon whom the plaintiff could properly call for the desired tool, and the injury was the result of the plaintiff’s own carelessness and wilful conduct in going where he had no right to go and interfering with an employee of the defendant. *682The trial of the case resulted in a verdict for five thousand dollars in favor of the plaintiff. A motion for a new trial was made by the defendant, but- the same was overruled, and the defendant sued out a bill of exceptions in which complaint is made of the court’s refusal to grant a new trial, for the reasons assigned in the motion therefor.
1. The bill of exceptions contained a sworn entry by W. Y. Warded that he had previously served a 'true and exact copy of the- original bdl of exceptions on the defendant in error. Before the cad of the case in this court, the defendant in error presented a written motion, alleging that he was not served with a copy of the original bid of exceptions; that the paper served on him did not appear to have been certified by the trial judge, the certificate was not dated, and there was nothing thereon to indicate it had ever been presented to the judge. The prayer of the motion was for a rule nisi requiring the plaintiff in error to show cause, at such time as this court might direct, why that part of the affidavit of service by W. V. Warded reciting that he had served a copy of the original bdl of exceptions on the defendant in error should not be stricken and expunged from the record as false, and that, if the answer to the motion should present an issue of fact, this court would refer such issue to the trial court for determination. The plaintiff in error filed both a demurrer and an answer to the motion. The answer denied the allegations of the motion respecting the service of the defendant in error with a copy of the original bid of exceptions, and the demurrer challenged the power and authority of this court to submit the issue of fact to the trial court. Afterwards this court passed an order directing the original bid of exceptions, the motion to strike the evidence of service, the answer, and the demurrer to the motion, to be returned to the city court of Bainbridge, with instructions that the judge of that court submit to a jury, to be empanelled under the law for the empanelling of juries in civil cases in that court, the following question : “ Did W. Y. Warded, on or before the 10th of August, 1904, serve a true and exact copy of the original bid of exceptions in the above-stated case upon E. Lasseter, as next friend of Walter L. Lasseter ? ” The order provided for the certification of the verdict and the return of the papers to this court. The Supreme Court is a constitutional court of limited jurisdiction. It has no original jurisdiction, but is a court alone for the trial and correction of errors from the superior courts and certain city courts. Civil Code, § 5836. Unless the return of service of the bill of exceptions is traversable, the course pursued by this court in submitting the issue as to service to the city court is indefensible ; for it will be apparent that unless this court has the power to hear evidence upon the traverse of a return of service, it is without power to delegate to the court from which the writ of error issued, or to any other tribunal, authority to determine that issue of fact. In other words, if the power does not exist in this court, it can not be delegated to any other tribunal whose jurisdiction depends upon the order of reference. At common law, an entry of service was not traversable. The reason of the rule rested upon the sanctity of the official return. The entry of service was made by an officer under oath, and such entry was entitled to great sanctity. It was the prescribed method whereby the court was informed that its process had been served, and it acted upon such information. If the return was false, the remedy of the injured party was an action against the officer for a false return. This was the rule which originally obtained in *684this State, aucl the return of a sheriff could not be assailed, until the General Assembly authorized its traverse. Higgs v. Hudson, 8 Ga. 317, 321; Dozier v. Lamb, 59 Ga. 461. The General Assembly also authorized the practice of serving writs in certain cases by a person other than an officer; but an entry of service by one who is not an official must be verified by the affidavit of the person making the return. When so verified, it is the equivalent of a return by a sworn official whose duty it was to serve the writ. While the Supreme Court is a constitutional court and its jurisdiction is defined by the constitution, yet the legislature may prescribe the manner of bringing cases to this court, and the practice so prescribed is exclusive, and unless it is complied with, the writ of error must be dismissed. Hardee v. Lovett, 85 Ga. 620. The prescribed mode of bringing a case to this court is by a bill of exceptions, and the certificate of the judge thereto is the writ of error. When the bill of exceptions is certified by the trial judge, the case is no longer pending in his court and he is wholly without authority to pass any order or to do any act with reference to the same. State v. Powers, 14 Ga. 388. While the signing of the bill of exceptions deprives the trial court of jurisdiction of the case, the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court only becomes complete upon the filing of the bill of exceptions in the office of the clerk of the trial court. Armstrong v. Hand, 36 Ga. 270. The statute requires the bill of exceptions to be served Upon the opposite party. The service may be made by the sheriff, the plaintiff in error, his counsel, or any other person. Walter v. Kierstead, 74 Ga. 18. The return of service must be entered upon the original bill of exceptions. If entered upon any other paper, even one purporting to be a true copy of the bill of exceptions, the return can not be considered. Arnett v. Gurley, 59 Ga. 666. The original bill of exceptions, with the entry of service thereon, is certified to this court by the clerk of the trial court as the true bill of exceptions. The jurisdiction of this court then arises, upon a record consisting of an original bill of exceptions, with a return of service duly entered thereon, and a certified transcript of the record in the trial court. Such a record imports absolute verity, and can not be contradicted by aliunde proof. In Jones v. Rountree, 96 Ga. 230, a motion was made by counsel for the defendant in error to be permitted to traverse a *685return made by a deputy sheriff that he had served a copy of the bill of exceptions upon the movant, and this court held it was without jurisdiction to hear evidence upon such traverse, and refused to dismiss the writ of error. Being informed in the manner prescribed by the General Assembly that it has acquired jurisdiction of a case, this court will not entertain extraneous proof offered to impeach the record and to show want of jurisdiction. *686It may be suggested that the statute allowing a traverse to a false entry of service is broad enough to include and apply to a return of service of a bill of exceptions sued out to this court. Civil Code, § 4988, provides that “The entry of the sheriff, or any officer of the court, or his deputy, may be traversed by the defendant at the first term after notice of such entry is had by him, and before pleading to the merits.” This language indicates that the General Assembly had in mind service of a process returnable to a trial court, and that there was no intention to change the long-established rule which applied in this court because it was without jurisdiction to try such an issue of fact. Indeed, in Turner v. Collins, 8 Ga. 253, this court held that an entry of service upon a bill of exceptions, “if made as directed, is conclusive — it can not be controverted here, as the return of ministerial officers can be in the other courts of this State.” We therefore conclude that the motion to be allowed to traverse the entry of service and have the issue thus raised determined by this court or referred for determination to the trial court is unauthorized by law, and that the proceedings based upon this motion are to be regarded as a nullity; as this court was without jurisdiction to submit any such issue to the trial court for adjudication. As the record of the case shows on its face that this court has jurisdiction, the bill of exceptions will not be dismissed. The case of Cooper v. Nisbet, 118 Ga. 872, does not afford a precedent for pursuing any other course. In that case, the plaintiff in error applied for a mandamus to compel the clerk of the trial court to duly enter upon the bill of exceptions the date of its filing in his office; in reply to the writ, the clerk denied the bill of exceptions was deposited in his office within the time prescribed by law, and the plaintiff in error then asked to be allowed to file a traverse to the answer of the clerk. 2. The court instructed the jury as to the ■ contentions of the plaintiff with reference to the circumstances under which he received his injury, following closely the allegations relied on in his petition. Complaint is made, however, that the court did not in this connection direct the attention of the jury to the fact that these allegations disclosed that the plaintiff knew, when he approached Wheeler, that the latter was engaged in an occupation which rendered an approach to him dangerous, on account of the flying fragments of metal, unless he was Approached from behind. Counsel for the plaintiff in error insist that the court should have done so, as what the plaintiff below alleged in his petition amounted to an admission that “he knew Wheeler was doing dangerous work,” and he would be liable to injury from the fragments of flying metal if he approached Wheeler from the front or from either side. The court, in stating the contentions upon which the plaintiff relied for a recovery, properly confined its instructions to those matters which it was necessary that the plaintiff should establish by evidence. If the defendant wanted the court to charge as to the effect of any admissions against interest set forth in the plaintiff’s pleadings, a timely written request to so charge should have been presented. Wrightsville and Tennille R. Co. v. Lattimore, 118 Ga. 581 (7).
Further complaint is made that the court, while stating to the jury the contentions of the defendant company; intimated an opinion as to a vital issue in the case, having instructed them that it contended that “ before the foreman was acquainted with his presence,” the plaintiff put himself in a situation of peril and received the injury wholly because of his own fault. This in-ad vertanee in referring to Wheeler as “the foreman” was not cal*688culated to impress the jury with the belief, as counsel insist, that the court intended to be understood as saying that the company “contended and admitted that Wheeler was a foreman over the plaintiff on that occasion.” The court, in the same connection, stated to the jury that the defendant contended that the plaintiff needed no tool and had no right to go into the shop for one, if it was needed, but “ ought to have gone to Anderson ” (the company’s master mechanic); that “ Mr. Wheeler was not at fault, that he was doing his work, that he had not called upon this party to come there, . . . did not know he was there,” and that plaintiff had no business going there to get a chisel at all, having been set to work on a locomotive. Furthermore, the court immediately followed the instructions given, as to what the defendant contended, with the statement that he did so merely in order to direct their attention to the issues in the case; that they were to determine these contentions, and that the court could not intimate any opinion as to the truth of the same.
3. Whether Wheeler was, in point of fact, the company’s foreman was not the vital and controlling issue in the case. The case was not one to which the common-law doctrine that a master is not liable for an injury to one servant caused by the negligence of a fellow-servant was applicable; for, in this State, an exception to the common-law rule is made where the employer is a railway company. Civil Code, § 2610. If the plaintiff’s injury was caused by the negligence of another employee in the service of the company, and the plaintiff was himself without fault, the fact that they were fellow-servants would be no bar to his recovery. Civil Code, § 2323. In the motion for a new trial error is assigned on the failure of the court to charge “ as to whether Wheeler was a foreman or coservant of plaintiff,” and to explain to the jury what effect the determination of this question would have on the plaintiff’s case. In the absence of a special written request, the court’s omission to so charge was not a matter of which the company can justly complain. The company’s master mechanic, Anderson, testified that he was in charge of its shops and exercised control and supervision over all of its employees, including Wheeler, who was merely a machinist working in the shops; that the company had no foreman of its shops, and if the plaintiff “ wanted a chisel, he should have told ” him, the wit*689ness. But he did not undertake to swear that any rule on the subject had been promulgated, or that the plaintiff had ever been instructed to apply to him when he needed tools not furnished him; nor did this witness deny the statement of Wheeler that he had been_instructed by him “to see that these boys worked around there,” and, acting upon this authority, had told “them to do little things around the shop.” The plaintiff testified that on previous occasions, when he had need of a chisel to do the work assigned to him, he had gone to Wheeler to get one. This statement was not contradicted. The plaintiff evidently regarded Wheeler as a foreman, for he testified he was the foreman of the machine-shop and the proper person to whom to apply for the chisel desired. In view of this evidence, it. 4. The only defense of the railroad company which the testimony introduced in its behalf tended to establish was that the plaintiff’s errand was a mere pretense, and that he approached Wheeler without his knowledge and was injured before he knew of his presence or had warning to desist from his work. Upon this branch of the case, the court explicitly charged the jury that before they could find the defendant liable for damages, “they must be satisfied from the evidence that the plaintiff was without fault on his part, without negligence on his part, and that there was no fault or negligence on his part that contributed to the injuryfor if they found that the plaintiff “was at fault in such a manner as to bring about the injury, or contributed to the injury, then he [could] not recover anything out of the defendant.” In its motion for a new trial the company nevertheless insists that the court erred in failing to charge that “the plaintiff was bound to exercise ordinary care and diligence in approaching Wheeler, *690who was engaged in dangerous work, and ordinary care and diligence in placing himself where the brass chips were not likely to fly,” and in avoiding the flying chips, etc.; that Wheeler was only bound to exercise ordinary care in chipping the brass, etc.; and that if both the plaintiff and Wheeler were negligent at the time of the injury, there could be no recovery against the company. The company further insists that the court should, of its own motion, have given in charge the provision of the Civil Code, § 2612, to the effect that a servant assumes the ordinary risks of his employment and is bound to exercise his own skill and diligence to protect himself. The charge given was as full and explicit as was necessary, the court having previously stated the various contentious of the parties. L. & N. R. Co. v. Thompson, 113 Ga. 983 (2). If the defendant wished the law specifically applied to the facts, an appropriate request to charge should have been made.
5. In response to a verbal request made by counsel for the company to charge on the subject of unavoidable accident, the court instructed the jury that should they believe the injury to the plaintiff was the result of “pure accident,” yet if they believed “the accident occurred by reason of the negligence of the company or its employees, and that the plaintiff was without negligence himself,” then they “ would hold the company liable; ” but should they “ believe that it was a pure accident, or that the plaintiff was at fault or negligent to such an extent as to contribute to the accident, even if the company was at fault itself, the company would not be liable.” As the plaintiff in error correctly asserts, this charge was “ not the law as to an accident,” for the injury could not be attributed to accidental cause unless neither the plaintiff nor the defendant was at fault. However, a careful reading of the evidence discloses that the company was not entitled to any charge based on the theory of an accidental injury, the evidence relied on by the plaintiff showing that Wheeler was negligent in the manner charged', while the evidence introduced by the company was to the effect that the 'plaintiff was culpably negligent in placing himself in a situation of peril before giving Wheeler notice of his presence. As applied to the facts of this particular case, the charge given amounted to an instruction that if the injury was brought about by the negligence of the company, and the plaintiff was himself free from fault, the *691company would be liable notwithstanding the injury was wholly unexpected and unintentional; but if it was purely accidental, not being attributable to any negligence on the part of the company, or if the plaintiff contributed to any negligence chargeable to the company, it would not be liable. Though incorrect as an abstract proposition of law, the charge was not prejudicial to the defendant, but really hurtful to the plaintiff.
6. The instructions given to the jury as to the rules for determining, in civil cases, where lies the preponderance of evidence are excepted to upon the general ground that the court incorrectly stated the law upou this subject. The charge excepted to seems unobjectionable. Certainly a number of the instructions given were in accord with the familiar rules usually to be applied. This being so, the exception to the charge is not well taken, no specific objection to any portion of it being pointed out. Anderson v. Railway Co., 107 Ga. 501; Owens v. State, 120 Ga. 209. In the brief of counsel for the company the criticism is made that the charge only “ half way defines ” what constitutes a preponderance of evidence. If so, the fact that the court ought to have given a fuller charge could not be taken advantage of by excepting to the giving of instructions which were correct and pertinent, so far as they went. Roberts v. State, 114 Ga. 450. No request to charge on this subject was made; and had the court wholly failed to charge thereon, the omission to do so would not reqdire the grant of a new trial. Small v. Williams, 87 Ga. 682 (6).
7. A finding in favor of the plaintiff was warranted by the evidence. The verdict returned was' not, we think, excessive. Aside from the fact that the injury produced total blindness in one eye, of the use of which he has forever been deprived, his other eye was affected, he suffered much physical pain, and the injury has brought about a permanent disfigurement which must prove a source of regret and distress throughout the remainder of his life, upon which he has just entered. Five thousand dollars may, or may not, compensate him; this amount does not indicate bias or prejudice on the part of the jurors, or suggest that their verdict was emotional, rather than compensatory for the injury sustained.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur, except Candler, J., absent, and Lumphin, J, not presiding.
| 7,170 |
https://github.com/aleksander73/shop-backend/blob/master/src/db-creation/schema.sql
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
shop-backend
|
aleksander73
|
SQL
|
Code
| 791 | 1,969 |
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.Shop CASCADE;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.Employee CASCADE;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.Product CASCADE;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.Category CASCADE;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.Attribute CASCADE;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.Size CASCADE;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.Colour CASCADE;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.Order CASCADE;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.Customer CASCADE;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.Product_Shop CASCADE;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.Product_Category CASCADE;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS public.Product_Order CASCADE;
-- ---------------- CREATE SHOP TABLE ----------------
-- DROP TABLE public.Shop;
CREATE TABLE public.Shop (
location varchar(255) PRIMARY KEY,
name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
managerID integer
);
-- ---------------- CREATE EMPLOYEE TABLE ----------------
-- DROP TABLE public.Employee;
CREATE TABLE public.Employee (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
shopLocation varchar(255) NOT NULL
);
-- ---------------- CREATE PRODUCT TABLE ----------------
-- DROP TABLE public.Product;
CREATE TABLE public.Product (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
description varchar(255) NOT NULL,
purchasePrice real NOT NULL,
sellingPrice real NOT NULL,
weight real NOT NULL,
minAmountInStock integer NOT NULL
);
-- Check that we will earn some money by selling the product
ALTER TABLE public.Product ADD CONSTRAINT product_price_check CHECK (purchasePrice < sellingPrice);
-- Check that minAmountInStock > 0
ALTER TABLE public.Product ADD CONSTRAINT product_amount_in_stock_check CHECK (minAmountInStock > 0);
-- ---------------- CREATE CATEGORY TABLE ----------------
-- DROP TABLE public.Category;
CREATE TABLE public.Category (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
parentCategoryID integer
);
-- ---------------- CREATE SIZE TABLE ----------------
-- DROP TABLE public.Size;
CREATE TABLE public.Size (
value varchar(255) PRIMARY KEY
);
-- ---------------- CREATE COLOUR TABLE ----------------
-- DROP TABLE public.Colour;
CREATE TABLE public.Colour (
value varchar(255) PRIMARY KEY
);
-- ---------------- CREATE ATTRIBUTE TABLE ----------------
-- DROP TABLE public.Attribute;
CREATE TABLE public.Attribute (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
sizeValue varchar(50),
colourValue varchar(50)
);
-- Check that at most one is NULL
ALTER TABLE public.Attribute ADD CONSTRAINT attribute_null_check CHECK (sizeValue IS NOT NULL OR colourValue IS NOT NULL);
-- Prevent duplicates (including NULLs in either size or colour)
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_size_colour ON public.Attribute (sizeValue, colourValue);
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_size_null ON public.Attribute (sizeValue) WHERE colourValue IS NULL;
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_null_colour ON public.Attribute (colourValue) WHERE sizeValue IS NULL;
-- ---------------- CREATE CUSTOMER TABLE ----------------
-- DROP TABLE public.Customer;
CREATE TABLE public.Customer (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY
);
-- ---------------- CREATE ORDER TABLE ----------------
-- DROP TABLE public.Order;
CREATE TABLE public.Order (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
date date NOT NULL,
customerID integer NOT NULL,
shopLocation varchar(255) NOT NULL
);
-- NO UNIQUE INDEX SINCE THERE CAN BE MADE AN ORDER AT THE SAME DAY AND AT THE SAME SHOP BY A GIVEN CUSTOMER
-- -------------------- ASSOCIATION TABLES --------------------
-- ---------------- CREATE PRODUCT_SHOP TABLE ----------------
-- DROP TABLE public.Product_Shop;
CREATE TABLE public.Product_Shop (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
productID integer NOT NULL,
shopLocation varchar(255) NOT NULL,
attributeID integer,
quantity integer NOT NULL
);
-- Check that quantity is positive
-- If the quantity is 0 it means that the given shop OFFERS THIS PRODUCT BUT THERE ARE NO PRODUCTS IN THE STOCK
ALTER TABLE public.Product_Shop ADD CONSTRAINT product_shop_quantity_check CHECK (quantity >= 0);
-- Prevent duplicates (including NULLs in attributeID)
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_product_shop_null ON public.Product_Shop (productID, shopLocation) WHERE attributeID IS NULL;
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_product_shop_attribute ON public.Product_Shop (productID, shopLocation, attributeID);
-- ---------------- CREATE PRODUCT_CATEGORY TABLE ----------------
-- DROP TABLE public.Product_Category;
CREATE TABLE public.Product_Category (
productID integer NOT NULL,
categoryID integer NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(productID, categoryID)
);
-- ---------------- CREATE PRODUCT_ORDER TABLE ----------------
-- DROP TABLE public.Product_Order;
CREATE TABLE public.Product_Order (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
productID integer NOT NULL,
orderID integer NOT NULL,
attributeID integer,
quantity integer NOT NULL
);
-- Check that quantity being ordered is positive
ALTER TABLE public.Product_Order ADD CONSTRAINT product_order_quantity_check CHECK (quantity > 0);
-- Prevent duplicates (including NULLs in attributeID)
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_product_order_null ON public.Product_Order (productID, orderID) WHERE attributeID IS NULL;
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_product_order_attribute ON public.Product_Order (productID, orderID, attributeID);
-- ---------------------------------------------- CONSTRAINTS [FOREIGN KEYS] ----------------------------------------------
ALTER TABLE public.Shop ADD CONSTRAINT employee_managerID_FK FOREIGN KEY(managerID) REFERENCES public.Employee(id);
ALTER TABLE public.Employee ADD CONSTRAINT employee_shopID_FK FOREIGN KEY(shopLocation) REFERENCES public.Shop(location);
ALTER TABLE public.Category ADD CONSTRAINT category_parentCategoryID_FK FOREIGN KEY(parentCategoryID) REFERENCES public.Category(id);
ALTER TABLE public.Order ADD CONSTRAINT order_customerID_FK FOREIGN KEY(customerID) REFERENCES public.Customer(id);
ALTER TABLE public.Order ADD CONSTRAINT order_shopID_FK FOREIGN KEY(shopLocation) REFERENCES public.Shop(location);
ALTER TABLE public.Attribute ADD CONSTRAINT attribute_sizeValue_FK FOREIGN KEY(sizeValue) REFERENCES public.Size(value);
ALTER TABLE public.Attribute ADD CONSTRAINT attribute_colourValue_FK FOREIGN KEY(colourValue) REFERENCES public.Colour(value);
ALTER TABLE public.Product_Shop ADD CONSTRAINT productShop_productID_FK FOREIGN KEY(productID) REFERENCES public.Product(id);
ALTER TABLE public.Product_Shop ADD CONSTRAINT productShop_shopID_FK FOREIGN KEY(shopLocation) REFERENCES public.Shop(location);
ALTER TABLE public.Product_Shop ADD CONSTRAINT productShop_attributeID_FK FOREIGN KEY(attributeID) REFERENCES public.Attribute(id);
ALTER TABLE public.Product_Category ADD CONSTRAINT productCategory_productID_FK FOREIGN KEY(productID) REFERENCES public.Product(id);
ALTER TABLE public.Product_Category ADD CONSTRAINT productCategory_categoryID_FK FOREIGN KEY(categoryID) REFERENCES public.Category(id);
ALTER TABLE public.Product_Order ADD CONSTRAINT productOrder_productID_FK FOREIGN KEY(productID) REFERENCES public.Product(id);
ALTER TABLE public.Product_Order ADD CONSTRAINT productOrder_orderID_FK FOREIGN KEY(orderID) REFERENCES public.Order(id);
ALTER TABLE public.Product_Shop ADD CONSTRAINT productOrder_attributeID_FK FOREIGN KEY(attributeID) REFERENCES public.Attribute(id);
| 296 |
palstinajahrbu1909dalm_5
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,914 |
Palästinajahrbuch des Deutschen evangelischen instituts für altertumswissenschaft des Heiligen Landes zu Jerusalem ..
