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https://github.com/JetBrains/intellij-community/blob/master/platform/platform-impl/src/com/intellij/application/options/pathMacros/PathMacroEditor.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
intellij-community
|
JetBrains
|
Java
|
Code
| 291 | 1,040 |
// Copyright 2000-2023 JetBrains s.r.o. and contributors. Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license.
package com.intellij.application.options.pathMacros;
import com.intellij.openapi.fileChooser.FileChooserDescriptor;
import com.intellij.openapi.ui.DialogWrapper;
import com.intellij.openapi.ui.TextComponentAccessor;
import com.intellij.openapi.ui.TextFieldWithBrowseButton;
import com.intellij.openapi.util.NlsContexts;
import com.intellij.openapi.util.NlsSafe;
import com.intellij.ui.DocumentAdapter;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.event.DocumentEvent;
import javax.swing.event.DocumentListener;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
public final class PathMacroEditor extends DialogWrapper {
private JTextField myNameField;
private JPanel myPanel;
private TextFieldWithBrowseButton myValueField;
private final Validator myValidator;
public interface Validator {
boolean checkName(String name);
boolean isOK(String name, String value);
}
public PathMacroEditor(@NlsContexts.DialogTitle String title, @NlsSafe String macroName, @NlsSafe String value, Validator validator) {
super(true);
setTitle(title);
myValidator = validator;
myNameField.setText(macroName);
DocumentListener documentListener = new DocumentAdapter() {
@Override
public void textChanged(@NotNull DocumentEvent event) {
updateControls();
}
};
myNameField.getDocument().addDocumentListener(documentListener);
myValueField.setText(value);
myValueField.addBrowseFolderListener(null, null, null, new FileChooserDescriptor(false, true, true, false, true, false),
new TextComponentAccessor<>() {
@Override
public String getText(JTextField component) {
return component.getText();
}
@Override
public void setText(JTextField component, @NotNull String text) {
final int len = text.length();
if (len > 0 && text.charAt(len - 1) == File.separatorChar) {
text = text.substring(0, len - 1);
}
component.setText(text);
}
});
myValueField.getTextField().getDocument().addDocumentListener(documentListener);
init();
updateControls();
}
public void setMacroNameEditable(boolean isEditable) {
myNameField.setEditable(isEditable);
}
private void updateControls() {
final boolean isNameOK = myValidator.checkName(myNameField.getText());
getOKAction().setEnabled(isNameOK);
if (isNameOK) {
final String text = myValueField.getText().trim();
getOKAction().setEnabled(text.length() > 0 && !"/".equals(text.trim()));
}
}
@Override
public JComponent getPreferredFocusedComponent() {
return myNameField;
}
@Override
protected String getHelpId() {
return PathMacroConfigurable.HELP_ID;
}
@Override
protected void doOKAction() {
if (!myValidator.isOK(getName(), getValue())) return;
super.doOKAction();
}
public String getName() {
return myNameField.getText().trim();
}
public String getValue() {
String path = myValueField.getText().trim();
File file = new File(path);
if (file.isAbsolute()) {
try {
return file.getCanonicalPath();
}
catch (IOException ignored) {
}
}
return path;
}
@Override
protected JComponent createNorthPanel() {
return myPanel;
}
@Override
protected JComponent createCenterPanel() {
return null;
}
}
| 48,500 |
https://github.com/lordgeorg/gloperate/blob/master/source/gloperate/include/gloperate/stages/base/TextureFromRenderTargetExtractionStage.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
gloperate
|
lordgeorg
|
C
|
Code
| 209 | 650 |
#pragma once
#include <cppexpose/plugin/plugin_api.h>
#include <glbinding/gl/types.h>
#include <gloperate/gloperate-version.h>
#include <gloperate/pipeline/Stage.h>
#include <gloperate/pipeline/Input.h>
#include <gloperate/pipeline/Output.h>
namespace globjects
{
class Texture;
}
namespace gloperate
{
class AbstractRenderTarget;
class ColorRenderTarget;
class DepthRenderTarget;
class StencilRenderTarget;
class DepthStencilRenderTarget;
/**
* @brief
* Stage that extracts the texture from a RenderTarget, if one is attached.
*/
class GLOPERATE_API TextureFromRenderTargetExtractionStage : public gloperate::Stage
{
public:
CPPEXPOSE_DECLARE_COMPONENT(
TextureFromRenderTargetExtractionStage, gloperate::Stage
, "" // Tags
, "" // Icon
, "" // Annotations
, "Stage that extracts the texture from a RenderTarget, if one is attached"
, GLOPERATE_AUTHOR_ORGANIZATION
, "v1.0.0"
)
public:
// Inputs
Input<gloperate::ColorRenderTarget *> colorRenderTarget; ///< Color render target
Input<gloperate::DepthRenderTarget *> depthRenderTarget; ///< Depth render target
Input<gloperate::StencilRenderTarget *> stencilRenderTarget; ///< Stencil render target
Input<gloperate::DepthStencilRenderTarget *> depthStencilRenderTarget; ///< Depth stencil render target
// Outputs
Output<globjects::Texture *> texture; ///< Internal texture of render target
public:
/**
* @brief
* Constructor
*
* @param[in] environment
* Environment to which the stage belongs (must NOT be null!)
* @param[in] name
* Stage name
*/
TextureFromRenderTargetExtractionStage(Environment * environment, const std::string & name = "");
/**
* @brief
* Destructor
*/
virtual ~TextureFromRenderTargetExtractionStage();
protected:
// Virtual Stage interface
virtual void onProcess() override;
/**
* @brief
* Extract texture from RenderTarget and update output
*/
void extractTexture(AbstractRenderTarget * renderTarget);
};
} // namespace gloperate
| 17,741 |
https://github.com/apples/BoardhouseTS/blob/master/src/events/gesturerecognition.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
BoardhouseTS
|
apples
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 6 | 10 |
// look up ZingTouch on github
| 18,536 |
https://github.com/martelogan-forked-dependencies/dotfiles/blob/master/.config/fish/functions/pure/tests/_pure_prompt_git_branch.test.fish
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer
| 2,020 |
dotfiles
|
martelogan-forked-dependencies
|
Fish
|
Code
| 57 | 221 |
source $current_dirname/../functions/_pure_prompt_git_branch.fish
source $current_dirname/../functions/_pure_parse_git_branch.fish
function setup
mkdir --parents /tmp/test_pure_prompt_git_branch # prevent conflict between parallel test files
cd /tmp/test_pure_prompt_git_branch
git init --quiet
git config --local user.email "you@example.com"
git config --local user.name "Your Name"
end
function teardown
rm --force --recursive /tmp/test_pure_prompt_git_branch
end
@test "_pure_prompt_git_branch: show branch name in gray" (
set pure_color_git_branch (set_color brblack)
_pure_prompt_git_branch
) = (set_color brblack)'master'
| 9,677 |
https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%20%28%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Дамар (Лидже)
|
https://ce.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Дамар (Лидже)&action=history
|
Chechen
|
Spoken
| 40 | 183 |
Дамар () — Туркойчоьнан Къилба-Малхбален Анатоли регионан Дийарбакир провинцин (ил) Лидженан кӀоштара эвла/микрокӀошт ().
Географи
Истори
Бахархой
Билгалдахарш
Хьажоргаш
Дийарбакир провинцин нах беха меттигаш
Дийарбакир провинцин микрокӀошташ
Лидженан микрокӀошташ
Лидженан кӀоштан нах беха меттигаш
Туркойчоьнан микрокӀошташ
Туркойчоьнан нах беха меттигаш
| 37,651 |
https://openalex.org/W2963239879
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,020 |
Climate change impacts on the Water Highway project in Morocco
|
Nabil El Moçayd
|
English
|
Spoken
| 13,930 | 24,482 |
Climate change impacts on the Water Highway project Nabil El Moçayd1, Suchul Kang2, and Elfatih A. B. Eltahir2
1International Water Research Institute, University Mohammed 6 Polytechnic,
Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid Benguerir 43150, Morocco
2Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineerin
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Nabil El Moçayd1, Suchul Kang2, and Elfatih A. B. Eltahir2
1International Water Research Institute, University Mohammed 6 Polytechnic,
Lot 660 Hay Moulay Rachid Benguerir 43150, Morocco
2Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Correspondence: Nabil El Moçayd (nabil.elmocayd@um6p.ma) Received: 15 May 2019 – Discussion started: 24 July 2019
Revised: 27 January 2020 – Accepted: 10 February 2020 – Published: 30 March 2020 Received: 15 May 2019 – Discussion started: 24 July 2019
Revised: 27 January 2020 – Accepted: 10 February 2020 – Published: 30 March 2020 Abstract. The hydrology of Morocco is characterized by sig-
nificant spatial variability. Precipitation follows a sharp gra-
dient, decreasing from the north to the south. In order to re-
distribute the available water, a project has been proposed
to transfer 860 × 106 m3 yr−1 from the wet north to the arid
southern regions, namely the “Water Highway” project. The
present study aims to address the viability of the project
after accounting for the impacts of climate change in the
watersheds located in the north. We perform regional cli-
mate model (RCM) simulations over the study region us-
ing boundary conditions from five different global circula-
tion models (GCMs) and assuming two different emissions
scenarios – RCP4.5 (with mitigation) and RCP8.5 (business
as usual). The impact on precipitation and temperature are
assessed, and the decrease in the available water quantity is
estimated. Under RCP8.5, the project is likely not feasible. However, under the RCP4.5, a rescaled version of this project
may be feasible depending on how much water is allocated
to satisfy the local water demand in the north. regions like Morocco should develop new policy in order
to adapt to climate change (Kahil et al., 2015; Batisani and
Yarnal, 2010; Lioubimtseva and Henebry, 2009). As reported
by Greve et al. (2018), different policies could be adopted, in-
cluding investments in structures for transferring water from
one basin to another. Hydrology in Morocco is characterized by strong spatial
and temporal variability (Driouech et al., 2010; Tramblay
et al., 2013). Climate change impacts on the Water Highway project This uneven distribution of water has led the
Moroccan government to develop hydraulic infrastructure to
improve the local management of water resources throughout
the country. In 1967, King Hassan II launched a project to ir-
rigate 1 × 106 ha by the year 2000. More precisely, the plan
was to build a dam every year. The outcomes of this strategy
helped to achieve food security, increase cash crop produc-
tion for export, and improve the social and economic level
of local farmers. More implicitly the construction of these
infrastructures has helped communities to adapt to climate
variability. Previous studies (Doukkali, 2005) have shown
that although these efforts resulted in the significant opti-
mization of water resource management in Morocco, they
remain insufficient to ensure water and food security. A new
policy is needed to complement these efforts. By 2020, only
the watersheds in the north of Morocco will have a water
excess compared with the demand (Minoia and Brusarosco,
2006). The proposed north–south water transfer project (Wa-
ter Highway) aims to supply water to the arid southern re-
gions from the watersheds in the north (see Fig. 2). The pro-
jected quantity of water to be transferred by this project is
860 × 106 m3 yr−1 (Water-Office, 2017). 1
Introduction In many regions in the world, water scarcity is a critical is-
sue that should be seriously addressed by stakeholders. Greve
et al. (2018) define water scarcity as the ratio between the
natural water supply and the local water demand. As a re-
sult, water scarcity mainly depends on two factors: hydro-
climatology and the socioeconomic situation (Wada et al.,
2014). While a study has shown that Morocco is not re-
ally threatened due to population growth (Boke-Olén et al.,
2017), several studies have suggested that arid and semiarid Other countries have adopted similar policies in order to
alleviate water scarcity problems. In China (Gu et al., 2012), Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1467-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1467-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco The simulations were performed using MRCM (MIT
Regional Climate Model) and plausibly recreated the impact
of global change on precipitation and temperature (Eltahir
et al., 2013). We choose to assess the impact of climate
change for a 30-year duration for two main reasons. The first
motive is linked to climate change; in fact, this project has
been designed in order to face future climate change im-
pacts on southern Moroccan areas. If the project could po-
tentially jeopardize the water security of the northern region,
how can it also satisfy the southern region’s water demand? The second reason is purely from a feasibility perspective. The project will take more than 10 years to fully construct,
not to mention that the project has not started yet (construc-
tion was planned to start in 2018). In addition, the Moroc-
can government has only made the budget for the first phase
available. The second and the third phases are still waiting on
the necessary funds, which will certainly delay the project for
another 10 years. The impact on runoff and, in turn, on water
availability is assessed using the runoff elasticity (Sankara-
subramanian and Vogel, 2003; Tang and Lettenmaier, 2012)
based on available data and RCM simulations. Such method-
ology can be used to evaluate the impact of climate change
on water availability in regions where hydrological modeling
may not be feasible. We confronted the results of our work
with other published works on the assessment of the impact
of climate change on water availability in the region. Global change is impacting the African climate. Indeed,
many studies have shown that the regional climate of Africa
is likely to change during the upcoming decades (Sowers
et al., 2011). This change is expected to have considerable so-
cioeconomic and environmental impacts. A recent study that
used the IPCC AR4 (Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-
governmental Panel on Climate Change) emission scenarios
to predict climate change in Africa reported that the northern
part is more likely to suffer from an increase in temperature
and a decrease in the amount and frequency of precipitation
(Vizy and Cook, 2012). As a result, North Africa will be vul-
nerable to climate change (Döll, 2009). N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco water is transferred from the tropical southern region to the
very dense, industrialized, arid north as a result of the South–
North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP). The goal of this
project is to transfer 44.5 km3 yr−1 from the Yangtze River
basin. Although the economic benefit of the project is appre-
ciated in the region (Feng et al., 2007), it has raised some
controversy (Berkoff, 2003). First, transferring water in open
channels increases the risk of pollution (Tang et al., 2014). Traffic accidents, especially those involving trucks, represent
a threat to water quality. Moreover, the risk of the saliniza-
tion of both basins (due to the transfer of salts in the receiving
basin and due to sea water intrusion in the source basin) has
been highlighted by Zhang (2009). Therefore, significant ef-
forts need to be made in order to improve watersheds’ man-
agement (Zhang et al., 2009). The Water Highway project
could also lead to a dramatic increase in the water cost. These
concerns have been raised with respect to the SNWTP in
China by two studies (Wei et al., 2010; Yang and Zehnder,
2005). In fact, the SNWTP relies significantly on the water
availability in the south of China, and, as has been suggested
by Liu and Zheng (2002) and Li et al. (2015), the water quan-
tity will decrease in the donor watersheds due to global cli-
mate change. However, this decrease will not affect the via-
bility of the project in the China. In contrast, it is not clear if
the change in precipitation would impact the viability of the
project in Morocco. Therefore, the goal of the present study
is to assess the viability of the Water Highway, including the
impact of climate change. (
g
,
)
The purpose of the present work is to study the viability
of the north–south water transfer project, considering the im-
pact of climate change. More precisely, the study aims to as-
sess the effect of climate change on water availability in the
northern basins. In order to evaluate the impact of climate
change on this project, multi-model climate simulations were
performed. Forcing boundary conditions from five global cir-
culation models (GCMs), including MPI, GFDL, IPSL, CSM
and ACCESS, were considered in order to quantify the un-
certainty in future climate projections (Tebaldi and Knutti,
2007). N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco 1468 water is transferred from the tropical southern region to the
very dense, industrialized, arid north as a result of the South–
North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP). The goal of this
project is to transfer 44.5 km3 yr−1 from the Yangtze River
basin. Although the economic benefit of the project is appre-
ciated in the region (Feng et al., 2007), it has raised some
controversy (Berkoff, 2003). First, transferring water in open
channels increases the risk of pollution (Tang et al., 2014). Traffic accidents, especially those involving trucks, represent
a threat to water quality. Moreover, the risk of the saliniza-
tion of both basins (due to the transfer of salts in the receiving
basin and due to sea water intrusion in the source basin) has
been highlighted by Zhang (2009). Therefore, significant ef-
forts need to be made in order to improve watersheds’ man-
agement (Zhang et al., 2009). The Water Highway project
could also lead to a dramatic increase in the water cost. These
concerns have been raised with respect to the SNWTP in
China by two studies (Wei et al., 2010; Yang and Zehnder,
2005). In fact, the SNWTP relies significantly on the water
availability in the south of China, and, as has been suggested
by Liu and Zheng (2002) and Li et al. (2015), the water quan-
tity will decrease in the donor watersheds due to global cli-
mate change. However, this decrease will not affect the via-
bility of the project in the China. In contrast, it is not clear if
the change in precipitation would impact the viability of the
project in Morocco. Therefore, the goal of the present study
is to assess the viability of the Water Highway, including the
impact of climate change. other hand, improved irrigation schemes have certainly in-
tensified cash crop production in Morocco, but they have
also increased the water demand. Indeed, Ward and Pulido-
Velazquez (2008) show that the increase in efficiency in-
creases water use. Furthermore, climate change projections
predict that Morocco will experience a dry future (Giorgi and
Lionello, 2008; Kang et al., 2020) and a decrease in precip-
itation (Patricola and Cook, 2010). For all of the abovemen-
tioned reasons, among others, the country is becoming in-
creasingly vulnerable to global change; therefore, adaptation
policies are a required for the development of the country
under such conditions (Schilling et al., 2012). Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco 3.1
Datasets In order to perform this study, we accessed several datasets. Table 2 summarizes the available data. Each dataset is avail-
able at a monthly time step. 2.3
Description of watersheds of interest The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of climate
change on the project. In order to address the viability of
the project, the global climate change impact on the hydrol-
ogy of the donor watersheds needs to be assessed. Figure 3
presents the three watersheds that will supply the project,
namely Loukkos, Oued Laou and Mjara (presented using a
red contour). The latter is a sub-watershed of the Sebou wa-
tershed, supplying most of the Sebou water. The three water
basins are located in the northern region of Morocco, where
the precipitation levels are relatively high. There is a spatial
gradient of elevation from the northeast to the southwest due
to the presence of Rif Mountains (see Fig. 4). 2.2
The general features of the project Spatial data help to understand the temporal as well as the
spatial variability of precipitation. For the present case, we
use the data from the space mission TRMM (Tropical Rain-
fall Measurement Mission) (Huffman and Bolvin, 2013). We
also downloaded remote sensing data specifically for the re-
gion of Morocco and extracted it for the three watersheds
considered in this analysis. As reported by the Moroccan department in charge of wa-
ter, plans are ready to launch the north–south water trans-
fer project (Water-Office, 2017). The water balance anal-
ysis prepared in the studies carried out by the Moroccan
Department of Water shows that southern basins, notably
the Tensift and Oum Er-Rbia, are in deficit. In contrast, the
northern basins discharge excess water to the sea. A transfer
from the northern basins, which are much better equipped
with respect to hydraulic structures, would relieve these
deficits and consolidate national water management integra-
tion. The preliminary pre-feasibility studies conducted by
the Moroccan Department of Water have shown that roughly
860 × 106 m3 yr−1 could be transferred on average from the
Oued Laou, Loukkos and Mjara basins (see Fig. 3) to the
Bouregreg, Oum Er-Rbia and Tensift basins (see Fig. 2). The
project implementation schedule as well as the institutional
and financial setup will be defined by the studies in progress
by both of the ministerial departments concerned, namely
water and agriculture. 2.1
Water distribution in Morocco Morocco is located in the northwest of Africa. Given the
country’s geographical position, the climate is characterized
by strong spatial variability. Indeed the southern part of the
country is affected by the extreme dry climate of the Sahara
Desert, and the northwestern part benefits from the moderate
climate of the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. In ad-
dition, the topography of Morocco also varies in space. The
coastal region is flat, whereas the topography is shaped by
the Rif Mountains and Atlas Mountains in the north and the
east, respectively. Therefore, the climate can vary from sub-
humid to arid over the country (Born et al., 2008). As a re-
sult, the precipitation over Morocco varies strongly in space. Figure 1 displays the annual mean precipitation over Mo-
rocco using TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)
data (Huffman and Bolvin, 2013). The annual precipitation
reaches 800 mm yr−1 in the north, whereas the south barely
receives 100 mm yr−1. As a result, only the extreme north-
western part of the country enjoys an excess water supply. N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocc ern watersheds. Finally, Sect. 4 presents the results, and the
conclusions and perspectives are described in Sect. 5. N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco Over the last few decades, Morocco has built one of
the strongest economies in Africa (USD 101 billion in
gross domestic product, GDP, as reported by the World
Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/country/morocco, last ac-
cess: 20 March 2020), although this economy, however ef-
ficient compared to other developing countries, depends sig-
nificantly on water availability (agriculture represents 15 %
of the GDP). Water imbalance between supply and demand
is growing (Hellegers et al., 2013). In Morocco, water de-
mand is affecting water scarcity more intensely than climate
change (Vörösmarty et al., 2000). On the one hand, the ur-
ban population is expected to increase by about 270 thou-
sand inhabitants per year due to urbanization, as reported
by the Moroccan High Commission for Planning website
(http://www.hcp.ma/, last access: 5 March 2019). On the The article is presented as follows: Sect. 2 describes the
north–south water transfer project in Morocco, the northern
region that ought to supply water to the arid regions in the
south and the available datasets needed to perform the anal-
ysis. Section 3 is dedicated to presenting the methodologies
used in order to assess the expected loss of water in the north- www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 1469 3.2
Regional climate modeling The
present
study
used
the
MIT
Regional
Climate
Model (MRCM), which is based on the ICTP Regional Cli- N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco mate Model Version 3 (RegCM3, Pal et al., 2007) but in-
cludes several improvements. A detailed description of the
MRCM is given by Im et al. (2014a). There are substan-
tial differences between MRCM and RegCM3. In particular,
based on the simulations using MRCM-IBIS over the West
Africa, the use of IBIS as the land surface scheme results in mate Model Version 3 (RegCM3, Pal et al., 2007) but in-
cludes several improvements. A detailed description of the
MRCM is given by Im et al. (2014a). There are substan-
tial differences between MRCM and RegCM3. In particular,
based on the simulations using MRCM-IBIS over the West
Africa, the use of IBIS as the land surface scheme results in N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco
14
. The three phases of the project. These numbers are given as an indication, and the remaining amount of the budget will be dedicat
ehabilitation of existing hydraulic infrastructures. Phase
Start point
End point
Water amount
Cost
Cost
(×106 m3 yr−1)
(billion MAD)
(billion USD)
Phase 1
Kodiat al Borna
Al Massira Dam
392
16.3
1.63
(near Al Wahda Dam)
Phase 2
Beni Mansour
Al Makhazine
726 = 334 + 392
13
1.3
(Oued Laou)
Dam
Phase 3
Oued Sebou
Phase 1 pipeline
860 = 726 + 134
1.7
0.17
route
Project
Oued Sebou,
Al Massira Dam
860
40
4
Loukkos and Oued Laou
3. Watersheds of interest. d in this study, as it seemed accurate enough for our
es
mate Model Version 3 (RegCM3, Pal et al., 2007) but i
cludes several improvements A detailed description of t 1471 Table 1. The three phases of the project. These numbers are given as an indication, and the remaining amount of the budget will be dedicated
to the rehabilitation of existing hydraulic infrastructures. Table 1. The three phases of the project. These numbers are given as an indication, and the remaining amo
to the rehabilitation of existing hydraulic infrastructures. Table 1. The three phases of the project. These numbers are given as an indication, and the remaining amount of the budget will be dedicated
to the rehabilitation of existing hydraulic infrastructures. Project
Oued Sebou,
Al Massira Dam
860
40
4
Loukkos and Oued Laou
Figure 3. Watersheds of interest. be used in this study, as it seemed accurate enough for our
purposes. 3.2
Regional climate modeling
The
present
study
used
the
MIT
Regional
Climate
Model (MRCM), which is based on the ICTP Regional Cli-
mate Model Version 3 (RegCM3, Pal et al., 2007) but in-
cludes several improvements. A detailed description of the
MRCM is given by Im et al. (2014a). There are substan-
tial differences between MRCM and RegCM3. In particular,
based on the simulations using MRCM-IBIS over the West
Africa, the use of IBIS as the land surface scheme results in
www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 Figure 3. Watersheds of interest. Figure 3. Watersheds of interest. Figure 3. Watersheds of interest. be used in this study, as it seemed accurate enough for our
purposes. 3.1.2
Gauge station data Gauging station data were also used. The sources of the data
used here are the respective river basin agencies of Sebou and
Loukkos. In Morocco, river basin agencies (ABH “Agence
du bassin hydraulique”) are in charge of the evaluation, the
planning and the general management of water resources
within a watershed. In our case, the Mjara watershed is man-
aged by ABH Sebou (shown using a black contour in Fig. 3). For this watershed, 17 rainfall stations and 24 runoff stations
are available. Loukkos and Oued Laou, in comparison, are
managed by ABH Loukkos. This agency made 11 rainfall
and runoff stations available for the purpose of this study. All of the gauge stations used in this study are displayed in
Fig. 4. The project, following three phases as described in Ta-
ble 1, will involve the construction of nine pumping sta-
tions,two new dams, and 500 km of channels and pipes
to transfer water from Oued Laou, Loukkos and Sebou to
Al Massira Dam. These data have the advantage of being more accurate than
the spatial data, but they are more likely to include missing
values. In order to use them, one method of filling the missing
values (∼5 %–10 %) is to replace them with their long-term
mean. There are other methods that can also be used to fill
the missing values, but only the abovementioned method will www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco 1470 Figure 1. Annual precipitation (in millimeters) in Morocco using Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) data. Figure 1. Annual precipitation (in millimeters) in Morocco using Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) data. Figure 2. The planned water transfer project. Figure 2. The planned water transfer project. www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 1472
N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” proj
Figure 4. Mapping of the elevation and the position of gauge stations in the Oued Laou, Loukkos and Mjara watersheds. N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco 1472 Figure 4. Mapping of the elevation and the position of gauge stations in the Oued Laou, Loukkos and Mjara watersheds. Figure 4. Mapping of the elevation and the position of gauge stations in the Oued Laou, Loukkos and Mjara watersheds. Data source
Nature
Period
Period
(precipitation)
(runoff)
TRMM 3B43
Remote sensing observation
1998–2016
–
ABH Loukkos (Loukkos)
River gauge stations
1961–2017
1971–2017
ABH Loukkos (Oued Laou)
River gauge stations
1964–2017
1971–2012
ABH Sebou (Mjara)
River gauge stations
1978–2017
1959–1996 ios, respectively. We refer the reader to the companion paper
(Kang et al., 2020) for a detailed discussion of the RCM sim-
ulations and model performance. the better representation of surface energy and water budgets
in comparison with RegCM3-BATS. Furthermore, the addi-
tion of a new irrigation scheme in IBIS makes it possible
to investigate the effects of irrigation over West Africa (Im
et al., 2014b; Alter et al., 2015). 3.3
Runoff elasticity (2013)
CCSM4
0.9◦× 1.25◦
1.11◦× 0.27–0.54◦
Gent et al. (2011)
GFDL-ESM2M
2◦× 2.5◦
1◦× 1/3–1◦
Dunne et al. (2012)
IPSL-CM5A-LR
1.875◦× 3.75◦
2◦× 0.5–2◦
Dufresne et al. (2013)
MPI-ESM-MR
T63 (∼1.875◦)
0.4◦× 0.4◦
Giorgetta et al. (2013) 1473 Figure 5. MRCM simulation domain and topography (in m a.m.s.l. – meters above mean sea level). mean climatic variables. This approach has been tested in
Risbey and Entekhabi (1996) and Sankarasubramanian et al. (2001). The first study showed that Sacremento River runoff
is insensitive to changes in temperature, while it is more sen-
sitive to precipitation. In the second study, the authors used
a similar methodology in the major rivers in the US. They
showed that when the rivers are located in dry areas, the sen-
sitivity of runoff is mostly explained by precipitation. How-
ever, when the rivers are located in areas with an important
contribution from snowpacks to the water balance, runoff is
less sensitive to precipitation. In the present study, as we lack sufficient data to develop
a well-calibrated hydrological model, we choose to evaluate
the potential change in runoff using the last two approaches
described above. First, we evaluate the potential change in
runoff using empirical equations first defined by Dooge et al. (1999) and Arora (2002). Following these studies, the long-
term change in runoff is mainly driven by the long-term
change in precipitation and the long-term change in potential
evapotranspiration (PET). Therefore, this can be expressed
as follows: Figure 5. MRCM simulation domain and topography (in m a.m.s.l. – meters above mean sea level). climatic variables as in Yang and Yang (2011). Indeed, this
study concludes that the hydrological cycle is influenced by
climatic variables other than precipitation and temperature
and computes runoff sensitivity to net radiation and wind
speed at a height of 2 m above the ground. In contrast, fol-
lowing the Budyko hypothesis, the long-term mean runoff
is mainly driven by the long-term mean of precipitation and
the potential evapotranspiration rate. Therefore, runoff elas-
ticity coefficient should be an explicit function of precipita-
tion and the potential evapotranspiration rate. Following this
idea, different studies have developed empirical relationships
(Schreiber, 1904; Ol’Dekop, 1911; Turc, 1953; Pike, 1964;
Zhang et al., 2001). 3.3
Runoff elasticity Niemann and Eltahir (2005) demon-
strated that the estimation of the runoff elasticity coefficient
with these analytical formulas is consistent with the coeffi-
cient calculated from a physically based hydrological model
(Niemann and Eltahir, 2004). 1Q
Q = ϵ 1P
P
−ϵPET
1E0
E0
,
(1) (1) where 1Q
Q , 1P
P
and 1E0
E0 are long-term normalized changes
in runoff, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, re-
spectively. Consequently, the evaluation of runoff sensitiv-
ity to climate change requires the estimation of ϵ (the runoff
sensitivity to precipitation) and ϵPET (the runoff sensitivity
to PET). In Arora (2002) and Yang and Yang (2011) these
coefficients are computed using empirical equations: where 1Q
Q , 1P
P
and 1E0
E0 are long-term normalized changes
in runoff, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, re-
spectively. Consequently, the evaluation of runoff sensitiv-
ity to climate change requires the estimation of ϵ (the runoff
sensitivity to precipitation) and ϵPET (the runoff sensitivity
to PET). In Arora (2002) and Yang and Yang (2011) these
coefficients are computed using empirical equations: + β · ϵPET = β,
(2) ϵ = 1 + β · ϵPET = β,
(2) (2) where β = φF ′(φ)
1−F(φ). Therefore, the estimation of the runoff
sensitivity coefficients are a function of the aridity index φ
and the mathematical function F(φ) that relates the runoff
ratio to precipitation (or PET) to the aridity index. These
functions have been defined as empirical relations in differ-
ent studies. Although these formulas have been developed
to find the ratio of the evapotranspiration rate to the poten-
tial evapotranspiration rate, they could be rearranged to uti-
lize runoff sensitivity to climate change as in Niemann and
Eltahir (2005) and Yang and Yang (2011) (see Table 4). where β = φF ′(φ)
1−F(φ). Therefore, the estimation of the runoff
sensitivity coefficients are a function of the aridity index φ
and the mathematical function F(φ) that relates the runoff
ratio to precipitation (or PET) to the aridity index. These
functions have been defined as empirical relations in differ-
ent studies. Although these formulas have been developed
to find the ratio of the evapotranspiration rate to the poten-
tial evapotranspiration rate, they could be rearranged to uti-
lize runoff sensitivity to climate change as in Niemann and
Eltahir (2005) and Yang and Yang (2011) (see Table 4). 3.3
Runoff elasticity Building on the good performance of MRCM in previ-
ous studies, we project multi-model ensemble regional cli-
mate change using this model to advance our understand-
ing of the future conditions in response to anthropogenic
GHGs (greenhouse gases) over Morocco. To achieve this, a
total of fifteen 31-year projections under multi-GCM (IPSL-
CM5A-LR, GFDL-ESM2M, CCSM4, MPI-ESM-MR and
ACCESS1.0; see Table 3) and multiple emission scenario
(Historical, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) situations are dynamically
downscaled using MRCM with a 12 km horizontal resolution
over Morocco (Fig. 5). The first year of MRCM simulations
in both the baseline and future periods is used for model spin-
up and has been discarded in the analysis. Five GCMs are se-
lected based on a rigorous evaluation (NRMSE, normalized
root-mean-square error; PCC, pattern correlation coefficient;
and annual cycle) of their performance with respect to sim-
ulating regional climate over Morocco, while RCP4.5 and
RCP8.5 represent mitigation and business-as-usual scenar- The issue of the sensitivity of runoff to climate change
has been investigated in different studies. There are several
methodologies to address this issue as reported by Sankara-
subramanian et al. (2001). One of the most common ap-
proaches is the use of a calibrated hydrological model. Then,
with the help of RCM simulations of future climate, one is
able to study the sensitivity of runoff. The major difficulty
involved in this method lies in the calibration of model pa-
rameters from a finite set of observations. One assumes that
the parameters’ values do not change through time. This as-
sumption has been extensively discussed in the community,
and several studies have demonstrated the importance of a
dynamical correction of model parameters (Reichle et al.,
2002; Moradkhani et al., 2005). Another approach is the application of simple water bal-
ance models and to analytically derive the elasticity coeffi-
cient. One could also explain the sensitivity of runoff to all www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco
1473
Table 3. Description of global climate models selected as lateral boundary forcings for MRCM simulation in the study. Model name
ATM resolution
OCN resolution
Main reference
(lat × long)
(lat × long)
ACCESS 1.0
1.25◦× 1.875◦
1/3–1◦× 1/3–1◦
Bi et al. N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco 1474 Table 4. Mathematical form of F ′(φ), where φ refers to the aridity index, and F(φ) is a mathematical function relating the runoff ratio to
precipitation (or PET) to the aridity index. Table 4. Mathematical form of F ′(φ), where φ refers to the aridity index, and F(φ) is a mathematical function relating the runoff ratio to
precipitation (or PET) to the aridity index. Functional form
Name
Source
F ′(φ) = e−φ
Schreiber
Schreiber (1904)
F ′(φ) = tanh( 1
φ ) −
4
φ(e
−1
φ +e
1
φ )2
Ol′dekoop
Ol’Dekop (1911)
F ′(φ) = −
1
φ3
1+
1
φ
23/2
Turc–Pike
Turc (1953)–Pike (1964)
F ′(φ) =
2
φ + 1
φ2
(1+φ+ 1
φ )2
Zhang
Zhang (2009) In the present work, we compare the results from different
empirical relationships. The long-term change in precipita-
tion is estimated using RCMs (regional climate model) sim-
ulations, and the long-term change in potential evapotranspi-
ration is derived from the Penman–Monteith equation (Mon-
teith, 1965) and using RCM simulation results. This method
is preferred over the Thornthwaite equation (Thornthwaite
and Mather, 1957) for the reasons described in Yang et al. (2017). The strong interannual variability in precipitation leads to
a strong interannual variability in runoff (see Fig. 6c). The
pattern of runoff is similar to that of precipitation. The an-
nual mean runoff is 1 km3 yr−1. Given its topography, this
watershed represents a good site for Morocco to store water. However, this region lacks the infrastructure needed to store
water and to optimize water resource management. 3.4.2
Oued Laou The second approach utilized here is to evaluate the
changes in runoff as a result of climate change using data
analysis. The sensitivity of runoff to climate change is com-
puted via the runoff elasticity coefficient. First we use the
definition given by Yang and Yang (2011) and references
therein. The runoff elasticity, ϵ(Q), is defined as the frac-
tional change in runoff, Q, due to a fractional change in pre-
cipitation, P, as shown in the following equation: The Oued Laou watershed is the smallest watershed consid-
ered in this analysis. However, due to its geographical posi-
tion, the region receives a large amount of precipitation com-
pared with other areas in the country. The annual mean pre-
cipitation is about 740 mm, which represents a large quantity
of water falling over a relatively small area (919 km2). How-
ever, the variability in the precipitation received is tremen-
dous, as shown by the coefficient of variation of 43 % (see
Fig. 7), which makes forecasting water availability very dif-
ficult. Figure 7c presents the variability in the runoff and pre-
cipitation over Oued Laou. The variability of runoff seems to
follow that of precipitation. The annual mean runoff in Oued
Laou is 0.4 km3. ϵ(Q) = ∂Q
∂P · P
Q
. (3) ϵ(Q) = ∂Q
∂P · P
Q
. (3) In the present case, the estimation is carried out with the fol-
lowing parameters: P is the annual mean precipitation, Q is
the annual mean runoff and ∂Q
∂P is estimated using linear re-
gression. 3.4.3
Mjara The hydrology in Mjara is also characterized by signifi-
cant monthly variability. The annual mean precipitation is
655 mm, and the coefficient of variation is about 43 %. Thanks to the gauge station at Mjara, we were able to esti-
mate runoff. As seen in Fig. 8c, the variability in water avail-
ability at Mjara follows the variability in precipitation. This
statement is especially true during drought years, such as
those that Morocco experienced during the 1990s, when the
variability of runoff follows that of precipitation very tightly. All in all, the annual average runoff from Mjara, which is
considered to be the wettest region in Morocco and is the lo-
cation of the largest (namely Al Wahda) dam in the country,
is 3 km3 yr−1. 3.3
Runoff elasticity Another method of deriving the runoff sensitivity to cli-
mate change is the use of observational datasets. One is able
to examine how runoff changes as climatic variables change. This assumes that the response of annual runoff to the vari-
ability in annual climatic forcing is the same as the response
of the long-term mean runoff to the changes in the long-term www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 3.4.1
Loukkos The Loukkos watershed is one of the wettest regions in Mo-
rocco. The annual precipitation is around 790 mm, and the
hydrological regime is characterized by a wet winter and a
dry summer with a precipitation maximum during Novem-
ber and/or December (see Fig. 6a). However, precipitation in
the region varies significantly from year to year. The annual
precipitation can reach 1400 mm in some years (see Fig. 6b). Indeed, the coefficient of variation of annual precipitation
computed using the ABH Loukkos data is 28 %. Given this
variability, water resource management is a challenging task. www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco
1475 1475 Figure 6. The hydrology of the Loukkos watershed. (a) Interannual variability of precipitation and comparison with TRMM. (b) Monthly
variability of precipitation. (c) Annual precipitation vs. annual runoff. Figure 6. The hydrology of the Loukkos watershed. (a) Interannual variability of precipitation and comparison with TRMM. (b) Monthly
variability of precipitation. (c) Annual precipitation vs. annual runoff. Figure 7. The hydrology of the Oued Laou watershed. (a) Interannual variability of precipitation and comparison with TRMM. (b) Monthly
variability of precipitation. (c) Annual precipitation vs. annual runoff. Figure 7. The hydrology of the Oued Laou watershed. (a) Interannual variability of precipitation and comparison with TRMM. (b) Monthly
variability of precipitation. (c) Annual precipitation vs. annual runoff. Figure 8. The hydrology of the Mjara watershed. (a) Interannual variability of precipitation and comparison with TRMM. (b) Monthly
variability of precipitation. (c) Annual precipitation vs. annual runoff. Figure 8. The hydrology of the Mjara watershed. (a) Interannual variability of precipitation and comparison with TRMM. (b) Monthly
variability of precipitation. (c) Annual precipitation vs. annual runoff. 4
Results results are summarized in Table 5. There is a large uncer-
tainty regarding the amount of precipitation in the future in
the study region. As has been shown in earlier studies (Déqué
et al., 2007), the largest source of uncertainties in RCM simu-
lations is boundary condition forcing. This would explain the
difference in results in our case when we change the forc-
ing GCMs, even for the same scenario. However, for fixed
boundary conditions and the same scenario, the level of pre-
cipitation decrease is similar over the three watersheds. Fol-
lowing RCP4.5, the minimum decrease is simulated when the
forcing GCM is CCSM: the estimated amount of change is 4.1
Future changes in precipitation In order to assess the impact of climate change on water
availability, we have performed numerical simulations (Kang
et al., 2020), as described in Sect. 3.2. Overall, the resulting
simulations forced by the five GCMs agree that precipitation
will decrease in the future in the region of interest. However,
depending on the boundary conditions and the scenario con-
sidered, the magnitude of the decrease differs. All of these www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ 4.2.1
Using data analysis roughly −10 %. The maximum decrease is simulated when
the model is forced with ACCESS: the amount is roughly
equal to −35 %. As a result, following RCP4.5, the projected
precipitation change is between −35 % and −10 % for this
region. In contrast, following RCP8.5, the minimum decrease
is achieved when the boundary conditions are described by
MPI and is roughly equal to −33 %; however, the maximum
decrease is simulated when the RCM is forced by IPSL and
is estimated to be around −7 0%. As a result, if the future is
driven by RCP8.5, precipitation is expected to decrease by
33 % in the best-case scenario and by 70 % in the worst-case
scenario. On average, following RCP4.5, precipitation is go-
ing to decrease by 24 %, whereas under the scenario RCP8.5,
the decrease would be 47 %. To summarize, precipitation is
likely going to decrease in the future for this region; however,
the magnitude of the decrease is uncertain. Nevertheless, the
range of uncertainty has been quantified. The first approach used here to assess the climate change
impact on water availability is the estimation of the runoff
elasticity coefficient via the analysis of available data. We
follow the definition described in Sect. 3.3. The objective is
to estimate the potential loss of water that would result from
the decrease in precipitation using available precipitation and
runoff data over each watershed. We assume that the relation-
ship between precipitation and runoff is well represented by
past data. This relationship is first described by the slope of
the runoff–precipitation relationship as documented in obser-
vations (see Fig. 9). We then normalize this relationship by
dividing by the ratio of long-term runoff to long-term precip-
itation. For the specific case of Oued Laou, only one precipita-
tion gauge station is present. In order to alleviate bias cre-
ation in the calculation of the elasticity coefficient, we use
TRMM observations. Figure 9 shows the estimation of the
runoff elasticity coefficient for the study region. The three
watersheds seem to behave in the same manner when forced
by precipitation variability. In general, the elasticity coeffi-
cient is around 1.6; thus, a change of 10 % in precipitation
would lead to 16 % change in runoff. When using linear re-
gression, the uncertainty range could be quantified. N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco Table 6. Elasticity of the runoff to precipitation estimation and
quantification of the uncertainty compared with the analytical for-
mulas given in Table 4. Table 5. A summary of the potential changes in precipitation fol-
lowing the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 simulations with MRCM for the
five different GCMs’ forcing. Oued Laou
Mjara
Loukkos
MPI
RCP4.5
−16 %
−17 %
−19 %
RCP8.5
−32 %
−34 %
−33 %
GFDL
RCP4.5
−27 %
−28 %
−27 %
RCP8.5
−40 %
−44 %
−43 %
IPSL
RCP4.5
−36 %
−31 %
−36 %
RCP8.5
−69 %
−71 %
−69 %
CSM
RCP4.5
−16 %
−0.5 %
−11 %
RCP8.5
−36 %
−37 %
−36 %
ACCESS
RCP4.5
−34 %
−36 %
−36 %
RCP8.5
−50 %
−54 %
−52 % Oued Laou
Mjara
Loukkos
Elasticity
1.65
1.6
1.7
Range of uncertainty
1.12–2
1.4–1.8
1.3–1.8
in elasticity
Turc Pike
1.8
1.6
1.6
Ol’Dekoop
1.6
1.4
1.4
Zhang
1.9
1.7
1.7
Schreiber
1.8
1.6
1.6 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 1476 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco
1477 N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco 1477 Figure 9. Elasticity coefficient estimation for the three watersheds using a regression method. Figure 9. Elasticity coefficient estimation for the three watersheds using a regression method. tion for the three watersheds using a regression method cal equations (see Table 6), the results are similar. The sen-
sitivity of runoff to precipitation is around 1.6. In the work
of Tang and Lettenmaier (2012), the authors estimate runoff
sensitivity to changes in precipitation for the major global
rivers worldwide. We found a good agreement between their
results for this particular region and ours. According to the
results reported in Table 8, the change in runoff is largely
sensitive to precipitation. If we compute the sensitivity index
of precipitation changes SP according to the index defined
by Saltelli (2002), we find SP =
ϵ2
ϵ2+ϵ2
PET = 0.88. This means
that 88 % of the changes in runoff due to climate change are
attributed to changes in precipitation. Ultimately, changes in
PET only contribute to 12 % changes in runoff. the project, we show the ratio of the total amount of water to
be transferred (0.86 km3 yr−1) to the total available water. In
the current climate, about 20 % of the total available water is
allocated to the Water Highway based on the initial design. On average, following the RCP4.5 projection, it is expected
that only 40 % of the actual available water will be lost in the
future compared with the current climate. As a result, 33 %
of the available water will be allocated to the project if the
design remains the same as in the current climate. Based on the latest reports from the Moroccan High
Commission for Planning (http://www.hcp.ma/, last access:
5 March 2019), a 27 % increase in demography along with
an agricultural intensification, which has already lead to seri-
ously increase water consumption (Molle and Tanouti, 2017),
is expected. As a result, and assuming that current policies
extend into the future, water demand will increase by 25 %. Following Eq. N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco (1) and in order to fully evaluate changes
in runoff due to climate change, an assessment of changes in
PET is needed, as the changes in precipitation have already
been discussed in a previous section. Using the Penman–
Monteith equation and RCM results, we plot Fig. 10, where
we show changes in PET according to RCP4.5 and RCP8.5,
respectively. The watersheds of interest are shown using
black contours in the map. Following RCP4.5, PET is go-
ing to increase by 11 % on average, whereas the increase will
reach 22 % under RCP8.5. These results are summarized in
Table 8. Consequently, the project will probably turn the region
into a water-scarce area. Thus, based on this analysis, the
amount of water transferred should be rescaled in order to en-
sure that the project does not negatively impact the region. In
contrast, following RCP8.5, only 27 % of the actual quantity
of water is expected to be left in the region, meaning that the
total available water in the region would be 1.19 km3 yr−1. If
the project remains in its current form, 72 % (= 0.86
1.19) of the
total available water in the region will be transferred. Given
this result, the project becomes infeasible, as local precip-
itation would probably be unable to satisfy the local water
demand. Based on this analysis, we are able to say that future wa-
ter availability is very likely to decrease in the region. This
decrease is mainly explained by the two factors that are de-
scribed in Eq. (2): (1) precipitation, which is the main water
supplier in the region, will likely decrease significantly; and
(2) the increase in PET will lead to an increase in the loss of
available water by evapotranspiration due to the presence of
significant energy at the surface, which is described by the
increase in temperature in the simulations. 4.2.2
Using empirical formulas and RCMs As described in Sect. 3.3, we consider the effect of climate
change on runoff here. First ϵ and ϵPET are estimated us-
ing empirical formulas according to Table 4. Table 8 reports
the values of ϵ and the comparison with the corresponding
values from regression analysis, we remind the reader that
ϵPET = 1 −ϵ. These results are similar to previous conclu-
sions on sensitivity changes in runoff in arid and semiarid
areas (Sankarasubramanian and Vogel, 2003). Moreover, as
we compare the results of the data analysis with the empiri- As a result, we are able to quantify the future potential
changes in available water in the region, as reported in Ta-
ble 8. Following RCP4.5, the study area will likely lose 44 %
of its actual available water, meaning that the region will have
a supply of only 2.44 km3 yr−1. Therefore, assuming the cur-
rent scale of the project, 35 % of the total available water will
be transferred. Following RCP8.5, the region is very likely 4.2.1
Using data analysis In the
present case, a confidence range was added to the elasticity
value, as presented in Table 6. The uncertainty range is large
for Oued Laou due to the complex topography of this very
small watershed. Mjara and Loukkos have the same range of
uncertainty. These simulations results concur reasonably well with
those from other studies (Patricola and Cook, 2010; Droogers
et al., 2012; Marchane et al., 2017). For example, Tramblay
et al. (2018) adopted a multi-model simulation strategy us-
ing different RCMs with a high resolution (12 km) to assess
the climate change impact on water resources in the Maghreb
region. Simulations converge towards a decrease in precipi-
tation over Morocco; however, the amount of the decrease is
subject to a similar uncertainty as that demonstrated in our
simulations. The decrease in precipitation is generally mani-
fested by a decrease in rainy days and the intensity of precip-
itation (Tramblay et al., 2013). Nonetheless, the occurrence
of heavy rain events is identified as the main uncertainty (Fi-
lahi et al., 2017). Based on the calculation of the runoff elasticity coeffi-
cients and given the projected decrease in precipitation de-
scribed in the previous section, we are able to estimate the
potential total available water in the three watersheds in the
future. Table 7 summarizes the results. As a metric of the
vulnerability of water availability in the region impacted by Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco 1478 Table 7. A summary of the expected loss of water in the three watersheds, and how the project will affect water availability. We assume the
current project design of transferring 0.86 km3 yr−1. The available water refers to how much water is available in the whole study region. ( Project
Total ) is the ratio of the amount of water that will be allocated to the project, if the project remains in its current form, over the potential
total available water in the study region following each simulation. Based on the uncertainty range given by the regression in the estimation,
we could quantify the uncertainty in our results, as presented in the right-hand column. Table 7. A summary of the expected loss of water in the three watersheds, and how the project will affect water availability. We assume the
current project design of transferring 0.86 km3 yr−1. The available water refers to how much water is available in the whole study region. ( Project
Total ) is the ratio of the amount of water that will be allocated to the project, if the project remains in its current form, over the potential
total available water in the study region following each simulation. Based on the uncertainty range given by the regression in the estimation,
we could quantify the uncertainty in our results, as presented in the right-hand column. Oued
Mjara
Loukkos
Available
Project
Total
Range of
Laou
(km3 yr−1)
(km3 yr−1)
water
(%)
uncertainty
(km3 yr−1)
(km3 yr−1)
Present
0.4
3
1
4.4
20 %
MPI
RCP4.5
0.3
2.2
0.68
3.18
27 %
25 %–28 %
RCP8.5
0.19
1.4
0.44
2.33
42 %
35 %–50 %
GFDL
RCP4.5
0.22
1.4
0.5
2.12
40 %
31 %–40 %
RCP8.5
0.14
0.81
0.27
1.22
70 %
47 %–92 %
IPSL
RCP4.5
0.16
1.47
0.39
2.02
43 %
34 %–48 %
RCP8.5
0
0
0
0
–
–
CSM
RCP4.5
0.3
2.76
0.82
3.88
22%
20 %–22%
RCP8.5
0.16
1.23
0.39
1.78
48 %
38 %–59 %
ACCESS
RCP4.5
0.17
1.26
0.39
1.82
47 %
38 %–56 %
RCP8.5
0.07
0.42
0.12
0.62
139 %
70 %–140 %
Table 8. Summary of runoff sensitivity to precipitation and PET under climate change using the mean of the multi-model simulations and Table 8. N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco Summary of runoff sensitivity to precipitation and PET under climate change using the mean of the multi-model simulations and
the estimation of the future total available water in the region. Oued Laou
Mjara
Loukkos
RCP4.5
RCP8.5
RCP4.5
RCP8.5
RCP4.5
RCP8.5
β
0.8
0.6
0.6
1P
P
−25 %
−45 %
−22 %
−48 %
−26 %
−47 %
1E0
E0
11 %
22 %
11 %
25 %
10 %
21 %
ϵ 1P
P
−45 %
−81 %
−35 %
−77 %
−42 %
−75 %
ϵPET 1E0
E0
9 %
18 %
7 %
11 %
6 %
13 %
1Q
Q
−54 %
−99 %
−42 %
−92 %
−48 %
−88 %
Future available water (km3 yr−1)
0.18
0.04
1.74
0.24
0.52
0.12 to suffer water scarcity, as the supply will be dramatically
reduced. under RCP4.5, the decrease in runoff in the region ranges
from −40 % to −20 %, and from −60 % to −50 % under
RCP8.5. The main differences in our study come from the
fact that the hydrological modeling was performed on the
global scale. In this study, we were not able to perform hydrological
modeling due to the lack of data. In their report, RICCAR
(RICCAR, 2017) were able to assess the vulnerability of wa-
ter resources throughout the entire Arab region to climate
change. More specifically, they used RCM results to force
two hydrological models (VIC and HYPE) in order to assess
changes in runoff over the Arab region. Their conclusions
for the Moroccan highlands, where the sensitivity of runoff
to other parameters such as vegetation have been taken into
account, are similar to the findings of our research: all of the
coupled climate–hydrological model simulations agree that
the region is subject to a decrease in runoff due to a decrease
in precipitation and an increase in temperature. Moreover, www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco
1479 N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco 1479 Figure 10. Future changes in PET computed using the Penman–Monteith equation and RCMs following RCP4.5 (a) and RCP8.5 (b),
respectively. The three watersheds of interest are shown using contours. Figure 10. Future changes in PET computed using the Penman–Monteith equation and RCMs following RCP4.5 (a) and RCP8.5 (b),
respectively. The three watersheds of interest are shown using contours. Figure 11. Mapping of the vulnerability function of local water demand and supply following RCP4.5 (a) and RCP8.5 (b). The green region
is where the project is feasible, the yellow region is where it should be rescaled and the red region is where it is infeasible.The shadowed
regions represent the uncertainty levels. “D. A”refers to data analysis, and “E. E” refers to empirical equations. Figure 11. Mapping of the vulnerability function of local water demand and supply following RCP4.5 (a) and RCP8.5 (b). The green region
is where the project is feasible, the yellow region is where it should be rescaled and the red region is where it is infeasible.The shadowed
regions represent the uncertainty levels. “D. A”refers to data analysis, and “E. E” refers to empirical equations. therefore, water availability will also decrease. Following
RCP4.5, the results based on the estimation of runoff elas-
ticity from data analysis shows that the expected (average
from the different simulations) decrease in water availabil-
ity is 40 %, whereas the second study based on the empirical
equations shows that the decrease could reach 44 %. As the
uncertainty has also been quantified, the best-case scenario
given by Table 8 is achieved when the project takes only 20 %
of the total available water. In this case, the only limiting fac-
tor will be the local water demand. This is the primary reason
why the feasibility of such project should be examined in a
phased manner. Alternatively, the worst-case scenario shows
that the project could take 56 % of the available water from
the donor region. In this case, there is a clear necessity to
rescale the project. 4.2.3
The feasibility of the Water Highway project Based on the previous analysis, we are able to address the
problem of the viability of the Water Highway project. The
project aims to transfer 0.86 km3 yr−1 from the northern wa-
tersheds considered in this analysis (Oued Laou, Loukkos
and Mjara) to the southern regions. Numerical simulations
have proven that the donor watersheds are going to lose a
significant amount of precipitation due to global warming; Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco This means that if the project re-
mains in its current form with 4.4 km3 yr−1 of available wa-
ter, the water demand in the region should not exceed 45 %
(20 % + 45 % + 35 % = 100 %) of the present available wa-
ter. In contrast, if the future is driven by the business-as-usual
projection (RCP8.5), the project is unlikely to be feasible, as
the supply would definitely not be sufficient to satisfy local
demand. Little water is likely to flow in streams, as more than
90 % of the total actual available water will likely be lost. decrease is expected to be in the range between −70 % and
−34 %. In order to assess the water quantities that will be lost, we
used two different approaches: data analysis and sensitivity
analysis using empirical equations. In the first approach, we
computed the runoff elasticity coefficients based on field ob-
servations. Overall this analysis shows that a 10 % change
in precipitation will lead to a 16 % change in runoff. Com-
pared with the results of the expected decrease in precipi-
tation, the elasticity analysis indicates that runoff is going
to be even more sensitive to climate change. In the second
approach, we assessed the sensitivity of runoff to climate
change using different empirical relationships. The conclu-
sions are similar to previous results. We found that changes
in runoff are mainly driven by the decrease in precipitation. Furthermore, we estimated that the potential amount of loss
following RCP4.5 will result in runoff decreasing by 44 %;
however, under RCP8.5, a very little water is likely to flow in
rivers, as more than 90% of the total available water is likely
to be lost. Finally, we have developed a map of vulnerability given
each climate simulation and the future local water demand. This analysis helps to assess the viability of the project based
on assumed water demand in the donor watersheds. Un-
der RCP8.5, the project is likely unfeasible. However, under
RCP4.5, a rescaled version of this project may be feasible de-
pending on the level of local water demand that is assumed. Our results generally agree with the conclusions of Greve
et al. (2018), who discussed the issue on a global scale. 5
Conclusions The north–south water transfer project (Water Highway) in
Morocco aims to supply vulnerable regions in the south with
water. The project will benefit from the excess water in the
northern regions and will transfer 0.86 km3 yr−1 to the south. This water transfer will follow three phases, and it will in-
clude the building of two dams, several pumping stations
and 500 km of pipes from the northern region southward
to Al Massira Dam. The project will contribute to alleviat-
ing water stress in the south, especially supporting the sus-
tainability of agriculture. However, despite its great potential
positive impacts, the project is largely sensitive to the amount
of water that will be available in the future. Therefore, its
feasibility remains unclear given climate change, which is
going to affect precipitation over Morocco in general. Re-
gional climate models (RCMs) agree in predicting that the
future will bring less water; however, there is significant un-
certainty regarding the quantity of water that will be lost. There are several reasons behind this uncertainty in the sim-
ulation results; boundary conditions given by GCMs (global
circulation models) are main contributors to the uncertainty. Furthermore, the future simulations are also driven by dif-
ferent greenhouse gas emission scenarios, which lead to dif-
ferent climate projections. In the present study, we used two
projections: RCP4.5 (with mitigation) and RCP8.5 (business
as usual). Following each of the aforementioned scenarios,
the precipitation will decrease in the northern water basins. Following RCP4.5, the decrease is expected to be between
−33 % and −10 %. In comparison, following RCP8.5, the Based on this work, there are several questions that still
need to be addressed. First, given the large uncertainties in
the climate model simulation results and the climate scenar-
ios, further research is needed to assess the uncertainty. Sec-
ond, given the complex hydrological behavior of the water-
sheds, there is a need to perform hydrological modeling in
order to more accurately assess how climate change will af-
fect runoff. Finally, in order to address a global critical anal-
ysis of the feasibility of the project, the future local water
demand driven by the expected population growth and the
future water-demanding activities should be quantified. Data availability. The data used in this study were provided by
the ABH. N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco Given
the uncertainties introduced by climate change and reported
in this study, the water transfer project, as an example of wa-
ter resource planning, needs to be carried out carefully and
implemented in a phased manner. N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco Conversely, following RCP8.5, the first
analysis forecasts a 73 % loss, whereas the second shows that
the region would suffer from severe water scarcity with lit- tle water available in rivers. Furthermore, in the latter case
the uncertainty related to analysis is considerably large. In-
deed, the confidence level of the ratio of the expected water
allocation for this project to the total available water in the
region ranges from 35 % to 100 %. This is even more reason
to advocate phased implementation of the project. To make things worse, climate change is not the only lim-
iting factor in the region. The northern part of Morocco has
recently experienced an intensification in water-demanding
activities, such as agriculture. Therefore, the feasibility of
the project also depends on the amount of water allocated
to satisfy local demand. Figure 11 maps the regions where
the project could be feasible (green), where it needs to be
rescaled (yellow) and where it is infeasible (red), according
to an assumed level of water demand (computed on the basis
of the present available water) and the supply given by each
scenario and each method used to estimate water availabil- www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/24/1467/2020/ Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, 2020 N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco 1480 N. El Moçayd et al.: Climate change impacts on the “Water Highway” project in Morocco ity. While the vertical axis corresponds to the stress caused
by climate change, the horizontal axis shows how socioeco-
nomic activities will affect the feasibility of the project. The
horizontal line in the figure, corresponding to zero on the ver-
tical axis, represents the present state. Under the current cli-
mate, the design of the Water Highway project requires the
allocation of 20 % of the total available water ( 0.86
4.4 ). This
leaves 80 % of the available water to satisfy local water de-
mand. We also plot lines corresponding to the projected wa-
ter quantities that will be lost following RCP4.5 and RCP8.5,
respectively. Following the mitigation projection (RCP4.5),
the northern regions are going to lose 40 % (based on data
analysis study) and 44 % (based on the second analysis) of
the actual available water. This means that if the project re-
mains in its current form with 4.4 km3 yr−1 of available wa-
ter, the water demand in the region should not exceed 45 %
(20 % + 45 % + 35 % = 100 %) of the present available wa-
ter. In contrast, if the future is driven by the business-as-usual
projection (RCP8.5), the project is unlikely to be feasible, as
the supply would definitely not be sufficient to satisfy local
demand. Little water is likely to flow in streams, as more than
90 % of the total actual available water will likely be lost. ity. While the vertical axis corresponds to the stress caused
by climate change, the horizontal axis shows how socioeco-
nomic activities will affect the feasibility of the project. The
horizontal line in the figure, corresponding to zero on the ver-
tical axis, represents the present state. Under the current cli-
mate, the design of the Water Highway project requires the
allocation of 20 % of the total available water ( 0.86
4.4 ). This
leaves 80 % of the available water to satisfy local water de-
mand. We also plot lines corresponding to the projected wa-
ter quantities that will be lost following RCP4.5 and RCP8.5,
respectively. Following the mitigation projection (RCP4.5),
the northern regions are going to lose 40 % (based on data
analysis study) and 44 % (based on the second analysis) of
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| 13,515 |
https://github.com/TocuRazvan/GamePython/blob/master/tetris/venv/Lib/site-packages/pygame_menu/scrollarea.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
GamePython
|
TocuRazvan
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,860 | 5,995 |
# coding=utf-8
"""
pygame-menu
https://github.com/ppizarror/pygame-menu
SCROLLAREA
ScrollArea class to manage scrolling in menu.
License:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright 2017-2020 Pablo Pizarro R. @ppizarror
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
import pygame
import pygame_menu.baseimage as _baseimage
import pygame_menu.locals as _locals
from pygame_menu.utils import make_surface, assert_color, assert_position
from pygame_menu.widgets import ScrollBar
class ScrollArea(object):
"""
The ScrollArea class provides a scrolling view managing up to 4 scroll bars.
A scroll area is used to display the contents of a child surface (``world``).
If the surface exceeds the size of the drawing surface, the view provide
scroll bars so that the entire area of the child surface can be viewed.
:param area_width: Width of scrollable area (px)
:type area_width: int, float
:param area_height: Height of scrollable area (px)
:type area_height: int, float
:param area_color: Background color, it can be a color or an image
:type area_color: tuple, list, :py:class:`pygame_menu.baseimage.BaseImage`, None
:param extend_x: Px to extend the surface in yxaxis (px) from left
:type extend_x: int, float
:param extend_y: Px to extend the surface in y axis (px) from top
:type extend_y: int, float
:param scrollbar_color: Scrollbars color
:type scrollbar_color: tuple, list
:param scrollbar_slider_color: Color of the sliders
:type scrollbar_slider_color: tuple, list
:param scrollbar_slider_pad: Space between slider and scrollbars borders
:type scrollbar_slider_pad: int, float
:param scrollbar_thick: Scrollbars thickness
:type scrollbar_thick: int, float
:param scrollbars: Positions of the scrollbars
:type scrollbars: tuple, list
:param shadow: Indicate if a shadow is drawn on each scrollbar
:type shadow: bool
:param shadow_color: Color of the shadow
:type shadow_color: tuple, list
:param shadow_offset: Offset of shadow
:type shadow_offset: int, float
:param shadow_position: Position of shadow
:type shadow_position: str
:param world: Surface to draw and scroll
:type world: :py:class:`pygame.Surface`, None
"""
def __init__(self,
area_width,
area_height,
area_color=None,
extend_x=0,
extend_y=0,
scrollbar_color=(235, 235, 235),
scrollbar_slider_color=(200, 200, 200),
scrollbar_slider_pad=0,
scrollbar_thick=20,
scrollbars=(_locals.POSITION_SOUTH, _locals.POSITION_EAST),
shadow=False,
shadow_color=(0, 0, 0),
shadow_offset=2,
shadow_position=_locals.POSITION_SOUTHEAST,
world=None,
):
assert isinstance(area_width, (int, float))
assert isinstance(area_height, (int, float))
assert isinstance(scrollbar_slider_pad, (int, float))
assert isinstance(scrollbar_thick, (int, float))
assert isinstance(shadow, bool)
assert isinstance(shadow_offset, (int, float))
assert_color(scrollbar_color)
assert_color(scrollbar_slider_color)
assert_color(shadow_color)
assert_position(shadow_position)
assert area_width > 0 and area_height > 0, \
'area size must be greater than zero'
self._rect = pygame.Rect(0.0, 0.0, area_width, area_height)
self._world = world # type: pygame.Surface
self._scrollbars = []
self._scrollbar_positions = tuple(set(scrollbars)) # Ensure unique
self._scrollbar_thick = scrollbar_thick
self._bg_surface = None
self._extend_x = extend_x
self._extend_y = extend_y
if area_color:
self._bg_surface = make_surface(width=area_width + extend_x,
height=area_height + self._extend_y)
if isinstance(area_color, _baseimage.BaseImage):
area_color.draw(surface=self._bg_surface, area=self._bg_surface.get_rect())
else:
self._bg_surface.fill(area_color)
self._view_rect = self.get_view_rect()
for pos in self._scrollbar_positions: # type:str
assert_position(pos)
if pos == _locals.POSITION_EAST or pos == _locals.POSITION_WEST:
sbar = ScrollBar(self._view_rect.height, (0, max(1, self.get_hidden_height())),
orientation=_locals.ORIENTATION_VERTICAL,
slider_pad=scrollbar_slider_pad,
slider_color=scrollbar_slider_color,
page_ctrl_thick=scrollbar_thick,
page_ctrl_color=scrollbar_color,
onchange=self._on_vertical_scroll)
else:
sbar = ScrollBar(self._view_rect.width, (0, max(1, self.get_hidden_width())),
slider_pad=scrollbar_slider_pad,
slider_color=scrollbar_slider_color,
page_ctrl_thick=scrollbar_thick,
page_ctrl_color=scrollbar_color,
onchange=self._on_horizontal_scroll)
sbar.set_shadow(enabled=shadow,
color=shadow_color,
position=shadow_position,
offset=shadow_offset)
sbar.set_controls(joystick=False)
self._scrollbars.append(sbar)
self._apply_size_changes()
def _apply_size_changes(self):
"""
Apply size changes to scrollbar.
:return: None
"""
self._view_rect = self.get_view_rect()
for sbar in self._scrollbars:
pos = self._scrollbar_positions[self._scrollbars.index(sbar)]
if pos == _locals.POSITION_WEST:
sbar.set_position(self._view_rect.left - self._scrollbar_thick, self._view_rect.top)
elif pos == _locals.POSITION_EAST:
sbar.set_position(self._view_rect.right, self._view_rect.top)
elif pos == _locals.POSITION_NORTH:
sbar.set_position(self._view_rect.left, self._view_rect.top - self._scrollbar_thick)
else:
sbar.set_position(self._view_rect.left, self._view_rect.bottom)
if pos in (_locals.POSITION_NORTH, _locals.POSITION_SOUTH) \
and self.get_hidden_width() != sbar.get_maximum() \
and self.get_hidden_width() != 0:
sbar.set_length(self._view_rect.width)
sbar.set_maximum(self.get_hidden_width())
sbar.set_page_step(self._view_rect.width * self.get_hidden_width() /
(self._view_rect.width + self.get_hidden_width()))
elif pos in (_locals.POSITION_EAST, _locals.POSITION_WEST) \
and self.get_hidden_height() != sbar.get_maximum() \
and self.get_hidden_height() != 0:
sbar.set_length(self._view_rect.height)
sbar.set_maximum(self.get_hidden_height())
sbar.set_page_step(self._view_rect.height * self.get_hidden_height() /
(self._view_rect.height + self.get_hidden_height()))
def draw(self, surface):
"""
Called by end user to draw state to the surface.
:param surface: Surface to render the area
:type surface: :py:class:`pygame.Surface`
:return: None
"""
if not self._world:
return
if self._bg_surface:
surface.blit(self._bg_surface, (self._rect.x - self._extend_x, self._rect.y - self._extend_y))
offsets = self.get_offsets()
for sbar in self._scrollbars: # type: ScrollBar
if sbar.get_orientation() == _locals.ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL:
if self.get_hidden_width():
sbar.draw(surface) # Display scrollbar
else:
if self.get_hidden_height():
sbar.draw(surface) # Display scrollbar
surface.blit(self._world, self._view_rect.topleft, (offsets, self._view_rect.size))
def get_hidden_width(self):
"""
Return the total width out of the bounds of the the viewable area.
Zero is returned if the world width is lower than the viewable area.
:return: None
"""
if not self._world:
return 0
return max(0, self._world.get_width() - self._view_rect.width)
def get_hidden_height(self):
"""
Return the total height out of the bounds of the the viewable area.
Zero is returned if the world height is lower than the viewable area.
:return: None
"""
if not self._world:
return 0
return max(0, self._world.get_height() - self._view_rect.height)
def get_offsets(self):
"""
Return the offset introduced by the scrollbars in the world.
:return: None
"""
offsets = [0, 0]
for sbar in self._scrollbars: # type: ScrollBar
if sbar.get_orientation() == _locals.ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL:
if self.get_hidden_width():
offsets[0] = sbar.get_value()
else:
if self.get_hidden_height():
offsets[1] = sbar.get_value()
return offsets
def get_rect(self):
"""
Return the Rect object.
:return: Pygame.Rect object
:rtype: :py:class:`pygame.Rect`
"""
return self._rect.copy()
def get_scrollbar_thickness(self, orientation):
"""
Return the scroll thickness of the area. If it's hidden return zero.
:param orientation: Orientation of the scroll
:type orientation: str
:return: Thickness in px
:rtype: int
"""
if orientation == _locals.ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL:
return self._rect.height - self._view_rect.height
elif orientation == _locals.ORIENTATION_VERTICAL:
return self._rect.width - self._view_rect.width
return 0
def get_view_rect(self):
"""
Subtract width of scrollbars from area with the given size and return
the viewable area.
The viewable area depends on the world size, because scroll bars may
or may not be displayed.
:return: None
"""
rect = pygame.Rect(self._rect)
# No scrollbar: area is large enough to display world
if not self._world or (self._world.get_width() <= self._rect.width
and self._world.get_height() <= self._rect.height):
return rect
# All scrollbars: the world is too large
if self._world.get_height() > self._rect.height \
and self._world.get_width() > self._rect.width:
if _locals.POSITION_WEST in self._scrollbar_positions:
rect.left += self._scrollbar_thick
rect.width -= self._scrollbar_thick
if _locals.POSITION_EAST in self._scrollbar_positions:
rect.width -= self._scrollbar_thick
if _locals.POSITION_NORTH in self._scrollbar_positions:
rect.top += self._scrollbar_thick
rect.height -= self._scrollbar_thick
if _locals.POSITION_SOUTH in self._scrollbar_positions:
rect.height -= self._scrollbar_thick
return rect
# Calculate the maximum variations introduces by the scrollbars
bars_total_width = 0
bars_total_height = 0
if _locals.POSITION_NORTH in self._scrollbar_positions:
bars_total_height += self._scrollbar_thick
if _locals.POSITION_SOUTH in self._scrollbar_positions:
bars_total_height += self._scrollbar_thick
if _locals.POSITION_WEST in self._scrollbar_positions:
bars_total_width += self._scrollbar_thick
if _locals.POSITION_EAST in self._scrollbar_positions:
bars_total_width += self._scrollbar_thick
if self._world.get_height() > self._rect.height:
if _locals.POSITION_WEST in self._scrollbar_positions:
rect.left += self._scrollbar_thick
rect.width -= self._scrollbar_thick
if _locals.POSITION_EAST in self._scrollbar_positions:
rect.width -= self._scrollbar_thick
if self._world.get_width() > self._rect.width - bars_total_width:
if _locals.POSITION_NORTH in self._scrollbar_positions:
rect.top += self._scrollbar_thick
rect.height -= self._scrollbar_thick
if _locals.POSITION_SOUTH in self._scrollbar_positions:
rect.height -= self._scrollbar_thick
if self._world.get_width() > self._rect.width:
if _locals.POSITION_NORTH in self._scrollbar_positions:
rect.top += self._scrollbar_thick
rect.height -= self._scrollbar_thick
if _locals.POSITION_SOUTH in self._scrollbar_positions:
rect.height -= self._scrollbar_thick
if self._world.get_height() > self._rect.height - bars_total_height:
if _locals.POSITION_WEST in self._scrollbar_positions:
rect.left += self._scrollbar_thick
rect.width -= self._scrollbar_thick
if _locals.POSITION_EAST in self._scrollbar_positions:
rect.width -= self._scrollbar_thick
return rect
def get_world_size(self):
"""
Return world size.
:return: width, height in pixels
:rtype: tuple
"""
if self._world is None:
return 0, 0
return self._world.get_width(), self._world.get_height()
def _on_horizontal_scroll(self, value):
"""
Call when a horizontal scroll bar as changed to update the
position of the opposite one if it exists.
:param value: New position of the slider
:type value: float
:return: None
"""
for sbar in self._scrollbars: # type: ScrollBar
if sbar.get_orientation() == _locals.ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL \
and self.get_hidden_width() != 0 \
and sbar.get_value() != value:
sbar.set_value(value)
def _on_vertical_scroll(self, value):
"""
Call when a vertical scroll bar as changed to update the
position of the opposite one if it exists.
:param value: New position of the slider
:type value: float
:return: None
"""
for sbar in self._scrollbars: # type: ScrollBar
if sbar.get_orientation() == _locals.ORIENTATION_VERTICAL \
and self.get_hidden_height() != 0 \
and sbar.get_value() != value:
sbar.set_value(value)
def scroll_to_rect(self, rect, margin=10.0):
"""
Ensure that the given rect is in the viewable area.
:param rect: Rect in the world surface reference
:type rect: :py:class:`pygame.Rect`
:param margin: Extra margin around the rect
:type margin: int, float
:return: None
"""
assert isinstance(margin, (int, float))
real_rect = self.to_real_position(rect)
if self._view_rect.topleft[0] < real_rect.topleft[0] \
and self._view_rect.topleft[1] < real_rect.topleft[1] \
and self._view_rect.bottomright[0] > real_rect.bottomright[0] \
and self._view_rect.bottomright[1] > real_rect.bottomright[1]:
return # rect is in viewable area
for sbar in self._scrollbars: # type: ScrollBar
if sbar.get_orientation() == _locals.ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL and self.get_hidden_width():
shortest_move = min(real_rect.left - margin - self._view_rect.left,
real_rect.right + margin - self._view_rect.right, key=abs)
value = min(sbar.get_maximum(), sbar.get_value() + shortest_move)
value = max(sbar.get_minimum(), value)
sbar.set_value(value)
if sbar.get_orientation() == _locals.ORIENTATION_VERTICAL and self.get_hidden_height():
shortest_move = min(real_rect.bottom + margin - self._view_rect.bottom,
real_rect.top - margin - self._view_rect.top, key=abs)
value = min(sbar.get_maximum(), sbar.get_value() + shortest_move)
value = max(sbar.get_minimum(), value)
sbar.set_value(value)
def set_position(self, posx, posy):
"""
Set the position.
:param posx: X position
:type posx: int, float
:param posy: Y position
:type posy: int, float
:return: None
"""
self._rect.x = posx
self._rect.y = posy
self._apply_size_changes()
def set_world(self, surface):
"""
Update the scrolled surface.
:param surface: New world surface
:type surface: :py:class:`pygame.Surface`
:return: None
"""
self._world = surface
self._apply_size_changes()
def to_real_position(self, virtual, visible=False):
"""
Return the real position/Rect according to the scroll area origin
of a position/Rect in the world surface reference.
:param virtual: Position/Rect in the world surface reference
:type virtual: :py:class:`pygame.Rect`, tuple, list
:param visible: If a rect is given, return only the visible width/height
:type visible: bool
:return: real rect or real position
:rtype: :py:class:`pygame.Rect`, tuple
"""
assert isinstance(virtual, (pygame.Rect, tuple, list))
offsets = self.get_offsets()
if isinstance(virtual, pygame.Rect):
rect = pygame.Rect(virtual)
rect.x = self._rect.x + virtual.x - offsets[0]
rect.y = self._rect.y + virtual.y - offsets[1]
if visible:
return self._view_rect.clip(rect) # Visible width and height
return rect
x_coord = self._rect.x + virtual[0] - offsets[0]
y_coord = self._rect.y + virtual[1] - offsets[1]
return x_coord, y_coord
def to_world_position(self, real):
"""
Return the position/Rect in the world surface reference
of a real position/Rect according to the scroll area origin.
:param real: Position/Rect according scroll area origin
:type real: :py:class:`pygame.Rect`, tuple, list
:return: rect in world or position in world
:rtype: :py:class:`pygame.Rect`, tuple
"""
assert isinstance(real, (pygame.Rect, tuple, list))
offsets = self.get_offsets()
if isinstance(real, pygame.Rect):
rect = pygame.Rect(real)
rect.x = real.x - self._rect.x + offsets[0]
rect.y = real.y - self._rect.y + offsets[1]
return rect
x_coord = real[0] - self._rect.x + offsets[0]
y_coord = real[1] - self._rect.y + offsets[1]
return x_coord, y_coord
def is_scrolling(self):
"""
Returns true if the user is scrolling.
:return: True if user scrolls
:rtype: bool
"""
scroll = False
for sbar in self._scrollbars: # type: ScrollBar
scroll = scroll or sbar.scrolling
return scroll
def update(self, events):
"""
Called by end user to update scroll state.
:param events: List of pygame events
:type events: list
:return: True if updated
:rtype: bool
"""
updated = [0, 0]
for sbar in self._scrollbars: # type: ScrollBar
if sbar.get_orientation() == _locals.ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL and not updated[0]:
updated[0] = sbar.update(events)
elif sbar.get_orientation() == _locals.ORIENTATION_VERTICAL and not updated[1]:
updated[1] = sbar.update(events)
return updated[0] or updated[1]
| 6,193 |
bpt6k627236j_1
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Le Petit Parisien : journal quotidien du soir
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,584 | 11,550 |
Les grandes enquêtes du Petit Parisien lllllllllllllirillllMllllllllllIlllUlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMIIIIIII IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll LA SITUATION POLITIQUE INTERNATIONALE Jamaia peut-être la aituation internationale n'a été, tous les pointa de vue, plua confuse et plus délicate. Le monde entier semble travaillé par des forces obscures et c'est ci qui se demandera ce qui se dégagera du trouble universel. Après les horreurs de la guerre, tes peuples paient celles de l'après-guerre. Le fait est tellement évident qu'il n'est pas un gouvernement, qu'il n'est pas un homme d'Etat, qu'il n'est pas un aimple homme politique qui ne se préoccupe d'y porter reméde. Mais quels remèdes 1 De nouveau, de grandes conférences sont annoncées, Jaisant suite aux réunions d'experts de Bâle et de Berlin à Lausanne, dana une douzaine de jours, c'est le problème des réparations et des dettes d'Etat d Etat qui, une nouvelle fois, se trouvera posé. Quelques jours après, ce sera la conférence de Genève, dont l'objet est de limiter les armements. Et nous ne parlons que pour mémoire des négociations continuelles qui se poursuivent de chancellerie à chancellerie sur toutes ks queations à l'ordre du jour des inquiétudes publiques. A la veille de ces assemblées, nous li avons pensé que le Petit Parisien se t devait de mettre sous les yeux de ses q lecteurs les opinions diverses et quelquefois contradictoires entre a lesquelles se partagent ks partis en France. d Nous avotta demandé un certains a nombre de personnalités représentatir ves de groupes différents d'exprimer t L'OPINION DE M. HERRIOT Pour celui qui veut, au début de l'année 1932, examiner d'ensemble la situation internationale, il ne saurait y avoir de base meilleure que le récent rapport des experts de Bâle. Comme l'indiquait récemment M. Lucien Romier, ce document ne traduit pas tel ou tel parti pris national; il est l'œuvre d'hommes renseignés, de bonne foi, qui ont tenté d'exercer un arbitrage et non de favoriser telle ou telle revendication. Au cœur de cette étude, comme au centre des affaires européennes, se place le problème allemand celui qui a suivi les calculs ou les raisonnements des experts apprécie à la foi les difficultés présentes de l'Allemagne, provoquées par une sorte de crise de croissance, ainsi que les remarquables éléments de prospérité future inclus dans ses actuels embarras. J'ai peur, pour le dire dès maintenant, que la condition de la France ne soit précisément inverse d'une situation ainsi définie. Par malheur, il en va tout autrement. S'il faut en croire des journaux .comme la Vossische Zeitung ou la Frankfurter Zeitung, l'Allemagne ne veut venir à la conférence de Lausanne que pour y réclamer l'abolition des réparations. C'est bien, d'ailleurs, le sens des récentes déclarations du président Hindenburg sur les prestations impossibles. Quand on discute une pareille chose, l'Allemagne s'irrite avec certaines complicités extérieures, au reste, elle traite de nationalistes ou même de supernationalistes ceux qui restent fidèles à la vieille morale des contrats. Mais, comme l'a observé avec courage M. George Bernhard M. Edouard Herriot librement teura vues sur tea circonstances actuelles et sur les solutions ju'elles peuvent entrevoir. On trouvera ci-dessous l'important irticle que le elaej du parti radical, If. Edouard Herriot, maire et député le Lyon, ancien président du Conseil, ancien ministre des Affaires étrangères, a bien vaulu écrire pour les lecteurs du Petit Parisien. dans la Gazette de huit heures, le plan Young n'a rien d'un dictat. L'Allemagne l'a signé librement. Faut-il maintenant étendre la thèse de la revision à des contrats que les parties ont acceptés sous la caution de leur honneur ? Ou descendronsnous dans l'anarchie, dans la répudiation des signatures et des paroles, dans le matérialisme cynique ? Il y a tel journal, où s'exprime la pensée des industriels rhénans, qui se réjouit en chiffrant les désillusions successives infligées à la 'France pour avoir cru à l'engagement de ses partenaires. Il y a vraiment là de quoi rire Ce sont les principes traditionnels essentiels de notre civilisation, de notre droit qui sont mis en cause. Et l'on se trompe si l'on croit arrêter cette faillite du droit public à la limite du droit privé. A la date du 3 janvier, on ne prévoyait pas que l'administration de Washington se fît représenter soit officiellement, soit officieusement aux réunions de Lausanne. L'attitude intransigeante du Congrès américain permet de s'expliquer cette abstention. Mais comment pourrait-on croire plus longtemps à l'ordre international si les pays qui ne recevraient plus des paiements de l'Allemagne étaient tenus de continuer leurs versements à l'Amérique ? De quelle façon l'opinion française supporterait-elle une si flagrante contradiction ? Ceux qui ont refusé d'approuver l'accord sur les dettes auraient devant elle beau jeu. Même, un journal anglais, le Daily Express, rappelle avec malice ce fait que certains Etats comme l'Alabama et les deux Carolines ont répudié leur dette extérieure. Nous ne pouvons pas croire que la décision des Etats-Unis soit définitive. Entre les pays e u r o p é e n s créanciers de l'Allemagne, l'entente préliminaire s'établira-t-elle ? Il semble que le gouvernement britannique désire voir accorder à l'Allemagne une prolongation du moratoire aussi étendue que possible et une atténuation importante de la dette. La France ne peut que défendre la thèse d'une interruption réduite pour la durée du moratoire et du maintien sous une forme à déterminer on semble avoir' pensé à des livraisons en nature de la part inconditionnelle. La Cité de Londres, préoccupée du sort des effets de commerce internationaux, ne semble pas se placer au même point de vue que Paris; les Français ne peuvent pas oublier que la conférence de la Haye et le plan Young datent à peine de deux ans et que les engagements transmis avec solennité par nos ministres n'ont même pas reçu un commencement d'exécution. On ne pourra pas, d'ailleurs, se dispenser de consulter la Belgique dont les intérêts sont semblables à ceux de la France dt qui même, à certains égards, est plus gravement menacée par certaines clauses particulières de l'accord de 1925. On doit croire que, malgré certaines divergences de vues, un accord interviendra entre la GrandeBretagne, la Belgique et la France sur un programme limité et pour une action commune. L'Allemagne pourrait ainsi relever sa situation commerciale en prenant des arrangements avec les banques étrangères pour le remboursement graduel des crédits gelés ». La difficulté serait, une fois de plus, reportée sur les gouvernements successeurs. sur ceux qui auraient à réclamer la reprise des paiements, à la fin du nouveau moratoire. Edouard Herriot. (La suite d la deuxième page.) M. Pierre Laval songerait à remettre au chef de l'Etat la démission collective du cabinet ET IL S'EFFOACERAIT BE REALISER UN MINISTERE BE LARGE UNION Une crise ministérielle va s'ouvrir. Mercredi prochain, au plus 'tard, M. Pierre Laval remettra entre les mains du Président de la République la démission collective du cabinet. Le fait ne manquera pas de surprendre l'opinion publique, qui ne voit, actuellement, qu'une chose, c'est que j le ministère constitué il y a environ un an le 27 janvier 1931 exactement a toujours été soutenu par la majorité de la Chambre actuelle, laquelle a donné à M. Pierre Laval des votes toujours favorables, avec une avance oscillant entre 50 et 70 voix, chaque fois que la question de confiance a été posée par lui et que cette majorité, nullement entamée, est plus que jamais décidée à le soutenir. Mais quand l'opinion publique qui 1 dans les périodes sérieuses juge toujours sainement, connaîtra les motifs nous les indiquons plus loin qui ont conduit le chef du gouvernement à prendre cette détermination, elle ne manquera pas, à coup sûr, d'approuver son geste, puisque celuici n'aura été fait, rompant avec toutes les traditions, que dans l'intérêt supérieur du pays. 000 La disparition de M. André Maginot, dont l'œuvre nationale accomplie par lui au ministère de la Guerre a été rappelée ici-même et à laquelle tous les membres du Parlement, à quelque parti qu'ils appartiennent, rendent un hommage éclatant, constitue un événement politique important, surtout qu'elle se produit quelques semaines avant l'ouverture de la conférence de limitation des armements. Le chef du gouvernement se trouve donc sans ministre de la Guerre à la veille de négociations pour lesquelles s'était spécialement préparé M. Maginot. Il peut se trouver privé également du concours de M. Aristide Briand. dont l'état de santé demande des ménagements et un repos qu'il n'a pu s'offrir durant sept années de labeur ininterrompu. A plusieurs reprises. M. Aristide Briand a mis son portefeuille à la disposition du président du Conseil, mais, chaque fois, M. Pierre Laval a fait observer à l'éminent homme d'Etat qu'il n'avait aucune raison d'abandonner sa collaboration à une œuvre que les Chambres avaient, sans arrêt, approuvée. Ces derniers jours encore, le ministre des Affairjgs étrangères a exprimé au chef du gouvernement sa crainte qu'il ne pût supporter la fatigue de travaux de conférences successives. M. Pierre Laval, douloureusement ému, a été obligé de s'incliner devant l'inévitable, mais 11 n'a pas manqué de déclarer à M. Aristide Briand, dont les immenses services rendus au pays et dont la situation dans le monde est unique, qu'il lui demanderait, sous une forme à déterminer ultérieurement, de lui continuer les conseils que son expérience et sa connaissance des grands problèmes internationaux rendent précieux et nécessaires. 000 Dans ces conditions, il vient tout naturellement à l'esprit, que deux hypothèses s'offrent à M. Laval. Et ce sont ces deux hypothèses qui étaient envisagées et vivement commentées hier dans les milieux politiques remaniement ou démission collective. Remaniement ? Ce serait la tradition. En effet, M. Pierre Laval a une situation parlementaire forte. Le jour de la clôture de la session, un dernier vote de confiance a été émis le cabinet, soutenu par les groupes dont il est l'émanation, a obtenu 62 voix de majorité. Il suffirait alors au président du Conseil de désigner les successeurs de MM. Briand et Maginot, en plein accord avec les ministres et les groupes de la majorité. Le jour de la rentrée, 12 janvier, date LES OBSÈQUES DU GÉNÉRAL PAU ONT ÉTÉ CÉLÉBRÉES AUX INVALIDES En haut devant les Invalides pendant le défilé des troupes. En bas MM. Noël, Blalsot, Champetier de Ribes et Dumeanll & droite le porte-fanion et les décorations du déf nnt (Votr à la quatrième pag*.y fixée par la Constitution pour l'ouverture de la session ordinaire du Parlement, le cabinet, au complet, se présenterait devant les Chambres. Mais les circonstances sont exceptionnelles. Nous sommes à la veille de conférences dont l'importance n'échappe à personne. Pourquoi ne pas rompre avec la tradition ? Alors la démission collective du cabinet. C'est l'hypothèse qui sourirait le plus au chef du gouvernement. Et pourquoi ? C'est, à coup sûr, l'intérêt de la France que, à la veille des pourparlers de Lausanne et de Genève, le ministère se constitue sur des bases plus larges. Si le nouveau cabinet s'appuyait non seulement sur les groupes de la majorité actuelle, mais sur une majorité de très large union, réunissant les représentants de tous les partis qui. dans le passé, ont assumé la charge du pouvoir, son autorité s'en trouverait accrue. M. Pierre Laval ne nous a fait aucune confidence. Mais quand on sait comment il a défendu les intérêts du pays depuis un an qu'il est au pouvoir, on est amené à penser qu'il serait heureux de faire cette large union et de réussir, dans l'intérêt national, l'opération qui a pu se faire dans d'autres pays et à laquelle il avait pensé en 1930 et qu'il ne put mener alors et malgré tous ses efforts à bonne fin. Aujourd'hui, la situation n'est plus la même qu'il y a treize mois. Nombreux sont ceux qui, au Parlement, estiment qu'en constituant un ministère sur les bases que nous venons d'indiquer, le président du Conseil servirait utilement le pays. La solution à laquelle songerait, m'a-t-on assuré dans les milieux généralement bien informés, le président du Conseil, serait, pour un grand nombre de parlementaires, particulièrement avantageuse. La collaboration de ceux qui sont restés volontairement en dehors de la combinaison actuelle apporterait c'est l'affirmation que j'ai recueillie au ministère, et par conséquent au pays, une force certaine et opportune à l'heure où tous les esprits avertis sont préoccupés de la situation de l'Europe et de la crise économique. Mais ce n'est pas avant la semaine prochaine, c'est-à-dire avant que le cabinet ait démissionné, que nous serons fixés sur les possibilités de la formation d'un cabinet s'appuyant sur une. majorité aussi élargie que possible. Charles MORICE. Le cambrioleur Roche plastronne devant le jury LA PRESIDENCE DU REICH HITLER YIENT D'AYOIR UN LONG ENTRETIEN AVEC 1LJRUNIM Le général Grœner et le chancelier ont demandé au chef des nationaux socialistes de ne pas s'opposer au maintien provi.soire au pouvoir du président von Hindenburg Hitler a réservé sa réponse jusqu'à ce soir ou, au plus tard, samedi matin Berlin, 7 janvier (dép. P. Parisien.) M. Hitler, le grand chef des nationaux socialistes, a été reçu cet aprèsmidi par le chancelier Brllning pendant une heure et demie. C'est la grande nouvelle de la journée. Mardi, le Dr Brüning avait eu un entretien avec le président von Hindenburg, entretien qui, probablement, était consacré à la question de l'élection présidentielle. A l'issue de cet entretien, le général Grœner, ministre de l'Intérieur, envoya une dépêche à Hitler l'invitant à venir à Berlin. Mercredi matin, Hitler débarqua dans la capitale sans préparatifs. Un journal de gauche qui publia la nouvelle de la présence de Hitler à Berlin fut immédiatement traité de menteur par l'organe socialiste local. Hitler fut reçu dès hier soir par le général Grœner et, cet après-midi, il a fait sa première visite au chancelier Bruning. Le général Grœner assistait à cet entretien. Hitler ne s'est pas engagé. Il a. paralt-il, déclaré qu'il ne saurait se prononcer dans la question de l'élection présidentiel!»,, axant d'avoir examiné la situation avec les autres partis et groupes de l'opposition nationale. Il a, immédiatement après avoir quitté la chancellerie, fait convoquer une conférence à laquelle assisteraient plusieurs des leaders de son propre parti, M. Hugenberg et différents autres membres influents du parti nationaliste allemand, le grand chef des Casques d'acier » et quelques autres personnalités connues de la droite. Cette conférence aura probablement lieu demain matin. Demain soir ou, au plus tard, samedi matin, Hitler se présentera de nouveau au chancelier Brüning pour lui donner sa réponse. On espère, dans les milieux de la droite, que Hitler et M. Hugenberg profiteront de l'occasion pour essayer de rafistoler l'opposition nationale qui fut proclamée, il y a quelques mois, dans une grande manifestation qui fut tenue à Harzbourg, mais qui, aujourd'hui, n'existe que sur le papier. Le but que poursuit le chancelier Brüning est clair. Comme tous les éléments modérés de la politique allemande, il espère pouvoir obtenir la prolongation du mandat du président von Hindenburg, mandat qui expire au mois de mai prochain. Une prolongation du mandat n'est possible que si le Reichstag accepte, avec une majorité des deux tiers des voix de tous les députés, un projet de loi prévoyant une pareille prolongation et si, évidemment, le président von Hindenburg se déclare disposé à rester en fonctions malgré ses quatre-vingtquatre ans. Il ne saurait être question de proroger le mandat du président actuel pour une durée de sept ans vu son Age avancé. On veut éviter uniquement, en ce moment, une lutte électorale riche en incidents pour pouvoir se consacrer spécialement à la politique étrangère. Et l'élection présidentielle devrait donc seulement être remise jusqu'à ce que le problème des réparations ait obtenu une solution. ♦ LE CONFLIT SINO-JAPONAIS Washington adresse des représentations à Tokio New-York, 7 janvier. SI Nom COSRBSPONDANT PARTICULE» Suivant l'Assodated Press, les EtatsUnis ont décidé d'invoquer le tratté dit des neuf Puissances sur le Pacifique, stipulant l'intégrité territoriale et administrative de la Chine et de se baaer sur lui pour adresser de nouvelles représentations au Japon sur la Afondchourie. P. D. PROTESTATION BRITANNIQUE Londres, 7 janvier (d, Petit Parisien.) Suivant un message British United Press de Tokio, sir Francis Lindsay, ambassadeur britannique au Japon, a rendu visite aujourd'hui à M. Nagai, faisant fonctions de ministre des Affaires étrangères, et a protesté auprès de lui contre la prise de possession par les autorités militaires japonaises des fonds du chemin de fer PékinMoukden qui, a déclaré l'ambassadeur, sont partiellement britanniques. M. Nagai a donné à sir Francis Lindsay l'assurance que les fonds mis sous séquestre seraient rendus à leur destination aussitôt que possible, ajoutant que cette précaution avait été prise parce que le commandement militaire japonais craignait que l'argent en question ne tombât entre les mains du maréchal Tchang Hsue Liang, exgouverneur de la Mandchourie. La mort de M. André Maginot Des obsèques nationales seront faites au ministre de la Guerre. Elles auront lieu dimanche. L'inhumation se fera le lendemain à Revigny (Meuse) Le Président de la République et de nombreuses personnalités sont venus s'incliner devant la dépouille mortelle AU MIN1STKHK DE LA tiVEBBB. Kn haut MM. Doumcr, Lavai et Calhala, t lundm, liumesnil. AtPdessous le général Oebeney et le maréchal Pétain; le général Weygand; le maréchal Franchet d'Esperey le général Un Bois et le culonel Deprvtorino. Le prince Léopold est à Paris avec la princesse Astrid Le prince Léopold de Bel;(que et la princesse Astrid, venant de Bruxelles, sont arrivés, hier, à 12 h. 30, à Paris. Ils ont été salués, à leur descente du train, sur le quai de la gare du Nord, par M. de Gaiffier d'Hestroy, ambassadeur de Belgique, qu'entouraient le personnel de l'ambassade et plusieurs personnalités de la colonie belge à Paris. Avant la conférence de Laatanne M. P.-E. Flandin a entretenu, hier matin, le conseil des ministres de la préparation de la conférence de Lausanne sur les réparations. LE CONSEIL SUPERIEUR DE L'AIR M. J.-L. Dumesnil a soumis à la signature du Président de la République un décret maintenant en fonction, pour l'année 1932, les membres du conseil supérieur de l'Air. UN COMPLOT MILITAIRE EN ESPAGNE ? Madrid, 7 janvier (dép. P. Parisien.) On communique de Valence que trois officiers du régiment de cavalerie qui préparaient un document contre la République et recueillaient des signatures ont été arrêtés. Il s'agirait, parait-il, d'un nouveau complot. Les obsèques des victimes d'Arnedo ont eu lieu aujourd'hui sans incident. Le nombre des morts s'élève à 15. Une délégation de vingt députés socialistes assistait à la cérémonie. Le nouvel ambaaadew d'Espagne est arrivé à Paris Sur le quai de la gare d'Orsay M. de Fouquièreg reçoit M. de Madariaga (à droite) C'est la cour d'assises de l'Hérault qui jugera les bandits corses Montpellier, 7 janvier (d2p. P. Paris.) Le parquet général de Montpellier vient d'être informé que la cour d'assises de l'Hérault serait appelée à juger les bandits corses. C'est à la demande du procureur général de Bastia que cette décision a été prise, afin d'assurer une meilleure répression des crimes commis dans le maquis. Prochainement, Dominique Santoni, ancien lieutenant de Bartoli, et ses complices Jean-Baptiste Gabrielli et JeanFrançois Fratini seront conduits à la maison d'arrêt de Montpellier. Toui trois comparaîtront devant la cour d'assises à la session d'avril. Ils auront à répondre de l'assassinat de M. Pedinelli en 1931 à Portlgliolo, puis Santoni sera conduit à Lyon pour répondre devant la cour d'assises du Rhône d'autres méfaits. Dès la première heure, hier matin, la foule, qui avait appris la mort du ministre de la Guerre, stationnait ru« Le sergent Maginot Saint-Dominique, devant la porte pria-* cipale du ministère. Durant toute' la journée, elle demeura ainsi contenue sur le trottoir par des agents et des gardes républicains. Elle assista au défilé des personnalités qui, tant le matin que l'après-midi, vinrent au ministère pour s'inscrire sur l'un des trois registres déposés dans les antichambres. La chapelle ardente Le corps, qui avait été ramené de la clinique de la rue Boileau dans les conditions que nous avons relatées, fut aussitôt transporté dans la chambre que le ministre occupait au premier étage de l'hôtel. On l'étendit sur un canapé. Puis on le vêtit. On épingla sur la sévère redingote noire les décorations croix de la Légion d'honneur, médaille militaire, croix de guerre, que le ministre avait glorieusement gagnées sur le champ de bataille. Le corps fut aussitôt veillé par la mère du ministre, par sa soeur, par sa fille, par le général Requin, chef de son cabinet militaire. Le visage du ministre apparalt très amaigri. Sur ses mains croisées, la mère du défunt a placé un cruciflx. La chambre n'a reçu aucuii amenagement spécial. On a simplement allumé quelques lampes du lustre central qui brillent faiblement. La famille du ministre s'étant retirée, le capitaine Herviot, officier d'ordonnance, et l'adjudant Alavoine, porte-fanion du ministre, veillent le corps, auprès duquel se tiennent quatre religieuses, et introduisent dans la chambre ceux qui désirent le voir. L'hommage du conseil dei ministres Les ministres se sont réunis en conseil hier, de 10 heures à 12 h. 15, à l'Elysée, sous la présidence de M. Doumer. 'A l'ouverture de la séance, le président du Conseil a rendu à la mémoire de M. André Maginot un hommage ému, auquel s'est associé le Président de ia République. Le conseil a décidé qu'il serait fait à M. André Maginot des obsèques nationales, dont la date sera fixée ultérieurement. En signe de deuil. la séance du conseil supérieur de la défense nationale qui était fixée à hier après-midi a été renvoyée à aujourd'hui. L'exposition publique du corps C'est ce matin à 8 heures que le corps du ministre de la Guerre doit être embaumé. Aussitôt après il sera descendu dans un salon du rez-dechaussée le salon gris, selon toute vraisemblance, qui est celui où furent exposés les corps de deux ministres de la Guerre morts dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions: le général Brun et M. Berteaux et placé sur un catafalque. Le public sera admis à défiler devant la dépouille mortelle, de 12 heures à 19 heures, dans la journée d'aujourd'hui vendredi, et de 8 heures à 19 heures demain samedi. La garde du corps qui, jusqu'à 8 heures du matin, doit être assurée par quatre religieuses sera confiée à partir du moment où il sera exposé dans la salle du rez-dechaussée à deux officiers du cabinet et des services et à deux fonctionnaires civils du Ministère. Les officiers seront en grande tenue; les fonctionnaires en habit. Ils seront relevés toutes les heures. Le public qui voudra saluer la dépouille mortelle pénétrera par le 14 de la rue Saint-Dominique et sortira par le 79 de la rue de l'Université. Les obsèques Le programme des obsèques n'est pas encore arrêté. Cependant, nous croyons pouvoir assurer qu'elles seront Le prince héritier d'Ethlopie sortant du ministère de la Guerre célébrées dimanche matin aux Invalides et la cérémonie religieuse il. la chapelle Saint-Louis. Pour se rendre de la rue SaintDominique, le cortège funèbre passera devant le ministère de la Guerre, boulevard Saint-Germain, et devant la Chambre des députés, quai d'Orsay. Le président du Conseil prononcera un discours. Il y aura défilé des troupes sur l'esplanade. L'inhumation aura lieu lundi à Revigny (Meuse). Le deuil dans l'armée M. Charles Dumont, ministre de la Guerre par intérim, a, hier matin, dès la première heure, adressé aux généraux gouverneurs militaires de Paris, Metz, Lyon et Strasbourg, aux généraux commandant les régions Paris, 1" à 7. à 15. à 2a, aux généraux commandants supérieurs des troupes du Maroc, du Levant, de Tunisie et des troupes coloniales dans la métropole, le télégramme suivant Le miniatre de la Marine, ministre de la Guerre par intérim, a la douleur de faire part à l'Armée de la mort de M. André Maginot, ministre de la tiuerre, qui vient d'être 6nievé par une courte maladie, après avoir, jusqu'à la dernière minute, conaaeré à l'armée et au pays toutes ses forces et toutea ses pensées. Un deuxième télégramme aux mêmes destinataires a été lancé par M. Ch. Dumont. En voici le texte Deuil militaire sera pris dans conditions article 144 du service de place. Drapeaux des établissements militaires aeront mis en barne jusqu'au jour des Obsèques inclusivement. Les visites an ministère Tous les, officiers du cabinet du ministre se trouvaient dès hier matin en grande tenue. Ils se tenaient dans la cour du ministère et dans les couloirs pour accueillir les personnalités qui viennent signer les registres. L'une des premières signatures est celle de M. Paul Doumer, président de la République. Suivent celles de M. Pierre Laval, président du Conseil, et de tous les membres du gouvernement. Nous relevons également celles des membres du corps diplomatique, du maréchal Lyautey, du général GameUn, de M. Paul Painlevé, prédécesseur de M. Maginot à la rue Saint-Dominique, de tous les généraux membres du conseil supérieur de la guerre, qui se présentent au ministère en grande tenue. Le prince héritier d'Abyssinie, qu'accompagnait le sous-chef du protocole, est venu signer très tôt dans la matinée. M. Fernand Bouisson, président de la Chambre des députés, est arrivé vers 8 heures, et a été immédiatement introduit dans la chambre où repose M. Maginot. Il a exprimé à son entourage les condoléances de la Chambre des députés. Arrivent ensuite successivement MM. Albert Lebrun, président du Sénat Jean Fabry, Henry-Pathé, Henry Bérenger les maréchaux Franchet d'Esperey et Pétain, les généraux Dubail, grand chancelier de la Légion d'honneur Gouraud, Weygand, Guillauinat, Ragueneau, Naulin; M. Grassin, représentant M. Flandin, ministre des Finances; les attachés militaires de Grande-Bretagne, des EtatsUnis, de Yougoslavie, d'Italie, de Belgique l'ambassadeur de Turquie; MM. Malvy, Steeg l'ambassadeur de Pologne M. Forster, chargé d'affaires Feuilleton du Petit Parisien, 8-1-32 LE JUSTICIER Grand roman inédit par Suzanne MILÀ PREMIERE PARTIE LA HAINE V (suite) Sous l'accusation Il a voulu être mon guide, lui seul, et Il l'a été. C'est lui, mon colonel, qui, après les heures de caserne, de manceuvres, de travail, m'a appris à lire, à écrire. La première phrase qu'il m'a donnée comme modèle a été: «Le devoir et l'honneur sont les deux lois de la vie. » Cette phrase que j'ai recopiée dix fois, vingt fois en écolier, je ne la comprenais pas et pourtant, parce que mon père l'avait tracée pour moi, elle prenait instinctivement une grandeur mystique qu'elle n'a jamais perdue. Plus tard, mon père me l'a expliquée et je retrouve encore dans ma mémoire et j'y retrouverai toujours le souvenir de la gravité poignante de sa parole quand Il disait « Devoir. Honneur.Son Ame même montait à ses lèvres» Lorsqu'il est mort. La voix de Gerbier sombra. Il la raffermit, mais ce fut en courbant la tête Copyright by Suzanne Mila 1932. Trafluctioa et reproduction interdites en tous d'Allemagne le prince de Monaco, le cardinal Verdier. Notons encore les signatures des préfets Chiappe et Renard, de MM. Guichard, Latour, Michel, Joseph, du général Tani, représentant les forces aériennes japonaises auprès de la Société des nations; de l'amiral Durand-Viel, chef d'état-major général de la marine; des délégués des associations des anciens combattants et des officiers de réserve, etc. Les drapeaux en berne M. Pierre Laval a donné des instructions pour que les drapeaux des édifices publics soient mis en berne. Le Président de la République an ministère de la Guerre A 12 h. 40, le Président de la République, qu'accompagne le général Braconnier, chef de sa maison militaire, arrive au ministère. Reçu dès sa descente de voiture par le général Requin, chef du cabinet militaire, il est conduit aussitôt dans la chambre mortuaire. Sans prononcer un mot, M. Paul Doumer s'incline devant le corps du ministre, se recueille quelques instants, puis, avant de se retirer, présente ses condoléances à la mère du ministre, à sa sœur et à sa fille. L'EMOTION A LA CHAMBRE La mort de M. André Maginot a produit une vive émotion dans les couloirs de la Chambre. Les députés présents, à quelque parti qu'ils appartiennent, étaient unanimes à déplorer la perte d'un homme politique dont la vie tout entière avait été consacrée à la défense des intérêts du pays. Cette perte paraissait d'autant plus sensible que l'on fondait les plus grands espoirs sur les services que M. André Maginot s'apprêtait encore à rendre à la France, à l'occasion de la prochaine conférence du désarmement. Au début de sa séance d'hier aprèsmidi, M. Malvy s'est fait l'interprète de ses collègues de la commission des finances et a exprimé les regrets que celle-ci éprouve du décès de M. Maginot, ministre de la Guerre. LES CONDOLEANCES M. Pierre Laval a reçu un grand nombre de télégrammes de condoléances, notamment de M. Léon Dens, ministre de la Défense nationale de Belgique; de M. Pietro Gazzera, ministre de la Guerre d'Italie; du ministre de la Guerre d'Espagne; de M. Pilzusky, ministre des Affaires militaires de Pologne; de M. Titulesco, ministre de Roumanie à Londres; de M. von Hœsch, ambassadeur d'Allemagne à Paris, actuellement à Berlin de M. de Chlapowski, ambassadeur de Pologne; du maréchal Lyautey; de M. Carde, gouverneur général d'Algérie de M. Henri Rossignol, président de l'Union nationale des combattants; de la Fédération départementale des victimes de la Guerre d'Alger, etc. Les loyers des chômeurs L'Union centrale des locataires avait convié toutes les organisations de locataires à envoyer des délégués à une réunion qu'elle organisait hier soir, 85, rue Mademoiselle, pour examiner la solution à donner à la situation des chômeurs qui se trouvent dans l'impossibilité de payer leur terme. Au cour de cette réunion qui eut lieu sous la présidence de M. Gautherie, qu'assistait le secrétaire de la propagande, M. Aubel, on rappela tout d'abord que des secours de loyers sont attribués sur demande, dans les mairies, par les bureaux de l'Assistance publiqne. Un million a été ainsi réparti à Paris au cours de l'année 1931 et le conseil municipal vient de voter une nouvelle provision pour en faveur des chômeurs complets ou partiels. Les mêmes services attribuent aux logeurs une allocation journalière de 2 francs à laquelle s'ajoutent 0,50 par enfant au titre des prestations en nature, à valoir sur le total du loyer des chômeurs inscrits au fonds de chômage. D'autre part, le préfet de la Seine et le préfet de police se sont engagés à n'autoriser aucune expulsion de locataire chômeur. Ces secours de loyer sont pris en charge par la Ville de Paris et par le département de la Seine sans aucune participation de l'Etat qui, jusqu'à maintenant, s'est refusé à y participer. Après ce rappel de la situation actuelle des locataires chômeurs, l'assemblée, qui comprenait de nombreux délégués des associations de locataires, a recherché par quels moyens on pouvait remédier à la situation actuelle et a finalement adopté le projet suivant qui sera soumis par une délégation à l'assentiment du gouvernement Tout chef de famille en chômage, ou quand un membre de sa famille vivant avec lui est en chômage étant bien entendu que le concubinage notoire sera assimilé à l'union légale sera dispensé du paiement du terme de Janvier et des termes précédemment impayés depuis le début de la crise. Une loi ultérieure établira l'exonération du paiement des termes impayés par les chômeurs ci-dessus définis pendant la durée de la crise. Elle fixera dans quelle mesure, et sous quelle forme, les propriétaires seraient indemnisés des termes impayés. UN INCENDIE A COURBEVOIE Un incendie dont on ignore les causes s'est déclaré hier, vers 20 heures, à Courbevoie dans un bâtiment dépendant d'une fabrique d'éponges, 111, rue de Bécon. Bien que vivement combattu par les pompiers de la localité et ceux des communes voisines, le feu gagna bientôt tous les bâtiments qui furent entièrement détruits. sous le deuil de l'évocation qu'il reprit: Lorsqu'il est mort, j'achevais ma dernière année de Saint-Cyr et je préparais mes examens de sortie. Lui qui, depuis quatre jours, se savait perdu, il avait exigé que l'on ne me prévint pas tout de suite de son état, pour que je ne fusse pas inquiété dans mon travail. Stoïquement, il avait questionné les médecins sur les heures qui lui restaient à vivre et quand il eut calculé que je ne le reverrais pas vivant s'il tardait davantage à m'appeler, Il permit que l'on m'avertit. Quand j'arrivai près de lui, il était à deux heures de sa fin et jamais son visage n'avait été aussi beau, malgré les ravages que le mal y avait faits. Il souffrait, mais ne se plaignait pas et il ne permettait pas à la douleur de paraître sur ses traits. 11 donna des ordres pour que l'on nous laissât seuls jusqu'au moment où il ne serait plus, puis Il me fit asseoir près de lui, Il m'interrogea sur mes études, sur mes espérances et. comme je ne parvenais pas à retenir mes larmes, il me dit < Je te quitte aussi mon fils, et cependant je ne pleure pas. Parlons en hommes. Dès que tu le pourras. je veux que tu rentres à l'Ecole. Là, tu te remettras, plus encore et mieux que si je vivais, à la tâche que j'ai interrompue le plus tard possible. Si, parfois, ta peine était trop forte et t'éloignait de ton travail, tu te dirais que travailler c'est songer encore à moi. Ma volonté est que tu te classes parmi les premiers aux examens de sortie. Je n'ai pu être, moi, que le commandant Gerbier. Je veux que mon fils aille plus loin et plus haut que moi– » Dalban marqué de sang aux lèvres et étouffant se tendait de toute sa faiblesse, de tout son être vers les yaro La situation politique internationale m. tum r>i la premi&ii rum m Il est à craindre que la peau de chagrin ne se rétrécisse une fois de plus, que le problème des réparations, de nouveau, soit réglé par un compromis provisoire, que la solution soit encore ajournée et jusqu'au moment où elle deviendra impossible. Alors, que l'on ne nous parle plus de contrats et.de droit La force d'inertie est une force, comme les autres. Elle est, elle aussi, la force. Par malheur, dans un autre domaine, la grande idée sur laquelle est fondée la Société des nations subit, elle aussi, une crise redoutable que l'on ne pourrait nier sans aveuglement. C'est notre deuxième sujet d'angoisse. Parlons nettement. L'occupation de Kingtchéou achève la prise de possession par l'empire du Soleil Levant de la Mandchourie, c'est-à-dire d'un territoire qui représente un million de kilomètres carrés et assemble environ trente millions d'habitants. Ainsi se termine l'histoire de « brigands », supérieurement présentée par les cabinets Wakatsuki et Inukaï, et se complète l'œuvre déjà fortement amorcée par la prise de Tsitsikar. La Société des nations est jouée l'envoi d'observateurs ne pourra plus être considéré que comme une entreprise de tourisme. Quel que soit l'avenir, quelle que soit la forme donnée par le Japon à sa mainmise, qu'elle respecte ou non l'autonomie apparente de la Mandchourie, un avenir gros de menaces s'annonce. Les Etats-Unis ne pourront se désintéresser du problème, au cas même où ils désireraient le régler seuls, par un privilège que l'on ne saurait leur envier. Et il faudrait beaucoup de naïveté pour croire que la Russie soviétique ne surveille pas dès maintenant l'angle critique où se trouve encastrée sa position de Vladivostok. Le Japon, lui, a marché très vite déjà deux divisions tiennent fortement les chemins de fer du Sud. Si l'on veut bien consulter une carte, on comprendra ce que signifie la mainmise sur la ligne de Kingtchéou à Chanhaïkouan, en direction de Tien-Tsin. Chanhaikouan n'est plus qu'à 260 milles de Pékin. Quant à la ville de Koupangtseu, elle-même fortement tenue, c'est à la fois le dépôt du matériel de chemin de fer, l'entrepôt des graines oléagineuses de la ré1 gion et le point de départ de l'embranchement vers Ying-Kéou, c'està-dire vers la mer. Voyons les faits tels qu'ils sont dès maintenant, les Japonais dominent tout le fond du golfe du Tchéli on ne peut pas penser que ce soit uniquement pour y organiser la pêche. Nos diplomates voudront bien ne pas oublier l'histoire de la Corée et comment le Japon y est passé de la protection à la possession directe, depuis le traité de Portsmouth du 4 septembre 1905 (convention de protectorat, arrivée du marquis Itô, et, en 1910, union pure et simple due la souveraineté au Japon). Quelle sera, en Chine, la réaction contre les faits nouveaux et contre l'échec des décisions de la Société des nations ? Il serait prématuré de le dire. Mais les puissances auraient tort de croire que même leur résignation aux faits accomplis les dispenserait d'embarras. La proclamation d'une prétendue indépendance de la Mandchourie créerait des problèmes de douanes très redoutables sans parler de l'acquittement des emprunts étrangers. Les puissances expieront cruelle1 ment l'affaire de Mandchourie. Il ne faut pas oublier que M. Eugène Chen, rappelé aux Affaires étrant gères par le gouvernement de Nañ kin, est celui qui a repris la concession anglaise de Hankéou il faut savoir que plusieurs des ministres chinois actuels sont de notoires bolchevisants. L'esprit le plus optimiste ne pourrait donc voir s'ouvrir l'année 1932 sans constater le recul des idées sur lesquelles étaient fondés nos espoirs d'organisation internationale. Quel sera, d'autre part, le sort de la conférence prochaine du désarmement ? Une fois de plus, on 1 nous fait entrevoir des remises à plus tard. On déclare déjà qu'il faudra d'abord écouter beaucoup de discours et entendre exposer beau les de Gerbier. Il voulut les Interrompre.. Il balbutia Mon colonel, je. Mais sa parole ne fut rien qu'un gémissement indistinct que domina la voix évocatrice et lente de Gerbier Mon père prit enfin mes deux mains entre les siennes et les serra. A des signes que lui seul percevait, mais qu'il me cachait, il avait compris que la mort venait. Alors que j'esperais encore en quelques heures de vie et peutêtre même en un miracle, il se aavait parvenu. lui, aux derniers instants et aux derniers mots. Et ses derniers mots sont le testament qu'il m'a laissé. Les voici, mon colonel. Gerbier releva la itête. Un orgueil [ étincela dans ses yeux, vibra dans son accent Oui, les voici dans toute leur noblesse et tels qu'il les prononça: < Accomplis plus que ton devoir par crainte de ne pas donner assez de toimême. Aime ton honneur. Défends-le jusqu'à la dernière goutte de ton sang.. Si tu étais menacé de perdre ou ta vie ou ton honneur, n'hésite pas, car l'hésitation serait sacrilège et sacrifle ta vie, quels que soient les liens de tendresse qui te rattachent à elle. N'oublie jamais qu'une existence sans honneur est le plus lâche des fardeaux.. » Mon père s'est tu soudain, mais comme ses yeux étaient restés ouverts, je n'ai pas compris tout de suite qu'il avait cessé de vivre. Son regard se fixait sur la mort, comme il s'était fixé sur la vie, loyalement, sans crainte. Et moi, mon colonel, penché sur mon père mort, je me suis répété à moi-même ses paroles suprêmes pour en faire mon evani gile et ma fol– A mon père qui ne m'entendait plus, j'ai promia d'être ce qu'il avait voulu que je soisCette pro coup de vérités premières on nommera des vice-présidents, des secrétaires, tout un état-major on constituera des commissions. Cet effort accompli, on s'ajournera, Pour nous, à titre personnel, nous répétons que nous ne croyons pas < à la sécurité par le désarmement partiel ou même total. L'égalité • numérique de deux contingents militaires ne crée pas l'égalité vraie Cent mille soldats de carrière valent plus que cent mille conscrits du service d'un an. La technique intervient avec son dynamisme. Même privée d'armée, une nation dotée d'une puissante aviation commerciale ou d'une forte industrie chimique peut «instruire sa voisine. Je ne crois qu'à une organisation internationale de la sécurité, par voie d'entente mutuelle, suivant les principes énoncés dans le protocole de 1924. Nos idées sont-elles justes ? On voit, du moins, qu'elles sont claires et cohérentes. Elles se rattachent toutes à la défense de l'ordre international, du droit international d'une morale internationale dont chaque nation, petite ou grande, serait la bénéficiaire. L'année 1932 verra-t-elle un retour à ce programme ou l'accentuation des divergences créées en 1931 par les particularismes nationaux ? L'avenir, seul, le dira. Ed. H. M. Constantin Argetoiano ministre roumain des Finances sera aujourd'hui à Paris M. Constantin Argetoiano, ministre des Finances et. par intérim, ministre de l'Intérieur de Roumanie, arrivera cet après-midi à Paris, venant de Rome. Grand et fort, large d'épaules, la tête toute blanche, supportée par un cou de taureau, le nez bourbonien, les yeux pétillants d'intelligence et de malice, M. Argetoiano compte parmi les hommes politiques roumains les plus habiles. Agé de soixante ans, il a fait à Paris presque toutes ses études et pris dans nos facultés tous ses diplômes. C'est dire qu'il parle notre langue avec autant d'aisance qu'un Français. Docteur en médecine, il aime à rappeler à ce propos qu'il fut le condisciple de Léon Daudet il cumule avec ce titre ceux de docteur en droit et de licencié ès-lettres. Ce n'est, toutefois, ni vers la médecine, ni vers le barreau que, rentré en Roumanie, il oriente sa vie, mais vers la diplomatie. Et c'est vers la France que celle-ci le dirige. En 1913, Il est, en effet, conseiller à la légation de Paris. C'est alors que le démon de la politique le mord. Il quitte la carrière pour se présenter au Sénat, est élu et s'attache à Take Ionesco et à Nicolas Filipesco, auprès de qui il devait prendre bientôt une part active à l'action qui allait amener l'entrée de la Roumanie dans la guerre aux côtés de la France et de ses alliés. Depuis, il n'a pour ainsi dire pas cessé de jouer, dans son pays, un rôle de premier plan. Il a été ministre de i'Aericulture. dei l'Intérieur, de la Justice, des Finances, des Affaires étrangères. On lui a parfois reproché sa versatilité. qui l'a poussé à entrer successivement dans presque tous les partis le parti libéral notamment, auprès de MM. Vlntlla Bratiano et Duca et qui a déchaîné contre lui pas mal d'animosites. Ses adversaires eux-mêmes s'accordent cependant à lui reconnaître, en même temps qu'une remarquable Intelligence, et un grand talent d'orateur, un sens particulièrement aigu des affaires et une compétence spéciale en matière économique et financière. C'est justement à ce double point de vue qu'il vient s'entretenir avec les membres du gouvernements et les hommes politiques français, après avoir, dit-on, conclu à Rome, plusieurs accords relatifs au pétrole, aux céréales et aux bois roumains. Albert Juixien. Un exposé de M. Joseph Denais sur l'Imprimerie nationale Poursuivant l'examen des budgets de dépenses, la commission des finances a examiné, hier, sur le rapport de M. Joseph Denais, le budget de l'Imprimerie nationale. C'est un formidable atelier que l'établissement de la rue de la Convention il n'occupe pas moins de 1.537 personnes (au 1" décembre), après en avoir occupé jusqu'à 1.747 le 1er septembre. Son chiffre d'affaires moyen semble devoir atteindre 7.500.000 francs par mois 90 millions par an. L'Imprimerie nationale absorbe pour 40 millions de francs de papier et paie 32 millions de francs de traitements et de salaires. Elle réalise des bénéflces 3 à 4 millions en moyenne. Mais comme sa clienv tèle est limitée, pour 99 aux ministères et administrations publiques, ces bénéfices ne représentent pas un véritable enrichissement pour les contribuables. messe, je l'ai tenue à lui et à moi. J'al toujours accompli mon devoir. J'ai toujours aimé mon honneur. Et c'est moi, moi, que Dalban ose accuser de crime Tout à l'heure, il avait relevé la tête. Maintenant, il se redressa de toute sa taille. Et, ainsi dresse devant l'accusation, la défiant et la méprisant, il acheva Allons donc Ce crime, ce n'est pas seulement contre lui que je l'aurai commis, mais contre mon père et contre les miens. Je suis innocent. Hier, quand nous nous battions, Dalban cherchait à me tuer. Aujourd'hui, si le projet de duel que nous avions formé avait pu se réaliser, il aurait encore cherché à me tuer. En ce moment, il tente de m'assassiner, lui qui m'accuse d'assassinat Voilà, mon colonel, ce que j'avais à dire. J'attends avec confiance que vous me jugiez. VI Le jugement du colonel Fabre Pendant quelques secondes, la chambre rentra dans le silence. Le colonel Fabre. dont le re^rd s'était posé sur la tache de lumière que faisait la lampe au bord du lit, songeait, sans que l'expression de son visage trahit le secret de sa méditation. Dalban s'était remis à griffer les draps de sa main droite avec son geste d'agonisant, et la buée, sur ses lèvres, était devenue plus rouge. Il aurait voulu parler, il ne put que gémir. Il entrevoyait, ployée vers lui, la silhouette attentive du major Deville. mais il ne regardait, au fond de la brume qui couvrait ses yeux que le colonel Fabre– II le vit n'avancer et Il tenta de se soulever, comme pour aller au-devant de Iuf. Il n'y parvint paslA poids L'insigne les combattants volontaires, L'annonce du concours ouvert par le 3etit Parisiett entre tous les artistes 'rançais et anciens combattants pour 'adoption d'un insigne propre aux combattants volontaires, parue dans iotre numéro du 22 décembre, nous raut déjà une importante corresponlance. On nous demande de préciser le iens, le symbole qu'il convient de dont1er à cet insigne, car les volontaires reulent un < insigne parlant » suffilamment expressif pour être connu et •econnu aisément de tous. H importe de traduire avec force et implicite le sacrifice spontané et désin;éressé des volontaires pour la patrle, 'abnégation civique d'un homme pour son pays. Nous nous fions, pour cela, au talent, l'inspiration de nos artistes. Le :hamp le plus vaste leur est ouvert et sous ne saurions les enfermer dans les règles par trop étroites. Qu'ils prennent comme < type > 'insigne officiel de notre aviation militaire une couronne de chêne et de laurier traversée de deux ailes désloyées.
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Pavel Podkolzine (né le à Novossibirsk, URSS) est un joueur russe de basket-ball. Il mesure 2,26 m et joue au poste de pivot.
Carrière
Pavel Podkolzine fait ses débuts au Lokomotiv Novossibirsk, en deuxième division russe, lors de la saison 2001–2002. En , il rejoint l'équipe italienne de Metis Varese, avec laquelle il joue de 2002 à 2004. Il est sélectionné par le Jazz de l'Utah lors de la Draft 2004 de la NBA et est immédiatement transféré aux Mavericks de Dallas contre un futur premier tour de draft 2005. Podkolzine était considéré comme un potentiel haut tour de draft grâce à sa grande taille, ses capacités au rebond et sa puissance, mais il ne fut choisi qu'au . Le , il est écarté par les Mavericks après seulement six matchs disputés en deux saisons.
En 2007, il retourne en Russie au Lokomotiv Novossibirsk, son club d'origine.