|
Dalman, Gustaf, 1855-1941 | Lohmann, Paul, 1886-1915 | Deutsches evangelisches institut für altertumswissenschaft des Heiligen Landes
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,360 | 18,386 |
Eine 36te Regel (2. Cam. 18, 23). 51% grob fand in der... Befehde berufstätig, nicht zusehen. Scheinbauf. 2te Lima auf dem längeren Skege, auf dem kürzeren, früher aufgebrochenen Säufer Guter in 9te Lima angesetzt. Dritte Säule ist vom Vorturn zurück, gestabt auf einer rechten Seite, gut überbunden. 4te Regel, beide Streben, zwischen Grede und 9te Lima, nach der Oberbar, zwischen Lüftöffnungen abgerechnet, belegt (Cam. 13, 26). Diesen eingaben zugezogen, berufstätig, die 9te Lima an einem 25te Tag, wenn unter dem Beton, der „Epalte", aber oben mir nicht an ein großes, gut vermessenes Gesicht. Das liegt nicht am Rondell, wie man auf das Bleibende notfalls eine Säule hinein zu messen. Aber auch nicht gut tief hinein, lästiges Beinwerk; wenn jedoch fordernd ist, bei der 2te Säule, einem Sattelgebirge, richtig zusehen, muss er die Säule, die Stäbe, nach der Oberbar, nach dem Säufer, bestehen, gut gefommt, rein rohfinnig. Daraus folgt, dass eine 9te Lima, die 8te Mittagszeit, begleitende Gebäude, gut begegnen. Das Gepäck mit seinen Gerben, unter Töpfen, nach zu kaufen, geht und erst dann lüften, um einen aben, die Gepäck, den Rondell zu erreichen, muss 9te Lima an einer Straße liegen, zwischen Entrohner Don, Töpfen über, wurde 2te Säule, lindgrau, unter Dach, und das Gebäude, aber groß, Säule, roh, überladen, und auf der Seite, unter dem Dach, für den Rondell, zuletzt zerlegt, stützt. Das Sattelgebäude, unter der 9te Lima, marschiert, unter dem Dach, nach dem Rondell, jetzt nicht entfernt, baden gelegen, Laken, hat der Saubest, eine Stallung erstanden, 5 Range, marsch, und er muss eine Gebäude, für die Stallung, der Entleerung, der Gepäck, abgegeben, haben. Zu oberer, festgestellten, an demselben Tag, eine Fahrt, auf dem Boot, zur Oberbar, und weiter, gut verbaut, roh, gebrachte Töpfe, zu tunnen (2. Cam. 19, 3). Dann nun, bevorster, Bedenker, Säule, im Tadschilun, und Lüften, roh, groß, fand, sind, diese Gegen, roh, geeignet, für das gefällen, Kampfplatz. Dann nun 9te Lima, an großen, Straßen, lag, unter denen, die eine, führt, roh, zwischen, an der Oberbar, lief, dann fand, es für, hatte, Sal, am besten, mit Türen, an, w. Tadschilun, gut, verfahren. Und dann, war, man, benannt, Fragen, ob nicht, ist, zur Not, an diesem Tag, die Gegen, unter 9te Lima, bestimmt, dass... ■^ säde 2. ©am. 17, 6 ift bie .<r-)od)ebene. 3 @ern Würbe man mit 6p[)raim ein föpfjron = Tscppoüv äujamnicnftellen, i)a§ §Dlfd)er, o. a. D., S. 142, mit et-taijibe gleid)fcM. 216er bte'3 liegt motil ju Jueit nörblirf). * * !öu{)I, a. a. D., ©. 121. Xev 3diiiiivlat3 bor öieidiidite Xnuib'o. 79 an einer ieljv iuid)tinen 3traHe nuci bem inr über 'adscliliin und) dschcrascli lietit unb nud) eine ^-Ikndinbimn auf ber §ö()e imdj bem •;^nbbof I)Qt. (?ö fteiflt §iir hinten bcö Xal^ an einem .^itfle( empor.' (?tma§ [teuerer fann mnn über bie Sacjc uon :^abeö in ©ileab urteilen, ber Stobt, bie einft von 2nii( von ber SJelaflerunci ber 5{mmo» niter befreit iinirbe unb bie ben ii^eib be§ Untiliirflid)en etjrennod beftattete. "3. iu)ib iud)te fie fid) flleid) nadj feiner C^Tl^ebunn äum dürfte uon ^ubn ilünftin ,^u fti)nmen ('2. 3nm. 2, n ff.). §ier Ijnt fid) ber 9iame roenigsten im wadi jnbis ertjatten, ha?-> nörblidj uon wadi 'adschliin aus bem vor in§ Cebireje steigt. Unb I_)ier luirb bie Dret^Qfle von chirbet maldfib rechts über bem Xal qI§ ftarf unb stratecjifd) bebeutfam be^eirfinet. "Cf§ ist bie einmiete Dretiane im Zentrum be§ w. jnbls unb bnrum vor aüen anbern beredjtii^t, für 'oa§' alte ^abQ§ ^n celten." ^er enbqülticie SluStrac] be§ '^tmmoniterfrieiieg, ben ^oab in 2)at)ib§ XMiiftrafl fül)rte, meist un§ nad) ber ammonitifc^en §auptftabt Siabba (2. 3am. 11, Iff.; V2, 2Gff., dqI. 10, Sff.). Cie serfie in sroei 2cile, bie ©afferftabt unb bie JHefibcnsftabt (2. 2am. 12, 20 ff.). e§ fann fein 3>üeifel fein, bafj mir ben Dret in 'ammän am w. 'ammän, bem Oberlauf be§ zerka üor un§ l^aben. 'ammän ist an ber alten §aupt= ftrafje gelegen, bie ba§ ganse Dftjorbanlanb uon 3lorben Iier über rme, "Da^ alte 9{amat(; in Cileab, unb dscherasch, "oa^ alte 6erafa, nadj bem <2üben in§ SJIoabiterlanb l^inein burd)§ie^t. Unter ber SSafferftabt Daben mir un§ roo^l bie 3it'^'^efle, bie Icara, §u beufen;'' benn biefe bcljerrfdjt 'i)cn '^Sad) üon'amninn auf ber Storbfeite unb ist burc^ groei 2ä(er in: Sbrboften unb 2Beften uon ber Umgebung abgefd)nitten. 3Ber fie b^errfdjte, mar §err über ben 3u9fi"fl 3"'" ^a<^. Sie JHefibenjftabt, in ber fic^ t)a§ Heiligtum befanb, bafj roöstlic^ gegenüber ber kaFa gefudjt roerben, roenn bort alte SJauerrcfte auf eine DretSlage roeifen. Sie Jüurbe auf ;^oab§ Sßöunfc^ uon Saoib perfönlid) eingenommen." Gloror ben Oren ber Stabt fünfte Soab fdjon geraume Zeit früher einen Sommern Kampf mit völlig erhohter Vorsicht gegen Unwürdigem und Gramäer gut bestellt (2. Sam. 10, Sff). Genauso rohen nährlich Übergang iljrer Stabt aufgestellt Haben, so basst Soab große Einen und ben für roärtö anbringen ben Gramäer Stand. Grund ben Fürden Kriß, eine Handgelenk richtig bilben, sprengte er die Verbindung und einander und errang einen feierlichen Sieg. Die Bäuerin bei den Gramäer geross auf ber Straße und konnten jene Dinge, die gewöhnlich in der Wissenschaft längst erkannt waren, so basst Soab roh eine Einheit richten. infl. PJB IDOr., 3. 135, 1808, 3. 123 f., und oben 3. 22. D. Xalinan im PJB 1008, 3. 13. Grammatik PJB 1808, 3. 127. D. 80 Sörer, Sprachlog ber Straß des Stadt. (2. Chron. 8, 1 tf.) So hat das Oberst das Rufe über die Stadt und um die Säulen, die man gesungen hat und hat das Haupt bei der Erinnerung die Stadt umgeben, jene Bezeugung der Stadt und der Völker, die dauernd nötig sind und die Rechte haben. Oberer hat widerstand, hat widerstand, nachdem er den Krieg führt und die Völker auf die Stadt gerichtet. Seine und die Stadt's Ziele im Dichterlan standen stellten an der Grenze, die Gedanken beispielsweise mit der Beschaffenheit der Stadt, die roh ein Stille machten an der Gerechtigkeit. Dies bildet mir zum Guten und auch zum Schlimmen, was auf dem Gedanken gut. So bildet der Umfang nicht die Stube erweitert, in dem er der Mittelweg seiner Strengentaiwände die arabischen Haderbarthämmer einobnet. ®amit erf)ielt ber (Stamm ^uba eine S3ebeutung, bie i^n gum §errn über feine 23rüber erl^ob, mie er gugeiten il^nen aßen gegenüberftanb unb e§ mit i^uen aufnat;m. ferner i)at 3)ar)ib bie ;3ntereffen ^uba§ mit benen ber Slorbftämme uerfettet, inbem er at§ Äönig oon ^§rael len S3efreiung§!ampf gegen bie '^stjüifter aufnal)m. S)a§ 2)enfmal biefer fieg- reid^en Ginl;eit ift bie Stabt ^erufalem, bie er au§ einer ^anaanäcr« feftung §u feiner §auptftabt gemad)t Ijat. ®nblid) i^at er bie ^ntereffen ber jungen 9lation unb ber Kultur im SDften gegen bie nod) in ^albfultur befinbtidjen 5hnmoniter unb Stramäer aufrecht erf^alten unb ^a§ öftlidje 53oIImerf befeftigt, beffen bie Israeliten für eine gefunbe ©ntmidlung nid)t entraten tonnten. 5:afcl 5. ' -/--afc':^- :,> 1. 6d)af(;erbe in ??^avfd)tolonnc (wädi sIr). '.'liiinahmc uoii (%. I aliiiiiii. ^i^^p^li^' . .■..■^3>^?^va» 2. 6d)aft)erbe am Gaffer (wadi sir). '.'Iiifnnliiiie ooii 0!, T n I ni fi ii. 1 3- Die Ausgrabungen in öefen inni ;)i. l'l. l'i lU- a l i n c r , M. A., F. S. A., aiio (ianibribnc. 2lbriB bco am 22. llJuii;^ 1 !•()!• im oi'Mti'iit nol)alteuen ^•i.>ortrai3'5 (a. b. lfui]l.). '^^'V^cuu idj 511 einer 3ii^ürcrfcf)aft luie öer be§ ^eutfc^en 5lrcf)äoIo- \ \ 1 flil'd)t'n ijnftitutö rebe, ift e§ überflüffiti, mit ber ^efc^reibunfl "^^^^ ber ?Jatur eines pnlaftinifdien ^eü ßt'it 3U uerlieren ober bie Sage unb (Sefd)idjle ucn (Sefer 511 erörtern. '2)ie 5^enntni§ biefer ^inge fe^e id) üoraug. Sine einfad)e 5luf3äf)Iung ber §auptergebniffe ber fiinfjäf)ricien 5(r£ieit be§ Palestine Exploration Fund an biefenx ^■^Un^e lüirb nn biefer Stelle genügen. 'i^on ben ^iftorifc^en 2)enfmä(ern bnrf ic^ ci&ei^ iuoI)I guerft fpred)en. Sie ©efc^id^te be§ <£tnbtl;iige(§ beginnt mit ben neolitljiidjen öö^(enberoof)nern. ^dj Ijabe in nid)t großer (Entfernung uon ©efer ben ?JJitteIpiinft einer paläülill)ifd)en 3iebehing gefunben, aber feine Spuren biefer 5trt auf bem §ügel felbft. '3)er roid)tigfte Dteft ber neolit^ifc^en Siebelung, nield)er gum ''i^ürfd)ein fam, mar eine §öf)Ie, (x\\ bereu Söanb fic^ ein 3^rie§ nou ©raffiti befaub, bie Xiere unb geomctrifc^e ^^iguren barftetlteu. ^i>iele aubere .§i3t)Ien rourben uo(^ entbecft, bie Steiuraerf= geuge, aber fein SJletatl enttjietteu. '3)ie 5luttur be§ ^^rongealterS beginnt mit berjenigen femitifdjeu 93efe^ung be§ Sanbeö, meldje lüir geioötjulid) fanaanitifd) nennen, um "^Q^ Qa^r 2500 d. 6f)r. 2öir befi^en roenige ober gar feine gefd)riebenen 'öeric^te oon ber ®efd)id)te ^'^^aläftinaS in jener 3t'it. 5(ber \)(x^^ '^(rXb muß einer giemlidjen 9hd)e genoffen f^aben, fouft märe c§ "^^w ^e roo^nern oon ©efer unmöglich geroefen, ben gigautifdjen -J; nun et gu graben, roelc^er '^oA am meiften imponierenbe '3)enfmal barftefit, "^^o.^ fie un§ ^interlaffen f)aben. Sr befte^t in einem in ^^liw ^yelfen geljauenen öJang oon 8 m §i3{)e unb 4 m 53reite, ber auf SO ^yetfenftufen in eine Xiefe oon 30 m unter ber Oberf(äd)e be§ jj=elfen§, 48 m unter ber jetzigen Dberftäd)e be§ S-rbbobenS, t)inabfü^rt. ^n biefer -tiefe "^JafäfUnajafirbud) V. ^ 82 ^ie 5(u'5i5va[nmiicn in öcier. miinbct er in eine grofje §ö^Ie mit einer mächtigen Quelle, bie offenbar eine lange Qe'xt ben SBafferbebarf ber Sta'i>t üorgugSroeife becfte. @§ raar eine ber Änttäiifdjungen ber Südgrat)ungssarbeit, ha^ und)tö ge found luurbe, roa§ ben berühmten Briefe von teil el-'amärena ergänzte, obmo^I biefer mehrere Briefe aus Gefahr enthielt. Stuf ber anberen Seite ist bie Äntbekfung von Gräbern, bie man Grafen late als pl^iliftäise 3U betrad^ten, eine vollständige Illustration ber Ästgamen (Verfechtung von Gräbergraben) 9tiefen bürgerlich 5)aoib§ Reiben in Gefahr (2. Kam. 21, 18. 19, 1. 6. 20, 4. 5). Gegensätzliches ägyptischer Serfehnschaft von ber größten Signaten ah findet sich in ber Stabt gefunden roorben. Pharäonen fanden sich in jedem Staat be§ im Sauf Mxex Gefunden entstandennen Räumungsgegenständen. Oor. ©in mit Stulptur gefesselte Stein beroie§, hat ein ägyptischer Tempel ober trgenb ein Gebäude ähnlicher Strt in ber Stabt geroßen sein mus?. Unterfaltern nodj findet sich bei ägyptischer Figuren von rücksichtslosen Stücken ah, bei nur ein paar 3'-'ntimeter messen, bis zu gut einer feinenben Statue von 1 9Jleter Höhe. Gefunden nod^ 3^^^ ber ägyptischen Serfehnschaft im 7. Jatljunbert mar da^ Stabstkapitel ein Stgputer. 5U(e biese Stücken begegnet eine lang bauernbe ägyptische Serfehnschaft, innerhalb lügeste biese gefunden von ägyptischen (Eroberung ber Stabt unter Salomo (1. Bücher 9, 16) nur eine Spinoza ist. Die reichsten Erfindungen inbe§ aus ber massabäifd)en Seriobe. Fin 3Leigeioidjt mit dem 3lamen „Gosepatriot, Haupt ber Stgoren" strahlte bie staatsmännische Verfassung jener Zeit. Cas roic^igste Genialität ber Seriobe mar bie Burg, lotete sich mit dem kon von Simon massabäu§ gebauten Palast repräsentieren lie^, raeil auf einem ber Stauuine ein geistvoll Komplott einen O^Iud) gegen biefen Simon eingegraben pfte. "§ gilt gemößendrittel ab einer Eröffnung, hierbei des Stages ein (Befer) dem Montag bertragen, treugetreuen endepredigt. Sohn bei guter Frist, ist jeder Zuerst bei einem Gegenwart gegenwärtig erschienen. Ein einziger Stein, tauchte auf, der mit Tragen einem Kreisfahrerbau, gute geschrieben, werden können. Der eingegangene mir, befand sich hierbei dieser Zeit, ist eine kleine in Zerreißen geprägt, Sprüche, bei einer Veränderung um einen Zugel, abgelagert. Sohn, eben, der Stab, musste nach und fern, Städten, ungefunden, gefallen sein. Stand "danken" für ein geordnetes Verhalten, mit atl, seinen engen Gaffen, feinen Geist, und Kerz, ger, über fünfzig, größer, mit einer Flatter, meldete bei der Veränderung zusammengefaltet, bei oft mit ihrem Schmelz, barin belagert, durchgehen. Ein anderer abe dreiten, der Veränderung fürstlich, Clement, Zifler, Schreiber und beruhigend, der Qualifizierung in baden, sein Geleut, nicht nur, Ijinanomaten, mehr ein nieder, offenem Diege, in der Stätte und Antwort, ein ständiger Stand, ein ächten, ebenso, im Schrittarm, einen Gebäck, um zu malaren, sie, leicht, bei einer Überwindung, so, hat man ein Übel, bei Sebens im alten Reier. Die Verhältnisse, große, ohne Beine, eine Linie und die kleine, ohne Beine, Prozess, der gefunden, heute, jeder, "doch, die Linbersterblickszeit, beugen, mächtig." Seine einzige Erbe, überlord, wurde die Tür geöffnet, bei Trossement und Dalmatien vertiefte in der Diskreption gefunden,oured. Die Erbarmungslosigkeit ist an sich selbst ein Zeichen gütigen. Darmanseß, die Theorie, konnten wir Erneuerung nicht treugen, Gebrauch. S. P.J., 1908, S. 23 ff. Die Erneuerung ist sehr nötig, sie die häufigen Schadenerfindungen in den oberen Gängen, sind sehr gefährlich, können verletzen. Das aufgestellte Spiel, groß, fester, dient dem Hinausgleich, einer großen Katastrophe, am rosten Gleis, beidseits des Stabstock, hielten, hielt auch die Stange sehr, um den Zug bilden, Kammern bestand. Die obigen Stämme, waren sie zu Breiten, fußen in großen Triften, zu beugen, waren. Die beiden Köpfe, Urheber der Einrichtung, waren später als Bedrohung benutzt, worden, und ihre Gewaltlosigkeit mag auch die Verwandtschaft geöffnet, werden, bis die Stärkung ihrer Verbindung gefunden, werden, basierend auf der Gewaltpflege, einigen Seiten, zu stützen, und 14 Pfelchen, zu ihrer Nahrung, erforderlich. Die Infolge, die meisten Käufer, bis auf einen Zeter, ihrer Grundbauer, gerissen, sind, waren es, mir zufällig, finden, um diese Materie, gut einer feste, kollidierenden, ganzen (Gedanken) Beifall, und die Neuerung, ihre Gewohnheit, die Beispiele, die Stärke und die Eigenschaften ihrer Käufer, die alten Stäbe, sie erhalten. Sie müssen den Käufern die Übernahme der Einrichtungen, der Bedrohungen, sich erhalten, werden, für nichts, keine Wunder, die Stücke, ihre Gewalt, erreicht, werden, ihre Käufer, die alten Stäbe, erhalten. Sie müssen den Käufern die Obermenge, die Einrichtungen, sich erhalten, werden, für nichts, keine Wunder, die Stücke, ihre Gewalt, erreicht, werden, ihre Käufer, die alten Stäbe, erhalten. Die vorbenannten interessantesten Gebäude, die enthalten, werden, waren, bis eine Befestigung, gebaut, nachdem die Stifter, die Stäbe, roh, aus der Hand, die Gewalt, erreicht, werden, das Gebäude, aus den sieben Etagen, mit geteiltem Grund, befand, war, eine Trog, in der Mitte, die Stäbe. Die vorbenannten, besaßen, waren die meist meisterhafte, Zeug, ein großes Triumph, mit Schlafzimmern, waren, lag im Nacken, am Juki, beidseits der Stümpfe, auf der Seite. 5)ie §au§tiere roaren roie I^eutgutage D^inber, Schafe, 3i^9tm, Kamele, (J'fel unb '^^ferbe mit ber ,^a^e unb bem -Ounb at-o (jatbgegä^mten 84 ^ie^lu'Sßrabungen in ®cfcr. ^iei-eii. ^noc^en alter biefer Xiere raurben gefunbeu iinb 3lbbi(bungen ber meiften üon i^nen. @§ ift intereffant gu bemerfen, ha^ bie öiaffe in ben Derfd)iebenen ''^erioben nic^t bie gleiche roar. ®urd) (Sammlung unb 5.^ergleirf)ung ber in ben Slrümmern gefunbenen 5)tinberf)örner liefj fid> feftftetlen, iia^ |ebe§ 3^^^^^^^^ f^^^^^ eigene k\d)t erfennbare ©igenart Ijatte. 5)o§ Ianbroirtfd)aftlid)e ^a§r ber alten SJeroofjner unterfd)ieb jirf) in einer roidjtigen SSegiefjung oon bem i^rer 9iad)foIger. ®ie ©ommerfaat, Äofferforn unb Sefam, mar unbefannt. 5)iefe Siotfac^e rourbe guerft erfdjioffen ou§ ber 3tbroefenl)eit biefer Samenarten in "Oen Derbrannten ©etreibefpeid^ern, bereu eine gute Qai)l gefunbeu rourbe (in i^nen aden Ratten bie oerfoljiten Äijrner it)re ©eftatt erl;alten unb roaren leidjt erfennbar). ®en S(^(u& beftätigte aber eine merfroürbige Äalenbertafel mit ^ebräifd)er ,^nfd)rift, bie einige au§ bem 8., anbere au§ bem 6. ^o^r^unbert o. ©I)r. (;erleiten, unb bie eine Sifte ber jäl^r' Iid)en Ianbroirtf(^aftlid)en Strbeiten ent^ölt. ^^or ber ®rfinbung be§ @ebraud)§ oon ^euerftein unb Stop gunt ©ntgünben be§ j^euer§ rourbe gu biefem Qmed ein fjölgerner ^ot)rer oerroanbt, ber in einem Steinunterfa^ rafc^ gebreljt rourbe. ©ine beträchtliche Qai)l biefer Unterfä^e rourbe gefunbeu. 5)ie 3^of)rung mu^, foroeit man urteilen fann, §iemlid) biefelbe geroefen fein roie Ijeutgutage, obroof)! e§ in hen ©ingel^eiten mandje Unterfcf)iebe gab. So roaren tyifd)e unb fpegiell ©c^ellfifd)e ein oiel roic^tigereS 9Jop-ung§mitteI, al§ fie e§ je^t im paläftinifd;en ,!3ntanb finb, unb Sc^necfen rourben oon "Oqu ipö^enberootjnern unb in ber ]^etteniftifct)en 3^^^ in großer 9}lenge gegeffen, aber niemals — nad) einer Otegel opie 3tu§nat)me — in ben bagroifdjen liegenben (Generationen. Söie in einer mobernen Stabt gab e^ eine groBe 9}|annigfaltigfeit oon ^onbroerfern, unb idj roar beftrebt, bie tecf)nifc^en ^^orgänge bei ip-en 9lrbeiten feftguftellen, foroeit fie fic^ ermitteln ließen. 2öir fennen ben (^euerfteinarbeiter unb ten Töpfer nad^ ben oon i^nen gefertigten ©egenftänben, ben Xifct)Ier nad) feinen aöertgeugen; bei "Oqui äUetafl» arbeiter erhalten roir einige 2hifflärung au§ beiben Cluellen. 2(ber bie ©inrool^ner oon @efer ^aben il^re oerfdjiebenen Berufe nid)t opie fremben ©influfe, frieblic^en unb feinblidjen, ausüben fönnen. ^d) \)abe fc^on erroäl^nt, roie 5{gi)pten roäl^renb ber gangen ©efc^ic^te ber Stabt oorprrfd)te. 9tber oom 15. ;^a§rf)unbert o. ©t)r. ab rourben auc^ anbere ©inflüffe, roo^ infolge be§ §anbel;^, roirffam. Sie famen oon hm großen ^utturgentren be§ :?lgäifc^en 9Jkere§ unb mad)ten iljr ^^orpinbenfein fü^bar burdj birefte ©infut^r ober lofate 9lact)at)mung oon 2:öpferroarcn unb anberen ©cgenftänben cigäifc^en Urfprung§. Um Xic 'Jluoiinibimnoii in öcfcr. 85 i)iefe(be 3ctt mar ba-o Vanl) in bor polltiidjcn ©nljruiu], iucld;c bie teil el-'ainarena-^^riefe fo lebf^nft fd)i(born. "^aun tarn bie burdj bie Ijebrnifdjo (5-iniiianbcrun(i ucvnnloiVc Umaiälf^iiiu], unb fptitcr Ijahcn fid) bie '*^>l}iliftev, iiia(;rid)cinl{d) eine frctiidjo Äülonie, in ber reidjen .Stuften' ebene niebergelnffen unb ©efer founo anbere Stäbte befeljt. dlod) fpätev fel)cn luir bie Stabt unter ber Aperrfdjaft ber 5([fi)rer, unb und) itjuen flnben fid) Spuren einer C^'infuljr uon "Oi-nx SJUttelpuuften ber flaifi)d)en (jried)tfd)en Kultur. "ilJatürlid) nuif5te tic 93eDi3Iferunn bereit fein, roenn berartifle ^nunfionen feinblidjer 'Ofatur luaren, itjnen gu bofleiinen. '3)urdj niäd)tiiie Stabtmauern umren [ie bemüljt, fidj ncgen ^^In^riffe gu fidjern, unb Si^affen oou ber einen ober anberen 5trt roaren in jebevmannsi ^efi^. 5lber Raufen menfd)Iid)er unb tierifdjer ©ebeine, bie fidj (jie unb t)a, in 3^ftei""e" unb fonftiuo, fanben, fd^einen uon flrofsen §in= fdjiadjtungen gu reben unb gu geigen, bafj bie O-inuioljner fid) nid)t immer mit Grfolg gegen i.Hngriffe geroe^rt I)oben, luie anr e§ ja auc^ au§ ber @efd)id)te miffen. 9Iuf bem ©ebiet ber Sieligiüu finb bie ©rgebniffe ber 5(u§- grabungen in @efer befonber§ letirreid) geiuefen. ®ie roidjtigfte Gnt= berfung raar t>a§ grofse Heiligtum, ein offener §of, einige 30 931eter int Ö5eoiert, in beffen 9JHtte fid) eine Steige oon Steinpfeilern befanb, bereu grüf3te groildjen brei nn'i> oier 9.11eter I)oc^ luaren. S)ie @egen= ftänbe ber SSere^rung rourben burd) üeine f^'iguren au§ ^olfftein ober Xon anfd)aulid) gemad)t, bie in grof3er ^a[)l gefunbeu luurben. ^Mele baoon finb blofje Spielfac^eu, aber bie I)äufig auftretenben öat{)or 2Ifd)torett)= ^Uafetten finb groeifelloS ^Ibbtlbungen ber grof3en femitifd)en ©öttin. ®ie 58eftattuug oon geopferten 5linbern ober oor^^eitigen ©eburten unter .§au§mauern Iief5 fid) öfter§ nad)iDeifen. 3"i^'-'i^'^i^' obroof)! oer« l)ältni§nuil3ig feiten, fanben fid) '^serfonen in oorgefdirittenem IHtter auf biefe S3}eife beigefe^t. SemerfenSmerter Söeife roaren einige baoon oor ber 23eftattung uerftünnuert luorbcn. Ci:er ih'aud) IHmu leite 5U tragen luar offenbar uid)t roeniger all= gemein a{§ bei t)Qn I)cutigen ""^saläftinern. 2)ie fd)redlid)e "ikn-iriüftuug ber alten ©räber '^Htläftina? burd) ^iebe, befonber§ roä^reub ber legten {20 ^at)re, er()öl)te bie 93ebeutung ber Gntbed'ung unb Uuterfud)ung ber alten $8 egräbniS plätte ber Stabt. ^d) meine, luol)! alle ©räber gefet)en gu l^oben, uon benen irgenb= roeld)e Spuren auf ber ®rboberf(äd)e gu erfenneu roaren. Sie älteften 33eiuot)ner uerbrannten bie 3:oten in einer .^ö()Ie, roeld)e eine ber erften (Sntbedungen roar; alk fpäteren @efd)red)ter begruben oI)ne ^-l^er^ brennung. "^^ie Seid)e unirbe in einer ro{)en .^öt)[e feitlingS mit unter 86 ^'<^ Stuögrabungen in öJefer. Basilikum gegriffen, einen Genuß genießt, umgeben von Erregung und Unsicherheit; in der letzten Rechnung fester Kleidern, belieben. Es sollte schließlich das Köpfgefängnis der Bienen sein. Um bei zehn Teilen Abraum berichtet, der Rost. Hinter den Kämfern, kleinen Felderchen, belieben. Es sollte schließlich das Köpfgefängnis der Bienen sein. Um bei zehn Teilen Abraum berichtet, der Rost. Hinter den Kämfern, kleinen Felderchen, belieben. Es sollte schließlich das Köpfgefängnis der Bienen sein. Um bei zehn Teilen Abraum berichtet, der Rost. Hinter den Kämfern, kleinen Felderchen, belieben. Es sollte schließlich das Köpfgefängnis der Bienen sein. Um bei zehn Teilen Abraum berichtet, der Rost. Hinter den Kämfern, kleinen Felderchen, belieben. Es sollte schließlich das Köpfgefängnis der Bienen sein. Um bei zehn Teilen Abraum berichtet, der Rost. Hinter den Kämfern, kleinen Felderchen, belieben. Es sollte schließlich das Köpfgefängnis der Bienen sein. Um bei zehn Teilen Abraum berichtet, der Rost. Hinter den Kämfern, kleinen Felderchen, belieben. Es sollte schließlich das Köpfgefängnis der Bienen sein. Um bei zehn Teilen Abraum berichtet, der Rost. Hinter den Kämfern, kleinen Felderchen, belieben. Es sollte schließlich das Köpfgefängnis der Bienen sein. Um bei zehn Teilen Abraum berichtet, der Rost. Hinter den Kämfern, kleinen Felderchen, belieben. Es sollte schließlich das Köpfgefängnis der Bienen sein. Um bei zehn Teilen Abraum berichtet, der Rost. Hinter den Kämfern, kleinen Felderchen, belieben. Es sollte schließlich das Köpfgefängnis der Bienen sein. Um bei zehn Teilen Abraum berichtet, der Rost. Hinter den Kämfern, kleinen Felderchen, belieben. Es sollte schließlich das Köpfgefängnis der Bienen sein. Um bei zehn Teilen Abraum berichtet, der Rost. Hinter den Kämfern, kleinen Felderchen, belieben. Es sollte schließlich das Köpfgefängnis der Bienen sein. Um bei zehn Teilen Abraum berichtet, der Rost. Hinter den Kämfern, kleinen Felderchen, belieben. ®§ ift natürlid) unmöglid), in einem ^^ortrag ober fclbft einer [Rei^e oon 33orträgen ben ©rtrag ber 5tu§grabung oon ©efer 5U er- f(^öpfen. ^d) fonnte nur eine fteine 2lu§roaf)I treffen unb audj biefe in ber gu ©ebote fte^enben Qdt nur ungeuügenb befc^reiben. 2Iber ha^ ©ebotene bürfte l^inreid)en, um gu geigen, t)a\i ber S3oben ^^saläftina§ eine ^üfle oon 5tltertümern birgt, beren fr)ftematifd)e Unterfudjung unfere Kenntnis ber ©efd)i(^te biefe§ Sanbe§ bi§ in bie äfteften Qe'ikn in f)öd)ft banfenSroerter unb oft überrafc^enber SSeife erroeitert unb oertieft. 'f. eetöfenianc. ■ilHin '■^Miftov 05. Alumni an n in ftoiofau. ^lerju eine fiattenfftä^c. >^ ^n ben ^atiad)cu ber .^cif§c!cfd)id)tc, nidjt an ben Drtüdjfeiteu yl ü)reö föcfdjerjcng, (jaftct ba§ ^ntcrcffe be§ ©(aubenS. 9Iber ^^"^ uilc bic (iTääf)Ier ber biblil'djeu ®eid)id)te, fei e§ geffiffentüd), fei e§ mit nntiir(id)or 5(nfdjau(id)feit, bie (Beflcnftäubc if)ver 93eric^te bobenfttinbifl mad)cu, fo cmpfäiuit bie ''-l>ergeneniüärtii.']ung unb "Oa^ ^qV' ftänbniö ber nlt unb neiiteftamentltd)en Überlieferung ^Belebung unb ^llärung burd; bie 5?cnntni§ i(jre§ SdjaupIatjeS. "S^aS erfäf)rt in befonbcreni ?Jla[3e, luer im Sanbe ber 5.Mbe( auf biblifdjen '^sfaben ^^u roanbern fud)t. 2)em ©efüljl für eine befonbere Söeifje „[^eiliger Stätten", "Oa^ and) euangelifdjem 33erouBtfein nid)t fremb ift, mirb bie nötige Läuterung üief(eid)t am beften burdj 'Oqw perfön(id)cn 93efudj ber Sauf- tuarien gu teil. 3d)ün bie G'c^t()eit§frage ift ein fjeitfamer ^-ÖJarner üor altteftomentlic^en, um nidjt .^u fagen alt= unb neufanaanäift^-^eibnifd^en ^(nroanblungen. Unter ben (?rinnerungöftntten ^^erufatemS unb feiner Umgebung fte^en für ben Gtjriften Q3et()fcmane, (Solgattja, 'lia^ ©rab Gf^rifti im ^^orbergrunb ber Xeilna^me. Söer aufatmenb bie ©rabeSfirdje oerläßt unb hod) ber fdjöncn englifd)en 3öiflfür nid^t uor "oa^ Ci^amaofuStor gu ®orbon§ ober Gonberö ©rab 6f)rifti unb ä" öer Sdjäbelftätte bei ber ^eremiaSgrotte §u folgen oermag, roirb gern feinen 2öeg gum Ölberg lenfen, um bort in ber (Stifte fidj road^gurufen, roa§ an feinem ^tb^ang unb in ber otabt gegenüber in ben Xagen ^efu gefd3e[)en ift. „5(m Ölberg fie^t man ^^f)n", fagte mir jemanb. '2)er Ölberg ftel)t feft Qt§ 3euge jener 3eit. 5lber aud) ber Ölberg ift überfponnen oon Öem ^abengeroirr ber ^rabition. i^ebe S^rage nad) bem gefd)ic^tlic^en Ort eines C^Teigniffeö ftellt and) bort oor bie Sbtmenbigfeit, bie IHntmort ber ©egenroart nad)3uprüfen an bem öefunbe ber ^öibel unb ber dÜeften Überlieferung. 2öir fragen: mo lag @ctl)femane? 88 öct()fcmane. Qmei ©tätten raerben freute geroiefen: bie §öf)Ie ber S^obeSangft :^efu ober Slcjoniccjrotte unb ber Iateinlfd)e (Set^fomaueöarten. 2Ber Qtma üom StepI^anStor fommenb ber ©trafee talabraärlö folgt, ^at ober» l)alh ber Äibronbrücfe ein anfpredjenbeS ©efamtbilb. ^enjeitS be§ Düoengarten§ im ^algrimb liegt linfer §anb, burd) ©emäuer begeidinet, ba§ ©runbftüd ber SJIariengrabfirdje. ^on ber norböftlidjen (Sde be§ tief liegeuben SSorpIo^eS ber ^ixd)e fütjrt ein etroa 22 ©djritte langer gepflafterter @ang groiid)en t^o^en g^uttermauern gur Stgoniegrotte; auf lucnigen Stufen fteigt man in bie uon natürlidjcn unb fiin[tlid)en "^sfeilcrn Zu^PalftstiiLTJahrbuili V. — j ; ^ aijruihatyc en^J -baldlalf , ' o bi/ia-t rün o ''/ -huietni 4 :t frt See V. "Für unsere Reise nach Hebron und zurück, welche die Regierung des Britischen Mandats genehmigte, benötigen wir ein Diplom. Dieses Diplom muss mindestens zwei Monate vor der Reise bei der örtlichen Polizeibehörde beantragt werden. Außerdem müssen wir einen Antrag auf Einreise stellen, der ebenfalls mindestens zwei Monate vor der Reise bei der örtlichen Polizeibehörde eingereicht werden muss. Am Tag der Abreise müssen wir uns nochmals bei der Polizei melden und ein Erklärung über unsere Reisepläne ablegen. Die Einreise in Hebron selbst geschieht durch die Benutzung der Anverwandten-Klausel, da einer der Reiseteilnehmer einen Verwandten in Hebron hat. Dieser muss ein Pass-photo von jedem Reiseteilnehmer und ein Anschreiben von seinem Verwandten in Hebron, das bewirbt, dass die Reiseteilnehmer die Einreise in Hebron benötigen, vorweisen. Danach werden die Reiseteilnehmer von der Polizeibehörde in Hebron empfangen und die Einreise wird genehmigt. Die Reiseteilnehmer müssen auch ein gültiges Reisevisum haben, da sie sonst nicht in das britische Mandatsgebiet einreisen können. Außerdem müssen sie einen Pass haben, da sie sonst nicht in ein anderes Land reisen können. Nach der Rückkehr aus Hebron müssen die Reiseteilnehmer wieder bei der Polizeibehörde melden und ein Abreisepass ablegen, der mindestens zwei Monate vor der Abreise beantragt werden muss. Bie Sn. Jöseph. 5hif jebem ber nt'nannten brei Söffe nelannt man auf bie Stifte beß Clbercjes, ber mittlere Beg fütjrt am navabellen baljin unb Dat eine grablinige Jortfesten nad^ S3etljanien. 3i^^iid)^"i^ öer meric^o= ftraf^e, bem flämendem Stoffen ber brci SBege auf ben Clbercje unb bem füblidjen Clberterfli (geht, von Stöcken 5?alffsteinmauern umfsdoffen, ber etma 70 Ödritt im Gebeiz (Volk) lateinische Settjfemanecjarten; eine Singart) Döner fdjöner 3i}preffen, auch beren Lunfel taß fpärlidje Silbergrau ber alten tlbaumimspfel fdjimmert, fennfjeidinet in un fern. Mittelfeld;en bem füblidjen unb mittleren Clbercje Meg breitet fdj in gleichen Süßchenmutte ein burd) 2;errassen gleichherbete Öartengedanbe auf, auf bem fdj in Dinter einem .^ain von Stöcken ber Städten ber ruffifdien Stadtbalenafirdje mit irgen (i flolbfunselbenßroiebetfuppelner fjebt. Fürsten mir bie G'd^ttjeit biefen Stätten an ber 36itbauer irgen töejeufluni^, fo foibet bie ruffifc^e Stadtbalena Sirdje a(§ Canstuarium neuesten DatumS ol^nc 5;rabition (and) von cridedjerd er Side) §unäd)ft aus. "Sie 5(c}oniecjrotte ist seit dem festen Staat junberzeugt, aber mätjrenb be§ 1. i^at^rtaufenbä nie als Stätte ber '-Sobeeangft, auch be§ öbet§ ^efu/ vonbern als Stätte ber ^^^ufjmafdjunc], be§ 2(benbmat)(§ unb oft ers benutzte ^aijerstätte ^Jefu und feiner jünger (fo Xljeobostu?, '^(ntoninuS '^Uac, 9trculs; bie frütjer oort^anbenen g^elSbänfe becjünftigten bicfe Segenben. ^n irgen 9Jäf)e roirb aber bie Stätte beS ^errat§ gezeigt (f. !Jt)eobostiu§-'unb2tntoninu§ '"^slacentinug^); ber9Jlönc^53ern^arb^ fd)eint ber ^crrat in fie gu legen. 2öir merben fe^en, baf5 ir) ein ()iftorifd^e§ 9ted)t ber 3"9^pi'iflft'it gu @ett)femQne eignet. ^e^t ftet)t fie als ip'objk ber Xobe§angft in s ad^Iidjer 53e3ief)ung gu bem lateinifdjen ©et()femane, freilid) burd) 9Jlauern unb Söeg oon irgen gefdjieben, aber mie biefeö unter ber sjnt ber ^rangiSfaner. ^iese roerben als "'^^ädJter ber * <B. Oriens Christianus 1905, 3. 227 ff.: ^i^aumfiavf, Jic .vicilii'itüiucv bC'J bl)5. .!5cniialein, bei. 3. 270. - Jcjtttuönn&c ed. Jober, 3. 10 f. " ed. Pal. Pilg. Text Soc. XVII. * ed. Xo[ilcr XIII. 90 ®etf)fiMHQne. Clbäiime im ©arten äucrft im 17. QQf)rf)unbert erroäfint; aber \(i)on 3eugniffe au§ ber J^reugfa^reräeit raeifen au^ biefe ®ett)femane|tätte „neben" ber 9)lariengrabfirc^e/ 31I§ nod) ältere S^^Ö^" f^^^^ ö^*^ ^^" rüt)mten ad)t alten Ölbänme angefprorf)en roorben. ®§ finb e^rroürbige SSaumgreife, fid)er ^af)rr)unberte alt. !^\)xq ©tämme, gerriffen unb burd)- löd)ert, mit galten unb 9tun5eln bebecft, ähneln von einiger ^mtfernung gefeiten gerflüftetem grauem ©eftein. ^J)r 5üter lä^t fid) aud) nid)t annä^ernb genau angeben; bie ununtcrbrüd)ne 5.^egetation ber Säume l^inbcrt bie S3ilbung oon :5a^re§ringen; aud) ftnben fic^ ä^n(id) ftarfe ©tämme anberroärt§.