Notes
Liens externes
Naissance le 15 janvier 1985
Joueur international russe de basket-ball
Joueur drafté par le Jazz de l'Utah
Joueur des Mavericks de Dallas
Joueur du Pallacanestro Varese
Joueur du BC Khimki Moscou
Joueur des Flyers de Fort Worth
Joueur du BK Nijni Novgorod
Naissance à Novossibirsk
Naissance en RSFS de Russie
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Gegenbaur, C. (Carl), 1826-1903 | Vogt, Karl Christoph, 1817-1895, tr
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753 placés sur la portion pylorique du duodénum, et représentant ces appendices caecaux qui existent chez la plupart desTéléostéens, et qu'on désigne sous le nom « d'appendices pyloriques, » {fig. 267, A, B, ap). Us occupent une éten due de longueur variable sur l'intestin grêle, et diffèrent autant par leurs dimensions que par le nombre. Tantôt chacun d'eux s'ouvre isolément dans l'intestin, tantôt ils se réunissent plusieurs ensemble sur des troncs plus grands, d'où résultent des apparences ramifiées. C'est chez les Gadidés et les Scombéroïdes qu'ils sont le plus nombreux. Les tubes qui se réunissent, sur un conduit excréteur commun sont encore dans quelques cas envelop ])és dans du tissu connectif, qui leur donne ainsi Taspect d'une glande com pacte (chez beaucoup de Scombéroïdes), de même que la réunion fréquente de leurs orifices implique une parenté avec les glandes des Esturgeons. Chez beaucoup de Téléostéeus, l'intestin grêle présente des circonvolutions (fig. 267, B, i) ou une série d'anses à branches ascendantes et descendantes. Chez les Amphibiens^ le même intestin ne présente que rare ment des conditions aussi simples ; ordinairement (/ijf. 268, t), comme aussi chez les Reptiles, il constitue un tube plus long, et forme par suite plusieurs circonvolutions, qui, peu déve loppées chez les Serpents, deviennent au contraire très-nom breuses chez les Tortues, et plus encore chez les Crocodiles. H est notamment très-allongé chez les larves (TAmphibiens anoures^ où il constitue un long tube enroulé en spirale. Dans les derniers états larvaires, le changement de nourriture en détermine la réduction, et il se raccourcit de manière ù ne plus former que quelques circonvolutions. La longueur de l'intestin grêle chez les Oiseaux est éga lement fort dif rérente selon les conditions de leur nourriture. Cette portion de l'intestin est toute disposée en anses, dont la première, désignée sous le nom d'anse duodénale, est la plus développée et entoure toujours le pancréas. Au commence ment du duodénum, il y a chez beaucoup d'Oiseaux une par tie dilatée, qui représente une troisième division de l'esto mac. Elle conserve fréquemment, surtout chez les Oiseaux aquatiques et chez les Ëchassiers, un diverticulum qui est un reste do la réunion anté rieure de l'intestin avec le sac vitellin. Chez les Mammifères^ la variabilité de longueur de l'intestin grêle suivant les conditions d'alimentation est très-évidente, et il en résulte des états fort différents, suivant qu'il s'agit de Carnassiers ou d'Herbivores. Outre le développement de l'intestin grêle en longueur, plusieurs dispo sitions relatives à la muqueuse qui le ' tapisse viennent contribuer à l'aug mentation de sa surface. Tandis que, dans les groupes inférieurs, la muqueuse est le siège de gros plissements, qui trouvent leur expression la plus élevée dans la valvule spirale des Sélaciens, nous voyons prédominer, surtout chez les Amphibiens et les Beptilcs, de fines lignes longitudinales. Il en existe Fig. 268. — Canal iiilestinal de Menobranchus laleralis; <i, commencement de rcesophagc sur le pharyni; Otf, œsophage; r, estomac; i, intestin moyen ; r, rectum. Fig. 268. 48 754 VERTEBRES. de semblables chez les Oiseaux, où elles affectent pourtant la forme d^élcYa tions inégales, qui peuvent même être reliées par des plis transversaux. Des plis fins disposés en zigzag se présentent chez les Amphibiens et chez les Reptiles, surtout chez les Crocodiles ; ils se retrouvent aussi dans rinteslin grêle des Oiseaux. Dans les Mammifères, les pHs longitudinaux de la mu queuse dominent chez les Baleines ; chez la plupart des autres, la muqueuse porte des plis transversaux, présentant très-généralement des villosilés. On rencontre aussi ces dernières fort développées chez les Oiseaux dans les cab où leà plis le sont peu, tandis qu'en présence de ces derniers, les villosités restent petites. Dans rinteslin des Cyclostomes (Petromyzon)^ il y a un repli longitudinal •faisant saillie à rintcrieur, contenant la veine intestinale, et qu'on doit regarder comme le premier pas vers la formation de la valvule spirale, car celte dernière est roctiligne pendant Télat embryon naire, et ne développe que peu à peu ses toura nombreux. Le premier état se conserve chez plusieurs Squales (Carcharias, ThalassorhinuÉ, Galeocerdo), où la valvule spirale est repK senlée par un pli longitudinal plusieurs fois enroulé. On trouve aussi une valvule spirale chez les Dipnoï. Que cette disposition, compensant la moindre longueiu* de Tinte^tin, ail été furl répandue, c'est ce que nous pouvons conclure de Taspect des coprolilhes de plusieurs Sau riens fossiles (Iclitliyosaurus), qui portent Tempreinle d'une lame spirale sur laquelle ils se sont moulés. On a aussi signalé la présence d'une disposition de ce genre, chez les larves d'Amphibiens anoures exotiques. On trouve chez le Polypièrc, au commencement de rinle> tin valvulaire, un cœcmu (appendice pylorique), sur le lieu même où chez les Esturgeons, s'ouvre l'organe que nous avons indiqué chez ces Poissons. Les appendices pyloriques nun quent chez les Cyprinoïdes, Cyprinodonles, Murénuïdes, Siluroides, Labroïdes, Chroiniilcs, Lophobranches, Plectognathes, et autres. Dans d'autres divisions, ils ne sont en aucune iae^n constants, ils manquent dans quelques espèces d'un genre, d'autres en étant pourvues, (^nlre les différences île nombre, ils en présentent d'autres dans leur arningemenl ; tintôt ils for ment une série longitudinale, tantôt ils offrent une disposition annulaire ou verlicillée, ou cou slituent des groupes variés. (Kathke, Bcitrage zur Gescli. der Thierwett., H, Ualle, 18:21. tt Ai'ch. Àti. Phys., 1857.) INTESTIN TERUIIHâL. Le gros intestin constitue chez les Poissons la portion la moins impor tante de l'appareil digestif, et ne consiste ordinairement qu'en un tube court, caractérisé par une largeur un peu plus grande {fig. 261, r, !267, C, c). Ce nest que chez les Amphibiens qu'il prend de Timportance par son augmcD talion en longueur et en largeur, tout en conservant, comme chez les Rep tiles, un trajet direct en rapport avec sa faible longueur. Le gros intestin t>t ordinairement séparé de la partie qui le précède, Tintestin grêle, par un pli transversal ou une valvule. Un appendice cxcal qui se manifeste chez beaucoup de Reptiles, et paraît être une expansion du gros intestin, est peu développé chez les Serpents, mais Test davantage chez les Lézards. Ce caectim pré sente plus de constance chez les Oiseaux, dont le gros intestin est égalefflont encore court et à trajet direct. Les caecum sont ordinairement pairs, et w manquent que dans quelques familles (Ptc'$, Perroquets et autres Oiseaux griiu INTESTIN TERIIML. 7U peurs). Le déreloppcment de ces cfccum offre dilTérents degrés; ilsgieuTGnt lantût n'être que dos appendices papilliformes très-courts, tantôt aftecler la forme de tubes fort longs (Aptéryx, Gallinacés). C'eiil chez les Mammifères que la partie terminale de l'intestin atteint son plus liant degré de développement en longueur; elle se trouve toujours en même temps caractérisée nettement par une plus grande largeur, ce qui l'a fait distinguer sous le nom de gros intestin de U partie intermédiaire plus étroite ou intestin grêle. Il est, par suite de sa longueur considérable, disposé en circonvolulions de manière que sa dernière portion (rectum) suive le trajet direct qu'elle présente chez les autres Vertébrés. On le partage donc en deux subdivisions, dont l'une disposée en circonvolutions a reçu le nom de côlon, la seconde dirigée en ligne droite, celui de rectum. La première forme ordi nairement une anse partant du côté droit et antérieur de la cavité abdominale, [luis se recourbant de là à gauche et en arrière, pour se continuer avec le rec tum. Cette anse est simple ou peut pré senter des replis secondaires. A son point de départ de l'intestin gi'èle, il y a égale {('^ i. ment, tantilt deux cascum {juj. 26'J, c, il), " '' tantôt un seul. Ce cxctim est la partie la plus variable du gros intestin. Son déve loppement parait étroitement lie à l'ali mentation, il est court et peut même man quer totalement chez les Carnivores; il présente un volume considérable chez les Herbivores, où il peut toutefois pa raître réduit par suite de la grande longueur du reste du gros intestin. Il y a donc certains rapports de compensation entre ces deux parties; la disposi tion de l'estomac parait aussi n'être pas sans inDuence sur la longueur du ciBcuni, car ce dernier se trouve avoir des dimensions beaucoup plus considé rables chez les Soiipèdes dont l'estomac est simple, que chez les Huminants. Le ccecum lui-même subit des différenciations. Son extrémité est souvent rabougrie (chez plusieurs Prosimiens et ftongeurs) {(iij. 2U9, c). Chez plu sieurs Singes et chez l'Homme, sa partie terminale qui, dans l'origine, ne se distingue pas, ne se développe pas au même degré que le reste, s'en sépare pour former une partie toujours plus distincte, et finit par constituer un sim ple api>endice du csecum, qu'on a désigné sous le nom d'appenilke vermi forme. Le gros intestin s'ouvre primitivement avec les conduits urinaires et gé nitaux dans une cavité commune, le cloatjue. Ces conditions existant chez les Sélaciens, Amphibiens, Reptiles et Oiseaux, ne se trouvent à l'état perma nent, dans les Mammifères, que chez les Monolrèmes; dans lesautres groupes, elles demeurent limitées aux premiers états du développement; ces divers canaux s'ouvrent ensuite séparément par des orifices distincts. (Voir aux or ganes générateurs). Fig. 369.— tecum et cdioa du htgomyi piailla»; n, inieslin i;iê!ci />, Jonctiun du gras cacum (c) •tdupliup«lil(dj; t, f,g, diTerlicoIei du cAlon (d'aprii Fallu). 75G VEIITEBRES. Dans la paroi postérieure du gros intestin des Sélaciens, s'ouvre un lube digitifnnnc (fig. 267, C, x) pourvu de glandes. Ce lube manque chez les Chimères, mais les mômes glan des se trouvent sur la partie de l'intestin correspondante k celle qu'occupe le tube chez le> Sélaciens. Nous ne pouvons pas savoir s'il faut voir dans cet organe les rudiments d'une for mation excelle. Chez plusieurs Serpents, le gros intestin offre une division en plusieurs (2 à 3) parties, qui se traduit par la présence de plis annulaires, entre lesquels l'intestin s'élargit (Trigonore phaluSy Python, Elaps). (Voir sur le cœcum des Reptiles, Tiedemaun, dans DeuUchei Arch. f A. P/ii/«., m, p. 5G3). Parmi les Mammifères, la longueur du gros intestin est rela tivement peu considérable chez les Insectivores (Sorex), Édcntés, l*innipèdcs et quelques Carnivores (Viverra, Rhyzœna). Avec l'élargissement qui se caractérise chez les Herbivores, les parois du gros intestin subissent une modification de leur revêtement musculaire, con sistant en ce que la couche extérieure de fibres longitudinales se développe moins quc l'interne à fibres circulaires et se divise en plusieurs (ordinairement trois) rubans musculaia'> (lœniœ coli), entre lesquels la couche annulaire présente de nombreuses expansions. Cet étal s'étend aussi au caecum, mais ne se continue pas jusqu'au rectum. Quelques )>ortions du frros intestin formant déjà de simples anses, peuvent par suite d'un allongement considérable, s'en rouler en spirale ; c'est le cas chez les Ruminants. il faut indiquer, en ce qui concerne le aecum des Mammifères, qu'il ne se développe )>a> chez les Marsupiaux carnivores, les Muslelides et les Ursides, beaucoup d'Édentés (Briitiy pus,Dasypus), et d'Insectivores, chez les Chéiroptères, plusieurs Rongeurs (Myoxus) et Céta cés {Physeter, Dclphintis, Hyperoodon) , Il reste petit chez les Marsupiaux insectivores, les Carnivores, chez beaucoup d'Insectivores et de Cétacés. 11 est court chez les Dicotyles, yh^ grand chez les Sus. Parmi les Singes, c'est chez le Mycetes qu'il est le plus dévelopjH;. Sa longueur peut s'accroître chez les Marsupiaux et Rongeurs frugivores, au point même île di passcr celle du gros intestin. La formation d'expansions est parfois Irès-gnmde sur le cœnnn, mcnie lorsqu'elles manquent sur l'intestin. Elles sont dans plusieurs cas, chez les Rongeur?, formées par un repli en spirale (chez le Lepus, par exemple). La muqueuse du gros intestin des Oiseaux est dans sa partie antérieure caraclérisée pr do villosités qui, sur ce point, sont plus rarement présentes chez les Mammifères. Des re)>li>. tant longitudinaux que transversaux, existent chez les Oiseaux, ces derniers apparaissant ;m>vi çà et là chez les Mammifères. Des glandes en tubes sont répandues tant dans le gros intérim que dans le caîcum. La région cloacale manque chez VAmphioxuSy et aussi chez les Ganoides et TéléosU'-efb. chez lesquels la séparation des orilkes doit être déduite des conditions que présentent le^ Sélaciens. Ce mode de différenciation ne peut cependant point être attaché à la marche >uivic chez les Mammifères, comme cela résulte de la différence du résultat final, la position rela tive des orifices se trouvant renversée. Plusieurs organes sont en rapport avec le cloaque, et le rôle le plus important appartient à un organe vésiculiforme, naissant sur sa paroi antérieure , VAUanloïde. Cet orgaue e»t. chez les Lépidosireu et les Amphibiens, une vessie naissant sur la paroi antérieure du cltAaijut par un court pédoncule se prolongeant en avant par deux appendices, et demeurant libre dan> L cavité du corps. On la désigne, à cause de ses fonctions, sous le nom de « vessie urinaire. » Elle reçoit des vaisf^eaux sanguins qui s'étalent sur ses minces parois. Les artères partent de celles du bassin, les veines se rendent à la veine-porte. Cet organe prend un développement considérable pendant le développement embryoïinani chez les Amniotes, et devient un sac volumineux qui s'étend beaucoup au delà de fenibiyn, et présente un vicho réseau va*culaire. Il entoure l'embryon enfermé dans Tamnios. Lia/ les Reptiles et les Oiseaux, il subit une rétrogiadation graduelle au fur et à mesure de 1 •< dus on de la paroi abdominale et disparaît entièrement. Le pédoncule de l'allantotde ne .«><: conserve que chez les Lézards et les Tortues dans la cavité abdominale, où il s'élargit eu un sac s'élendant des deux ciHés, qui se comporte comme chez les Amphihiens. Chez les Mammifères, cet organe offre d'autres rapports avec l'organisme en voie de d >• loppenient ; nai.»>sant de la paroi anlérieine de la eavilé intestinale pelvique piiuiitivc, lailn» toide. devient, loumie dans les Reptiles et les Oiseaux, une vésicule communiquant avccl*»:' > inleslin primitif par un pédoncule étroit qui passe pur le cordon onibilicid. La partie du i^ ORGANES A^NEXÉS A L'INTESTIN lOÏBB. 7JJ iloncule qui Iraierse laravitoducorps(our3que)se transforme parliellemenl en vessie urinaire, cl en un sinus iirogénilal.(VQirplusl(iin les organes urinaires plsduels.lChozIesHonolrèmca i-l Harsupiaui, la portion |iùrJi)hi''riquR w comporte roinino cliei les Reptiles et les Oiseaux, I cndanl que chez les autres tliimmifires elle participe ï la formation du i chorion •, qui se rrunil ate« la muqueuse de l'utéi'us par des saillies papilli formes. Par suite du développe ment ultérieur de ces papilles va'culaires, le san^ foetal se distribue périphériquement dans relte enveloppe et ne met en rapport avec celui qui se répand dans la muqueuse utérine, Il se fait alors entre eux un échange réciproque de mat>Ti;iux. Cette union intime avec des par liis de ta mnqueuse de l'ulérus déti'rmine la formation d'un placenta, qui peut présenter les différences les plus nombreuses, suivant la forme et l'étendue des parties du chorion et de la muqueuse qui s'unissent, et les modifications de celte dernière. (Voir sur ce point les ouvrages cmltryologiqucs de Baer, Bischoff et autres.) Si les appendices véiiculaires du cloaque qui existent chei les Amphibiens présentent d'au tres conditions dans les divisions supérieures et acquièrent par ce fait une signification d'ordre plus élevé, d'autres appendices du cloaijue paraissent avoir une importance moindre. On pont V rattacher l'organe désigné soui le nom de hoiirie de Fabriciv», qui se présonte chei 1rs Oittaux, MUS b forme d'un sac allongé s'ouvrant dans la paroi postérieure du cloaque et c|ui est surtout développé chex les jeunes animaux. Sa muqueuse renferme un appareil glan ilulaire. Il se réduit fréquemment, plus tard, d'une manière considérable, et disparaît com plètement chez les Perroijiut!. Iluschhe, Dr Hurur Fabrîdi origine. Jena-, 1838. Berthold, Sor. Aet.Ac, Lfop. Car., XIV. ?■ 252. Deux grosses glandes sont en connexion avec le commencenienl de l'intes lin grète, ce sont le fuie et le paiiciéat qui tous deux se développent d'une manière analogue aux dépens des parois de l'ébauche embryonnaire de l'intestin. On voit apparaître cheit VAmpbionis, comme or gane ayant la signilication d'un foie, un cxcnm di rigé en avant, commençant à l'origine de l'intestin proprement dit (fig. 260, f, p. 756), et revêtu d'un épitliélium coloré d'une teinte verdàtre; ailleurs, un état semblable ne se trouve que pendant les pre mières phases du développement, où l'ébanclie du foie se présente sous la forme d'expansions paires du canal intestinal {fig. 270, f, f) situées en arrière d'une dilatation simple représentant l'estomac {d'. .a cou che fibreuse externe de l'intestin, ainsi que l'interne muqueuse ou Teuillct glandulaire, concourent à la for mation du foie. Comme les Iteptiles, tes Oiseaux et fi^. sto. les Mammifères présentent les mêmes faits, on doit considérer comme fondamental cet état primitif du foie qui rappelle en Fig. 370. — ËluBclie du cinil întoflinal et de lei innciei cliei Venibtyon du Chien, figurée par la ficc venirnle; a, expansions du «ml intestinal ver» les fentes vistér*le!i: b. étuoche au plia ryni et du laryni; c, linéanienti de* poumons; tf, do rcsiomac; f, du loin; g, rapports entre le ■3C viteérjl irac l'intestin moyen ; h, inteslin terminal (d'apri-s Iliacboft). 758 YERTÉBRÉS. même temps les conditions de forme de Torgane biliaire de TAmphioius et de beaucoup d'animaux Invertébrés (Vers et plusieurs Mollusques). De nouvelles conditions résultant de l'accroissement du feuillet séreux de l'intestin, et de ses connexions avec la partie veineuse du système sanguin, et en même temps du développement du feuillet glandulaire, distinguent le foie des Craniotes de celui des Acranicns, ainsi que de l'organe analogue des Inter tébrés. Tandis que la première ébauche du foie parait n'être qu'un di?erti€u lum, ses différenciations ultérieures résultant d'une hypertrophie du feuillet glandulaire constituent de solides cordons qui pénètrent partout dans le feuil let fibreux et dans l'appareil vasculaire qui y est contenu, et émettent de nou velles ramifications qui finissent par se réunir en un tout réticule. Ces cordons, primitivement pleins, constituent par leurs ramifications secondaires le paren chyme du foie, et par la formation d'espaces intcrcellulaires qui se frayent leur chemin dans les cordons, se produisent aussi les conduits biliaires. Lesdeui lobes du foie nés de chaque côté, sont par la suite de ce développement, con fondus en un seul organe. Les deux expansions primitives, après que les canaux biliaires du parenchyme se sont formés à leurs dépens et prolongés dans le tissu réticulé des faisceaux, représentent les conduits excréteurs du foie. Le foie différencié de cette manière constitue ainsi un organe unique ordinai rement volumineux, et enveloppé dans un repli péritonéal partant de la par tie antérieure de l'intestin et se dirigeant en avant vers la paroi de l'abdomen. Ses deux moitiés ne demeurent séparées que chez les Hyxines. Il présente à l'extérieur des aspects très-différents, dus à la variété qui règne dans la forma tion de ses lobes. Chez les Poissons, on le rencontre tantôt sous la forme d'une masse uni que non lobée (beaucoup de Poissons osseux, Petromyzon), tantôt consistant en deux lobes (Sélaciens, beaucoup de Poissons osseux) ; tantôt partagé en un nombre plus grand de lobes et de lobules (Poissons osseux). Chez les Aro phibiens, il est divisé en deux lobes plus grands ; il est ordinairement simple chez les Serpents, dentelé sur ses bords chez les Sauriens, divisé chez lr> Crocodiles et les Tortues en deux lobes qui, très-écartés chez ces dernières, sont réunis par un petit pont transversal. L'indication d'une division en deux lobes est aussi plus ou moins marquée dans la classe des Oiseaux {fig. 271 , hu et constitue la règle chez les Mammifères, car les formes multilobées, qui existent chez les Carnivores, les Rongeurs, quelques Marsupiaux, Singes et autres, se laissent toujours ramener à deux grands lobes fondamentaux. En ce qui concerne le canal excréteur (canal hépato-entérique), il présente de nombreuses modifications qui se rattachent à l'état double primitif, ^ni que ce premier état persiste, soit que les deux conduits se confondent gra duellement ensemble, et ne forment plus qu'un canal unique allant à Tin testin; soit enfin que, par atrophie des canaux primitifs, il s'en forme de nouveaux d'ordre secondaire, qui sont alors fort nombreux, comme par exemple chez les Lézards et les Serpents. On remarque sur ces conduits ex créteurs une expansion unilatérale, la vésicule biliaire, ayant l'apparence d'un cxcum (fig. 271, t), qui se présente dans des conditions fort divers4*< et n'est point constante. ORGANES AHNEXfiS A LTNTBSTin IIOXE^. 799 Le paneréai prend naissnnce à peu près comme le Foie, et se Forme dans une expansion de la paroi inle^tinale située derrière l'ébauche embryonnaire de ce dernier urgane. Des excroissances de la couche épithéliale de cette expansion donnenl naissance, au moyen d'un bourgeonnementcon tinu, aux lobules glandulaires et à leurs con> duits, tandis que le canal pancréatique se forme dans la première éhaucbe. Cet oi^ane, qui ne manque que dans quelques groupes de Pois sons, toujours situé au commencement de l'in testin grèlc et voisin de l'estomac, réunit fré quemment son conduit excréteur à celui du foie, ou pénètre dans l'intestin à cdté de lui. Il n'est pas rare de trouver deux canaux excré teurs (Tortues, Crocodiles, Oiseaux et quel ques Mammifères), dont l'un est ordinaire ment uni au conduit hépato-entérir|uc. On remarque dans le toie, nuira e» ohee gnnds et pclils. det lobuUt encore plu* réduiU, qui |iréseDtenl des condilioni diflërenles de celles des autres gbndet. La structure rcliciilée qui rOsutle de l'accroisM^menl des cordons cellulaires du foia embryonnaire, dctennine dans cet organe la formation de lobules lihndulaires qui ne sont |ias enlièrerocnt sépart'S dana le foie des Verté brés Comme les plus gros conduits biliaires cheminent entre les lobes, recevant toujours les canaui de plusieurs '* ^'' lobules n>isins ijui proviennent de conduits intercel lulaires disposés en réseaux, on ne peut pas séparer les lobules les uns des antres. Leur réunion est encore rendue plus intime par des rapporta analoi^ues qui eiistent entre les vais seaui sanguins. (Vof. sur b structure du foie, Uering, Silt. Wien., LIV.) On peut remarquer les particularités importantes qui suivent dans les conditions que pré smlent ks canaux excréleurt du foie. Il existe chez les Poissons un conduit hi'pal»«ntérique, qnicheilesSébciens s'ouvre dansl'inteslin spiral (JS^. 367, Cd, p. 7ri3),en cheminant sur une certaine étendue contre sa paroi. Ordinairement, deux etparfoispliisieurs conduits hépatiques plus grands composent ce caoal, qui reçoit mime souvent la contenu de b vésicule biliaire, tt après sa réunionavecle canal cyitique.a reçu le nom de canal cholédoqœ. La «rsi eu le biliaire alTccteasse); fréquemment (Téléoslécnsf b forme d'un long canal cxcal; elle peut aussi être ca chée dans la substance du foie. Plusieurs conduits hépatiques peuvent au^KÎ se rendre ii la tési ralebiliaire, ou s'oufrir danslecanalcystlque.ouï reilrémité du canal cboléiioque(chnplu ■ieurt Mammifères). Lorsqu'il y a plusieurs conduits bépato-^ntériques, ils forment ordinai rement entre eux un réseau de mailles, et traversent aussi la glande pancréatique (Serpenta, lézards). (Description dans Duvcrnoy , Ann. Sciences nat., XX, p. 125; Pagenatecher, Wanburg nalurwiu.Zeil»ch.,l, p. ii48). La vésicule biliaire se trouve sur l'un d'eux. Il y a ordinairement chez les Oiseaux àea% conduits hépato-entériques[le fiueerot seul n'en a qu'un), dont l'un porte b vésicule biliaire, et se compose comme un canal cholédoque d'un conduit CTstique et d'un ou plusieurs canaux liépatiques. pi;. 371. — CiDil intestinal d'Arâeacinma; i, œsophage et gésier; pv, gUndc* storoacales; t>, es lonwc musculaire; tr*, antre àa pylore; d, lacets duodéniui ; t'I, iolestin grêle; b, rectum; C| pièce d'un deidcui ciccums; cl, cloaque iitix bourse de Fsbriciui; A, foie; iJA, conduit hépato enlériqne; f, véiicule biliaire; p, pancréas; dp, conduit psncr^iliqur. 7i;0 EUTÉDUÈS. Chez les Mammifères, la présence d'un unique conduit excréteur (hépalo-entérique) con stitue la règle; il y a un conduit spécial lorsqu'il y a une vésicule biliaire. Les rapports entre celle-ci et les conduits excréteurs sont des plus variables, mais on ne saurait en aucune façtMi apprécier la disposition de ces derniers d'après la vésicule biliaire, qui n'est qu'une confor mation provenant d'une adaptation secondaire, et peut se développer sur différentes parties ilr^ conduits excréteurs. Elle manque chcih Petromyzon ; parmi les Oiseaux, chez les /{/iam/>/}a$ Im, Cuculus, beaucoup de Perroquets, les Pigeons, et les Autruches africaine et américaine. Parmi les Mammifères, elle fait défaut chez beaucoup de Rongeurs, par exemple les //j/f/ro chœi-us, Dipus, Castor, etc;, chez les Balénides, Tylopodes, Cerfs, plusieure Antilopes et So lipèdes. Il en est de même chez l'Éléphant, dont le foie est caractérisé par un élargissement considérable des canaux biliaires. (Schrôder v. d. Kolk.) La glande pancréatique a ordinairement l'aspect d'une glande formée de lobes nombreux. Elle est plus compacte chez les Amphibiens, les Reptiles, et aussi chez les Oiseaux, où elle est toujours placée dans l'anse du duodénum {fig, 271, p). Cette situation persiste chez les Mam mifères, où elle est fréquemment très-<Uendue (Rongeurs) et alors divisée en lobes plu< grands. Il n'est pas rare (c'est presque la règle chez les Oiseaux), que le pancréas pn'scnie deux conduits excréteurs, parfois même trois, ayant des orifices distincts (Pigeon^ Poule] MESENTERE. g 223. Avec le canal intestinal naît le repli pcritonéal qui Teniourc et le Gxc ù lii paroi postérieure de la cavité abdominale. Cette double lamelle enveloppant Tintestin constitue le mésentère ^ dont on a désigné sou^ le nom de mésogastre la portion appartenant à Testomac. Ce dernier ne re vêt pas simplement Teslomac, comme le fait le mésentère pour la plus grande partie de Tintestin grêle, mais les deux lamelles du mésogastre en quittant Testomac se prolongent en une membrane double, qui se continue sur la paroi abdominale antérieure pour revenir, à son point de départ, de nouveau rejoindre le péritoine de la paroi ventrale. Dans ce prolonge ment du mésogastre allant à la face ventrale, apparaît le foie, qui en reçoit également non-seulement son enveloppe péritonéale, mais encoie se trouve, par son intermédiaire, en connexion tant avec l'intestin (sur tout Testomac et le commencement de Tinlcstin grêle), qu'avec la paroi ventrale du corps. Tant que l'intestin conserve son trajet primitif direct, l'état du mésentère reste simple et ne présente d'autres particularités que de disparaître partiellement sur une certaine étendue, ce qui ar rive chez les Poissons. Le volume du foie détermine des changements dans le repli allant de Testomac à la paroi abdominale antérieure, et qui, sur son point de réunion avec Teslomac, forme l'épiploon gaslro hépatique pendant que sa portion antérieure destinée à la paroi ven trale représente le ligament suspenseur du foie. D'autres modifications sont occasionnées par les courbures de Teslomac et rallongement de l'intestin grêle, qui en particulier oblige le mésentère à se développer et à étendre ses replis. Ces conditions apparaissent déjà chez les Poissons, et se montrent en core simples chez les Amphibiens, pour se modifier surtout, par suite de la position et la forme de l'estomac, chez les vSerpents, les Lézards, ainsi que chez les Tortues et les Crocodiles. ORGANES HESPIRATOIRES. — IIRV^CHIKS. 701 Les changements dans le mésogastre des Mammifères sont les plus impor tants en ce que, par suite de la position nouvelle de Testomac, il se trans forme en un large sac (épiploon), qui pend au-dessus des circonvolutions de rintcstin grêle, comme chez la plupart des Mammifères, ou entoure partiel lement Testomac (Ruminants). Le mésentère du gros intestin reste à son état primitif chez les Vertébrés qui ant cette partie courte. Chez les Mammifères, où un grand allongement de cette partie de l'intestin en fait ce que nous avons appelé le côlon, le mésentère la suit et constitue le mésocôlon, lequel s'élève en même temps par une de ses parties jusqu'à la racine du méso gastre; tous deux naissent ainsi à côté Tun de Tautre. De là des réunions graduelles entre le mésocôlon et la double lamelle postérieure du méso gastre, qui finissent chez THomme par amener une partie du côlon (côlon transverse) à être comprise dans la paroi postérieure de Tépiploon. Les parois antérieure et postérieure de ce dernier se soudent en même temps, et for ment ainsi le grand épiploon (omentum majus) composé de la réunion de quatre lames péritonéales. On observe chez les Poissons de fortes étendues de TintesUn dont le trajet est libre dans la cavité abdominale par suite de la résorption du mésentère. Les connexions avec la paroi su {)érieuro (ou postérieure) de Tabdomen ne s'effectuent alors que par les vaisseaux sanguins arri vant h rintcstin. La plus grande partie de celui-ci est libre chez le Petromyzon; c est Tinleslin ù Talvule qui Test chez les Sélaciens. Avec le développement des sncs aériens abdominaux et leurs connexions avec le péritoine, naissent chez les Oiseaux des rapports très-complexes aux quels contribuent encore des différences à tous degrés dans la longueur des diverses parties de rintestin. (Voyez sur Tarrangemeut, surtout sur les épiploons des Mammifères. T]uvier, Leçons d'ana iomie, IV, II.) 11 n*est pas rare de rencontrer dans le mésentère des Amphibiens et Reptiles des faisce;iux de fibres musculaires lisses assez répandus, par exemple chez les Salamandrines, Lézards, et aussi les Tortues. Ils forment de fortes bandes chez plusieurs Sauriens, les Ptammosaurus^ Grammatophora, etc. , surtout dans le ligament gastro-hépatique et dans le repli antérieur allant de la paroi abdominale au foie. Brficke, Sitz. Wien. , VII, p. 246; Leydig, UnUrsu chungen^ etc., p. AA ; et Rathke, Deutsch. Wùs.^ Xlïl, p. i3i. Dans les replis du piTitoine, entourant les oviductes, on trouve des faisceaux pareils, surtout fort développés dans les larges ligaments de Tulérus chez les Manunifères. OF||anei9 pesplpatolres. i. BRANcmes. g 254. Les rapports entre les organes respiratoires et les téguments qui chez les Invertébrés ont pris une importance si considérable font place chez les Ver tébrés à des dispositions tout autres. Lorsque les téguments conserrent en core la fonction respiratoire, Tactivité de cette respiration cutanée demeure très-inférieure à celle qui s'accomplit dans les organes différenciés en Tue de cette même fonction. 70tJ VERTÉBRÉS. Les organes respiratoires des Vertébrés sont toujours reliés au canal intes tinal, de la paroi duquel ils naissent, bien que les deux formes fondamen tales sous lesquelles ils apparaissent soient différentes entre elles. Ces rap ports avec le canal intestinal des Vertébrés leur sont communs avec un petit nombre d'Invertébrés (Balanoglossus^ Tuniders). Les deux sortes d'organes se partagent, d'après le milieu dans lequel la respiration s'effectue, en deux séries différentes. Une des formes est adaptée à la respiration aquatique, et l'appareil qui la constitue porte le nom de branchies. Celles-ci sont en rapport avec les parties du squelette viscéral, que nous avons déjà mentionnées sous le nom d'arcs branchiaux. La p<irtie du canal digestif qu'entourent ces arcs branchiaux fonctionne ainsi comme cavité respiratoire ou branchiale. Le caractère essentiel de la formation bran chiale réside aussi dans une augmentation de la surface tournée vers le milieu respiratoire, augmentation qui a lieu par l'addition de lamelles ou d'appen dices cylindriques. Ces parties diversement développées garnissent les arcs du squelette viscéral et renferment le réseau vasculaire sanguiii. L'accroisse ment de la surface respiratoire se produit dans son état le plus inférieur au moyen d'un accroissement de nombre des arcs branchiaux portant des bran chies très-simples. On peut y rattacher la réduction des arcs branchiaux avec développement des branchies garnissant les arcs persistants, qui se compli quent d'une manière fort diverse par l'addition des petites lamelles bran chiales mentionnées ci-dessus. Chez VAmphioxm, l'appareil branchial, formé d'un grand nombre d'arcs branchiaux, préseptc la conformation la plus simple. La partie la plus anté rieure du tube intestinal est (p. 736) percée entre les arcs du squelette viscé ral d'un grand nombre de fentes, que l'eau entrée par la bouche traverse, baignant le réseau vasculaire sanguin respiratoire, pour se déverser dans une cavité s'ouvrant à la face abdominale par un pore branchial. Cette cavité n'» sulte du développement de deux replis latéraux de la peau sur la fente bran chiale qui d^abord s'ouvrait librement à la surface du corps. Par suite de la soudure d'avant en arrière de ces deux replis dermiques, les fentes bran chiales sont peu à peu recouvertes, et conduisent de l'intestin dans celte ca vité respiratoire. L'augmentation du nombre des fentes branchiales entre lesquelles se distribue le réseau vasculaire respiratoire compense l'absence de feuillets branchiaux. Les Cycloslomes présentent des conditions analogues, mais avec beaucoup, de développement. Les fentes, d'abord également simples qui établissaient des communications entre la cavité intestinale et celle du corps, se différen cient en tubes allongés, dont la portion moyenne forme en se dilatant le sac branchial (fig. 272, br). C'est dans ces replis feuilletés s'élevant sur les parois dcssîîcs branchiaux, que vient se distribuer le réseau vasculaire respiratoire. Chaque sac branchial se trouve par un canal branchial interne, en commu nication avec le commencement de l'intestin. Un autre canal branchial (frr'j conduit à l'extérieur. Les dispositions des deux canaux émanant de chaque s;ir branchial présentent plusieurs différences. Chaque canal branchial interne ♦ s'ouvrir directement en dedans sur l'intestin (Bdellostoma^ Mfjxhw) {fig. 27S),ou se réunir aux autres et former avec eux un tube respiratoire uni que courantsurla ligne médiane sous l'intestin, et qui, réuni en avant au tube intestinal, conduit l'eau aux sacs branchiaux Isolés (Petromifaon). Les canaux branchiaux citernes d'un même cdté peuvent aussi dé boucher séparément sur les cAtés du corps [Bdellos toma, Petromyzon) , ou s'unir ensemble pour s'ouvrir à l'eitérieur par un pore branchial situé derrière l'appa reil respiratoire {fig. 272, s), et auquel se rend encore venant du côté gauche et de l'œsophage le canal par ticulier connu sous le nom de conduit œsophago-cu tané (c) [Myxine). Ces diverses formes peuvent se dé duire l'une de l'autre, et, en ce qui concerne les dis positions des conduits branchiaux tant internes qu'ex ternes, on doit considérer comme primitif l'état qui présente le mode de réunion le plus direct entre l'in testin et la surface du corps. La formation d'un tube respiratoire, comme aussi la réunion dca conduits bran chiaux extérieurs, sont les résultats de différenciations postérieures. Chez les autres Poissons, les poches branchiales sont en rapports plus intimes avec le squelette Ttscéral. Les phénomènes qui se présentent ici autorisent à conclure que chaque arc du squelette viscéral a dû porter des hranchies. Le premier de ces arcs (le maxillaire) n'en est pas exclu, comme cela résulte de la présence fré quente chez les Sélaàens d'une branchie, «ituée sur la Fig. s-*. fent« qui court entre le premier et le second arc (maxil laire et hyoïde) et dont l'ouverture constitue l'évent. Cet évent, représentant une poche branchiale atrophiée, est suivi des poches branchiales proprement dites, dont cinq existent d'ordinaire ; il y en a rarement six ou sept (Noti danides). La paroi de la première poche branchiale est formée en avant par l'os hyoïde, en arrière, par le troisième arc branchial primitif, et les autres poches se comportent de même. Dans toutes, une cloison provenant du sque lette viscéral interne et s'étcndant en dehors sert de paroi postérieure à la poche qui la précède, et de paroi antérieure à celle qui la suit. De même que les poches s'ouvrent dans la bouche par des ouvertures en forme de fentes limitées par les arcs branchiaux cartilagineux, elles s'ouvrent, d'autre part, par autant de fentes sur les côtés du corps (sur la face ventrale, chez les liâtes). Sur les parvis des poches branchiales qui sont soutenues par des rayons cartilagineux, se trouvent les séries de lamelles branchiales, d'où, pendant l'état embryonnaire, partent vers l'extérieur des prolongements fili Pig. ^3, — Orginei re-<pintoirei de Myxiiie glutiaota^a du e&Ié du ventre ; o, oMOphigei i, caniui brracbûai Inlernei; br, ucc branchUui ; br', caoïux bnochiaui eiteraes te r^unjssanl de chaque cAté en un eonduil bninchill commun s'ouvnnl en t; c, canal osaphaiio-cutinf ; a, oraiJIcttc du taat; e, ventricule; ab, attire branchiale enToyanl une farancheà chaque brincUie; d, paroi da corpt rejetd en dehon el ta arrifre (d'apris Job. HQIIer). ÎOl VERTÈBRES. formes constituant des branchies externes. L'évent possède Russi à c«lte épo que des brancliies extérieures. La dernière poche ne porte de brancliie que sur sa paroi antérieure. Ces conditions sont celles auxquelles se rattachent les dispositions des bran chies chez les Ganoldes, et d'où se déduisent celles des Tèléosiéens. La bran cille de rêvent, qui, chez les Sélaciens adultes, ne fonctionne plus comme organe respiratoire, puisqu'elle reçoit et renvoie du sang artériel, éprouT* avant tout une rétrogradation des plus considérables. Chez quelqueij Ganoîiles [Adpeiiser, Pohjplenis, par exemple], qui ont un cvent, la branchie, bien que souvent présente, n'est jamais un organe de respiration; aussi l'a-t-on regardée comme une pseudo-branckie. Elle manque chez les Polt/plena et Amia. Elle parait aussi faire défaut chez les Poissons osseux, ou a perdu toute similitude avec les autres branchies. La série de lamelles branchiales antérieures que porte l'arc hyoïde chei les Sélaciens représente encore également chez les Ganoïdes une branefui opercuhiire {Acipemer, Lepidosteus] , et fonctionne comme telle. Elle existe chez les Téléostéens pendant leur état embryonnaire, mais transitotreinenl seulement, puis elle perd sa signification respiratoire et éprouve unerctn^a dation. Tantôt elle ne consiste qu'en une série de courtes lamelles Gxées sur la partie supérieure de l'opercule branchial, tantôt elle est plus près de la base du crâne. Fréquemment elle ne possède pas de lamelles saillantes, et se trouve alors cachée sous la muqueuse. Elle peut même dans cet état contenir encore des pièces cartilagineuses, qui figurent les restes des conditions primitives de l'or gane. Soumise à une rétrogradation ultérieure (£ioj:),elle paraît être constituée par la réunion de lobes glandulaires séparés, mais ne ressemble plus ni par sa situation, ni par Fcs rapports avec les vaisseaux sanguins, aux fonnes moins atrophiées de la branchie operculaire. lies autres séries de feuillets branchiaux n'ont pa» éprouve moins de changements chei les Ganoïdes et les Téléostéens. Avec la disparition totale du squelette bran chial externe, la cloison partant de chaque arc brancliial interne des Sélaciens disparait ou se retrouve réduites un petit rebord. C'est le cas chez l'Esturgeon, et aussi chez la Chimère. Les séries de lamelles branchiales arri vent ainsi en rapport immédiat avec les arcs branchiaux correspondants, et se trouvent de la sorte ranpces en deux séries {fig. 27ô, bb) sur tous les arcs qui courent entre les poches branchiales. La série antérieure des fenil Fi^. T.r,. lets des arcs branchiaux d'un Télcostéen ou d'un f'^ noîdc correi^pond donc à la branchie de la paroi pos>é rieure de la poche branchiale d'un Sélacien, et la série postérieure de i>" Fig. 273, _. . _ .. bb. tlciii 11 me lies branci ce kniet l'rinchiilei ipe <lc l'arc bnacliial a i in arlùrei dani les lin rancliinlcs; c, arlùres brancliiaJe*; c', nniuicaes in irliati dai !f ; d' d', ramuiculfj *cincDX dam Iw lamBlIct (d'aprit €ui>Mfl BUANGlllES. ^G) Feuillets branchiaux à la branchio antérieure contenue dans la même poche chez ce dernier. A l'ordinaire, il y a quatre arcs pourvus de feuillets branchiaux ; cepen dant, il y a beaucoup d'exceptions : le quatrième arc peut ne porter qu'une série unique de feuillets et Ton peut ne renconti*er que trois arcs pourvus de lamelles. Il peut encore se faire d'importantes réductions, résultant de ce que lu disparition des feuillets du quatrième arc, jointe à celle des feuillets du bord postérieur du troisième, entraine l'occlusion de la quatrième fente branchiale. On observe également de nombreuses modifications dans le nombre, la gros seur et l'aspect des feuillets, et nous pouvons à cet égard faire ressortir la transformation de ces derniers en appendices villeux chez les Lophobranehcs. L'atrophie des cloisons des poches branchiales leur donne Tapparence de simples fentes situées entre les arcs. L'appareil entier se condense ainsi da vantage, et se trouve recouvert par la membrane branchiostége, fixée sur le suspenseur de l'os hyoïde, ainsi que par l'appareil operculaire. Ce dernier provenant du suspensorium de la mâchoire représente un couvercle dirigé eu arrière de sorte que les fentes branchiales deviennent invisibles de l'extérieur, et restent cachées dans la cavité respiratoire que couvre l'opercule. On doit considérer comme un état secondaire la formation de feuillets branchiaux non saillants à l'extérieur, car chez les Sélaciens, les premiers qui paraissent ont Taspect d'organes filiformes allongés, sortant des fentes branchiales. Cette phase est sautée chez les autres Poissons, où les feuillets définitifs se développent d'emblée. Nous rencontrons de nouveau des branchies externes chez les Amphibiens^ où, comme chez les Sélaciens, elles sont les précurseurs des branchies in ternes. Elles ont l'aspect de deux ou trois paires de feuillets ou de filaments ramifiés, qui émanent d'autant d'arcs l)ranchiaux, et constituent un appareil qui fonctionne toujours chez les Perennibranches. Il y a, par les fentes bran chiales, une constante communication entre l'eau ambiante et la cavité buccale. Ces branchies externes disparaissent chez les autres Amphibiens, pour faire place chez les Anoures, où elles ne durent que pendant une courte période, à un développement de feuillets branchiaux plus courts, formant des branchies internes, disposées sur quatre arcs du squelette viscéral. Ces branchies éprou vent h la fin de la période larvaire, comme les mémos organes externes des Dérolrèmes et des Salamandrines, une rétrogradation par suite de laquelle les fentes branchiales se ferment. Il ne reste chez les Dérotrèmes qu'une fente ouverte de chaque côté, tandis que, chez les Salamandrines et les Anoures, il ne reste aucune trace de l'appareil branchial primitif. La différence qui existe entre l'Amphioxiis et les Craniotes , relativement h l'étendue de Fcspace occupé par la cavité respiratoire, correspond h la manière différente dont s'est effec tue l'accroissement de la surface respiratoire. Les feuillets branchiaux manquant chez l'Am phioius, les vaisseaux parcourent simplement le treillis de la charpente branchiale. Chez les Craniotes, ils se résolvent en un réseau riche et compliqué, et la surface de chaque feuillet peut encore être augmentée par des protubérances secondaires des plus variées. Sur la struc ture des branchies et de leurs feuillets, voy. Dollin^ï^cr Àbliand, d. math, phtjs. Cl, d. Acad. zu Mûnchen, II, 1837; Alcxanîrini, CommenL Ac. Bonon., III, iv. 706 VERTÉBRÉS. Le nombre des poches branchiales s'élève à sept chez les Cyclostomes. Chez le Bdellostoma heterotretna, il n'y en a que 6 du côté droit, et chez le B. hexatrema 6 des deux c<>lés. On remarque aussi une réduction semblable chez la Myxine, car la dernière poche branchiale manque entièrement du côté droit, et est remplacée à gauche par le canal oesophagien cutané. Les évenU ne se rencontrent chez plusieurs Sélaciens que dans le jeune âge (Cardia rias), et sont plus tard indiqués par un cxcum parlant de la cavité du pharynx. Ils sont tan tôt fort larges, tantôt fort étroits. Il s'ouvrent li l'extérieur par de petits orifices chez les Ga noïdes : Acipemer, Spatularia, Polypterus; dans ce dernier genre, ils sont recouverts d'un clapet osseux. (Voir, au § 225, les rapports qui chez les Amphibiens existent entre cette pre mière fente viscérale et Torgane de louïe.) Ou trouve d'ailleurs aussi, chez les Sélaciens, de» indices de rapport avec Torgane auditif, car le canal de Tévent envoie une annexe vers la sur face externe de la paroi crânienne du labyrinthe (Scyllium^ MusteluSf Galetu , etc.). Les feuillets branchiaux qui occupent 1 orifice de Tévent se transforment en pseudobranchies un disparaissent complètement, même lorsque Tévent persiste (Scyllus, Lamna). Par contre, ils peuvent subsister malgré la disparition de ce dernier (Carchanas), — Ce qu*on a appelé la pseudobranchie chez les Téléostéens est autre chose que celle des Sélaciens^ avec laquelle on Ta confondue surtout à cause de la conformité de disi>osition des vaisseaux sanguins ; elle re présente la branchie de l'arc liyoïdc, ou Voperculaire. Les embryons des Téléostéens ont ci 114 branchies, à laquelle s'en ajoute une sixième fonctionnant peu de temps, car le dernier arc branchial, qui devient en s'atrophiantTos pharyngien inférieur, porte également quelque temps Une branchie. (C. Vogt, Embryologie des Salmones, p. 226.) Au moins chez une partie de> Téléostéens la réduction du nombre des branchies, n'est donc acquise que dans le cours de l'ontogenèse. La réduction des séries de feuillets branchiaui chez les Téléostéens se fait d'arrière en avant. Chez un grand nombre, le quatrième arc branchial ne possède qu'une série de lamelles anlé rieures, qui manquent chez plusieurs (Lophitis, Batrachus, Diodon, Tetrodon, etc.) Last^ric postérieure du troisième arc a disparu chez le Malthea, et Tantérieure chez ÏAmphipnous, ainsi que les deux séries du premier arc, de sorte qu'il ne reste plus de branchie que sur le se cond arc; encore est-elle rudimcntaire. Les rapports des lamelles branchiales placées sur les arcs branchiaux dans les Pob^ti^ osseux peuvent, relativement aux branchies cachées dans les poches des Sélaciens, être ligu res dans la tableau qui suit, où b étant l'état indifférent des séries de feuillets branchiaux . K exprime leur arrangement différencié dans les diverses divisions, f^ représente une série de lamelles branchiales transformée en une branchie accessoire Sélaciens: fi' B' B* B'^ B^ B^ Ganoides : fi' (Esturgeon, Lêpidosièe) Téléostéens: — fl« B^ B"" B'^ B* Outre les branchies régulières, on trouve encore chez les Téléostéens des organes particu liers, ayant partiellement une signification respiratoire, partiellement une fonction protectria*. On peut les diviser en parties provenant d'arcs branchiaux dépendant toujours génétiqueiiirnt des organes respiratoires, et en d'autres qui, morphologiquement étrangères aux b^anchii'^ n'acquièrent que secondairement une signification respiratoire.
| 19,959 |
https://github.com/castor-software/Dep-analyzer/blob/master/src/test/resources/uselib/src/main/java/se/kth/castor/user/InterReturn0.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
Dep-analyzer
|
castor-software
|
Java
|
Code
| 17 | 71 |
package se.kth.castor.user;
import se.kth.castor.types.Inter;
public class InterReturn0 {
public Inter m(Inter var1) {
return se.kth.castor.types.Helper.publicInter();
}
}
| 31,750 |
christmasstories00dickiala_43
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,894 |
Christmas stories from "Household words" and "All the year round" and other stories
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Dickens, Charles, 1812-1870
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English
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Spoken
| 7,514 | 9,966 |
" Ah, I have, indeed, ma'am 1 " said Mrs. Lemon. " What with their tempers, what with their quarrels, what with their never, know- ing what's good for them, and what with their always wanting to domineer, deliver me from these unreasonable children ! " " Well, I wish you good-morning, ma'am," said Mrs. Orange. " Well, I wish you good-morning, ma'am," said Mrs. Lemon. So Mrs.' Orange took up her baby and went home, and told the family that plagued her so that they were all going to be sent to school. They said they didn't want to go to school ; but she i)acked up their boxes, and packed them off. " O dear me, dear me 1 Eest and be thankful ! " said Mrs. Orange, throwing herself back in her little arm-chair. " Those troublesome troubles are got rid of, please the pigs ! " Just then another lady, named Mrs. Alicumpaino, came calling at the street-door with a ring-ting-ting. " My dear Mrs. Alicumpaine," said Mrs. Orange, " how do you do ? Pray stay to dinner. We have but a simple joint of sweet-stuff, followed by n plain dish of bread and treacle ; but, if you will take us as you iind us, it will bo sa kind I " " Don't mention it," said Mrs. Alicumpaine. " I shall bo too glad. But what do you think I have come for, ma'am ? Guess, ma'am." " I really cannot guess, ma'am," said Mrs. Orange. " Why, I am going to have a small juvenile party to-night," said Mrs. Alicumpaine ; " and if you and Mr. Orange and baby would but join us, Ave should be complete." " More than charmed, I am sure ! " said Mrs. Orange. " So kind of you I " said Mrs. Alicumpaine. " But I hope the children won't bore you ? " " Dear things ! Not at all," said Mrs. Orange. " I dote upon them." Mr. Orange here came home from the city ; and he came, too, with a ring-ting-ting. " James love," said Mrs. Orange, " you look tired. What has been doing in the city to-day? " 6o8 Holiday Romance. " Trap, bat, and ball, my dear," said Mr. Orange ; " and it knocks a man up." " That dreadfully anxious city, ma'am," said Mrs. Orange to Mre. Alicumpaine ; " so wearing, is it not ? " "O, so trying!" said Mrs. Alicumpaine. " Jolin has lately been speculating in the peg-top ring ; and I often say to him at night, ' John, is the result worth the wear and tear ? ' " Dinner was ready by this time : so they sat down to dinner ; and while Mr. Orange carved the joint of sweet-stuflF, he said, " It's a poor heart that never rejoices. Jane, go down to the cellar, and fetch a bottle of the Upest ginger-beer." At tea-time, Mr. and Mrs. Orange, and baby, and Mrs. Alicumpaine wont off to Mrs. Alieumpaino's house. The children had not come yet ; but tho ball-room was ready for them, decorated with paper flowers. " How very sweet ! " said Mrs. Orange. " The dear things ! How pleased they will be ! " " I don't care for children myself," said Mr. Orange, gaping. " Not for girls ? " said Mrs. Alicumpaine. " Come ! you care for girls ? " Mr. Orange shook his head, and gaped again. "Frivolous and vain, ma'am." " My dear James," cried Mrs. Orange, who had been peeping about, " do look here. Here's the supper for the darlings, ready laid in tho room behind the folding-doors. Here's their little pickled salmon, I do declare ! And here's their little salad, and their little roast beef and fowls, and their little pastry, and their wee, wee, wee champagne ! " " Yes, I thought it best, ma'am," said Mrs. Alicumpaine, " that they sliould have their supper by themselves. Our table is in the corner here, where the gentlemen can have their wineglass of negus, and their egg-sandwich, and tlieir quiet game at beggar-my-neighbour, and look on. As for us, ma'am, we shall have quite enough to do to manage the company." " O, indeed, you may say so ! Quite enough, ma'am," said Mrs. Orange. The company began to come. The first of them was a stout boy, with a wliite top-knot and Kpectacles. The housemaid brought him in and said, " Compliments, and at what time was lie to be fetclied ! " Mrs. Alicumpaine said, "Not a moment later than ten, IIow do you do, sir ? Oo and sit down." Tlien a number of other children came ; boys by themselves, and girls by tliemsclves, and boys and girls together. Thoy didn't behavo at all well. Some of them looked tlirongli quizzing-glasses at others, and said, " Who are tliose '? Don't know them." Some of them looked througli quizzing-glasses at others, and said, " How do ? " Some of them liad cups of tea or coffee handed to them by others, and said, " Tlianks ; much ! " A good many boys stood about, and felt their shirt collai-s. Four tiresome A Small Juvenile Party. 609 fat boys would stand in tlie doorway, and talk about the newspapers, till Mrs, Alicumpaine went to them and said, " My dears, I really cannot allow you to prevent people from coming in. I shall be truly sorry to do it ; but, if you put yourselves in everybody's way, I must positively send you home." One boy, with a beard and a large white waistcoat, who stood straddling on the hearth-rug warming his coat- tails, was sent home. " Highly incorrect, my dear," said Mrs. Alicumpaine, handing him out of the room, " and I cannot permit it." There was a children's band, — harp, cornet, and piano, — and Mrs. Alicumpaine and Mrs. Orange bustled among the children to persuade them to take partners and dance. But they were so obstinate ! For quite a long time they would not be persuaded to take partners and dance. Most of the boys said, " Thanks ; much ! But not at present." And most of the rest of the boys said, " Thanks ; much ! But never do." " O, these children are very wearing ! " said Mrs. Alicumpaine to Mrs. Orange. " Dear things ! I dote upon them ; but they are wearing," said Mrs. Orange to Mrs. Alicumpaine. At last they did begin in a slow and melancholy way to slide about to the music ; though even then they wouldn't mind what they were told, but would have this partner, and wouldn't have that partner, and showed temper about it. And they wouldn't smile, — no, not on any account they wouldn't ; but, when the music stopped, went round and round the room in dismal twos, as if everybody else was dead. " O, it's very hard indeed to get these vexing children to be enter- tained ! " said Mrs. Alicumpaine to Mrs. Orange, " I dote upon the darlings ; but it is hard," said Mrs. Orange to Mrs. Alicumpaine. They were trying children, that's the truth. First, they wouldn't sing when they were asked ; and then, when everybody fully believed they wouldn't, they would, " If you serve us so any more, my love," said Mrs. Alicumpaine to a tall child, with a good deal of white back, in mauve silk trimmed with lace, " it will be my painful privilege to offer you a bed, and to send you to it immediately." The girls were so ridiculously dressed, too, that they were in rags before supper. How could the boys help treading on their trains ? And yet when their trains were trodden on, they often showed temper again, and looked as black, they did ! However, they all seemed to be pleased when Mrs. Alicumpaine said, " Supper is ready, children ! " And they went crowding and pushing in, as if they had had dry bread for dinner. " How are the children getting on ? " said Mr. Orange to Mrs. Orange, when Mrs. Orange came to look after baby. Mrs. Orange had left baby on a shelf near Mr. Orange while he played at beggar- my-neighbour, and had asked him to keep his eye upon her now and then. 2b 6io Holiday Romance. " Most charmingly, my dear I " said Mrs. Oi"angG. " So droll to sco their little flirtations and jealousies ! Do come and look ! " " Much obliged to you, my dear," said Mr. Orange ; " but I don't care about children myself." So Mrs. Orange, having seen that baby was safe, went back without Mr. Orange to the room where the children were having sui)per. " What arc they doing now ? " said Mrs. Orange to Mrs. Alicum- paiue. " They are making speeches, and playing at parliament," said Mrs. Alicumpaino to Mrs. Orange. On hearing this, Mrs. Orange set off once more back again to Mr. Orange, and said, " James dear, do come. The children are playing at parliament." " Thank you, my dear," said Mr. Orange, " but I don't care about parliament myself." So Mrs. Orange went once again without Mr. Orange to the room where the children were having supper, to see them playing at parlia- ment. And she found some of the boys crying, " Hear, hear, hear ! " while other boys cried " No, no ! " and others, " Question 1 " " Spoke ! " and all sorts of nonsense that ever you heard. Then one of those tiresome fat boys who had stopped the doorway told them he was on his legs (as if they couldn't see that he wasn't on his head, or on his anything else) to explain, and that, with the permission of his honour- able friend, if he would allow him to call him so (another tiresome boy bowed), he would proceed to explain. Then he went on for a long time in a sing-song (whatever he meant), did this troublesome fat boy, about that he held in his hand a glass ; and about that he had come down to that house that night to discharge what he would call a public duty ; and about that, on the present occasion, ho would lay his hand (his other hand) upon his heart, and would tell honour- able gentlemen that ho was about to open the door to general approval. Then ho opened the door by saying, " To our hostess ! " and every- body else said " To our hostess ! " and then there were cheers. Then another tiresome boy started up in sing-song, and then half-a-dozcn noisy and nonsensical boys at once. I3ut at last Mrs. Alicurai)aino said, " I cannot have this din. Now, children, you have played at parliament very nicely ; but parliament gets tiresome after a little wliilo, and it's time you left off, for you will soon be fetched." After another dance (with more tearing to rags than before supper), they began to be fetched ; and you will be very glad to be told that tlie tiresome fat boy who liad been on his legs was walked off ilrst without any ceremony. When they were all gout;, poor Mrs. Alicuni- paiiie dropped upon a sofa, and said to Mrs. Orange, " Tlieso children will be the death of me at last, ma'am, — they will indeed ! " " I quite adore tlieni, ma'am," said Mrs. Orange ; " but they do want variety." Mr. Onuigo got ]iis hat, and Mrs. Orange got her bonnet aiid licr How to bring a Country to Perfection. 6il baby, and they set out to walk home. They had to pass Mrs. Lemon's preparatory establishment on their way. " I wonder, James dear," said Mrs. Orange, looking up at the window, " whether the precious children are asleep ! " " I don't care much whether they are or not, myself," said Mr. Orange. " James dear ! " " You dote upon them, you know," said Mr, Orange. " That's another thing." " I.do," said Mrs. Orange rapturously. " O, I do ! " "I don't," said Mr. Orange. " But I was thinking, James love," said Mrs. Orange, pressing his arm, " whether our dear, good, kind Mrs. Lemon would like them to stay the holidays with her." " If she was paid for it, I daresay she would," said Mr. Orange. "I adore them, James," said Mrs. Orange, "but suppose wo pay her, then ! " This was what brought that country to such perfection, and made it such a delightful place to live in. The grown-up people (that would be in other countries) soon left off being allowed any holidays after Mr. and Mrs. Orange tried the experiment ; and the children (that would be in other countries) kept them at school as long as ever they lived, and made them do whatever they were told. GEORGE SILVERMAN'S EXPLANATION. GEOEGE SILVERMAN'S EXPLANATION. FIEST CHAPTER. It happened in this wise But, sitting with my pen in my hand looking at those words again, without descrying any hint in them of the words that should follow, it comes into my mind that they have an abrupt appearance. They may serve, however, if I let them remain, to suggest how very diffi- cult I find it to begin to explain my explanation. An uncouth phrase ; and yet I do not see my way to a better. SECOND CHAPTER. It happened in this wise But, looking at those words, and comparing them with my former opening, I find they are the self-same words repeated. This is the more surprising to me, because I employ them in quite a new connec- tion. For indeed I declare that my intention was to discard the commencement I first had in my thoughts, and to give the preference to another of an entirely different nature, dating my explanation from an anterior period of my life. I will make a third trial, without erasing this second failure, protesting that it is not my design to con- ceal any of my infirmities, whether they bo of head or heart. THIRD CHAPTER. Not as yet directly aiming at how it came to pass, I will come upon it by degrees. The natural manner, after all, for God knows that is how it came upon me. My parents were in a miserable condition of life, and my infant 6i6 George Silverman s Expkmation. homo wfts a cellar in Preston. I recollect the sound of father's Lancashire clogs on the street pavement above, as being different in my yoimg hearing from the sound of all other clogs ; and I recollect, that, wlien mother came down the cellar-steps, I used tremblingly to speculate on her feet having a good or an ill tempered look, — on her knees, — on her waist, — until finally her face came into view, and settled the question. From this it will be seen that I was timid, and that the cellar-steps were steep, and that the doorway was very low. Mother had the gripe and clutch of poverty upon her face, upon her figure, and not least of all upon her voice. Her sharp and high- pitched words were squeezed out of her, as by the compression of bony fingers on a leathern bag ; and she had a way of rolling her eyes about and about the cellar, as she scolded, that was gaunt and hungry. Father, with his shoulders rounded, would sit quiet on a three-legged stool, looking at the empty grate, until she would pluck tlio stool from under him, and bid him go bring some money home. Tlicn he would dismally ascend the steps ; and I, holding my ragged shirt and trousers together with a hand (my only braces), would feint and dodge from mother's pursuing grasp at my hair. A worldly little devil was mother's usual name for me. Whether I cried for that I was in the dark, or for that it was cold, or for that I was liungry, or whetlier I squeezed myself into a warm coi-ner when there was a fire, or ate voraciously when there was food, she would still say, " O you worldly littlu devil ! " And tlie sting of it was, that I quite well knew myself to l)e a worldly little devil. Worldly as to wanting to be housed and warmed, worldly as to wanting to be fed, worldly as to the gi-eed with which I inwardly compared how much I got of those good things with how much father and mother got, when, rarely, those good things wore going. Sometimes they both went away seeking work ; and then I would be locked up in the cellar for a day or two at a time. I was at my worldliest then. Left alone, I yielded myself uj) to a worldly yearn- ing for enough of anything (except misery), and for the death of mother's father, who was a machinomaker at Birmingham, and on whose decocase, I had heard mother say, she would come into a whole courtful of houses '• if she had her rights." Worldly little devil, I would stand about, musingly fitting my cold bare feet into cracked bricks and crevices of tlie damp cellar-floor,— Avalking over my grand- fathers body, so to speak, into the courtful of houses, and selling them for meat and drink, and clothes to wear. At last a eliango came down into our cellar. The universal change came down even as low as that, — so will it mount to any height on wliich a human creature can perch,— and brought other changes with it. We had a lieap of I don't know what foul litter in the darkest corner, which we called " the bed." For three days mother lay upon it without getting up, and then began at times to laugh. If I had Worldliness. 617 ever heard her laugh before, it had been so seldom that the strange sound frightened me. It frightened father too ; and we took it by turns to give her water. Then she began to move her head from side to side, and sing. After that, she getting no better, father fell a-laughing aud a-singiug ; and then there was only I to give them both water, and they both died. FOURTH CHAPTER. Whek I was lifted out of the cellar by two men, of whom one came peeping down alone first, and ran away and brought the other, I could hardly bear the light of the street. I was sitting in the road-way, blinking at it, and at a ring of people collected around me, but not close to me, when, true to my character of .vorldly little devil, I broke silence by saying, " I am hungry and thirsty ! " " Does he know they are dead ? " asked one of another. " Do you know your father and mother are both dead of fever ? " asked a third of me severely. " I don't know what it is ta bo dead. I supposed it meant that, when the cup rattled against their teeth, and the water spilt over them. I am hungry and thirsty." That was all 1 had to say about it. The ring of people widened outward from the inner side as I looked around me ; and I smelt vinegar, and what I know to be camphor, thrown in towards where I sat. Presently some one put a great vessel of smoking vinegar on the ground near me ; and then they all looked at me in silent horror as I ate and drank of what was brought for me. I knew at the time they had a horror of me, but I couldn't help it. I was still eating and drinking, and a murmur of discussion had begun to arise respecting what was to be done with me next, when I heard a cracked voice somewhere in the ring say, " My name is Hawk- yard, Mr. Verity Hawkyard, of West Bromwich." Then the ring split in one place ; and a yellow-faced, peak-nosed gentleman, clad all in iron-gray to his gaiters, pressed forward with a policeman and another official of some sort. He came forward close to the vessel of smukii'g vinegar ; from which he sprinkled himself carefully, and me copiously. " He had a grandfather at Birmingham, this young boy, who is just dead too," said Mr. Hawkyard. I turned my eyes upon the speaker, and said in a ravening manner^ " Where's his houses ? " " Hah ! Horrible worldliness on the edge of the grave," said Mr. Hawkyard, casting more of the vinegar over me, as if to get my devil out of me. " I have undertaken a slight — a ve-ry slight — trust in behalf of this boy ; quite a voluntary trust ; a matter of mere honour. 6i8 George Silverman's Explanation. if not of mere sentiment : still I have taken it upon myself, and it shall bo (O, yes, it shall be !) discharged." The bystanders seemed to form an opinion of this gentleman much more favourable than their opinion of me. " Ho sliall bo taught," said Mr. Hawkyard, " (O, yes, ho shall bo tauglit !) but what is to be done with him for the present ? He may be infected. He may disseminate infection." The ring widened con- siderably. " What is to be done with him ? " He held some talk with the two officials. I could distinguish no word save " Farm-house." There was another sound several times repeated, which was wholly meaningless in my ears then, but which I knew afterwards to be " Hoghton Towers." " Yes," said Mr. Hawkyard. " I think that sounds promising ; I think that sounds hopeful. And ho can bo put by himself in a ward, for a night or two, you say ? " It seemed to be tho police-officer who had said so ; for it was he who replied, Yes ! It was he, too, who finally took mo by tho arm, and walked me before him through the streets, into a whitewashed room in a bare building, where I had a chair to sit in, a table to sit at, an iron bedstead and good mattress to lie upon, and a rug and blanket to cover mo. Where I had enough to eat too, and was shown how to clean the tin porringer in which it was conveyed to me, until it was as good as a looking-glass. Here, likewise, I was put in a bath, and had new clothes brought to me ; and my old rags wcro burnt, and I was camphored and viuegarcd and disinfected in a variety of ways. When all this was done, — I don't know in how many days or how few, but it matters not, — Mr. Hawkyard stepped in at the door, remaining close to it, and said, " Go and stand against tho opposite wall, George Silverman. As far off as you can. That'll do. How do you feel ? " I told him that I didn't feel cold, and didn't feel hungry, and didn't feel thirsty. That was tlio whole round of human feelings, as far as I know, except the para oi being beaten. " Well," said he, "you are going, George, to a healthy farm-house to bo purified. Keep in tlie air thero as much as you can. Live an out-of-door life there, until you are fetched away. You had better not say much— -in fact, you had better be very careful not to say any- thing— about what your parents died of, or they might not like to take you in. Behave well, and I'll put you to school ; 0, yes I I'll put you to scliool, tliough I'm not obligated to do it. I am a servant of the Lord, George ; and I have been a good servant to him, I have, these ave-and-thirty years. The Lord has had a good servant in me, and lie knows it." Wliat L then supposed him to mean by this, I cannot imagine. As little do I know when I began to comprehend that lie was a prominent member of some obscure denomination or congregation, every member The Old Farm-house. 619 of whicli held forth to the rest when so inclined, and among whom ho was called Brother Hawkyard. It was enough for me to know, on that day in the ward, that the farmer's cart was waiting for me at the street corner. I was not slow to get into it ; for it was the first ride I ever had in my life. It made me sleepy, and I slept. First, I stared at Preston streets as long as they lasted ; and, meanwhile, I may have had some small dumb wondering within me whereabouts our cellar was ; but I doubt it. Such a worldly little devil was I, that I took no thought who would bury father and mother, or where they would be buried, or when. The question whether the eating and drinking by day, and the covering by night, would bo as good at the farm-house as at the ward superseded those questions. The jolting of the cart on a loose stony road awoke mo ; and I found that we were mounting a steep hill, where the road was a rutty by-road through a field. And so, by fragments of an ancient terrace, and by some rugged outbuildings that had once been fortified, and passing under a ruined gateway we came to the old farm-house in the thick stone wall outside the old quadrangle of Hoghton Towers : which I looked at like a stupid savage, seeing no specialty in, seeing no antiquity in ; assuming all farm-houses to resemble it ; assigning the decay I noticed to the one potent cause of all ruin that I knew, — poverty ; eyeing the pigeons in their flights, the cattle in their stalls, the ducks in the pond, and the fowls pecking about the yard, with a hungry hope that plenty of them might be killed for dinner while I stayed there ; wondering whether the scrubbed dairy vessels, drying in the sunlight, could be goodly porringers out of which the master ate his belly-filling food, and which he polished when he had done, according to my ward experience ; shrinkingly doubtful whether the shadows, passing over that airy height on the bright spring day, were not something in the nature of frowns, — sordid, afraid, unadmiring, — a small brute to shudder at. To that time I had never had the faintest impression of duty. I had had no knowledge whatever that there v/as anything lovely in this life. When I had occasionally slunk up the cellar-stej)S into the street, and glared in at shop-windows, I had done so with no higher i'cclings than we may suppose to animate a mangy young dog or wolf- cub. It is equally the fact that I had never been alone, in the sense of holding unselfish converse with myself. I had been solitary often enough, but nothing better. Such was my condition when I sat down to my dinner that day, xxv the kitchen of the old farm-house. Such was my condition when I lay on my bed in the old farm-house that night, stretched out opposite the narrow mullioncd window, in the cold light of the moon, like a young vampire. FIFTH CHAPTER. What do I know now of Hoghton Towers ? Very little ; for I Lave boon gratefully unwilling to disturb my first impressions. A house, centuries old, on high ground a mile or so removed from the road between Preston and Blackburn, where the first James of England, in his hurry to make money by making baronets, perhaps made some of those remunerative dignitaries. A house, centuries old, deserted and falling to pieces, its woods and gardens long since gi'ass-land or ploughed up, the Rivers Ribble and Darwen glancing below it, and a vague haze of smoke, against which not oven the supernatural prescience of the first Stuart could foresee a counterblast, hinting at steam-power, powerful in two distances. What did I know then of Hoghton Towers ? When I first peeped j n at the gate of the lifeless quadrangle, and started from the moulder- ing statue becoming visible to mo like its guardian ghost ; when I stole round by the back of the farm-house, and got in among the ancient rooms, many of them with their floors and ceilings falling, the beams and rafters hanging dangerously down, the plaster dropping as I trod, the oaken panels stripjjed away, the windows lialf walled up, half broken ; when I discovered a gallery commanding the old kitchen, and looked down between balustrades upon a massive old table and benches, fearing to see I know not what dead-alive creatures come in and seat themselves, and look up with I know not what dx'cadfal eyes, or lack of eyes, at me ; when all over the house I was awed by gaps and chinks where the sky stared sorrowfully at me, where the birds passed, and the ivy rustled, and the stains of winter weather blotched the rotten floors ; when down at the bottom of dark pits of staircase, into which the stairs had sunk, green leaves trembled, butterflies fluttered, and bees hiimmcd in and out through the broken doorways ; when encircling the whole ruin were sweet scents, and sights of fresh green growth, and ever-renewing life, that I had never dreamed of, — I say, Avhen I passed into such clouded perception of these things as my dark soul could compass, what did I know then of Hoghton Towers ? I have written that the sky stared sorrowfully at me. Therein havo I anticipated the answer. I knew that all these things looked sorrow- fully at me ; that tlicy seemed to sigh or whisjier, not without pity for mo, " Alas ! poor worldly little devil ! " There wore two or tlireo rats at the bottom of one of tho smaller pits of broken staircase wlien I craned over and looked in. They were scuflling for some prey that was there ; and, when they started and liid themselves close togetlier in the dark, I thought of the old life (it had grown old already) in the cellar. How not to be this worldly little devil ? how not to have a repug- Hoghton Towers. 62 1 bance towards myself as I had towards the rats ? I hid in .1 corner of one of the smaller chambers, frightened at myself, and crying (it was the first time I had ever cried for any cause not purely physical), and I tried to think about it. One of the farm-ploughs came into my range of view just then ; and it seemed to help me as it went on with its two horses up and down the field so peacefully and quietly. There was a girl of about my own age in the farm-house family, and she sat opposite to me at the narrow table at meal-times. It had come into my mind, at our first dinner, that she might take the fever from me. The thought had not disquieted me then. I had only speculated how she would look under the altered circumstances, and whether she would die. But it came into my mind now, that I might try to prevent her taking the fever by keeping away from her. I knew I should have but scrambling board if I did ; so much the less worldly and less devilish the deed would be, I thought. From that hour, I withdrew myself at early morning into secret corners of the ruined house, and remained hidden there until she went to bed. At first, when meals were ready, I used to hear them calling me ; and then my resolution weakened. But I strengthened it again by going farther ofi" into the ruin, and getting out of hearing. I often watched for her at the dim windows ; and, when I saw that she was fresh and rosy, felt much happier. Out of this holding her in my thoughts, to the humanising of myself, I suppose some childish love arose within me. I felt, in some sort, dignified by the pride of protecting her, — by the pride of making the sacrifice for her. As my heart swelled with that new feeling, it insensibly softened about mother and father. It seemed to have been frozen before, and now to be thawed. The old ruin and all the lovely things that haunted it were not sorrowful for me only, but sorrowful for mother and father as well. Therefore did I cry again, and often too. The farm-house family conceived me to bo of a morose temper, and were very short with me ; though they never stinted me in such broken fare as was to be got out of regular hours. One night when I lifted the kitchen latch at my usual time, Sylvia (that was her pretty name) had but just gone out of the room. Seeing her ascending the opposite stairs, I stood still at the door. She had heard the clink of the latch, and looked round. " George," she called to me in a pleased voice, " to-morrow is my birthday ; and wo are to have a fiddler, and there's a party of boys and girls coming in a cart, and we shall dance. I invite you. Be sociable for once, George." " I am very sorry, miss," I answered ; " but I^ — but, no ; I can't come." " You are a disagreeable, ill-humoured lad," she returned disdain- fully ; " and I ought not to have asked you. I shall never speak to you again." 622 George Silverman^ s Explanation. As I stood with my eyes fixed on the fire, after she was gone, I felt that the farmer bent his brows upon me. " Eh, lad ! " said ho ; " Sylvy's right. You're as moody and broody a lad as never I set eyes on yet." I tried to assure him that I meant no harm ; but ho only said coldly, " Maybe not, maybe not ! There, get thy supper, get thy supper ; and then thou canst sulk to thy heart's content again." Ah ! if they could have seen mo next day, in the ruin, watching for the arrival of the cart full of merry young guests ; if they could havo seen me at night, gliding out from behiad the ghostly statue, listening to the music and the fall of dancing feet, and watching the lighted farm-house windows from the quadrangle when all the ruin was dark ; if they could have read my heart, as I crept up to bed by the back way, comforting myself witli the reflection, " They will take no hurt from mo," — they would not have thought mine a morose or an unsocial nature. It was in these ways that I began to form a shy disposition ; to bo of a timidly silent character under misconstruction ; to have an in- expressible, perhaps a morbid, dread of ever being sordid or worldly. It was in these ways that my nature came to shape itself to such a mould, even before it was alfoctcd by the influences of the studious and retired life of a poor scholar. SIXTH CHAPTEK. Brother Hawkyaud (as he insisted on my calling him) put me to school, and told mo to work my way. " You arc all right, George," ho said. " I have been the best servant the Lord has had in his service for this five-and-thirty year (0, I havo !) ; and he knows the value of such a servant as I have been to him (O, yes, he docs !) ; and he'll prosper your schooling as a part of my reward. That's v/hat /te'll do, George. He'll do it for mo." From tho first I could not like tliis familiar knowledge of the ways of the sublime, inscrutable Almighty, on Brother Hawkyard's part. As I grew a little wiser, and still a little wiser, I liked it less and less. His manner, too, of confirming himself in a parenthesis, — as if, know- ing liimself, he doubted his own word, — I found distasteful, I cannot tell how mucli these dislikes cost me ; for I had a dread that they wero worldly. As time went on, I became a Foundation-boy on a good foundation, and I cost Brother Ilawkyurd nothing. When I had worked my way so far, I worked yet harder, in the hope of xiltimatcly getting a presentation to college and a fellowship. My health has never been strong (s'.me vai)nnr from the Preston collar cleaves to me, I think) ; Brother Hawkyard. 623 and what with much work and some weakness, I came again to be regarded — that is, by my fellow-students — as unsocial. All through my time as a foundation-boy, I was within a few miles of Brother Hawkyard's congregation ; and whenever I was what we called a leave-boy on a Sunday, I went over there at his desire. Before the knowledge became forced upon me that outside their place of meeting these brothers and sisters were no better than the rest of the human family, but on the whole were, to put the case mildly, as bad as most, in respect of giving short weight in their shops, and not speaking the truth, — I say, before this knowledge became forced upon me, their prolix addresses, their inordinate conceit, their daring ignorance, their investment of the Supreme Euler of heaven and earth with their own miserable meannesses and littlenesses, greatly shocked me. Still, as their term for the frame of mind that could not perceive them to be in an exalted state of grace was the " worldly " state, I did for a time suffer tortures under my inquiries of myself whether that young worldly-devilish spirit of mine could secretly be lingering at the bottom of my non-appreciation. Brother Hawkyard was the popular expounder in this assembly, and generally occupied the platform (there was a little platform with a table on it, in lieu of a pulpit) first, on a Sunday afternoon. He was by trade a drysalter. Brother Gimblet, an elderly man with a crabbed face, a large dog's-eared shirt-collar, and a spotted blue neckerchief reaching up behind to the crown of his head, was also a drysalter and an expounder. Brother Gimblet professed the greatest admiration for Brother Hawkyard, but (I had thought more than once) bore him a jealous grudge. Let whosoever may peruse these lines kindly take the pains here to read twice my solemn pledge, that what I write of the language and customs of the congregation in question I write scrupulously, literally, exactly, from the life and the truth. On the first Sunday after I had won what I had so long tried for, and when it was certain that I was going up to college. Brother Hawkyard concluded a long exhortation thus : " Well, my friends and fellow-sinners, now I told you when I began, that I didn't know a word of what I was going to say to you (and no, I did not !), but that it was all one to me, bccslusc I knew the Lord would put into my mouth the words I wanted." ("That's it!" from Brother Gimblet.) " And he did put into my mouth the words I wanted.*^ (" So he did ! " from Brother Gimblet.) " And why ? " (" Ah, lot's have that ! " from Brother Gimblet.) " Because I have been his faithful servant for five-and-thirty years, and because he knows it. For five-and-thirty years ! And he knows it, mind you ! I got those words that I wanted on account of my wages. I got 'cm from the Lord,, my fellow-sinners. Down ! I 624 George Silverman s Explanation. fsaid, ' Here's a heap of wages due ; let us have something down, on account.' And I got it down, and I paid it over to you ; and you won't wrap it up in a napkin, nor yet in a towel, nor yet pocketankercher, but you'll put it out at good interest. Very well. Now, my brothers and sisters and fellow-sinners, I am going to conclude with a question, and I'll make it so plain (with the help of the Lord, after five-and- thirty years, I should rather hope !) as that the Devil shall not be able to confuse it in your heads, — which he would be overjoyed to do." (" Just his way. Crafty old blackguard ! " from Brother Gimblet.) " And the que&tioij is this. Are the angels learned ? " (" Not they. Not a bit on it ! " from Brother Gimblet, with the greatest confidence.) "Not they. And where's the proof? sent ready-made by the hand of the Lord. Why, there's one among us here now, that has got all the learning that can bo crammed into him. I got him all the learn- ing that could be crammed into him. IJis grandfather " (this I had never heard before) " was a brother of ours. Ho was Brother Park- sop. That's what he was. Parksop ; Brother Parksop. His worldly name was Parksop, and he was a brother of this brotherhood. Then wasn't he Brother Parksop ? " (" Must be. Couldn't help hisself ! " from Brother Gimblet.) " Well, he left that one now here present among us to the care of a brother-sinner of his (and that brother-sinner, mind you, was a sinner of a bigger size in his time than' any of you ; praise the Lord !), Brother Hawkyard. Me. 1 got him without fee or reward, — without a morsel of myrrh, or frankincense, nor yet amber, letting alone the honeycomb, — all the learning that could be crammed into him. Has it brought him into our temple, in the spirit ? No. Have we had any ignorant brothers and sisters that didn't know round O from crooked S, come in among us meanwhile ? Many. Then the angels are not learned ; then they don't so much as know their alphabet. jfiven though I had not seen him when he rose from his knecB, An Implied Vindication. 625 steaming witli perspiration, glance at Brother Hawkyard, and even though I had not heard Brother Hawkyard's tone of congratulating him on the vigour with which he had roared, I should have detected a malicious application in this prayer. Unformed suspicions to a similar effect had sometimes passed through my mind in my earlier school-days, and had always caused me great distress ; for they were worldly in their nature, and wide, very wide, of the spirit that had drawn me from Sylvia. They were sordid suspicions, without a shadow of proof. They were worthy to have originated in the un- wholesome cellar. They were not only without proof, but against proof ; for was I not myself a living proof of what Brother Hawkyard had done ? and without him, how should I ever have seen the sky look sorrowfully down upon that wretched boy at Hoghton Towers ? Although the dread of a relapse into a stage of savage selfishness was less strong ui)on me as I approached manhood, and could act in an increased degree for myself, yet I was always on my guard against any tendency to such relapse. After getting these suspicions under my feet, I had been troubled by not being able to like Brother Hawk- yard's manner, or his professed religion. So it came about, that, as I Avalked back that Sunday evening, I thought it would be an act of reparation for any such injury my struggling thoughts had unwillingly done him, if I wrote, and placed in his hands, before going to college, a full acknowledgment of his goodness to me, and an ample tribute of thanks. It might serve as an implied vindication of him against any dark scandal from a rival brother and expounder, or from any other quarter.
| 948 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104797965
|
Wikidata
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Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Liste der Biografien/Burx
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 16 | 44 |
Liste der Biografien/Burx
Wikimedia-Liste
Liste der Biografien/Burx ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Liste
Liste der Biografien/Burx Liste von Biografie
| 603 |
https://github.com/won21kr/RemsStudio/blob/master/src/me/anno/gpu/shader/Shader.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
RemsStudio
|
won21kr
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 1,201 | 3,472 |
package me.anno.gpu.shader
import me.anno.cache.data.ICacheData
import me.anno.gpu.GFX
import me.anno.gpu.framebuffer.Frame
import me.anno.ui.editor.files.toAllowedFilename
import me.anno.utils.OS
import me.anno.utils.structures.arrays.FloatArrayList
import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager
import org.joml.*
import org.lwjgl.BufferUtils
import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL20.*
import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL21.glUniformMatrix4x3fv
import java.io.File
import java.nio.FloatBuffer
open class Shader(
val shaderName: String,
val vertex: String,
val varying: String,
val fragment: String,
private val disableShorts: Boolean = false
) : ICacheData {
companion object {
private var logShaders = true
private val LOGGER = LogManager.getLogger(Shader::class)
private const val attributeName = "in"
private val matrixBuffer = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16)
private val identity3 = Matrix3f() as Matrix3fc
private val identity4 = Matrix4f() as Matrix4fc
private val identity4x3 = Matrix4x3f() as Matrix4x3fc
const val DefaultGLSLVersion = 150
var lastProgram = -1
}
var glslVersion = DefaultGLSLVersion
private var program = -1
private val uniformLocations = HashMap<String, Int>()
private val attributeLocations = HashMap<String, Int>()
private val uniformCache = FloatArrayList(128, Float.NaN)
val pointer get() = program
private val ignoredNames = HashSet<String>()
// shader compile time doesn't really matter... -> move it to the start to preserve ram use?
// isn't that much either...
fun init() {
// LOGGER.debug("$shaderName\nVERTEX:\n$vertex\nVARYING:\n$varying\nFRAGMENT:\n$fragment")
program = glCreateProgram()
// the shaders are like a C compilation process, .o-files: after linking, they can be removed
val vertexSource = ("" +
"#version $glslVersion\n" +
"${varying.replace("varying", "out")} $vertex").replaceShortCuts()
val vertexShader = compile(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vertexSource)
val fragmentSource = ("" +
"#version $glslVersion\n" +
"precision mediump float; ${varying.replace("varying", "in")} ${
if (fragment.contains("gl_FragColor") && glslVersion == DefaultGLSLVersion) {
"out vec4 glFragColor;" +
fragment.replace("gl_FragColor", "glFragColor")
} else fragment}").replaceShortCuts()
val fragmentShader = compile(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, fragmentSource)
glLinkProgram(program)
glDeleteShader(vertexShader)
glDeleteShader(fragmentShader)
logShader(vertexSource, fragmentSource)
}
fun logShader(vertex: String, fragment: String) {
if (logShaders) {
val folder = File(OS.desktop, "shaders")
folder.mkdirs()
fun print(ext: String, data: String) {
val name = "$shaderName.$ext".toAllowedFilename() ?: return
File(folder, name).writeText(data)
}
print("vert", vertex)
print("frag", fragment)
}
}
fun String.replaceShortCuts() = if (disableShorts) this else this
.replace("\n", " \n ")
.replace(";", " ; ")
.replace(" u1 ", " uniform float ")
.replace(" u2 ", " uniform vec2 ")
.replace(" u3 ", " uniform vec3 ")
.replace(" u4 ", " uniform vec4 ")
.replace(" u2x2 ", " uniform mat2 ")
.replace(" u3x3 ", " uniform mat3 ")
.replace(" u4x4 ", " uniform mat4 ")
.replace(" u4x3 ", " uniform mat4x3 ")
.replace(" u3x4 ", " uniform mat3x4 ")
.replace(" a1 ", " $attributeName float ")
.replace(" a2 ", " $attributeName vec2 ")
.replace(" a3 ", " $attributeName vec3 ")
.replace(" a4 ", " $attributeName vec4 ")
.replace(" v1 ", " float ")
.replace(" v2 ", " vec2 ")
.replace(" v3 ", " vec3 ")
.replace(" v4 ", " vec4 ")
.replace(" m2 ", " mat2 ")
.replace(" m3 ", " mat3 ")
.replace(" m4 ", " mat4 ")
private fun compile(type: Int, source: String): Int {
// ("$shaderName/$type: $source")
val shader = glCreateShader(type)
glShaderSource(shader, source)
glCompileShader(shader)
glAttachShader(program, shader)
postPossibleError(shader, source)
return shader
}
private fun postPossibleError(shader: Int, source: String) {
val log = glGetShaderInfoLog(shader)
if (log.isNotBlank()) {
LOGGER.warn(
"$log by\n\n${
source
.split('\n')
.mapIndexed { index, line ->
"${"%1\$3s".format(index + 1)}: $line"
}.joinToString("\n")}"
)
/*if(!log.contains("deprecated", true)){
throw RuntimeException()
}*/
}
}
fun ignoreUniformWarnings(names: List<String>) {
ignoredNames += names
}
fun getUniformLocation(name: String): Int {
val old = uniformLocations.getOrDefault(name, -100)
if (old != -100) return old
use()
val loc = glGetUniformLocation(program, name)
uniformLocations[name] = loc
if (loc < 0 && name !in ignoredNames) {
LOGGER.warn("Uniform location \"$name\" not found in shader $shaderName")
}
return loc
}
fun getAttributeLocation(name: String): Int {
val old = attributeLocations.getOrDefault(name, -100)
if (old != -100) return old
val loc = glGetAttribLocation(program, name)
attributeLocations[name] = loc
if (loc < 0 && name !in ignoredNames) {
LOGGER.warn("Attribute location \"$name\" not found in shader $shaderName")
}
return loc
}
fun use() {
Frame.currentFrame?.bind()
if (program == -1) init()
if (program != lastProgram) {
glUseProgram(program)
lastProgram = program
}
}
fun v1(name: String, x: Int) {
val loc = getUniformLocation(name)
if (loc > -1) {
val asFloat = x.toFloat()
if (asFloat.toInt() != x) {
// cannot be represented as a float -> cannot currently be cached
uniformCache[loc * 4] = Float.NaN
use()
glUniform1i(loc, x)
} else if (uniformCache[loc * 4, Float.NaN] != asFloat) {
// it has changed
uniformCache[loc * 4] = asFloat
use()
glUniform1i(loc, x)
}
}
}
fun v1(name: String, x: Float) {
val loc = getUniformLocation(name)
if (loc > -1) {
val index0 = loc * 4
if (uniformCache[index0 + 0, Float.NaN] != x) {
uniformCache[index0 + 0] = x
use()
glUniform1f(loc, x)
}
}
}
fun v2(name: String, x: Float, y: Float) {
val loc = getUniformLocation(name)
if (loc > -1) {
val index0 = loc * 4
if (
uniformCache[index0 + 0, Float.NaN] != x ||
uniformCache[index0 + 1, Float.NaN] != y
) {
uniformCache[index0 + 0] = x
uniformCache[index0 + 1] = y
use()
glUniform2f(loc, x, y)
}
}
}
fun v3(name: String, x: Float, y: Float, z: Float) {
val loc = getUniformLocation(name)
if (loc > -1) {
val index0 = loc * 4
if (
uniformCache[index0 + 0, Float.NaN] != x ||
uniformCache[index0 + 1, Float.NaN] != y ||
uniformCache[index0 + 2, Float.NaN] != z
) {
uniformCache[index0 + 0] = x
uniformCache[index0 + 1] = y
uniformCache[index0 + 2] = z
use()
glUniform3f(loc, x, y, z)
}
}
}
fun v3X(name: String, v: Vector4f) {
v3(name, v.x / v.w, v.y / v.w, v.z / v.w)
}
fun v3(name: String, color: Int) {
v3(
name,
(color.shr(16) and 255) / 255f,
(color.shr(8) and 255) / 255f,
color.and(255) / 255f
)
}
fun v4(name: String, x: Float, y: Float, z: Float, w: Float) {
val loc = getUniformLocation(name)
if (loc > -1) glUniform4f(loc, x, y, z, w)
}
fun v4(name: String, color: Int) {
v4(
name,
(color.shr(16) and 255) / 255f,
(color.shr(8) and 255) / 255f,
color.and(255) / 255f,
(color.shr(24) and 255) / 255f
)
}
fun v4(name: String, color: Int, alpha: Float) {
v4(
name,
color.shr(16).and(255) / 255f,
color.shr(8).and(255) / 255f,
color.and(255) / 255f, alpha
)
}
fun v2(name: String, all: Float) = v2(name, all, all)
fun v3(name: String, all: Float) = v3(name, all, all, all)
fun v4(name: String, all: Float) = v4(name, all, all, all, all)
fun v2(name: String, v: Vector2fc) = v2(name, v.x(), v.y())
fun v3(name: String, v: Vector3fc) = v3(name, v.x(), v.y(), v.z())
fun v4(name: String, v: Vector4fc) = v4(name, v.x(), v.y(), v.z(), v.w())
fun m3x3(name: String, value: Matrix3fc = identity3) {
use()
val loc = this[name]
if (loc > -1) {
value.get(matrixBuffer)
glUniformMatrix3fv(loc, false, matrixBuffer)
}
}
fun m4x3(name: String, value: Matrix4x3fc = identity4x3) {
use()
val loc = this[name]
if (loc > -1) {
value.get(matrixBuffer)
glUniformMatrix4x3fv(loc, false, matrixBuffer)
}
}
fun m4x4(name: String, value: Matrix4fc = identity4) {
use()
val loc = this[name]
if (loc > -1) {
value.get(matrixBuffer)
glUniformMatrix4fv(loc, false, matrixBuffer)
}
}
fun v1Array(name: String, value: FloatBuffer) {
use()
val loc = this[name]
if (loc > -1) {
glUniform1fv(loc, value)
}
}
fun v2Array(name: String, value: FloatBuffer) {
use()
val loc = this[name]
if (loc > -1) {
glUniform2fv(loc, value)
}
}
fun v3Array(name: String, value: FloatBuffer) {
use()
val loc = this[name]
if (loc > -1) {
glUniform3fv(loc, value)
}
}
fun v4Array(name: String, value: FloatBuffer) {
use()
val loc = this[name]
if (loc > -1) {
glUniform4fv(loc, value)
}
}
fun check() = GFX.check()
operator fun get(name: String) = getUniformLocation(name)
override fun destroy() {
if (program > -1) glDeleteProgram(program)
}
}
| 285 |
5545007_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 991 | 1,204 |
Sedgwick, C. J.