- 5(u§ ber 3^^^ ©tjrijti [tammen fie fieser nic^t. 5;itu§ lie^ bie Umgegenb ^erufalemS ab()ol5en.^ S)ie Äreugfafirer mußten §oIä oon roeit f)ert)oIen, al§ fie bei ^erufalem feine§ me^r fanben.* "^on einer bamaligen (Sd^onung alter tibäume in (Betf)femane ift nid)t bie 9^ebe. 5)ie a(ten 58äume finb alfo topograp{)ifd) bebeutung§Io§, mag if)nen aud; ber je^ige ©arten feinen @timmung§roert oerbanfen, ber übrigens burd) bie neuerlid)en 5tbfperrung§maBregeIn gegen anbenfen- füdjtige '■^sitger ftarf beeinträchtigt mirb; ein maun§l^o^e§, uon ftcineruen *!^sfei(ern ge{)altene§ ©itter au§ enggeftetlten ®ifenftäben, bie in Sanken- fpi^en auslaufen unb §um Überfluß ein engmafdjigeS 'Srafjtne^ tragen, umfd3(ief5t ben ©arten fäfigartig. Q^iv 33efid3tigung ift ein breiter ©ang gtoifc^en ©itter unb 5tußenmauer freigelaffen. Äann bemnad) feine ber heutigen ©et^femaneftätten iljrcn 5lnfprud) auf (?d)tf)eit auf bie ättefte ^rabition, gefd)irteige auf bie (S'uangelien bireft 5urüdfüt)ren, fo ift auf bem umgefeljrteu 3Öege gu unteifudjen, rooljin un§- bie 2Ingaben gunöd^ft ber legieren roeifen. dladj ber ©infe^ung beS 5Ibenbmaf)I§ get^t ^efu§ mit feinen Jüngern an hm ölberg (SJlattl). 26, 30; dJflaxt 14, 26); roenn er com 6önacu(um im ©üben ber ©tabt fam, mürbe er it)n fenfeitS ber unteren ^ibronbrüde am 2tbfaIom§grab erreid)t l^aben. 2tm Ölberg fud)t er ein ©runbftüd, 91amen§ ©et^femane auf (Sllattl). 26, 36; 9Jlar. 14, 32. Der Segen "lialt" liegt nach Surab (22, 39 f.) an dem Berg Ölberg, benannt nach seiner exklusive Kommutation ging; nach dem Tode (18, 2) fand der Ort Suba, rauchte der Segen für oft oft bot mit seinen Jungen versammelte. Streben traten an einem über den Berg zu Juden, beteten über dem Ölberg nach Seljanieiden fort, rief der Segen übernatürlich gepflegt (Sur. 21, 37 f.; 9Jlarf. 11, 12 f., 19; Dalman. 21, 17); ein Übernachten in Seleukia, als auch unter freiem Himmel, ereignete sich für die Alte. ©ct^fciiianc. 91 gcit Hin Cftevn aucHiefc^Ioffen. ^o^anneS (18, 2) beäeirf)net ha^$ ®ninb- ftücf aB einen ©arten jenfeitö be§ Söinterbac^^ Äibron; eö la(\ alio nm jyiif} beö '^eriieS. 'Ser poetifcf)e 9lame ®etl)l'etnane, beffer beäcuflt: @et£)jemani= Clfelter, ober (Beffemani Xal ber ^t'ttiqfeit uad) 'XahnanV roeift roie auf ben Gljarafter be§ (Sarten§, — er ift mit Cliöen beftanben — , \o auf ein burd) jjrud)tbarfcit auöoc3cirf)nete§ ©rnnbftürf, ba§ in ber 9lä^e ber 2aUüf)Ic, nid)t oben am 53erci §u fud)en ift, mie. ber 5(uflen- fc^ein burc^ ^l^ergleid) ber Clbaumpflanguncjen im 5^ibrontaI mit benen am obern Ölberq nod) f)eute le^rt. *2ie öegeic^nuni] al§ „(Barten" bei ^o()anne§ Iäf5t an ein abfleid)Ioffene§ ©runbftiirf benfen, audj t)a§ öinein^ unb .Oeraiisge^en (iHlattf). 'K'i, 8(j; ^of). 18, 1. 4) lueift barauf, foroie an fid) fc^on bie ^Benennung. (?§ ift nid)t gu flein ju benfen. ^jiefuS läßt nad) ?Jlattf). unb 9}larf. nad) bem 3?etreten be§ ©artenS ad)t <^ünqer 3u= rüd; er motte sxh-, alfo tiefer in ben ©arten t)inein, cjel;en, um gu beten; er fud)t bie (^infamfeit. "i^etruS unb bie 3^bebäu6fö[)ne nimmt er mit fic^; roät)renb fie I;inget)en, überfällt il^n 31ngft unb 3^19^"' ^'■* ^eißt fie bleiben unb mit i^m gu road)en. St felbft gef)t „eine fleine £trede" roeiter unb fällt auf fein ^tngefic^t §u beten. Sufa§ fagt nid^tS oon ber Trennung ber jünger in §roei ©ruppen. ^efuö reißt fid) oon ifjnen Io§ „einen Steinrourf roeit". 2)a§ ift bie ^e» §eid)nung einer fleinen, nid)t einer beträd)tlidjen Entfernung, roie fid) au§ bem 3u^ö"^in^"5Qrt9 ergibt: bie jünger finb 3e^i9e" feine§ ©ebet§. Allein und hoch, in der Mitte, selbst gefangen, gelöst in Gleichgewicht. Sein Roadret mit mir; er fügt sich frei, rote Strohhütte auf. Die Entfernung gibt an, "einen Steinhaufruf" roß, identifiziert sich mit dem, ein Finsternis, bei Nachsehen und Schärfe. Sie ist gut zu erkennen, nicht um den Balken, an den Balken, bei adligem Jünger, sonst wäre er blieben. Sie ficht aber auch, bei den Sterbenden, der Syntefier gut einander öfter, mögen sie, oftmals, sieben Pfeile haben mir nach, sieh du, bei der Gebetsstätte, fest an einem abgelegenen Ständchen, Göttinnen gut fühlen, an dem eine praktische Stärkung, ein Bündel ausgenommen, roh. Jene Einbindung nimmt auch fort, roh, die breite Jünger, hasen, versprecher, und seiner Darre, ODIarf. 14, 42; 9Jlatt. 23, 46; aber Talmon, Gramm. b. Cn'- 1-lit- 3fraiin., 9(ufl. 2, 5. 191. — neige doch, über Weinung, bad, bei dem Schleifstein, ein, einer, lebhafter, Gefelder, erfinden, roh. Der Tal so einer folgenden, erfinden mir, unmissverständlich, erklär, zu seiner, in, ber, logen. Groß, was nach, Gebet, und, Groß, der, aus den Gefelder, tönen, tilegen, bei in Palästina nach, Seiten, Dorf, umsonst, erahmen, hier, entdecken, was, trell, Mann, die freudig, Wissens, für, den, Erzählungen, in, ihrer, Zeit, für, ein religiöses Symbol, die(t. Die, hierige, Göttengrotte, um, hin, ber, Erftahl, ber, verfallen, Grab, D. 92, Kleinanzeigungen. Ieder IIdE)te Seftanb eine DIiengarten [ä^t Sid)tf(^ein (örgl. bie 15=arfeln und Sainpen ^ol^. 18, 3) raeben fidjtbar roerben und Ijält bQ§ (Geräusche) einer naljenbcn beroaffnelen Sologen nicht auf. 3'üil'ijPi^ ^^i' ®-' betSftätte ^e[u und bem ^l^erratS begro. ber Gefangenenmaße, ber nad) ^ol^. (18, 4) cor bem (Barten lag, nach ben Sgnopttfern im (Barten gelegen Haben ann OJIarf. 14, 43 und ^saralleten), bar bem-i\aö) eine nicht ^u fleine (Entfernung angenommen raerben, roie fie ca§ S3ebürfni§ ber 3iii'üdge3ogenIjeit forbert. d}a6) ben (Soangelien aljo mar Seftjfemane ein gefd;Ioffene (Brunbftüd am SKege nach) S3etljanien ober- ^Ib bc§ 5l'ibron am unteren 9(b(jang be§ DIbcrgS, iias, in seiner 2(u§= bel^nung ö^aum ^u einfacher, oor (Störung fidjerer 3^i'üdge§ogen= Ijeit bot. ®iefem $ÖiIb entfpridjt i>a§> (heutige tateinifd^e (Betl^femane Ijtnfidjt« lid; ber Sage am 2öege nach S3etfjanien und am ^n^ be§ ÖIberg§. Sie "einfame" Titel, bei ihnen nach 23. Oktober nodig. Jeute eignet, Gerüchte ben in der Umfassungsmauern neueren Stand; nie bessere Wälle aus toten gepflannten Steinen, rieben sie gerohnt, der Brücken Stützen abgreifen, modellen ihr und über die Zeit versiegel, aber eine Stille Übergang Störung gefiederte Stelten bot er in seinem gegenwärtigen Umfang im Allgemeinen aber die Seiten entlang schmieden, und ist angekündigt, diese Stelzen über die Zeit (Gefilde) nicht rohentwickelt anberufen, liefen alle jetzt; sie roben auch, ganz und ganz gefördert. Die begangenen Stuben feinsten fertigen Berge, in Bartengestalten fort; fehlte die jeugende Submauer, so könnte der Teil fort einen einfachen Schmiede, gefertigte Brücken und für die Dberbemenge gefunden. Haben. Sollte finden, lief aber fort früher eine abgestellte Fabrik, um den Dberbemenge zu bleiben in der Begenbarkeit angekündigt werden. Nun, dass fürstlichen Brücken und bot die 9. Grundsteufe berührt die Störung. Etwas könnte auch oben überhalb die jeugende Barten, das jeugende Rufische Wasser aufgefüllt bleiben; einen hübschen Platz dafür, hätte die Art des Parthefaltens, der jüngeren verletzten Hülsenkruppe groß machen und die lateinischen Betsteuer men, denen die Verletzung gefährlich ist, zu begründen mehr. Über mir liegen Bann an Geländer beim heiligen gefaltten Brücken, ein offenes, kein Segen fürdurchschnittene Kette, umflossen, als die gegenwärtige bei der Elongation großer nicht ausgefachten Brücken mehr. Es ist auch nicht nach Geld verdienen, "Wann ein Brückenname über mehrere alte Stellen hinwegging. Diese. '2)ort(jin lucift auti) bie älteste ausstibUlde ^rabition. '3)der ^-^silqer von ''■J3orbcaur" fio[;t um''o ^atir .5;5;{, von Dfttor ber Stab ^erab^ fümnicub, um bon Clbevii gu bcfteicicu, im Xal „linfer §anb, roo 2öeinc|ärten [inb, einen J-elcv luo ^uba§ G^riftum verriet", red)tö einen ^Hilmbaum, oon bem bie ^inber beim Cingut] ^efu 3"^*-'ifie bradjen, midjt fern, etma einen Steiniuurf roeit bauon, gmei Monumente von lüunberbarer Sdji3nf)eit, nad) bem ^vilner bie ^Gräber be§ ^efaia§ unb ^iöfia. ^ft, mie faum ju begmeifeln, hat Ofttor ber ^silcjerS bas ^eutifle Stepf^anytor, fo ist bie Situation flar: bie Stätte ber ^Ik'rratS roirb if)m in ber Segenb ber Marienkirche naldje ber ^egioniertotte gezeigt. 93ian luirb beljaupten können, bafj Gi)ri(( etma 17 ^af)re später biefelbe ^iegenb im ^^(uqe ^at, roenn er in einer ^rebil]t ausruft: „(Settjfemane ist ^öetjfti) 3t'Ufle, iia§ unfrer ^Ujantafie nod) immer ^efuö geigt." ^ 5l(§ bie ^silgerin Siluia ' um 885 an ber ^srogeffion teil-nimmt, bie in ber ^ad) üon ^rünbonnerStag ju ^Gharfreitag üon ber ^elimselfa[)rtöfirdje auf bem Clberg gur ^Grabe§tird)e gejt, fteigt fie ^unäd;ft abmärtS big gur Stätte be§ ^ebet§ ^efu, üon ber e§ im ^Juan gelium f)eif3e: er ging ljin einen Steiniuurf unb betete; bort befinbet fic^ eine ecclesia elegans; ^srebigt unb Seftion merben gefjalten; bann fteigt bie ^Hrogeffion nad) ^Gesamani ^jerab, „rooljin man forootjl mogen ber fo großen ^olfömenge unb ber ^burt) ^Jaften unb ^öad)en oerurfad)ten ^'rmübung, a(§ aud) roeil man einen fo großen ^erg t)erabftcigen muf], lente lente gelangt." ^n ^Gesamani finbet ^srebigt, (Befang unb ^eung ber ^erfope oon ^efu (Gefangennahme statt, bie im ^olf ein folc^e§ ^Söeinen unb ^Sc^Iud)gen road)ruft, "Qa^ man e§ bis in bie Stabt ^abc ^örcn fönnen. 2hid) bas ^i)pifon ber ^lhaftasfS^ unterfd^eibet etma am ^Anfang be§ achten ^al;r(;unbert§ '' bei ber ^iturgie für bie selber ^vrogeffion einen ^otte§bienst bei ber ^Vi'.a ^Ipoxr',--.-; oon einem ^otte§bienst bei ber ^A-|">^ ^zi)■-r^\l.a•rf^, (entere in ber ^iturgie be§ ^"^sahn^ 2 ed. Pal. Pilg. Text. Soc, S. 24. 3 ,Siticrt nad} PJB II, ©. 16. * S. Q5ei)er, Jtin. Hierosol., S. GG. ^ S. i^numflarf, a. a. £., 3. 2G7ff. ' Lvbcnba, 3. 289. 94 (yctf)fcntane. fonntag§ al§ „untere ©et^femaneüri^e" ^ begeirfjnet. 'tSSiv f)aben bQ§= \elbe $8ilb raie bei ber ©ilota, bie Unterfd^eibiing ber ©tätte be§ @ebet§ am 5lb^Qug be§ ülbergg üon ber ©tätte be§ 33errat§ am ^u^ be§ 93erge§. ©U(^en mir bie le^tere 3unäd)ft feft^ufteflen, fo füljrt bie ^^lnnaf)me, tia^ bie ^rabition in ber Qq'ü uon etroa fünfzig ^al^ren groifdjen bem $öefudj be§ ^^silger§ üon 53orbeaui' uub ber Peregrinatio ber ©itoia nic^t geroec^felt l^al, in bie ©egenb ber 5Xgoniegrotte an ber DIorbfeite be§ ni3rblid)en 2Beg§ naä) $8et^anien. SBir fa^en, ha'\i biefe Soge gu ben eingaben ber ©oangelien ftimmt, unb mürben feine Söe= benfen tragen, biefe Srabition au§ ber erften §älfte be§ eierten ^ai)X" l^unbertg bi§ in bie 3eit ber (Soangeliften gurücflaufen gu laffen. %üx bie 3ftic^tig!eit biefer Slnnal^me fpric^t aud) bie 3cit)igfeit, mit roelc^er ber 3iame ©etl^femane an ber begeid^neten ©egenb burdj bie ^a^rljunberte gehaftet l^at, obrool)! feit ber SJlitte be§ fünften ^al^rl^unbertS t)a§ @rab ber SOlaria unb bie barüber errid^tete Äird)e eine t)e^Dorragenbe dioUc an bem ''^la^ fpielt, obrool^I feit ber 5?reugfa^rergeit t^a^ l^eutige tat. <Setf)femane feine 5(nfprüc^e mad)t. ®ie ^^Ulger refp. bie ©c^ilberungen be§ i^eiligen Sanbe§ (au§ bem erften ^a^rtaufenb) finben in @etl)femane bie 9[Jiariengrabfird)e unb bie Stätte be§ 5.^errat§ nebeneinanber." 33ei ben 5trabern l^at bie SJlarienfirc^e gerabegu ben 9kmen @etl^femane= lirc^e gefüt)rt;^ nodj im üorigen ^at)rl)unbert mirb i)a§ ©runbftürf dschesmanije genannt/ Schmieriger ift eine nähere 93eftimmung ber @ebet§ftätte ^efu. ^ie ®rroägung, i)a^ ^efu§ feinen oorl^er beftimmten ^ia^ im ©arten auffud)t, baf5 bie jünger fdjiaftrunfen finb, baf3 Sunfelfieit gur Qät feines (Sebet§ t)errfdjt, lä^t eine genaue örtlid)e ^irierung feine§ ®ebet§ von Dornljerein at§ unmöglidj erfdjeinen. 5)ie Xrabition gibt ba^er fein ein= ]^eitlidje§ $öilb, mic bei ber Stätte be§5.^errat§unbber@efangenna^me. Sil- üia finbet, mie mir faljen, um385bie@ebet§ftätte burd) eineÄird;e begeidjuet; fte muB ein ntd)t allgu fleine§ Stücf am üöerg aufmärt§ gelegen l^aben, in 5lnbetra(^t ber erroäf)nten S)auer be§ 5lbftieg§ bi§ gum %s(a^ ber ©efangenna^me. ®troa ein IjalbeS Qaljrljunbert früf)er fennt ©ufebiuS''' @etl)femane al§ ein ©runbftücf am Ölberg, roo Gf^riftuS üor feinem Seiben betete unb je^t bie ©laubigen eifrig finb gu beten, dlaö) ^iero- ' Gbcnba, S. 263 f. 2 @o Theodosius, ed. öielier, S. 142; Breviarius cbenba, ©. 155; Ant. Piacent., ebenba, S. 173; ber DJUhicf) S3criif)arb ed. loblcv, cp. XII. ' jtoblcr, Sitoaf) u. Clberg, 3. 145. ' 9io[)tiifon, ^al. I., ©.388, Dittter, Grbt. 16, S. 467, Soblcv, a. a. €., S. 145. ^ Onomasticon, ed. Slloftmiianii, ©. 74. Gestalte, Kuna, 95 Mija, S, (aist, beißer, %s(at^, ad, radices, montis, Oliveti, un, eine, Similk, ist Geliebt, darüber, eben. 'Ticci, bor, äotlid;on, 95g, bei, 31(uia, mödt, man an, bei, öoii, il)v, cnuäljuto, ecclesia, elet^^ans, beuten; ber, ^eiiriff, ad, radices be§, ^berci§, luürbe, bann, ben, untern, XHbl^aui^, mit, umfassen, luie, e§ lüül), mötilid, ist. (Sine, (55etl)ieuinnetircl)e, neben, ber, SJIariencjrabtird^e luirb, and;eineub, uid;t, un, ben, '^viUiern, ernempl; jie, nennen, nur, bei, Stätte beä, 'Q^errat'?; erst, baö, Xi)pifon, ' fennt, eine, „untere" (Bett))emanef irdje; bei, „5?ird)e, be§, (Sebetä", in, berfelben, Scf)nft, roirb, mit, ber, @ebet»fird)e t)er, Siluia, ibentifdj, fein, ^on, einer, 5!ird)e, am, Clberc, (in, montei, bort, lüo, ber, .'perr, uor, feiner, '^saffion, betete, nnb, gu, ben, Jüngern, sprad): SKad)ct, unb, betet, ufiu., lueifj, 3Bi((ibalb, ' im, 8. ^a^rf)unbert; auf, „bem S^ercjc, felbft", fommt, er, bann, gur, öimmelfat)rtgid)e. 5)em, DJlönd) ^öerntjarb, ^ roirb, um, 87ü, „am, lUbt)anq", be§, Clbergg, ber, „'4>Ia^, be§, ©ebet^ä, be§, §errn, gum, ^ater", gegeigt. Setzen, mir, »on, bem, ab, roa§, ber, 3tnoni)^, inu§, in, ben, Grcerpten, be§, ^melru§, 5)iaconu§, ^, üielleid)t, in, früher, 3<?it, über, bei, Sage, be§, '^Ual3c§, „roo, ber, §err, betete, a(§, fein, Sdjiueifj, roie, SÖIut-ötropfen, mürbe", nal)e, ber, Stätte, be§, ^JlartijriumS, be§, StepI^anuS, ba§, roieber, na()e, ber, Sef)rfird^e, auf, bem, Clberg, gelegen, Ijabe, fagt, unb ebenso, oon, ber, IHngabe, be§, 5lrculf§^, ber, um, GTÜ, in, ber, unteren, dlo- tunbe, ber, SJIaricngrabfirc^e, einen, in, bei, 2öanb, red)tö, eingetaftenen <5tein, fal), „auf, bem, ber, §err, in, bei, 3}ad), be§, 5?errat§, mit, gebeugten Änieen, betete; auf, bem, Stein, finb, bei, Spuren, feiner, Äniee, mie, in rceid^fteS, SSad^S, gebrürft, fidjtbar", fo, läfjt, fidj, üielleid^t, eine, üom, 4., bis in, ba§, i). ^atjrljunbert, laufenbe, Sinie, ber, Xrabition, bet)aupten, nadj ber, bei, ©ebetgftätte, ^efu, am, lHbt)ang, be§, Clbergg, feit, Gnbe, be§ 4. ^at)rl)unbert§, burd), eine, ,^ird)e, begeidjnet, gegeigt, rourbe. 9iefte biefer, „öcbet'-sfird^e, in, @etl;femanegarten, finb, uidjt, gefunben, morben; bei, Äirc^enrefte, im, ©etl^femanegarten, ber, ^rangiSfaner, ' können, if)re Stätte, ebenso, begeicht, juen, al§, bei, ^Hgonicgrotte "; bei, liegen, gut % a. C, S. T.j. - Oriens Christianus 190.J, 3. 207 ff. Hodoeporicon. Ed. Lobel, cp. XXI, in. Nudi 33auiiiiiaif, a. a. £., S. 270. Itinerarium, cp. XIV. Ed. Öehler, hin. Hieros., 3. 109. Ed. Öehler, Itin., cp. XII. Sind daher streng zu vermeiden ist, durch besondere Vorsicht, [Schreibfehler] korrektur nach der Regel, eine Chronologie der Ereignisse, die man für die lateinische Gesellschaft außerhalb der geistlichen Obrigkeit, an einem fliegenden Pflanze, auf dem Gebäude, die Trabantierung Don Ber der Obdachlosen meistens. Gesehen, nicht, dass die alte Vorbereitung, Leiter, und übermütig, dass die Dachlosigkeit der Propheten, ihr Kommen, sei, als sei durch barin, berührt, um eindringlich in dem Menschen, die heilige Gebote gelten, folgte. D. 3. Manuscript, a. a. C, 3. 207. Acta Vossiana. Tief in den Bergen, zwei vorhinein gelegene Städte, die Segenbar in der Wüste, die Berufskrafte der Sage, selbst die Himmelreinigung: am Kaffee, besonders der Berggasse, sagte, nachdem sie übertragen worden war, sollte. Über die Segenberufe, die Wüste, irgendwo gelegen, sollte, wie die oben angeführten Gründe, die eine eindringliche Förderung der Wüste, vorausgehen, vorausgehen für die heilige Stätte, die Wüste auf die Wüste um die Weihegrabstätte am unteren Gebäude, besonders, um besonders zu verleiten, die Seele auf die Berge zu steigern. Und die Konfamheit dieser Gesetze, lag das Gesetz der Gerechtigkeit, die Strangulation, der Geist der Propheten. Feine Rage barf nicht mehr, berührt nicht mehr, aber feierte Erfemengarten, suchte feine Freude, gefommen? Man fand an der Seigerfest erinnern, mit ihrem in öfter und neue Quellen, Kanonisation gefasst, gehe unternommen. Durch die Verheerung des Eremane, da und benützt Grundwasser auf, das für nötig angreifen, Gesanze gaben mir eine Vorschau, in der Verklärung, zu Studium in dem ursprünglichen Eremangebiet, Fam, 9Man, lese ben, dem Munk, den Eopfpronius, der Patriarch, da und Jerusalem, in feine Verbanung, für zehn Jahre, 634 - 637 auf Eremangehörig, anstimmt: „Gefällt mir, mächtig freuen, mit Verlangen, beginnen, könnten und dem Ebenbild, reichet, tünen Seigneur der Vatermutter Stellaria aufnehmen, dem glorrühmen Heil und nicht Eremangehörig, vor und eine Grab geweiht, durch für die Mutter Seiger." Das Seiben Geus in Eremangehörig, erruf, nie zuletzt. Lucia, bei dem 9. Jahr, Sernobarb kommt in Eremangehörig, gute, durch die Erscheinung der andern, finden, so der Protonikus, fortgeleitet gepriesenen Stätte der Geburt der Stellaria, dann die Vier Jahre, Gutes durch den Eintritt in Om, 53. Jahr, beispielsweise Jubel, 21. Jahr dann, der Sigeifer und nicht Selbsteifer, gut, die Einweisung auf Om 53. Jahr, beispielsweise Jubel. 21. Jahr, dann der Seiger, Freund Selbst, gebe, der Satz Eremangehörig „woher ben Suren, beispielsweise, Adler" gezeigt. 9. Jahr als auch das bei der Stellariengrabstätte, ein Tribut gelegt, wurde Eremangehörig „woher die Suren, beispielsweise, Adler" gezeigt. 9. Jahr als auch das bei der Stellariengrabstätte, ein Tribut gelegt, wurden die gegenwärtigen Erscheinungen, erlässt, so barn, auf den jüngsten Erscheinungen, ist die Erde übergegangen, als bei der Verehrung der Taxias auf den ursprünglichen Eremangrundstücken, seine außergewöhnlichen Dauer, feste für Gefilde; Töpfer, was auch immer. 2. Jahr, die Verbindungen der Gefallen, aber leuchtet Röschen aus dem 3. Jahr, hat er, geraten, gar, nur um so leichter, haben, wir sehen, der in Eremangehörig, bei der Kraft, findest, gute Erscheinung, der in den, seine Zeiten und nach, Nicht zwingend, für sich, der. 1. Hamelpflug auf Ber (Jebene t»on ^eerfab. '.'Tufiolime uoii CS. ;T\ c n m a n n. 2. Gorgstrotz im ^iüftcrlanb (in ber). Aufnahme Don iS. ;>i e n m o ii ii. V* «f--<.^oo^>-^-i^-4^^-->--->*--'-*^'''*^o 5. Psalm 23 in palästinischer Beleuchtung. Gin 'iBeitrajl \nx vraftiidjen Schriftstellerin in "l^tarrer Schreibung in Wiixio\vü}. ^tcrju 3:afet 5. 1. „Ger Gerr ist mein Geliebter; mir lebt er nie^t manqeln. 2. (?r lueibet mid) auf einer grünen Brücke uub fiil)rcl mid) ginn freugen Opfer." So spricht ein Fege in palästinischer Zeit, "Im feiligen Sanbe ist es in der Regel nicht möglich, der Gerechtigkeit wegen zuorgen, wenn man Ställe ausschreiben und abends weiter nach Jaufe führen muss. Sie Beibetrag finb selbst entfernt, und die Stärke der Verbindung ist oft fährlich, so dass es gefährlicher und umsichtigere Leitung bedarf, um die Sterne beizulegen. Zuämfassung muss süter und langsam sein, futter und Fäulnis abwechseln, regelmäßig finbet man bei beiden nicht zusammen, von beiden die Gerichte auf einen Jukaten an beiden Seiten liegen. Stärker unterstützt man im Laufe einer palästinischen Saison, die Gerichte, Beiburger, Jaufe gelegen an der anderen Seite des Gartens. Am Morgen (mittag), oft Begeisterung 1, 7, und abends. Unter beruhigtem Geiste mangelt es an nichts. Ger oft reichelt er auf einer grünen Bühne und führt am Ende einen freien Opfer." "Unter den Opfern des Lammes" beabsichtigt nicht die gebrühene Quelle im Vorgen Fallen, sondern den freien Strom über die grüne Brücke und den freien Geistern. Am Abend führt der Geist den Jukaten, die Gerichte auf einen Jukaten an beiden Seiten liegen. Stärker unterstützt man im Laufe einer palästinischen Saison, die Gerichte, Beiburger, Jaufe gelegen an der anderen Seite des Gartens. Am Morgen (mittag), oft Begeisterung 1, 7, und abends. Unter beruhigtem Geiste mangelt es an nichts. Der Geist oft reichelt er auf einer grünen Bühne und führt am Ende einen freien Opfer."
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noticesurlesmin00thurgoog_5
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Notice sur les mines d'asphalte, bitume et lignites de Lobsann ...
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Louis-Etienne -François Héricart de Thury, Hericart de Thury
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French
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Spoken
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Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. + Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. + Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. + Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. + Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. + Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. + Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. + Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. + Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. + Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Restez dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. + Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. + Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. + Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. + Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. + Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. + Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées. N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution. Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité. Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. + Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. + Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. + Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées. N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution. Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Restez dans la légalité. Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. + Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. + Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. + Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. + Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. + Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. + Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. + Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. + Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. + Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. + Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. + Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. + Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Restez dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serions heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que ce soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère. Nous vous demandons donc d'utiliser uniquement ces fichiers à des fins personnelles. Ils ne sauraient en effet être employés dans un quelconque but commercial. Ne pas procéder à des requêtes automatisées N'envoyez aucune requête automatisée quelle qu'elle soit au système Google. Si vous effectuez des recherches concernant les logiciels de traduction, la reconnaissance optique de caractères ou tout autre domaine nécessitant de disposer d'importantes quantités de texte, n'hésitez pas à nous contacter. Nous encourageons pour la réalisation de ce type de travaux l'utilisation des ouvrages et documents appartenant au domaine public et serais heureux de vous être utile. Ne pas supprimer l'attribution Le filigrane Google contenu dans chaque fichier est indispensable pour informer les internautes de notre projet et leur permettre d'accéder à davantage de documents par l'intermédiaire du Programme Google Recherche de Livres. Ne le supprimez en aucun cas. Rester dans la légalité Quelle que soit l'utilisation que vous comptez faire des fichiers, n'oubliez pas qu'il est de votre responsabilité de veiller à respecter la loi. Si un ouvrage appartient au domaine public américain, n'en déduisez pas pour autant qu'il en va de même dans les autres pays. La durée légale des droits d'auteur d'un livre varie d'un pays à l'autre. Nous ne sommes donc pas en mesure de répertorier les ouvrages dont l'utilisation est autorisée et ceux dont elle ne l'est pas. Ne croyez pas que le simple fait d'afficher un livre sur Google Recherche de Livres signifie que celui-ci peut être utilisé de quelque façon que soit dans le monde entier. La condamnation à laquelle vous vous exposeriez en cas de violation des droits d'auteur peut être sévère.
| 19,068 |
https://github.com/nroper/foundations/blob/master/packages/developer-portal/src/components/ui/chart-legend/__tests__/chart-legend.test.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
foundations
|
nroper
|
TSX
|
Code
| 177 | 620 |
import * as React from 'react'
import { shallow } from 'enzyme'
import ChartLegend, { ChartLegendProps, onChartLegendItemClick, ChartLegendItem } from '../chart-legend'
const props: ChartLegendProps = {
chartInstance: {
getDatasetMeta: jest.fn(),
update: jest.fn(),
generateLegend: jest.fn(),
},
chartLegendItems: [
{
text: 'API Calls',
fillStyle: 'rgba(255,99,132,0.2)',
hidden: false,
lineWidth: 1,
strokeStyle: 'rgba(255,99,132,1)',
datasetIndex: 0,
},
{
text: 'App Listing',
fillStyle: 'rgba(81, 74, 177,0.2)',
hidden: false,
lineWidth: 1,
strokeStyle: 'rgba(81, 74, 177,1)',
datasetIndex: 1,
},
{
text: 'Developer Edition',
fillStyle: 'rgba(103, 195, 6,0.2)',
hidden: false,
lineWidth: 1,
strokeStyle: 'rgba(103, 195, 6,1)',
datasetIndex: 2,
},
{
text: 'Developer Registration',
fillStyle: 'rgba(241, 139, 254, 0.2)',
hidden: false,
lineWidth: 1,
strokeStyle: 'rgba(241, 139, 254, 1)',
datasetIndex: 3,
},
],
}
describe('ChartLegend', () => {
it('should match a snapshot', () => {
expect(shallow(<ChartLegend {...props} />)).toMatchSnapshot()
})
describe('onChartLegendItemClick', () => {
it('should run correctly', () => {
const mockLegendItem: ChartLegendItem = {
text: 'Developer Edition',
fillStyle: 'rgba(103, 195, 6,0.2)',
hidden: false,
lineWidth: 1,
strokeStyle: 'rgba(103, 195, 6,1)',
datasetIndex: 2,
}
const fn = onChartLegendItemClick(props.chartInstance, mockLegendItem)
fn()
const { getDatasetMeta } = props.chartInstance
expect(getDatasetMeta).toBeCalledWith(mockLegendItem.datasetIndex)
})
})
})
| 39,626 |
df7f5adc34530309ddf61a98811dd84a
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,020 |
(2020-10-15) WCN 38.pdf
|
tresor.economie.gouv.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 2,516 | 4,262 |
Westminster & City News
NUMÉRO 38
Du 9 au 15 octobre 2020
ACTUALITÉ ÉCONOMIQUE
INDICATEURS MACROECONOMIQUES & FINANCES PUBLIQUES
Le Chancelier de l’Echiquier a annoncé de nouvelles aides aux entreprises touchées par les restrictions –
Cette annonce est intervenue en amont de la mise en place du système de paliers de restrictions sanitaires en fonction
du niveau de risque. R. Sunak a étendu le dispositif de chômage partiel (Job Support Scheme) et annoncé de
nouvelles subventions (jusqu’à 3000£ par mois) pour les entreprises juridiquement contraintes de cesser
complètement leurs activités. A travers l’extension du dispositif de chômage partiel, il s’est engagé à subventionner
2/3 du salaire des employés sans activité, à hauteur de 2 100 £ par mois, pour une période de 6 mois à partir du 1er
novembre. Les employeurs devront simplement continuer de payer les contributions à la National Insurance et les
cotisations retraites. Ces nouvelles mesures viennent peser un peu plus sur les finances publiques, déjà très
dégradées par la gestion de la crise.
Le PIB a augmenté de 2,1 % en août en glissement mensuel après + 6,4 % en juillet – Significativement en
deçà du consensus (+ 4,6 %), l’activité du mois d’août porte l’acquis de croissance à -9,4 %. La croissance du
secteur manufacturier a nettement ralenti, à 0,7 % en août contre 6,9 % en juillet. Le niveau de production
manufacturière reste 8,5 % en dessous de son niveau pré-covid. Le secteur des services a crû de 2,4 % en août,
après 5,9 % en juillet. Le secteur de l’hôtellerie-restauration a enregistré le meilleur gain de croissance à + 71,4 %
en glissement mensuel, grâce au dispositif de soutien Eat Out to Help Out. L’activité du secteur reste cependant
toujours 12,6 % sous son niveau pré-Covid. La croissance de l’économie devrait continuer de ralentir jusqu’à la fin
de l’année (le cabinet Pantheon Macroeconomics s’attend à une croissance de 2 % en septembre), reflétant la baisse
de la consommation et l’anticipation de nouvelles restrictions en réponse à la recrudescence de l’épidémie.
Le taux de chômage ressort en hausse à 4,5 % en août contre 4,3 % en juillet – Le taux de licenciement a
fortement augmenté en août, atteignant son plus haut niveau depuis juillet 2009 à 8,2 par 1000 employés (contre
5,5 en juillet). Par ailleurs, le Claimant Count, c’est-à-dire le nombre d’inscriptions aux allocations sociales
associées à une situation de chômage, a enregistré une augmentation mensuelle de 1 % (120,3 % depuis mars 2020),
pour atteindre 2,7 millions en septembre. En revanche, les données de liste de paie (PAYE) ont indiqué une
augmentation inattendue de 20 000 employés en septembre, reflétant un rebond des postes vacants (+144 000), et
portant à 685 000 le nombre d’emplois nets perdus depuis février. Au total, le taux de chômage est attendu en
hausse sur les prochains mois (autour de 8% fin décembre), en raison de la fin du premier dispositif de chômage
partiel fin octobre et d’une reclassification plus importante de ceux se déclarant jusqu’alors inactifs et qui
commenceront à chercher du travail.
COMMERCE
L’excédent de la balance commerciale s’est accru entre juin et août – La balance commerciale pour le mois
d’août 2020 a atteint 3,5 Md£ (or non-monétaire et métaux précieux exclus), en hausse de 1,5 Md£ par rapport au
mois de juillet, en raison d’une hausse des exportations (+ 0,8 Md£) et une baisse des importations (-0,7 Md£).