The action is upon an open policy of marine insurance, issued by the defendant. The action was referred, and the plaintiff had judgment. The subject of the insurance was a cargo of coal. It is objected by the defendant that before the referee there was not, after the loss, presented by the plaintiff the proof of loss intended by the policy. The words of the policy are “proof of loss, proof of interest, and adjustment.” It may be admitted that the insured did not present, at least in full, the proofs named in the policy. The company, however, took the position that it was not liable, because it had canceled the policy. T,his, if it did not announce, yet it necessarily involved, an intention not to require or not to receive proof of loss, *178which would be a transaction that would signify that the policy was not canceled. Moreover, on the facts of the case, a finding would be sustained that the acts and declarations would justify the insured in thinking that the defendant did not require formal proof of loss to be made. It is also argued by the learned counsel for defendant that the risk upon the cargo had not been approved as the policy required. By the policy it was to cover such risks “only as may be approved and indorsed thereon.” In fact, the policy being with the insured, the company never approved or indorsed upon it the risks they took. When the policy was issued and given to the insured a memorandum book was given. According to the testimony of the agent of the defendant, the approvals and indorsements intended by the policy were made and to be made in this book, for he testified that, when the entries of the book were filled in, the book would be sent to the office, and then, in case of approval, the initials “D. & P., Attys.,” would be placed in the column of the book headed “Approved.” There were no such initials in the book opposite the name “John A. Post, ”—a boat which carried the coal insured. It is insisted that the policy was definitely canceled before the coal was put in the boat, the risk under the policy beginning at the loading of the cargo. There was sent, before the risk began, a letter which announced the intention of the company to cancel the policy. To effect the cancellation it was necessary that some act should accomplish this intention. The burden of proving this was upon the defendant. It was not absolutely or incontrovertibly shown here. Whether or not it was done depended upon inferences that were conflicting, and upon the comparative credibility of the witnesses. The referee has found upon enough evidence that there was not a cancellation. On this point, also, the receiving of premiums was proof that the policy was pending, within the intention of the defendant. It was received as to other . coal, after the loss in this case. The policy was an entire contract, and it all existed or no part of it did. It may have been the fact that the company’s officers believed that the risks paid for were pending at the time of the supposed cancellation, and therefore not affected by the cancellation. Such, however, was not the casé; and to prevent the continuance of the policy beyond the time of the cancellation, as claimed by the company, there should have been a return, or an offer of return, with notice of the mistake of fact. Nothing of this kind was done.
Sufficientprima/aci'e proof of the seaworthiness of the boat was given by the ¡plaintiff. The captain testified that the boat was seaworthy, and fit for the voyage. The owner testified as to repairs to the boat from time to time; that before the voyage she had been thoroughly overhauled; and that to him she appeared to be right. On the trial it appeared that after the boat and cargo had been sunk in the bay they were raised by one Baxter, who sued the plaintiff in admiralty for the salvage services. The plaintiff notified the defendant of the pendency of this suit, and required that it should defend it. 'The defendant did not defend. The plaintiff defended, and judgment was entered against it. On the present trial the plaintiff recovered, besides the *179amount of the judgment in the admiralty suit, the costs of that suit, certain disbursements made in it, and also counsel fees to counsel for services in the suit. The defendant contends that it is not liable beyond the amount of the judgment, arguing that the other expenses were unnecessarily incurred; or, in other words, that the plaintiff should have prevented the admiralty suit by paying Baxter’s bill, or should not have defended the suit. While between themselves the defendant was bound to pay the wrecking expenses, and to indemnify the plaintiff in that regard, yet in the admiralty salvage action the plaintiff would be bound primarily to pay the claim. Therefore, when the defendant omitted to defend, it was reasonable that the plaintiff should appear by counsel, to prevent any other recovery against him than such as was just, and in accordance with the facts. The referee was correct in allowing the amounts referred to. It is necessary, however, that there should be a new trial. The defendant moved to dismiss the complaint on the following ground, among others: That it did not contain any allegation that proof of loss was exhibited to the defendant 30 days before the commencement. The complaint alleges that by the policy, in case of loss, such loss was to be paid in 30 days after proof of loss, and interest. It further alleges that the plainti If caused to be exhibited to the defendant due proof of the said loss and damage, but that no part of the same has been paid, etc.
| 14,565 |
https://github.com/be-plans/be/blob/master/gradle/plan.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
be
|
be-plans
|
Shell
|
Code
| 76 | 461 |
pkg_name=gradle
pkg_origin=core
pkg_version=4.3.1
pkg_source=https://services.gradle.org/distributions/${pkg_name}-${pkg_version}-bin.zip
pkg_shasum=15ebe098ce0392a2d06d252bff24143cc88c4e963346582c8d88814758d93ac7
pkg_maintainer="The Habitat Maintainers <humans@habitat.sh>"
pkg_description="A powerful build system for the JVM"
pkg_upstream_url=http://gradle.org
pkg_license=('Apache-2.0')
pkg_bin_dirs=(bin)
pkg_lib_dirs=(lib)
pkg_deps=(
core/glibc lilian/gcc-libs lilian/jre8
lilian/coreutils lilian/bash-static lilian/sed)
pkg_build_deps=(
lilian/make lilian/gcc
lilian/jdk8 lilian/patchelf
)
source ../defaults.sh
do_build() {
mkdir patching
pushd patching
jar xf ../lib/native-platform-linux-amd64-0.14.jar
patchelf --set-rpath "${LD_RUN_PATH}" net/rubygrapefruit/platform/linux-amd64/libnative-platform.so
jar cf native-platform-linux-amd64-0.14.jar .
mv native-platform-linux-amd64-0.14.jar ../lib/
popd
rm -rf patching
fix_interpreter bin/gradle lilian/coreutils bin/env
}
do_install() {
cp -vr . "$pkg_prefix"
}
do_strip() {
return 0
}
| 50,506 |
historischpolit23grgoog_29
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,860 |
Historisch-politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland
|
Guido Görres
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,537 | 14,293 |
jenes Aergerniß mweggeräumt werben. Wir wiſſen wohl, daß der Umfchlag nod von anderen Bedingungen, und zwar im eriter Reihe von der Geftaltung der auswärtigen Berhältnifle abhängt, aber der nächſte Schritt ift immer, daß es ftille were den muß vom Reichsrath. Ohnehin wenden fich die zuchtlojen Thorheiten jeiner Mas jorität mehr und mehr gegen den Minifter felber, und in dem berüchtigten Projekte eines „ofterreichifchen Religion gedifte,“ welches von der minifteriellen, fage der minifteriellen Yraftion betrieben wird, drohen dieſelben auf den Gipfel zu fteigen. Beſitzt Hr. v. Schmerling noch einen Funken Einfluß auf feine eigene Partei, dann muß er dieſes Unternehmen um jeden Preis bintertreiben. Zwar hatte fein Artifelichreiber in ber Allgemeinen Zeitung *) verliert: „das Minifterium Schmers ling hätte feinen Boden und feine Zukunft, wenn es nicht bes harrlich fortführe, dem Ultramontanismus“ (welchem übrigens fänmtlihe Biſchöfe im Reichsrath ausdrücklich zugezählt wer den) „Widerpart zu bieten“; das fei fein „natürlicher Beruf“. Aber es ift doch geravezu unglaublid, daß irgend ein Staates mann es zeitgemäß finden follte, in die äußerſte Berwirrung der öfterreichifchen Berhältniffe nun auch noch die Fackel eines großen Kirchenftreitd hineinzufchleudern. Während es bie erfte Aufgabe jedes Patrioten ift, das Vertrauen Aller für die Ber faſſungsformen zu gewinnen, welche der Kaifer dem Reich, for wie für die Garantien, die er jedem Theile defjelben gegeben, joU der Monarch noch an der Echwelle eined freien Rechte ftaatd zum Bruch der feierlichften Berträge und verbürgter Rechte der Kirche gezwungen werden. Den zum großen Theil noch jugendlich frommen BVolfern will man, um fie ja in ihren beiligften Gefühlen auf's empfindlichfte zu verleben, . die oblir gatoriihe ivilehe, die FJuden-Chriften-Che, die Trennung der Schule von der Kirche aufdringen! Iſt ed möglid, dag Ein Etaatsmann glaube, auf ſolche Weife dem öfterreichifchen — *) Bom 24. Auguſt Beilage. Zeitläufe. 629 Deutſchthum das total verlorene Anſehen bei den nichtdeutfchen Bölfern wieder zu erwerben? Der ohnehin täglidy fleigende Haß und die Verachtung gegen Alles, was deutich ift, müßte vielmehr in hellen Flammen aufidlagen; denn dem Deutſch⸗ tbum in Deſterreich (die Juden natürlich mit eingefchloflen) ganz allein gehört auch dieſes neueſte Produft wahniinniger Pedanterie an. Haft nur den Deutſch⸗Oeſterreichern gilt aud das Entſetzen, welches den PBroteftanten Dr. Keipp bei ihrem Anblicke ergreift: „Was der Nationalismus hier in Oeſterreich serbrochen hat, ift ſchwer zu ſchildern; fo bat er in feinem Lande der Erde gewüthet, wie bier — feit drei Menfchen- altern !* Selbſt an einem Mühlfeld und Genoſſen überrafcht die Unfähigfeit, fih nur einigermaßen zu beherrſchen und die Bes friedigung ihres gottlofen Haſſes wenigftend auf gelegnere Zeit zu verfchieben. Was muß erft ein Staatsmann von dem Bor- haben des faum halb fertigen, ſtündlich zwiſchen Seyn und Nichtſeyn ſchwebenden Reichsraths denfen, mit den erften Kin: derſchuhen gleich einen modernen Staatsjprung zu machen nicht nur über England, Preußen, Belgien, fondern fogar — über Baden hinaus. Denn felbft Baden hat bloß die fafultative Givitehe, Preußen bat noch nicht einmal fie; Preußen achtet bis jeht das kirchliche Recht auf die Schule, und Belgien kennt das Unterrichts:Monopol des Staats überhaupt nicht ; Preußen und England befennen fi ale „proteftantiihe Staaten“ mit Wort und That, England hat noch dazu feine gefeglich eta⸗ blirte Staatskirche. Oeſterreich aber, Dasgeftern noch patriarchalifch regierte Reich Sr. apoftolifhen Majeftät — fol nun jofort in das Ideal eines religionslofen Staates bineinipringen, mit dena esclufiven Unterrichtö-Monopol und mit der bis jegt überall unerhörten DBerpflichtung, auch dafür zu forgen, daß „die Vor⸗ träge in der Religionswiſſenſchaft an den Univerfitäten von dem Einfluß der Vorfteher und Diener jeder Kirche und Res ligionsgenofienfchaft frei” fein. Inzwiſchen haben die Protes ſtanten jenfeits der Leitha ihr ganzes Schulweſen von jeder Val, 45 ZL 830 Zeitläufe Beeinfluffung des Staats fo freigeftellt wie in Belgien und Rordamerifa ! Mir zweifeln, ob irgend ein Liberalismus in der ganzen Welt, mit einziger Ausnahme des wieneriſchen, im Stande ges weſen wäre, fo craffen Aberwis and Licht zu bringen. Nur muß man nicht glauben, daß die guten Brüder aus einem Uebermaß von Bosheit fo handeln, es ift viel mehr bornirter Stumpffinn und gefalliüchtige Nachäfferei; daß ihr Thun an den Lebensnerv Defterreich8 geht, das merfen die Helden gar nit. Diefe begeifterten $reunde find, wie gefagt, Hrn. v. Schmer⸗ fing gefährlicher, als feine vermeintlichen Feinde in Ungarn. Seine Lage ift fehr erponirt; aber fein Schickſal und das des Neiches find denn doch noch micht identiſch. Darum wollen wir auch nicht, gnleih der Broſchüre, in der Defperation die Neichseinheit an die ungarifhen Demagogen wegwerfen, und zwar um fo meniger, als damit auch unfere eigene mittelſtaat⸗ liche Eriften; an die Gothaer weggeworfen wäre. Davon verfteht man freilich im vitiöfen Zirkel der Trias-&elüfte nichts, es ift aber nichts defto weniger wahr. Warten wir zu! Die Welt ift nun einmal in eine Fluth fonderbarer Wechſelverhält⸗ niffe verfunfen; gewiſſe Aenderungen der Bezüge nach Außen wären eine Calamität für den liberalen Minifter, aber fie wä⸗ ren das Glück des Reiche, die förderlichfte Pacifikation der Un⸗ gan und Kroaten. Der Minifter des Auswärtigen IR noch immer der wichtigſte Würbeträger in Wien: das weiß. aud Jeitlaͤufe. 631 Zang's „Preſſe“ und ihre gehorſamſte — Reichsraths⸗Ma— jerität! In einem großen Theile des mittelftaatlihen Deutfch- lands, namentlih in Bayern, hat fi bald nad dem Tage von Bregenz die alte Sage, daß Danfbarkeit Fein Faktor im der Politik fei, neuerdings bewährt. Sollte Jemand der äußer- len Ungnade preiögegeben werden, fo braudte man ihn nur anzufhwärzen: er fei „ofterreichifch gefinnt“. Das war bie eigentliche Sünde gegen den heiligen Geift der mwiederhergeftellten Ordnung“, jede andere Farbe vermochte man zu ertragen, nur nicht ſchwarz und gelb. Was die „öfterreihifch Geſinn⸗ ten“ fagten, das galt von vornherein nichts, namentlich, ale fie im Frühjahr 1859 mahnten und drängten: wenn ‘Preußen Ach nicht rühre und bei feiner Politif der „freien Hand“ bins terliftig verharre, dann fei es Pflicht der Selbfterhaltung für die deutfchen Mittelitaaten ihrerfeits dem bedrängten Oeſter⸗ reich zu Hülfe zu eilen. in raſcher Entfchluß in München inmitten der allgemeinen Begeifterung, die eine That ſtürmiſch berausforderte und felbft die Kammern mit fortriß, hätte eis nen gewaltigen Ausfchlag gegeben und die Lage der Dinge total verändert: wir wären mit Defterreih geftanden anftatt wit ihm zu fallen. Jetzt darf man wohl fragen: wer damals recht gehabt hat? Die rathlofe Ohnmacht, welche die Folge jenes ſelbſtmör⸗ derifchen Nichtsthuns war, hat freilih auch auf Preußen gleich ſchwer gelaitet. Es fah immer unheimlicher aus in Berlin, und täglich unabweisbarer drängte die Nothwendigfeit einen Schritt zu thun, vorwärts oder rüdwärts, während man das Eine nicht weniger fürdhtete ala das Andere. Jetzt endlich if ed dem Imperator gelungen, das Eis der Unentfchloffenheit zu brechen: Wilhelm I. von Preußen geht nah Com» piegne. Wenn die mittelftaatlihen Politiker wirklich darauf 45° 632 Zeitläufe. rechneten, daß fie ja im Nothfall die Proteftion Frankreichs anrufen fönnten, fo find fie jetzt häßlih betrogen; Preußen bat ihnen den Rang abgelaufen. Daß fie aber nun in zwölfter Stunde noch dad, was in der erften hätte gefhehen follen, thun und offen den engſten Anfchluß an Oeſterreich erflären würden, bejorgt Napoleon III. wohl nicht; denn er weiß, wie man, Danf feinen Künften, überall von der Hand in den Mund lebt, gedanfenlofer und phäakiſcher aber nirgends ale bei une. Der preußiihe König geht nicht von einem Cortege deut- fher Mitfürften begleitet wie in Baden» Baden nad Frank⸗ reih, fondern ganz allein, wie ed der „beutihen Politik“ Preußens geztemt. Natürlich verfichern alle officiellen Stim⸗ men, ed gelte ja nur einen bloßen Gegenbefuh, den die Ge- feße der Höflichfeit nicht abfchlagen ließen. Aber dem Impe⸗ rator gegenüber fann man nur einen unpolitifhen, niemals einen nichtpolitiſchen Echritt thun. Jedermann weiß, daß er die eifrig gefuchte Gelegenheit ganz anders verfteht, aud nicht bloß feinen Parifern eine Unterhaltung mahen will. Wer garantirt für das Fehlſchlagen feiner Abfihten? Die über als len Zweifel erhabene Ehrenhaftigfeit des Königs, fagt man, der fi) niemald auf einen cavouriſchen Shader um das linfe Mheinufer einlaffen wird. Sehr wohl! Auch uns liegt jeder Verdacht gegen die Perfon des preußifchen Monarchen fern. Aber eine andere Garantie gegen die unheilvolifie Wendung der zweiten deutſchen Großmacht gibt es nicht mehr, und von dem alleinigen Bürgen braudt man nur den fleinen Finger, z. B. den fchleswigsholfteinifchen, und auf ihn warten alle Schlingen, nur zuverläffig — feine plumpen. Und nit bloß in Compiègne. In Berlin felber fcheint ein fein gefponnenes Netz ausgeſpannt, mit dem feine Ber: trauteften den vereinfamten Monarchen umftellen. Wären auch nicht die Gerüchte davon längft durch öffentlie Blätter ge gangen, fo läge die Sade doch in der Luft. Louis Bonas parte will dem preußifchen Abrundungstrieb zu einer „befleren Zeitläufe. 633 Drganifation” bes deutſchen Volkes, vermuthlich inclufive Schleswig. Holftein, behülflih feyn, und er verlangt dafür nihte als die „Heloten" am Rhein. Möglich, daß der Ko⸗ burger Berein fi zum Theil dazu ftellt, wie Mazzini und Garibaldi zum Cavourismus. Aber die fridericianifhe Tra⸗ bition müßte über Nacht ausgeftorben feyn, die Behinderung Deſterreichs, die forglofe Berlaffenheit der Mittelftaaten, die völlige Ohnmacht Rußlands, die fhuldbeladene Iſolirung Eng⸗ lands müßten nicht die unvergleichlich einladende, nicht wieder⸗ kehrende Gelegenheit geſchaffen haben — wenn in Berlin nicht gewichtige Stimmen dem Imperator ein entſchloſſenes Ja zu⸗ riefen ®). Heute liegt Oeſterreich am Boden, morgen kann es fi) erheben und die allgemeine Lage im Nu verändern, alfo Eile, Eile! Verfänglicher könnten die Umſtände der preußifchen Viſite nicht mehr feyn. Wir aber — weil wir in der fchönen Zeit von 1859 nit im Siegedzug über die Alpen und an den Rhein marſchieren wollten, darum geht jetzt der Leichenzug nady Bompiögne. Wen er begräbt, wird bie Zufunft lehren. Es war ein böfer Irrthum, zu glauben, der Imperator babe fih in das italienifche Problem fo ausſchließlich verbiffen, daß er für nichts fonft Sintereffe habe. Im Gegentheil waren feine Augen fogar ſchärfer auf Deutfhland und England als auf Stalien gerichtet. Diefe Länder liegen überhaupt nur für die liberale Weisheit aus einander, die fo gutmüthig an den „iſolirten Krieg” geglaubt hat. Für Louis Bonaparte hängen fie fo eng aufammen, wie die drei Seiten des napoleonifchen Hütleins. Wohin feine nächſte Aktion zu richten wäre, und ob fie in viplomatifher Verführung oder Friegerifhen Combi⸗ nationen zu beftehen babe, das war allein fein Studium, und das franzöfifhe Drängen auf den preußifchen Gegenbeſuch iſt — — — *%) Miniſter ven Auerswald, mit feinem tödtlichen Haß gegen Oeſter⸗ reich, iſt längft ale Vertreter diefer Richtung bezeichnet. Neuerlich wird in Pranfreich die höchſte Dame in Berlin offen als Führe⸗ rin, überhaupt als bie „Seele der preußifchen Politik“ genannt. 634 Beitläufe das für und Deutfche vernichtende Refultat geweien. Er glaubt einer Gewalts-Politif gegen und nicht zu bebürfen, weil wir ihm ja doch von felbft als reife Frucht in den Schooß fallen würden. In der That ift nur noch das Geheimniß von Compiegne, über das ſich natürli Jeder feine eigenen Gedanken macht, abgegangen, um die Verwirrung unfered armen Baterlandes auf die Epige zu treiben. Haben ja die vom Berliner Preß- bureau infpiritten Blätter zum vorhinein wie aus Einem Munde erklärt: Preußen trete nun heraus aus feiner Iſoli⸗ zung und aus feinem nachtheiligen Legitimismus, es ſchließe fih an Sranfreih an, um DOefterreih und die Mittelflaaten Mores zu lehren; denn wenn man dem mit Frankreich ge- fpannten, alfo felber hülfsbedürftigen Preußen die befcheidenften Borderungen verweigert habe, jo werde man das dem Bundes genofien Frankreichs nicht zu bieten wagen. Go ſprachen dieſe Leute in demjelben Athem, wo der Jahresbericht ihres Koburs ger-Bereind die angeblichen Drohungen des Minifters Borries und des Königs von Württemberg, gegen die Echöpfung einer preußifchen Gentralgewalt eventuell franzöfifhen Beiftand aufs zurufen, neuerdings der öffentlichen Entrüftung denuncirte. So weit find wir feit dem luftigen Einigkeits⸗Traum von 1859 fhon wieder gefommen, und wie weit ift es denn eigentlid von da noch bis zu einem deutſchen „Schmerzensichrei” nad Paris ? Daß der Imperator ihn von Berlin her erwartet, if eine ſeſtſtehende Thatſache. Frankreich theilt feine Hoffnung, wie ſich auch am Grafen Montalembert verräth, der den Sieg des Rationalvereind und des preußifhen Caͤſarismus nicht wünfct, aber unabwendbar fommen fieht, und mit ihm die Annerion der Rheinlande und dieLöfung der polnifchen Frage. Alle Agi⸗ tationsorgane fauen jeßt die Motive des Moniteur vom Mär und April 1859 wieder: Frankreich habe fein Interefie, Preu⸗ Gen zu hindern, eine deutfhe Einheit „analog dem Zollverein“ herzuſtellen; ganz im Begentheile. Mit ſonderlicher Befliſſenheit Seitläufe. 635 ſcheint dießmal die Gegenftellung Englands betont zu werben, daß nämlih England, der geſchworene Feind eined einigen deutfhen Reihe, „im Befite des Hafens von Kiel” wäre. Eonderbar, der Hafen von Kiel befand ſich ſchon 1854 unter den, freili von anderer Seite, für Preußen ausgemorfenen Ködern, und daß das Erfcheinen des Schwedenkönigs in Paris feineswegs eine unbedingt antispreußifhe Bedeutung haben müſſe, haben wir letzthin ſchon bemerkt, ehe noch befannt war, daß auch der foniglihe Gemahl der Mamfel Rasmuflen nad) Compiègne fommen werde. Unfraglich haben fich die gefähr- fihen Studien Rapoleond auf den Norden geworfen, und ganz unzweifelhaft ift in den Tuilerin nun endlich bie deutſche Frage“ leibhaftig an die Tagesordnung geſchrie⸗ ben — aber zur Güte, nicht zur Gewalt. Längft war es eine häufige Klage unferer gothaifchen Or⸗ gane, daß die liberalen Parteien in Defterreich die fogenannte deutiche Reform ganz ignorirten und felbft die Vreſſe fich nichts darum kümmere. Siehe da, plötzlich ift auch dieß anders ges worden! Zunädft erörtern die Defterreicher die Bedingungen, unter welchen fich Preußen mit ihnen einigen wollte. Darüber wird man nun bald im Reinen feyn. Der Preis ift für den conftitutionellen Kaiferftaat um feinen Heller billiger, al8 er für den abfolutiftifhen war. Will Defterreihh an feinen deut⸗ fhen Bundesbrüdern vertragbrüchig werden, will e8 fie eigens bändig von ſich weg in die Arme Preußens ftoßen, dann, ja dann will man ihm in Berlin die Leiter halten, damit es feis nen Vorfag fi aufzuhängen bequem ausführe Se genauer dort unten an der Donau dieſe Eachlage unterſucht wird, defto lauter wird fi das Halloh erheben: „Hort von diefen Deuts ſchen!“ Schon hat fi der mächtige Giskra, ein deutich Xiber raler, ähnlich geäußert. Wenn in nichts fonft, fo find die Cze⸗ hen hierin mit ihm einverftanden, denn fie betrachten ed als eine Beleidigung, daß Böhmen Bundesland feyn fol. Alle Slaven ziehen hinter ihnen drein. Die Liberalen in Ungarn verfihenften am liebſten alle deutſchen Provinzen an bie Go⸗ 636 Beitläufe. thaer, fie proteftiren jebenfalld gegen jedes Opfer für den Bund. AM diefer Lärm der Parteien findet in Deutfchland fein hun⸗ dertfahes Echo, ein Quos ego aber ift von nirgend® her zu hoffen. Und nun fage man einmal, fonnte ſich der große Fiſcher unfere Waſſer noch trüber, und der europäifche Hexen⸗ meifter den deutſchen Blodöberg unvernünftiger wünſchen? Ein Angriffsfiieg am Rhein hätte die babyloniihe Ver⸗ wirrung dod für den Moment zur Befinnung gebracht, und einmal im euer, wären die Deutichen blindlings ind Zeug gegangen wie immer. ber fo gut follten wir e8 nicht haben. Mit uns verfährt man wie der fchlaue Macedonier mit den griechifchen Sophiften. Wozu aud Pulver an uns verihwen- den? Läßt er und nur untereinander fortraufen, fo kommen wir ihm ganz von felbft; und was er an Pulver aufgehäuft bat, kann ex Alles gegen den weſtlichen Alliirten noch ſehr gut brauden. Louis Bonaparte hat als Prätendent dereinft ge äußert: „die Franzoſen feien gar nicht fo ſchwer zu regieren wie man glaube, nur dürfe man nicht verjäumen fie alle drei Jahre mit einem großen Krieg zu beichäftigen“. Die brei Jahre find bald wieder um. Uns gilt es aber dießmal nicht. Das ift ter Einn des Tages von Compiegne! EEE — — — — Seitläufe. 619 tung“ rebigirt er da, mo vornehme Herren erklären: „ic unterftüge jeden Minifter, den Ee. Maj. der Kaifer ernennt, gehöre er auch der Außerften Linfen an“; und wo Söhne der edelſten Gefchlehter ins und außerhalb des Reichsraths dieſe Marime buchftäblih wahr machen. Eie danfen an die Bour⸗ geoifie und das Judenthum, ihre Todfeinde, ab, während fie mit ihrem unermeßlihen Beſitz und Anfehen bie feſteſte Stüpe des Reichs feyn follten. Das ift mit eine Frucht jes ned blafirten Rationalismus, den Joſeph Il. den Reich faft unvertilgbar eingeimpft hat, und der nun in Zuftänden fort« wucdhert, die nirgends mehr in Europa ihres Gleichen haben. Hr. Keipp bezeichnet fie furz und gut als „byzantiniſch“. By⸗ zantiniſch die Mehrheit des Adels, und der Klerus faum durch das Concordat aus dem tiefften Byzantinismus herausgerif- fen — in foldhe Umgebung wurde der an ganz andere Leute gewöhnte Publiciſt aus Preußen plötzlich verfegt. Uns wun⸗ dert, daß er nicht am zweiten Tage davonlief; daß er noch dazu ein offenes Auge für den gefunden Kern des wunderba- ren Reiches behalten hat, ift mehr als zu erwarten war. Er, der Preuße, zweifelt „weniger als jemals” an ber Zufunft Oefterreihe. Der Glaube an deilen Weltmiffion ift ihm vielmehr erft zu Wien, durch perfönliche Erfahrung und aus unparteiifher Schägung der phyliihen, moralijchen und politifhen Anlagen erwachjen. Er warnt den Koburger Ber: ein und feine diplomatiihen Gevattern fehr ernfthaft, das Ges wicht des Kaiſerſtaats nicht auf die leichte Achfel zu nehmen, und am Ende iſt er der Anficht, welche auch wir fo oft aus⸗ geiprochen haben: dag Oeſterreich der wahre Borfämpfer ei- ner neuen und befiern Bolitif fei für die Freiheit in der Le- gitimität und für die Autonomie in der Staatseinheit. „Mag man alfo endlih aufhören, auf den Zerfall Oeſter⸗ reichd zu ſpekuliren und fih zu der, wenn auch unangenehmen, Einſicht bequemen, daß gerade diefe mächtige friedliche Lmwäl« zung, die kein anderer der heutigen Staaten Europa’8 in feinem Innern zuzulafien gewagt hätte, ein beredtes Zeugniß von be 638 Geiler von Kaifersberg. ler's, bis auf Hagen und Röhrich zieht fi durd die fir henhiftorifche Literatur der Proteftanten die conftante Tradis tion bin, daß auch er unter den bedeutendften Borläufern Lu- tbers zu zählen fei. Und es ift nicht zu läugnen: ein Gewinn von nicht zu unterfhägender Bedeutung müßte die biftorifche Acquiſition eines Mannes genannt werden, der nad) dem Zeug. niffe der Beſten unter feinen Zeitgenoffen als ein ieltenes Mufter edler deutſcher Männlichfeit dafteht, durch feine Dffen- heit, Geradheit, durch furchtloſen Freimuth und Biederfeit, jene natürlihen Tugenden, welche von jeher ald das auszeichnende Merkmal der unverborbenen, deutihen Natur gegolten haben. Was aber noch mehr ift, diefe bei ihm in feltener Etärfe und Reinheit ausgeprägten natürliden Eigenfchaften waren gefrönt durch einen Verein höherer Tugenden, wie fle nur einen Chri ften und Priefter zieren fonnen. Schon von dielem Gefichtspunfte aus fcheint ed uns eine heilige Pflicht der Fatholiihen Literatur zu feyn, ten Mann in ein helleres Licht zu feßen, der, mie wir feit überzeugt find, unter die Zierden der Fatholifchen Kirche Deuticylande zu ftellen iſt. Mit Sabriel Biel, feinem Freunde, befchließt Geiler von Kaifersberg die Reihe der großen Gotteögelehrten des Mittelalterd in Deutjchland, jener mehr auf fpeculativem, dies fer auf praftiihem Gebiete glänzend. ber noch von einem anderen Gefichtspunfte aus muß die nähere Kenntniß der Perfon und Wirkſamkeit des großen bige und verhältnigmäßig tolerante Haltung des Werkes ſehr ver: tbeilbaft ab genen ben fanatijchen Predigerion, wie er z. B. im Rohrich's „Reformationsgejchichte des Elſaßes“ durchgängig bericht. Hagen, Deutſchlandé literariiche und religiöfe VBerhältuiffe im Re: formationgzeitalter, 1. 122 ff. hat fih um tie Er forſchung der wif: fenfchaftlichen und literarifchen Bezichungen Geiler's Verdienſte er: worben, dagegen In Schilderung ber religiöfen Richtung Geiler's iR er ganz eimfeltig und auf falſcher daͤhrte. Ä Geller von Kalſereberg. 639 Straßburger Dompredigerd für uns von Intereſſe fern. Gel⸗ ler's Leben verläuft nicht, wie dasjenige eines einfachen Pre⸗ digers heutzutage, im Umkreiſe des Predigtſtuhles. Wie faft alle großen Prediger des Mittelalterd greift auch er einfluße rei in den Bang der firhlihen Entwidiungen und Geſchicke feiner Zeit ein. Die Geſchichte feines Lebens und Wirkens iſt ſelbſt ein beveutiamer Abfchnitt aus der kirchlichen Gefchichte Dentichlands unmittelbar vor der Reformation. Darum dürfte auch von diefer Eeite aus die nähere Kenntniß diefer großen Berfönlichfeit nicht geringes Intereſſe bieten. — ni Johannes Geiler war am 16. März 1445 In der fhweizerifhen, damals noch dem Haufe Defterreich unterwor⸗ fenen Etadt Schaffhaufen geboren*). Sein Bater Johannes Geiler, ein mie e8 fcheint nicht unvermögliher Mann, fiedelte bald nad der Geburt diefes feines erften Sohnes nad Amors⸗ weiler im Elſaß über, wo er die Stelle eines öffentlichen Nos tars erhalten hatte. Hier riß ihn nad wenigen Jahren ein unglüdliher Zufall aus der Mitte der Seinigen, und Jos hannes, unfer nachmals fo berühmter Prediger, Fam jegt gu feinem Großvater nah Kaijersberg, einem ebenfalls im Elſaß gelegenen Etädtchen, von welchem er fortan den Namen führte. Ohne Zweifel hat er auch bier feine erfte Vorbildung zum geiftlihen Stande erhalten. Als fünfzehnjähriger Jüngling bezog Geiler (im Jahre 4460) die erft kurz zuvor (27. April d. 38.) eröffnete Uni⸗ *) Beatas Rhenanus, Joannis Geileri CGaesaremontani vita, abges drruckt In Riegger, amoenilt. literar. Friburgenses. Ulm. 1775. fasc. 1. 56 ss. Riegger’s Wert, ebwohl nur eine Dofumenten- Sammlung. if auch heute noch die werthvollſte und unentbehrlichſte unter allen über Beller erſchienenen Schriften. 48° 634 Zeitläufe, das für und Deutfche vernichtende Refultat geweſen. Er glaubt einer Gewaltd-Politif gegen und nicht zu bedürfen, weil wir ihm ja doch von felbft ald reife Frucht in den Schooß fallen würden. In der That ift nur nod das Geheimniß von Compiegne, über das fich natürlich Jeder feine eigenen Gedanken madıt, abgegangen, um die Verwirrung unfered armen Baterlandes auf die Epige zu treiben. Haben ja die vom Berliner Preß- bureau infpirirten Blätter zum vorbinein wie aus Einem Munde erklärt: Preußen trete nun heraus aus feiner Iſoli⸗ rung und aus feinem nachtheiligen Legitimismus, es fchließe fih an Sranfreih an, um Defterreih und die Mittelftaaten Mores zu lehren ; denn wenn man dem mit Brankreich ges fpannten, alfo felber hülfsbedürftigen Preußen die befcheidenften Borderungen verweigert habe, jo werde man das dem Bundes⸗ genoffen Frankreichs nicht zu bieten wagen. So ſprachen Diele Leute in demjelben Athem, wo der Jahresbericht ihres Koburs ger-Bereind die angeblihen Drohungen des Minifterd Borries und des Könige von Württemberg, gegen die Schöpfung einer preußiichen Gentralgewalt eventuell franzöfiichen Beiftand aufs zurufen, neuerdings der öffentlichen Entrüftung denuncirte. So weit find wir feit dem luftigen Cinigfeitds Traum von 1859 fhon wieder gefommen, und wie weit ift es denn eigentlich von da noch bis zu einem deutihen „Schmerzendichrei“ nad Paris ? Daß der Imperator ihn von Berlin ber erwartet, ift eine feftftehende Thatſache. Frankreich theilt feine Hoffnung, wie fi) auch am Grafen Montalembert verräth, der den Sieg des Nationalvereind und des preußifchen Cäͤſarismus nicht wünſcht, aber unabwendbar fommen fieht, und mit ihm die Annerion der Rheinlande und dieLöfung der polnifchen Frage. Alle Agi- tationsorgane fauen jeßt die Motive des Moniteur vom Mär; und April 1859 wieder : Frankreich habe fein Intereffe, Preu⸗ en zu hindern, eine deutfhe Einheit „analog dem Zollverein“ berzuftellen ; ganz im Gegentheile. Mit fonderlicher Beflifienheit Seitläufe. 635 ſcheint dießmal die Gegenftellung Englands betont zu werben, daß nämlid England, der geichworene Feind eined einigen deutichen Reihe, „im Beſitze des Hafens von Kiel” wäre. Sonderbar, der Hafen von Kiel befand ſich ſchon 1854 unter den, freilih von anderer Seite, für Preußen audgemworfenen Ködern, umd daß das Erfcheinen des Echwedenfönigs in Paris keineswegs eine unbedingt antispreußiihe Bedeutung haben möäffe, haben wir letzthin ſchon bemerkt, ehe noch befannt war, dag auch der föniglihe Gemahl der Mamfell Rasmuflen nad Eompiegne fommen werde. Unfraglih haben ſich die gefähr« lichen Studien Napoleons auf den Norden geworfen, und ganz unzweifelhaft ift in den Tuilerien nun endlih bie „deutfche Frage“ leibhaftig an die Tagesordnung gefchrie- ben — aber zur Güte, nicht zur Gewalt. Längft war es eine häufige Klage unferer gothaifchen Ors gane, daß die liberalen Parteien in Oeſterreich die fogenannte deutfche Reform ganz ignorirten und felbft die Vreſſe fi) nichts darum kümmere. Eiehe da, plögli ift auch dieß anders ges worden! Zunädft erörtern die Defterreicher die Bedingungen, unter welchen fi Preußen mit ihnen einigen wollte. Darüber wird man nun bald im Neinen fern. Der Preis ift für den eonftitutionellen Kaiferftaat um feinen Heller billiger, als er für den abfolutiftifhen war. Will Defterreich an feinen deuts fhen Bundesbrüdern vertragbrüdhig werden, will es fie eigens händig von fih weg in die Arme Preußens ftoßen, dann, ja dann will man ihm in Berlin die Leiter halten, damit es feis nen Vorſatz fih aufzuhängen bequem ausführe Je genauer dort unten an der Donau diefe Sachlage unterfudht wird, defto lauter wird fih das Halloh erheben: „ort von diefen Deuts ſchen!“ Schon hat fi) der mächtige Giskra, ein deutfch Xibes taler, ähnlich geäußert. Wenn in nichts fonft, fo find die Cze⸗ hen Hierin mit ihm einverftanden, denn fie betrachten es als eine Beleidigung, daß Böhmen Bundesland feyn fol. Alle Slaven ziehen hinter ihnen drein. Die Liberalen in Ungarn verfihenften am liebften alle deutſchen Provinzen an die Go⸗ 636 Beitläufe. thaer, fie proteftiren jedenfalls gegen jedes. Opfer für den Bund. AL diefer Lärm der Parteien findet in Deutſchland fein hun- dertfaches Echo, ein Quos ego aber ift von nirgends ber zu hoffen. Und nun. fage man einmal, fonnte ſich der. große Fiſcher unfere Waffer noch trüber, und der europälfche Heren- meifter den deutſchen Blockoberg unvernünftiger wünſchen? Ein Angriffskrieg am Rhein hätte die babyloniſche Vers wirrung doch für den Moment zur Befinnung, gebracht, und einmal im Feuer, wären die Deutfcen blindlings: ind Zeug gegangen wie immer, Aber fo gut follten wit es nicht haben. Mit und verfährt man wie der ſchlaue Macevonier mit, den griechiſchen Sophiſten. Wozu aud Pulver an uns verfäwen- den? Läßt er ung nur untereinander fortraufen, ſo fommen wir ihm ganz von felbftz und was er an Pulver aufgehäuft hat, fann er Alles gegen den weftlihen Alliirten noch ſehr gut brauchen. Louis Bonaparte hat als Prätendent dereinft ger äußert: „die Franzoſen feien gar nicht fo. ſchwer zu regieren wie man glaube, nur dürfe man nicht verfäumen fie alle drei Jahre mit einem großen Krieg zu. bejhäftigen“. Die drei Jahre find bald. wieder um. Uns gilt es aber dießmal nicht. Das ift ver Einn des Tages von Compiögne! * Nr an ten XXXIN, tan) ‚Geiler * Kaiſersberg und ſein Verhältniß zur Kirche. 1 Ein Prediger feiner Zeit, auf der Domfanzel zu Straßburg. Unter den großen Männern unferer Nation, welche man vom Anfange der Reformation bis heute mit beharrlihem in einen Gegenfag zur Fatholifihen Kiche zu ftellen ber mäht if, nimmt Geiler von Kaifersberg, „die helltönende Poſaume der Kirche von Straßburg“, wie ihn die Bewunder⸗ ung feiner Zeitgenofien zu nennen pflegte, nicht die lehte Stelle ein. Bon Flackus an, dem erften Verfaffer eines Catalogus testium bid auf Ammon*), dein neuern Biographen Geis B. Ammon, Geiler von Kalfersbergs Beben, Lehren und Predis gen. Grlangen 1826. Die Febensgefchichle Geifer's if in dieſem Buche fehr unvollftändig und mangelhaft gegeben; manche wichtige Dokumente, ſelbſt die Synedal-⸗ und Gonfecrafions + Reden Geis Ter’s ſchelnt der Verfaffer gar nicht gekannt zu Haben. Dagegen MM die Darftellung von Geiler's Predigtweife und Schriften entz ſchleden beffer und wenn auch für heute nicht mehr genügend, doch für jene Zeit auerkennungewerthh. Insbefondere aber ſticht die rus —XR 46 638 Seiler von Kaifersberg. ler's, bis auf Hagen und Röhrich zieht ſich durch die fir- henhiftorifche Literatur der Proteftanten die conftante Tradi⸗ tion bin, daß auch er unter den bedeutendften Vorläufern Lu- thers zu zählen fei. Und es ift nicht zu läugnen: ein Gewinn von nicht zu unterfchägender Bedeutung müßte die biltorifche Acquifition eines Mannes genannt werden, der nad) dem Zeug⸗ niffe der Beften unter feinen Zeitgenoffen als ein feltenes Mufter edler deutfher Männlichfeit dafteht, durch feine Dffen- heit, Geradheit, durch furchtloſen Freimuth und Biederfeit, jene natürlihen Tugenden, welche von jeher ald das auszeichnende Merkmal der unverdorbenen, deutihen Natur gegolten haben. Mas aber noch mehr ift, diefe bei ihm in feltener Stärfe und Reinheit ausgeprägten natürlihen Eigenjchaften waren gefrönt durch ‚einen Verein höherer Tugenden, wie fie nur einen Chri fien und Priefter zieren fünnen. Schon von dieiem Geſichtspunkte aus fcheint ed ung eine heilige Pflicht der Fatholiihen Literatur zu feyn, den Mann in ein helleres Licht zu fegen, der, wie wir feit überzeugt find, unter die Zierden der Fatholijchen Kirche Deutſchlands zu ſtellen iſt. Mit Gabriel Biel, feinem Freunde, befchließt Geiler von Kaiſersberg die Reihe der großen otteögelehrten des Mittelalters in Deutichland, jener mehr auf fpeculativem, dies fer auf praftiihem Gebiete glänzend. Aber noch von einem anderen Gefichtöpunfte aus muß die nähere Kenntniß der Perfon und Wirkſamleit des großen hige und verhältnigmägig tolerante Haltung tes Werkes jehr ver: tbeilhaft ab gegen ben funatifchen Predigerten, wie er z. B. in Rohrich's „Reformationsgeichichte des Elſaßes“ durchgängig herricht. Hagen, Deutſchlandeé literariiche und religiöfe Verhältuiſſe im Re: formationgzeitalter, 1. 122 ff. hat fih um tie Erforſchung der wif: fenfchaftlichen und Literarifchen Bezichungen Geiler's Berbienke er: worben; dagegen in Schilderung ber religiöfen Richtung Geiler's iR er gang einjeltig und auf falſcher Zaͤhete. Geller von Raiferskerg. 639 Straßburger Dompredigers für und von Interefle fern. Gei⸗ ler's Leben verläuft nicht, wie dasjenige eines einfachen Pre⸗ digers heutzutage, im Umkreiſe des Predigtſtuhles. Wie faft alle großen Prediger des Mittelalters greift auch er einfluß⸗ reich in den Gang der firhlihen Entwidlungen und Geſchicke feiner Zeit ein. Die Gefchichte feines Lebens und Wirkens MR felhf ein beveutiamer Abfchnitt aus der kirchlichen Geſchichte Deutfchlands unmittelbar vor der Reformation. Darum dürfte auch von diefer Eeite aus die nähere der ſchweizeriſchen, damals noch dem Hauſe Oeſterreich unterwor⸗ fenen Stadt Schaffhauſen geboren*). Sein Vater Johannes Geiler, ein wie es ſcheint nicht unvermöglicher Mann, fiedelte bald nad) der Geburt dieſes feines erften Sohnes nach Amors⸗ weiler im Elſaß über, wo er die Stelle eines öffentlihen Nos tars erhalten hatte Hier riß ihn nach wenigen Jahren ein unglüdliher Zufall aus der Mitte der Seinigen, und Jos bannes, unfer nachmals fo berühmter Prediger, Fam jebt zu feinem Großvater nah Kaijersberg, einem ebenfalld im Eliaß gelegenen Städtchen, von welchem er fortan den Namen führte. Ohne Zweifel hat er auch hier feine erfte Borbildung zum geiftlihen Stande erhalten. Als fünfzehnjähriger Jüngling bezog Geiler (im Jahre 4460) die erft kurz zuvor (27. April d. 38.) eröffnete Unis *) Beatas Rhenanus, Joannis Geileri Caesaremontani vita, abges vruckt in Riegger, amoenitt. literar. Friburgenses. Ulm. 1775. fasc. 1. 56 ss. Riegger's Wert, ebwohl nur eine Dofumenten: Sammlung, {fl auch Heute noch die werthvollſte und unentbehrlichkte unter allen über Seller erfchienenen Schriften. AR» 640 Geiler von Kaiſersberg. verſitaͤt Freiburg, wo er zehn ganze Jahre theils mit dem Studium, theils mit dem Lehrvortrage philoſophiſcher Fächer beſchäftigt war. Seine theologiſchen Studien machte er. vom Jahre 1471 auf der damals fo blühenden Univerfität Saſel, wo ein Kreis treffliher Männer — wir nennen nur Dr. Joh. Urih Eurgant, I. Mathias von Gengenbach, Se baftian Brant, Chriſtoph von Utenheim, den 'nad maligen Bafeler Biichof, und Joh. Amerbad, den gelehrten Buhdruder — fih um den berühmten Theologen Ah. a Lapide, einen der legten großen Scholaftifer, ſchaarte und das regite geiftige Leben verbreitete*). Ohne Zweifel gehörte auch Zohannes Geiler zu diefem Kreife. Jedenfalls verfolgte er fein ganzes Leben bindurd die nämliche Beiftesrichtung wie Johannes a Lapide. Mit der tiefften, überzengungsvollen Ver⸗ ehrung des Alten, namentlich der mittelalterlichen fcholaftiichen Theologie, verband er einen offenen Blif für jede neue Ers rungenfchaft auf geiſtigem ©ebiete, namentlih auch für die klaſſiſchen Etudien, foweit fie fih in chriſtlichen Bahnen hielten. Auf Antrag der Bürgerfhaft**) felbft im Jahre 1476 als theologifcher Lehrer nach Freiburg zurüdgerufen, verweilte er jedoch bier nicht lange, fondern folgte bald der Einladung einiger Würzburger Bürger, die ihn in (Marfgrafens) Baben fennen gelernt und von jeiner Prediger⸗Gabe entzüdt, ihn mit Zuſicherung des für jene Zeit fehr bedeutenden Gehaltes von 200 Goldgulden ald Prediger für ihre Vaterſtadt gewonnen hatten. Geiler ging nad Würzburg. Bald jedoch mußte er nad) Baſel zurüdreifen, um feine dort zurüdgelaffenen Bücher, *) Viſcher, Geſchichte der Univerfität Bafel von der Gründung 1460 bie zur Reform. 1529. Baſel, 1860. S. 157 ff. 165. **) Ammen ©. 5 berichtet, es fei auf Autrag der Etubirenden gefcher ben, was unrichtig iſt. Die Freiburger Univerfitätsaften bei Rieg⸗ ger 1. 62 ſprechen ausbrädlid von ben „consules hajus oppidi‘‘, bie an ber Spige ber „cives‘‘ diefen Antrag flellten. Geller von Kaiſereberg. 641 einen damals noch überaus Foftbaren Schatz, abzuholen. Auf der Reife dahin fam er durch Straßburg. Hier gingen anges ſehene Männer, an ihrer Spige hauptfädhlih der Ammeifter Peter Schott, eben damals damit um, eine eigene Predi⸗ ger⸗Pfrunde für die Dünfterfanzel zu grünten, um die damals in fo vielfacher Beziehung gefunfenen Menpicanten » Mönde von ihr zu entfernen. Geiler, deſſen Ruf ſchon damals vers breitet geweien feyn muß, wurde ımter allerlei Borwänden von ihnen *tängere Zeit zurüdgehalten und zu predigen veranlaßt, bi6 die Würzburger, beforgt um das Schickſal ihres geliebten Lehrers, einen Boten nah dem andern hinſchickten, ihn zur Räckkehr einzuladen. Aber erſt, nachdem Geiler auf die viels fachen und dringenden Bitten feiner Breunde hin, melde es ihm als eine Gewiſſenspflicht vorftellten, feinem Heimathlande zuerft feine Dienfte zu weihen, fich hatte gewinnen laſſen, wur⸗ den die Boten wieder mit reichem Lohne entlaflen. In Straßburg predigte Geiler nun durch 36 Jahre lang mit unermüdlichem Eifer, und zwar regelmäßig an allen Sonn: und Feft «Tagen (Hochgeziten), in der Faſtenzeit tägli; wenn fonft außeror- dentliche Gelegenheiten kamen, und er von den Kirchenvors ftehern gebeten wurde, fonnte ed gefchehen, daß er des Tage wohl auch zweis und dreimal predigte. Nicht leicht fonnte ein großartigerer Schauplag für die Wirkfamfeit eined fo hoch begabten Manned im damaligen Deutichlande erdacht werden, als Straßburg, dieſe Königin unter den Städten am Oberrhein, an weldhem hinauf fi das mals das regfte politifche und geiftige Leben der Nation ents faltete.-_ Das ehrwürdige Münfter mit feinem erhabenen Thurme weit in's Land hinausſchauend, verfündigte es nicht fprechender als Alles, daß bier ein uralter Sitz deuticher Eultur, ein großartiger Schauplag politifhen wie kirchlichen Lebens fich eraffne? Diefe Großartigfeit der ihn umgebenden Berhältuifie fpiegeln nun auch ein großer Theil der Geis ler'ſchen Predigten, namentlich diejenigen über dad „Rarrens n Pe 7 642 Geller von Kaifersberg Schiff“, in harafteriftiicher Weife wieder *). Da begeguen uns alle Eitten und Trachten der Völker, neue und alte Moden, Fürſten, Prälaten und Rathsmänner, Tugenden, Lafter und Narrheiten der Zeit, in ein von Meiſterhand entmorfened Bild zujammengejaßt. Ganz treffend, wenn auch umnbefugt, hat man Geiler's „Narrenipiegel“, d. h. die ‘Predigten über das „Narrenihiff“ Brant's, auch „Weltfpiegel “ betitelt. Uebrigens ift diefe Univerjalität keineswegs Geiler'n allein eigenthümlich; ſie ift, wie wir. oben ſchon bemerften, ein charakteriſtiſches Merkmal gerade der größten Vrediger bes Mittelalterd. Das kirchliche Leben, noch keineswegs fo fehr in die Kirchenmauern bineingebannt wie heutzutage, trieb feine Wurzeln nad allen Seiten tief in das fociale und politifche Leben hinab; darum, wo ein begabter, geiftesftarfer Mann die Kanzel inne hatte, fo war er nicht bloß, wie heutzutage, etwa ein gefeierter, gerne gehörter Stanzelredner, fondern er war eine Macht, ein Mann von größtem Einfluffe auf die Sorietät, ja oft auch auf politiſche Verhältniſſe. Auch von diefer Seite aus angefehen, ſchließt Geiler in würdiger Weije die Reihe der großen Prediger des Mittelal terd. Bald war die Laurentius» Kapelle des Münftere, wo von alten Zeiten ber die Domfanzel ftand, zu fein für die Menge der Zuhörer. Man mußte eine geräumigere Etätte *) Vis videre vestitu Ungaros, Bohemos, Saxones, Francigenas, Italos, Sicambros, immo omnes gentes, vade Argentinam et videbis. &eiler, Speculum fatnorum. Argentor. 1511. tarba IV. Die deutfche Musgabe des Rurrenichifse durch Ichann Pauli ents behrt alles originalen Werihes; fe beruht nicht etwa, wie andere ‚Werke Geiler's, auf den Aufzeichnungen eines Zuhörere, fondern if eine einfache Ueberfeßung des lateinifchen Tertes, den Other aus ben Goncepten Geiler's zufammengefeht hat. Obſchon Geiler deutſch vprebigte, wie alle andern Prediger im Reiche, fo ſchrieb er ven noch nad der allgemeinen Sitte der Seit hin Aeelgtentwärk lateiniſch nieder. a. Geller von Kalfersberg. 643 für den. Domprediger eröffnen. Auch bier war es wieder der Ammeifter Peter Schott, welcher Rath ſchaffte. Auf feinen Antrieb wurde im J. 1486 die neue Domfanzel im Schiffe des Münfterd aufgerichtet; der Baumeifter Johann Hammerex batte fie gefertigt. Auf der Borderfeite des funftvollen Wer⸗ kes erblidte man das Bild des Gefreuzigten, die heilige Jungs frau und Joannes zu beiden Seiten, ringsum die zwölf Apos ſtel und mehrere Engel mit den Inftrumenten der Balfton ®). Am Buße der Kanzel waren die Figuren der vier Evangelis fen, mehrere Martyrer und Kirchenväter angebracht. Hier nun ftand Geiler von einer zahlreihen Menge Volkes aus allen Stäns den umgeben: Rathöherren, Gelehrte, Weltpriefter und Mönde umbrängten feinen Lehrſtuhl, um bier Worte des Lebens zu vernehmen. Wenn der römifhe König Marimilian I. nad Straßburg fam, fo begehrte er jedesmal Geiler zu hören; ja ipäter berief er ihn fogar zu fih an fein Hoflager, um von ihm fih Rathſchläge in Gewiffensangelegenheiten erthels len zu laffen. Geiler zeichnete dem Stönige eine Lebensord⸗ nung vor, machte ihn aber auch mit aller Freimüthigkeit auf die Pflicht aufmerffam, den Frieden unter den chriſtlichen Bürsten herzuftellen und die Juſtiz gleihmäßig und unpars teilfch zu verwalten, namentlih aber aud dem Unweſen der Raubritter zu fteuern **) — eine Mafregel, die befanntlich Marimilian durchgeführt bat. Als Zeichen befonderer Aner⸗ fennung ernannte ihn denn auch diefer Fürſt im J. 1501 zum falferlihen Kaplan" **). *) Grandidier, essais sur l’eglise Gathedrale de Strasbourg. p. 273 vgl. 270. *") Latrunculorum inhumanam saevamque tyrannidem prorsus de- lendam oommonefecit. (Wimpheling) vita Jo. Gseileri bei Rieg- ger, Amoenitt. I. 116. Es war zu Füßen im Algäu, wo Geiler mit Marimillan zufammentraf. Ueber feinen Empfang beim Kö: nig f. den Brief bei Niegger 1,475. - eee) „Wir zweyffeln nit — ſchreibt Maximilian an den Rath — Ir 644 Geller von Kaiſersberg. Man fieht, die Zeit der Perſigny's, Billault's u. f. w., fur; die Zeit der Idées Napoleoniennes, wo man die Priefler — „im Sntereffe ihrer eigenen Würde“ — auf die Sacriſtei befchränfen will, war damals noch ferne. In welher großartigen Weife überhaupt Geller feinen Beruf ale Prediger auffaßte, davon gibt der Inhalt feiner Predigten, beſonders derjenigen, die er über Brant's Nar- renſchiff gehalten, hinreihendes Zeugniß. Wie freimüthig gei- felt nicht der edle und patriotifhe Mann die Fürften wegen ihrer Abfonderungsgelüfte, die fie dem römiſchen Reiche ger genüber zeigen! „Alle*, fagt er in dem Yſten Geſchwarm „die Fürftennarren” betitelt, „Suchen nur was ihrer, nit was Chrifti ift; alle forgen nur für ihren Ead, feiner fühlt eine Theilnahme für den ferner Stehenden oder für benjeni- gen, der der Jurisdiction eines Anderen unterworfen iſt. Alle fhweigen und warten, folange ihr eigened Hauſ noch nidt brennt. Aber was wird daraus werden? Es wird ihnen ger fhehen wie jenen Ochſen, weiche der Wolf verfhlang, einen nad) dem andern, weil feiner von ihnen dem andern beiftand. Jeder will fih von dem Gehorfam und von der Verbindung mit dem römifchen Reihe losmachen. So gefchieht es, daß unfere Macht dahinfchwindet; denn wenn man ein Holz nad dem andern aus dem Feuer nimmt, fo wird zulegt das ganze Feuer erlöfchen“ *). Nicht weniger freimüthig fpriht er fih in dem 73ſten Geſchwarm, „die Jagnarren” betitelt, gegen die barbarifchen mögt wiffen, baß wir ben Erſamen unfern lieben anbechtigen Sos- hannfen Keyferiperger, Dector, verichines Jar aus ſondern guaben, fo wir zu Im trugen, zu umferm Gaplan aufgenommen und Ime darmit alle Freyheit, Ehr, Bortheil und Recht, fo ander unfer Gas plan, gegeben.“ ©. Strobel, Geſch des Elſaſſes. MI. 508. A. 1. *) Speculam fatuorum, turba XCIX, Die Ausg. iſt leider nicht paglnirt. . .. v7“ Geiler ven Kaiſereberg. 645 Jagdgeſetze ſeiner Zeit aus. „Sie ſind hart für die Bauern, günſtig für die Tyrannen und Unterdrücker der Armen, bie ſich ungerechterweiſe oft das Dominium über Dinge anmaßen, die ihnen nicht gebühren; ſo z. B. wenn ſie den Beſitzer eines Gutes hindern, das Wild zu behalten, das er auf ſeinem ei⸗ genen Grund und Boden gefangen hat“. „Ein Herr, der feinen Unterthanen verbietet, das Wild von ihren Aeckern zu vertreiben und ed, wenn dieß zur DVertheidigung nothwendig, fogar zu tödten, iſt zum Schadenerjage gegen diefelben vers pflichtet, und das (aljo) getodtete Wild ift den Unterthanen zu überlaflen. Kein pofitives Geſetz, fein menſchliches Statut kann das Naturgefeß aufheben und diejenigen, weldye derglei⸗ hen das Volk ungerechterweife beichwerenden Geſetze machen, begehen eine ſchwere Sünde; das Volk aber ift zur Beobady- tung derfelben nicht verpflichtet”. Der Domprediger beruft ſich bier auf, die Autorität Gabriel Biel’d (in IV sentent. L 4. dist. 15), der, wie alle Echoluftifer und überhaupt Die älteren katholiſchen Theologen, in dieſem Punkte ſehr freilinnig urtheilt. „Was ift aber von den Herren zu halten, welde um eined gefangenen Hafen oder ſonſtigen Wildes willen eis nen Menſchen verftünmeln oder gar tödten? Sie fündigen töbtlih, wenn fie es aus Rachſucht oder aus Liebe zu den Thieren thun. Aber ich glaube, daß felbft an denjenigen Dr; ten, wo ein Statut oder eine Gewohnheit fo unverhältnißr mäßige Strafen für einen einzigen Wilpdiebftahl feſtſetzen, die⸗ jenigen, die ſich darnach richten, keineswegs von einer Tod» fünde entſchuldigt werden fonnen“. Mit aller Gewalt. feiner Entrüftung fällt er im 56ſten Geſchwarm, „die Gewaltnarren”, gegen jene Mächtigen aus, die fi für befier halten, al& jeden andern Menfhen. „Ihre erfte Schell ift, den Unterthanen verachten und verfhmähen“. „D du Gewalinarr*, ruft in dem ihm eigenen Tone der In- *) tarba LXXIl. Z. vergl. A. 646 Geller von Kaffereterg. vective Geiler aus, „was verſchmäheſt Du des Untertbanen, gleich ald wenn er nicht fo gut würe, als Du? Biſt Du nidt ſowohl aus Leimen gemacht als der Untertban? Oder bift Du gewißlih mit foitliherer Laugen gewaſchen worden weder er? Oder bit Du mit Malwaſier, er aber mit Waſſer getauft worden? D Du Gemaltnarr, meineft Du, daß Dir darım Tas Echwert in die Hand gegeben fei, die Untertha⸗ nen damit umzubringen, und nit, daß Du fle beichüsen und befchirmeft”. Der proteftantiihe Theologe, Chriſtoph Sriedrih Ammon *), macht hiezu die Bemerkung, andy bie er ften Reformatoren hätten ſich das Recht nicht entreißen laſſen, die Eünden der Obrigkeit zu geißeln, „jebt aber (fo führt er in fehr treffender, beherzigenswerther Weiſe fort) hört man unter den Proteftanten Lehren diejer Art, für die fich im den falomonifhen Schriften fo herrliche Terte finden, nur felten und furhtfam vortragen; und wenn es der Politik bei der fortfchreitenden Entnervurg der Gemüther durch den Lurus gelingt, ſich die Unfehlbarfeit zuzueignen, die man der Hier archie (7) entriffen hat, fo ift es nicht unmöglid, daß man den Prediger als einen Staatsverbrecher behandelt, ver ed wagen wird, der Obrigkeit mit Würde und Nachdruck ihre Pflichten einzufchärfen“. Guter Ammon, hätteft du erft den badiihen Concordatsſturm und das neue Strafgeieh gegen den Klerus dort erlebt! Wie ernft der unerfchrodene Mann die Pflicht nahm, nad allen Seiten, aud nad Oben hin zu mahnen, unchriſt⸗ liche Sitten und Uebungen zu befämpfen, felbft wenn fie durd Mandat der hohen Obrigfeit fanctionirt waren, Ieilte auch der Rath von Straßburg ſelbſt enipfinden: Wimpfeling berichtet uns über Gellers auchebreitet Ge⸗ lehrſamkeit. Bon ſeiner genauen Kenntniß des kanoniſchen *) Geſch. der Homiletik I. 246. Seller von Kaiſeroberg. 647 Rechtes und der firchlichen Gefege, fagt er, zeugt binlänglich feine in zwanzig Artikeln beftehende Eingabe, die er an den weifen md gerechten Rath von Straßburg machte. Wimpfe⸗ ling gibt und den Inhalt diefer Eingabe nicht zu erken⸗ nen. Aber wir erjahren an einem andern Orte, welches bie Bunfte waren, die Geiler's Gewifien dem Rathe gegenüber beichwerten. In Geiler's Namen und Auftrag wandte ſich nämlich der gelehrte und fromme Kanonifus beim jüngeren St. Peter in Straßburg, Peter Schott, an den apoftollfchen Runtius Emes ricus, aus dem Orden der Minoriten Obfervanten, um defien Anficht über gewiſſe zu Etraßburg beitehende Einrichtungen zu vernehmen, welche dem Domprediger ſchon lange Bedenklich⸗ felten verurfacht hätten“). Diefe Einrichtungen aber feien hauptſächlich folgende: 1) Einem beftehenden Geſetze gemäß müfle den zum Tode Verurtheilten, felbft wenn fie die unzwei⸗ bdeutigften Zeichen wahrer Reue an ten Tag legten, die heil. Communion verweigert werden. 2) Es fei verboten, daß ein Candidat des Klofterftanded, wie reih er immer auch feyn möge, mehr denn hundert Pfund in's Klofter mitnehme; alles übrige müfje er feinen Erben zurüdlafien. 3) Dürfe (jeßt) Niemand mehr etwas an Kirchen oder fonft ad pias causas vermadhen. 4) Ein altes Straßburger Statut fege feit, daß ein Bürger der Reichsſtadt, der einen remden oder einen Beigefeilenen getödtet habe, fih mit 30 Schillingen (3 Rhein. Gulden) von aller Strafe loskaufen könne; todte er aber einen Straßburger Bürger, fo- fei er, felbft wenn er in der Noth- wehr gehandelt, ohne Gnade dem Tode verfallen. Geiler frage nun, ob diejenigen, welche folhe Geſetze machen oder aufrecht erhalten, im Stande des Heiles feyn könnten? *) Pet. Schotti Iacubratianculae. Argent.1498 ap. Martin Schott. fol. 126. _ . VE 648 Geiler von Kalſereberg. Ferner geſchehe es, daß man freies Geleit auch ſolchen ertheile, die fich der Juſtiz entziehen wollten; daß man Weg—⸗ gelder und Zölle von den Gütern des Klerus, ſelbſt von den zum Leben nothwendigen Dingen, wie von Getreide und Wein erhebe; daß der Bürgermeifter in der Münſterlirche felbft feis nen Stuhl habe, wo er die Parteien vernebme und Streitfa- hen entiheide, ganz nahe den Altären, auf welchen Prieſter Meſſe läfen, die hiedurch in der heil. Handlung geftört würden. Man faufe und verfaufe im Borhofe des Münſters, der doch auch confecrirt fei, trage durd die Kirche felbft, auch während des Giotteadienfted, junge Schweine und aflerlei Geräthfchaften; an allen Freitagen ohne Ausnahme, felbft wenn ein Feſt der fel. Jungfrau darauf falle, werde in der Etadt öffentlicher Markt gehalten Ob nun diejenigen, die ſolches thäten, zu⸗ ließen oder nicht hinverten, fi im Stande der Todfünde be⸗ fänden, und ob er, dem der Bifchof das Predigtamt übertra- gen, dagegen reden oder dazu ſchweigen folle? Neben diefen Klagepunften ift noch ein andrer verzeichnet, der eine befondere Erwähnung verdient, weil er einiges Licht zu werfen geeignet ift auf die durch unbegreifliche Indolenz der Biihöfe fo mannigfach zerrütteten kirchlichen Verhältniſſe der Hauptftadt — Verhältniſſe, welche allein fon fo manches eifervolle Wort des Predigers entſchuldigen, dad auf den erſten Anblid und ungemeffen erfheinen fönnte. In den Pfingſtta⸗ gen nämlih war ed Gebrauch, daß faft alle Gemeinden des Bisthums in Procefion und unter frommen Liedern nach Unfes zer Lieben Frauen Münfter, ihrer Haupt und Wutter- Kirche zogen. Da hatte ſich aber hinter dem bei der Orgel (im Chore) angebrachten koloſſalen St. Chriſtophs⸗Bilde ein Harlefin. ohne Zweifel der fogenannte Pfingflümmel, verftedt, der bie Ans fommenden mit den lächerlichften Geftifulationen und mit lass civen, die frommen Wallfahrtslieder traveftirenden Gefängen empfing, fo daß fih bald Alles in lautes Gelächter auflöste.
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Mobile Game for Equality of Fractions for Elementary School Students
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Ayu Wulandari
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*Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: faizal.amir@umsida.ac.id (Mohammad Faisal Amir) A B S T R A C T The low learning outcomes in the equality of fractions material are due to the unavailability of mobile technology game
media that can train and explore the pattern of equality of fractions appropriately. This study aims to produce a valid,
practical, and effective mobile game for equality of fractions (MoGEF) to improve learning outcomes on equality of
fractions material. This study uses research and development methods through analysis, design, development,
implementation, and evaluation. The subjects of this study were 29 students in the fourth grade of elementary school. Validity was measured by assessing two experts (mathematical education expert and information technology education
expert). Practicality was measured through the results of the student response questionnaire, while effectiveness was
measured through the posttest of student learning outcomes after using MoGEF. Data were collected using
questionnaires and tests. The validity results obtained an average of 86.06% in the interval of 85.00% < 𝑉 ≤ 100.00%
with completely valid criteria. Practicality obtained an average of 4.659, which is in the interval of 2.50 < 𝑉 ≤ 3.25
with very practical criteria. Effectivenes shows the criteria of 79.83% berada pada interval 70.00% < 𝑉 ≤ 85.00%
dengan kriteria efektif. The effectiveness of the mobile game obtained a significance value of 2.127 > 2.048, which means
it can improve the learning outcomes of elementary school students in the equality of fractions material. Therefore, the
development of mobile games for equality of fraction is concluded to be very valid, very practical, and effective. Keywords: This is an open access article under the CC
BY-SA license. Copyright © 2021 by Author. Published by
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. Copyright © 2021 by Author. Published by
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. 1,2 Elementary School Teacher Education Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Indonesia 1,2 Elementary School Teacher Education Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Indonesia Mobile Game for Equality of Fractions for Elementary School
Students Ayu Wulandari1, Mohammad Faizal Amir2* International Journal of Elementary Education
Volume 5, Number 4, Tahun 2021, pp. 525-536
P-ISSN: 2579-7158 E-ISSN: 2549-6050
Open Access: https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJEE
Mobile Game for Equality of Fractions for Elementary School
Students
Ayu Wulandari1, Mohammad Faizal Amir2*
1,2 Elementary School Teacher Education Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Indonesia
A B S T R A K
Rendahnya hasil belajar pada materi pecahan senilai disebabkan karena
ketidaktersediaan media game teknologi mobile yang dapat melatihkan dan
mendalami pola pecahan senilai secara tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
menghasilkan mobile game for equality of fractions (MoGEF) yang valid, praktis dan
efektif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar pada materi pecahan senilai. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode research and development melalui analisis, desain,
pengembangan, implemenasi, dan evaluasi. Subjek penelitian ini siswa kelas 4
sekolah dasar sebanyak 29 siswa. Kevalidan diukur melalui penilaian dua ahli (ahli
pendidikan matematika dan ahli pendidikan teknologi informasi). Kepraktisan
diukur melalui hasil kuisioner respon siswa. Keefektifan diukur melalui posttest hasil
belajar siswa setelah menggunakan MoGEF. Teknik pengumpulan data
menggunakan kuisioner dan tes. Hasil validitas diperoleh rata – rata 86.06% yang
berada pada interval 85.00% < 𝑉 ≤ 100.00% dengan kriteria sangat valid.