Entre juin et août, l’excédent de la balance commerciale s’est établi à 7,7 Md£, contre 3,9 Md£ pour la période
AMBASSADE DE FRANCE AU ROYAUME-UNI - SERVICE ÉCONOMIQUE RÉGIONAL- © DG TRESOR
mars-mai. Cette hausse de l’excédent commercial résulte essentiellement de l’accroissement de l’excédent de la
balance des services (+3 Md£) et d’une réduction du déficit de la balance des biens (-0,8 Md£). Au plan
géographique, le déficit de la balance des biens (or non-monétaire et métaux précieux exclus) avec les pays de l’UE
a augmenté de 2,6 Md£ pour s’établir à -19,2 Md£ sur la période, tandis qu’avec les pays hors-UE, il s’est réduit
de 3,4 Md£ pour atteindre 3,8 Md£. La détérioration de la balance des biens résulte d’une hausse des importations
de 5,9 Md£ (notamment de machines, de matériels de transport et de produits manufacturés), contre une hausse des
exportations de 3,3 Md£.
ACTUALITÉ FINANCIÈRE
REGLEMENTATION FINANCIERE & MARCHES FINANCIERS
La Banque d'Angleterre interroge la capacité des banques à faire face à des taux d'intérêt négatifs – Dans
une lettre adressée aux institutions financières, la BoE cherche à comprendre le niveau de préparation des banques
face à un éventuel taux directeur nul (zero bank rate) ou négatif ainsi qu’à un système de rémunération échelonnée
des réserves (tiered system of reserves remuneration). La lettre fait suite au comité de politique monétaire du mois
dernier, où la BoE a indiqué explorer les modalités d’opérationnalisation d’un taux d’intérêt négatif, si les
perspectives d'inflation et d’activité le nécessitaient. Les banques sont invitées à répondre d’ici le 12 novembre.
Le secrétaire d'État à l'économie précise l’approche britannique en matière d’équivalence financière et de
coopération – Adressée fin septembre à la Chambre des Lords, la lettre de J. Glen publiée cette semaine annonce
un document d'orientation exposant le processus et les principes sous-tendant le cadre d'équivalence du RU, qui
sera fondé sur les résultats (outcome based) et reposera sur des normes élevées et une coopération avec les pays
tiers. Regrettant le choix de l’UE de traiter l’essentiel des sujets financiers en dehors d’un accord de libre-échange
(ALE), J. Glen indique toutefois que cela ne devrait poser aucune limitation intrinsèque à la coopération future
entre le Royaume-Uni et l'UE en ce domaine. Enfin, J. Glen annonce la publication prochaine d’un document de
consultation concernant la Financial Services Regulatory Framework Review, qui portera notamment sur
l’organisation et les missions des autorités de régulation et de supervision.
L’analyse de la stabilité financière de la Banque d’Angleterre met en évidence une série de risques de court
terme associés notamment à la Covid et au Brexit – Le Financial Policy Committee (FPC), qui évalue
régulièrement les enjeux pour la stabilité financière, considère dans son analyse publiée cette semaine les risques
de court terme amenés par le Covid, le Brexit, et divers risques géopolitiques. Le FPC confirme que les banques
sont résilientes et capables de soutenir les ménages et les entreprises dans le contexte de pandémie, tout en attendant
des banques qu’elles consomment leurs coussins en capital dans leur intégralité si nécessaire. Le FPC s’est dit prêt
à apporter des modifications temporaires au régime prudentiel des fonds propres (capital framework) afin de
promouvoir l’usage des buffers si les banques se montraient réticentes à les utiliser au profit de stratégies de
deleveraging. Concernant le Brexit, le FPC indique que la plupart des risques pour la stabilité financière ont été
atténués, même en cas d’absence d’accord, et réaffirme sa détermination à mettre en œuvre des normes prudentielles
solides. Enfin, le document réitère une préoccupation croissante concernant la liquidité dans le système financier
non bancaire et les fonds à capital variable.
Les régulateurs britanniques lancent un forum sur l’intelligence artificielle financière – La Banque
d’Angleterre et la Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) ont lancé le lundi 12 octobre le Financial Services AI Public
Private Forum, dont le but sera de mieux comprendre l'utilisation et l'impact de l’intelligence artificielle (IA) dans
les services financiers et d'approfondir le dialogue entre les secteurs public et privé sur ces sujets. Le Forum, qui
devrait durer au moins un an, proposera des réunions et ateliers trimestriels structurés autour de trois thèmes : les
données, la gestion des risques liés aux modèles et la gouvernance. Dave Ramsden, Deputy Governor for Markets
and Banking à la BoE, a indiqué dans son discours les résultats d’une enquête de la BoE selon laquelle la pandémie
a entraîné une hausse de l’importance des applications de l’IA et de la science des données pour 45 % des banques
et entreprises d’assurance participantes. Enfin, au regard du paysage réglementaire de l’IA qui reste fragmenté, D.
Ramsden a appelé à trouver un équilibre entre des principes de haut niveau et une approche davantage fondée sur
des règles.
Le régulateur entend réformer l’usage de modèles internes développés sur la base d’exigences réglementaires
non britanniques – Le document de consultation (DC) porte sur l'utilisation de l'approche fondée sur les notations
AMBASSADE DE FRANCE AU ROYAUME-UNI - SERVICE ÉCONOMIQUE REGIONAL- © DG TRESOR
- 2 -
internes (IRB) pour le risque de crédit, développées selon des exigences réglementaires non britanniques.
Actuellement, la Prudential Regulatory Authority (PRA) accepte de prendre en compte dans le calcul des exigences
de capital consolidé au niveau groupe les exigences en capital au niveau solo calculées sur la base de ces modèles
hors Espace économique européen. A l’avenir, la PRA envisage de restreindre cette appréciation d’équivalence des
modèles internes développés dans des juridictions tierces, en introduisant des critères limitatifs (plafond ; périmètre
limité aux expositions retail notamment). Les modèles IRB non britanniques non utilisés actuellement pour le calcul
des exigences consolidées devront mettre en œuvre les changements proposés au 1er juillet 2021. Les établissements
s’appuyant déjà sur ces modèles internes pourront continuer à le faire mais devront se conformer au nouveau cadre
d’ici le 1er janvier 2023. Le terme de la consultation du secteur est posé au 12 janvier 2021.
BANQUES & ASSURANCES
HSBC s'engage à la neutralité carbone pour l’ensemble de sa clientèle d'ici 2050 – La banque britannique s'est
engagée vendredi 9 octobre à aligner les activités d’investissement de sa clientèle sur l'accord de Paris d'ici 2050
au plus tard. La banque a promis à cet égard un soutien pouvant atteindre 1 trillion de dollars de financement et
d’investissement d’ici à 2030 afin d’accompagner ses clients dans la transition. HSBC a également déclaré avoir
un objectif de neutralité carbone pour ses propres opérations et sa chaîne d'approvisionnement d'ici 2030. Son
directeur général, Noel Quinn, a déclaré que la banque donnera de plus en plus la priorité aux financements et
investissements contribuant à la transition vers une économie sobre en carbone. Ces déclarations font suite à des
initiatives similaires de Barclays et de Lloyds. Toutefois, la banque ne compte pas se désengager des entreprises ou
des projets qu’elle soutient actuellement. Certains observateurs regrettent le manque de précisions et d’engagements
concrets et rappellent, comme l’ONG environnementale Market Forces, qu’HSBC est l’un des plus gros
investisseurs dans les énergies fossiles.
Le nombre de dossiers d’infraction instruits par la FCA pour faute financière a chuté de 76% lors de la
pandémie de Covid – Les données de la Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) montrent que seulement 36 nouveaux
dossiers d’infraction ont été ouverts entre le 1er mars et le 31 mai 2020, contre 148 au cours de la même période en
2019. Parmi ces cas, ceux concernant des entreprises ont été plus fortement réduits, avec seulement 14 dossiers
ouverts entre mars et mai, contre 73 en 2019, tandis que ceux concernant les particuliers sont tombés de 75 à 22.
Toutefois, il y a eu davantage d’avertissements émis pendant cette période (augmentation de 8%). Enfin, les
autorisations octroyées par la FCA à de nouvelles entreprises cherchant à opérer dans le secteur des services
financiers ont également chuté de 56 % entre mars et mai, passant de 1 388 à 613 sur la même période en 2019.
Selon la FCA, ceci reflète les défis organisationnels liés à l’adoption du travail à domicile parmi les entreprises, qui
n’offrait pas les garanties de confidentialités nécessaires aux enquêtes réglementaires. La réduction observée ne
reflète donc pas une baisse de la surveillance, mais plutôt les difficultés liées au changement de mode opératoire.
Le Lloyd's of London réexamine ses contrats d'assurance en raison de la COVID-19 – Le Lloyd's, qui gère un
marché de l'assurance de plus de 90 membres, préconise des produits plus simples en réponse à la pandémie de
coronavirus. La place va revoir la façon dont les produits sont développés, conçus et vendus, et a présenté des
recommandations dans un rapport publié lundi. Celles-ci incluent la nécessité d’une "révision linguistique" des
documents de police, l’adoption et l’investissement dans de nouveaux produits tels que l'assurance paramétrique
(qui verserait immédiatement les indemnités lorsque des conditions spécifiques sont satisfaites), et l’implication
des clients dans la conception des produits. Ces déclarations s’inscrivent dans le prolongement de la décision de la
High Court of Justice fin septembre validant les arguments présentés par la FCA sur la majorité des questions
relatives à l’étendue de la couverture des polices d’assurance pour pertes souscrites par les PME, dans le contexte
de la pandémie.
Copyright
Tous droits de reproduction réservés, sauf autorisation
expresse du Service économique régional de Londres
(adresser les demandes à londres@dgtresor.gouv.fr).
Directeur de la publication : Emmanuel Massé
Service économique régional de Londres
Ambassade de France au Royaume-Uni
Adresse : 58 Knightsbridge, London, SW1X 7JT
Clause de non-responsabilité
Le Service économique régional s’efforce de diffuser des
informations exactes et à jour, et corrigera, dans la mesure
du possible, les erreurs qui lui seront signalées. Toutefois,
il ne peut en aucun cas être tenu responsable de
l’utilisation et de l’interprétation de l’information contenue
dans cette publication.
Rédigé par : Emma Cervantes, Jeanne Louffar et Pierre
Serra
Revu par : Thomas Ernoult
Version du 15 octobre 2020
AMBASSADE DE FRANCE AU ROYAUME-UNI - SERVICE ÉCONOMIQUE REGIONAL- © DG TRESOR
- 3 -
TABLEAU DE CONJONCTURE
ACTIVITÉ ÉCONOMIQUE
Indicateurs*
PIB en glissement annuel
PIB en glissement trimestriel
PIB par habitant
Inflation (IPC)
Investissement
Consommation
Evolution de la demande Dépenses publiques
Exportations (B&S)
Importations (B&S)
Secteur manufacturier
Evolution de la
Secteur de la construction
production
Secteur des services
Finance et assurances
Parmi les services
Ventes au détail
Croissance T2 2020
-21,7%
-20,4%
-20,6%
0,6%
-25,6%
-24,1%
-15,7%
-14,4%
-27,0%
-20,2%
-35,1%
-20,3%
-3,4%
-9,5%
Moyenne sur 3 ans
-0,7%
-1,6%
-1,8%
2,1%
-2,3%
-1,9%
-1,1%
-1,1%
-2,2%
-1,9%
-2,9%
-1,5%
-0,7%
-0,5%
T2 2020
3,9%
76,4%
Moyenne sur 3 ans
4,0%
75,9%
25,8
31,5
-1,2% (T1)
-2,6%
-2,2%
0,2%
0,4%
0,0%
-0,5% (T1)
0,3%
8,6% (T1)
6,0%
T2 2020 (% du PIB)
-7,3%
99,1%
-2,4%
Moyenne sur 3 ans
-2,7%
84,9%
-2,1%
T2 2020 (% du PIB)
-2,0%
1,0%
-3,9%
4,9%
1,13
1,24
Moyenne sur 3 ans
-4,3%
-1,2%
-6,2%
5,0%
1,13
1,30
MARCHÉ DU TRAVAIL
Indicateurs
Taux de chômage
Taux d'emploi
Nombre d'heures
(moyenne hebdomadaire)
travaillées
Productivité horaire**
Croissance annuelle
Salaires nominaux
Croissance annuelle
Salaires réels
Croissance annuelle
Revenu disponible par
Croissance annuelle
habitant
Taux d'épargne des ménages
FINANCES PUBLIQUES
Indicateurs
Déficit public (hors actifs bancaires)
Dette du secteur public (hors actifs bancaires)
Investissement public net
COMMERCE EXTERIEUR
Indicateurs
Balance courante
Balance des B&S
Balance des biens
Balance des services
Taux de change
(moyenne trimestrielle)
GBP/EUR
GBP/USD
Source : ONS
* Tous les taux de croissance sont calculés en termes réels et corrigés des variations saisonnières.
** Les données concernant la productivité, le revenu disponible, le taux d'épargne et la balance courante ont un trimestre de retard.
*** Les données proposées dans ce tableau concernent le dernier trimestre disponible. Elles peuvent donc différer des données évoquées
dans les brèves si la période n'est pas la même.
AMBASSADE DE FRANCE AU ROYAUME-UNI - SERVICE ÉCONOMIQUE REGIONAL- © DG TRESOR
- 4 -
| 35,330 |
https://github.com/leixf2005/Nancy/blob/master/test/Nancy.Testing.Tests/TestingViewExtensions/GetViewNameExtensionTests.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
Nancy
|
leixf2005
|
C#
|
Code
| 61 | 271 |
namespace Nancy.Testing.Tests.TestingViewExtensions
{
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Xunit;
public class GetViewNameExtensionTests
{
private readonly Browser browser;
public GetViewNameExtensionTests()
{
this.browser = new Browser(with =>
{
with.Module<TestingViewFactoryTestModule>();
with.ViewFactory<TestingViewFactory>();
});
}
[Fact]
public async Task should_return_name_of_the_view_for_routes_with_view()
{
var response = await this.browser.Get("/testingViewFactory");
Assert.Equal("TestingViewExtensions/ViewFactoryTest.sshtml", response.GetViewName());
}
[Fact]
public async Task should_return_empty_string_for_routes_without_view()
{
var response = await this.browser.Get("/testingViewFactoryNoViewName",
with => with.Accept("application/json"));
Assert.Equal(string.Empty, response.GetViewName());
}
}
}
| 48,796 |
https://github.com/dvla/vehicles-presentation-common/blob/master/common-test/app/uk/gov/dvla/vehicles/presentation/common/controllers/ValtechSelectController.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
vehicles-presentation-common
|
dvla
|
Scala
|
Code
| 83 | 355 |
package uk.gov.dvla.vehicles.presentation.common.controllers
import com.google.inject.Inject
import play.api.mvc.{Action, Controller}
import play.api.data.Form
import uk.gov.dvla.vehicles.presentation.common.models
import uk.gov.dvla.vehicles.presentation.common.views
import models.ValtechSelectModel
import models.ValtechSelectModel.Form.DropDownOptions
import uk.gov.dvla.vehicles.presentation.common.clientsidesession.ClientSideSessionFactory
import uk.gov.dvla.vehicles.presentation.common.clientsidesession.CookieImplicits.RichForm
class ValtechSelectController @Inject()(implicit clientSideSessionFactory: ClientSideSessionFactory) extends Controller {
private[controllers] val form = Form(
ValtechSelectModel.Form.Mapping
)
def present = Action { implicit request =>
Ok(views.html.valtechSelectView(form.fill(), DropDownOptions))
}
def submit = Action {
implicit request => {
form.bindFromRequest.fold(
invalidForm => BadRequest(views.html.valtechSelectView(invalidForm, DropDownOptions)),
validForm => {
val msg = s"Success - you have correctly declared your intent to proceed"
Ok(views.html.success(msg))
}
)
}
}
}
| 28,154 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew%20S%C5%82ugocki
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Zbigniew Sługocki
|
https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew Sługocki&action=history
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 162 | 492 |
Zbigniew Sługocki herbu Jastrzębiec (zm. przed 26 listopada 1672 roku) – sędzia chełmski od 1660 roku, podsędek chełmski w latach 1652-1660, komornik graniczny lubelski.
Poseł sejmiku chełmskiego na sejm nadzwyczajny 1652 roku, sejm zwyczajny 1654 roku, sejm 1659 roku, sejm 1664/1665 roku, sejm nadzwyczajny 1668 roku.
Był elektorem Michała Korybuta Wiśniowieckiego z ziemi chełmskiej w 1669 roku.
Przypisy
Bibliografia
Svffragia Woiewodztw y Ziem Koronnych y Wielkiego Xięstwa Litewskiego, Zgodnie na Naiaśnieyßego Michała Korybvtha, Obranego Krola Polskiego [....] Dnia dziewiętnastego Czerwca, Roku 1669, [b.n.s].
Urzędnicy województwa bełskiego i ziemi chełmskiej XIV-XVIII wieku. Spisy". Oprac. Henryk Gmiterek i Ryszard Szczygieł. Kórnik 1992, s. 264.
Członkowie stanu rycerskiego I Rzeczypospolitej
Elektorzy Michała Korybuta Wiśniowieckiego
Elektorzy władców Polski (ziemia chełmska)
Komornicy graniczni lubelscy
Podsędkowie chełmscy
Posłowie na sejm nadzwyczajny 1652
Posłowie na sejm zwyczajny 1654
Posłowie na sejm zwyczajny 1659
Posłowie na sejm zwyczajny 1664/1665
Posłowie na sejm nadzwyczajny 1668
Posłowie na Sejm I Rzeczypospolitej (ziemia chełmska)
Sędziowie ziemscy chełmscy
Zbigniew Sługocki
Urzędnicy ziemscy I Rzeczypospolitej
| 14,680 |
ACCOTEXT000038874932
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| null |
ASSOC MEDECINE TRAVAIL ALPES MARITIMES
|
ACCO
| null |
Spoken
| 414 | 674 |
Accord d'entreprise relatif à la prorogation
des mandats des Délégués du Personnel
ENTRE LES SOUSSIGNES
L’Association AMETRA 06 dont le siège social est situé à NICE - 06203 – 2-4 rue Jules Belleudy, enregistrée sous le numéro Siret 775 552 011 00386, représentée par Madame X agissant en qualité de Directeur Général.
D'une part,
ET
Les organisations syndicales représentatives au sein de l’entreprise dûment habilitées à signer le présent accord, à savoir :
X
X
X
X
D’autre part,
Constituant ensemble « les parties »
PREAMBULE
En application de l’ordonnance n° 2017-1386 du 22 septembre 2017, les organisations syndicales de salariés et l'association AMETRA06 ont décidé d’ouvrir les négociations dans l’objectif de signer un accord d’entreprise concernant la prorogation des mandats des Délégués du personnel
Cette décision vise à permettre aux différents acteurs de s’approprier les nouvelles possibilités offertes par la loi en matière de représentation du personnel et notamment de parvenir à une mise en place optimum du nouveau comité social et économique (CSE).
ARTICLE 1ER - DATE DE FIN DES MANDATS
La date initiale de fin des mandats des délégués du personnel était prévue le 23 juillet 2019.
En application de l’article 9 du Titre IV - Dispositions transitoires et finales de l’ordonnance précitée, les parties décident de proroger ces mandats jusqu’au 15 décembre 2019.
Ainsi, les mandats des délégués du personnel sont prorogés jusqu’au 15 décembre 2019, sachant que le CSE doit être mis en place au plus tard le 1er janvier 2020.
La direction s’engage à organiser la mise en place du comité social et économique (CSE) en application des dispositions légales en vigueur.
ARTICLE 2 - DUREE ET REVISION DE L’ACCORD
Le présent accord collectif est conclu pour une durée déterminée.
A tout moment, le présent accord peut faire l’objet d’une révision dans les conditions prévues aux articles L. 2261-7 et suivants du Code du travail.
Toutes les modifications d’origine légale ou réglementaire s’appliqueront de plein droit au présent accord.
ARTICLE 3 - PUBLICITE DE L’ACCORD
Le présent accord sera déposé en 2 exemplaires auprès de Monsieur le Directeur Départemental du Travail, de l’Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle de l’Unité Territoriale des Alpes maritimes (DIRECCTE PACA).