Kepraktisan diperoleh rata – rata sebesar 4.659 yang berada pada interval 2.50 <
𝑉 ≤ 3.25 dengan kriteria sangat praktis. Efektivitas diperoleh rata – rata sebesar
79.83% berada pada interval 70.00% < 𝑉 ≤ 85.00% dengan kriteria efektif.
Efektifitas mobile game diperoleh nilai signifikansi 2.127 > 2.048 yang berarti dapat
meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa sekolah dasar pada materi pecahan senilai. Oleh
karenanya, pengembangan mobile game for equality of fraction disimpulkan sangat
valid, sangat praktis dan efektif.
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received October 02, 2021
Revised October 04, 2021
Accepted November 14, 2021
Available online November 25, 2021
Kata Kunci:
Hasil Belajar, Pecahan Senilai,
Teknologi Mobile
Keywords:
Equalityof Fraction, Learning
Outcomes, Mobile Technology
This is an open access article under the CC
BY-SA license.
Copyright © 2021 by Author. Published by
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. International Journal of Elementary Education
Volume 5, Number 4, Tahun 2021, pp. 525-536
P-ISSN: 2579-7158 E-ISSN: 2549-6050
Open Access: https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJEE
Mobile Game for Equality of Fractions for Elementary School
Students
Ayu Wulandari1, Mohammad Faizal Amir2*
1,2 Elementary School Teacher Education Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo, Indonesia
A B S T R A K
Rendahnya hasil belajar pada materi pecahan senilai disebabkan karena
ketidaktersediaan media game teknologi mobile yang dapat melatihkan dan
mendalami pola pecahan senilai secara tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
menghasilkan mobile game for equality of fractions (MoGEF) yang valid, praktis dan
efektif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar pada materi pecahan senilai. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode research and development melalui analisis, desain,
pengembangan, implemenasi, dan evaluasi. Subjek penelitian ini siswa kelas 4
sekolah dasar sebanyak 29 siswa. Kevalidan diukur melalui penilaian dua ahli (ahli
pendidikan matematika dan ahli pendidikan teknologi informasi). Kepraktisan
diukur melalui hasil kuisioner respon siswa. Keefektifan diukur melalui posttest hasil
belajar siswa setelah menggunakan MoGEF. Teknik pengumpulan data
menggunakan kuisioner dan tes. Hasil validitas diperoleh rata – rata 86.06% yang
berada pada interval 85.00% < 𝑉 ≤ 100.00% dengan kriteria sangat valid. Kepraktisan diperoleh rata – rata sebesar 4.659 yang berada pada interval 2.50 <
𝑉 ≤ 3.25 dengan kriteria sangat praktis. Efektivitas diperoleh rata – rata sebesar
79.83% berada pada interval 70.00% < 𝑉 ≤ 85.00% dengan kriteria efektif. Efektifitas mobile game diperoleh nilai signifikansi 2.127 > 2.048 yang berarti dapat
meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa sekolah dasar pada materi pecahan senilai. Oleh
karenanya, pengembangan mobile game for equality of fraction disimpulkan sangat
valid, sangat praktis dan efektif. A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received October 02, 2021
Revised October 04, 2021
Accepted November 14, 2021
Available online November 25, 2021
Kata Kunci:
Hasil Belajar, Pecahan Senilai,
Teknologi Mobile
Keywords:
Equalityof Fraction, Learning
Outcomes, Mobile Technology
This is an open access article under the CC
BY-SA license. Copyright © 2021 by Author. Published by
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. International Journal of Elementary Education
Volume 5, Number 4, Tahun 2021, pp. 525-536
P-ISSN: 2579-7158 E-ISSN: 2549-6050
Open Access: https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/IJEE Kata Kunci: Hasil Belajar, Pecahan Senilai,
Teknologi Mobile Keywords:
Equalityof Fraction, Learning
Outcomes, Mobile Technology A R T I C L E I N F O A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received October 02, 2021
Revised October 04, 2021
Accepted November 14, 2021
Available online November 25, 2021
Kata Kunci:
Hasil Belajar, Pecahan Senilai,
Teknologi Mobile
Keywords:
Equalityof Fraction, Learning
Outcomes, Mobile Technology
This is an open access article under the CC
BY-SA license. Copyright © 2021 by Author. Published by
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received October 02, 2021
Revised October 04, 2021
Accepted November 14, 2021
Available online November 25, 2021
Kata Kunci:
Hasil Belajar, Pecahan Senilai,
Teknologi Mobile
Keywords:
Equalityof Fraction, Learning
Outcomes, Mobile Technology
This is an open access article under the CC
BY-SA license. Copyright © 2021 by Author. Published by
Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. Rendahnya hasil belajar pada materi pecahan senilai disebabkan karena
ketidaktersediaan media game teknologi mobile yang dapat melatihkan dan
mendalami pola pecahan senilai secara tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
menghasilkan mobile game for equality of fractions (MoGEF) yang valid, praktis dan
efektif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar pada materi pecahan senilai. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode research and development melalui analisis, desain,
pengembangan, implemenasi, dan evaluasi. Subjek penelitian ini siswa kelas 4
sekolah dasar sebanyak 29 siswa. Kevalidan diukur melalui penilaian dua ahli (ahli
pendidikan matematika dan ahli pendidikan teknologi informasi). Kepraktisan
diukur melalui hasil kuisioner respon siswa. Keefektifan diukur melalui posttest hasil
belajar siswa setelah menggunakan MoGEF. Teknik pengumpulan data
menggunakan kuisioner dan tes. Hasil validitas diperoleh rata – rata 86.06% yang
berada pada interval 85.00% < 𝑉 ≤ 100.00% dengan kriteria sangat valid. Kepraktisan diperoleh rata – rata sebesar 4.659 yang berada pada interval 2.50 <
𝑉 ≤ 3.25 dengan kriteria sangat praktis. Efektivitas diperoleh rata – rata sebesar
79.83% berada pada interval 70.00% < 𝑉 ≤ 85.00% dengan kriteria efektif. Efektifitas mobile game diperoleh nilai signifikansi 2.127 > 2.048 yang berarti dapat
meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa sekolah dasar pada materi pecahan senilai. Oleh
karenanya, pengembangan mobile game for equality of fraction disimpulkan sangat
valid, sangat praktis dan efektif. Article history:
Received October 02, 2021
Revised October 04, 2021
Accepted November 14, 2021
Available online November 25, 2021 Article history:
Received October 02, 2021
Revised October 04, 2021
Accepted November 14, 2021
Available online November 25, 2021 1. INTRODUCTION Mathematics is an important subject for all students from elementary school to college level. Learning mathematics plays a role in equipping students' competence with the ability to think logically,
analytically, systematically, critically, and creatively, as well as the ability to work together. These
competencies are needed so that students can have the ability to obtain, manage, and utilize the information
for their survival in conditions that are constantly changing, uncertain, and competitive (Fasha et al., 2018). Mathematics is a science with an abstract object of study, so there needs to be reinforcement so that the
knowledge gained lasts a long time in students' memory (Parnabhhakti & Ulfa, 2020). Strengthening
knowledge is needed so that concepts can be embedded in students' mindsets and action patterns. Mathematics deals with reasoning based on thought processes (Wahyuningtyas et al., 2021). Educators only
rely on the lecture method. Students are not required to find concepts, so many think mathematics lessons
are tedious, complex, and difficult to understand. Students also think that mathematics is an unattractive International Journal of Elementary Education, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2021, pp. 525-536 526 subject and has low learning outcomes. This happens because the learning strategies and media used by the
teacher are not appropriate (Attard & Holmes, 2020). Thus, it is necessary to strengthen mathematical
knowledge by using appropriate media learning strategies to support student learning outcomes. Learning outcomes are one form of mathematical development of elementary school students. This
form of mathematical development can be seen from changes in the perception of self-concept and self-
efficacy towards mathematics (Kaskens et al., 2020). Learning outcomes can also be viewed as a result of
one's learning process and students' abilities after experiencing learning. Learning outcomes are used by
teachers to be used as a measure or criteria in achieving a learning outcome (Hakim & Windayana, 2016). Students can improve learning outcomes by finding mathematical concepts because they can re-express
what has been communicated to them, use concepts in different situations, and develop some of the
consequences of a mathematical concept (Pujiati et al., 2018). Learning outcomes have three domains,
namely cognitive, affective and psychomotor. For elementary school students, the cognitive domain plays a
vital role in processing conceptual knowledge. The cognitive domain also plays a role in the positive
development of other domains and leads to positive mathematical learning achievement (Noorhidawati et
al., 2015; Purpura & Schmitt, 2019). 1. INTRODUCTION p
)
In learning mathematics, one of the materials considered difficult by students is fractions. Students
tend to memorize formulas, but when the character of the questions is changed, they become confused
(Tonra, 2016). Elementary school students find it difficult to produce creative solutions to fractional
operations problems because their mathematical knowledge is built using memorization (Amir & Wardana,
2018). The process skills of finding concepts in elementary school students through problem-solving are
also relatively low (Zhang & Rivera, 2021). The cause of the number of students who did not complete the
fraction material was that students ignored the learning objectives and conceptual understanding (Ardina
et al., 2019). One of the results of the analysis of elementary school students' incompleteness in fractional
material is because they focus on procedural mathematical rules without the appropriate depth of
conceptual understanding about fractional quantities. It makes many fractional operational rules
meaningless (Siegler & Pyke, 2013). Students who can provide conceptual explanations tend to have a
deeper understanding of fractions than students who do not (Geller et al., 2017). If students have a deeper
understanding of mathematics and the arguments, they will not make the common core errors that indicate
poor performance on standardized tests (Jordan et al., 2013). The results of observations in the fourth grade
of SDN Kenongo 1 Tulangan showed that students' mathematics learning in the material of equality of
fractions had not used media that was oriented to analytical skills and found patterns of equality of
fractions. More than 70% of students also have incomplete grades in the equality of fractions theme. P
d
h
d
l l
d
l
l
l Previous studies have carried out various conventional learning media solutions to low learning
outcomes in the material of equality of fractions. Students given domino card media treatment have better
value fraction learning outcomes than using still image media (Rahaju & Hartono, 2017). In another similar
study, students could use fractional domino cards to train students' fluency, flexibility, and novelty in
answering math problems, especially on fractions (Amir & Wardana, 2018). The use of fractional block
teaching aids can improve students' understanding and learning outcomes on common and mixed fractions
(Sao et al., 2021). The use of fraction blocks can increase elementary school students' conceptual
understanding (Indriani, 2018). Ludo math media has good quality and feasibility in the simple equality of
fractions learning process (Azizah & Fitrianawati, 2020). 1. INTRODUCTION Thus, it is necessary to have a variety of learning
media that utilizes technology in the equality of fractions. However, conventional learning media has limited
use only in the classroom, so it does not support student learning needs more flexibly. The development of technology is increasing day by day. The use of technology and information
can make learning activities more interesting, active, and flexible. One of the uses of technological
developments is technology media in learning (mobile learning). Media in mobile learning can be
interpreted as a facility that provides general electronic information to students or educational content that
helps achieve knowledge without considering the location and time to use it (Suartama et al., 2019). With
mobile learning, students can access learning media anytime and anywhere without having to wait for an
explanation from the teacher first. Mobile learning is prospective and progressive learning to be
implemented because it is supported by sophisticated, inexpensive, and reliable communication technology
(Astra et al., 2015). Learning using mobile learning brings changes to educators and students in thinking,
working, mastery of existing technology, and the ability to adapt and survive. Students can take advantage
of the application in building their knowledge of the required material (Efriyanti & Annas, 2020). Previous studies have also discussed various variations of mobile technology in elementary schools
on the equality of fractions material. The results show that mobile devices can impact students' achievement
and numeracy of equality of fractions (Dorris et al., 2021). The Fun Fraction app can teach fractions to
students' cognitive strategies, virtual manipulatives, and explicit instructions (Tetzlaff, 2017). Mobile
application development can help find equality of fractions, comparisons, and additions in fifth-grade IJEE. P-ISSN: 2579-7158 E-ISSN: 2549-6050 International Journal of Elementary Education, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2021, pp. 525-536
527 elementary school students (Flores et al., 2021). The use of game-based applications can improve students'
fractional skills (Yasa, 2020). The application of the fraction for kids is a technology integration that can
enable elementary school students to achieve learning targets and fraction differentiation (Simsek & Can,
2020). Augmented reality applications can improve the equality of fractions for fourth-grade elementary
school students (Ivonne et al., 2020). Mobile games make elementary school students understand the
concept of fractions more easily (Maharbid et al., 2018). 1. INTRODUCTION The variation of technology development that has
been carried out is based on the perspective that elementary school children who are included in the pre-
operational or concrete operational period like to learn while playing, so they can practice deepening
knowledge (de Ribaupierre, 2015). The results of previous research on mobile game development were
limited to increasing knowledge of fractions. However, there has not been an elaboration of understanding
and deepening of knowledge on the patterns of equality of fractions. It impacts the low student learning
outcomes of the equality of fractions material. This gap needs to be addressed by developing a mobile game
technology that can facilitate the learning of equality of fractions by elaborating patterns of equality of
fractions. Thus, the purpose of this study is to produce a valid, practical, and effective mobile game for
equality of fractions (MoGEF) to improve learning outcomes of equality of fractions more precisely and in-
depth. Ayu Wulandari / Mobile Game for Equality of Fractions for Elementary School Students 2. METHOD Mobile game for equality of fractions (MoGEF) which was developed using the research and
development method, with the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation
(ADDIE) (See Figure 1). R&D is used to produce certain products and test the feasibility of these products
(Sugiyono, 2017). The MoGEF was developed using valid, practical, and effective criteria. Figure 1. MoGEF Development Process Using ADDIE Model (Adapted From Molenda, 2007)
• Card Design
• Learning Evaluation
• MoGEF Development
• Validation
• Validation Analysis
• MoGEF Implementation
• Written test assessment
• Students Response
Questionnaire
• Calculation Result
(practical, effective)
• Review
• Need Analysis
• Curriculum Analysis
• Class Analysis • Need Analysis
• Curriculum Analysis
• Class Analysis • Calculation Result
(practical, effective)
• Review Card Design
Learning Evaluation • MoGEF Development
• Validation
• Validation Analysis Figure 1. MoGEF Development Process Using ADDIE Model (Adapted From Molenda, 2007) In the analysis stage, three steps of analysis are carried out on needs, curriculum and classes. Needs
analysis is carried out to determine what products need to be developed. Curriculum analysis is carried out
by examining Permendikbud Number 65 of 2013, which contains the use of information technology to
improve the efficiency and effectiveness of learning. Learning analysis was conducted to identify learning
and media used at SDN Kenongo 1 Tulangan. The design stage determines the learning assessment method
used based on the results obtained from the analysis stage. The design of the instrument used is a
questionnaire of experts (See Table 1), a student response questionnaire (See Table 2), and a test of equality
of fractions (See Table 3). MoGEF design considers layout, navigation, content, performance, and usability
features (including effectiveness, efficiency, learning ability, error, memory, and cognitive materials). The
development stage includes making a product using Adobe Animate CC software and determining the
validity of MoGEF. The implementation phase includes the application of MoGEF to students. The evaluation
stage is an activity to measure the value of each activity set and whether the product is in accordance with
the specifications. The posttest questions used in this study consisted of multiple choice and essays. Multiple
choice consists of 10 questions; each question has four possible answers and is worth 4 points with a total International Journal of Elementary Education, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2021, pp. 525-536 528 score of 40. 2. METHOD The essay consists of 3 questions, and each question is worth 20 points with a total score of 60. One mathematics education material expert validates the test questions. Improvements were made to
ensure the validity of multiple-choice tests and essays to make the tests valid. The validator suggests that
the minimum number of multiple-choice questions is double the number of essay questions. Table 1. Validator Questionnaire Outline
Aspect
Sub Aspect
Indicator
Number of
Question
Material
Material range
Material suitability
1
Concept charge equality of fractions
2
Game compatibility with the material
3
Language quality
Clarity of the language used
4
Programming
Media efficiency
Ease of use of the program
1
Ease of choosing the program menu
2
Ease of starting and ending programs
3
Button function
Easy to understand button structure
4
Button reaction accuracy
5
Physical quality
program reliability
6
Display
Graphic quality
Image layout
1
Background selection compatibility
2
Writing clarity
3
Color Match
4
The attractiveness of animated images
5
Button Function
The attractiveness of the button display
6
Button display order
7 Table 1. Validator Questionnaire Outline
Aspect
Sub Aspect
Indicator
Number of
Question
Material
Material range
Material suitability
1
Concept charge equality of fractions
2
Game compatibility with the material
3
Language quality
Clarity of the language used
4
Programming
Media efficiency
Ease of use of the program
1
Ease of choosing the program menu
2
Ease of starting and ending programs
3
Button function
Easy to understand button structure
4
Button reaction accuracy
5
Physical quality
program reliability
6
Display
Graphic quality
Image layout
1
Background selection compatibility
2
Writing clarity
3
Color Match
4
The attractiveness of animated images
5
Button Function
The attractiveness of the button display
6
Button display order
7
(Adapted From Hidayat et al., 2020)
Table 2. Student Response Questionnaire Outline
Aspect
Indicator
Number of
Question
Effectivity
Understanding equality of fractions
5
Determine equality of fractionss
6
Efficiency
Language used
3
Satidfaction
Easy to use MoGEF
1
MoGEF Tampilan Display
7
Failure
MoGEF card performance
4
Memory
How to use MoGEF
9
Learning ability
Ease of use of MoGEF
8
Button hint
10
Cognitive Material
Use of starting and ending MoGEF
2
(Adapted From Parsazadeh et al., 2018)
Tabel 3. Outline of Equality of Fractions Assessment Sheet
Indicator
Number
Cognitive
3.1.1 Explaining equality of fractions using MoGEF. 2. METHOD Multiple choice
A1, A2, A5
3.1.2 Determine the number of equality of fractions with
MoGEF
Multiple Choice
A3, A4, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10
Essay
B1, B2, B3
The subjects in this study were 29 fourth-grade students of SDN Kenongo 1 Tulangan. One material
expert assessed the validity from the mathematics education lecturer and the information technology
education lecturer, respectively. Practicality and effectiveness are assessed from the results of Table 1. Validator Questionnaire Outline The subjects in this study were 29 fourth-grade students of SDN Kenongo 1 Tulangan. One material
expert assessed the validity from the mathematics education lecturer and the information technology
education lecturer, respectively. Practicality and effectiveness are assessed from the results of IJEE. P-ISSN: 2579-7158 E-ISSN: 2549-6050 International Journal of Elementary Education, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2021, pp. 525-536
529 questionnaires and tests on research subjects. The assessment intervals used to measure the validity and
effectiveness of the MoGEF are 85.00% < V ≤ 100.00%, 70.00% < V ≤ 85.00%, 50.00% < V ≤ 70.00%
and 01.00% ≤V ≤ 50.00% with the criteria of definitely valid/effective, valid/effective, definitely
valid/effective and definitely valid/effective. Practicality was converted into 3.25 < V ≤ 4.00, 2.50 < V ≤
3.25, 1.75 < V ≤ 2.50 and 1.00 ≤V ≤ 1.75 with each criterion of definitely practical, practical, less, and
not practical (Akbar, 2017). Ayu Wulandari / Mobile Game for Equality of Fractions for Elementary School Students Result MoGEF on equality of fractions was developed with the ADDIE model. The analysis phase shows
that students need reinforcement in learning mathematics, especially in the equality of fractions. During the
learning process in class, educators only use thematic books and still image media while students cannot
play them. As a result, students experience boredom, difficulty understanding, and difficulty finding
concepts in the equality of fractions, which leads to poor learning outcomes. One of the strengthening
strategies needed is media in the form of mobile technology. The right medium to use is MoGEF. Following
the 2013 curriculum used at SDN Kenongo 1 Tulangan, the demands of the 2013 curriculum must utilize
information technology to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of learning so that it can support
improving student learning outcomes. The design phase focuses on designing the MoGEF to improve
student learning outcomes about the equality of fractions. In designing usability guidelines, layout,
navigation, content, and performance are highly considered. In addition, the useful features of effectiveness,
efficiency, learning ability, errors, memory, and cognitive materials must be contained in the MoGEF. The
MoGEF learning framework can be seen in Figure 2. The MoGEF number pattern arrangement was obtained
at this stage, namely C(n,r), which means the combination of r from n, with repetitions allowed. In MoGEF,
there are seven different types of fractions, each type has eight numbers, and each card consists of 2
fractions, the top side and the bottom side. Then the possible arrangement is C (8,2), with the allowed
repetition of the arrangement being 28 ways. Figure 2. MoGEF Framework
Improve learning
outcomes worth fractions
Explain the pattern of
equality of fractions
with MoGEF.
Determine the
equality of fractions to
Assignment
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Satisfaction
Attributes of the use of mobile
learning media
Fourth-grade students of
SDN Kenongo 1 Tulangan
User
Game played by 2 players
(students and mobile)
Context Attributes of the use of mobile
learning media User Effectiveness
Efficiency
Satisfaction Fourth-grade students of
SDN Kenongo 1 Tulangan
Explain the pattern of
equality of fractions
with MoGEF.
Determine the Context Game played by 2 players
(students and mobile) Figure 2. MoGEF Framework Figure 2. MoGEF Framework Ayu Wulandari / Mobile Game for Equality of Fractions for Elementary School Students International Journal of Elementary Education, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2021, pp. 525-536 530 Figure 3. First Stage Pattern
Figure 4. Second Stage Pattern
Figure 5. Result The third image shows the suit display or random selection that will determine the
players' order. The fourth picture shows a display of card designs played by players. The card in the middle
is the benchmark card that players will have to find the fractional number equivalent to the card they have. After the MoGEF has been declared very valid, it can be implied to students. Students were given the same
treatment; namely, all students played the MoGEF game. The MoGEF game was distributed to students to
be downloaded on their respective smartphones. The researcher's first step is to review fractions and
especially equality of fractions to determine the knowledge possessed by students. Researchers explain how
the MoGEF game works. Students are given 120 minutes to play the MoGEF game. After playing the game,
students take an evaluation test to find out the results of learning about the equality of fractions. Students
also filled out a response questionnaire to determine student responses to the MoGEF game—the
experimental procedure steps in Figure 9. Figure 8. MoGEF Development Display Figure 8. MoGEF Development Display Figure 8. MoGEF Development Display In Figure 8, the first image shows the initial appearance of the MoGEF, where players can play it by
pressing the arrow keys. The second picture shows the display of selecting one of the characters used by
the player to play. The third image shows the suit display or random selection that will determine the
players' order. The fourth picture shows a display of card designs played by players. The card in the middle
is the benchmark card that players will have to find the fractional number equivalent to the card they have. After the MoGEF has been declared very valid, it can be implied to students. Students were given the same
treatment; namely, all students played the MoGEF game. The MoGEF game was distributed to students to
be downloaded on their respective smartphones. The researcher's first step is to review fractions and
especially equality of fractions to determine the knowledge possessed by students. Researchers explain how
the MoGEF game works. Students are given 120 minutes to play the MoGEF game. After playing the game,
students take an evaluation test to find out the results of learning about the equality of fractions. Students
also filled out a response questionnaire to determine student responses to the MoGEF game—the
experimental procedure steps in Figure 9. Result Third Stage Pattern
Figure 6. Fourth Stage Pattern Figure 4. Second Stage Pattern Figure 6. Fourth Stage Pattern There are four stages of the arrangement of the cards in Figure 3 to Figure 6. Figure 3 shows the
structure of the original domino cards. Figure 4 shows the display on the top side replaced with an
equivalent number. Figure 5 shows that the underside structure is replaced with an equivalent number but
not used in the third stage number. Figure 6 shows the arrangement of cards in the front row, and the
bottom side is replaced with several equal values but has not been used in the third and fourth stage
numbers. With the preparation of these stages, the fractional number design is obtained in Figure 7. Figure 7. The Equality of Fractions Pattern Structure Figure 7. The Equality of Fractions Pattern Structure Adobe Animate CC software on a Windows 10 OS type computer, 16 GB RAM, Nvidia GTX 750
Graphics, 500 GB HDD, Intel Core i7 Processor is used for development. This process implements learning
media technology in the form of mobile learning games. MoGEF based on mobile learning can be installed
at least by Android Jellybean with 1 GB RAM. For content development, MoGEF contains 28 cards in 1 set
that can be played by two players, including one student player and the other from a personal computer or
mobile system, with players getting five cards, respectively. Before being tested on students, MoGEF was IJEE. P-ISSN: 2579-7158 E-ISSN: 2549-6050 International Journal of Elementary Education, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2021, pp. 525-536
531 531 validated by experts. The assessment results from material experts obtained 85.04%, which indicated the
MoGEF on the criteria was completely valid. The media expert's assessment results obtained 87.08%, which
showed the MoGEF on the criteria was completely valid. The input from the media validator is that the card
size is slightly increased, and the writing on the card is more clarified. MoGEF has consulted again with
media validators and obtained completely valid criteria. The results of the MoGEF development are shown
in Figure 8. Figure 8. MoGEF Development Display
In Figure 8, the first image shows the initial appearance of the MoGEF, where players can play it by
pressing the arrow keys. The second picture shows the display of selecting one of the characters used by
the player to play. Ayu Wulandari / Mobile Game for Equality of Fractions for Elementary School Students Result Figure 9. Trial Phase
The researcher calculated the results obtained from filling out the student response questionnaires
and evaluation tests at the evaluation stage. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software for
windows. Shapiro–Wilk was used to calculate the normality test of the data. The normality test results
obtained are 0.324, so the value is 0.324 > 0.005, indicating normal distribution. Furthermore, the data is
calculated using the t-test. One sample t-test is a test of the mean or population Means value equal to a
certain value o, against the alternative hypothesis, that the population Means value is not equal to o
(Nuryani et al., 2017). The results of the student response questionnaires can be seen in Table 4. The results
of the student response questionnaires obtained an average value of 4.659 by obtaining completely
practical criteria. Thus, the MoGEF that was developed is completely practical and can be used by students
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4 Figure 9. Trial Phase
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4 Week 1 The researcher calculated the results obtained from filling out the student response questionnaires
and evaluation tests at the evaluation stage. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software for
windows. Shapiro–Wilk was used to calculate the normality test of the data. The normality test results
obtained are 0.324, so the value is 0.324 > 0.005, indicating normal distribution. Furthermore, the data is
calculated using the t-test. One sample t-test is a test of the mean or population Means value equal to a
certain value o, against the alternative hypothesis, that the population Means value is not equal to o
(Nuryani et al., 2017). The results of the student response questionnaires can be seen in Table 4. The results
of the student response questionnaires obtained an average value of 4.659 by obtaining completely
practical criteria. Thus, the MoGEF that was developed is completely practical and can be used by students The researcher calculated the results obtained from filling out the student response questionnaires
and evaluation tests at the evaluation stage. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software for
windows. Shapiro–Wilk was used to calculate the normality test of the data. The normality test results
obtained are 0.324, so the value is 0.324 > 0.005, indicating normal distribution. Furthermore, the data is
calculated using the t-test. Result One sample t-test is a test of the mean or population Means value equal to a
certain value o, against the alternative hypothesis, that the population Means value is not equal to o
(Nuryani et al., 2017). The results of the student response questionnaires can be seen in Table 4. The results
of the student response questionnaires obtained an average value of 4.659 by obtaining completely
practical criteria. Thus, the MoGEF that was developed is completely practical and can be used by students Ayu Wulandari / Mobile Game for Equality of Fractions for Elementary School Students International Journal of Elementary Education, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2021, pp. 525-536 532 to improve learning outcomes towards the equality of fractions. The results of the evaluation test
calculations are in Table 5. ove learning outcomes towards the equality of fractions. The results of the evaluation test
ons are in Table 5. calculations are in Table 5. Table 4. Students Questionannaire Result
Question
Number
Mean
Effectivity
1. Through MoGEF, it's easy to understand the equality of fractions
2. Ease of determining equality of fractions
5
6
4.34
4.31
Efficiency
3. The language used is clear
3
4.79
Satisfaction
4. Ease of using MoGEF
5. Interesting image display
1
7
4.62
4.90
Failures
6. When selecting the wrong card, the card will automatically return to its
original place
4
4.90
Memory
7. It's easy to remember how to use Android-based MoDEL
9
4.66
Learning ability
8. It's very easy to learn to use Android-based MoGEF
9. Button instructions make it easy to operate MoGEF
8
10
4.69
4.69
Cognitive Material
10. Ease in the beginning and ending MoGEF
2
4.69
Mean Total
46.59
Mean total (%)
4.659
Table 5. Evaluation Test Result
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Multiple-choice
29
32.14
5.705
Essay
29
47.69
12.145
Mean Total (%)
79.83 Table 4. Students Questionannaire Result Table 5 shows that the evaluation test results obtained an average value of 79.83% by obtaining
effective criteria. Calculation of t-count with t-table obtained 2.127 > 2.048, which indicates Ho is rejected
because t-count is more significant than t-table, so it can be concluded that students increase learning
outcomes on equality of fractions. In addition to data calculations, researchers will conduct a review to
determine the feasibility of the product developed, namely MoGEF. The needs analysis stage concluded that
students needed strengthening strategies in learning, namely media in mobile technology. Result So far, teachers
only used thematic books and still image media, causing boredom, difficulty understanding, and inability to
find the concept of equality of fractions. The design stage was carried out by designing a questionnaire
instrument, testing, and compiling the MoGEF card. In developing the media, the researcher also determines
the layout, navigation, content, and performance. The development stage produces 28 cards in 1 set. The
material expert's assessment results obtained 85.04%, which indicated the MoGEF on the criteria was very
valid. The media expert's assessment results obtained 87.08%, which showed the MoGEF on the criteria
was completely valid. The results of the student response questionnaires obtained an average value of 4.659
by obtaining completely practical criteria. The results of the evaluation test obtained an average value of
79.83% by obtaining effective criteria. The results of data analysis show that there is an influence on the
use of MoGEF. So it can be concluded that the Mobile game for equality of fractions (MoGEF) is completely
valid, practical, and effective for students to improve learning outcomes on equality of fractions material. Discussion MoGEF can be played by two players, one student player and the other from a personal computer or
mobile system. The validation was carried out at this stage by involving two experts (one material expert,
namely a mathematics education lecturer, and one media expert, namely an information technology
education lecturer). The results of the material expert assessment obtained 85.04%, which showed the
MoGEF on completely valid criteria. The results of the media expert assessment obtained 87.08%, which
shows MoGEF on completely valid criteria. In the implementation phase, MoGEF was tested on fourth-grade
students of SDN Kenongo 1 Tulangan with 29 students. The MoGEF link is shared with students, and
students can install it on their respective smartphones. When playing the MoGEF, the students seemed
excited and happy. There is a significant influence between the use of the play learning method on student
learning outcomes for the subject matter of fractions (Baiquni, 2016). After students play the game, students
evaluate to measure the learning outcomes of equality of fractions obtained by students. Learning outcomes
are used by teachers to be used as measures or criteria in achieving an educational goal, and learning
outcomes can be seen after students experience learning (Hakim & Windayana, 2016). Students also filled
out a response questionnaire to find out the student's responses to the developed MoGEF game. The evaluation phase includes feedback on the development that has been carried out, namely the
MoGEF. Research and development need to consider quality criteria (Nieveen, 2015). The quality of product
feasibility is tested with three criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. If the MoGEF meets these
criteria, there is no need for revision of the developed media. The calculation of data from the student
response questionnaire shows an average value of 4.659 by obtaining completely practical criteria. The
results of the evaluation test obtained an average value of 79.83% by getting effective criteria. This study
indicates that students experience increased learning outcomes in fractions' equality after playing the
MoGEF game. It can be said that the MoGEF mobile learning game effectively improves learning outcomes
(Fatoni & Rosalina, 2021). The effectiveness of mobile learning can increase interest in learning and student
learning outcomes (Rahmat et al., 2019). The effectiveness of using Android-based mobile learning media
on learning outcomes is very good (Arsyad & Lestari, 2020). Discussion The study results stated that MoGEF was completely valid, practical, and effective in improving
student learning outcomes in the equality of fractions. The results of this study can help teachers improve
learning outcomes on students' equality of fractions. Previously ( Amir & Wardana, 2018; Baiquni, 2016;
Rahaju & Hartono, 2017) used learning media that is played physically only. The previous literature does
not consider its practicality (student responses to learning media) and its effectiveness. Its implementation
is inseparable from the development steps taken. At the analysis stage, learning mathematics requires
reinforcement and the right strategy. The need in the era of 4.0 is mobile learning per the curriculum used IJEE. P-ISSN: 2579-7158 E-ISSN: 2549-6050 International Journal of Elementary Education, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2021, pp. 525-536
533 533 at SDN Kenongo 1 Tulangan, namely the 2013 curriculum, which requires technology in the learning
process. That way, students can be given reinforcement by using mobile learning media to improve student
learning outcomes. Mobile learning media that can improve learning outcomes of the equality of fractions
is MoGEF. Previous research stated that smart domino cards could improve fractions learning achievement
(Rahaju & Hartono, 2017). A similar study also stated that using domino card media can improve students'
creative thinking skills (Amir & Wardana, 2018). After obtaining the results of the analysis, the MoGEF
design stage was held. Media design refers to the suitability of usability features, including effectiveness,
efficiency, learning ability, error, memory, and cognitive materials (Parsazadeh et al., 2018). It aims to
improve the learning outcomes of the equality of fractions. In addition, layout, navigation, content, and
performance should also be considered in media design. In the preparation of the MoGEF, a card number
pattern design was obtained with one card containing two different fractions. There are seven different
types of fractions, and each type has eight equality of fractions, so 28 cards are accepted in a set. yp
yp
g
q
y
p
MoGEF media was created using Adobe Animate CC software and produced mobile learning-based
media at the development stage. Adobe Animate CC is a software that can produce smartphone output with
ActionScript that supports and includes the most popular web animation technologies (Chun,2017). Previous research stated that mobile learning is prospective and progressive learning to be implemented
because it is supported by sophisticated, inexpensive, and reliable communication technology (Astra et al.,
2015). Ayu Wulandari / Mobile Game for Equality of Fractions for Elementary School Students 5. REFERENCES Akbar, S. (2017). Instrumen perangkat pembelajaran. Bandung : PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Amir, M. F., & Wardana, M. D. K. (2018). Pengembangan domino pecahan berbasis open ended untuk
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Matematika, 6(2), 178. https://doi.org/10.24127/ajpm.v6i2.1015. Amir, M. F., & Wardana, M. D. K. (2018). Pengembangan domino pecahan berbasis open ended untuk
meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif siswa sd. AKSIOMA: Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan
Matematika, 6(2), 178. https://doi.org/10.24127/ajpm.v6i2.1015. ( )
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Ardina, F. N., Fajriyah, K., & Budiman, M. A. (2019). Keefektifan model realistic mathematic education
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Pedagogi Dan Pembelajaran, 2(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.23887/jp2.v2i2.17902. Ardina, F. N., Fajriyah, K., & Budiman, M. A. (2019). Keefektifan model realistic mathematic education
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Chun, R. (2017). Adobe animate CC. Amerika : Peachit de Ribaupierre, A. (2015). Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development. International Encyclopedia of the
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Efriyanti, L., Annas, F. (2020). Aplikasi mobile learning sebagai sarana pembelajaranabad 21 pada era
revolusi industri 4.0. 5(1). https://doi.org/10.30983/educative.v5i1.3132. Discussion The results of previous studies stated that
fractional domino card media could improve students' creative thinking skills (Amir & Wardana, 2018). The
learning outcomes of students who play smart dominoes show an increase in fraction material (Rahaju &
Hartono, 2017). Similar research states that the fractional domino learning media is very feasible to use in
terms of media and material, responses, and students' understanding after using the fractional domino
learning media (Setiawan et al., 2020). Learning media for Maca (fractional material) applications is
oriented towards Ausubel Learning Theory with mathematical content Students become more active and
creative to facilitate the learning process (Rasvani & Wulandari, 2021). The final result of this research is the MoGEF product. The development of MoGEF is carried out
with appropriate standards for students with completely valid, practical, and effective criteria. However,
the development of MoGEF only analyzes the needs of one school, so the needs of other schools are not
known. The equality of fractions material contained in MoGEF is only in the form of ordinary fractions. This
study implies that MoGEF can be used as a solution for teachers and students in learning mathematics to
train and improve the pattern of equality of fractions to improve student learning outcomes. The reason is
that MoGEF can facilitate the study of equality of fractions by elaborating patterns of equality of fractions,
and its use has no time or place limits. The results of this study can be used as a reference for other
researchers who want to develop similar mobile games. It is recommended for further researchers to
conduct a needs analysis in several schools to develop mobile technology that is carried out and presents 534 International Journal of Elementary Education, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2021, pp. 525-536 various versions of fractional forms so that they can support students in training and improving patterns in
the fractions and student learning outcomes.. various versions of fractional forms so that they can support students in training and improving patterns in
the fractions and student learning outcomes.. 4. CONCLUSION The MoGEF development carried out is feasible to apply to students by obtaining valid, practical,
and effective criteria. Understanding and deepening knowledge of patterns of equality of fractions are found
in MoGEF to facilitate students in learning equality of fractions through these patterns. MoGEF can be used
as a solution for teachers when learning mathematics on equality of fractions to improve understanding of
equality of fractions patterns. MoGEF can significantly help students to get learning outcomes on equality
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What is "epoch" in keras.models.Model.fit?
What is "epoch" in keras.models.Model.fit? Is it one gradient update? If it is more than one gradient update, then what is defining an epoch?
Suppose I am feeding my own batches to fit. I would regard "epoch" as finishing to process entire training set (is this correct)? Then how to control keras for this way? Can I set batch_size equal to x and y size and epochs to 1?
Here is how Keras documentation defines an epoch:
Epoch: an arbitrary cutoff, generally defined as "one pass over the entire dataset", used to separate training into distinct phases, which is useful for logging and periodic evaluation.
So, in other words, a number of epochs means how many times you go through your training set.
The model is updated each time a batch is processed, which means that it can be updated multiple times during one epoch. If batch_size is set equal to the length of x, then the model will be updated once per epoch.
| 37,478 |
|
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/52332808
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 149 | 365 |
How to parse numeric element in xml using powershell
I need help in parsing xml in Powershell (I am new).
Here is the code that has a bug. The second Write-Output does not print the expected output of 31.50.
[xml]$XmlDocument = Get-Content "input.xml"
$node = $XmlDocument.Transaction
Write-Output "$($node.TranDate)"
Write-Output "$($node.Amount)"
input.xml has the following lines:
<Transaction id="7648">
<TranDate>2018-09-13</TranDate>
<Amount currency="840">31.50</Amount>
</Transaction>
I get the following output:
2018-09-13
System.Xml.XmlElement
As you can see, TranDate field prints fine but Amount element does not. How do I parse the numeric value? I wish 31.50 to be printed for the second Write-Output statement.
You can reference the contents of the element itself with $node.Amount.'#text' or $node.Amount.InnerText.
If you want to parse the value as a decimal number, do:
[decimal]::Parse($node.Amount.InnerText)
Since there are two child nodes (attribute and text), you must explicitly select InnerText:
$xml = [xml]'<Transaction id="7648">
<TranDate>2018-09-13</TranDate>
<Amount currency="840">31.50</Amount>
</Transaction>'
Write-Output $xml.Transaction.Amount.InnerText
| 40,795 |
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%20%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
كليف ريتشاردسون
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=كليف ريتشاردسون&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 49 | 156 |
كليف ريتشاردسون كان سياسى من امريكا.
حياته
كليف ريتشاردسون من مواليد يوم 30 مايو 1944 فى ايندبندنس, مات فى 6 مارس 2020.
الحياه العمليه
سياسيا كان عضو فى الحزب الجمهورى.
اشتغل فى مدينة باتون روچ فى ولاية لويزيانا.
المناصب
عضو مجلس نواب لويزيانا
لينكات برانيه
مصادر
سياسيين
سياسيين امريكان
| 46,164 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale%20%28Autriche%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Police fédérale (Autriche)
|
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police fédérale (Autriche)&action=history
|
French
|
Spoken
| 140 | 313 |
Depuis 2005, l'Autriche dispose d'une Bundespolizei issue de la Bundesgendarmerie, de l'Office fédéral autrichien de police criminelle et de la police Autrichienne.
Organisation
Elle a pour juridiction toute l'Autriche. Elle compte de police et salarie . Son QG est situé à Vienne. Il existe aussi 9 directions provinciales pour assurer l'ordre public en :
Basse-Autriche (Niederösterreich)
Burgenland (Burgenland)
Carinthie (Kärnten)
Haute-Autriche (Oberösterreich)
Salzbourg (Salzburg)
Styrie (Steiermark)
Tyrol (Tirol)
Vienne (Wien)
Vorarlberg (Vorarlberg)
Armement
Les personnels assermentés sont armés de Glock 17 ou 19. L'armement collectif en cas de situation critique est la carabine de police AUG A2 SA.
2
Moyens
La Bundespolizei dispose de véhicules et une flotte de embarcations. Parmi ceux-ci figurent :
-VW Touran
-Skoda Octavia Break
-VW Golf Break
Groupes d'interventions
Vienne : Groupe WEGA
Territoire national : EKO Cobra
Provinces : Sondereinsatzgruppen
Police en Autriche
Garde-frontière
| 19,065 |
https://github.com/standardgalactic/aggregator-zoom/blob/master/examples/sample-generator/online/src/com/h2o/online/data/util/CurrencyUtilities.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
aggregator-zoom
|
standardgalactic
|
Java
|
Code
| 256 | 872 |
/**
* Copyright (c) 2016 H2O.ai
*/
package com.h2o.online.data.util;
public class CurrencyUtilities {
private static final String DOLLAR_SIGN = "$", EURO_SIGN = "\u20AC", POUND_SIGN = "\u00A3", YEN_SIGN = "\u00A5",
YUAN_SIGN = "\u00A5", RENMINBI_SIGN = "\u00A5";
public static String checkCurrency(String s) {
if (s == null || s.length() < 2)
return "";
if (s.substring(0, 2).contains(DOLLAR_SIGN))
return Units.DOLLAR;
else if (s.substring(0, 2).contains(EURO_SIGN))
return Units.EURO;
else if (s.substring(0, 2).contains(POUND_SIGN))
return Units.POUND;
else if (s.substring(0, 2).contains(YEN_SIGN))
return Units.YEN;
else
return "";
}
public static boolean isCurrency(String s) {
if (s == null || s.length() < 2)
return false;
if (s.substring(0, 2).contains(DOLLAR_SIGN) || s.substring(0, 2).contains(EURO_SIGN)
|| s.substring(0, 2).contains(POUND_SIGN) || s.substring(0, 2).contains(YEN_SIGN))
return true;
return false;
}
public static String asNumericString(String s, String unit) {
if (unit == null || s.length() < 2)
return s;
String symbol = "";
if (unit.equals(Units.DOLLAR)) {
symbol = DOLLAR_SIGN;
} else if (unit.equals(Units.EURO)) {
symbol = EURO_SIGN;
} else if (unit.equals(Units.POUND)) {
symbol = POUND_SIGN;
} else if (unit.equals(Units.YEN)) {
symbol = YEN_SIGN;
}
if (symbol.equals(""))
return s;
if (s.startsWith(symbol))
s = s.substring(1);
else if (s.startsWith("-" + symbol))
s = "-" + s.substring(2);
else if (s.startsWith("(" + symbol) && s.endsWith(")"))
s = "-" + s.substring(2, s.length() - 1);
return s;
}
public static String asCurrency(String s, String unit) {
String symbol = "";
if (unit.equals(Units.DOLLAR))
symbol = DOLLAR_SIGN;
else if (unit.equals(Units.EURO))
symbol = EURO_SIGN;
else if (unit.equals(Units.POUND))
symbol = POUND_SIGN;
else if (unit.equals(Units.YEN))
symbol = YEN_SIGN;
if (s.startsWith("-"))
s = s.substring(0, 1) + symbol + s.substring(1);
else
s = symbol + s;
return s;
}
}
| 49,153 |
US-202117453779-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,719 | 10,152 |
In some aspects, the UE may receive, from the anchor node, a configuration of aperiodic positioning signal resources via a higher layer message. The configuration may indicate a time and frequency resource for the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, a sequence, a resource element mapping pattern, a transmit power, a triggering state including a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state or quasi co-location (QCL) properties, or a triggering offset associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
In some aspects, a resource configuration (the configuration of aperiodic positioning signal resources) may be transmitted to the UE via a higher layer LPP message. The resource configuration may be associated with aperiodic PRS/SRS resources. The resource configuration may be transmitted to the UE prior to the triggering of the downlink aperiodic Uu-PRS or prior to the triggering of the uplink aperiodic SRS. The resource configuration may indicate a time/frequency resource and a triggering offset for the aperiodic PRS/SRS. The resource configuration may indicate a sequence, a resource element mapping or hopping or staggering pattern, a quantity of repetitions, and/or a transmission power. The resource configuration may indicate a triggering state (e.g., TCI state or QCL properties for beam sweeping) and associated cell(s) or anchor node(s) (e.g., the base station or the sidelink anchor node) associated with the PRS/SRS.
In some aspects, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal may be one of a plurality of UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals transmitted by the anchor node using beam sweeping. UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals of the plurality of UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals may be triggered with different TCI states or QCL properties. In some aspects, due to a lack of synchronization and beam alignment between the UE (or target node) and non-serving/neighboring cells or anchor nodes, multiple aperiodic PRS/SRS resources or resource sets may be transmitted with beam sweeping. Multiple aperiodic PRS/SRS resource may be triggered with different TCI state/QCL properties.
In some aspects, the UE may receive, from the anchor node, an indication of a resource for transmitting a response to the anchor node based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal. The resource may be associated with one or more UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal resources, one or more cells, or one or more anchor nodes. The indication may be received via radio resource control (RRC) signaling or via the control information that triggers the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
In some aspects, a set of resources (e.g., physical (PHY) layer resources) for responding to the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal (e.g., the PRS) may be assigned to the UE. A resource of the set of resources may be associated with one or more PRS resource(s), cell(s), and/or anchor node(s). The resource may be configured via RRC signaling. Alternatively, the resource may be dynamically reserved/indicated by a triggering DCI/SCI of the aperiodic PRS/SRS.
As shown by reference number 308, the UE may transmit, to the anchor node, a response based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal. The UE may transmit the response using the resource indicated by the anchor node. The response may indicate an acknowledgement of a reception of the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, a measurement report that includes a measurement or a resource identifier associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, or another reference signal transmission for a round-trip time (RTT)-based positioning. The response may be a positive response when the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal. The response may be a negative response when the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is not received.
In some aspects, the UE may transmit the response based at least in part on a condition being satisfied. For example, the condition may be satisfied based at least in part on a power level associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal satisfying a threshold. In some aspects, conditions for transmitting the response may be indicated to the UE. For example, the conditions may include an RSRP threshold for triggering the response. The response may be opportunistic based at least in part on a fulfillment of the conditions.
In some aspects, the UE may transmit the response to the anchor node using the set of resources. The response may indicate an acknowledgement of an aperiodic PRS reception. The response may indicate a measurement report, which may be based at least in part on a received aperiodic PRS. The measurement report may indicate an RSRP, an absolute/relative delay measurement, and/or a PRS resource identifier. The response may indicate another sidelink PRS or SRS transmission for an RTT-based positioning.
In some aspects, the anchor node may perform an early termination of the beam sweeping of the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal based at least in part on the response received from the UE. In other words, the response transmitted by the UE may trigger, at the anchor node, the early termination of the beam sweeping of the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
In some aspects, based at least in part on the response received from the UE, the anchor node may early terminate a PRS beam sweeping. By reducing a likelihood of an unnecessary PRS transmission, a positioning latency and overhead may be improved. When multiple UEs (or target nodes) share same PRSs, responses from the multiple UEs may be consolidated to determine the early termination of the beam sweeping. A consolidation and usage of responses for the determination of the early termination of beam sweeping may be based at least in part on a network implementation. In other words, the anchor node may determine the early termination of beam sweeping based at least in part on the responses from the multiple UEs. For example, when responses are received from a plurality of UEs, the anchor node may determine to terminate the beam sweeping.
In some aspects, when the response is not received at the anchor node or the response is a negative response indicated that the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal was not received, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal may be retriggered by the anchor node, the anchor node may no longer be used for positioning, or the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal may be reconfigured using an alternate configuration and retriggered by the anchor node. In some aspects, no response may be received at the anchor node. The UE may not transmit any response when the response is negative. Alternatively, the response may be received at the anchor node but the response may be negative.
In some aspects, no response may be received at the anchor node after a plurality of beams are swept. In one example, when no response is received, a same aperiodic PRS may be triggered again, based at least in part on an automatic retriggering until a maximum quantity of re-triggerings are reached or a response is received. The anchor node may transmit control information (e.g., DCI for a base station or SCI for sidelink) to trigger the same aperiodic PRS. In another example, when no response is received, the anchor node may not be used for positioning. The UE may not transmit a PRS measurement report to the anchor node at a later time. In other words, since the anchor node did not receive any response, the anchor node may not be suitable for positioning. In yet another example, when no response is received, the anchor node may reconfigure a PRS (e.g., transmit power and/or TCI states) and retrigger the aperiodic PRS.
As shown by reference number 310, the UE may determine a position associated with the UE using the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal. The UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal may enable the UE to determine the position with a lower positioning latency, as compared to a periodic positioning signal with a relatively long periodicity.
As indicated above, FIG. 3 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to FIG. 3.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 associated with sidelink positioning using UE-specific aperiodic PRSs, in accordance with the present disclosure.
For sidelink positioning, a UE (e.g., a target UE) may receive a PRS from one or more anchor nodes. The PRS may be a UE-specific aperiodic PRS. The anchor nodes may include a base station. For example, the UE may receive the PRS from the base station over a Uu interface. The anchor nodes may include a sidelink anchor node. For example, the UE may receive the PRS from the sidelink anchor node over a sidelink interface. The anchor sidelink node may be another UE associated with an accurate position. In some cases, the UE may receive the PRS only via the sidelink interface.
As shown in FIG. 4 , a first UE may receive a Uu-PRS from a first base station and a Uu-PRS from a second base station. The first UE may also receive a sidelink PRS from a second UE and a sidelink PRS from a third UE. Similarly, the second UE may receive a Uu-PRS from the first base station and a Uu-PRS from the second base station. The second UE may also receive a sidelink PRS from the first UE and a sidelink PRS from the third UE. Similarly, the third UE may receive a Uu-PRS from the first base station and a Uu-PRS from the second base station. The third UE may also receive a sidelink PRS from the first UE and a sidelink PRS from the second UE.
In some aspects, for UEs with relatively poor channel conditions (e.g., fewer line-of-sight (LOS) Uu links), the sidelink positioning may add additional LOS links. For example, indoor factory channels may be associated with lower LOS probabilities. A total quantity of LOS links may include Uu LOS links and sidelink LOS links. In some aspects, for UEs with relatively good channel conditions, the sidelink positioning may improve an overall positioning accuracy by providing additional measurements. For example, the sidelink positioning may provide power-efficient P2P positioning and ranging for public safety and other uses, or the sidelink positioning may be applicable to a group of devices that are out-of-coverage that are attempting to determine relative positions of each other. Further, a sidelink sensing may be handled jointly with the sidelink positioning.
As indicated above, FIG. 4 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to FIG. 4.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 associated with a slot for a UE-specific aperiodic sidelink PRS, in accordance with the present disclosure.
In some aspects, a dedicated slot structure for a sidelink PRS may be defined. A slot in accordance with the dedicated slot structure may include a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) that carries a sidelink control information stage one (SCI-1), a sidelink control information stage two (SCI-2), a DMRS, and a sidelink PRS, and without a sidelink shared channel (SL-SCH). The sidelink PRS may be associated with a staggered comb pattern, similar to a Uu-PRS. A candidate slot and sidelink PRS pattern may be (pre)-configured and may be indicated by a control signal, e.g., SCI-2.
In some aspects, the slot may be associated with a different transmit power and timing for the sidelink PRS as compared to other sidelink transmissions. A sidelink PRS power and timing may also be different within the slot as compared to a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH), an SCI-2, and/or a DMRS. Further, a gap symbol may be within the slot before and after a sidelink PRS burst.
As shown by reference number 502, in a slot for a UE-specific aperiodic sidelink PRS associated with a 12-symbol pattern, the slot may include a PSCCH, DMRSs, an SCI-2, a sidelink PRS burst associated with 8 symbols, and a gap symbol. The sidelink PRS burst may be associated with a UE-specific aperiodic PRS.
As shown by reference number 504, in a slot for a UE-specific aperiodic sidelink PRS associated with a 9-symbol pattern, the slot may include a PSCCH, DMRSs, an SCI-2, a sidelink PRS burst associated with 4 symbols, a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH), and multiple gap symbols. The sidelink PRS burst may be associated with a UE-specific aperiodic PRS.
As indicated above, FIG. 5 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to FIG. 5.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example process 600 performed, for example, by a UE, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 600 is an example where the UE (e.g., UE 120) performs operations associated with aperiodic positioning signals for UE-specific positioning.
As shown in FIG. 6 , in some aspects, process 600 may include receiving, from an anchor node, control information that triggers a UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal (block 610). For example, the UE (e.g., using communication manager 140 and/or reception component 802, depicted in FIG. 8 ) may receive, from an anchor node, control information that triggers a UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, as described above.
As further shown in FIG. 6 , in some aspects, process 600 may include performing, to the anchor node, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal based at least in part on the control information (block 620). For example, the UE (e.g., using communication manager 140, and/or reception component 802 or transmission component 804, depicted in FIG. 8 ) may perform, to the anchor node, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal based at least in part on the control information, as described above.
As further shown in FIG. 6 , in some aspects, process 600 may include transmitting, to the anchor node, a response based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal (block 630). For example, the UE (e.g., using communication manager 140 and/or transmission component 804, depicted in FIG. 8 ) may transmit, to the anchor node, a response based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, as described above.
Process 600 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and/or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
In a first aspect, the control information is DCI, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is a downlink aperiodic PRS that is received from the anchor node, and the anchor node is a base station.
In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the control information is DCI, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is an uplink aperiodic SRS for positioning that is transmitted to the anchor node, and the anchor node is a base station.
In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the control information is SCI, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is a sidelink PRS that is received from the anchor node, and the anchor node is a sidelink anchor node.
In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, process 600 includes receiving, from a location server, an indication that the location server has initiated a positioning session with the UE, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is triggered by the anchor node based at least in part on an instruction from the location server to the anchor node.
In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, process 600 includes initiating a positioning session with a location server, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is triggered by the anchor node based at least in part on an instruction from the location server to the anchor node.
In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, process 600 includes receiving, from a sidelink hub UE, an indication that the sidelink hub UE has initiated a positioning session with the UE, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is triggered by the anchor node based at least in part on an instruction from the sidelink hub UE to the anchor node.
In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, process 600 includes receiving, from the anchor node, a configuration of aperiodic positioning signal resources via a higher layer message, wherein the configuration indicates one or more of a time and frequency resource for the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, a sequence, a resource element mapping pattern, a transmit power, a triggering state including a TCI state or QCL properties, or a triggering offset associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is one of a plurality of UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals transmitted by the anchor node using beam sweeping, wherein UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals of the plurality of UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals are triggered with different TCI states or QCL properties.
In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, process 600 includes receiving, from the anchor node, an indication of a resource for transmitting the response to the anchor node based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, wherein the resource is associated with one or more UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal resources, one or more cells, or one or more anchor nodes, and the indication is received via RRC signaling or via the control information that triggers the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the response transmitted to the anchor node based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal indicates one or more of an acknowledgement of a reception of the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, a measurement report that includes a measurement or a resource identifier associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, or another reference signal transmission for an RTT-based positioning.
In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, process 600 includes transmitting the response based at least in part on a condition being satisfied, wherein the condition is satisfied based at least in part on a power level associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal satisfying a threshold.
In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, the response transmitted by the UE triggers, at the anchor node, an early termination of a beam sweeping of the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, the response is not received at the anchor node or the response is a negative response indicated that the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal was not received, and the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is retriggered by the anchor node, the anchor node is no longer used for positioning, or the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is reconfigured using an alternate configuration and retriggered by the anchor node.
Although FIG. 6 shows example blocks of process 600, in some aspects, process 600 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 6 . Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 600 may be performed in parallel.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example process 700 performed, for example, by an anchor node, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 700 is an example where the anchor node (e.g., base station 110) performs operations associated with aperiodic positioning signals for UE-specific positioning.
As shown in FIG. 7 , in some aspects, process 700 may include transmitting, to a UE, control information that triggers a UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal (block 710). For example, the anchor node (e.g., using communication manager 150 and/or transmission component 904, depicted in FIG. 9 ) may transmit, to a UE, control information that triggers a UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, as described above.
As further shown in FIG. 7 , in some aspects, process 700 may include performing, to the UE, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal based at least in part on the control information (block 720). For example, the anchor node (e.g., using communication manager 150, and/or reception component 902 or transmission component 904, depicted in FIG. 9 ) may perform, to the UE, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal based at least in part on the control information, as described above.
As further shown in FIG. 7 , in some aspects, process 700 may include receiving, from the UE, a response based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal (block 730). For example, the anchor node (e.g., using communication manager 150 and/or reception component 902, depicted in FIG. 9 ) may receive, from the UE, a response based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, as described above.
Process 700 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and/or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
In a first aspect, the control information is DCI, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is a downlink aperiodic PRS that is transmitted to the UE, and the anchor node is a base station.
In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the control information is DCI, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is an uplink aperiodic SRS for positioning that is received from the UE, and the anchor node is a base station.
In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the control information is SCI, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is a sidelink PRS that is transmitted to the UE, and the anchor node is a sidelink anchor node.
In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, process 700 includes receiving, from a location server, an indication that the location server has initiated a positioning session with the UE, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is triggered by the anchor node based at least in part on an instruction from the location server to the anchor node.
In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, process 700 includes receiving, from a location server, an instruction for the anchor node to trigger the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, process 700 includes transmitting, to the UE, a configuration of aperiodic positioning signal resources via a higher layer message, wherein the configuration indicates one or more of a time and frequency resource for the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, a sequence, a resource element mapping pattern, a transmit power, a triggering state including a TCI state or QCL properties, or a triggering offset associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is one of a plurality of UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals transmitted by the anchor node using beam sweeping, wherein UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals of the plurality of UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals are triggered with different TCI states or QCL properties.
In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, process 700 includes transmitting, to the UE, an indication of a resource for transmitting the response to the anchor node based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, wherein the resource is associated with one or more UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal resources, one or more cells, or one or more anchor nodes, and the indication is received via RRC signaling or via the control information that triggers the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the response transmitted to the anchor node based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal indicates one or more of an acknowledgement of a reception of the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, a measurement report that includes a measurement or a resource identifier associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, or another reference signal transmission for an RTT-based positioning.
In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, process 700 includes receiving the response based at least in part on a condition being satisfied, wherein the condition is satisfied based at least in part on a power level associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal satisfying a threshold.
In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, process 700 includes performing an early termination of a beam sweeping of the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal based at least in part on the response received from the UE.
Although FIG. 7 shows example blocks of process 700, in some aspects, process 700 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 7 . Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 700 may be performed in parallel.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of an example apparatus 800 for wireless communication. The apparatus 800 may be a UE, or a UE may include the apparatus 800. In some aspects, the apparatus 800 includes a reception component 802 and a transmission component 804, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and/or one or more other components). As shown, the apparatus 800 may communicate with another apparatus 806 (such as a UE, a base station, or another wireless communication device) using the reception component 802 and the transmission component 804. As further shown, the apparatus 800 may include the communication manager 140. The communication manager 140 may include an initiation component 808, among other examples.
In some aspects, the apparatus 800 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with FIGS. 3-5 . Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 800 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 600 of FIG. 6 . In some aspects, the apparatus 800 and/or one or more components shown in FIG. 8 may include one or more components of the UE described in connection with FIG. 2 . Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in FIG. 8 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with FIG. 2 . Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by a controller or a processor to perform the functions or operations of the component.
The reception component 802 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 806. The reception component 802 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 800. In some aspects, the reception component 802 may perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples), and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 800. In some aspects, the reception component 802 may include one or more antennas, a modem, a demodulator, a MIMO detector, a receive processor, a controller/processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, of the UE described in connection with FIG. 2.
The transmission component 804 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 806. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 800 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 804 for transmission to the apparatus 806. In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples), and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 806. In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may include one or more antennas, a modem, a modulator, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a controller/processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, of the UE described in connection with FIG. 2 . In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may be co-located with the reception component 802 in a transceiver.
The reception component 802 may receive, from an anchor node, control information that triggers a UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal. The reception component 802 or the transmission component 804 may perform, to the anchor node, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal based at least in part on the control information. The transmission component 804 may transmit, to the anchor node, a response based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
The reception component 802 may receive, from a location server, an indication that the location server has initiated a positioning session with the UE, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is triggered by the anchor node based at least in part on an instruction from the location server to the anchor node. The initiation component 808 may initiate a positioning session with a location server, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is triggered by the anchor node based at least in part on an instruction from the location server to the anchor node.
The reception component 802 may receive, from a sidelink hub UE, an indication that the sidelink hub UE has initiated a positioning session with the UE, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is triggered by the anchor node based at least in part on an instruction from the sidelink hub UE to the anchor node. The reception component 802 may receive, from the anchor node, a configuration of aperiodic positioning signal resources via a higher layer message, wherein the configuration indicates one or more of: a time and frequency resource for the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, a sequence, a resource element mapping pattern, a transmit power, a triggering state including a TCI state or QCL properties, or a triggering offset associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
The reception component 802 may receive, from the anchor node, an indication of a resource for transmitting the response to the anchor node based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, wherein the resource is associated with one or more UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal resources, one or more cells, or one or more anchor nodes, and the indication is received via RRC signaling or via the control information that triggers the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal. The transmission component 804 may transmit the response based at least in part on a condition being satisfied, wherein the condition is satisfied based at least in part on a power level associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal satisfying a threshold.
The number and arrangement of components shown in FIG. 8 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in FIG. 8 . Furthermore, two or more components shown in FIG. 8 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in FIG. 8 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in FIG. 8 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in FIG. 8.
FIG. 9 is a diagram of an example apparatus 900 for wireless communication. The apparatus 900 may be an anchor node, or the anchor node may include the apparatus 900. In some aspects, the apparatus 900 includes a reception component 902 and a transmission component 904, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and/or one or more other components). As shown, the apparatus 900 may communicate with another apparatus 906 (such as a UE, a base station, or another wireless communication device) using the reception component 902 and the transmission component 904. As further shown, the apparatus 900 may include the communication manager 150. The communication manager 150 may include a performance component 908, among other examples.
In some aspects, the apparatus 900 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with FIGS. 3-5 . Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 900 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 700 of FIG. 7 . In some aspects, the apparatus 900 and/or one or more components shown in FIG. 9 may include one or more components of the anchor node described in connection with FIG. 2 . Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in FIG. 9 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with FIG. 2 . Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by a controller or a processor to perform the functions or operations of the component.
The reception component 902 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 906. The reception component 902 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 900. In some aspects, the reception component 902 may perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples), and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 900. In some aspects, the reception component 902 may include one or more antennas, a modem, a demodulator, a MIMO detector, a receive processor, a controller/processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, of the anchor node described in connection with FIG. 2.
The transmission component 904 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 906. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 900 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 904 for transmission to the apparatus 906. In some aspects, the transmission component 904 may perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples), and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 906. In some aspects, the transmission component 904 may include one or more antennas, a modem, a modulator, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a controller/processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, of the anchor node described in connection with FIG. 2 . In some aspects, the transmission component 904 may be co-located with the reception component 902 in a transceiver.
The transmission component 904 may transmit, to a UE, control information that triggers a UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal. The reception component 902 or the transmission component 904 may perform, to the UE, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal based at least in part on the control information. The reception component 902 may receive, from the UE, a response based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
The reception component 902 may receive, from a location server, an indication that the location server has initiated a positioning session with the UE, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is triggered by the anchor node based at least in part on an instruction from the location server to the anchor node. The reception component 902 may receive, from a location server, an instruction for the anchor node to trigger the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
The transmission component 904 may transmit, to the UE, a configuration of aperiodic positioning signal resources via a higher layer message, wherein the configuration indicates one or more of: a time and frequency resource for the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, a sequence, a resource element mapping pattern, a transmit power, a triggering state including a TCI state or QCL properties, or a triggering offset associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
The transmission component 904 may transmit, to the UE, an indication of a resource for transmitting the response to the anchor node based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, wherein the resource is associated with one or more UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal resources, one or more cells, or one or more anchor nodes, and the indication is received via RRC signaling or via the control information that triggers the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
The reception component 902 may receive the response based at least in part on a condition being satisfied, wherein the condition is satisfied based at least in part on a power level associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal satisfying a threshold. The performance component 908 may perform an early termination of a beam sweeping of the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal based at least in part on the response received from the UE.
The number and arrangement of components shown in FIG. 9 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in FIG. 9 . Furthermore, two or more components shown in FIG. 9 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in FIG. 9 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in FIG. 9 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in FIG. 9.
The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:
Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving, from an anchor node, control information that triggers a UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal; performing, to the anchor node, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal based at least in part on the control information; and transmitting, to the anchor node, a response based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein the control information is downlink control information, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is a downlink aperiodic positioning reference signal that is received from the anchor node, and the anchor node is a base station.
Aspect 3: The method of any of Aspects 1 through 2, wherein the control information is downlink control information, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is an uplink aperiodic sounding reference signal for positioning that is transmitted to the anchor node, and the anchor node is a base station.
Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1 through 3, wherein the control information is sidelink control information, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is a sidelink positioning reference signal that is received from the anchor node, and the anchor node is a sidelink anchor node.
Aspect 5: The method of any of Aspects 1 through 4, further comprising: receiving, from a location server, an indication that the location server has initiated a positioning session with the UE, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is triggered by the anchor node based at least in part on an instruction from the location server to the anchor node.
Aspect 6: The method of any of Aspects 1 through 5, further comprising: initiating a positioning session with a location server, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is triggered by the anchor node based at least in part on an instruction from the location server to the anchor node.
Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 1 through 6, further comprising: receiving, from a sidelink hub UE, an indication that the sidelink hub UE has initiated a positioning session with the UE, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is triggered by the anchor node based at least in part on an instruction from the sidelink hub UE to the anchor node.
Aspect 8: The method of any of Aspects 1 through 7, further comprising: receiving, from the anchor node, a configuration of aperiodic positioning signal resources via a higher layer message, wherein the configuration indicates one or more of: a time and frequency resource for the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, a sequence, a resource element mapping pattern, a transmit power, a triggering state including a transmission configuration indication state or quasi co-location properties, or a triggering offset associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
Aspect 9: The method of any of Aspects 1 through 8, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is one of a plurality of UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals transmitted by the anchor node using beam sweeping, wherein UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals of the plurality of UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals are triggered with different transmission configuration indication states or quasi co-location properties.
Aspect 10: The method of any of Aspects 1 through 9, further comprising: receiving, from the anchor node, an indication of a resource for transmitting the response to the anchor node based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, wherein the resource is associated with one or more UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal resources, one or more cells, or one or more anchor nodes, and wherein the indication is received via radio resource control signaling or via the control information that triggers the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
Aspect 11: The method of any of Aspects 1 through 10, wherein the response transmitted to the anchor node based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal indicates one or more of: an acknowledgement of a reception of the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, a measurement report that includes a measurement or a resource identifier associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, or another reference signal transmission for a round-trip time based positioning.
Aspect 12: The method of any of Aspects 1 through 11, wherein transmitting the response comprises transmitting the response based at least in part on a condition being satisfied, wherein the condition is satisfied based at least in part on a power level associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal satisfying a threshold.
Aspect 13: The method of any of Aspects 1 through 12, wherein the response transmitted by the UE triggers, at the anchor node, an early termination of a beam sweeping of the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
Aspect 14: The method of any of Aspects 1 through 13, wherein the response is not received at the anchor node or the response is a negative response indicated that the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal was not received, and the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is retriggered by the anchor node, the anchor node is no longer used for positioning, or the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is reconfigured using an alternate configuration and retriggered by the anchor node.
Aspect 15: A method of wireless communication performed by an anchor node, comprising: transmitting, to a user equipment (UE), control information that triggers a UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal; performing, to the UE, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal based at least in part on the control information; and receiving, from the UE, a response based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
Aspect 16: The method of Aspect 15, wherein the control information is downlink control information, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is a downlink aperiodic positioning reference signal that is transmitted to the UE, and the anchor node is a base station.
Aspect 17: The method of any of Aspects 15 through 16, wherein the control information is downlink control information, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is an uplink aperiodic sounding reference signal for positioning that is received from the UE, and the anchor node is a base station.
Aspect 18: The method of any of Aspects 15 through 17, wherein the control information is sidelink control information, the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is a sidelink positioning reference signal that is transmitted to the UE, and the anchor node is a sidelink anchor node.
Aspect 19: The method of any of Aspects 15 through 18, further comprising: receiving, from a location server, an indication that the location server has initiated a positioning session with the UE, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is triggered by the anchor node based at least in part on an instruction from the location server to the anchor node.
Aspect 20: The method of any of Aspects 15 through 19, further comprising: receiving, from a location server, an instruction for the anchor node to trigger the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
Aspect 21: The method of any of Aspects 15 through 20, further comprising: transmitting, to the UE, a configuration of aperiodic positioning signal resources via a higher layer message, wherein the configuration indicates one or more of: a time and frequency resource for the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, a sequence, a resource element mapping pattern, a transmit power, a triggering state including a transmission configuration indication state or quasi co-location properties, or a triggering offset associated with the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
Aspect 22: The method of any of Aspects 15 through 21, wherein the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal is one of a plurality of UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals transmitted by the anchor node using beam sweeping, wherein UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals of the plurality of UE-specific aperiodic positioning signals are triggered with different transmission configuration indication states or quasi co-location properties.
Aspect 23: The method of any of Aspects 15 through 22, further comprising: transmitting, to the UE, an indication of a resource for transmitting the response to the anchor node based at least in part on the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal, wherein the resource is associated with one or more UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal resources, one or more cells, or one or more anchor nodes, and wherein the indication is received via radio resource control signaling or via the control information that triggers the UE-specific aperiodic positioning signal.
| 31,720 |
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril%20Ramaphosa
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Cyril Ramaphosa
|
https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril Ramaphosa&action=history
|
Basque
|
Spoken
| 266 | 757 |
Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa (Soweto, Transvaal probintzia, 1952ko azaroaren 17a) hegoafrikar politikari, enpresari, ekintzaile eta sindikatu-burua da. 2018ko otsailetik Hegoafrikako Errepublikako presidentea da.