Le présent accord collectif sera publié dans la base nationale de données.
Un exemplaire de cet accord sera remis à chacun des signataires.
Mention de cet accord sera portée sur les emplacements réservés à la communication syndicale.
A Nice, le …………………………..
Fait en 8 exemplaires dont trois pour les formalités de publicité.
| 1,978 |
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Walden
|
https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walden&action=history
|
Welsh
|
Spoken
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Llyfr Saesneg gan yr athronydd Americanaidd Henry David Thoreau yw Walden (teitl llawn: Walden; or, Life in the Woods). Fe'i cyhoeddwyd gyntaf yn 1854. Mae'r testun yn fyfyrdod o fyw syml mewn amgylchedd naturiol. Mae'n disgrifio arbrawf cymdeithasol a mordaith darganfyddiad ysbrydol.
Yn y llyfr, mae Thoreau yn croniclo ei fywyd ar ei ben ei hun mewn caban pren, a adeiladodd yng nghoedwig ar dir ei ffrind Ralph Waldo Emerson ger Concord, Massachusetts. Safodd y caban yn agos at y llyn Pwll Walden, ac enwir y llyfr ar ei ôl. Bu Thoreau yn byw yno o 4 Gorffennaf 1845 i 6 Medi 1847, ac yn ystod yr adeg honno ysgrifennodd ei lyfr cyntaf, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers.
Trwy ymgolli ei hun ym myd natur, roedd Thoreau yn gobeithio ennill dealltwriaeth fwy gwrthrychol o gymdeithas trwy fewnwthiad personol. Byw syml a hunangynhaliaeth oedd ei nodau eraill. Ysbrydolwyd y prosiect gan syniadau athroniaeth drosgynnol, yr oedd yn esboniwr blaenllaw ohoni.
Heddiw, er gwaethaf nifer o beirniadaethau hallt gan feddylwyr eraill, mae Walden yn parhau i fod yn ddylanwadol ac yn un o weithiau llenyddiaeth enwocaf America.
Dolenni allanol
Walden – copi digidol o'r argraffiad cyntaf
Athroniaeth yr Unol Daleithiau yn y 19eg ganrif
Llyfrau 1854
Llyfrau athroniaeth y 19eg ganrif
Llyfrau Saesneg gan awduron o'r Unol Daleithiau
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principlespracti00will_7
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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The principles and practice of veterinary surgery
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Williams, William, 1832-1901
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English
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Spoken
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covers from the first shock, and symptoms of compression afterwards appear, and gradually increase ; there are then just grounds for supposing that they arise from extravasation of blood within the cranial cavity. When the compression arises from the formation of pus, the symptoms do not present themselves for several days after the accident, and are preceded by those of inflammation of the brain or its meninges. The history of the case will here be most use- ful in guiding the practitioner to arrive at a proper conclusion as to the cause of the compression. There is no certain correspondence between the symptoms of compression and the extent to which a portion of bone may be depressed. In some cases, where depression has been slight, the symptoms have been very marked ; whilst in others, the symp- toms have been slight and the depression considerable. It is also a remarkable fact that injury to one table of the bone scarcely ever corresponds to that of the other ; the inner being nearly always fractured to a greater extent than the outer, and its actual depression much greater than w^ould appear from examination of the parts external to the fracture. The treatment must be pursued in accordance with the symp- toms. In the absence of compression, the indication is to prevent inflammation ; and for that purpose purgatives must be given, and low diet with rest and quietude enjoined. It is also necessary to keep the head cool by means of cold wet cloths, and after the period of collapse — which immediately succeeds the injury — has passed off, abstraction of blood may be advisable. The administration of sedative medicines had better be withheld, as they may produce an impression upon the brain, predisposing to inflammatory action. If compression be present, the practitioner must, without delay, attempt to relieve the brain from pressure. If the bone be not depressed to any great extent, and the symptoms not urgent, bleeding, purging, and the application of cold to the head may be sufficient; for it is sometimes found that the brain becomes accommodated to its new condition, and that the symptoms disappear; but if these means should not succeed, the depressed bone must be elevated. When the symptoms of compression are strongly marked, and the bone depressed to such an extent as to leave no hope from other treatment, the FKACTUKES OF THE CRANIAL BONES. 107 fracture must be exposed by a crucial incision, and the bone raised by an elevator. Sometimes it is possible to introduce the elevator under the edge of the fractured bone without using the trephine; in the majority of cases, however, it will be found necessary to remove a part of the bone that is not depressed, so as to admit of the introduction of an elevator, by which the depressed part may be raised to a level with the surrounding parts of the skull. The best form of trephine is the one with a moveable centre- bit. The elevator or lever is a very simple instrument, and can be made by the nearest blacksmith, being merely a chisel with a slight curve or elbow. Should the fracture of the inner table be comminuted, all loose portions must be carefully picked out with the forceps. Whilst recommending the above treatment, I am bound to admit that the force sufficient to cause fracture of the bones of the skulls of our patients is generally sufficient of itself to pro- duce instant and fatal concussion of the brain ; but, on the other hand, it will be found, during a long period of practice, that cases as described occur, especially in a city like Edinburgh, where the streets are hilly, paved with granite, and the horses shod with calkins and toe-pieces, which seem to take from the poor animals the power of falling naturally when they make a slip, and to cause them to tumble head foremost. From these causes, fractures of all kinds are of frequent occurrence. 3. Punctured Fracture. — This is caused by a sharp body, as a pitchfork, or by the animal falling on a pointed instrument of any kind ; a mere puncture or cavity being the outward visible effect, but the internal table, from its brittleness, is injured to a greater extent than the outer. This fracture is sometimes called "star-like" or radiated fracture, from the fact that there are numerous fissures or cracks in the bone, radiating from the centre of the fracture. This is a very dangerous form of fracture, requiring immediate trephining, although symptoms of compression may be absent. The danger arises from the fact that spiculse of the inner table are always driven inwards, and if these be not removed, it is cer- tain that inflammation will ensue. If the operation be delayed till then, the animal will most assuredly die. After the depressed fragments have been removed (and it may 108 PARTICULAR FRACTURES. be possible to do this without trephining or removing any sound portion), the wound must be closed, and the most strict anti- phlogistic treatment pursued, both to prevent inflammation and to subdue it in case of its occurrence. 4. Com'pcyiind or Open Fracture with Depression, is the most common form met with in our patients ; a force strong enough to break the bones being sufficient to drive in the soft parts also. There is a wide difference of opinion amongst surgical writers as to the necessity of immediately elevating the depressed bone in this form of fracture, — Sir Astley Cooper, Sir B. Brodie, and others laying it down as a law that trephining must be performed as soon as possible, it being useless to do so when inflammation is once established. On the other hand. Professor Samuel Cooper, Sir Philip Crampton, Dease, and Desault main- tain that in fractures of the skull with depression, whether it be compound or not, no attempt should be made to elevate the depressed bone, unless very decided symptoms be present of compression or irritation of the brain ; and that they have seen Qiany cases terminate favourably without the use of the trephine. I think that in all such cases, whether there be symptoms of compression or not, the veterinary surgeon should not hesitate to elevate the depressed bone at once ; by not doing so, he runs the risk of losing his patient by the inflammatory process setting in, when all chance will be gone. This is imperative where the depression is exposed in consequence of a wound in the soft parts, whether there be any signs of mischief to the brain or not ; but if there be depression without wound, and no signs of compression, let him make no such wound by operation. In ponies that work in coal-pits this is a very frequent form of fracture, arising from the tunnels being made so low that the animals are continually striking their heads against the roof. The force of the blows is here merely strong enough to break the skin and the surface of the bony crest. It is my opinion that in some cases the detached pieces of bone result from the continual blows producing necrosis. It is lamentable to think that these poor ani- mals are worked from week to week, and month to month, without an effort being made to prevent or cure such injuries. I have seen the skin of the forelock detached for several inches — easily raised up as a flap — swollen, inflamed, with an ugly, unhealthy wound underneath it, containing several pieces of necrosed bone, FRACTURES OF THE CRANIAL BONES. 109 causing the poor brute to be nearly mad with pain, and danger- ous when any one approached its head. In all such cases the proper treatment is to remove all loose fragments of bone, scrape the surface of the crest, if in a necrosed condition, dress with the dilute acid already recommended, and bring the flap into its proper position, retaining it there by folds of wet cloth properly adjusted upon the ears and poll. Sutures or plasters should not be used, as they prevent the escape of any pus that may form. A form of bridle now in use at the pits belonging to the Bowling Iron Company, near Bradford, is the best and most effectual preventive that I have seen. It consists of a plain bridle, having a piece of strong harness leather extending over, and covering the forehead and poll, from about two inches above the eyes to a distance of two or three inches behind the ears, pierced with holes for the ears, and properly adjusted to the peculiarity of each head. After the adoption of this simple contrivance, broken heads did not again occur. It must be kept pliable by frequent oiling, or it is apt to become hardened, and to cause irritation at the base of the ears. CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN. This is produced by a blow, or a fall upon the skull itself, or a fall upon the nose, by which a sudden shock is communicated to the brain throusrh the medium of the facial bones. In this o way cases have been recorded of fracture of the ethmoid bone. Its symptoms are arranged in three stages — 1st. Collapse ; 2d. Eeaction ; Sd. Inflammation of the brain. First Stage, or Collapse. — In many instances, the functions of the brain and organs of sense are suspended, so that conscious- ness is entirely lost, with complete insensibility to external impressions ; common sensation and voluntary motion are also lost for the time ; this loss is often so great that the animal gives no indication of pain when pricked with a pin or other sharp instrument ; lies motionless upon the ground, or makes a few faint struggles with the limbs ; but is altogether with- out the ability of combining the action of the muscles, so as to perform any particular movement. The extremities, and surface of the body generally, are cold, the respiratory move- ments feeble, but not usually stertorous; the pulse is weak, 110 PARTICULAR FRACTURES. fluttering, and perhaps intermittent ; the pupils are dilated if the concussion be very severe, but they will usually contract on the application of a light, showing that the retina is not per- fectly insensible. If the concussion be slight, the pupils will be found contracted, or possibly one pupil may be contracted and the other dilated. These symptoms may change into the second stage, or into those of compression, or they may ter- minate fatally without any other change. Second Stage. — The insensibility is diminished, sensation and volition are partly restored, but ordinary impressions produce little effect, and the animal lies in a kind of sleep, although it is possible to rouse him for a moment by speaking loudly or harshly ; pricking by a pin causes him to show feeble signs of pain ; there are occasional signs of restlessness ; the pulse and circulation are more vigorous ; the skin and the extremities become warm by degrees ; and the animal will now and then make efforts to rise, which always produces an accelerated condition of the pulse, with loud beating of the heart. These symptoms may subside, or may pass on to the third stage, namely, that of pure inflammation of the brain, with throbbing of the carotids and vessels of the head, injected con- junctivse, suffusion of tears, intolerance of light and sound, watchfulness, restlessness and delirium, with strong quick pulse, heat and dryness of the skin, diminution of the secretions, and other symptoms of irritative fever. These symptoms may yield to treatment, which must be prompt to be effectual, or they may pass on to those of compression, and prove fatal DIFFERENT WAYS IN WHICH CONCUSSION PROVES FATAL. By careful experiments, the whole of the brain and spinal cord have been removed, and so long as artificial respiration was kept up, the action of the heart continued for some hours. From these experiments it has been concluded that the action of the heart is independent of the brain and spinal cord. But it has also been discovered that when any sudden injury, such as a violent concussion, is produced on a part of the brain or spinal cord, an immediate and great depression, or complete suspension, of the action of the heart is the result. From this it is concluded that a sudden injury of the nervous centres. CONCUSSION. Ill such as violent and sudden concussion, suspends the action of the heart, and thus proves fatal by syncope or death beginning at the heart. The vital powers of the heart seem to be destroyed, for when the chest is opened immediately after death, it is impossible to excite contraction of that organ. The difference between the effects of concussion and a wound of the brain is very remarkable. Mayo observes on this sub- ject—"A great part of the brain of an animal may be gently and quietly sliced away with little or no effect ; but if ever so small a portion be suddenly crushed, the heart stops directly." Again, from the experiments of Chossart and others, there appears some variety of opinion as to the part of the circula- tion chiefly affected by certain injuries of the nervous centres. In certain injuries of the brain and spinal cord, Chossart found that the capillary circulation appeared for a time to be more affected than the heart's action ; but still it is by failure of the circulation that such injuries ultimately prove fatal. It is only by such knowledge as this that the practitioner can be guided to rational and scientific treatment. A peculiar fact may be introduced here, as exemplifying a lesion which occurs very frequently after the operation of pithing (dividing the spinal cord between the occiput and atlas, or atlas and dentata), namely, rupture of the vena azygos. In some cases, when death occurs from concussion, the heart is found quite empty, a condition that is not easily accounted for. In other cases it is distended; but the distinguishing peculiarity is, that there is no difference in the quantity of blood in its right and left sides. " We may sum up by stating " (says Pirrie) " that when con- cussion proves fatal in the first stage, it is by failure of the action of the heart, which is sometimes instantaneous, some- times gradually increasing to a fatal termination ; and some- times there is a very partial reaction, and then a second failure of the organs of circulation, which proves fatal." — (Pirrie, Principles and Practice of Surgery?) Bearing these facts in remembrance, the practitioner will watch the state of the organs of circulation with care and anxiety. Another way in which concussion proves fatal is by compression, arising from extravasation of blood, serous effusion, or the formation of pus. 112 PAKTICULAK FKACTURES. POST MORTEM APPEARANCES. These will vary according to the length of time intervening between the injury and the death of the patient. In cases that are almost instantaneously fatal, laceration of the brain is often observed. In other cases the dura mater is separated from the inner plate ; and this is a very common condition. Again, the venous sinuses are found lacerated ; and, in other cases, the con- cussion proves fatal without any lesion being visible either in the brain or its membranes. In the cases where death occurs at a more advanced stage, traces of inflammation will be present, such as increased vascu- larity of the membranes, small specks of blood in the brain, various kinds of inflammatory products, lymph, serum, pus, or a combination of these conditions. It has been supposed, where no lesion is apparent, that the sudden shock disturbing the circulation of the brain is the cause of death; and, again, that the structures are injured, and the injury not discoverable by dissection. Others think that the fatal result arises from condensation of the brain. One writer, Mr. Liston, says — " When a blow is inflicted on the skull, only a slight commotion of the brain is induced ; the cranial contents are, as it were, slightly jumbled, and a temporary and trifling disturbance of its functions follows. When, however, the stroke is more severe, the brain is separated from its cranial attachments, both at the point struck and at the part directly opposite. It is thrown upon itself towards its centre ; its sub- stance is thereby condensed, its diameter in the direction of the impulse diminished, and a separation between the brain and the cranium is formed at each extremity of that diameter." By post mortem examinations it has been ascertained that condensation of the substance of the brain does exist in cases of severe concussion. Such condensation may be sufficient to cause instantaneous extinction of life; or the brain may gradually resume its former condition, or only with such incited action as may be required to reunite the dura mater with the inner table of the skull. Treatment. — In the first stage, when the symptoms of depres- sion are very great, and there is danger of death from failure of the heart's action, stimulants, as ammonia, should be ad- CONCUSSION. 113 ministered, care being first taken to ascertain whether the power of deglutition be present or not. If the power of swallowing be lost, medicine can still be conveniently given in the form of a ball, which should be well oiled, and pushed as far as possible into the pharynx. From the great danger of reaction being excessive, and the tendency of inflammation to succeed, the administration of alcoholic stimulants will be improper, and means must be employed to restore the circulations that do not tend to have a permanent effect. The animal is to be covered with warm clothing, and even heated blankets can be applied to the extremities and surface of the body with great advantage. It is thought by some of the most eminent of surgeons that very little beyond this should be done in the first stage, as the period of depression tends to diminish the danger of haemorr- hage in case the brain should be wounded; and that if the circulation be artificially excited, there is much danger of com- pression from extravasation of blood. But whilst the indis- criminate administration of stimulants is thus condemned, the abstraction of blood would be also highly improper, and most injudicious, as the vital depression already existing would be increased to such an extent as to destroy any chance that might remain of saving the patient's life. In the majority of cases, however, it would be useless to attempt bleeding, as the blood would not flow until reaction had commenced, and then the loss of the vital fluid would probably kill the patient. In the second stage, or return of sensibility, the warm cloth- ing, &c. should be removed, the patient placed in a cool, dark, and quiet loose box, cold applied to the head, a full dose of pur- gative medicine given, and the diet to be of the simplest kind, such as bran water. If there be a desire on the part of the animal to eat his straw, he should be bedded with sawdust, strict watch being kept upon him ; and if symptoms of excitement be observed, it may be advisable to bleed, if the state of the pulse warrants such a proceeding ; but if the practitioner thinks bleeding unad- visable, the heart's action may be moderated by aconite, the most valuable of all sedatives in veterinary practice. It is given in small doses, from seven to ten drops of Fleming's tincture, as a larger dose is apt to produce some amount of preliminary ex- citement. Before administering even this most simple of seda- tives, the practitioner must well consider his ease ; for sedative I 114 PARTICULAR FRACTURES. remedies may produce an impression on the nervous system pre- disposing it to inflammatory action. In the third stage, or that of inflammation of the brain, there must be a prompt abstraction of blood, the administration of a full cathartic, and, when the delirium of the animal will allow the attendant to handle, him, cold must be applied to the head bv means of cold water, or even ice. It is necessary that the abstraction of blood should not be carried too far, for if there be laceration of the brain, the consti- tution may be so weakened by such bleeding as to prevent the process of repair being set up in the lesion. The signs of the inflammatory condition may subside, or may be succeeded by others, denoting that compression of the brain by blood, serum, or pus, is present ; and in well-marked cases there is insensibility and unconsciousness, as in the first stage ; — with this difference, that in mere concussion the symptoms pass off, and even during its continuance there are occasional fits of restlessness ; but during compression they are constant whilst the cause is in operation. The retina is perfectly insensible, the iris motionless, the pupil dilated, the respiration slow, difficult, and stertorous ; the animal may breathe through the mouth, the tongue hanging out ; and the air puffs out the checks. A cow in the comatose stage of milk fever will present a familiar example of this. Stertorous breathing arises from the relaxation of the velum palati, and of the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles. This relaxation prevents the free passage of the air, and gives rise to the noise in breathing called stertor. This condition of the animal is that of complete coma, and death is caused by asphyxia resulting from paralysis of the muscles of respiration; and from the insensibility destroying the feeling of the want of air, which in ordinary circumstances excites the respiratory movements. The pulse is generally slow, full, and labouring, as the action of the heart does not seem, as in concussion, to be affected directly, but to become impeded, from the obstruction of the cir- culation through the pulmonary vessels. There is loss of the power of swallowing, from paralysis of the muscles of deglutition ; the action of the bowels is arr-ested, from their walls being affected by the general paralysis ; the sphincter ani is relaxed, and faeces are passed involuntarily ; the bladder is CONCUSSION. 