Bizitza
Cyril Ramaphosa 1952ko azaroaren 17a jaio zen Soweton. 1972an, Zuzenbidea ikasten hasi zen Limpopoko Unibertsitatean, baina bi urte geroago kartzelan sartu zuten Frelimo Mozanbikeko taldearen antikolonialistaren alde aritzeagatik. 1976an, Sowetoko altxaldiaren ondoren, berriz atxilotu eta espetxeratu zuten. 1981ean amaitu zuen Zuzenbideko Gradua Hegoafrikako Unibertsitatean.
1982-1991 bitartean, Meatzarien Batasun Nazionala sindikatuko idazkari nagusia izan zen; urte horietan, Pieter Botharen gobernuaren aurkari nagusietako bat izan zen, eta 1986an Londresera ihes egin behar izan zuen. 1987an, meatzarien grebarik handiena gidatu zuen eta, urte hartan bertan, Olof Palme saria jaso zuen Stockholmen. 1990ean, Nelson Mandela eta beste preso politikoak kartzelatik ateratzeko lanean aritu zen, Harrera Batzorde Nazionaleko eleduna izan baitzen.
1991tik aurrera, Afrikako Kongresu Nazionalaaren (ANC) negoziazio taldeko burua izan zen bake elkarrizketetan. Nelson Mandelaren lekukoa hartuko zuela uste izan zen, haren kuttuna zela esaten baitzen, baina, lehen lerrotik baztertuta, 1997an enpresari bihurtu zen eta, denbora gutxian, herrialdeko gizon aberatsenetakoa ere —360 milioi euroko fortuna zeukan 2018an—. Hori dela eta, bere negozioen interesen alde jokatu izana egotzi zitzaion, eta baita 2012ko Marikanako sarraskian erantzukizuna izatea ere.
Politikara egin zuen salto berriz. Diputatu gisa aritu zen 2014tik, eta 2017ko abenduan Afrikako Kongresu Nazionaleko presidente izendatu zuten. Jacob Zumaren agintaldian, presidenteorde kargua bete zuen eta, 2018ko otsailaren 15ean, parlamentuak presidente izendatu zuen, Zumak dimisioa eman eta gero. 2019ko maiatzeko hauteskundeetan, berriro aukeratu zuten presidente.
Erreferentziak
Kanpo estekak
Hegoafrikako giza eskubideen aldeko ekintzaileak
Agintariak
Hegoafrikako politikariak
Hegoafrikako historia
Apartheidaren aurkako oposizioa
Indarkeria-eza
Olof Palme Saria
Preso politikoak
Afrikako Batasuneko presidenteak
| 11,972 |
https://github.com/weizhonglai/detdetacg/blob/master/app/Http/Controllers/ProfileController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
detdetacg
|
weizhonglai
|
PHP
|
Code
| 154 | 616 |
<?php namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use DB;
use Exception;
use Request;
use Session;
use Config;
use App\Libraries\AuthHelper;
use App\Libraries\DatabaseUtilHelper;
use App\Libraries\EmailHelper;
use App\Libraries\LogHelper;
use App\Libraries\ResponseHelper;
use App\Models\LogPasswordReset;
use App\Models\User;
use App\Models\UserAccess;
use App\Models\UserAccount;
class UserContoller extends Controller {
public function userUpdate() {
$userId = Request::input('user_id');
$name = Request::input('name');
$email = Request::input('email');
$nric = Request::input('nric');
$address1 = Request::input('address1');
$address2 = Request::input('address2');
$postCode = Request::input('post_code');
$city = Request::input('city');
$state = Request::input('state');
$mobile = Request::input('mobile');
$fax = Request::input('fax_number');
$gender = Request::input('gender');
$dob = Request::input('dob');
if (!filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
return ResponseHelper::OutputJSON('fail', "invalid email format");
}
try {
$user = User::find($userId);
$user->name = $name;
$user->email = $email;
$user->dob = $dob;
$user->nric = $nric;
$user->gender = $gender;
$user->address1 = $address1;
$user->address2 = $address2;
$user->post_code = $postCode;
$user->city = $city;
$user->state = $state;
$user->mobile = $mobile;
$user->fax_number = $fax;
$user->save();
} catch (Exception $ex) {
LogHelper::LogToDatabase($ex->getMessage(), ['environment' => json_encode([
'source' => 'AuthUserController > signUp',
'inputs' => Request::all(),
])]);
return ResponseHelper::OutputJSON('exception');
}
}
}
| 16,645 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamada%20Estate%20Forest
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Lamada Estate Forest
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamada Estate Forest&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 80 | 125 |
Lasang ang Lamada Estate Forest sa Indiya. Nahimutang ni sa estado sa State of Odisha, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa habagatan sa New Delhi ang ulohan sa nasod.
Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Abril, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Agosto, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Agosto, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Disyembre, sa milimetro.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga lasang sa State of Odisha
| 9,133 |
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20YP1
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
2015 YP1
|
https://su.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015 YP1&action=history
|
Sundanese
|
Spoken
| 81 | 214 |
Ari 2015 YP1 mangrupa hiji astéroid. Ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid Amor, anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada. Ékséntrisitas orbit ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0.181, sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 23.0. Ari nu jadi référénsina mah nyaéta MPO 369303.
Bebentukan
Kawas sakumna astéroid, ieu astéroid kabentuk tina nébula panonpoé primordial minangka beubeulahan planétisimal, objék di nébula marcapada ngora nu teu cukup badag pikeun robah jadi planét.
Rujukan
Tutumbu kaluar
Daptar astéroid Amor - The International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center.
Astéroid
Astéroid Amor
| 15,700 |
W1984056844.txt_1
|
German-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 3,715 | 7,123 |
Intrauterine Spontanamputation an den oberen
Extremititten bei einem 5 Monate alten Fiitus mit
vollsfiindiger Erhaltung des die Amputation bedingenden Amniosfadens.
Von
Dr. Jacob Wolff, prakt: Arzt in Berlin.
(Hit 1 Abbildung im Text.)
Intrauterine Spontanamputationen sind schon seit langer Zeit
den Aerzten bekannt. Sehon H a i l e r kannte dieses Vorkommniss.
Allein die UrSaehe und die Art des Zustandekommens dieser Verstiimmlung blieb lange Zeit in Dunkel gehSllt. H a l l e r z. B. bezog diese Missbildung willkiirlieh auf gehemmte erste Bildung. - Man glaubte zun/~chst, dass derartige Verstiimmlungen dutch Ums e h n i i r u n g e n mittelst tier N a b e l s c h n u r zu Stande kamen. Dann
aber fand man an fast abgesehn[irten Extremits
noch k u r z e
F~den und S c h l i n g e n . Man deutete diese dahin, dass die H a u t
des F o e t u s in einem e n t z i i n d l i c h e n Zustande sich befunden h/itte,
und dass die Fiiden als organisirte Lymphprodukte einer vorausgegangenen exsudativen Entz~indung anzusehen seien (M~ontgomery)l).
F r i c k h S f e r 2) z. B. deutete in dieser Weise einen yon ihm
beobachteten Fall yon Selbstamputation mit noeh anhaftenden
kurzen F/~den und konnte aus der Literatur zu dieser Zeit (1856)
nur 3 F~lle dieser Art anffihreu.
1) Montgomery, Lehre von den Zeichen der Schwangerschaft. Uebersetzt yon Schwann. Bonn 1839.
2) Virchow's Archiv. Bd. X. S. 110.
A r c h i v f, Gyn~ikologie.
Bd. 60. It. '2.
19
282 Wolff~ Intrauterine Spontanamputation an den oberen ExtremitSten etc.
hehnlich deutete S i m p s o n 1) diese F//den.
Erst G u r l t 2) und nach ibm S i m o n a r t a) braehten diese Fiiden mit den Eih~tuten in Verbindung. Letzterer glaubte, dass
dutch e n t z i i n d ] i c h e Processe sowohl an den Eih/tuten als auch
am F Stus Verwaehsungen entstehen, aus denen sich dann B~nder
( S i m o n a r t ' s e h c B/inder) entwickelten, und erst G. B r a u n 4)
suehte die vorgefundenen Spontanamputationen dadureh zu erkl/tren,
dass dutch eine F a l t u n g des Amnios mit naehtriiglicher Verl~ngerung dutch Dehnung F~den gebildet werden kSnnen, die das
weitere Hervorkeimen des sehaufel- oder spatelfSrmigen embryonalen Auswuchses - - also die Bildung tier Extremit~ten hindern,
oder Theile davon abl6sen, dass die neben abgelSsten Gliedern sieh
vorfindenden Ligamente nieht als E n t z i i n d u n g s p r o d u k t des
Amnios, sondern als ein abnorm geformter Theil des Amnios
selbst zu betraehten seien.
Es wurden dann wiederholt Missbildnngen mit derartig intrauterin entstandenen Selbstamputationen beobaehtet; es gliiekte
jedoch nie cinch Zusammenhang der noeh an den Gliedmaassen
etwa vorhandenen F~den mit dem Amnios naehzuweisen, da die
meisten Beobachtungen an reifen geborenen Kindern gemacht
wurden, bei denen natiirlieh derartige P/iden durch den Geburtsact zerrissen wurden.
Abet trotzdem gelang es auch nicht einmal in der Placenta,
irgend welehe Aufkl/irung dutch Auffinden yon Piiden im Amnios
zu erhalten.
Erst Kiistner 5) konnte bei einem lebendgeborenen mit f6talen
Amputationen an H~nden und Fiissen verstiimmelten Kinde an
tier Placenta neben der Insertion des in einer h/iutigen Scheide
steekenden Nabelstranges einen etwa 2 cm langen Faden mit einem
Tr'Xubehen, welches er als abgesehniirge Phalanx deutete, beobachten, welehen er als den die Verstiimmelung verursachenden
Strang anspricht.
Spi/terhin konnte O l s h a u s e n 6) ebenfails bei einem lebend geborenen Kinde mit 3 amputirten Fingern der linken Hand an der
1) Dublin. meal. Journ. 1836. Vol. X.
2) Berl. med. Zeitung. 1833. No. 3.
3) Arch. de la Med. Belg. 1846.
4) Neuer Beitrag zur Lehre yon den amniotischen B~ndern. Wien 1862.
5) Zeitschrift f. Geburtsh. u. Gyn~ikol. Bd. XX. S. 445.
6) Ebend. Bd. 34. S. 143,
W olff~ Intrauterine Spontanamputatio n an den oberen ExtremitS~ten etc. 283
Insertionsstelle des Nabels eine weisse Ma.sse entdeeken~ welehe
sieh als z u s a m m e n g e b a l l t e s
A m n i o s erwies, an welehem 4 his
6 feine Fb;den waren, welehe die Amputation der Finger bewirkten.
Eine v o l l s t ~ i n d i g e E r h a l t u n g
des absehniirenden Fad e n s ist bisher jedoeh, soweit ieh die Literatur durehgesehen habe,
noeh niemals beobaehtet worden.
Die Erhaltung eines solehen Fadens ist natiMieh nur dann
m6glieh, wenn es gelingt, den mit soleh' einer Verstiimmlung behafteten FStus in Zusammenhang mit seinen Eihiillen und der Placenta aus dem Uterus zu entfernen.
Ein derartiges Pr~parat babe ieh nun vor einiger Zeit gewonnen, welches in selten deutlieher Weise die Herkunff der F/iden
und die Art und die Phasen tier intrauterinen Amputation veransehaulieht.
Frau D., Arbeiterfrau, 37 Jahre air, seit 9 Jahren verheirathet,
ist nie ernstlieh krank gewesen. Menstruation regelmassig. Lues nieht
naehweisbar. Der Mann hat nut vor der Verheirathung an Gonorrhoe
gelitten. Missbildungen sind weder in der Familie des Mannes~ noeh
der Frau, soweit erinnerlieh, vorgekommen.
Im Jahre 1892 wurde ein Kind in normaler Weise geboren. Im
Jahre 1898 dann Abort im 2. Mortar, den ieh seiner Zeit ausri~umte.
Im Jahre 1899 fand die letzte Periode am 3. Mai statt.
Am 12. ,luni eonsultirte mieh Frau D. Ieh konnte die Gravidit~it
feststellen, und da die Frau gerne ein Kind austragen wollte~ rieth ieh
ihr dringend~ ~sieh zu sehonen.
Diesem Rathe kam die Frau aueh etwa 2~/'2 Monate lang naeh.
Da es ihr k6rperlich gut ging, glaubte sie wieder tfiehtig mitarbeiten
zu kSnnen, sie wuseh wieder und hob sehwere K6rbe mit Wf~sehe. 8eit
dieser Zeit - - also etwa seit Ende August - - will Frau D. alle
4 Woehen b l u t i g e n A u s f l u s s gehabt haben, tier nur einige Tage anhielt; und dem sie weiter keine Bedeutung beilegte, weshalb sie aueh
keine ~irztliehe HiKe in Ansprueh nahm.
Von Mitte October an jedoeh will sie sieh unbehagiieh geffihlt
haben, - - K~iltegeftihl im t~,fieken und Appetitlosigkeit stellten sieh
ein. Ausserdem fiel es ihr auf, dass i h r L e i b n i e h t s t a r k e r w u r d e ,
so (lass sie zur Vermuthung kam, sie w:,'~re am Ende gar nieht
sehwanger.
Am 20. November stellten sieh h e f t i g e B l u t u n g e n ein.
Als ieh Frau D. ,~m Naehmittage dieses Tages untersuehte, fand
ieh den Muttermund fiir 2 Finger durehgiingig. Die Spitze des Ovums
war Jn der Cervix zu fiihlen. Tamponade.
Naehts um 1 Uhr erneute heftige Blutung. Entfernuug der blutdurehtrgnkten Tampons. Das Ovum war zur H~ilfte sehon aus der
Cervix ausgetreten.
l)ureh eombinirte Compression you aussen und yon der Seheide
aus gelang es mir, das Ovum in ~oto in die Vagina hineinzupressen.
ieh konnte eonstatiren~ class das Ei mit unversehrten schwappenden
19"
284 W olff~ Intrauterine Spontanamputation an den oberen Extremit~iten etc.
Eihfillen in der Vagina vollst~ndig gel6st lag. Allein bei dem Versuch.
nun das sehr grosse Ovum aus der Scheide zu entfernen~ rissen die
Eihaute, und es entleerte sich eine ziemliche Menge ungef~ihr 8--10 EsslSffel roll (da jegliche Assistenz mangelte, konnte ich eine genauere
Amnios.
L.
Messung nicht vornehmen) gelblich trfiben Fruchtwassers. Den FStus
im Zusammenhang mit seiner Placenta und Eihiillen zu entfernen, gelang nun leicht.
An dem FStus konnte ich nun sofi*rt die unten n~iher beschriebene
Anomalie constatiren. Der FOtus selbst war abgestorben, die Haut an
einzelnen Stellen schon etwas matsch, sodass man den Tod der Frucht
auf etwa 4--6 Wochen zur/ickdatiren konnte.
Aus rein ~usseren Grfinden konnte ieh das Pr~iparat zun/~chst
leider nur in tin Gefass mit Brennspiritus legen. Ich liess alas
Pr~parat einige Tage sp~iter von Fraulein Paula Giinther zeichnen,
wobei Herr Prof. L a n g e r h a u s mit seinem Rathe giitigst zur Seite
stand. (Bei der Zeiehnung sind aus ~tusseren Griinden nur die
H~nde und der in Betraeht kommende Theil der Placenta beriieksiehtigt w o r d e n . )
Wolff~ Intrauterine Spontanamputation an den oberen Extremit~ten etc. 285
Die Beschreibung habe ich leider nut an dem dutch den
Spiritus ziemlich zusammengeschrumpften Pr~parat maehen kSnnen.
Die angegebenen Maasse sind info]ge dessen kleiner, als sic in
Wirkiichkeit waren.
Maasse der Placenta: 13:131/2 em. Die fStale Fl~che ist
glatt und vollst~tndig vom A m n i o s b e k I e i d e t , w e l c h e s
iiberall u n ~ e r s e h r t ist. An tier einen Seite der AmnioshSh]c
befand sieh ein haselnussgrosses, loses Bluteoagulum. Nach der
Mitre tier Placenta verdickt sieh das Amnios zu einer w u l s t i g e n
S c h e i d e , welehe die in ihr entspringende etwa 17 em lunge
Nabelschnur noch 2 cm hoch umkleidet. Die Insertion der Nabelschnur liegt ziemlich central. Auf tier linken Seite ist die Nabelsehnur mit dieser Amniostasehe lest verwachsen, auf der reehten
Seite befindet sich eine Liicke (a), aus deren Tiefe ein ctwa 1 mm
s t a r k e r ])'aden entspring L der bei seinem Austritt sieh mit einem
Z i p f e l des Amnios v e r b i n d e t und nun als ziemlich starker
g e d r e h t e r Faden zur rechten Hand des FStus 1/tuft. Die L/inge
dieses Fadens betrug etwa 10 e m.im frisehen Zustande.
Marl konnte ziemlich krMtig an dem Faden ziehen, ohne dass
er sieh yon seinen Insertionsstellen lockerte.
Das Prgparat, welches etwa 1 0 Stunden lang in Spiritus gelegen butte, wurde dann in eine FormalinlSsung gebraeht, ttierbei
faserte sieh nun d er Faden in mehrere einzelne F/iden auf. Der
Zusammenhang zwisehen hmnios and FStus wurde am Pr'aparate
sehliesslieh nut noch dutch einen ganz feinen Faden aufrecht
erhalten.
An der reehten Hand butte dieser Faden nun zungehst die
Endphalange des Ringfingers, mit weleher er l e s t v e r w a e h s e n
war, abgeschniirt; doeh ist die Phalange noch Ms kleines K n S p f ehen (b) mit dem Finger im Zusammenhang geblieben. Veto Ringlinger verlguft der Faden zur Endphalanx des Mitteltingers, dessert
Nagelglied umschniirt und verkiimmert ist.
Die Finger der reehten Hand sind nirgends mit einander verwachsen. Der Daumen besitzt einen normalen Nagel.
An tier linken Hand t~nden wir eine Abtrennung yon 2 Phalangen des kleinen Fingers, Syndaetylie des Ring- und Mittelfingers.
An Stelle der Endphalangen dieser beiden Finger befinden .sieh
kurze Bfi.nder und F/tden, an deren einem Ende beim Mittelfinger
ein kleines KnSpfehen ( c ) s i t z t (abgeschniirte und verkiimmerte
Pbalange).
286 Wolff, Intrauterine Spontanamputation an den oberen Extremitiiten etc.
Die Absehniirung dieser Phalangen erfolgte hiSehst wahrscheinlich dureh einen z w e i t e n Faden, der gleiehfalls aus der LOcke
im Amnios neben der Insertion der Nabelsehnur entsprang (auf
der Zeichnung nicht angegeben), etwa 4 cm lang war und im
u n t e r e n D r i t t e l nach d e r Placenta zu ein K61behen trug
(h6chstwahrscheinlich eine abgeschniirte Phalanx).
Der FiStus ist etwa 2r cm lang und zeigt sonst niehts Anormales.
Man hat nun verschiedene Ursachen for die Entstehung dieser
amniotisehen B~inder angegeben.
Wir haben schon oben die
/ilteren Anschauungen yon S i m o n a r t und B r a u n erw/ihnt.
Erst Kiistner (1. c.) gab eine neue Entstehungsart an.
Er fand n/imlich in seinem Fall, dass die die Nabelsclmur an
ihrer lnsertionsstelle umhiillende Scheide an ihrer obersten Partie
nut einen spiralig gedrehten Faden darstelle. Einige Cirl~eltouren
dieser Scheide waren zuerst angel/Sthet gewesen, sp/~terhin abet
frei schwimmend geworden. Die ganze f/Stale Oberfl/tche des
C h o r i o n s e n t b e h r t e eines A m n i o s i i b e r z u g e s , die Nabelschnur
besass jedoch eine Amniosscheide, die jedoch so klein war, dass
sie niemals die ganze Fl~iche des Chorion bekleiden konnte.
K. nimmt deshalb an, dass das A m n i o s a u f e i n e r niederen W a c h s t h u m s s t u f e stehen geblieben ist und erkl/irt diesen
Umstand in seinem Falle aus einem T r a u m a , den die Gravida im
2. Monat ihrer Gravidit/~t erlitten h/itte. Das Amnios w~re g er i s s e n , tier Riss nieht wieder geheilt, alas Amnios h/itte dann frei
im Fruchtwasser flottirt und sich allm/~lig zu einem Strang gedreht
unter Mitwirkung der Bewegungen des FStus. Die Nabelschnurscheide sei um diese Zeit schon lest mit der Wharton'schen
Sulze des Nabelstranges verwachsen gewesen; denn alas Amnios
h/~tte sich nut veto Chorion nicht abet yon der Nabelschnur abgedreht. In diesem gedrehten frei flottirenden Strang h/~tten sich
nun die ~ussersten Enden der Extremit~iten des 2 Monate alten
FiStus gefangen.
Ftir unseren Fall wiirde diese Deutung nun nicht zutreffend
sein k0nnen, da die f/Stale F1/iehe des Chorion v o l l s t / i n d i g
und glatt veto Amnios b e d e c k t war. Aueh war die A u s d e h n u n g
der Amniosh/Shle dem Alter des FiStus entspreehend geniigend
gross. Das in der Amniosh/Shle befindliehe Blutcoagulum und die
Blutungen unserer Patientin w/ihrend der Gravidit/it k/Snnten viel-
W olff~ Intrauterine Spontanamputation an den oberen Extremitgten etc. 287
leicht zu Gunsten einer solchen Theorie gedeutet werden, abet es
liess sigh in unserem Falle in keiner Weise eine solehe Waehsthumsst6rung des Amnios dureh einen Riss nachweisen.
Auch O l s h a u s e n (1. e.) glaubt, dass in seinem Palle die
amniotischen F~den dureh einen Riss des Amnios entstanden
seien. Das Amnios, welches bekanntlieh ja in der allerersten Zeit
dem F6tus direct anliegt, sieh dann dutch Absonderung yon Fruchtwasser vom F6tus abhebt und sieh an das Chorion anlegt, k/~nnte
durch g e r i n g e s P r u c h t w a s s e r in seiner Ann/therung an d a s
Chorion behindert werden; dadureh wi~re es dem PStus m/iglieh
gewesen, alas Amnios zu zerreissen.
Abet aueh diese Erkl~rung witre flit unseren Fall nicht hinreichend. Wie wit sehon oben erw/~hnt haben, war in dem Ovum
eine ziemlich normale Menge yon Fruchtwasser vorhanden, wenn
wir leider auch nieht ein genaues Maass angeben k6nnen.
Winckel!) meint, dass selbst bei Anht~ufung yon Blur und
Fliissigkeit zwisehen Chorion und Amnios alas letztere, da es ja
die a l l e r f e s t e s t e Eihaut und fester wie die Nabelschnur ist,
trotz bedeutender Abhebung naeh innen unzerrissen bleiben kann.
Denkt man sich nun naeh W. eine solche und die Abhebung des
Amnios wie bei der Geburt des Kindes in dem intacten Amnios,
so k6nnte eine Falte desselben his zur Nabelschnur riicken. F'/inde
alsdann eine Berstung nach 2 Seiten in die Amniosh6hle statt, so
kSnnte ein ganz kleiner Embryo eine solehe Oeffnung allenfalls
passiren, und aus tier dm'ehbohrten Platte bez. Falte wiirde d~mr~
eine Sehlinge.
Eine andere Erkliirung far die Entstehung der amniotischerr
F/~den gaben in allerjiingster Zeit Opitz und Graf Spee2):
Man hatte bisher angenommen, dass die AmnioshShle dadurch
entsteht, dass die rings um die FStalanlage dutch Einsenken derselben in die Keimblase gebildeten Wiilste (vordere K0pffalte - spKterhin die seitlichen und hinteren Amniosfalten) sieh iiber de~t
Riicken der Keimscheibe erheben und sehliesslich sieh vereinigen.
Graf Spee vertritt nun die Ansieht, class die AmnioshShle
sigh /thnlieh wie bei den Nagern mit Blgtterumkehr als eine
F l i i s s i g k e i t s a n s a m m l u n g in dervorher cine solide Zellkuge~
darstellenden FStalanlage fiber der Riickenfl~ehe des Embryo sigh
1) Miinehenermed. Wochensehr. 1896. No. 17ff.
2) Cfn Verhandl. d. Gesellsch. f. Geburtsh. yore 24. 3. 1899 zu Berlin.
288 Wolff, intrauterine Spontanamputation an den oberen Extremitiiten etc.
bildet, also yon Anfang an einen geschlossenen Hohlraum darstelle.
Dadurch, dass die zuerst tiber die Rtickenfltiche gekriimmte
Embryoanlage sieh abflacht und dann tiber die Bauchh6hle sich
krfimmt, wird tier Embryo gewissermassen in die Amniosh6hle
hineingedr/ingt und dicse auf die Bauchseite herumgezogen.
Man kann nach Ansieht d e s Grafen Spee sieh schwer vorstellen, wie amniotische F/tden sich durch Vereinigung der Amniosfalten bilden k6nnen; wenn aber das Amnios sich als eine Pliissigkeitsansammlung in einer vorher soliden Zellkugel anlegt, so ist
es leicht begreiflich, dass einma;l Verbindungen, die die AmnioshShle durchziehen, stehen bleiben ki~nnen, wenn tier Zusammenhang zwischen den Zellen fester ist, als dass er dutch den Druek
der sich zuerst zwischen den Zellen ansammelnden Amniosfliissigkeit aufgehoben werden kSnnte.
Derartig stehengebliebene Verbindungen kSnnen sehr wohl
zum Hinderniss for die Ausbildung z. B. der f6talen Gliedmaassen
werden, wenn sic sich gerade an der Stelle befinden, aus der dieselben hervorsprossen.
Man s~ihe deshalb nie amniotische F/iden yore Riicken des
Embryo ausgehen; denn gerade fiber der Riickenfl~che beginne die
Trennung der Bestandtheile der FStalkugel durch das Amnioswasser
und sehreite yon dort nach den Seiten fort.
Wie welt diese Entstehungsursache der amniotischen F~;den
auf unseren Fall zutreffend ist, lasse ieh dahingestellt.
Es l~sst sich in unserem Falle mit Bestimmtheit direct nachweisen, dass die Abschniirung der Phalangen dutch ein a m n i o -.
f 6 t a l e s Band herbeigefiihrt worden ist. 5Jan unterscheidet bekanntlieh noch amnio-amniotische und f6to-f6tale B~nder.
Die Wtilste des Amnios an tier Insertion der Nabelschnur
tassen vielleicht die Deutung zu~ d a s s e s sich hier um einen entztindlichen P r o c e s s am Amnios gehandelt hat, insofern kehren
wir wieder zu tier alten Anschauung ( S i m o n a r t ' s ) zuriick. Und
eine Verwaehsung zwischen F6tus und Amnios kann ja dadurch
begiinstigt werden, class die Innenfl/tche des Amnios ebenso wie
die 0berfl/iche des Embryo vom E c t o d e r m bekleidet ist. Ob nun
ausserdem n o c h das Amnios einen kleinen Riss erlitten hat,
(Liicke an der Insertion tier Nabelsehnur) und ein Zipfel dieses
Risses mit zu einem Faden ausgezogen worden ist, 1/~sst sich nicht
Wolff, Intrauterine Sponta~.amputation an den oberen Extremit~ten etc. 289
von der Hand weisen, da wir ja gesehen haben, dass tier aus der
Tiefe tier Tasehe entspringende Faden sieh direct mit einem Zipfel
des Amnios vereinigt.
Die Drehung und Ausdehnung des Fadens sprieht dafiir, dass
die Verwaehsung friihzeitig, jedenfalls vor Absonderung des
Pruehtwassers stattgefunden haben muss, da ja sonst die Pliissigkeit den Contact des F6tus mit dem Amnios h~ttte hindern
m~issen.
Fiir die S t ~ r k e dieser F/iden sprieht der Umstand, dass
trotzdem z. B. am unteren Drittel des zweiten oben besehriebenen
Fadens sieh bereits eine abgesehniirte Phalange befindet, der Faden, der nut noeh mit einer ganz feinen Insertion an der linken
Extremit/it hatte haften k6nnen, dem Zuge des sieh immer weiter
abhebenden F6tus doeh noeh um mehrere Centimeter hatte folgen
k6nnen, ehe er riss.
Die Absehniirung tier Phalangen an der linken Hand isg also
sehon sehr friihzeitig erfolgt. H~itte der F6tus seine vollstiindige
geife erlangt, dann w~ire jedenfalls die kleine abgesehniirte, an dem
Faden noeh haftende Phalangelgngst resorbirt worden.
Nan kann sieh nieht reeht vorstellen, wie es m6glieh ist, dass
eine kleine Amniosfalte an einer so minimalen Haftfl/iehe, wie sie
die Extremit~itenanlage beim Embryo in friihester Zeit darstellt,
zumal, wie in unserem Falle nut an den ~tussersten Phalangen,
haften und dem ziemlieh starken Zuge des sieh abhebenden P6tus
h//tte folgen k/innen, wenn nieht eine f e s t e V e r l S t h u n g zwisehen
der Extremit~tenanlage des F6tus und dem Amnios ~tattgefunden
h/itte, und soleh eine innige Verwaehsung kann wohl nieht dureh
einen rein m e e h a n i s e h e n Vorgang, sondern h6ehstwahrseheinlieh
nur dureh einen e n t z i i n d l i e h e n Process eintreten.
Anders liegt die Saehe bei Einsehniirung yon F6taltheilen
dureh einen amnio-amniotisehen Faden, in welehem Falle also tier
absehniirende Paden seine beiden Haftpunkte im Amnios selber
hat, also eine S e h l i n g e um einen F6taltheil bildet, welehe dutch
den Zug des F6tus immer fester um den abgesehniirten Theil gezogen wird. ftierbei ist ein rein meehaniseher Vorgang im Spiel.
Solehe Amniosf~den und -sehlingen k6nnen nun die sehwersten gissbildungen beim Foetus hervorrufen, wie sie yon den
Autoren vielfaeh besehrieben worden sind, deren ErSrterung an
dieser Stelle nieht ang~tngig ist. Diese P/iden sehniiren jedoeh
290 \Volff~ Intrauterine Spontanamputation an den oberen Extremitiiten etc.
nicht nut KSrpertheile ab, sondern kSnnen aueh S p a l t u n g e n
hervorrufen 1) (Verdoppelung an Fingern).
Dass abet auch alas Amnios selber pathologisehen Processen
unterwoffen wird~ ist uns aus mannigfaehen Erkrankungen desstlben
btkannt.
ich trinnere nur an das H y d r a m n i o s und an die p a p i l /iiren W u c h t r u n g e n 2 ) , welehe als. Auflagerungen bindegewebig
mit dem Amnios verwathsen sind.
Es kSnnen also auch leieht Yerwaehsungen yon FStaltheilen
mit solehen papill/tren Wucherungen entstehen, weleht dureh Dehhung zu Pt~den ausgezogen werden kSnnen.
Ich mSehte zum Sthiuss nitht unerwghnt lassen, dass in unsertm Falls die Gravida behauptete, sit hgtte sith im Beginnt
ihrer C~ravidittit sehr fiber eintn Mann, der sine verkriipptlte Hand
~'thabt Mtte, ersehroeken; sit hatte diest Verstiimmehmg w/ihrend
ihrer ganzen Graviditttt immer vor Augen gehabt und glaubt sieh
,versehen" zu haben. Der Ehemann best/ttigte mir den Vorgang.
Ieh mSehte in unserem Falls, wo wit es mit meehanisthen
Vorgs
zu thun habtn, ditse Aetiologit nieht n~htr erSrtern.
leh habe an einer anderen Stills a) diesen Punkt ausfiihrlieher
behandtlt.
1) Ahlfeld~ Missbildungen der Mensehen. Leipzig 1880.
2) Franqug~ Zeitschr. f. Geb. u. Gyn~k. 1897. Bd. 37.
3) Casuistiseher Beitrag zur Lehre veto Versehen der Schwangeren nebst
Bemerkungen tiber ttyperdaetylie. Deutsche Med.:Zeitg. 1894. No. 50/51.
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Investorsshouldrefertothesections headed"RiskFactors"intheBaseProspectus foradiscussion ofcertain
mattersthatshouldbeconsideredwhenmakingadecision toinvestintheSecurities.
FinalTermsdated18May2012 Thedistribution ofthisdocument andtheofferoftheSecurities incertainjurisdictions mayberestricted
bylaw.Personsintowhosepossession theseFinalTermscomearerequiredbytheBanktoinformthemselv es
aboutandtoobserveanysuchrestrictions. Detailsofsellingrestrictions forvariousjurisdictions aresetout
in"PurchaseandSale"intheBaseProspectus. Inparticular,theSecurities havenotbeen,andwillnotbe,
registeredundertheUSSecurities Actof1933,asamended. TradingintheSecurities hasnotbeenapproved
bytheUSCommodity FuturesTradingCommission undertheUSCommodity ExchangeActof1936,as
amended. Subjecttocertainexceptions, theSecurities maynotatanytimebeoffered,soldordeliveredin
theUnitedStatesortoUSpersons, normayanyUSpersonsatanytimetradeormaintain apositioninsuch
Securities. PartA
TermsandConditions oftheSecurities
TheSecurities shallhavethefollowingtermsandconditions, whichshallcomplete, modifyand/or
amendtheBaseConditions and/oranyapplicable RelevantAnnex(es) setoutintheBase
Prospectus dated5August2011.
Parties
BarclaysBankPLC Issuer:
N/A Guarantor:
BarclaysBankPLC Manager:
BarclaysBankPLC Determination Agent:
BarclaysBankPLC IssueandPayingAgent:
N/A Stabilising Manager:
N/A Registrar:
N/A ItalianSecurities Agent:
N/A CRESTAgent:
N/A PayingAgent:
N/A TransferAgent:
N/A ExchangeAgent:
N/A Additional Agents:
THESECURITIESHAVENOTBEENANDWILLNOTBEREGISTERED UNDERTHEUSSECURITIES
ACTOF1933,ASAMENDED (THE"SECURITIESACT").SUBJECT TOCERTAINEXCEPTIONS, THE
SECURITIES MAYNOTBEOFFERED ORSOLDWITHIN THEUNITED STATESORTO,ORFOR
THEACCOUNTORBENEFIT OF,USPERSONS (ASDEFINED INREGULATIONSUNDERTHE
SECURITIES ACT("REGULA TIONS")).THESEFINALTERMSHAVEBEENPREPAREDBYTHE
ISSUERFORUSEINCONNECTION WITHTHEOFFERANDSALEOFTHESECURITIES OUTSIDE
THEUNITEDSTATESTONON-US PERSONS INRELIANC EONREGULATIONSANDFORLISTING
OFTHESECURITIESONTHERELEVANTSTOCKEXCHANGE, IFANY,ASSTATEDHEREIN. FOR
ADESCRIPTION OFTHESEANDCERTAINFURTHERRESTRICTIONS ONOFFERSANDSALESOF
THESECURITIES ANDDISTRIBUTION OFTHESEFINALTERMSANDTHEBASEPROSPECTUS
ANDTHESUPPLEMENT ALPROSPECTUS SEE"PURCHASEANDSALE"INTHEBASEPROSPECTUS. ProvisionsrelatingtotheSecurities
NX00100877 Series: (i)1
1 Tranche: (ii)
Euro("EUR")(the"IssueCurrency") Currency: 2
N/A Notes:3
Applicable Certificates:4
10,000,000 Securities Number ofCertificates: (i)
1Security (and1Security thereafter) Minimum TradableAmount: (ii)
1Security Calculation Amount perSecurity
asattheIssueDate:(iii)
Form:5
GlobalBearerSecurities:
Permanent GlobalSecurityGlobal/Definitive/Uncertificated
anddematerialised:(i)
N/A NGNForm: (ii)
N/A HeldundertheNSS: (iii)
Applicable CGNForm: (iv)
N/A CDIs: (v)
17May2012 TradeDate: 6
18May2012 IssueDate: 7
Notapplicable. TheSecurities are
"open-ended" andmayberedeemedRedemption Date: 8
pursuant tothefollowingTermsand
Conditions:
(i)PutOption
(ii)CallOption
(iii)Specified EarlyRedemption Event
EUR7.87perSecurity,determined by
referencetothepriceoftheReferenceIssuePrice: 9
Asset,beingUSD93.19attheValuation
Timeon16May2012
NYSEEuronextParis RelevantStockExchange(s): 10
Commodity LinkedAnnex
FrenchClearedSecurities AnnexThefollowingRelevantAnnex(es) shallapply
totheSecurities:11
Provisionsrelatingtointerest(ifany)payableontheSecurities
N/A Interest: 12
N/A InterestAmount: 13
InterestRate(s): 14 N/A FixedRate: (i)
N/A FloatingRate: (ii)
N/A VariableRate: (iii)
N/A ZeroCoupon: (iv)
N/A BondLinkedSecurities -Fixed
Coupon:(v)
N/A BondLinkedSecurities -Pass
ThroughInterest:(vi)
N/A ScreenRateDetermination: 15
N/A ISDADetermination: 16
N/A Margin:17
N/A Minimum/Maximum InterestRate: 18
N/A InterestCommencement Date: 19
N/A InterestDetermination Date: 20
N/A InterestCalculation Periods: 21
N/A InterestPaymentDates: 22
N/A DayCountFraction: 23
N/A Fallbackprovisions,rounding provisions,
denominator andanyothertermsrelatingto24
themethodofcalculating interest,ifdifferent
fromthosesetoutintheBaseConditions:
ProvisionsrelatingtoRedemption
(i)Forthepurposes ofCondition 5.1ofthe
BaseConditions:
N/A
(ii)Forthepurposes ofCondition 5.2,5.3
and5.5oftheBaseConditions:
CashSettlementSettlementMethod: 25
IssueCurrency SettlementCurrency: 26
Asdefined inCondition 24oftheBase
ConditionsSettlementNumber: 27
TermsrelatingtoCashSettledSecurities: 28
N/A FinalCashSettlementAmount: (i)
AsdefinedinCondition 24oftheBase
ConditionsEarlyCashSettlementAmount: (ii)
AsdefinedinCondition 24oftheBase
ConditionsEarlyCashRedemption Date: (iii)
N/A TermsrelatingtoPhysicallyDelivered 29 Securities:
N/A Nominal CallEvent: 30
Applicable CallOption: 31
Applicable CashSettledSecurities: (i)
InrespectofeachSecurity,acashamount
determined bytheDetermination Agentas
follows:Optional CashSettlement
Amount:(a)
Max(0,UV-CFLV)÷FXV×Security Ratio
Where:
"Security Ratio"meansinrespectofeach
Security,1.00.
"UV"istheValuation Priceontherelevant
PricingDate.
"CFLV"istheCurrentFinancing Level(asset
outintheSchedule) inrespectofthe
relevantPricingDate.
"FXV"istheExchangeRateinrespectofthe
relevantPricingDate.
"ValuationPrice"meansinrespectofa
PricingDate,theCommodity Reference
Price.
"PricingDate"hasthemeaning setoutin
Paragraph41.
"Exchange Rate"meanstheprevailing
exchangerateexpressedasthenumberof
unitsoftheReferenceAssetCurrency
equivalenttooneunitoftheIssueCurrency,
determined bytheDetermination Agentin
itssolediscretion.
Further definitions aresetoutinthe
Schedule.
5thBusiness Dayfollowingtherelevant
PricingDateOptional CashRedemption
Date:(b)
N/A PhysicallyDeliveredSecurities: (ii)
AnyCommodity Business Dayduringthe
IssuerOptionExercisePeriodIssuerOptionExerciseDate(s): (iii)
Fromandincluding theIssueDate,toand
including theIssuerOptionExerciseDate
onwhichexerciseoccursIssuerOptionExercisePeriod: (iv)
10Business Days IssuerNoticePeriod: (v)
Applicable PutOption:32 TheSecurityholder mayredeem the
Securities, atitsoption,pursuant tothe
followingTermsandConditions:
APutOption (i)
APutOptionfollowingaMargin
Adjustment Notice(ii)
APutOptionfollowingaStopLoss
PremiumAdjustment Notice(iii)
Applicable CashSettledSecurities: (i)
(i)InrespectofaPutOption:
InrespectofeachSecurity,acashamount
determined bytheDetermination Agentas
follows:Optional CashSettlement
Amount:(a)
Max(0,UV–CFLV)÷FXV×Security Ratio
Where:
"Security Ratio"meansinrespectofeach
Security,1.00.
"UV"istheValuation Priceontherelevant
PricingDate.
"CFLV"istheCurrentFinancing Level(asset
outintheSchedule) inrespectofthe
relevantPricingDate.
"FXV"istheExchangeRateinrespectofthe
relevantPricingDate.
"ValuationPrice"meansinrespectofa
PricingDate,theCommodity Reference
Price.
"PricingDate"hasthemeaning setoutin
Paragraph41.
"Exchange Rate"meanstheprevailing
exchangerateexpressedasthenumberof
unitsoftheReferenceAssetCurrency
equivalenttooneunitoftheIssueCurrency,
determined bytheDetermination Agentin
itssolediscretion.
Further definitions aresetoutinthe
Schedule.
(ii)InrespectofaPutOptionfollowinga
MarginAdjustment Notice:
InrespectofeachSecurity,acashamount
determined bytheDetermination Agent ontherelevantPricingDatebeingequalto
theEarlyCashSettlement Amount (as
defined inCondition 24oftheBase
Conditions). Indetermining suchEarlyCash
Settlement Amount, theDetermination
AgentshallfactorintheadjustedCurrent
Margin(asdefinedintheSchedule).
(iii)InrespectofaPutOptionfollowinga
StopLossPremiumAdjustment Notice:
InrespectofeachSecurity,acashamount
determined bytheDetermination Agent
ontherelevantPricingDatebeingequalto
theEarlyCashSettlement Amount (as
defined inCondition 24oftheBase
Conditions). Indetermining suchEarlyCash
Settlement Amount, theDetermination
AgentshallusetheadjustedMaximum Stop
LossPremium(asdefinedintheSchedule).
(i)InrespectofaPutOption: The5th
Business DayfollowingtherelevantPricing
Date.Optional CashRedemption
Date:(b)
(ii)InrespectofaPutOptionfollowinga
MarginAdjustment Notice:The5thBusiness
DayfollowingtherelevantPricingDate.
(iii)InrespectofaPutOptionfollowinga
StopLossPremiumAdjustment Notice:The
5thBusiness Dayfollowingtherelevant
PricingDate.
N/A PhysicallyDeliveredSecurities: (ii)
(i)InrespectofaPutOption:5Business
DayspriortothelastCommodity BusinessPutOptionExerciseDate(s): (iii)
DayofMayineachyearduringthePut
OptionExercisePeriod.
(ii)InrespectofaPutOptionfollowinga
MarginAdjustment Notice:AnyBusiness
DayduringthePutOptionExercisePeriod.
(iii)InrespectofaPutOptionfollowinga
StopLossPremiumAdjustment Notice:Any
Business DayduringthePutOption
ExercisePeriod.
(i)InrespectofaPutOption:Fromand
including May2013toandincluding thePutOptionExercisePeriod: (iv)
PutOptionExerciseDateonwhichexercise
occurs. (ii)InrespectofaPutOptionfollowinga
MarginAdjustment Notice: Fromand
including thedateoftheMargin
Adjustment Notice,toandincluding the5th
Business Dayfollowingthedateofthe
MarginAdjustment Notice.
(iii)InrespectofaPutOptionfollowinga
StopLossPremiumAdjustment Notice:
Fromandincluding thedateoftheStop
LossPremiumAdjustment Notice,toand
including 5Business Daysfollowingthe
dateoftheStopLossPremiumAdjustment
Notice.
(i)InrespectofaPutOption:10Business
Days.
(ii)InrespectofaPutOptionfollowinga
MarginAdjustment Notice:5Business Days.
(iii)InrespectofaPutOptionfollowinga
StopLossPremiumAdjustment Notice:5
Business Days.PutNoticePeriod: (v)
Applicable
If,atanytimeonanydayfrom,and
including, theIssueDate,theIssuerSpecified EarlyRedemption Event: 33
determines initssolediscretionthatthe
marketpriceoftheReferenceAssetisequal
to,orlowerthan,theprevailingCurrent
StopLossLevel(asdefinedintheSchedule)
(thedateofsuchoccurrence,the"StopLoss
TerminationEventDate"),theIssuershall
notifytheSecurityholder andshallredeem
alloftheSecurities (inwholeonly)atthe
Specified EarlyCashSettlementAmount on
theSpecified EarlyCashRedemption Date.
Applicable Automatic EarlyRedemption: (i)
Applicable CashSettledSecurities: (ii)
InrespectofeachSecurity,acashamount
determined bytheDetermination Agentas
follows:Specified EarlyCash
SettlementAmount:(a)
Max(0,SLTRP–CFLT)÷FXT×SecurityRatio
Where:
"Security Ratio"meansinrespectofeach
Security,1.00.
"SLTRP"istheStopLossTermination ReferencePrice.
"CFLT"istheCurrentFinancing Level(asset
outintheSchedule) inrespectofthe
relevantPricingDate.
"FXT"istheExchangeRateinrespectofthe
relevantPricingDate.
"Exchange Rate"meanstheprevailing
exchangerateexpressedasthenumberof
unitsoftheReferenceAssetCurrency
equivalenttooneunitoftheIssueCurrency,
determined bytheDetermination Agentin
itssolediscretion.
"StopLossTerminationReferencePrice"
means,inrespectoftherelevantPricing
Date,apricefortheReferenceAssetas
determined bytheIssuerwithreferenceto
themarketpricesorlevelsontheExchange
fortheReferenceAssetduringareasonable
periodfollowingtheStopLossTermination
EventDate.Suchperiodshalltakeinto
considerationthepotential (i)timerequired
for,and(ii)impactonthemarketof,
unwindinganyassociated notionalhedging
tradesandshallbedeemed tobe
reasonable ifthedetermination oftheStop
LossTermination ReferencePricetakes
place,attheIssuer'sdiscretion,nolater
thantheCommodity Business Day
immediately followingtheStopLoss
Termination EventDate.
Furtherdefinitions aresetoutinSchedule.
5thBusiness Dayfollowingtherelevant
PricingDateSpecified EarlyCash
Redemption Date(s):(b)
N/A PhysicallyDeliveredSecurities: (iii)
TheIssuershallpromptly notifythe
Securityholder oftheoccurrenceofaSpecified EarlyRedemption Notice
Period:(iv)
Specified EarlyRedemption Eventbutthe
failurebytheIssuerinnotifying the
Securityholder oftheoccurrenceofa
Specified EarlyRedemption Eventshallnot
howeverprejudice orinvalidate the
occurrenceoreffectofsuchevent.
N/A Maximum andMinimum Redemption
Requirements:34 Additional Disruption Eventsinadditionto
thosespecified inCondition 24oftheBase
Conditions andanyapplicable RelevantAnnex:35
N/A AffectedJurisdiction Hedging
Disruption:(i)
N/A AffectedJurisdiction IncreasedCost
ofHedging:(ii)
N/A AffectedJurisdiction: (iii)
N/A OtherAdditional Disruption Events: (iv)
N/A Thefollowingshallnotconstitute
Additional Disruption Events:(v)
N/A ShareLinkedSecurities: 36
N/A IndexLinkedSecurities: 37
N/A Inflation LinkedSecurities: 38
N/A FXLinkedSecurities: 39
N/A CreditLinkedSecurities: 40
Applicable Commodity LinkedSecurities: 41
AFuturesContractwiththecharacteristics
setoutbelow:RelevantCommodity ,Commodity
Index, Basket of
Commodities/Commodity Indices(i)
(including weighting of WESTTEXAS
INTERMEDIA TE
LIGHTSWEET
CRUDEOILRelevant
Commodity commodities/commodity indices)
(eacha"ReferenceAsset"):
Barrel Commodity Unit
USD ReferenceAsset
Currency
InrespectofanyPricingDate,suchday’s
Specified PriceperBarreloftheFuturesCommodity ReferencePrice: (ii)
ContractfortheDeliveryDate,statedin
USD,andmadepublicbytheExchangeon
suchdate.
TheExchangeassetoutbelow PriceSource(s): (iii)
NewYorkMercantileExchange Exchange(s): (iv)
TheOfficialClosingPrice Specified Price: (v)
InrespectofanyCommodity Business Day
inacalendar month,thedeliverymonthof
theCurrentFuture.
Where:
“CurrentFuture”means,ontheIssueDate,
theFuturesContractwhosedeliverymonthDeliveryDate: (vi) isJuly2012(Bloomber gcode:CLN2(for
identification purposes only)).Thereafter,
theCurrentFutureshallremainunchanged
untilaRollEventoccursinrespectofany
calendar month.Insuchcircumstances,
immediately followingsuchRollEventthe
NextFutureinrespectofsuchcalendar
month(assetoutinRollSchedule) shall
become theCurrentFutureandshall
remaintheCurrentFutureuntilthenext
RollEvent.
Further definitions aresetoutinthe
Schedule.
InrespectofaPutOption, the5th
Business DayfollowingthePutOption(i) PricingDate: (vii)
ExerciseDateonwhichexercise
occurs.
InrespectofaPutOptionfollowinga
MarginAdjustment Notice,theday(ii)
theOptionExerciseNoticeisreceived
bytheIssuer.
InrespectofaPutOptionfollowinga
StopLossPremium Adjustment(iii)
Notice,thedaytheOptionExercise
NoticeisreceivedbytheIssuer.
InrespectofaCallOption,the5th
Business DayfollowingtheIssuer(iv)
Option ExerciseDateonwhich
exerciseoccurs.
InrespectofaSpecified Early
Redemption Event,thePricingDate(v)
shallbe,attheIssuer’sdiscretion,
either(a)theStopLossTermination
EventDateor(b)nolaterthanthe
Commodity Business Dayimmediately
followingtheStopLossTermination
EventDate.
EachCommodity Business Day. (vi)
EachPricingDateshallbesubject to
adjustment inaccordancewiththe
Commodity Business DayConvention.
N/A Common Pricing:
AspertheCommodity LinkedAnnex Commodity MarketDisruption
Events:(viii) N/A MarketDisruption ofconnected
FuturesContract(s):
AspertheCommodity LinkedAnnex,
providedthat(a)inthedefinitionsDisruption Fallback(s):
of“DelayedPublication orAnnouncement”
and“Postponement” and(b)inthe
paragraph(a)(ii)ofthedefinition of
“Disruption Fallback”,thereferencesto
“two”shallbedeletedandreplacedwith
“five”.
N/A FallbackReferencePrice:
N/A Additional provisionsforTrading
Disruption:
N/A Adjustments toCommodity Index: (ix)
Following Commodity Business Day
Convention:(x)
N/A USCommodities Restrictions: (xi)
N/A BarclaysCommodity IndexLinked
Securities (Section2oftheBarclays
IndexAnnex):(a)42
N/A BarclaysEquityIndexLinked
Securities (Section3oftheBarclays
IndexAnnex):(b)
N/A BarclaysFXIndexLinkedSecurities
(Section4oftheBarclaysIndex
Annex):(c)
N/A BarclaysInterestRateIndexLinked
Securities (Section5oftheBarclays
IndexAnnex):(d)
N/A BarclaysEmergingMarketIndex
LinkedSecurities (Section6ofthe
BarclaysIndexAnnex):(e)
N/A BondLinkedSecurities: 43
N/A FundLinkedSecurities: 44
ProvisionsrelatingtoSettlement
N/A Settlement inrespectofVPNotes,APK
RegisteredSecurities, Dutch Securities,
SwedishRegisteredSecurities, VPSRegistered
Securities orSpanishSecurities:45
N/A Additional provisionsrelatingtoTaxesand
SettlementExpenses:46 Definitions
AsdefinedinCondition 24oftheBase
ConditionsBusiness Day: 47
LondonandTARGET Additional Business Centre(s): 48
Sellingrestrictions andprovisionsrelatingtocertification
Investorsarebound bytheselling
restrictions oftherelevantjurisdiction(s)Non-USSellingRestrictions: 49
inwhichtheSecurities aretobesoldasset
outintheBaseProspectus.
Inadditiontothosedescribed intheBase
Prospectus, noactionhasbeenmadeor
willbetakenbytheIssuerthatwould
permitapublicofferingoftheSecurities
orpossession ordistribution ofanyoffering
material inrelationtotheSecurities inany
jurisdiction (saveforFrance)whereaction
forthatpurposeisrequired.Eachpurchaser
ordistributor oftheSecurities represents
andagreesthatitwillnotpurchase,offer,
sell,re-sellordelivertheSecurities or,have
initspossession ordistribute, theBase
Prospectus, anyotherofferingmaterial or
anyFinalTerms,inanyjurisdiction except
incompliance withtheapplicable lawsand
regulations ofsuchjurisdiction andina
mannerthatwillnotimposeanyobligation
ontheIssuerorManager(asthecasemay
be)andtheDetermination Agent.
N/A Applicable TEFRAexemption: 50
General
Following Business DayConvention: 51
EuroclearFranceS.A. RelevantClearing System(s): 52
N/A Ifsyndicated, namesofManagers: 53
N/A Details relating toPartlyPaid
Securities:(a)54
N/A DetailsrelatingtoInstalment Notes: (b)
ISIN:FR0011258193 Relevantsecurities codes: 55
N/A Modifications totheMasterSubscription
Agreementand/orAgencyAgreement:56
AssetoutinParagraph41(viii)
Allreferencesto"BarclaysCapital
Commodity Index"intheBaseProspectusAdditional Conditions and/ormodification to
theConditions oftheSecurities:57 andintheConditions shallbeconstrued as
referencesto"BarclaysCommodity Index".
Allreferencesto"BarclaysCapitalEquity
Index"intheBaseProspectus andinthe
Conditions shallbeconstrued asreferences
to"BarclaysEquityIndex".
Allreferencesto"BarclaysCapitalFXIndex"
intheBaseProspectus andinthe
Conditions shallbeconstrued asreferences
to"BarclaysFXIndex".
Allreferencesto"BarclaysCapitalInterest
RateIndex"intheBaseProspectus andin
theConditions shallbeconstrued as
referencesto"BarclaysInterestRateIndex".
Allreferencesto"BarclaysCapitalEmerging
MarketIndex"intheBaseProspectus and
intheConditions shallbeconstrued as
referencesto"BarclaysEmergingMarket
Index".
Allreferencesto"BarclaysCapitalIndex
Annex"intheBaseProspectus andinthe
Conditions shallbeconstrued asreferences
to"BarclaysIndexAnnex". PartB
OtherInformation
ListingandAdmission toTrading 1
NYSEEuronextParis Listing: (i)
Application hasbeenmadebytheIssuer
(oronitsbehalf)fortheSecurities tobeAdmission totrading: (ii)
admittedtotradingonNYSEEuronextParis
onoraroundtheIssueDate.
UptoEUR350upfrontandEUR1.75daily Estimate oftotalexpenses related
toadmission totrading:(iii)
Ratings2
TheSecurities havenotbeenindividually
rated.Ratings:
Notification 3
TheFinancial ServicesAuthorityoftheUnitedKingdom hasprovidedthecompetent authority
inFrancewithacertificate ofapprovalattestingthattheBaseProspectus hasbeendrawn
upinaccordancewiththeProspectus Directive.
InterestsofNaturalandLegalPersonsinvolvedintheOffer 4
Saveasdiscussed in"PurchaseandSale",sofarastheIssuerisaware,nopersoninvolvedin
theofferoftheSecurities hasaninterestmaterial totheoffer.
ReasonsfortheOffer,EstimatedNetProceedsandTotalExpenses 5
GeneralFunding Reasonsfortheoffer: (i)
EUR78,700,000 Estimated netproceeds: (ii)
UptoEUR350upfrontandEUR1.75daily Estimated totalexpenses: (iii)
FixedRateSecurities Only-Yield 6
N/A Indication ofyield:
FloatingRateSecurities Only-HistoricInterestRates 7
N/A
Performance ofReferenceAsset(s) orOtherVariable,ExplanationofEffecton
ValueofInvestment andAssociatedRisksandOtherInformationConcerning the
ReferenceAsset(s) and/orOtherUnderlying8
Detailsofthehistoricperformance oftheReferenceAssetcanbeobtainedfromvarious
internationally recognised published orelectronicallyavailablenewssources,forexample,
Reuterscode(s):CLN2.
Investorsshouldnotethathistorical performance shouldnotbetakenasanindication of
futureperformance oftheReferenceAsset.TheIssuermakesnorepresentation whatsoever,
whether expresslyorimpliedly ,astothefutureperformance oftheReferenceAsset.The Issuerdoesnotintendtoprovidepost-issuance information.
InvestorsshouldformtheirownviewsonthemeritsofaninvestmentrelatedtotheReference
Assetbasedontheirowninvestigation thereof.
Thedescription belowrepresentsasummary onlyofsomeofthefeaturesoftheinvestment
productdescribed intheseFinalTerms.Itdoesnotpurporttobeanexhaustiv edescription.
TheproductisissuedasCertificates inEURandaimstoprovideexposuretotheperformance
oftheReferenceAsset.Aninvestor’sexposuretotheReferenceAssetwillbeamplified
(leveraged).ThereturnontheSecurities factorsinavariablechargeforarrangingthe
Securities whichwillaccruedailyandwillbededucted fromtheamountpayabletoinvestors
onredemption oftheSecurities.
TheSecurities willredeemautomatically ifthevalueoftheReferenceAssetfallsto,orbelow,
aspecified price.Otherwise, theSecurities areredeemable annually byinvestorsanddaily
bytheIssuerinaccordancewiththetermssetoutabove.
Theamountpayableonredemption oftheSecurities willbedetermined byreferencetothe
valueoftheReferenceAsset,theoutstanding financed amount, theSecurity Ratioandthe
prevailingExchangeRate(suchtermsaredefinedabove).Asaresult,aninvestorinthese
Securities isalsoexposed tofluctuations intheExchangeRate.
Themaximum lossforaninvestorinrespectofeachSecurity islimitedtothepurchaseprice
oftheSecurity.
Performance ofRate(s)ofExchange andExplanationofEffectonValueof
Investment9
N/A
OperationalInformation 10
EuroclearFranceS.A. Anyclearing system(s) otherthanEuroclear
BankS.A./N.V.andClearstreamBanking
société anonyme(together withtheir
addresses)andtherelevantidentification
number(s):
Deliveryagainstpayment Delivery:
N/A Namesandaddressesofadditional Paying
Agents(s) (ifany):
No Intended tobeheldinamannerwhichwould
allowEurosystem eligibility:
OfferInformation 11
TheIssuermaypaydistribution feestointermediaries. InvestorswhohavepurchasedSecurities
throughanintermediary mayrequestdetailsofanypaymentsfromsuchintermediary . Schedule
Definitions relatingtothedetermination oftheOptional CashSettlementAmount foraPut
OptionandaCallOption
USD Financing Level
Currency
InrespectoftheIssueDate,theInitialFinancing Level.
Inrespectofanysubsequent calendar day,whichdoesnotimmediately
followaRollDateanamountdetermined bytheIssuerequalto:CurrentFinancing
Level
(CFL R+CMC C)
Where:
"CFLR"istheCurrentFinancing Levelinrespectoftheimmediately
precedingResetDate.
"CMC C"istheCurrentMarginCostinrespectofsuchcalendar day.
Inrespectofanycalendar daywhichimmediately followsaRollDate,an
amountdetermined bytheIssuerequalto:
(CFL R+CMC C+RSD)
Where:
"RSD"istheRollSpreadinrespectofsuchRollDate.
TheIssuershallmakereasonable effortstopublishtheapplicable Current
Financing Levelonwww.bmarkets.com.
USD83.1779 InitialFinancing
Level
Eachcalendar day.ThefirstResetDateshallbetheIssueDate. ResetDate
InrespectoftheIssueDate,zero.
Inrespectofanysubsequent calendar daywhichdoesnotimmediately
followaRollDate,anamount, determined bytheIssuerinitssolediscretion
equalto:
CMC×CFLR×d/365
Inrespectofanycalendar daywhichimmediately followsaRollDate,an
amountdetermined bytheIssuerinitssolediscretionequalto:
CMC×(CFL R+RSD)×d/365
Where:
"CMC"istheCurrentMargininrespectofsuchcalendar day.
"CFLR"istheCurrentFinancing Levelinrespectoftheimmediately
precedingResetDate.
"d"isthenumberofcalendar daysfrom,butexcluding,theimmediatelyCurrentMarginCost precedingResetDateto,andincluding, suchcalendar day.
"RSD"istheRollSpreadinrespectofsuchRollDate.
InrespectoftheIssueDate,theInitialCurrentMargin.
Inrespectofanysubsequent calendar day,theCurrentMargininrespect
ofanyCalculation PeriodmayberesetoneachResetDate,atthediscretion
oftheIssuer,subjecttoitnotexceedingtheMaximum CurrentMargin.
TheCurrentMarginshallbedetermined bytheIssuerhavingregardto
theFinancing LevelCurrency,prevailingmarketconditions andsuchother
factorsastheIssuerdetermines appropriateinitssolediscretion.CurrentMargin
(CM C)
InrespectofeachRollDate,anamountequalto
B-A
Where:
"A"istheSpecified PriceonsuchRollDateoftheFuturesContractthatis
theCurrentFutureatthestartofsuchRollDate.
"B"istheSpecified PriceonsuchRollDateoftheFuturesContractthatis
theNextFutureatthestartofsuchRollDate.
Foravoidance ofdoubt,itshouldbenotedthattheRollSpreadmay,in
respectofanyRollDate,beanegativeamount.
TheIssuershallmakereasonable effortstopublishtheapplicable Roll
Spreadonwww.bmarkets.com.RollSpread
3.50% InitialCurrent
Margin
5.00%
TheIssuerhastherighttoadjusttheMaximum CurrentMarginif,atany
time,itdetermines initssolediscretionthatthemarketcostsassociatedMaximum Current
Margin
hedging theSecurities havematerially increasedascomparedtothe
corresponding marketcostsasofeithertheIssueDate,orthedateon
whichtheMaximum CurrentMarginwasmostrecentlyadjusted.
IntheeventthattheIssuerincreasestheMaximum CurrentMargin,itshall
givenoticeofsuchincrease(the"MarginAdjustment Notice")tothe
Determination AgentandtheSecurityholders assoonaspracticable
followingsuchincrease.
Eachperiodfrom,andexcluding, oneResetDate(or,inthecaseofthe
firstperiod,theIssueDate)to,andincluding, theimmediately following
ResetDate.CalculationPeriod
Definitions relatingtothedetermination oftheSpecified EarlyRedemption Event
InrespectoftheIssueDate,theInitialStopLossLevel. CurrentStopLoss Inrespectofanysubsequent calendar day,theCurrentStopLossLevel
shallbedetermined andresetbytheIssuer,actinginitssolediscretion,Level
oneither(i)thefirstBusiness Dayofeachweek,or(ii)eachcalendar day,
andshallbesetequalto:
(CFL C+SLPC)
Where:
"CFLC"istheCurrentFinancing Levelinrespectofsuchcalendar day.
"SLPC"istheCurrentStopLossPremiuminrespectofsuchcalendar day.
TheCurrentStopLossLevelshallberoundedinaccordancewiththeStop
LossRounding Convention.
TheIssuershallmakereasonable effortstopublishtheapplicable Current
StopLossLevelonwww.bmarkets.com.
USD87.00,determined asanamount intheReferenceAssetCurrency
equaltotheInitialFinancing LevelplustheInitialStopLossPremium,
roundedinaccordancewiththeStopLossRounding Convention.InitialStopLoss
Level
InrespectoftheIssueDate,theInitialStopLossPremium.
Inrespectofanysubsequent calendar day,theCurrentStopLossPremium
shallbeanamountintheFinancing LevelCurrencyselected whollyattheCurrentStopLoss
Premium
discretionoftheIssueroneachResetDate,withreferencetoprevailing
marketconditions (including, butnotlimitedto,marketvolatility). Forthe
avoidanceofdoubt,theCurrentStopLossPremiumshallatalltimesbe
setat,orabove,theMinimum StopLossPremium,andat,orbelow,the
Maximum StopLossPremium.
4.00%×FLI
Where:
"FLI"istheInitialFinancing Level.InitialStopLoss
Premium
1.00%×CFLC Minimum StopLoss
Premium
10.00%×CFLC,providedthattheIssuerhastheright,initssolediscretion,
toadjusttheMaximum StopLossPremiumfromtimetotime.
IntheeventthattheIssuerincreasestheMaximum StopLossPremium,it
shallgivenoticeofsuchincrease(the"StopLossPremiumAdjustmentMaximum StopLoss
Premium
Notice")totheDetermination AgentandtheSecurityholders assoonas
practicablefollowingsuchincrease.
UpwardstothenearestUSD0.50 StopLossRounding
Convention
Definitions relatingtoDeliveryDate
InrespectofanyRollDate,followingthecloseoftradingontheExchange,
thereplacementoftheCurrentFuturewiththeNextFutureforthecalendarRollEvent monthinwhichtheRollDatefalls.
InrespectofeachRollMonth,theninthNYSEBusiness DayinsuchRoll
Month,providedthatif,intheopinionoftheDetermination Agent,aRollDate
Commodity MarketDisruption Eventhasoccurredwithrespecttothe
FuturesContract,theRollDateshallbetheimmediately followingNYSE
Business DayonwhichnoCommodity MarketDisruption Eventhas
occurred.
Adaydetermined inaccordancewiththeNewYorkStockExchange
("NYSE")Euronext“HolidayHours”schedule (aspublished ontheNYSE
Euronextwebsiteoranysuccessor thereto).NYSEBusiness Day
Acalendar monthinrespectofwhichthedeliverymonthoftheCurrent
Futureatthestartofthecalendar monthisdifferentfromthedelivery
monthoftheNextFuture(assetoutintheRollSchedule).RollMonth
Inrespectofeachcalendar monththefollowingtablesetsoutthedelivery
monthfortheCurrentFutureatthestartofeachcalendar monthand,toRollSchedule
theextentthataRollEventoccursinsuchcalendar month,thedelivery
monthfortheCurrentFutureimmediately followingtheoccurrenceof
theRollEvent(the"NextFuture").
JUN MAY APR MARFEB JAN Calendar month
Jul Jun May Apr MarFeb DeliverymonthoftheCurrentFutureat
thestartofthecalendar month
Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar DeliverymonthoftheNextFuture
DEC NOV OCTSEP AUG JUL Calendar month
Jan Dec Nov Oct Sep Aug DeliverymonthoftheCurrentFutureat
thestartofthecalendar month
FebJan Dec Nov Oct Sep DeliverymonthoftheNextFuture
| 916 |
https://github.com/fadlilahafalevi/fineract/blob/master/fineract-provider/src/main/resources/sql/migrations/core_db/V375__add-code-tax-threshold.sql
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
ECL-2.0, Apache-2.0
| null |
fineract
|
fadlilahafalevi
|
SQL
|
Code
| 12 | 35 |
-- Author : afad
INSERT INTO `m_code` (`code_name`, `is_system_defined`) VALUES ('TaxThreshold', '1');
| 33,204 |
anuniversalhist09swingoog_13
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,779 |
An universal history : from the earliest accounts to the present time
|
None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,925 | 12,348 |
The ill fnccefs of that expedition need not be repeated here, nor the extreme danger that monarch was in both foy fea and land> from the laft of which it is much quefiioned whether he could have efcaped, had not the Makbefe knights repoUed the Turksy who had dared to attack even the impe- riai quarters, yrith an incredible fury, and purfued them to the very gates of the city, in liopes of entering the place after thofe fugitives. They were, however, difappointed, by the gpvernor's ordering them to be /hut up, even before the fvirks were all got in ; at which the ftandard'-bearer of the ne Mai* ! order, who was one oJF the foremioft* in the purfuit, was fb thefe per^^ exafperatcd, that he left his dagger clofely ftuck into thc/»'« w#«r gate, and retired with the reft in good order. His danger ^^^* was lUll greater, as we have elfewhere ieen, upon his re-im- barkatioBy by the furions^ftorm which fiiattered moft of the iloet, and the ftrepuous efforts which the Moors, Turks, and Araij, made to take or iink as many of their veflels as they ccwld. Here again the Malthefe knights proved of fpecial Qfe in repulflng them, as they were better acquainted with : thofe feas, and more frequently employed in thefe kinds of i cxercifes. On both occations they behaved with fuch cou- ; rage and intrepidity, that the reft of the allies could not fuf* ; fioeatly admire or commend them. N 3 Raih 19? 9"*^ tJifiory of Maltha. B.XVia ^ItaiSf or captains, and brought them home io chains. This. quickly fpread the terror of his arms all over thoTe feas^ fo that U:arce any of them dared to (hew themfelves in the chanel. Being obliged by the weather to put in at Trifolif the go- vernor informed him, that he had juft received an exprefs from the king of Tunis, to acquaint him that Barbarojfa wati snaking the' moft prefltng complaints at the Porte againA the Malthefs knights^ whilft his lieutenant Morat Haga wai taiaking great preparations at Tachora for the iiege of Tri^t which he doubted Hot would be foon followed by that of Tunis, where Hajfan was become odious to the Turks and Moois^ on account of his alliance vdth the emperor, a& ter whofe late defeat a great mimber of towns in that kii^ dom had' revolted from him, and a much greater number of Jbis fubjeds had put themfelves under the proteAion of the Jlgerine meniufch, who was expeded (hordy from Ctn/laii^ ^inople at the head of a powerful fleet, whofe arrival would be quickly followed by die fieges of Tripoli and Tunis. Jniw hut The admiral loft no dme to bring thefe unwelcome news fmffeSual xo the grand mafter ; for tho' the emperor had promifed \m ^'^fi fo folemnly that he would order the fortifications of Tri^ to fint to the jjg repaired and enlarged, y4t nothing had been done to it 0mpir9r. g^^^. ^^ ^j^^ j^ ^^ impoflible for it, in the condition it was in, to holcj out any rime agaiAft fuch powerful force. The council being ailembled upon it, agre^ that a frefh ambaify jhould be fent to the imperial court, to renew their inftances for a fpeedy execution of its engagcnients ; but which fdc- ceeded no better than' the former. That polite monarch gave them many fair promi^s of a powerful fuceour, in cafe the place was befieged ; but n^either fent them an;^ fupply of ffiea or money, which he pretended he had too great an occafioo for in Sicily and other parts of his empire. The admirtj was fenfibly afFefled with the ill fuccefs of the ambalTy, a^ well as the refl of the order ; but as he was likewife grittd baily of Germany^ he thought himfelf obliged to do what he could for the prefervation of that place, and caufed thc^re^ and flaves of his gallies to dig a pretty large fofTe round it, and added Tome few other repairs and outworks, which, tfao' done in hafte, could not but be better than none, and faved, in fome meafure, the credit of the order, pn the otha hand, that he might not feem too preffing with the emperor, be prevailed upon the king of Tunis to take a fecond voyap iato Italy y and folicit for frefh fuccours from him, which, ii he obtained for himfelf, would be Gke^fe of fervice t< Tripoli. Hajfan accordingly difpofed all things for his de i;Arturc wlt^ a grand retit}iie, and with conilderable prefeoti r <.j, . The Hi/^ of Makhsu %g^ for the viceroy of Sicily, and the imperial court; and, bnog faSdy arrived at Naples, difpatched fome coariers after the ooperor, who was gone to quell fome troubles in Germany, to beg the favour of an interview with him. We have ieea dfewhere the iflue of that expedition, which coft that un« fortaaate prince his eyes and his kingdom, thro' the treachery of his fon Hamida 8. This revolution, which fo greatly endangered the city of Tri^, at the fame time that it increafed the power of the Turks, efpecially of Barharoffa^ with whom that treacherous prince made a fpeedy alliance, in order to preferve himfelf on his throne^ failed not to put the order into the utmoft cooftemation. Tripoli, at a great diftance from Maltha, fur- Tripoli jDooded on all fides by enemies, and in fo bad a condition of i^'^^ defence, efpecially as it was commanded all around by high'^^^'''* hills, gave its governor fuch apprehenfions of it$ apt)roaching is%t, that he ceafed not foliciting the grand mailer for hi^ difcharge till he had obtained it, and another was fent in his fiead. This was foon after exchanged for a new one, and the commander John de Faletta, of the tongue of Proxmice^ a man of great experience, condufb, and intrepidity, who Valetta had abeady fignalized himfelf by a long courfe of naval C3i'/intg»vir* peditions, efpecially againft the corfairs, and a great variety '^f tbi* of faccefles, fometimes conqueror, and at oiher times con? '^^* 2uered, and even laden with chains, and condemned to a ivere flavery, or cruel imprifonment; but no fooner re*^ deemed and at liberty, than at fea again in iearch of new ad- veatares. Such was the character of John de VaJetta^ whom the grand mafter pitched upon to go and defend that place* He was perhaps the only one that would accept of thatconx-r miffion under fuch difadvantageous circomftances, wherein io htde, if any honour, could be gained. His firft care, upon hi^ arrival at his new government, was. to take a review, of all Ykis Moors zn^ Arabs, as well asChri* f&Qs, and to introduce a ftriA difcipline among them, offi^ cers as well as foldiers. Next to that, he applied his time, aad the (mali quantity of mon^y which the grand mailer had mtmfted him ^ith, in repairing the old and adding fome Dcv fortifications to th^ place ; and more than thefe he would have caufed to be made, had not the famous Dragut, a mor- tal enemy of all Chriftians, and efpecially of the Malthefi^ tf whom we have had frequent occafion to fpeak in fome' foregoing chapters, feized, fome time b^ore, upon one o^ thdr gallies, which aftorm had feparated fropi the fquadron, . \ Au&. fupracitau ic€> ^ii HiMy ^ Mahba. B. XVIU. Jn >vhich was the fum o( 60,000 crowns, defigned for the icurvice of the place. The laft precaution the new governor took, was to fend all ufelefs mouths out of it ; after which, he ordered a plan of all the coafts of Barbary to be takeo^ which, with that of the city, and the account of its preCent condition, he caufod to be &nt to the emperor with all po& fible expedition. Dragut Bt this dme Draguty whahad obtained from SoUman the /ucceids government of the Turki/b fleet in the room of Barkaraffk^ Barbae lately dead at Cortfiantinople, thro* his exceffiire debaucheries^ roiTa. had made himfelf mafter of the fea-port of Africa^ al. Melw^ dia, on tfaofe coafts, by the vileft of treacheries, deiigning to make it his place of arms and rendezvous. This roaied at once the emperor's attention to that ilde. He engaged die pope and the grand mafter to affift him to wrench that place out of his hands, -without which no part of Itafy^ Sidfy^ . or other adjacent iilands, could be fafe from his bloody incur^ iions. The grand mafter, no lefs interefted in that expcdi* tion, readily furnifhed his ufual fquadron of four gallies, un- der the command of the baily De Sangie, fmce then grand. mafter of the order, who had under him 140 knights, and a battalion of 400 men in the Makbe/c pay. Young Deria^ the nephew of the admiral of that name, who commanded the emperor's fket, failed ftraightway to Capg Bone^ where he landed his forces, and made himfelf mafter of the fortrefs of • Cakbia^ fuppofed to be the Cfypea of the Romans^ from which ^ he advanced towards Mona/teer\ both which had fubmitted tc^ Sragut, At their approach to the place, the Turh and Mnnrs made a large ially, not fo much to engage as to recoa« noitre them ; but the Mahbefe knights, who marched in the front, and were fupported by a third part of the Spamfh forces, ruflied out upon them with fuch ipeed and fury, that they killed a great number of them, and followed the reft with fword in hand into the town. This was foon aban* donedby the Inhabitants, moftof whom retired with the go- vernor into the caflle. This refbfing to furrender upon the the iirft fummoos, was immediately cannonaded with fuch force, that a breach was quickly made, tho' fcarcdy wide AgriA enough for an a&ult. But our young admiral, above mind<* ftttmber of in^ iuch a circumftance, ordered his forces forthwith to the knighti moxxxit^ which occafioned the attack to be more fierce and Jl^H' bloody, and, which was ftili worfe, the lofs of the greatcft part of the Malthefef who had the poft of honour. The in- habitants would have been glad to have capitulated ; bat the governor, an old experienced corfalr, rejefted the propofal, and held his poft on the top of the breach, till a mu/ket* baU Qj* the Hjfioty of Mdkhisk. 201 1»ii pQt aa ead to his fighting and life. THe reft, quite Th place di&ouraged by his death, forrendered at difcreiion, guviJiirriMdert. vere laade prifoners of war ^^ After this fuccefsful escpedicion, Doria^ having been promiied a vaft reioforcemeat firom Naples and Su^yy refolved tamake his next attempt on Afrka^ whUft Dragut was out at lea with his fquadron ; and, to prevent his throwing any poria forces into the place whilft the fuccours were coming from i,iocAj up Itafy, went and pofted his fleet at the Conigliari or Cumiliary Africa* IfiMdst almoft over-againft it, and by that means kept the • phce in fome meafure blocked up. About that time he re* caved advice from the viceroy of Na^es^ importing, that the fucoHurs defigned for him were not quite ready, 9sA dciking I i^ to come to him at Drepano in Sicily^ the place of their f reodei^votts. This requeft (which could not be complied with I vidioQt giving Dragut an opportunity, which he was not ' ' likdy to negledl, of throwing fome frefh fuccour into Africa) I %hly dtfconcerted the young admiral ; but, as he had been I dm;^ not to undertake any thing without the advice of ! Qon Juan de Vega^ au pld experienced general, he was ob» ~ \ liged to go and confult him at Palermo^ from which he failed away to Drepano, where the Neapolitan and Malthefr fleets I were already arrived. Unfortunately the former was com- '\ ffiaoded by young Don Garcia, the viceroy's fon, who, from I licence, claimed a privilege of the fole diredion of th^ flege, I to thegreat mortificatioii of young Doria, who expefted to kve had the fole glory of it. mafter. 202 Tbi Hiftery $/ Maltha. B.XVIIL mailer, (enfible of the lofs of {o many of his knights at the laft (lege, took care to fend a frefti fupply of theta ; whilft the emperor^ on his part^ feat exprefs orders to the governor of Goletta, an old experienced coinmandery to come and aflift at the Iiege. We have given, in a former chapter, a^ full account of the moft material tranfaftions of it ; to which we (hall only add here, as more nearly relating to the hiAory of Maltha we are upon, that the admiral of it, De Sangle^ mindful of the religious as well as martial dudes of his or- der, caufed an hofpital and infirmary to be erefted in his camp, under a fufiicient number of tents, in which the fick and wounded of the imperial army were taken all doe care of, and were ferved by the knights under his command by turns ; a conduct which made their charity no lefs coofpicuous and admired tha^ their valour, efpecially as the number of the unhappy objefb was fo conflderable, and their condition for the moft part deplorable and defperate without fuch 9 timdj and extraordinary ai&ftance ". But theur intrepid ^ravoy Splayed itfelf more eminently upon the fign^ being gtvea for the general aflault, at which, as ufual, they claimed the privilege in being foremoft in motinting the breach. Finding the water too (hallow to bring them dofe to the {hore, they waded through the fea up above their midd^ with their fwords drawn, and through the continual voUies of fmall (hot, arrows, and other niimle weapons, as well as . thro' ftreams of melted lead, boiling oil, ftinK-pots, 6c. they gained the top of it, and pknted the ftanchrd of the order on the wall with fuch furprifing fpeed and undaunted courage, as quite aftoniOied the befieged. The ftandard- bearer, named Gaon, was inftantly killed by a mullcet-fhot; but the ftandaK^d was as quickly feized by the commander Copier^ who, in fpite of all the fire and fmoke from withiflji kept it ftill difplayed, without lofing an inch of his ground, during the whole time of the attack, though be faw a vaft / number of knights, and other brave volunteers, that foa^t under it, fall down dead on each fide, by the continual fire of the artillery, without being able to make the Turks giv« mmJ taiiM. ^"^J' ^' length the commander Guinurano, who continued, flill at the head of the red:, looking about on all fides, and i perceiving fomething like a narrojv path leading into the place, though fome fay it was the fragments of a galkff which had been demolifhed by the cannon of the befiegerSi opened himfelf a way, and led the reft through all the nib^' biib into the heart of the place, where they made fach, a ter« « VfiiiTOT^ubifup. pi i8?j & f#q. cibla t • p: 7. Tbi Hiftory of Maltha* 303 ribk havock of all that oppofed thein» that happy were the; Vrho could get fertheft from them, and gam the adjacent piaiQS with what they could fave out of their houfea; fo that it was inticely owing to the intrepid bravery of the order that diia important place yra? carried, in fplte of all the force, art, and ftratagems, of Dragut, to prevent it°. Th£ plunder of the place was immenfe ; Dragut kept all his treafnre in it, as one of the ilrongeft fortrelles in aU Jfrica, and a great number of corfairs and merchants, Turksy Moors, and others, made choice of it as the fureft lepofitory of all thdr wealth ; to fay nothing of the opulence of the inhabitants, who were moflly become very rich by the vafl piratical commerce which was carried on, as wqll as hj the great concourfe of the piratical crews, who ma^e it thdr principal mart. The young Don Garcia vainly ftrovcj to attribute the whole glory to himfelf, whilft the reft oif the officers more juftly gave thejpalm to the Malthe/e. Dra^ gut, in particular, (hewed his reientment againft them in the moft public manner. By the complaints and mifreprefenta- tioQs he fent againft them to Soliman immediately after th& taking of the place. His w^l-inftru6ted agent eafily coup finced both him and the divan of the danger of fuffering them to continue longer 5n tbcir new Settlement, from which they had not only fupprefted the naval commerce of his fub- jcfts, but had af&fted the emperor in making fuch conquefts oa the Barbary (hore as muft one day endanger his domi- irions in Egypt und Paleftine ; for the re-conquering of which hft, they ' need but apply to their fure friend the Roman poQtif for a new crufade, to engage all Chriftendom to aflift them with men and money, and whatever elfe they wanted for fuch an enterprize. He moreover reprefented to that foltan how vain &nd fruitlefs it wouH be for him to attempt the retaking of y^/V^x, Mono/leer, Tripoli, and other places along that coaft, fo long as that order was continually ready to traverfe and obftruft every fuch attempt by their defpcrate courfes from Maltha and Tripoli, in which, though fe^v in namber, they ftill multiply to fuch a degree, that nothing can fucceed that is undertaken againft the Chriftians, until thofe knights are totally exterminated by fire and fword. Soliman was eafily convinced by thefe arguments, as well Soliman'i as his divan by Dragut*^ prefents, of the neceflity of entering armament into a war againft the Malthefe ; and ordered that corfair, ^'".T ^hom he had honoured with the title of general, to give ^^**"^*' him the great;er credit^ to gather up all the corfairs he could • Vide au6t. fup. citat meet S04 TbeHiJf^tfMHAsu B.XVIIL' meet with in the Levant under his ftaadard againft the M^d^ thefif, whilft he ordered a moft powerful fleet to be equipped for the fame feririce. The news of this armament quickly alarmed ttie whole order, as well as the imperial court ; and as Dragut was jufUy fufpefted to be the firft mover of it, the emperor ordered Doria to fail with his fleet in fearch of him, and to try all poffible means to rid him of fo dangerous an enemy. The grand mafter was earneftly deilred to join his gallies of the order to the fleet, which he readily complied with, though agatnft all good politics, and the opinion of the council, who loudly declared how imprudent and dan- gerous it was to fend their (hips abroad at a time when the ifland was threatened with a powerful invalioa. But the grand mafter, who, as a Spaniard^ was a mere creature of Charles V. flopped their mouths by pretendingy that he was fufiicieotly informed that' the Turkijb armament was defigned to aflift France againft the emperor ; but, to amufe the moft difcontented, he gave exprefs orders to the admiral, in cafe . he found that the Turks flxould take their route towards Mahha or Tripoli^ to feparate immediately, and fail back to Maltha with all fpeed p. He w^s fcarcely failed away for the rendezvous H Mejfina^ before news was brought by the chevalier de St. John^ who had been fcouring the coafts of Morea^ that the armament was utiiverfally rejx>rted to be defigned either againft Tripod or Maltha. Prefently after came a letter from the com- mander Villegagnon^ lately arrived from France at Mefftna^ to acquaint the grand mafter and the reft of the<»:der,'thuu the armament in queftion was folely intended againft them. This gentleman, who was in the higheft efteem both at the court of France and among the Malthefe^ had no fooner received fuf* ficient information about what he wrote, than he eai^eftly begged leave to carry the news to Maltha ; and only ftopped- in Sicily to acquaint the viceroy with it ; and to reprefent to him the defencelefs ftate of that ifland, as well as of^the town of Tripoli^ in order to obtain fome fpeedy fuccour for both ; during which time he difpatched the above information to the order, that they might take all proper precautions ag^nft the threatening danger. At his arrival at Maltha^ beinflfaiked by the council from whom he had his information, he rea- dily told them, that the conftable Montmorency^ out of his iingular regard to the order, had aflured him of it, when hei took his leave of him; and that SoHman was fo exafper^ted » Bavdoin, Vertgt, ubi fop. Villecacnon Comment, in Bell. Melitenf. at C. 7* ^he Hifi^fy of Malcba. 205 at the part which the Malthefs had aAed at the taking of i^/ica, that they muft expeft to fee fpcedily his whole force tomed againft them "). This greatly alarmed the major part of the council ; but iOmedes^ having dlfmifled him with d'Ome- coH dianks for his zeal, and die French prime miniftcr for desV ex-' his care,- told fome of the principal members of it with tremeavmm z fornfol fmile, as foon as he was gone. Either this French- rice^ &c. man is the high conftabk^s dupe^ or he wants us to be his ; after irtuch, aflbming a more ferious tone, he faid, it was abfurd to fuppofe fo great an armament could be deiigned againA fiidi t»rren rocks as Maltha or Go/a, or even Tripoli, which, pat together, could never anfwer the loth part of the coft. But that they were fure enough defigned to affift the French againft the emperor, the former of whom was politic and rich enough to compenfate all that expence by fome new coQ^neft in Italy ; fo that, upon the whole, he did not think it proper to put the order to fuch extraordinary charges, till be received more pofitive news about it. In confequence of this parfimony, he obtained from the Sicilian viceroy about .200 Calabrians for the defence of Tripoli^ mofl of them raw afid undifdplined, but which the grand mafter palliated with iajing, that jthey would foon be made fit for bufinefs when they were once come to that garrifon. The difficulty was, to make them embark, the greateft pare of them having con- cealed themfelves, and the reft complaining that he fent them thither only to fpare his own knights ; whereupon he was obliged to put about 25 of them at their head, who were of the yoiiQger fort, and, having been confined fome time for loiibeha^our, could eaiily be fpared^ This was all they had been able to perfuade him to do The Tuxk* '£)rthe prefervation of Tripoli, and the iflands of Maltha iQi fleet and Gofa, when news was brought that the Turkijb, fleet had afpears. appeared along the coafti.of Sialy on the I3thvcf July^ and ^S^^' ^ fuppofed ip bein/f^dl fail for Maltha^ without raifing the Jbfr appreheniion in him, till he beheld it from his owa ^'uulow' making towards it with a favourable wind. Sinan^ ^ head commander of this armament, was ordered by the ^tan to attempt the. iflands of Maltha and Cofa^ if he found it practicable ; if not, to fail diredlly to Tripoli^ and lay iiege to that place. He was moreover enjoined to con- felt Dragut in every things who was beft acquainted with ^e fea-coafts, and all their ibrtrefles. According to which <v^, the Othman fleet came direCUy before the bay called ^ VxiLiGAciiowi Comment, de Bell. Melitenf. 5(al. fup. ci- ^ ^ Idem, k al. ubi fup, Mufa^ 206 fbi Hifiotj hf Maltb. B. XVIlt Mufety which is dinded from the grpat bay only by a long and narrow flip of land» or rather folid rock, named Seer* beras . It is ^y to imagine the dread and conftemadon which the fight of fuch a powerful fleet caufed, both among the drder, and much more among the poor inhabitants. The knights, however, having fboa recovered their ufoal pre* fence of mind, agreed to divide themfelves into two difier* ent bands according to the prefent exigence ; and whilft ooo body was employed in fecuring the women and children ia the borough and the town of Maltha^ or notable city, and others /m arming the men, and placing them in different pofis, others were taken up in running along the coafts, to defiaj the extent of the enemy's flect- Among thefe the Spamjb commander Guhnerano, vnA loo other knights on foot, and 300 mufqueteers, gained the top of the rock Scerberas above-mentioned, where they lay concealed with their bellies clofe to the ground, whilft Vf* ton, an Englijb commander, and one of the bravefV, at the head of 30 more of the order, and 400 of the inhabitants, flood boldly on the fea-coaft, juft before the borough, to prevent the Turks making a defcent on that fide. CuimeraM quickly perceived the Turkijb admiral in his capltana, makizig timn fiuls up towards the great port, attended with a fmall number dt inf tbi gallies, to look out for a proper place to make a defcent. fortt The capitana was no fooner got ^thin gun-fhot of the Sccr^ beras y than he was fainted with fuch a brifk difcharge, as threw the whole crew into the utmofl confuflon, and inad« them abandon their oars ; which fo exafperated the proud Vurky that he fwore he would deflroy them all, for daring fuch a handful of men as they were, to make their firft: fire on his fhip. He accordingly difpofed all things for land- ing ; but Guimerano, contented with the affront he had givca him, got all his men on board their vefTek, and qoic^y Stained the borough without the lofs of one man. Sinam ought for them a while, wondering how they had efcaped ' him ; at length getting up to the top of Scerberas, whenoe he could ddcry the cafUe of St. Jngelo, and obferving its Situation and bulwarks, he cafl an angry look .at Dragut^ Is that, faid he to him, the caflle which thou didft reprefent to the Jfoltan as a place fo eafy to be reduced? furely no eagU could have chofen a more craggy and difficult place to make her nejl in, Dqft thou not fee that men muft have wings like them to get up to it, and that all the artillery and forces ef $he univerfe would not be able to take it by force ? To all thia an, old Tachoran ofi^cer added, whether to curry favour ^th Ibc g^aesali or gat of hatred to Dragta, << Seeft thou that • ^ bulwark} r"'- tj. the Hijtary of Maltha; io; *^ bulwark which jiits out Into the fea, and on which the ^ Mabhefe have planted the great ftandard of their order ^ ** I can aflbre thee, that, whUft I was a prifoner with them, " I have helped to carry part of the huge jftones of which ic " is built opmy fhoulders ; and am pretty fure, that, before " thou cdoft m^e thyfelf matter of it, thou wilt be over* *' taken by the winter-feafon, and probably likewife pre« « vented, by fomc powerful fuccour from Europe, from « going any farther." Thefe words threw the old corfair, who never thought any place too dangerous or difficult, into a violent paiEon. He endeavoured in vain to convince Sinan, bow eafy it would be> after demoliihing the caftle with his. ardllery, to fpread as it were his net over the borough, and take the grand matter and his knights prifoners, feeing the ]jace where they had imprudently fliut themfelves in had no other defence than that of the old caftle. Sinan, more diffident and cautious^ called a general council, in which he xeprefented the iiege of the borough and caftle as a long- tifuuied worky which would prevent his pafling over into j^rica, where he would much better anfwer the intentions a^ orders of Soliman ; for here, {aid he, when we have de- coyed all thefe fortifications, our work is hardly half done, we have ftUl a vaft number of defperate knights to encounter, who muft be all deftroyed to a man before we can enter dther of them. His opinion was at firft approved of by the majority of the council 5 but. Dragut, whom the lofs of Africa, his Dragut'/ ^eafure, and numberlefs flaves, ftill fired with an infatiable advice ta dcGre of revenge, propofed, that, before they left the place, if/^gfj^* they ihould at leaft lay fiege to the capital of the ifland,where ^^^^ all die inhabitants had £hut themfelves up with all their wealth, and which they would find without any fortifica-^' tioQs, or any other garrifon than a parcel of armed peafants, ready to abandon it upon the very firft appearance of the Twiiftf ftandards ; after which they might ikfely plunder both that and the reft of the illand, and carry away a vaft number of prifoners. Sinan, not daring to oppofe too far Maldia Dragufz advice, which the foltan had enjoined him to fol- htfiiged. low, confented to the fiege : immediately after which, the forces were ordered to land, and the artillery to move to* wards the place. This laft they found a moft difficult talk ; the carriages fiiUing in pieces as they went over thefe hard rocks, obliged them to ftay whUft new and ftronger were. mde, which met with the fame mifchance as they moved farther on ; fo that the/ were forced at laft to have them 4nwn by flavjss, wbich took up fome days before they could 4 raifc laife their batteries againft the town. Whilfl tliefe prepa- rations were makings the Turks, who had difperfed them* felves over the whole ifland, put all in their way to fire and fword, and covered with fire and fmoke not only the hoofes, ! but alfi> the trees, hedg^, and ftelds, from one end to die ' other. After having dteftroyed ail the com, fruits, and every* kind of fuftenance, tliey repaired to the (lege of the place. Maltia bad then above 13,000 perfbns of both fexes in it/ ' and but few ibidiers to defend it, except the peafants whom the governor iiad anned for that purpofe, but who now mur- mured againft hiiA, and were ready to abandon the place ; fo that it was with the greateft difficulty that they confented to flay» and fnbmitted to be diftributed into companies, and taught how to handle their weapons ^ ^. Im the mean time the brave baily Adomo, who com- veJ^ manded in the place, found means to dtfpatch an exprefs, m finds fir ^^ ^^'^ ^^ ^'^ <>tght, to acquaint the grand mafter with the /uccours to dangerous condition it was in, and to defire him to fend d'Ome- fome regular troops tp him, and as many knights as he des, could ^>are, more efpecially the commander Filkgagnortt an old experienced officer, to affift and direA him. But hovr great was his furprize, when the medenger came back \nth- out being able to obtain any. fupply from him, except the brave commander above-named, whom dOmedes permitted to go thither, for no other motive than to be rid of a perfon who had the intereft and honour of the order too lincerely at heart to forbear making frequent and preffing complaints to the council 'againft his ftraoge proceedings. Before he diilmifled him, however, he told him, that, having the h^heft idea of his conduA and bravery, he was now fend- ing him to the defence of their capital, which he looked ipon as fufficiently* guarded by the number of citizens and peafants that were in it, who he knew were capable of bdng made good foldiers, provided they were commanded by an experienced officer, i^ho might fupply the governor's ab* fence where-ever his duty could not admit of his hAog pre* fent. Here ViBegagnon^ with his ufual modefty, replied, that he was ^^nlling to obey, purfuant to the ftrid: obligations to nidiich the profeffion d his order bound him ; but bulged of him to confider, that the defence of the city did not de- pend upon a multitude of undifciplined cidzens and peafants^ whom the firfl appearance of danger would put to ffight, but upon fttch brave and intrepid leaders, who, from a prin- ^ ViLLiOJkGV. Baud. Nich0U ftal« ubifap. 3 dpte C;. Thi HiJIcry of Maltha; 203 dpk of honour and religion, may infpirit and encotirs^ ami, by tlieir example, infpire tliem witli that bravery ta which they are naturally ftrangers ; fo that if he really de- figned to have the town preierved againil fo powerful an enemy, he could fend no lefs than an hundred knights to af&ft them in defending it. To this he was coldly anfwered, that it had been decreed by the council, that the kpights ihould be referved for the defence of ^e caftle ; but that, rather than fee him go alone, he would obtain leave to fend iix more to accompany him ; but, upon his ofiering to re- prefent the finall fervice which that number would be of in fich an emergency, iOmedes told him, in a higher tone, that he expeAed in thofe of the order lefs reafoning and greater compliance ; and that if he was afraid of the danger of obeying, he would foon find a number of others that Would be proud of expofing themfelves to it. ** Sir," re- plied the commander, '' I will quickly convince you, that '^ fear never made me fhun any danger ;'* fo faying, he im- mediately took the road to the capital with th& fix other imights ; and, upon their giving the fignal, they were drawn up with cords into the place, without being per- cdved by the enemy. Their arrival was welcomed with the nniverfal fiiouts of the people, and a difcharge of all their fiufquetry ; which gave the befiegers room to conclude, that fome confiderable reinforcement had been conveyed into the place in .the dead of the night. Villegagnon made the inha- bitants believe, that they were the forerunners of a much more confiderable body of forces which were in full march to their relief ; but privately acquainted the governor mth the grand mafler's inflexible behaviour, that they had nothing to depend upon but their own bravery, and muft lefolve to make fuch a defence as might procure th^m the greateft glory, and the enemy the.greateft lofs. Whilst this was done within the walls, a lucky ftrata- A lucky gem was contrived without by the general receiver of the Ofc* ftratagtmi der, which had all the fuccefs that could be wiihed : it was a letter written by himfelf, and direded to the grand maf- ter, firom Meffinay informing him of a powerful armament ready lo fail with the firft fair wind, out of that port, for Maltha^ under the command of the famed admiral Doria^ the terror of the Othman forces, who had been difpatched Mod. Hist. Vol. XIX. O from jlio fbe Hificry of Maltha. B. XVIIL from ^'ain^ to raifc the fiegc of Maltha^ br give the enemy battte. The letter farther added, that he had detached that bark to bring timely advice to the order, that they might be ready tp aft in concert with him at his arrival. The projeA facceeded to admiration ; the veflcl was feized by lome of the Turkijb fbips, and the letter conveyed to the camp. This fiftion, which was chiefly deligned to intimidate and create an tincafinefs in the Turkijb army, wrought much more powerfully on the mind ' of the admiral than was ex- pefted. He caufed it to be read before a council of war ; and, as he had undertaken the fiege merely in compliance with Draguf^ advice, he now expatiated, much oh the dan- ger of purfoing it, without hazarding either his fleet or army, and, if it was not fpeedily raifed, all the artillery he had with fo much labour brought before the place. To all which he added, that iS^fm^^ would Toon be at hand with its ufual ftorms, which would not fiail to prevent their make- Ing thdr intended and more important defcent on TripcU ; Sinan ^1 which was received and applauded by the greateft part of raifis the the officers, and the raifing of the fiege readily agreed to. Ji^ge. However, to fatisfy the infatiable greedinefs of the Turks after plunder, and therAy prevent any complaint be- ing fent to the Porte againft him, he abandoned the ifland of Gofa to their mercy, which, being in a much worfe condi- tion of defence, met with a feverer fate. They immedi- ately crofled the narrow chanel which divides it froml Mabha^ GofaV ravaging it all the way. The inhabitants were retired into caftle he» the cafUe with their families ; and told the governor, that if ^gid. he would ftand by them, they would defend it to the laft ; but he no (boner faw the enemy preient themfelvea before it» thari he retired into the inmoft of his apartments, and kept hibfelf (hut up for fome time. This was the young knight, on whofe bravery the grand mailer pretended to put fo much confidence, that he rejefled the propoial of blowing up the caftle with great mdignation : his name was Calatian de Sejfa^ a young fwaggering beaui(h blade, without courage or thought ; and his (hameful conduA on this occaflon did not a little difcourage the fmall garrifon, as well as inhabitants. Sranfen o/Thtj were however kept in heart for a while by a braw an Enpim Engli/bman, who, pointing a piece of cannon (the only one gtffrner. in the place, and which had been with much difficulty brought thither fince the fi^e of Mahha) againft the enemy, killed feveral Turks^ and kept the reft from approaching the walls ; but he being foon after killed by a (hot from the enemy's battery, none of the reft had the courage to take his place. Galatiaki C.7. Tbi Ri/t^y (if M^ldti^ air Galatian, afraid of exafperating the Turkifh gtOMH^fbtcaftli (xn^iai^ed ioa(li?e all tht while, b\tt fent a monk to hijn» caphu^ with offers to furreilder the place^ on conditioti that the^^^^'* lires, libertiesi and e^^, of the Inhabitants, were granted to them. Sinan fent him for an anfwer, that, if he did not immediately ^andon the place to him, he would caufe him to be hanged at the gates of it. The monk returned quickly to him, with a new promife of delivering it up, provided thi governor, with 2oo of the chief inhabitants, fuch ad hi pitched upon, were allowed to go oiT tnunolefted ; but Si* nan refufei to grant him above 40 ; and told the monk, that if he dared come a third time, he would caufe him to be flayed alive. This anfwer (o terrified the cowardly governor^ that he ordered the gates to be forthwith opened, and the Turks made no lefs fpeed to take pofleffion df the caflle. His apartment was the firft that fell a prey to them, who, to ihew their contempt of him in the moH mortifying manner, obliged him to carry fome of the lumber of it on his fhottl- ders, quite into their Ihips. Sinan^ inftead of giving him kave to chufe the number of inhabitants agreed on, pitched upon 40 of the oldeft, whom he immediately difcharged^ tdliog the governor with a conten4>tUGrtis fmile, that the ffloft agfed ought to be accounted the chiefeft. All the reft, Governor^ to the amount of 6,300, of every age and fex, were ordered ^c /«/ to be loaded with urons, and himfelf at their head, and to in intm» be conveyed on fhip- board, and carried into a miferable Ha* wy u (F). This dreadful cataftrophe of the Ca/ans produced the loQdeft murmurs and complaints againft the grand mafter, efpedally among thofe of the French tongue, who infifted, tkat his cowardly governor fhould be forthwith tried, and ieotence pafled againft him ', but this xtOmedes evaded, with " ViLLEGAGN. NicROL. Baudoin, Vbrtot, k aU ubi Aipra. (P) We are told, that a bed his wife-^ftnd two daogh* wnlthy Sidlidkf who had been ters to death, then rafhing arm* lettlcd fome time with his fa* ed among the thickeft of the Diity in this i(1and, feeing it re- enemy, killed and wounded wtA to fo dreadful a ftate, and fome of them, expiring foon preferring death to fo difho- after of the wonnds which ht BOvable a flavery, in a fit of received from them (8). }talottfy and defpair, firft ftab- {%) N. Nidtobn Mat. 1 1. c. 15. tdit. 1568. S^wdtin, /, xiH. U nit, 9i.fn. f^trttt, tm. IT, /• a. f. 232, ^ ftj» o a a 1 2 rbi Hiftory of Maltha. B.XVIIL his ufual coldnefs^ under pretence that the accufed \«ras not DOW in his hands, but in tliofe of the Turks ; and that he could not lawfully condemn hin)^ ti)l ht had heard his de- fence ; fo that> to prevent the difhonour of fo fhameful an aflion affefbing tlie whole order, they all, except the grand mailer's creatures, unanimoufly agreed to fend an account of it through all Europe ; but he took what care he could to be beforehand with them, difperfing a very difTerent one in his favour, in which it was pretended, that he fought with in* credible fury at the head of the Gofans^ till he was (hot by a cannon-ball ; upon which thefe, being quite diftieartened at the lofs of their brave commander, and defirous to iave the honour of their wives and daughters from the known bru<* tality of the Turks^ agreed to an honourable capitulation ; but which the treacherous Sinan made no fcruple to violatei as foon as the place was delivered up into his hands '. These oppofite reports met with different credit in EU' rope^ according as people were biafled either for one or the other nation ; but the animofity which reigned at this time in Maltha between the French and Spaniards, will hardly give us room to doubt that they had been greatly exaggerated on both fides. We (hall meet with other inftances ra^it during the grand mafterflup of this Spaniard, which will hardly fail of convincing our readers of the more than probability of our conjeflure. However, that part of it which related to the young governor's being killed, pafled current for feme years, that is, till he had by dint of money gained his liber- ty, and had the imprudence to appear again at Maltba, where he was immediately feized, and put in arreft* His SeiTa triid^'^ c^i^c on foon after, where, whether by the intrigues of tmdac* his friends, or remiflhefs of his profecutors, he was ac- fuittid, quitted of the crime of cowardice, and reftored to his dig- nity, and had feveral coniiderable commanderies beflowed upon him /. Sinan had no fooner left the ifland of Go/a, in the ni* ferable condition we have related, than the council agreed to fend a new governor thither, with fome few troops, to re- pair the breaches of the cafUe, together with fome other commanders, to afcertain the lands of thofc who were cither killed or carried away captives, either to them or their rela- tions, in order to have it the fooner colonied and manured. All this while the grand mafter could not be perfnaded that the Turkijh armament was intended for any other dejGgn » Baudoin, Villigagn. Vertot, &al. ubifop. ^ Bau- »oiH> 1* xiv. c. I. YiiLTOT, 1. ii. torn, ir. p. 233, k f«q* tba« C.J. Tbi Hi/lory cf Mzlthz: ii| than to allift France againft the emptor ; and his furprife asSiaan wcU as mortification, was inexpreffible, when the news czme Jails /or that, inftcad of Toulon or Mar/eilks, Sinan had' failed di- Tripoli, reftly to Tripoli, with full defign to lay fiege to it both by feaand land. About the fame time arrived at Maltha thb Fnncb ambaflador iAramont^ in his way to Conftantinople^ whither h^ was now fent the fecond time by the court, in his audience with iOmedes^ whom he was ordered to alTurc of his mafter's inviolable friendihip for him and the whole order, he exprefled a more than ordinary concern that he had not come a little fooner, and prevented, by his mediation and good offices, the hoftilities which Sinan had conmiitted in thofe two iflands. To this dOmedes anfwered, that h« was arrived time enough, if the commiffion with which h^ was charged by his court could but permit him to take 7r/- p^li in his way, and make ufe of his and his mafter's intereit to dilTuade the Turkifb baflia from befieging Tripoli : ." and " this, added he, is what I conjure you for God's fake, and *' the honour of your royal mafter, to do ; and, if you can- , ♦' not prevail with him, that you will ufe your utmoft ef-? " forts to prevail on foltan Soliman to countermand it." D'Aramont faithfully promifed him all the good office^ that were in his power ; and, leaving two large veflels in fhc port, embarked in a brigantine belonging to the order, and Guled away for Tripoli with fuch expedition, that he arrived before Sinan had opened the trenches before the place. be fecuredy and, without any regard to the kw of oations detained him and all his retinue, though in other reCpefts he caufed hio^ to be ufed with all the honour due to his cha- i:a(ter> and immediately ordered the trenches to be open- We (hall not repeat here the particulars of that famous and obflina^e fiege, whereof we have given a full account in a former chapter, as fig: as relates to the furrender of the place to the Turks^ and the dieadful difgrace it brought upon the governor, the brave commander Cafpar de Valier^ of the tongue of Juvergne^ then grand marihal of the order ; and g perfon of fuch known experience and valour, that he was marked out by the major part of the order as a fit perfon to D'Ome- fucceed the old iOmedes in the grand mafterfhip. Whether dec €m itiir this very confideration, it being common for perfons in fuch my 00 tbt high rank to look upon their prefumptive fucceflbrs with aa goxeruor* envious eye, or any other pique, whether national or per* fonal, was the caufe of the extreme ill-will which (tOmedit bore to him, is noteafy to know with any tolerable certainty, from the various accounts we meet with in the writers Upon this fiege, every one being apt to lean to the fide of his owd liation ; though they feem all to agree in one main point, that the mifunderftanding that reigned between thofe two great men, the one a fUfF old Spaniard^ and the other a highly diftinguiflie4 Frenchman, was the chief caufe of the former's fo obftinately refofing to take the proper precautiool to have that important pl^ put in a due ftate of defence, and confequently of all t^e diforders, murmurs, and cabals, that happened during the fiege of it, and haftened its being furrendered, in the manner we have formerly defcribed.
| 32,049 |
https://github.com/cgdangelo/talent/blob/master/packages/parser-goldsrc/src/frame/networkMessages/messages/SVC_SERVERINFO.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
talent
|
cgdangelo
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 114 | 451 |
import { buffer as B } from "@talent/parser-buffer";
import * as P from "@talent/parser/lib/Parser";
import { pipe } from "fp-ts/lib/function";
export type ServerInfo = {
readonly protocol: number;
readonly spawnCount: number;
readonly mapChecksum: number;
readonly clientDllHash: readonly number[]; // TODO buffer
readonly maxPlayers: number;
readonly playerIndex: number;
readonly isDeathmatch: number;
readonly gameDir: string;
readonly hostname: string;
readonly mapFileName: string;
readonly mapCycle: string;
};
export const serverInfo: B.BufferParser<ServerInfo> = pipe(
P.struct({
protocol: B.int32_le,
spawnCount: B.int32_le,
mapChecksum: B.int32_le,
clientDllHash: P.take(16),
maxPlayers: B.uint8_le,
playerIndex: B.uint8_le,
isDeathmatch: B.uint8_le,
gameDir: B.ztstr,
hostname: B.ztstr,
mapFileName: B.ztstr,
mapCycle: B.ztstr,
}),
// TODO What's this?
// https://github.com/jpcy/coldemoplayer/blob/9c97ab128ac889739c1643baf0d5fdf884d8a65f/compLexity%20Demo%20Player/demo%20parser/HalfLifeDemoParser.cs#L684-L690
P.apFirst(
pipe(
B.uint8_le,
P.chain((hasUnknown) => P.skip(hasUnknown !== 0 ? 21 : 0))
)
)
);
| 5,509 |
lifeofolier00thomuoft_21
|
US-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,625 | 9,480 |
We have seen that from his first entrance on his pastoral charge M. Olier had it in contemplation to build a new parish church which should be better proportioned to the extent of the Faubourg, the grandeur of the ceremonial which he desired to see introduced, and the number of ecclesiastics who formed his community. Full of this pious design, he deeply deplored the indifference manifested by the great people of the parish, who constructed splendid mansions for themselves and left the Son of God a dilapidated dwelling devoid of all dignity and beauty. On learning the death of Marie de Me'dicis, who had expended vast sums on her palace of the Luxembourg, while the House of God was allowed to lie waste, he felt himself penetrated with a desire, as pastor of her soul, to make satisfaction to the Divine Justice for the neglect of which she had been guilty. " If only," he writes, "she had been pleased to bestow on the church the money she had destined for the completion of those wings to her palace which she left unfinished, she would have been able to rebuild it and to put it in a state befitting the worship of God and the needs of the population. How strange that persons should devote so much trouble and incur such enormous expenses to lodge themselves, fleeting creatures of earth and very dunghills 3 1 8 Life of M. Olier. in the sight of God, and never give a thought to the erection of temples in honour of His ineffable Majesty ! " Already, in the December of 1642, he had laid before the wardens his proposal for enlarging the church, and in the following March the proposal was adopted at a general meeting of the parishioners without a dissenting voice ; but not without personal humiliations to the pastor himself, who received them in that spirit of self-abasement and submission to the will of God which ever distinguished him. In his Memoires he alludes to the circumstance but does not enter into any particulars. As the proposed building would extend over a portion of the public cemetery, M. Olier offered in exchange half of the garden belonging to the Community. The celebrated archi tect, Christophe Gamard, was directed to draw up the plans, and everything seemed to augur a speedy success, particularly as a pro portion of the stone for the foundations was obtained gratuitously from the Crown through the good offices of the Queen Regent, but it was not until the excitement consequent on the attempt to expel M. Olier from the parish had subsided that the affair was definitively resumed. On the feast of the Assumption, 1645, ne convened a meeting of the wardens, at which M. Gamard exhibited the plan of the building which M. Olier designed to erect, and which was three times larger than the existing structure. O o Hopeless as it might appear that so vast a design should ever be realized, he was not deterred by any consideration of the difficulties to be encountered in raising the necessary funds ; and, instead of regulating the cost of the building by the amount already collected, he fixed his estimate of the expenses at such a sum as in his judg ment the charity of the parishioners ought ultimately to furnish. The plan was accepted and endorsed, and on Tuesday, February 2oth, 1646, the first stone of the new edifice was laid by the Queen Regent, after it had been blessed by M. Alain de Solminihac, now Bishop of Cahors, with all the accustomed formalities. The Queen, on inspecting the plan, desired that one of the chapels behind the high altar, nearest to that of the Blessed Virgin, should be dedicated to her patroness, St. Anne, and another, in the name of the young Kins;, to St. Louis. The Due d'Orleans and the Prince de Conde O' made similar requests, an example that was followed by other noble families of the Faubourg ; the Duke also promised an annual dona tion of 10,000 livres until the building should be completed. M. Olier, however, did not rely on the favour or the munificence of the The chapel of St. Anne. 319 great, and an incident that occurred soon after the works had com menced was taken by him as a warning not to reckon on the support or promises of men for the success of an undertaking intended for God's glory alone. The workmen had dug a well to obtain water, and he was proceeding to ascertain its depth, when a pole on which he set his foot moved away and rolled over to the opposite side, carrying him with it, to the astonishment of those who were present, and who expected to see him precipitated into the pit. Instead of manifesting any alarm at the danger he had so narrowly escaped, he seemed to be occupied only with the thought of the lesson which it was intended to convey : " So deceitful is the dependence on creatures ; he who puts his trust in them will find only weakness and inconstancy." His intention, after laying the foundations of the choir, was to complete the construction of the Lady Chapel, as an act of fealty to Her whom he desired to instal as Patroness of the whole work, but owing to the troubles of the Fronde he was able only to finish its walls, which in the year of his death were raised to the height at which they remain at the present day. The building, interrupted for many years, was resumed in 1718 by M. Languet de Gergy,* M. Olier's sixth successor, by whom it was completed in 1 745, just a century from the date of the attempt to expel the servant of God from the parish of St. Sulpice. Foreseeing that the projected church would not be finished for many years, M. Olier was anxious to procure the erection of another church in the Faubourg to supply the immediate needs of the increasing population. The design was approved by the Abbe de St. Germain, who, in 1647, by letters patent created a new parish under the title of St. Maur in the Pre-aux-Clercs ; but, on the wardens of St. Sulpice, with other parishioners, offering to provide a chapel of ease at their own expense, the plan was abandoned, and a house which the seminarists used for catechising children in the quarter called La Grenouillere was converted into a chapel and * This worthy pastor was a man of extraordinary charity. In 1725, during a time of great scarcity, he sold his furniture, his paintings, and a quantity of rare and valuable objects which he had been at great pains to collect, and gave the proceeds for the relief of the suffering poor. From that time his only possessions were three converts of silver, two straw chairs, and a bed of coarse serge, which was left him as a loan, to prevent his giving it away ; carpets he had none. He also sent large sums to Marseilles, when in 1720 the plague was ravaging that city. The Abbe Languet was Mme. de Maintenon's confessor. 320 Life of M. Olicr. solemnly blessed on the feast of the Purification, 1648. This chapel went by the name of St. Anne, or the Petite-Paroisse, and for a while M. Olier located some of his priests in the spot, and formed what, in effect, was a second community. But, having reason to believe that the separation from the parent house was not conducive to the benefit of souls, and that the ecclesiastics thus detached experienced a diminution of fervour by being isolated from their brethren, he recalled them to St. Sulpice and contented himself with sending some of his colleagues on stated occasions to instruct the people and administer the sacraments. It will be recollected that in 1643 ^- Olier engaged the cele brated ex-Jesuit Pere Ve"ron, to deliver a course of controversial lectures at St. Sulpice and to hold public disputations with the sectaries ; but the result corresponded neither with the hopes which his reputation had excited nor with the ability he displayed. M. du Ferrier, in his Memoires, gives a specimen of the method pursued by this divine. "You would reform us," he would say, "on the sole authority of Scripture : well, we are ready to hear you. We believe, for example, that Jesus Christ is really and substantially present in the Eucharist ; you believe He is there only by faith, and not in reality, and you are bound on your own principles to prove this to us by a formal text of Scripture. Produce it, then, and we will believe you." The Protestant minister would quote the words : " // is the spirit that quickeneth ; the flesh profiteth nothing."* P. Ve"ron, repeating the words after him, would say, " This is not to the purpose; I ask you for a passage which says, ' The Body of Jesus Christ is not in the Eucharist ; ' the text you have quoted does not say this." If the Protestant added what follows : " The words that I have spoken to you are spirit and life," he repeated his demand for a passage which said, " The Body of Jesus Christ is not under the species of bread ; " showing them that they could not produce a text which expressly denied the Catholic doctrine. If his opponent brought forward those words of St. Peter : "Jesus Christ, whom Heaven must receive until the times of the restitution of all things" t and argued thence that he could not be present in the Holy Eucharist, he replied, " I ask you for a passage which says that Jesus Christ is not there, and you give me only reasonings and conclusions. Confess that you have no direct passage to quote; we will come to reasonings and conclusions presently." He thus * St. John vi. 64. t Acts i;i. 21. Jean Clement. 321 compelled them to admit that they could produce no direct and formal text of Scripture ; and this provoked them greatly. He then came to deductions and conclusions. "You say that your faith is grounded, not on reasoning, but on Scripture only : now show me a passage which says that, if Jesus Christ must remain in Heaven until He comes to judge the world, He is therefore not in the Eucharist. In matters of faith we do not rest, as you truly say, on arguments and syllogisms ; we Catholics also believe that Jesus Christ is, and will remain, in Heaven, at the right hand of the Father, but we do not the less believe that He is in the Eucharist, really and corporally, but after an incomprehensible manner." By this system of dialectics his opponents, as before observed, were silenced, but they were not convinced. He even succeeded in obtaining from his auditors, Protestants as well as Catholics, a formal declaration of his victory, signed by public notaries, which was printed and placarded about the streets, but the Protestants remained Protestants still ; they were not converted. His method was perfect ; his syllogisms were unassailable ; in the sphere of argument he was triumphant, and his opponents, by their silence, acknowledged their defeat; but M. Olier desired, not their defeat, but their salvation, and the end he sought remained unfulfilled. Providence, however, brought to his aid two men whose manner and whose method were wholly different. Simple and illiterate, but wonderful adepts in a science truly divine, and which had God alone as its author, they seemed to fulfil to the letter that saying of M. Olier's while at Vaugirard : " God will rather create a new race of beings than leave His work without effect." The first of these extraordinary men was Jean Cle'ment, by trade a cutler. In early youth his mind had been perverted by associating with the children of Casaubon, the celebrated critic, and, on the family removing to England, he repaired to La Rochelle, at that time the stronghold of the Calvinists, for the purpose of joining their sect. Having no acquaintance in the town, he addressed himself to an elderly man whom he saw labouring in a blacksmith's shop, and acquainted him with his design. To his surprise the old man replied, "Ah, my child, take heed what you do. Perhaps you may fall into the same state of misery in which I now am ; for I know that I am doomed to hell for having quitted the Roman Church. I was a priest and a monk, and I cannot escape from the religion you are about to adopt, because I have a wife and four children dependent upon me." He then x 322 Life of M. Olier. bade the youth stay neither to eat nor to drink, but to leave the place at once, before God had wholly abandoned him. Filled with horror, Clement asked him whither he should go, and the old man directed him to proceed at once to the Cure" of Estree, six miles distant, who would instruct him and put him in the way of salvation. This advice he followed, remained ten days with the good priest of Estrde, and, on returning to Paris, devoted himself to the conversion of heretics, earning his livelihood at the same time by working at his trade. His practice was to take up a position within the enclosure, or in the vaults of the church, after Pere Veron had descended from the pulpit, and, letting the Protestants first adduce their texts of Scripture and urge their objections, he would explain the passages they had quoted, and show that rightly understood they were not opposed to the faith of Catholics ; and then, in turn, propounding the true doctrine, he would support it by Scriptural proofs, so aptly chosen, and enforced with so much simplicity and sweetness, yet with such marvellous clearness and force, that numbers of those who had only been irritated and confounded by the arguments of the learned doctor were convinced and converted. He knew almost the whole of the Bible in French by heart, an accomplishment which gave him great influence with the Protestants ; nor was his acquaintance with Catholic doctrine less extraordinary than his familiarity with Holy Scripture and his insight into the meaning of the sacred text. Indeed, such was the ability he displayed in the difficult art of controversy, that (as M. du Ferrier says in his Mhnoires) the priests of the Com munity would often leave the dispute in his hands, when by a few words he would dissipate doubts which long hours of discussion had failed to remove. So great was his success that (as we learn from the same authority) in one year he made on an average six converts a day. These conversions were sometimes accompanied, in the case of very ignorant persons, with circumstances which showed that the grace of God gave an efficacy to his words indefinitely surpassing any persuasive power they might naturally possess ; and M. du Ferrier, who, on P. Veron's falling ill, succeeded that theologian in the office of preaching to Protestants, records his conviction that argument has incalculably less to do with the conversion of souls than many are apt to suppose ; for that he found on inquiry that the reasons which had weighed most with the persons he had addressed were such as had formed no part of his discourse. The other gifted individual was Beaumais, a draper. Like Inertness and laxity of the clergy. 323 Clement, he was on the point of abandoning the faith for the pur pose of marrying a Protestant, who made his apostacy the condition of her consent to the union, when remorse of conscience took him to Clement, who not only delivered him from the distressing doubts to which his mind was a prey, but induced him to join with him in combating heresy and teaching the truth. By a wonderful effect of divine grace he received an infused knowledge both of the true sense of Holy Scripture and of the right interpretation of the Fathers, wholly independent of any instruction or study ; and at M. Olier's desire he established himself in the Faubourg St. Germain, where his exertions were crowned with astonishing success. His powers of disputation were allowed to surpass those of the ablest doctors of the University of Paris, and no one could be compared with him, uneducated as he was, for the facility and completeness with which he refuted the objections and exposed the inconsistencies of the Protestant teachers. His labours were not confined to this single parish, for he visited in turn the towns most infected with heresy, and succeeded in reclaiming large numbers of Calvinists to the faith of the Church. Beaumais, like Clement, did not quit his business as long as he remained at Paris. The clergy allowed him a pension of 400 livres, and he dined every Sunday with the seminarists of St. Sulpice. That Clement continued to work at his trade is proved by the fact that in the year 1649 he was chosen by the associated artisans of Paris to be their spokesman before the King and Queen. In his harangue, which was published, he speaks of himself as living by the labour of his hands. He died in 1650, or 1654, with the universal reputation of sanctity. Both Beaumais and Clement, it may be added, were equally skilful and successful in their disputations with Jansenists. It would seem as if by these two striking examples God would prove to the clergy of France the little efficiency of educational polish, theo logical knowledge, or dialectic acuteness, when unaccompanied with those high moral qualifications and those supernatural virtues — humility, patience, sweetness, charity — which He requires in the preachers of His word. This it was which made Adrien Bourdoise so indignantly exclaim, " The world is sick enough, but the clergy is not less so ; frivolity, impurity, immodesty everywhere prevail. Our priests for the most part stand with folded arms, and God is forced to raise up laymen — cutlers and haberdashers — to do the work of these lazy ecclesiastics. Seldom now-a-days do we meet with a man who is 324. Life of M. Olier. well-born, learned, and at the same time a devoted servant of God. Whence is it that God makes use of M. Beaumais the draper and M. Clement the cutler, both laymen, as His instruments for the conver sion of such numbers of heretics and bad Catholics at Paris, but that He finds not bachelors, licentiates, or doctors, filled with His Spirit, whom He can employ for the purpose ? It is the heaviest reproach, the bitterest affront, He can offer to the clergy of an age so devoid of humility. Long live the draper and the cutler ! ' Non multi sapientes, non multi potentes, 11011 multi nobiles.'1 " * Even if it be admitted that there was something of rhetorical exaggeration in this vehement pro test, attributable to the ardent zeal of this outspoken man, it may at least be taken as indicative of the extent and the enormity of the evil against which it was directed.! Unable to procure the discontinuance of the fair which, as we have seen, was held for two months together in the Faubourg St. Germain, M. Olier laboured to suppress some of the more flagrant scandals ; as, for instance, the exhibition and exposure for sale of pictures and other objects offensive to modesty. With his habitual fearlessness lie went himself into the midst of the crowds, and, with the authority which his very presence carried with it, succeeded in putting a stop to the worst disorders. When unable to go in person, he commis sioned some of the more influential members of his community to act in his stead, and in cases where their interference was productive of little or no effect, he had recourse to the civil authorities, from whom, to their honour be it recorded, he never failed to receive prompt and effective support. An incident which made some noise at the time may here be related. The head of a troop of strolling players who were perform ing during the fair fell dangerously ill, and desired to receive the Last Sacraments. The priest who attended him felt himself justified in giving him absolution, but refused to bring him the Holy Viaticum, on account of his profession, to which, as being dangerous to morals, a particular scandal attached. As the man grew worse, his friends came late at night to the Presbytery, and begged again and again that their dying comrade might be permitted to receive Communion ; but M. Olier was inexorable. His refusal, which was conveyed in * i Cor. i. 26. + In Abelly's Life of St. Vincent de Paul we find two bishops using language, when writing to the Saint, no less condemnatory of the lives of the clergy in their respective dioceses. Disbanding of Molieres troop. 325 terms of the most earnest charity, had such an effect on one of the party that, two days afterwards, from motives of conscience, he retired from the stage altogether; and, to M. Olier's joy and con solation, the sick man himself, acknowledging his unworthiness to receive the boon he had solicited, solemnly engaged from that moment to renounce his profession for ever, a promise which, on recovering his health, he faithfully performed. The occurrence created considerable sensation in Paris, and the matter was discussed at the monthly meeting of the clergy, who unanimously approved the conduct of the ecclesiastic in question. Nevertheless, it was deemed advisable to advert to the circumstance from the pulpit, and to enter fully into the reasons which justified the course that had been taken. It so happened that the manager of a company of actors, who styled himself comedian to the Duke of Orleans, was present at this discourse, and, offended at the same designation being applied to a mere strolling player, he went to the Presbytery and made a formal remonstrance. He met with a most courteous reception, and was patiently listened to while he enlarged on the dignity of his profession, as compared with that of an itinerant buffoon who performed before a rabble in a booth ; but all that was urged in return made no impression upon him, and he was about to retire with a profusion of compliments expressive of the high esteem in which he held so zealous a body of ecclesiastics, when, on his politely declaring that his services would ever be at their command, the ecclesiastic to whom he addressed himself took him at his word, and said that there was one thing he could do by which he would infinitely oblige them. The actor again protested his readiness to do anything in his power. "Then," answered the other, "promise me that you will recite the Litany of the Blessed Virgin every day on your knees." The actor willingly consented, little thinking to what he was engaging himself; for in a few days he returned to the Presbytery a changed man, declaring that he had once for all abandoned the stage, and was now in the service of M. de Fontenay-Mareuil, who was proceeding as ambassador to Rome. How profound was the impression produced on the minds and consciences of the people by the zeal of M. Oiier and his community, may be inferred from the fact that even Moliere's * own troop of * The name of this famous dramatist was Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, but he took the name of Moliere to spare his parents, homely and worthy people, the disgrace, as it was then accounted, of being known to have a son connected with the stage. 326 Life of M. Olier. comedians, despite his extraordinary talent both as a play-writer and as a performer in his own dramas, were obliged to disband because they found themselves deserted by their audience. The theatre was situated in the Faubourg St. Germain and was supported by the Prince de Conti, previously to his conversion, and by other young men of rank. Nevertheless, Moliere himself, with a certain number of actors whom he engaged to accompany him, was fain to betake himself to the provinces, and did not return to Paris till the year after M. Olier's death. Never was pastor more devoted to the interests of his flock. There is nothing, perhaps, of which an active-minded, hard-worked man is naturally more jealous than his time ; yet M. Olier was ever at the disposal of others. With all his multifarious avocations, he was always accessible to those who sought his counsel or assist ance ; and such was his sweetness and kindliness of disposition that he could not bear to deny himself even to those who seemed to wish to converse with him solely for their own gratification. He received all comers with a certain respect, blended with humility, never betrayed any movement of impatience at being detained from his other occupations, and was never the first to terminate the inter view. Sometimes when, towards the end of the day, his colleagues observed that he was exhausted with fatigue, they would suggest that he should admit no more visitors until the morrow; but he would answer, " Our time is not our own ; it belongs to Jesus Christ. We ought to employ every moment of it as He directs ; and since He permits these persons to come to us now, so far from not admitting them, we ought, in a spirit of submission to His adorable provi dence, to receive them with joy and affection." A charity so self- sacrificing was accompanied with a sensible blessing ; for many who were leading a sinful, worldly life, and who visited him simply from motives of courtesy, were converted and gained to God, although the conversation apparently had been confined to ordinary subjects. The influence he thus acquired was very great, and he used it to induce persons engaged in the world and moving in its highest circles to lead, nevertheless, a devout and interior life. Under his Sufficient reason for the disfavour with which he was regarded by the Church may be found in the fact that "the tendency of his dramatic productions was to lower the moral standard, by almost invariably engaging the sympathy of the audience and getting the laugh on the side of the wrong-doer, by whose superior smartness honesty, truth, and justice are made ridiculous" (The Month, May, 1884, p. 151), and, it may be added, to render piety and devotion contemptible and odious. Instructions on religious and social duties. 327 direction, numbers of public men, holding judicial and other civil appointments, as well as many ladies of the first distinction, practised daily meditation, spiritual reading, and other devotional exercises, without, therefore, neglecting any of their social or official duties ; while others, of all classes, who had more leisure at their command, he encouraged to adopt a fixed rule of life, and assigned them particular hours in each day for mental prayer, visiting the Blessed Sacrament, assisting the sick poor, and similar works of charity. He exhorted fathers of families to give a vigilant eye to the con duct of their children and dependents, and to see that they obeyed the precepts of the Church, particularly in keeping holy the Sundays and other festivals, and observing the days of fasting and abstinence. On the rich especially he urged the obligation of regulating their household expenditure in conformity with the rules of Christian modesty and sobriety, of practising almsgiving according to their ability, and, in short, fulfilling all the duties proper to their state and sanctifying each day by a good use of that precious time of which God, the Judge of all, would demand a strict account. He reminded shopkeepers and workpeople, who had to attend to the calls of business and maintain themselves by the labour of their hands, that they were none the less bound to live as Christians, — as those who by baptism had been made the children of God and heirs of eternal life, — and taught them how, in the midst of their every day employment, they were to keep their consciences clean, to lift up their hearts to God, and refer all their acts to Him, not only those which directly concerned piety, but even the most in different and commonplace. These holy lessons he set forth, in detail, in a work which he composed for the use of his parishioners and entitled The Christian Day. Further, he bade his people remember that they had duties to perform as members of civil society, which was the ordinance of God ; that no man, whatever his rank or condition, was independent of his neighbour, or could so much as exist without his co-operation and assistance ; accord ingly, that in the exercise of their several trades and handicrafts they ought to regard themselves simply as the instruments of Divine Providence whose office it was to help in supporting their fellow- creatures, and that buyers and employers should receive with thanks giving the goods they purchased and the products with which they were supplied, as coming from the hands of God. " If," said he, " all would enter into these Christian views, trade and commerce, 328 Life of M. Olier. instead of being made the occasion of fraud and injustice, would become, as Providence designed them to be, a daily source of graces and a very means of sanctification."* From the moment M. Olier first entertained the idea of under taking the pastoral charge of St. Sulpice, he had resolved on the establishment of a house in which females could attend all the exercises of a retreat, an advantage which hitherto had been denied them. This design, with the aid of Marie Rousseau, he now carried into effect. At first only women of the lower ranks were admitted to these retreats, but afterwards the higher classes enjoyed the same privilege. This institution was also made subservient to the accom plishment of another very important object. In every large parish there are numerous works to be done which zealous and prudent females, like the Deaconesses of the primitive Church, are well qualified to undertake, some, indeed, with which it might be unad- visable for the clergy personally to concern themselves ; as, for instance, the maintenance and supervision of fallen women who desire to reform their lives. But there were many other offices of a kindred nature in which they were employed, according to their condition and capacity. Thus, some were charged with instructing and preparing young girls for domestic service, or placing them with persons who would act as parents and guardians to them until such time as they were able to maintain themselves. Others, again, occupied their leisure hours with making clothes for the poor, or furnishing linen and ornaments for the altar and seeing to the clean ing and repairing of the same. All these works were placed under the direction of three widows selected for their eminent virtues and abilities, with whom were associated other widows and younger women who, after being themselves instructed and trained, were employed as school-teachers. The latter, before entering on their duties, were required to pass an examination at the Abbey of St. Germain, in order to prove their efficiency and fitness for their office. Among the parishioners who took a prominent part in these * M. Faillon, in one of those valuable notes which follow each chapter in his work, gives an extract from an address of M. Olier's on this subject which, instructive as it is to read, must have been most effective when delivered, contain ing as it does lessons of far greater practical value than may be found in many an elaborate treatise on social economy and science which ignores the relations of man to man as God in His Providence established them. The Maisou ({Instruction. 329 various works of charity may especially be mentioned Marguerite Rouille, widow of Jacques Le Bret, Royal Counsellor at the Chatelet de Paris, who in 1648, conjointly with other ladies, founded a school for poor girls, With her was associated another remarkable woman, who has already been incidentally alluded to, Mme. Claude de Seve, widow of M. Tronson, formerly Secretaire du Cabinet. She had been under the direction of P. de Condren, and at his death had, by the advice of P. de Saint-Pe,* a priest of the Oratory, taken M. Olier as her spiritual guide. To her are addressed many of his letters, still preserved, which are a monument at once of the pastor's enlightened zeal and of his penitent's rare perfections. But the greatest work of all, and that which may be said to have been the complement of the rest, was the establishment of a central house, called La Maison d'Instruction, in which young girls who had left school and whom their parents had not the means of supporting were taught useful handicrafts by which they might be able to earn a decent livelihood. This institution originated with Marie Rous seau, who had commenced a similar undertaking in her own dwel ling, but in 1657 it was transferred to more commodious premises, and, after receiving the approbation of the Vicar-General of the Abbey and the royal confirmation by letters patent, was erected into a community, which became known as that of the Sisters of Christian Instruction. The rules were drawn up by Marie Rousseau and the house itself placed under the immediate direction of that saintly woman, who was thus enabled to devote her whole energies to the accomplishment of the reforms for which she had prayed so long and laboured so much. She had a most valuable assistant in the person of Mile. Leschassier, in connection with whom a charac teristic incident was before related. This lady was as distinguished for her rare talents and intelligence as for her untiring zeal, and the fruits of her labours were such as to vindicate in a remarkable manner the spiritual discernment of M. Olier, who had advised * Pere de Saint-Pe became Superior of St. Magloire, and, after the death of their holy founder, the Sulpicians had frequent recourse to him for advice and encouragement, regarding him as the inheritor of P. de Condren's spirit and maxims. It is to P. de Saint-Pe that we are chiefly indebted for the work pub lished (as already mentioned) under the name of P. 330 Life of M. Olier. her not to enter religion, as she was once disposed to do, but to remain in the world and dedicate herself to the service of the poor of Christ. She made herself the friend of all who needed help, particularly of the women and girls, whom she consoled in their troubles and fortified by her counsels with a tender solicitude and a keenness of perception as to their individual characters and require ments so remarkable, as to show that she was endowed with a special gift for the fulfilment of the ends to which she had devoted her life. To her was committed the superintendence of the Orphanage which M. Olier subsequently founded, and which was mainly supported by her munificence. The immediate management of the institution was confided, on the nomination of the wardens and with the approval of the Abbe" de St. Germain, to Mile. Anne de Valois, who from the purest motives of charity undertook the personal care and instruction of the inmates. Some estimate may be formed of the readiness with which all classes responded to the call of their pastor, and of the vast amount of hard work which was accomplished under his direction, if we enumerate the several meetings which were held every month for the transaction of business in connection with the various institu tions. Thus, the first and third Sundays were devoted to new con verts, whether from heresy or from a life of sin ; the second and fourth to the bashful poor, whose condition was often far more pitiable than that of persons whose destitution was apparently as great or even greater ; while the first Saturday and the twenty-fifth day of each month were set apart for receiving poor children into the free schools. On the first and third Sundays also the Conseil Charitable, of which more will be said hereafter, held its sittings for the settlement of disputes and the prevention of litigation. Other meetings were held on the first Thursday in each month for reliev ing the sick poor ; on the first Saturday for assisting poor cripples, the blind, the paralytic, and other sufferers ; on the second Thursday for supplying little children with milk and farinaceous food, and engaging nurses for those whose mothers were unable to render them the personal care they needed. In fine, certain ecclesiastics were charged on particular days with procuring the liberation of prisoners, while some of the more experienced ladies of the Faubourg undertook to provide work for girls who were without employment. " The zeal displayed by the parishioners of St. Sulpice," says M. du Ferrier, "was the theme of universal admiration; it was only His devotion to the Chair of Peter, 331 necessary to propose good works, whether corporal or spiritual, and persons were always to be found ready to execute them." Of M. Oiler's filial love and veneration for the Sovereign Pontiff it is needless to speak. Devotion to the Chair of Peter was with him an integral part of Christian piety, an indispensable element in the spiritual life.* The obedience he rendered to the Vicar of Christ was not the mere submission of heart and will to an authority ordained of God ; he recognised therein the priesthood and the royalty of Jesus and the energizing presence of the very Spirit of Truth and of Power. But, in addition to all this, as Cure of St. Sulpice, he was bound by special ties to the Holy See. From ancient times St. Peter had been the principal patron of the church, and was still so regarded, although, owing to the multitude of miracles which were wrought on occasion of the translation of the relics of St. Sulpice in the year 1518, it had come to be called, as it has continued to be called, by the name of the latter. More over (as was before stated) the parish was subject to the immediate jurisdiction of the Holy See, as represented by the Abbe de St. Germain. The following extract from M. Olier's spiritual writings shows the value he attached to this circumstance, and the fruit he sought to derive from the contemplation of it. " By a particular order of Divine Providence," he says, " the Faubourg St. Germain, which from time immemorial the Holy See has reserved in imme diate dependence on itself in token of its universal jurisdiction, is governed by the Abbe de St. Germain, to whom the Holy Father gives episcopal authority over this territory. But, seeing that, although he invests him with this authority, he does not impress upon him the character of the episcopate, which nevertheless is a source of life to us — as in every diocese it is the principle of that influence which sanctifies the whole flock, — it is not his wish thereby to deprive the people of St. Germain of that aid, or to take from them that which ordinarily is the animating principle of all parishes. He seems rather to desire to reserve to himself that holy influence obliging us to regard him as the sole principle of our life, and to derive from him the spirit which other dioceses find in their bishops. We ought, in consequence, to have a great trust and an unfailing confidence in the Prince of the Apostles, and esteem our selves happy that the goodness of God obliges us thereto, by giving * This idea was developed with singular force and beauty by Father Faber in his Sermon on Devotion to the Pope, published in 1860. 332 Life of M. Oiler. him to us as our patron and requiring his image to be always exposed upon the altar of our church and ever present before our eyes. Moreover, all the exterior forms of worship are the same in our church as they are at Rome ; for we use the same chant, the same ceremonies, the same ritual, and, as these things are but an expression of the interior spirit and hidden life which reigns in the Church, they represent to us the spirit, grace, and life which flow from the Holy Father our Head, and oblige us to show him special reverence, submit ourselves humbly to his rule, and, in his person, to the divine apostolate of St. Peter, in order that we may have a share in that fulness of spirit which is in him and distribute it through the world." In the same spirit of obedience to the authority of the Church, and, indeed, to the slightest indications of its will, this true pastor of souls strove to interest his people in the devotions and ceremonies which marked the different times and seasons of the ecclesiastical year, and instruct them in their deep significance. He deemed it a matter of the utmost importance that they should be imbued with this knowledge, as being a most effectual means of familiarising their minds with the several mysteries of the Incarnate Word and thereby leading them to reform and sanctify their lives. He seemed to have received a particular gift for explaining these things, and the fruits were both conspicuous and abundant. It has been said that the sermons and the numerous offices of the Church were largely attended by all classes, but M. Olier succeeded also in inspiring a special devotion for pilgrimages, and particularly for that of Notre Dame des Vertus, at Aubervilliers, near St. Denis,* * This pilgrimage owes its origin to a miraculous image of the Blessed Virgin, which, in 1338, attracted an immense concourse of people to the spot. During the spring of that year there was a great dearth of water ; but on the second Tuesday in the month of May, a young girl, going to decorate the image with flowers, was surprised to observe it all bathed in moisture, notwithstanding the heat and dryness of the season. On the people assembling at the tidings, there fell an abundant supply of rain, which was followed by a number of miracles, and, among the rest, by the restoration to life of two children, which took place under circumstances which precluded the possibility of fraud or collusion. Hence the shrine acquired the name of Notre Dame des Vertus, or Our Lady of Miracles, for such is the meaning attached to the term. It was here that M. Olier (as related in chapter ix. ) received those remarkable favours from heaven, previous to the establishment of the Seminary of Vaugirard. From 1646 to 1689 the seminarists of St. Sulpice took part in the parochial procession, but in the latter year the pilgrimage was discontinued in consequence of certain Increased respect for the clergy. 333 which was performed every year on Whit-Tuesday by the parishioners and seminarists of St. Sulpice ; members of the higher classes taking part therein, to the great edification of the people. It was an act of devotion which involved no slight amount of labour and fatigue, as the procession left the church at half-past two in the morning and did not return till late in the day, halting on the way both at La Villette and at St. Lazare. This general renewal of piety was accompanied with a correspond ing increase of reverence for the priestly character and office, and the clergy were able to go at all hours into the loneliest quarters of the city without fear of injury or insult. The very thieves and street-robbers treated them with respect ; and M. du Ferrier relates how, being surrounded one dark night by a gang of these men, who felt his clothes in order to ascertain whether he wore a cassock, he had the courage to harangue them on the infamy of their lives, and with such effect that they offered themselves as an escort to protect him on his way home, and promised to abandon their evil courses. On the occasion, also, of a tumult caused by the revival of an obnoxious tax,* when a violent mob were trying to break into the church, in order to sound the tocsin and summon the people to arms, he affected to believe that they were Huguenots who had come with the intention of profaning the sacred building and offering outrage to the Blessed Sacrament. On their protesting they were Catholics, — " What ! " he cried, " do you believe that our Lord Jesus Christ dwells in the tabernacle in the holy ciborium ? " " We do," they replied. " Then, my dear friends," said he, " how abuses which occurred, and was replaced, first, by one to the Val de Grace and, afterwards, by one to Notre Dame de Paris ; but in 1750 the practice was entirely relinquished. The seminarists, however, still retained a particular devo tion to the place, and to this day make pilgrimages to it during their vacation.