115 paralyzed, and cannot expel the urine, which sometimes dribbles off in small quantities. This indicates a state of great disten- sion of the bladder, and that the urine forces its neck to such an extent as to allow the overflow of its contents. Some cases are characterised by convulsive twitchings, rapid, feeble pulse, and hurried respiration; — symptoms believed to denote wound of the brain rather than concussion. It has been discovered by dissections that haemorrhage from concussion may occur in any of the five following situations : — 1st. Between the cranium and dura mater ; 2d. Under the dura mater into the cavity of the tunica arachnoidea ; od. Between the tunica arachnoidea and pia mater ; AtJi. Between the pia mater and brain ; and 5t7i. Into the substance of the brain itself. The method of trephining for injuries of the cranium is de- scribed as follows by the great surgeon Syme : — " If the bone be not sufficiently exposed by the original injury, a crucial or triangular incision must be made through the scalp, the flaps of which are to be dissected back. The pericranium is next scraped off sufficiently to prevent it from impeding the teeth of the saw, which i^ applied at first with its centre pin, to keep it steady, and afterwards, when a groove has been formed, this obstacle to its progress is removed. The sawing must be con- ducted cautiously, as the skull is not always equally thick, and is often throughout very thin, with hardly any perceptible diploe. A toothpick or probe should be introduced from time to time, to ascertain whether or not the bone be perforated at any part of the circle, and when the whole seems to be nearly cut through, an elevator or forceps may be employed to raise the detaclied piece. If circumstances appear to require the removal of more bone, the same means are to be repeated, or the process may be accelerated, if the portion be extensive, by Hey's saw, as it is usually called, which proves convenient for connecting the circular apertures together, so as to separate at once a large portion of cranium. After the operation the wound is to be lightly dressed, and the general treatment conducted with the view of checking any tendency to inflammatory action." After the operation, well-regulated pressure should be applied to the part by means of pads of tow and bandages ; if this is not done, a tumour is apt to make its appearance, which consists of a protrusion of the brain, and is termed — 116 PARTICULAR FRACTURES. HERNIA CEREBRI, OR FUNGUS OF THE BRAIN. This is very similar in appearance to a mushroom, the ex- panded portion overhanging the skull, while the narrow part projects through the opening in the bone, and is connected with the brain. It is elastic and compressible, destitute of sensi- bility, of very rapid growth, and when cut into, is found to consist of cerebral matter and clots of blood. Treatment. — All that can be done is to cut the tumour clean off, and apply pressure by wet pads, and prevent all excitement. The tumour has a great tendency to grow afresh, and, as a rule, a fatal termination may be looked for. CHAPTEK VL PARTICULAR FRACTURES — CO 71 ti/lU cd. FRACTURES OP THE VERTEBRA — ON BROKEN BACK — FRACTURE OF THE SACRAL AND COCCYGEAL BONES — FRACTURE OF THE PELVIC BONES FRACTURE OF THE FEMUR FRACTURE OF TIBIA FRACTURE OF THE TARSAL AND METATARSAL BONES. FRACTURES OF THE VERTEBRA. A FRACTURED vertebra, above the origin of the phrenic nerve, with displacement of the fragments, produces death, and is not discovered until a jpost mortem examination be made. This nerve is formed by the union of branches from the fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical nerves, and conveys motor power to the diaphragm. "When this power is cut off, death results from paralysis of this great respiratory muscle. It is very true, as can be seen after an animal is " pithed," that respiration goes on for a short time, but it is performed with great difficulty, and seemingly without the aid of the diaphragm, and becomes slower and slower, until it finally ceases altogether. The transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae are some- times fractured, and by pressing upon the cervical nerve in the immediate neighbourhood, cause more or less paralysis of the cervical muscles supplied by that nerve, producing what is com- monly termed wry neck — that is, a^ twisted neck, the head being turned from the seat of the injury. I had once under my care a case of this kind, where the fractured bone had become carious, communicating with the surface by means of fistulous openings. The horse had fallen, months before he was seen by me ; the neck had been persistently bent from the beginning, and attempts had been made to straighten it, but without success ; the soft parts commenced to swell, and eventually abscesses formed suc- cessively, and were discharging the offensive pus peculiar to dis- eased bone. The use of the probe did not enable me to form 118 PARTICULAR FRACTURES. any definite conclusion ; but feeling sure there was detached bone, the wounds were opened up, a piece of fractured bone in a necrosed condition removed, and the wound brought together by suture. The process of healing was rapid, and no more ab- scesses formed, but the neck never became quite straight. There was certainly a great improvement, and the animal worked for years afterwards. The spinous processes of the dorsal vertebrae are the seat of fracture, and when this occurs, the detached fragments cause what is known as " fistulous withers ;" the sinuses must be explored, and the fragments removed. Occa- sionally it is found that the tuberous ends of the spines are merely bruised, and are in a state of caries or necrosis from the violence. The treatment proper for this kind of injury is the careful scraping away of the diseased surface. ON BROKEN BACK. Fracture of the spine is of two kinds : — 1. Fracture without displacement. 2. Fracture with displacement. Both of these fractures may be exactly similar in situation and extent, and they may involve either the body of a vertebra, or its arch, or both. 1st. Fracture without displacement generally occurs in the dorsal vertebra. In our dissecting room it is revealed that broken backs are no uncommon occurrences, and that the frac- tures have united without the animal having apparently shown any symptoms during life ; the bones having been kept in the proper position by their ligamentous connections, and the spinal cord never havinsj been interfered with. In practice, however, cases are sometimes seen where, after a severe fall, there is partial paralysis, showing clearly that the medulla spinalis is more or less involved in the injury ; and as illustrations of this, and indicative of the proper treatment of such injuries, I will briefly relate two cases that occurred in my practice while resident in Bradford. The first case, a truck horse belonging to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Eailway Company, was knocked down with great force by a passing truck. The force was so great as to cause the horse to roll over two or three times on the ground ; he got up BROKEN BACK. 119 with difficulty, and was, when examined a very short time after- wards, found to present symptoms of paralysis of both posterior extremities. There was knuckling over at the fetlocks when standing, difficulty in moving the legs forward, the peculiar plaiting or crossing of the legs which is observable in partial paralysis, and the rolling, uncertain gait. Nothing could be found upon examination. The treatment consisted of quietude, rest, dose of physic, and hot fomentations to the loins. In about six weeks the paralytic symptoms diminished, and in about ten weeks the horse was at work again, and continued to work as a truck horse for four years afterwards, when, in consequence of a lameness in one of his feet, he was turned out to grass. Upon being let loose in the field, he commenced galloping, and going down a hill, his hind feet slipped from under him ; he fell heavily, was unable to rise, and had to be destroyed. The post mortem examination revealed the seat of the old fracture, the third lumbar vertebra; the process of anchylosis having extended to the rest of the lumbar vertebrae, the whole being united as one bone ; and there was a recent fracture of the fourth, with displacement and pressure on the cord. The second case was a high-spirited saddle horse, which was suddenly thrown upon his haunches by a strong check being given him by his rider, who was using a dreadfully severe bit. After he was thrown on his haunches, he recovered with some difficulty, and walked, partially paralyzed, a distance of seven miles into Bradford, when he was seen presenting symptoms similar to case No. 1. The same treatment was adopted; but unfortunately the owner listened to the voice of a farrier in the town, who asked to be allowed to put the horse in slings. When the poor animal felt the support of the slings, he lay, as horses will do while on the slings, with the legs in a semi-flexed posi- tion, and his weight thrown upon the trunk. As a natural result, the back arched upwards, and immediately there was displace- ment of the fractured vertebra, and total paralysis of both hind limbs. When seen again by me, he was greatly excited and very restless, and was ordered out of the slings. When the slings were removed, the hind limbs were quite unable to support him ; he therefore went down, and, being a high-mettled horse, commenced to fight and struggle with the fore legs, to knock his 120 " PARTICULAK FRACTURES. head against the wall, manger, &c., bruising himself in a fearful manner. Seeing that he was in great agony, and the chance of recovery now hopeless, he was destroyed. The i^ost mortem examination revealed fracture through the body of the last dorsal vertebra. I am satisfied that this case would have eventually recovered if he had not been interfered with, as there was no fever ; the appetite was good, and the animal cheerful before the slings were used. Fractures of the spine occur during the performance of a surgical operation when the animal is cast. Let it be here clearly understood that such fractures rarely if ever occur during the fall, but when the horse is down on the ground, and struggling from the pain of the operation, or from the inconvenience of his position. Broken backs during the performance of operations are much more common in Scotland than in England; this arises from the different methods in which horses are cast. The late Professor Dick used to say : — " Fracture of the body of the bone (a vertebra), while the horse is under operation, sometimes takes place; this is to be pre- vented by placing a back rope on the horse before he is cast, and then it is to be tied round the legs and back, to prevent the animal struggling while down." ^ Now, with all due deference to the teaching of the late Pro- fessor, I must here say that the immense number of broken backs which we hear of in Scotland arises from the circumstance that the animal is fastened so that he cannot struggle ; whereas he should be allowed more or less freedom of motion while he is confined in the hobbles. By using the " hack rope" as recommended by Professor Dick, the great muscles of the loins, quarters, and thighs are made to act upon two fixed points, namely, the spinal column on the one hand, and the extremities on the other; and when muscular force is exerted to such an extent as we see when an animal is down, one of the points is likely to give way ; whereas, if the extremities are allowed a little freedom, the force is expended in moving them, and there will be but little or no danger of a broken back. If it were possible, by so fixing the animal, to destroy mus- cular action, it would be a great convenience to the operator; * Frcm Notes of Professor Dick's Lectures, delivered during Session 1855-6. BROKEN BACK. 121 but tlie muscular force remains in spite of all the tying down that can be done with ropes, and bones will as surely be broken. I have always held the opinion now laid down ; and although it might have been shaken during my first college days, it returned to me with greater force from seeing a horse break his back while tied down with the back rope. When I first promulgated this idea, during my first course of lectures at the Edinburgh Veterinary College, the majority of the senior stu- dents thought my teaching absurd ; and to prove it so one of them purchased a subject for dissection, and before destroying him, had him cast for the instruction of his fellow-students, and secured so firmly that he could not break his back, as he said ; but, wonderful to relate, the animal tried to struggle, the back was broken, and he rose no more. It is a creneral belief amonoj veterinarians that a horse with a broken back cannot move his tail ; but this is liable to excep- tions, and it will be found that complete paralysis from fracture will be accompanied at first by movements of the tail. To take this symptom as being diagnostic of fracture, and to conclude that when movement of the tail remains, the injury is a sprain of the psoae muscles, may lead to error and wrong prognosis. Absence of sensibility and the history of. the case are much more to be depended upon. As a rule, but not without exception, vertebrae are fractured through their bodies, the arches remaining intact. FRACTURES OF THE OS SACRUM. The anterior portion of the .border of this bone is sometimes fractured by violent falls, or by the animal becoming " cast in the stall." It will be remembered that the sides of the os sacrum are attached to, and situated below, the posterior spinous process of the ilium, giving support and attachment to the pelvis, and connecting it with the vertebra. When it is frac- tured, the iliac spine, losing its support, immediately falls, and the highest part of the quarter becomes flattened, which can be easily seen by comparison with its fellow of the other side. Examination per rectum will enable the practitioner easily to diagnose the exact seat of the injury. I'rofessor Dick used to 122 PARTICULAR FRACTURES. say that in this fracture the legs bent under the horse, and that this was its diagnostic sign. Treatment. — Slinging and rest; and as a rule cases terminate very satisfactorily, all that remains being the flatness of the quarter. The Coccygeal Bones are also liable to fracture, which may be detected by inability on the part of the patient to raise the tail, and by crepitation. Treatment. — Strong leather binding laced around the tail, ex- tending from its upper to its lower part, proper padding being at the same time used to prevent excoriation. The rudimentary spines of the false vertebrae of the tail are sometimes fractured, giving rise to troublesome sinuses. The wounds to be laid open, and the detached bones removed. A comminuted fracture of the bones of the tail, with violent bruising of the soft parts, succeeded by inflammation, and even gangrene, is occasionally seen in practice. In such, amputation of the tail and removal of all the fractured bones must at once be resorted to, or serious consequences may result, such as irritative fever or tetanus. FRACTURE OF THE PELVIC BONES May be arranged under seven heads : — 1st. Fracture of anterior iliac spine, 2d. „ of posterior iliac spine. 3d. „ of the shaft of the ilium. 4:th. „ through the acetabulum. bth. „ into the foramen ovale. 6th. „ through the symphysis pubis. 7th. „ of the tuberosity of the ischium. Fracture of Anterior Iliac S2nne. — This is the most common form of fracture to which the horse and the cow are liable ; it is generally caused by falls, or by the animal striking this part against a wall or side of a doorway, most commonly the latter, and chipping off, as it were, more or less of this prominent part of the quarter. It is not always attended by lameness, and is distinguishable by lateral flatness of that quarter. The broken piece of bone is drawn inwards and downwards FRACTURE OF THE PELVIC BONES. 123 by the action of the abdominal muscles attached to it. In this fracture we find the method of repair is by false joint, the frac- tured ends being connected by a fibrous or a fibro-cartilaginous tissue. This is due to the action of the muscles attached to the fragments keeping them in a state of continual motion, and is an example of arrested development of the reparative material ; every otlier part of the process of repair may be complete but that of ossification ; and the fragments are held together by a yielding and pliant bond. There is very little treatment necessary in a case of this kind. If the soft parts are injured, physic, fomentation, and a short rest will be sufficient. l^ow and then, however, we meet with a case where no attempt at repair is made, and the broken fragment or frag- ments die, or become necrosed, giving rise to the formation of sinuses both near to and below the seat of injury. In such a case it will be necessary to remove the irritating fragments, and treat according to the rules already laid down. Although a horse that is flat in the quarter may not be un- sound, yet he is of less value in the market than if he were all right. It is, therefore, of importance that the practitioner should compare the two quarters of every horse he examines as to soundness; and this should be done by standing behind the horse examined. The next four forms of fracture of the pelvis present ex- ternally symptoms similar to each other — namely, a flatness of the surface of the quarter, and lameness, with great difficulty in extending the foot, particularly if the toe strikes the ground. The exact seat of the fracture is to be determined by an examination per rectum, when movement of the limb will indicate this by crepitation and motion in the part. As a rule, if the patient be laid, he will have great difficulty in rising ; if through the acetabulum, he will scarcely be able to rise even with assistance ; and when he is up, the limb is unable to bear any weight, and it will be shorter than its fellow, from the head of the femur being drawn upwards on to the dorsum of the ilium by the action of the gluteal muscles. The trochanter will be felt farther back and higher up than usual ; the toe will be turned inwards, and rest upon the coronet of the opposite foot. Fracture through the acetabulum is the only one where re- 124 PARTICULAR FRACTURES. covery is hopeless ; all the others being curable, provided the fracture is not due to previous disease of the bones, namely — fragilitus or mollities ossium. Fracture of the shaft, or into the foramen ovale, may occur without immediate displacement, and the animal show no sign of lameness until such displacement occurs. In a case which once came under my observation, it was found that the fracture was of several weeks' standing, although the horse had worked perfectly sound in a carriage up to the time of the displacement.^ The fracture arose from mollities ossium, which was present also in the tarsal and other bones ; and when displacement occurred the animal was at work upon a level road, and going at ordinary speed. He did not fall, but suddenly became very lame. It has been already stated that fracture through the aceta- bulum is hopeless, therefore no time should be lost in putting the animal out of pain; but in the other forms, the patient should be slung, and in order to do something to keep the parts at rest, a stiff pitch-plaster ought to be applied to the whole quarter. Apparent recovery will take place in from two to three months, but care should be taken not to put the animal to work too soon.
| 22,837 |
https://github.com/driveddy/flutter_offline/blob/master/lib/src/main.dart
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
flutter_offline
|
driveddy
|
Dart
|
Code
| 295 | 910 |
import 'dart:async';
import 'package:connectivity/connectivity.dart';
import 'package:flutter/widgets.dart';
import 'package:flutter_offline/src/utils.dart';
const kOfflineDebounceDuration = const Duration(seconds: 3);
typedef Widget ConnectivityBuilder(
BuildContext context, ConnectivityResult connectivity, Widget child);
abstract class ConnectivityService {
Stream<ConnectivityResult> get onConnectivityChanged;
Future<ConnectivityResult> checkConnectivity();
}
class OfflineBuilder extends StatefulWidget {
OfflineBuilder({
Key key,
@required this.connectivityBuilder,
this.connectivityService,
this.debounceDuration = kOfflineDebounceDuration,
this.builder,
this.child,
this.errorBuilder,
}) : assert(
connectivityBuilder != null, 'connectivityBuilder cannot be null'),
assert(debounceDuration != null, 'debounceDuration cannot be null'),
assert(
!(builder is WidgetBuilder && child is Widget) &&
!(builder == null && child == null),
'You should specify either a builder or a child'),
super(key: key);
/// Override connectivity service used for testing
final ConnectivityService connectivityService;
/// Debounce duration from epileptic network situations
final Duration debounceDuration;
/// Used for building the Offline and/or Online UI
final ConnectivityBuilder connectivityBuilder;
/// Used for building the child widget
final WidgetBuilder builder;
/// The widget below this widget in the tree.
final Widget child;
/// Used for building the error widget incase of any platform errors
final WidgetBuilder errorBuilder;
@override
OfflineBuilderState createState() => OfflineBuilderState();
}
class OfflineBuilderState extends State<OfflineBuilder> {
Stream<ConnectivityResult> _connectivityStream;
@override
void initState() {
super.initState();
Stream<ConnectivityResult> stream;
Future<ConnectivityResult> future;
final transformers = StreamTransformers();
if (widget.connectivityService != null) {
stream = widget.connectivityService.onConnectivityChanged;
future = widget.connectivityService.checkConnectivity();
} else {
final connectivity = Connectivity();
stream = connectivity.onConnectivityChanged;
future = connectivity.checkConnectivity();
}
_connectivityStream = Stream.fromFuture(future)
.asyncExpand(
(ConnectivityResult data) =>
stream.transform(transformers.startsWith(data)),
)
.transform(transformers.debounce(widget.debounceDuration));
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return StreamBuilder<ConnectivityResult>(
stream: _connectivityStream,
builder: (
BuildContext context,
AsyncSnapshot<ConnectivityResult> snapshot,
) {
final child = widget.child ?? widget.builder(context);
if (!snapshot.hasData && !snapshot.hasError) {
return SizedBox();
} else if (snapshot.hasError) {
if (widget.errorBuilder != null) {
return widget.errorBuilder(context);
}
throw new OfflineBuilderError(snapshot.error);
}
return widget.connectivityBuilder(context, snapshot.data, child);
},
);
}
}
class OfflineBuilderError extends Error {
OfflineBuilderError(this.error);
final Object error;
@override
String toString() => error.toString();
}
| 43,305 |
https://github.com/Spartanx10000/PlusLog/blob/master/PlusLog/LogHelper.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
PlusLog
|
Spartanx10000
|
C#
|
Code
| 345 | 892 |
using System;
using PlusLog.Config;
using PlusLog.Config.Xml;
using PlusLog.Config.Xml.Database;
using PlusLog.Config.Xml.File;
using PlusLog.Config.Xml.Mail;
using PlusLog.Targets;
using PlusLog.Utilities;
namespace PlusLog
{
///<summary>
///This class contains the methods to access the different loggers supported by the PlusLog library.
///</summary>
public class LogHelper
{
private static Configuration _Config = XmlConfigurator.GetConfiguration();
///<summary>This method creates an instance of the FileLogger class.</summary>
///<returns>Returns an instance of the FileLogger class.</returns>
public static FileLogger GetFileLogger()
{
FileLogger log;
try
{
FileSettings settings = _Config.FileSettings;
if (settings != null)
{
if (settings.File != null)
{
string file = settings.File.Name;
string path = settings.File.Path;
if(string.IsNullOrEmpty(file) )
{
file = "log.txt";
}
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(path))
{
path = System.AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory;
}
log = new FileLogger(file, path);
}
else
{
throw new Exception("File settings not found.");
}
}
else
{
throw new Exception("Invalid scheme -> fileSettings not found.");
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
throw new Exception(e.Message);
}
return log;
}
///<summary>This method creates an instance of the DbLogger class.</summary>
///<param name="connectionName">The name of the connection used for the Database Logger.</param>
///<returns>Returns an instance of the DbLogger class.</returns>
public static DbLogger GetDbLogger(string connectionName)
{
DbLogger log;
try
{
DbSettings settings = _Config.DbSettings;
if (settings != null)
{
Connection conn = settings.Connection.Find(x => x.Name == connectionName);
if (conn != null)
{
log = new DbLogger(DbConnection.GetConnectionString(conn));
}
else
{
throw new Exception("The parameters for the connection in the file were not found.");
}
}
else
{
throw new Exception("Invalid scheme -> DbSettings not found.");
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
throw new Exception(e.Message);
}
return log;
}
///<summary>This method creates an instance of the MailLogger class.</summary>
///<returns>Returns an instance of the MailLogger class.</returns>
public static MailLogger GetMailLogger()
{
MailLogger log;
try
{
MailSettings settings = _Config.MailSettings;
if (settings != null)
{
Sender sender = settings.Sender;
Receiver receiver = settings.Receiver;
if (sender != null && receiver != null)
{
log = new MailLogger(settings);
}
else
{
throw new Exception("The parameters for sending emails were not found.");
}
}
else
{
throw new Exception("Invalid scheme -> MailSettings not found.");
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
throw new Exception(e.Message);
}
return log;
}
}
}
| 7,453 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.