| 35,334 |
https://github.com/CiaccoDavide/DefinitelyTyped/blob/master/types/ckeditor__ckeditor5-font/ckeditor__ckeditor5-font-tests.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
DefinitelyTyped
|
CiaccoDavide
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 201 | 819 |
import { Editor } from '@ckeditor/ckeditor5-core';
import {
Font,
FontBackgroundColor,
FontBackgroundColorEditing,
FontBackgroundColorUI,
FontColor,
FontColorEditing,
FontColorUI,
FontFamily,
FontFamilyEditing,
FontFamilyUI,
FontSize,
FontSizeEditing,
FontSizeUI,
} from '@ckeditor/ckeditor5-font';
import DocumentColorCollection from '@ckeditor/ckeditor5-font/src/documentcolorcollection';
import ColorTableView from '@ckeditor/ckeditor5-font/src/ui/colortableview';
import ColorUI from '@ckeditor/ckeditor5-font/src/ui/colorui';
import { Locale } from '@ckeditor/ckeditor5-utils';
class MyEditor extends Editor {}
const editor = new MyEditor();
Font.requires.map(Plugin => new Plugin(editor));
new Font(editor);
FontSize.requires.map(Plugin => new Plugin(editor).init());
new FontSize(editor);
FontColor.requires.map(Plugin => new Plugin(editor));
new FontColor(editor);
FontFamily.requires.map(Plugin => new Plugin(editor).init());
new FontFamily(editor);
new FontSizeUI(editor).init();
FontBackgroundColor.requires.map(Plugin => new Plugin(editor));
new FontBackgroundColor(editor);
new FontBackgroundColorEditing(editor);
new FontBackgroundColorUI(editor);
new FontColorEditing(editor);
new FontColorUI(editor).init();
new FontFamilyEditing(editor).init();
new FontFamilyUI(editor).init();
new FontSizeEditing(editor).init();
new FontSizeUI(editor).init();
new DocumentColorCollection().add({ color: '', label: '', options: { hasBorder: true } });
new ColorTableView(new Locale(), {
colors: [{ color: '', label: '', options: { hasBorder: true } }],
columns: 1,
removeButtonLabel: '',
documentColorsLabel: '',
documentColorsCount: 0,
});
new ColorUI(editor, { commandName: '', icon: '', componentName: '', dropdownLabel: '' }).init();
// $ExpectType Font
editor.plugins.get('Font');
// $ExpectType FontBackgroundColor
editor.plugins.get('FontBackgroundColor');
// $ExpectType FontBackgroundColorEditing
editor.plugins.get('FontBackgroundColorEditing');
// $ExpectType FontBackgroundColorUI
editor.plugins.get('FontBackgroundColorUI');
// $ExpectType FontColor
editor.plugins.get('FontColor');
// $ExpectType FontColorEditing
editor.plugins.get('FontColorEditing');
// $ExpectType FontColorUI
editor.plugins.get('FontColorUI');
// $ExpectType FontFamily
editor.plugins.get('FontFamily');
// $ExpectType FontFamilyEditing
editor.plugins.get('FontFamilyEditing');
// $ExpectType FontFamilyUI
editor.plugins.get('FontFamilyUI');
// $ExpectType FontSize
editor.plugins.get('FontSize');
// $ExpectType FontSizeEditing
editor.plugins.get('FontSizeEditing');
// $ExpectType FontSizeUI
editor.plugins.get('FontSizeUI');
| 28,573 |
https://github.com/geophile/sql-layer/blob/master/fdb-sql-layer-core/src/test/resources/com/foundationdb/sql/optimizer/rule/compact-exprs/multiple-conditions.sql
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
sql-layer
|
geophile
|
SQL
|
Code
| 34 | 68 |
SELECT name, order_date, quan, sku
FROM customers
INNER JOIN orders ON customers.cid = orders.cid
INNER JOIN items ON orders.oid = items.oid
WHERE NOT (name LIKE '%Smith' OR sku = '1234')
AND quan > 1000
| 19,205 |
https://openalex.org/W1986762748
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,013 |
Development of an Automated Imaging Pipeline for the Analysis of the Zebrafish Larval Kidney
|
Jens H. Westhoff
|
English
|
Spoken
| 10,211 | 19,262 |
Jens H. Westhoff1*, Stefan Giselbrecht2, Miriam Schmidts3, Sebastian Schindler1, Philip L. Beales3,
Burkhard Tönshoff1, Urban Liebel4,6*, Jochen Gehrig5,6* Jens H. Westhoff1*, Stefan Giselbrecht2, Miriam Schmidts3, Sebastian Schindler1, Phil
Burkhard Tönshoff1, Urban Liebel4,6*, Jochen Gehrig5,6* 1 Department of Pediatrics I, University Children’s Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany;, 2 Institute for Biological Interfaces , Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, 3 Molecular Medicine Unit, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London (UCL),
Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom, 4 Institute for Applied Computer Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,
Germany, 5 Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany, 6 Accelerator Laboratory, Innovation
Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Abstract 241955) to PLB, the Stiftung Landesbank Baden-Württemberg to JHW, the Dutch Kidney foundation (CP11.18) to PLB and MS and institutional
funding from Innovation Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany. MS was funded by an Action Medical Research UK clinical training
fellowship (RTF-1411) and PLB is a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow. We acknowledge support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Open
Access Publishing Fund of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or
preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have the following conflicts. UL is co-founder and executive director, and JG is application strategist at Acquifer GmbH. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies
on sharing data and materials. * E-mail: jens.westhoff@med.uni-heidelberg.de (JHW); urban.liebel@kit.edun (UL); jochen.gehrig@kit.edu (JG) Received July 25, 2013; Accepted October 21, 2013; Published December 4, 2013 Copyright: © 2013 Westhoff et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attributi
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. thoff et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
tion, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This project was supported by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme funded projects DOPAMINET (http://
www.dopaminet.eu/; grant no. 223744) and Eurenomics (http://www.eurenomics.eu/; grant no. 305608) to UL, and SYSCILIA (http://www.syscilia.org/;
grant no. 241955) to PLB, the Stiftung Landesbank Baden-Württemberg to JHW, the Dutch Kidney foundation (CP11.18) to PLB and MS and institutional
funding from Innovation Department, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany. MS was funded by an Action Medical Research UK clinical training
fellowship (RTF-1411) and PLB is a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow. We acknowledge support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Open
Access Publishing Fund of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or
preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have the following conflicts. UL is co-founder and executive director, and JG is application strategist at Acquifer GmbH. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. Abstract This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies
on sharing data and materials. * E-mail: jens.westhoff@med.uni-heidelberg.de (JHW); urban.liebel@kit.edun (UL); jochen.gehrig@kit.edu (JG) Citation: Westhoff JH, Giselbrecht S, Schmidts M, Schindler S, Beales PL, et al. (2013) Development of an Automated Imaging Pipeline for the Analysis of
the Zebrafish Larval Kidney. PLoS ONE 8(12): e82137. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082137 Abstract The analysis of kidney malformation caused by environmental influences during nephrogenesis or by hereditary
nephropathies requires animal models allowing the in vivo observation of developmental processes. The zebrafish
has emerged as a useful model system for the analysis of vertebrate organ development and function, and it is
suitable for the identification of organotoxic or disease-modulating compounds on a larger scale. However, to fully
exploit its potential in high content screening applications, dedicated protocols are required allowing the consistent
visualization of inner organs such as the embryonic kidney. To this end, we developed a high content screening
compatible pipeline for the automated imaging of standardized views of the developing pronephros in zebrafish
larvae. Using a custom designed tool, cavities were generated in agarose coated microtiter plates allowing for
accurate positioning and orientation of zebrafish larvae. This enabled the subsequent automated acquisition of stable
and consistent dorsal views of pronephric kidneys. The established pipeline was applied in a pilot screen for the
analysis of the impact of potentially nephrotoxic drugs on zebrafish pronephros development in the Tg(wt1b:EGFP)
transgenic line in which the developing pronephros is highlighted by GFP expression. The consistent image data that
was acquired allowed for quantification of gross morphological pronephric phenotypes, revealing concentration
dependent effects of several compounds on nephrogenesis. In addition, applicability of the imaging pipeline was
further confirmed in a morpholino based model for cilia-associated human genetic disorders associated with different
intraflagellar transport genes. The developed tools and pipeline can be used to study various aspects in zebrafish
kidney research, and can be readily adapted for the analysis of other organ systems. Citation: Westhoff JH, Giselbrecht S, Schmidts M, Schindler S, Beales PL, et al. (2013) Development of an Automated Imaging Pipeline for the Analysis of
the Zebrafish Larval Kidney. PLoS ONE 8(12): e82137. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082137
Editor: Sheng-Ping Lucinda Hwang, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Taiwan
Received July 25, 2013; Accepted October 21, 2013; Published December 4, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Westhoff et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This project was supported by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme funded projects DOPAMINET (http://
www.dopaminet.eu/; grant no. 223744) and Eurenomics (http://www.eurenomics.eu/; grant no. 305608) to UL, and SYSCILIA (http://www.syscilia.org/;
grant no. Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Despite rodent studies and observational reports in humans,
detailed
data
on
potential
harmful
side
effects
on
nephrogenesis is still missing for many drugs and chemical
compounds [4,5]. Additionally, there is a lack of large-scale
chemical screens for modifiers of hereditary nephropathies. This is mainly due to the very laborious and time-consuming
testing of substance specific effects on normal and abnormal
organogenesis using standard experimental setups, thus
hampering investigations on a larger scale. Additionally, in vivo
imaging of kidney development in a spatiotemporal context is
not feasible in rodents, necessitating animal models that are
experimentally
more
accessible. Furthermore,
dedicated
imaging techniques are required which enable the in vivo
visualization of developing organs and tissues on a larger
scale. function of the zebrafish pronephros can aid in the
understanding of the role of genes mutated in kidney disease,
or the impact of compounds on renal development and function
in humans [17]. Thus, the combination of this in vivo model
system with automated imaging technologies could serve as a
tool for the large scale analysis of kidney phenotypes. However, to our current knowledge, a screening platform
compatible with in vivo imaging of zebrafish larval kidneys has
not been described yet. Here, we delineate the development of an automated HCS
compatible imaging pipeline designed for live imaging of
zebrafish kidneys in chemical screening scenarios. Using a
custom designed orientation tool, embryos could be accurately
positioned in wells of microtiter plates allowing consistent
imaging of dorsal views of the pronephros. Subsequent
automated imaging was performed on a standard widefield
screening microscope and a data handling and visualization
pipeline was developed. A pilotscreen for morphological kidney
abnormalities was performed using a subset of potentially
nephrotoxic drugs applied to larvae of the Tg(wt1b:EGFP)
transgenic line in which the developing pronephros is
highlighted by GFP expression [19]. The obtained in vivo data
was cross-validated by histological analysis. In addition, we
demonstrate that the established microscopy platform can also
be utilized for genetic disease models. The
development
of
high
content
screening
(HCS)
technologies has had a major impact on biomedical and
pharmaceutical research, as these platforms are suitable for a
wide range of large-scale investigations using in vitro and in
vivo model systems [6]. Due to its small size and various other
experimental advantages, the zebrafish can be readily
employed in large scale in vivo assays. Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Moreover, the high
degree of anatomical and physiological homology to higher
vertebrates renders it a relevant model for biomedical research
[7]. Thus, the zebrafish has emerged as the main vertebrate
model system for whole organism screening experiments. Consequently, the zebrafish has been successfully used in
chemical, toxicological, behavioral and genetic screening
experiments [4,78910–11]. Moreover, its transparency in
combination with the wealth of mutant and transgenic zebrafish
strains available facilitates the large scale analysis of tissue-
specific phenotypes. This includes, for example, the search for
anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic or neuroactive compounds
[1213–14]. Fish keeping and embryo handling Adult zebrafish of the Tg(wt1b:EGFP) transgenic line [19]
were maintained according to reference [20]. Eggs were
collected
from
pairwise
and
batch
crossings. The
developmental stage of embryos was determined as previously
described [21]. Embryos were raised in fish water at 28°C. At
24 hpf embryos were enzymatically dechorionated using 10
mg/ml Pronase. Embryos were transferred to a beaker, washed
twice with 400 ml of fish water and transferred into clean petri
dishes [22]. Prior to transferring into agarose coated microtiter
plates, 48 or 72 hpf old larvae were anesthetized using 0.03%
tricaine. Ethics statement All zebrafish husbandry and experimental procedures were
performed in accordance with the German animal protection
standards and were approved by the Government of Baden-
Württemberg,
Regierungspräsidium
Karlsruhe,
Germany
(Aktenzeichen 35-9185.64). Despite its widespread usage in large scale experiments, it
remains challenging to fully exploit the advantages of this
model system in HCS experiments. Zebrafish embryos are
largely incompatible with standard HCS protocols developed
for other model systems, one of the reasons being that their
relatively large size and complex three-dimensional shape
often lead to random positioning and orientation of embryos
within wells of microtiter plates. This especially hampers
reproducibility and detailed visualization of cell or tissue
morphology, as well as developmental processes. Whilst
several studies and recent technological advances have tried
to address these challenges, they often require sophisticated
technical setups [15] or are incompatible with chemical
screening [16]. Thus, there remains a demand of easy-to-use
screening protocols and dedicated tools which can facilitate
performing complex zebrafish HCS assays. Introduction preterm newborns with ongoing nephrogenesis can interfere
with nephron generation and thus can cause short- and
potentially
long-term
kidney
impairment
[2]. Besides
environmental factors, hereditary nephropathies due to
mutations in genes encoding ciliary proteins are the most
common cause of end-stage renal disease in children due to
polycystic, cystic-dysplastic and/or nephronophthisis like renal
phenotypes [3]. Adverse environmental conditions and genetic influences
can have a major impact on organogenesis. According to
statistical surveys, 22-50% of all pregnant women take drugs
within the first trimenon of gestation, often whilst they are
unaware of their pregnancy [1]. However, nephrotoxic
medication taken by pregnant women or administered to December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 1 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Morpholino injections Antisense splice blocking morpholino oligonucleotides (Gene
Tools, LLC, Philomath, USA) were designed against the exon1-
intron1 and exon2 –intron2 boundary of zebrafish ift172 gene,
and ift80 morpholino has been previously published [23]. Morpholinos were injected into 1-cell stage embryos at 500 nM
concentration. Both ift172 morpholinos resulted in similar
phenotypes comparable to the phenotype previously published
[2425–26]. A standard control oligonucleotide was used as
control. Morpholino sequences: ift80 splice blocking MO: 5’-
AGGTGTATGTGGAACCTGTGATAAG-3’, ift172 Exon2 splice
donor
blocking
MO:
5’- Data handling, deconvolution and visualization Data handling, generation of multilayer tiffs and generation of
maximum projections were carried out using custom written
Perl scripts and Fiji [28] macros available on request. Fluorescence z-stacks were deconvolved with Huygens
Professional deconvolution software (SVI, Hilversum, The
Netherlands) using a theoretical point spread function based on
microscope parameters. Batch deconvolution was carried out
on a workstation with 24 CPU cores and 64 Gigabyte of
memory. Cropping of images and generation of overview
images was carried out using a Fiji macro (Macro S1). In brief,
maximum projection images were duplicated, automatically
thresholded and the resulting binary images were eroded. The
position of kidneys was detected by measuring the center of
mass. The corresponding coordinates were restored on original
images, a bounding box was defined and images were cropped
accordingly. Cropped images were loaded into a stack and
overview images were generated using the ‘Make Montage’
function of Fiji. ACGAGATGAGAGCTTACTTTTGGGT-3’, ift172 Exon1 splice
blocking
MO:
5’-ACGCTGTCAATATTTTACCTGAGGC-3’,
Standard
control
(ctr)
oligonucleotide:
5’-
CCTCTTACCTCAGTTACAATTTATA-3’. Drug treatment of embryos A subset of certain drug classes was chosen for which an
adverse effect on the developing kidney had been described in
animal and/or human studies [2]. To evaluate concentration-
dependent toxicity, 5 different concentrations of each drug (2.5
mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM, 40 mM) were tested. 24 hpf
dechorionated embryos were transferred to 6-well-plates and
treated with the following drugs dissolved in E3 solution with
0.003% 1-pheny-2-thiourea (PTU, Alfa Aesar, Karlsruhe, In the zebrafish larva, the functional pronephros comprises
only 2 nephrons with fused glomeruli located ventrally to the
dorsal aorta. Interestingly, despite tremendous differences in
nephron number, the composition of a single nephron shows
great homology at the cellular and molecular level between
human and zebrafish [17,18]. Additionally, kidney development
and function largely depend on the same orthologous genes for
all vertebrate kidneys. Therefore, studying formation and PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 2 Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Germany): penicillin G potassium salt (AppliChem, Darmstadt,
Germany), ampicillin sodium salt (AppliChem, Darmstadt,
Germany), gentamicin sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA),
kanamycin sulfate (AppliChem, Darmstadt, Germany), captopril
(CalBiochem, Darmstadt, Germany), losartan potassium salt
(Molekula,
Gillingham,
Dorset,
United
Kingdom),
acetaminophen (Caesar und Loretz, Hilden, Germany),
indomethacin sodium salt (AppliChem, Darmstadt, Germany). Treatment period was 24 hours. For indomethacin, lower
concentrations (0.01 mM, 0.025 mM, 0.05 mM, 0.075 mM and
0.1 mM) had to be applied due to 100% lethality rates at higher
concentrations. 2-4 repeats of each experiment were
performed. Total number of embryos that underwent drug
treatment is shown in Table S1. The pH was adjusted for each
experiment. Following drug treatment, the number of dead
larvae was assessed and the living larvae were transferred to
0.003% PTU containing E3 solution. For imaging studies,
0.03% tricaine was added to the medium. 4°C. Embryos were transferred in 100 µl fish water containing
PTU and tricaine (see above) and manually arrayed and
oriented under a stereomicroscope. To aid in positioning of
regions of interest within the grid-based and fixed field views of
the Scan^R system, embryos were positioned in such a way
that all yolk sacs were approximately at the same position
within cavities using features of the well plate as guidelines. Image acquisition Embryos were imaged on a standard Scan^R high-content
screening microscope (Olympus, Hamburg, Germany) [27] as
previously described [16,22]. Data was acquired using 33 z-
slices (Δz = 15μm) per embryo and channel using a 4x (N.A. =
0.13) objective. Integration times were fixed (80 ms for GFP). Imaging times were approximately 1 hour for a full 96 well
plate. For each experimental plate the A1 positions of the
imaging grid was re-centered to compensate for minor
differences in positioning of embryos. Generation of a 96 well template tool The tool is made from brass and consists of a base plate
with 96 perpendicular pins arranged in a certain way to match
the positions of the wells of a microtiter plate. The tool was
produced by CNC milling (Datron, M7). In a first step, the base
plate with the dimensions of 140 mm x 100 mm x 21 mm was
milled by a four flute end mill (20 mm). Secondly, the array of
96 pins with 11 mm height and rectangular footprint (5.9 mm x
1 mm) was created by partly thinning the base plate down to
9 mm between the pins (Four Flute End Mill, 6 mm and 3 mm,
respectively). Finally, the ends of the 96 pins were tapered to a
conical tip with 60° by utilizing a standard engraving tool. Analysis of morphological and pronephric phenotypes Analysis of morphological and pronephric phenotypes
Overall morphology was scored on a Leica MZ10 F
stereomicroscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). Lethality and pericardial/yolk sac edema were rated for each
experiment. Blinded analysis of tubular and glomerular
phenotypes was performed by SS and JHW on maximum
projections of deconvolved z-stacks. Using ImageJ, 2
parameters were manually measured for tubular structures: i)
maximum distance between the tubules and ii) angle between
neck segment and proximal convoluted tubule [18] being visible
in Tg(wt1b:EGFP) zebrafish. For description of glomerular
changes, the distance between the glomeruli was determined
and glomeruli were classified as either normal or showing
glomerular malformation judged by the glomerular area and
structure. Heatmaps were generated using matrix2png [29]. Standard positioning of embryos for chemical
screening The visualization of bilateral symmetric organs of zebrafish
embryos usually demands dorsal or ventral views. However,
consistent large scale imaging of zebrafish embryos remains
challenging in automated screening experiments, as stable and
reproducible positioning is complicated by the size and
complex three-dimensional shape of embryos. The screening system used in this study stores data as
single tiff files in one folder per experimental plate. To reduce
file number and thus facilitate subsequent data handling and
analysis tasks, multilayer tiff files were generated for each
imaging position and channel. Spatial widefield data usually
suffers from out-of-focus blur thus reducing overall image
quality [30]. To restore images, fluorescent datasets were
batch deconvolved with Huygens Professional software using a
theoretical point spread function [16]. Subsequently, maximum
projection images were generated from deconvolved z-stacks
(Figure 2E). The positions of larval kidneys were automatically
detected within maximum projections of deconvolved data
using the center of mass of the corresponding binary image
after automatic thresholding. To restrict image data to the
pronephric region and remove unnecessary areas, a bounding
box was defined around the center of mass and images were
cropped accordingly (Figure 2F). Subsequently, overview
images
were
generated
from
cropped
kidney
images
representing all kidneys in one 96-well plate, allowing for rapid
manual assessment of morphological phenotypes (Figure 2G). In summary, this pipeline allows consistent imaging and rapid
evaluation of gross morphological abnormalities of the
developing zebrafish kidney after compound treatment or in
genetic screens. It can also be easily adapted for the analysis
of other tissues and organs that require consistent imaging. To enable a simplified handling and precise positioning of
zebrafish larvae and to achieve consistent visualization of
tissues in high content screening scenarios, we have
developed a tool to create agarose molds in a standard
microtiter plate. The tool allows the preparation of agarose
coated 96 well plates in a single replication step. The tool
consists of a base plate with 96 rectangular pins, whose
positions exactly match the centers of wells of standard and
commercially available 96 well microtiter plates (Figure 1A, B). The pins end with a keel shaped geometry, which was
previously shown to be suitable for accurate ventral positioning
of zebrafish larvae [16]. Statistical analysis Data were evaluated using IBM® SPSS® Statistics Version
21. For lethality and edema rates and glomerular fusion and
malformation, statistical analysis was performed by Chi-square
test. Datasets of low sample sizes were additionally tested
using Fisher’s exact test. For tubular angle and distance,
means among treatment groups were compared using ANOVA
with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons as a post-
hoc test. Significance was defined as p<0.05. Pipeline for automated pronephros imaging To visualize and score renal phenotypes, we developed a
protocol for automated imaging of dorsal views of zebrafish
larval kidneys (Figure 2A). Prior to imaging, compound treated
or microinjected embryos of the Tg(wt1b:EGFP) stable
transgenic line were raised to the desired developmental stage
(48 or 72 hpf) and then transferred into microtiter plates
containing agarose cavities as described above (Figure 2B, C). To automatically image zebrafish kidneys, larvae were
manually positioned and oriented in the agarose cavities and
subsequently imaged on a standard widefield HCS microscope. To ensure capture of entire organs and compensate for minor
variations in z-positioning, each larva was acquired using z-
stacks with 33 slices in the bright field and GFP channel
(Figure 2D). The cavities in the plate allow larvae to be
positioned with high enough accuracy, so that regions of
interest (e.g. pronephros) are located within the limited field of
view for all plated embryos. Thus, the tool permits the organ
and
tissue
specific
screening
on
standard
screening
microscopes using a fixed field of view for all wells, without the
necessity of additional software modules for automatic
detection and centering the region of interests [16]. Histological analysis Histological analysis device allows generation of molds in each well independently,
thus avoiding cross-contamination, which was a major
limitation of the previous design. Furthermore, the restriction to
single wells and the depths of the cavities drastically minimizes
movement of surrounding medium leading to a massively
improved stability of orientation of embryos in comparison to
the silicone template. Thus, plates with oriented embryos and
larvae could be used in combination with automated plate
handling and stacking systems. Larvae were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight at 4°C. Samples were dehydrated through an ethanol series and
processed for embedding in Paraffin (Surgipath® Paraplast®,
Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany). 3 μm sections were cut
using a Leica RM 2165 microtome (Leica Microsystems,
Nussloch, Germany). Sections were deparaffinized in xylene
and rehydrated through graded washes of ethanol in water
before staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The stained
sections were imaged with a Leica DMI4000 B microscope
equipped with a Leica DFC320 digital camera. Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Preparation of agarose molds in microtiter plates Preparation of agarose molds in microtiter plates
70 µl of 1% agarose in fish water was added to each well of
a 96 well microtiter plate (Cat.-No. 655180, Greiner,
Frickenhausen, Germany) using a multi-channel pipette. The
agarose coated well plates were pre-cooled at room
temperature for one minute. To generate grooves the brass
tool was inserted, while adjusting the penetration depth of pins
using spacers. After solidification the tool was carefully
removed and plates were optionally stored in plastic bags at December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 3 Standard positioning of embryos for chemical
screening The tool was fabricated out of a solid
block of brass using CNC milling (Figure 1A, B), giving rise to a
precise work piece with identical xyz-dimensions of each pin
allowing the generation of deep keel-shaped cavities in wells of
a 96-well plate filled with agarose (Figure 1C). Such prepared
plates can be readily used to manually position specimen
enabling the subsequent automated acquisition of dorsal views
using inverted screening microscope systems (Figure 1D). using inverted screening microscope systems (Figure 1D). We recently demonstrated an alternative protocol for
automated dorsal imaging of oriented larvae using a silicone
tool to generate an array of 96 agarose molds [16]. However,
while plates generated with this tool can be employed for the
consistent automated imaging of tissues, the design prevents
utilization in chemical or drug screening applications. The novel December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 4 4 Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Figure 1. Standardized orientation of zebrafish embryos. (A,B) Photographs of the brass tool for the simultaneous generation
of agarose grooves within 96 well microtiter plates: (A) top view and (B) tilted view. For dimensions of the plate see Materials and
Methods section. (C) Schematic depiction of a single well with a ventrally oriented embryo within an agarose cavity. Drawing is not
to scale. (D) Illustrative example of aligned and oriented embryos. Shown are dorsal views of 48 hpf embryos acquired using a 2.5x
objective on an inverted wide field screening microscope. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082137.g001 Figure 1. Standardized orientation of zebrafish embryos. (A,B) Photographs of the brass tool for the simultaneous generation
of agarose grooves within 96 well microtiter plates: (A) top view and (B) tilted view. For dimensions of the plate see Materials and
Methods section. (C) Schematic depiction of a single well with a ventrally oriented embryo within an agarose cavity. Drawing is not
to scale. (D) Illustrative example of aligned and oriented embryos. Shown are dorsal views of 48 hpf embryos acquired using a 2.5x
objective on an inverted wide field screening microscope. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082137.g001 A pilot screen for drug-related effects on kidney
development dependent effects on overall survival rates, edema formation
and pronephric phenotypes. Detailed results are listed in Table
S1-S3. Color coded overview maps were also generated
(Figure 3I-M). To validate phenotypic alterations observed in
the transgenic model and thus confirm the utility of the
proposed screening pipeline, histological analysis of glomerular
and tubular cross-sections of 48 hpf larvae treated at the
highest non-lethal concentration was carried out (Figure S1). The pipeline was subsequently evaluated in a pilot screen to
investigate the impact of potentially nephrotoxic drugs on the
development of the zebrafish pronephros. To this end, a subset
of drugs from different classes was chosen for which an
adverse effect on the developing kidney was previously
identified in animal studies and/or human observations [2]. Dechorionated 24 hpf old embryos were treated with 8 different
drugs in increasing concentrations for 24 hours. Following drug
treatment, live larvae were imaged and data was visualized as
described above. Impact of tested compounds on kidney development Impact of tested compounds on kidney development
In humans, due to the putative absence of fetal toxicity at
therapeutic doses, penicillin antibiotics are widely prescribed to
pregnant women and frequently administered to preterm
newborns [31]. In our study, penicillin G potassium salt
administration increased lethality rates dose-dependently
(Figure 3I). Concomitantly, minor pronephric alterations were
observed including incompletely fused glomeruli (Figure 3B). On the other hand, ampicillin sodium salt did not cause higher
lethality, increased edema rates or major phenotypic renal
alterations (Figure 3C, I-M). Cross-sections of larvae treated
with penicillin G or ampicillin did not show major glomerular or
tubular alterations when compared to untreated control larvae
(Figure
S1A-C),
thus
confirming
results
obtained
by
fluorescence microscopy. Taken together, this indicates only To score lethality rates and development of pericardial and
yolk sac edema, treated larvae were examined on a stereo
microscope. The detailed results are listed in Table S1. To objectively quantify morphological abnormalities of the
pronephros following drug treatment, glomerular and tubular
alterations were discriminated in the Tg(wt1b:EGFP) transgenic
line. Glomerular alterations were subdivided into (i.) glomerular
malformation indicated by abnormal or reduced glomerular
shape and area, and (ii.) incomplete glomerular fusion
representing
aberrant
pronephros
development. Tubular
parameters were classified into (i.) the angle between the
tubular neck segment and the proximal convoluted tubule and
(ii.) variations in the maximum distance between the 2 tubular
systems (Figure 3A). Several drugs showed concentration PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 5 Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Figure 2. Overview of workflow for the automated imaging of the developing zebrafish pronephros. (A) Overview of the
workflow for screening larval kidneys. The flowchart illustrates the different steps carried out to obtain overview images of kidneys. (B) Initial compound treatment or microinjection of embryos prior to sample preparation and imaging. (C) Schematic illustrating the
transfer of embryos into agarose coated microtiter plates, and alignment and orientation of embryos. (D-G) Acquisition and
processing of image Data. D to F show data of the same embryo. (D) Automated acquisition of z-stacks (33 z-slices, dZ=15µm) on
an inverted widefield screening microscope. (E) Deblurring of images using deconvolution. Shown are maximum projections of z-
stacks of raw data (left panel) and deconvolved data (right panel). (F) Automated detection and cropping of the kidney region. The
red square indicates the position and dimensions of the cropped region. Impact of tested compounds on kidney development (G) Automated generation of overview images for quick
assessment of overall morphological changes. Indomethacin skeletal formula in (A) taken from (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
File:Indometacin_skeletal.svg). d i 10 1371/j
l
0082137
002 Figure 2. Overview of workflow for the automated imaging of the developing zebrafish pronephros. (A) Overview of the
workflow for screening larval kidneys. The flowchart illustrates the different steps carried out to obtain overview images of kidneys. (B) Initial compound treatment or microinjection of embryos prior to sample preparation and imaging. (C) Schematic illustrating the
transfer of embryos into agarose coated microtiter plates, and alignment and orientation of embryos. (D-G) Acquisition and
processing of image Data. D to F show data of the same embryo. (D) Automated acquisition of z-stacks (33 z-slices, dZ=15µm) on
an inverted widefield screening microscope. (E) Deblurring of images using deconvolution. Shown are maximum projections of z-
stacks of raw data (left panel) and deconvolved data (right panel). (F) Automated detection and cropping of the kidney region. The
red square indicates the position and dimensions of the cropped region. (G) Automated generation of overview images for quick
assessment of overall morphological changes. Indomethacin skeletal formula in (A) taken from (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
File:Indometacin_skeletal.svg). doi: 10 1371/journal pone 0082137 g002 minor effects of the 2 β-lactam antibiotics on pronephros
development. only a minor increase in lethality rates without significant
effects on edema formation (Figure 3I, J). Nevertheless,
glomerular malformation and incomplete glomerular fusion
were found for higher drug concentrations. Tubular angle was
slightly widened at higher doses (Figure 3D, M). Histological
analysis of gentamicin-treated larvae revealed no gross
morphological abnormalities, although a mild rarefication of Aminoglycosides,
although
not
recommended
during
pregnancy [31], are often used for treatment of neonatal
sepsis,
even
in
premature
newborns
with
on-going
nephrogenesis. However, serum drug concentrations can be
monitored to minimize the risk of renal and auditory toxicity
[32]. In our study, gentamicin sulfate administration caused PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 6 Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Figure 3. Overview of compound concentration-dependent pronephric phenotypes. Illustrative examples of pronephroi of a
(A) non-treated embryo, and after treatment with (B) 20 mM penicillin, (C) 40 mM ampicillin, (D) 40 mM gentamicin, (E) 40 mM
kanamycin, (F) 40 mM acetaminophen, (G) 40 mM captopril, (H) 10 mM losartan. For examples of phenotypes after Indomethacin
treatment see Figure 4A-E. Impact of tested compounds on kidney development Arrow and arrowheads in (A) indicate the different morphological parameters of the pronephros scored
to evaluate compound effect on the developing kidney. Arrow: fused glomeruli; Arrowhead: angle between the neck segment and
the proximal convoluted tubule. (I-M) Heatmaps showing (I) lethality rates, (J) edema rates and (K-M) changes in morphological
parameters of the pronephros. In detail, (K) incomplete glomerular fusion, (L) glomerular malformation and (M) tubular angle. For
further details see Materials and Methods and Tables S1-S3. Colour codes indicate the percentage of embryos (I-L) with particular
phenotype, or the angle between neck segment and proximal convoluted tubule (M) as indicated by the colour coded legend. Grey
squares indicate missing data points. Concentration ranges used are indicated above the heatmaps, or below for Indomethacin,
respectively. Abbreviations: penicillin (Pen), ampicillin (Amp), gentamicin (Gen), kanamycin (Kan), acetaminophen (Ace), captopril
(Cap), losartan (Los) and indomethacin (Ind). *p<0.05, **p<0.001. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082137.g003 Figure 3. Overview of compound concentration-dependent pronephric phenotypes. Illustrative examples of pronephroi of a
(A) non-treated embryo, and after treatment with (B) 20 mM penicillin, (C) 40 mM ampicillin, (D) 40 mM gentamicin, (E) 40 mM
kanamycin, (F) 40 mM acetaminophen, (G) 40 mM captopril, (H) 10 mM losartan. For examples of phenotypes after Indomethacin
treatment see Figure 4A-E. Arrow and arrowheads in (A) indicate the different morphological parameters of the pronephros scored
to evaluate compound effect on the developing kidney. Arrow: fused glomeruli; Arrowhead: angle between the neck segment and
the proximal convoluted tubule. (I-M) Heatmaps showing (I) lethality rates, (J) edema rates and (K-M) changes in morphological
parameters of the pronephros. In detail, (K) incomplete glomerular fusion, (L) glomerular malformation and (M) tubular angle. For
further details see Materials and Methods and Tables S1-S3. Colour codes indicate the percentage of embryos (I-L) with particular
phenotype, or the angle between neck segment and proximal convoluted tubule (M) as indicated by the colour coded legend. Grey
squares indicate missing data points. Concentration ranges used are indicated above the heatmaps, or below for Indomethacin,
respectively. Abbreviations: penicillin (Pen), ampicillin (Amp), gentamicin (Gen), kanamycin (Kan), acetaminophen (Ace), captopril
(Cap), losartan (Los) and indomethacin (Ind). *p<0.05, **p<0.001. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082137.g003 Figure 3. Overview of compound concentration-dependent pronephric phenotypes. Automated microscopy screening of genetic kidney
disease models Additionally, captopril and losartan treated larvae displayed
slightly altered glomerular structure in histological sections that
appeared less dense compared to controls (Figure S1G,
H).This data is partially consistent with animal studies showing
renal abnormalities after treatment with ACE inhibitors or
angiotensin receptors [4748–49]. g
y
y
[
]
Splice blocking morpholinos for ift80 and ift172 were
designed as described in the Methods section. By using the
standard positioning tool as described above, automated
imaging
of
dorsally
positioned
morpholino-injected
Tg(wt1b:EGFP) zebrafish (3 dpf) was performed in 96 well
plates (Figure 5A). Microscopy revealed a ventral curvature of
the tail (Figure 5B-D) affecting approximately 90% of all
morpholino
injected
embryos
and
consistent
with
the
phenotype previously described for ift80 morphants [23]. Morphological
alterations
in
fluorescence
microscopy
predominantly consisted of large cystic glomeruli (Figure 5E-G)
that were consistently reproducible [23], while embryos treated
with
standard
morpholino
showed
normal
glomerular
morphology. Cross-sections
of
both
ift80-
and
ift172-
morpholino injected Tg(wt1b:EGFP) zebrafish confirmed the
formation of large pronephric cysts (Figure S2A-C). Tubular
dilatation and epithelial flattening was observed both in
fluorescence images (Figure 5F, G) and histological sections
(Figure S2B, C). This further demonstrates that our pipeline is
suitable for large scale therapeutic screening investigations in
genetic models of renal disease such as ciliopathies. However,
the applicability largely depends on the morphological
phenotypes as severe malformations impair position accuracy
within cavities. NSAIDs are widely used for closure of patent ductus
arteriosus in preterms and are administered during pregnancy
for prevention and treatment of toxemia, polyhydramnions and
premature birth. However, exposure to NSAIDs during
pregnancy can cause hypoperfusion of the fetal kidneys and
acute renal failure in newborns with cystic changes of
developing nephrons and long-term renal dysfunction [2,50]. In
our study, concentrations of the non-selective COX1/COX2
inhibitor indomethacin had to be lowered due to 100% lethality
at higher doses. Strikingly, even at drastically lower
concentrations there was a severe phenotype (Figure 4A-E). This included concentration dependent increases in edema
formation
and
lethality
(Figure
4D,
F). Fluorescence
microscopy (Figure 4A, E) revealed significant concentration
dependent
increases
in
glomerular
malformation
and
incomplete glomerular fusion (Figure 4G). Furthermore, tubular
angles widened and tubular distances slightly shortened
(Figure 4H). Severe renal phenotypes were also confirmed in
histological sections of indomethacin treated larvae. Here, no
regular glomerulus was detectable ventrally to the dorsal aorta
and laterally seen glomerular structures appeared strongly
malformed or were not identifiable. Automated microscopy screening of genetic kidney
disease models been considered safe [38]. Its hepatotoxicity at high doses is
well described [39] and has recently been investigated in
zebrafish [40]. In addition, animal data further revealed fetal
kidney damage following acetaminophen administration to
pregnant rats [41]. In our study, acetaminophen caused
concentration dependent significant alterations of pronephros
morphology and an increase in edema formation, whereas
lethality
rates
remained
unchanged
(Figure
3F,
I-M). Histological sections confirmed severe renal phenotypes
following acetaminophen administration. No fused glomerulus
was detectable ventrally to the dorsal aorta and glomerular
structures appeared strongly malformed. In addition, tubular
epithelium was flattened (Figure S1F). These results match
previously published data showing dose-, duration- and onset-
dependent changes in pronephros morphology following
acetaminophen administration in zebrafish larvae [42]. Beyond performing toxicological screens for kidney damage,
the presented automated microscopy pipeline can be utilized in
the analysis of genetic disease models. Gene-knockdown or
knock-out
models
can
potentially
be
used
for
HCS
investigations for the search of therapeutic strategies for
hereditary kidney diseases. To test the utility of the developed
pipeline, we focused on cilia-associated human genetic
disorders. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) constitutes the bidirectional
transport of protein complexes along axonemal microtubules. IFT plays an essential role in the assembly and function of cilia
and flagella by contributing to cell motility, sensory perception
and cilium-based signaling [51,52]. IFT80 and IFT172 both are
members of the IFT-B subcomplex [53] and while IFT80
mutations in humans have been identified to cause Jeune
asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy [23], a congenital ciliary
chondrodysplasia condition associated with renal disease in
approximately 20% of cases [54], no human mutations in
IFT172 have been identified to date. However, abrogation of
Ift172 function in mice leads to a VACTERL-like phenotype
including renal malformations [55], indicating that IFT172 plays
an important role for kidney development in mammals. In
zebrafish, the insertional mutant line ift172hi2211Tg exhibits
glomerular cysts and a ventral body curvature [56]. Intake of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers
during pregnancy has been associated with fetopathies
including renal pathologies in humans [4344–45] and other
mammals [46]. In our study, captopril at 40 mM significantly
increased edema formation and induced concentration
dependent alterations in glomerular and tubular parameters
(Figure 3G, I-M). Losartan increased lethality rates and
glomerular and tubular parameters at higher concentrations,
while edema rates were unchanged (Figure 3H, I-M). Impact of tested compounds on kidney development Illustrative examples of pronephroi of a
(A) non-treated embryo, and after treatment with (B) 20 mM penicillin, (C) 40 mM ampicillin, (D) 40 mM gentamicin, (E) 40 mM
kanamycin, (F) 40 mM acetaminophen, (G) 40 mM captopril, (H) 10 mM losartan. For examples of phenotypes after Indomethacin
treatment see Figure 4A-E. Arrow and arrowheads in (A) indicate the different morphological parameters of the pronephros scored
to evaluate compound effect on the developing kidney. Arrow: fused glomeruli; Arrowhead: angle between the neck segment and
the proximal convoluted tubule. (I-M) Heatmaps showing (I) lethality rates, (J) edema rates and (K-M) changes in morphological
parameters of the pronephros. In detail, (K) incomplete glomerular fusion, (L) glomerular malformation and (M) tubular angle. For
further details see Materials and Methods and Tables S1-S3. Colour codes indicate the percentage of embryos (I-L) with particular
phenotype, or the angle between neck segment and proximal convoluted tubule (M) as indicated by the colour coded legend. Grey
squares indicate missing data points. Concentration ranges used are indicated above the heatmaps, or below for Indomethacin,
respectively. Abbreviations: penicillin (Pen), ampicillin (Amp), gentamicin (Gen), kanamycin (Kan), acetaminophen (Ace), captopril
(Cap), losartan (Los) and indomethacin (Ind). *p<0.05, **p<0.001. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082137.g003 capillary loops could be seen (Figure S1D). Kanamycin caused
a concentration-dependent increase in lethality and edema
formation (Figure 3I, J). However, glomerular and tubular
parameters remained unaltered (Figure 3E). Concordantly, no
major glomerular or tubular alterations were observed in
histological
sections
of
larvae
following
kanamycin
administration (Figure S1E). In other studies, microinjection of
gentamicin into the cardiac venous sinus led to acute renal
failure [33]. As only minor effects of gentamicin were observed in our study, it suggests that this may have been due to poorer
penetration into inner organs. Several human and animal
studies report on aminoglycoside-induced glomerular and
tubular damage in pre- and at-term newborns [3435–36]. Substance-specific differences in the degree of ototoxic and
nephrotoxic side effects among various aminoglycosides are
well known [37]. In humans, the intake of acetaminophen at therapeutic doses
during gestation and administration to preterm newborns has PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 7 December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Automated microscopy screening of genetic kidney
disease models Additionally, pronephric
tubular epithelium appeared flattened (Figure S1I). Thus, our
data in larval zebrafish matches previously published data from
other animal models confirming severe renal side effects of
indomethacin on kidney development during nephrogenesis
[50]. Conclusions Here, we demonstrate the development of an automated
screening pipeline for imaging developing kidneys in the
zebrafish larvae. This novel methodology allows for the
consistent acquisition of dorsal views of pronephric kidneys on
a standard inverted screening microscope. The platform can PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 8 Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Figure 4. Impairment of pronephros development upon indomethacin treatment. (A) Overview of pronephric alterations in
zebrafish larvae (50 hpf) following indomethacin administration for 24 hours. Row 1 shows control embryos, rows 2-6 zebrafish
embryos following indomethacin administration in increasing concentrations (row 2, 0.01 mM; row 3, 0.025 mM; row 4, 0.05 mM;
row 5, 0.075 mM and row 6, 0.1 mM). (B-E) Comparison of (B-C) 50 hpf control larva and (D-E) indomethacin (0.1 mM) treated
larva. (D) Brightfield image shows edema formation following indomethacin administration. (E) Fluorescence image showing
nephron (glomerular and tubular) malformation. (F) Quantification of lethality rates and edema formation following indomethacin
administration. (G) Concentration-dependent increases in glomerular malformation and decreases in glomerular fusion rates
following indomethacin administration. (H) Widened tubular angles between neck segment and proximal convoluted tubule following
indomethacin administration. Data are shown as mean ± SD. *p<0.05, **p<0.001. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082137.g004 Figure 4. Impairment of pronephros development upon indomethacin treatment. (A) Overview of pronephric alterations in
zebrafish larvae (50 hpf) following indomethacin administration for 24 hours. Row 1 shows control embryos, rows 2-6 zebrafish
embryos following indomethacin administration in increasing concentrations (row 2, 0.01 mM; row 3, 0.025 mM; row 4, 0.05 mM;
row 5, 0.075 mM and row 6, 0.1 mM). (B-E) Comparison of (B-C) 50 hpf control larva and (D-E) indomethacin (0.1 mM) treated
larva. (D) Brightfield image shows edema formation following indomethacin administration. (E) Fluorescence image showing
nephron (glomerular and tubular) malformation. (F) Quantification of lethality rates and edema formation following indomethacin
administration. (G) Concentration-dependent increases in glomerular malformation and decreases in glomerular fusion rates
following indomethacin administration. (H) Widened tubular angles between neck segment and proximal convoluted tubule following
indomethacin administration. Data are shown as mean ± SD. *p<0.05, **p<0.001. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082137.g004 the imaging protocol is easy-to-use and can be readily modified
for studying other organ systems or tissues such as the brain
region. Furthermore, in combination with HCS software tools
which enable automated feature of interest detection, it can be serve as a convenient tool in kidney research, e.g. Supporting Information Figure S1. Cross-sections of pronephric regions after
compound exposure. Shown are glomerular (upper panels)
and tubular (lower panels) sections at 48 hours post
fertilization. (A) control, (B) penicillin (20 mM), (C) ampicillin (40
mM), (D) gentamicin (40 mM), (E) kanamycin (40 mM), (F)
acetaminophen (40 mM), (G) captopril (40 mM), (H) losartan
(10 mM) and (I) indomethacin (0.75 mM) treatment. (TIF) Figure S1. Cross-sections of pronephric regions after
compound exposure. Shown are glomerular (upper panels)
and tubular (lower panels) sections at 48 hours post
fertilization. (A) control, (B) penicillin (20 mM), (C) ampicillin (40
mM), (D) gentamicin (40 mM), (E) kanamycin (40 mM), (F)
acetaminophen (40 mM), (G) captopril (40 mM), (H) losartan
(10 mM) and (I) indomethacin (0.75 mM) treatment. (TIF) The current pipeline only allows for scoring of gross
morphological abnormalities of the pronephros. Therefore, we
validated the impact of treatments on pronephros formation by
histological analysis, which largely confirmed the phenotypes
observed in the transgenic model. This further demonstrates
the utility of the established screening pipeline to score
pronephric phenotypes. Moreover, the histological analysis
revealed additional alterations, such as epithelial flattening,
which are more difficult to score in the fluorescence data, thus
complementing the in vivo approach. Although protocols for
large scale histology experiments exist [57], the fast filtering of
compound libraries by in vivo screening is considerably more
time- and cost effective. Therefore, we propose that in a
genuine large scale experiment, histological analysis is only
carried out as a follow-up experiment in combination with
molecular methods to characterize hits identified in a screen. Figure S2. Cross-sections of pronephric regions after
morpholino injections. Shown are glomerular (upper panels)
and tubular (lower panels) sections at 72 hours post
fertilization. (A) control-MO, (B) ift80-MO and (C) ift172-MO
injection. (TIF) Figure S2. Cross-sections of pronephric regions after
morpholino injections. Shown are glomerular (upper panels)
and tubular (lower panels) sections at 72 hours post
fertilization. (A) control-MO, (B) ift80-MO and (C) ift172-MO
injection. (TIF) Table S1. Lethality and edema formation in zebrafish
larvae following drug treatment. (DOCX) The mode of drug administration imposes another limitation
of the established pipeline, as penetration to inner organs can
be hampered by the chemical and physical properties of the
noxa and the biological barrier of the larval zebrafish skin. This
can be overcome by microinjection of drugs into the blood
stream as described by Hentschel et al. [33]. Conclusions in chemical
studies as a primary screening tool to identify organotoxic
substances or to search for potential therapeutic compounds
that attenuate renal pathology in disease models. Importantly, PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 9 Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys 5. Detection of cystic kidneys after Ift80 and Ift172 knockdown. (A) Automatically generated overview thumbnail i
kidneys of morpholino injected larvae: standard ctr-MO (row 1-2), ift80-MO (row 3-5) and ift172-MO (row 6-8). ypic alterations of zebrafish larvae at 4 dpf after morpholino microinjection; (C) ift80-MO and (D) ift172-MO injected em
glomerular cyst (arrow) and a ventrally curved tail compared to (B) standard ctr-MO injected embryos. (E-G) In-
ation of glomerular cysts at 72 hpf in (F) ift80-MO and (G) ift172-MO injected embryos compared to standard ctr-MO inj
s (E) using the Tg(wt1b:EGFP) transgenic line. Figure 5. Detection of cystic kidneys after Ift80 and Ift172 knockdown. (A) Automatically generated overview thumbnail image
of 96 kidneys of morpholino injected larvae: standard ctr-MO (row 1-2), ift80-MO (row 3-5) and ift172-MO (row 6-8). (B-D)
Phenotypic alterations of zebrafish larvae at 4 dpf after morpholino microinjection; (C) ift80-MO and (D) ift172-MO injected embryos
exhibit glomerular cyst (arrow) and a ventrally curved tail compared to (B) standard ctr-MO injected embryos. (E-G) In-detail
visualisation of glomerular cysts at 72 hpf in (F) ift80-MO and (G) ift172-MO injected embryos compared to standard ctr-MO injected
embryos (E) using the Tg(wt1b:EGFP) transgenic line. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082137.g005 Detection of cystic kidneys after Ift80 and Ift172 knockdown. (A) Autom
dneys of morpholino injected larvae: standard ctr-MO (row 1-2)
ift80-MO Figure 5. Detection of cystic kidneys after Ift80 and Ift172 knockdown. (A) Automatically generated overview thumbnail image
of 96 kidneys of morpholino injected larvae: standard ctr-MO (row 1-2), ift80-MO (row 3-5) and ift172-MO (row 6-8). (B-D)
Phenotypic alterations of zebrafish larvae at 4 dpf after morpholino microinjection; (C) ift80-MO and (D) ift172-MO injected embryos
exhibit glomerular cyst (arrow) and a ventrally curved tail compared to (B) standard ctr-MO injected embryos. (E-G) In-detail
visualisation of glomerular cysts at 72 hpf in (F) ift80-MO and (G) ift172-MO injected embryos compared to standard ctr-MO injected
embryos (E) using the Tg(wt1b:EGFP) transgenic line. Macro S1. Fiji macro to crop images and generate
overview images.
(ZIP) Macro S1. Fiji macro to crop images and generate
overview images. (ZIP) Conclusions doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082137.g005 December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 10 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys be developed or modified to be compatible with automated
imaging assays, respectively [61]. used
for
the
automated
acquisition
of
standardized
multidimensional high resolution datasets. The pilot screen for nephrotoxic drugs during nephrogenesis
revealed
a
concentration
dependent
effect
of
several
compounds on nephrogenesis. Thus, considering the lingering
lack of data for many substances, subsequent large-scale
investigations performed with this screening pipeline might
contribute
to
our
understanding
of
substance-specific
nephrotoxic side effects. Acknowledgements Genetic research over the last years has demonstrated that
the zebrafish pronephros is a valuable model system for the
study of hereditary human nephropathies as abnormalities in
podocyte gene function, renal epithelial primary cilia genes and
renal ion channels and transporters lead to defective
pronephric kidney function in the zebrafish mimicking human
disease [59]. However, screening for disease modulating
compounds in a zebrafish model requires convenient and
accessible protocols. Here, we demonstrate that the developed
imaging pipeline can also be utilized to detect abnormal
phenotypes in genetic disease models. Thus, it could serve as
a platform for prospective high-content drug screening
experiments. We thank Sebastian Hötzel for fish care, J. Bohn for CNC
milling, B. Rodenbeck for technical assistance and Dr
Christoph Englert (Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz
Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany) for kindly providing the
Tg(wt1b:EGFP) transgenic line. We are grateful to Dr Jens
Fahrenberg (Innovation Department, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Germany) for general support. We thank Sundeep
Dhillon for critically reading the manuscript. Supporting Information Duration of drug
treatment and its transferability to the human situation is
another limitation of the pilot screen in zebrafish. In zebrafish,
glomerular filtration starts around 48 hpf and the pronephros is
fully matured at 4 dpf [58]. Hence, due to the rapid
embryogenesis of the zebrafish, future studies have to employ
different treatment periods to analyze the impact of compounds
at the different stages of nephrogenesis [42]. Table S2. Glomerular alterations in zebrafish larvae
following drug treatment. (DOCX) Table S3. Tubular angle and distance in zebrafish larvae
following drug treatment. (DOCX) Macro S1. Fiji macro to crop images and generate
overview images. (ZIP) References Liebel U, Starkuviene V, Erfle H, Simpson JC, Poustka A et al. (2003) A
microscope-based screening platform for large-scale functional protein
analysis in intact cells. FEBS Lett 554: 394-398. doi:10.1016/
S0014-5793(03)01197-9. PubMed: 14623100. 7. Zon LI, Peterson RT (2005) In vivo drug discovery in the zebrafish. Nat
Rev Drug Discov 4: 35-44. doi:10.1038/nrd1606. PubMed: 15688071. 28. Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M et al. (2012) Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat
Methods 9: 676-682. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019. PubMed: 22743772. 8. Lessman CA (2011) The developing zebrafish (Danio rerio): a
vertebrate model for high-throughput screening of chemical libraries. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 93: 268-280. doi:10.1002/bdrc. 20212. PubMed: 21932435. 29. Pavlidis P, Noble WS (2003) Matrix2png: a utility for visualizing matrix
data. Bioinformatics 19: 295-296 9. Rihel J, Schier AF (2012) Behavioral screening for neuroactive drugs in
zebrafish. Dev Neurobiol 72: 373-385. doi:10.1002/dneu.20910. PubMed: 21567979. 30. Swedlow JR, Platani M (2002) Live cell imaging using wide-field
microscopy and deconvolution. Cell Struct Funct 27: 335-341. doi:
10.1247/csf.27.335. PubMed: 12502887. 10. Tan JL, Zon LI (2011) Chemical screening in zebrafish for novel
biological and therapeutic discovery. Methods Cell Biol 105: 493-516. PubMed: 21951544. 31. Mylonas I (2011) Antibiotic chemotherapy during pregnancy and
lactation period: aspects for consideration. Arch Gynecol Obstet 283:
7-18. doi:10.1007/s00404-010-1646-3. PubMed: 20814687. 11. Yang L, Ho NY, Alshut R, Legradi J, Weiss C et al. (2009) Zebrafish
embryos as models for embryotoxic and teratological effects of
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compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of
suspected or proven sepsis in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:
CD: 005091. 12. d’Alençon CA, Peña OA, Wittmann C, Gallardo VE, Jones RA et al. (2010) A high-throughput chemically induced inflammation assay in
zebrafish. BMC Biol 8: 151. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-151. PubMed:
21176202. 33. Hentschel DM, Park KM, Cilenti L, Zervos AS, Drummond I et al. (2005) Acute renal failure in zebrafish: a novel system to study a
complex disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288: F923-F929. doi:
10.1152/ajprenal.00386.2004. PubMed: 15625083. 13. Evensen L, Link W, Lorens JB (2010) Imaged-based high-throughput
screening for anti-angiogenic drug discovery. Curr Pharm Des 16:
3958-3963. doi:10.2174/138161210794455030. PubMed: 21158729. 34. McWilliam SJ, Antoine DJ, Sabbisetti V, Turner MA, Farragher T et al. References 21. Kimmel CB, Ballard WW, Kimmel SR, Ullmann B, Schilling TF (1995)
Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev Dyn 203:
253-310. doi:10.1002/aja.1002030302. PubMed: 8589427. 1. De Vigan C, De Walle HE, Cordier S, Goujard J, Knill-Jones R et al. (1999) Therapeutic drug use during pregnancy: a comparison in four
European countries. OECM Working Group. Occupational Exposures
and Congenital Anomalies. J Clin Epidemiol 52: 977-982. doi:10.1016/
S0895-4356(99)00091-8. PubMed: 10513761. 22. Gehrig J, Reischl M, Kalmár E, Ferg M, Hadzhiev Y et al. (2009)
Automated high-throughput mapping of promoter-enhancer interactions
in zebrafish embryos. Nat Methods 6: 911-916. doi:10.1038/nmeth. 1396. PubMed: 19898487. (
)
2. Zaffanello M, Bassareo PP, Cataldi L, Antonucci R, Biban P et al. (2010) Long-term effects of neonatal drugs on the kidney. J Matern
Fetal
Neonatal
Med
23
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3:
87-89. doi:
10.3109/14767058.2010.501156. PubMed: 20653340. 23. Beales PL, Bland E, Tobin JL, Bacchelli C, Tuysuz B et al. (2007)
IFT80, which encodes a conserved intraflagellar transport protein, is
mutated in Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. Nat Genet 39:
727-729. doi:10.1038/ng2038. PubMed: 17468754. 3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services NIoH (National Kidney
and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC)) Overview
of Kidney Diseases in Children. Available: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/
kudiseases/pubs/childkidneydiseases/overview/. pp. NIH Publication
No. 06–5167 June 2006 24. Cao Y, Semanchik N, Lee SH, Somlo S, Barbano PE et al. (2009)
Chemical modifier screen identifies HDAC inhibitors as suppressors of
PKD models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 21819-21824. doi:
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Developmental toxicity screening in zebrafish. Birth Defects Res C
Embryo
Today
93:
67-114. doi:10.1002/bdrc.20210. PubMed:
21671351. 25. Lunt SC, Haynes T, Perkins BD (2009) Zebrafish ift57, ift88, and ift172
intraflagellar transport mutants disrupt cilia but do not affect hedgehog
signaling. Dev Dyn 238: 1744-1759. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21999. PubMed:
19517571. 5. Knudsen TB, Kavlock RJ, Daston GP, Stedman D, Hixon M et al. (2011) Developmental toxicity testing for safety assessment: new
approaches and technologies. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol
92: 413-420. doi:10.1002/bdrb.20315. PubMed: 21770025. 26. Sukumaran S, Perkins BD (2009) Early defects in photoreceptor outer
segment morphogenesis in zebrafish ift57, ift88 and ift172 Intraflagellar
Transport mutants. Vision Res 49: 479-489. doi:10.1016/j.visres. 2008.12.009. PubMed: 19136023. pp
g
p
92: 413-420. doi:10.1002/bdrb.20315. PubMed: 21770025. 6. Pepperkok R, Ellenberg J (2006) High-throughput fluorescence
microscopy for systems biology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7: 690-696. doi:
10.1038/nrm1979. PubMed: 16850035. 27. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: JHW JG SG MS
PLB. Performed the experiments: SS JHW JG MS. Analyzed
the data: JHW SS MS JG. Contributed reagents/materials/
analysis tools: SG. Wrote the manuscript: JHW JG MS. Designed the orientation tool: SG JG. Generated data handling
and visualization tools: JG. Designed morpholino injections
experiments: MS PLB. Designed the study: JHW JG. Finally, for genuine high content screening, an automated
image analysis pipeline for extracted morphological features
would be highly beneficial [22,60]. Moreover, compounds
influencing
kidney
function
without
altering
pronephros
morphology cannot be identified using this pipeline. Thus,
protocols for the large scale analysis of kidney function need to PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 11 December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Supervised the study: JHW JG UL. Gave general advice and
edited the manuscript: BT. Supervised the study: JHW JG UL. Gave general advice and
edited the manuscript: BT. Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys U S A 107: 17315-17320. doi:10.1073/pnas.1008209107. PubMed:
20855591. 51. Rosenbaum JL, Witman GB (2002) Intraflagellar transport. Nat Rev Mol
Cell Biol 3: 813-825. doi:10.1038/nrm952. PubMed: 12415299. 41. Neto JA, Oliveira-Filho RM, Simões MJ, Soares JM Jr., Kulay L Jr. (2004) Long-term acetaminophen (paracetamol) treatment causes liver
and kidney ultra-structural changes during rat pregnancy. Clin Exp
Obstet Gynecol 31: 221-224. PubMed: 15491069. 52. Scholey JM (2003) Intraflagellar transport. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 19:
423-443. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.111401.091318. PubMed:
14570576. 53. Ocbina PJ, Eggenschwiler JT, Moskowitz I, Anderson KV (2011)
Complex interactions between genes controlling trafficking in primary
cilia. Nat Genet 43: 547-553. doi:10.1038/ng.832. PubMed: 21552265. 42. Peng HC, Wang YH, Wen CC, Wang WH, Cheng CC et al. (2010)
Nephrotoxicity assessments of acetaminophen during zebrafish
embryogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 151:
480-486. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.02.004. PubMed: 20170747. 54. de Vries J, Yntema JL, van Die CE, Crama N, Cornelissen EA et al. (2010) Jeune syndrome: description of 13 cases and a proposal for
follow-up
protocol. Eur
J
Pediatr
169:
77-88. doi:10.1007/
s00431-009-0991-3. PubMed: 19430947. 43. Shrim A, Berger H, Kingdom J, Hamoudi A, Shah PS et al. (2005)
Prolonged exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors during
pregnancy. Fetal toxicity could be reversible. Can Fam Physician 51:
1335-1337. PubMed: 16250418. 55. Friedland-Little JM, Hoffmann AD, Ocbina PJ, Peterson MA, Bosman
JD et al. (2011) A novel murine allele of Intraflagellar Transport Protein
172 causes a syndrome including VACTERL-like features with
hydrocephalus. Hum Mol Genet 20: 3725-3737. doi:10.1093/hmg/
ddr241. PubMed: 21653639. 44. Martinovic J, Benachi A, Laurent N, Daikha-Dahmane F, Gubler MC
(2001) Fetal toxic effects and angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists. Lancet 358: 241-242. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05426-5. PubMed:
11480433. 56. Sun Z, Amsterdam A, Pazour GJ, Cole DG, Miller MS et al. (2004) A
genetic screen in zebrafish identifies cilia genes as a principal cause of
cystic kidney. Development 131: 4085-4093. doi:10.1242/dev.01240. PubMed: 15269167. 45. Pryde PG, Sedman AB, Nugent CE, Barr M Jr. (1993) Angiotensin-
converting enzyme inhibitor fetopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 1575-1582. PubMed: 8507813 57. Sabaliauskas NA, Foutz CA, Mest JR, Budgeon LR, Sidor AT et al. (2006) High-throughput zebrafish histology. Methods 39: 246-254. doi:
10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.03.001. PubMed: 16870470. 46. Quan A (2006) Fetopathy associated with exposure to angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists. Early Hum Dev 82: 23-28. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.11.001. PubMed: 16427219. 58. References (2012) Mechanism-based urinary biomarkers to identify the potential for
aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity in premature neonates: a proof-
of-concept study. PLOS ONE 7: e43809. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0043809. PubMed: 22937100. 14. Kokel D, Bryan J, Laggner C, White R, Cheung CY et al. (2010) Rapid
behavior-based identification of neuroactive small molecules in the
zebrafish. Nat Chem Biol 6: 231-237. doi:10.1038/nchembio.307. PubMed: 20081854. 35. Kent AL, Maxwell LE, Koina ME, Falk MC, Willenborg D et al. (2007)
Renal glomeruli and tubular injury following indomethacin, ibuprofen,
and gentamicin exposure in a neonatal rat model. Pediatr Res 62:
307-312. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e318123f6e3. PubMed: 17622959. 15. Pardo-Martin C, Chang TY, Koo BK, Gilleland CL, Wasserman SC et
al. (2010) High-throughput in vivo vertebrate screening. Nat Methods 7:
634-636. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1481. PubMed: 20639868. 16. Peravali R, Gehrig J, Giselbrecht S, Lütjohann DS, Hadzhiev Y et al. (2011) Automated feature detection and imaging for high-resolution
screening of zebrafish embryos. BioTechniques 50: 319-324. PubMed:
21548893. 36. Martínez-Salgado C, López-Hernández FJ, López-Novoa JM (2007)
Glomerular nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
223: 86-98. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2007.05.004. PubMed: 17602717. 37. Sweileh WM (2009) A prospective comparative study of gentamicin-
and amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity in patients with normal baseline
renal function. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 23: 515-520. doi:10.1111/j. 1472-8206.2009.00702.x. PubMed: 19709328. 17. Drummond IA (2005) Kidney development and disease in the zebrafish. J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 299-304. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004090754. PubMed: 15647335. 18. Drummond IA, Davidson AJ (2010) Zebrafish kidney development. Methods
Cell
Biol
100:
233-260. doi:10.1016/
B978-0-12-384892-5.00009-8. PubMed: 21111220. 38. Koren G, Pastuszak A, Ito S (1998) Drugs in pregnancy. N Engl J Med
338:
1128-1137. doi:10.1056/NEJM199804163381607. PubMed:
9545362. 39. Jaeschke H, McGill MR, Ramachandran A (2012) Oxidant stress,
mitochondria, and cell death mechanisms in drug-induced liver injury:
lessons learned from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev
44: 88-106. doi:10.3109/03602532.2011.602688. PubMed: 22229890. 19. Perner B, Englert C, Bollig F (2007) The Wilms tumor genes wt1a and
wt1b control different steps during formation of the zebrafish
pronephros. Dev Biol 309: 87-96. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.06.022. PubMed: 17651719. 20. Westerfield M (2000) The zebrafish book. A guide for the laboratory
use of zebrafish (Danio rerio), 4th edition. University of Oregon Press,
Eugene, OR. 40. North TE, Babu IR, Vedder LM, Lord AM, Wishnok JS et al. (2010)
PGE2-regulated wnt signaling and N-acetylcysteine are synergistically
hepatoprotective in zebrafish acetaminophen injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci 12 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137 Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Automated Screening Platform for Zebrafish Kidneys Kramer-Zucker AG, Wiessner S, Jensen AM, Drummond IA (2005)
Organization of the pronephric filtration apparatus in zebrafish requires
Nephrin, Podocin and the FERM domain protein Mosaic eyes. Dev Biol
285: 316-329. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.06.038. PubMed: 16102746. 47. Coleman CM, Minor JJ, Burt LE, Thornhill BA, Forbes MS et al. (2007)
Angiotensin AT1-receptor inhibition exacerbates renal injury resulting
from partial unilateral ureteral obstruction in the neonatal rat. Am J
Physiol
Renal
Physiol
293:
F262-F268. doi:10.1152/ajprenal. 00071.2007. PubMed: 17442727. 59. Ebarasi L, Oddsson A, Hultenby K, Betsholtz C, Tryggvason K (2011)
Zebrafish: a model system for the study of vertebrate renal
development, function, and pathophysiology. Curr Opin Nephrol
Hypertens
20:
416-424. doi:10.1097/MNH.0b013e3283477797. PubMed: 21519251. 48. Friberg P, Sundelin B, Bohman SO, Bobik A, Nilsson H et al. (1994)
Renin-angiotensin system in neonatal rats: induction of a renal
abnormality in response to ACE inhibition or angiotensin II antagonism. Kidney Int 45: 485-492. doi:10.1038/ki.1994.63. PubMed: 8164437. 60. Vogt A, Cholewinski A, Shen X, Nelson SG, Lazo JS et al. (2009)
Automated image-based phenotypic analysis in zebrafish embryos. Dev Dyn 238: 656-663. doi:10.1002/dvdy.21892. PubMed: 19235725. 49. Loria A, Reverte V, Salazar F, Saez F, Llinas MT et al. (2007) Changes
in renal hemodynamics and excretory function induced by a reduction
of ANG II effects during renal development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr
Comp Physiol 293: R695-R700. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00191.2007. PubMed: 17491111. 61. Rider SA, Tucker CS, del-Pozo J, Rose KN, MacRae CA et al. (2012)
Techniques for the in vivo assessment of cardio-renal function in
zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. J Physiol 590: 1803-1809. PubMed:
22331420. 50. Drukker A (2002) The adverse renal effects of prostaglandin-synthesis
inhibition in the fetus and the newborn. Paediatr Child Health 7:
538-543. PubMed: 20046466. PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 13 December 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 12 | e82137
| 41,084 |
https://github.com/renyuan78/aws-cloudwatch-logs-publisher-plugin/blob/master/src/main/java/jenkins/plugins/awslogspublisher/AWSLogsBuildInfoAction.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
aws-cloudwatch-logs-publisher-plugin
|
renyuan78
|
Java
|
Code
| 89 | 261 |
package jenkins.plugins.awslogspublisher;
import hudson.model.ProminentProjectAction;
/**
* Created by elifarley on 18/01/17.
*/
public class AWSLogsBuildInfoAction implements ProminentProjectAction {
private final String groupName;
private final String streamName;
private final String url;
public AWSLogsBuildInfoAction(String groupName, String streamName, String url) {
this.groupName = groupName;
this.streamName = streamName;
this.url = url;
}
public String getGroupName() {
return groupName;
}
public String getStreamName() {
return streamName;
}
@Override
public String getIconFileName() {
return "notepad.png";
}
@Override
public String getDisplayName() {
return "AWS CloudWatch Logs";
}
@Override
public String getUrlName() {
return url;
}
}
| 18,859 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/76767656
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Stack Exchange
|
Dale K, Darshit Parmar, Nick.Mc, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1127428, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1690193, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8415083
|
English
|
Spoken
| 329 | 723 |
Using SQL in Azure Databricks, want to return date for 'N' business days before given date
Lets take eg of '2023-07-25'. I want to get the date for 15 business days ago (excluding weekends and holidays). I do have a table called 'holidays' which contains the list of all holidays which I can join with.
What is the best approach to do it in Azure Databricks using %sql ?
I have figured that i can use the dayofweek() function to get the value and i can check for weekend. So essentially, I have a way to check for holidays and weekend, but I cant seem to figure out a way to iterate it.
I am new to using databricks and don't really know if scalar functions work.
Are you sure databricks uses SQL Server T-SQL? I didn't think it did, in which case you might remove that tag.
This could be easier in %python. Is it always based off todays date? Because you could have a daily process the precalcs a calendar table (a table with a list of every date) and assigns "number of business days prior" to each record.
You can use below command for getting working days.
%sql
select
input_date,
(DATEDIFF(input_date, DATE_SUB(input_date, 15))) as total_cnt,
(select count(*)
from
(SELECT date_format(DATE_ADD(DATE_SUB(input_date, 15), seq),'E') not in ('Sat','Sun') as weekbools
FROM (SELECT EXPLODE(sequence(0, DATEDIFF(input_date, DATE_SUB(input_date, 15)))) AS seq)
WHERE DATE_ADD(DATE_SUB(input_date, 15), seq) != input_date)
where weekbools='true') as weekdayscnt,
(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT holiday_date)
FROM holidays
WHERE holiday_date BETWEEN DATE_SUB(input_date, 15) AND input_date) as holiday_cnt,
(weekdayscnt-holiday_cnt) as working_days
from
input_date_table;
Output:
Or you can get dates for last 15 days not having Sat,San and do join operation on holiday table.
Below is the command.
%sql
SELECT
(SELECT count(*)
from holidays
RIGHT JOIN
(SELECT
DATE_ADD(DATE_SUB(input_date, 15), seq) as dates
FROM (SELECT EXPLODE(sequence(0, DATEDIFF(input_date, DATE_SUB(input_date, 15)))) AS seq)
WHERE DATE_ADD(DATE_SUB(input_date, 15), seq) != input_date and date_format(DATE_ADD(DATE_SUB(input_date, 15), seq),'E') not in ('Sat','Sun')) as date_tbl
ON
holidays.holiday_date=date_tbl.dates
WHERE holidays.holiday_date IS NULL) as working_days
FROM
input_date_table;
Output:
| 4,038 |
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/46sctc/articles/DTL169_1
|
BNL Newspapers (1841-1879)
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,869 |
Pub. 18 Page 4
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 19 | 57 |
Gänzlicher Ausverkauf wegen Aufgabe des Ellenwaarcngeschäfts zu sclbsi- kosteuden greifen, bei ]M€?È«®€ië "M rmëwe€ëîë 9 255 V^cuthorstraße Nr. 8..
| 6,712 |
https://github.com/Willowblade/godot-wild-jam-29/blob/master/src/UI/pause/MainPauseTab.gd
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
godot-wild-jam-29
|
Willowblade
|
GDScript
|
Code
| 84 | 421 |
extends class_pause_tab
onready var _resume_button := $VBoxContainer/VBoxContainer/ResumeButton
onready var _restart_button := $VBoxContainer/VBoxContainer/RestartButton
onready var _settings_button := $VBoxContainer/VBoxContainer/SettingsButton
onready var _main_menu_button := $VBoxContainer/VBoxContainer/MainMenuButton
onready var _quit_button := $VBoxContainer/VBoxContainer/QuitButton
func _ready():
var _error : int = _resume_button.connect("pressed", self, "_on_resume_button_pressed")
_error = _restart_button.connect("pressed", self, "_on_restart_button_pressed")
_error = _settings_button.connect("pressed", self, "_on_settings_button_pressed")
_error = _main_menu_button.connect("pressed", self, "_on_main_menu_button_pressed")
if OS.get_name() == "HTML5":
_quit_button.visible = false
else:
_quit_button.visible = true
_error = _quit_button.connect("pressed", self, "_on_quit_button_pressed")
func update_tab():
_resume_button.grab_focus()
func _on_resume_button_pressed():
Flow.toggle_paused()
func _on_restart_button_pressed():
Flow.load_game()
func _on_settings_button_pressed():
emit_signal("button_pressed", TABS.SETTINGS)
func _on_main_menu_button_pressed():
Flow.change_scene_to("menu")
| 16,836 |
US-201314388909-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,013 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 170 | 185 |
9. Non-transitory carrier means carrying processor implementable instructions for causing a first modem to operate in accordance with a method of controlling the first modem having a first modem part and a second modem part, the first modem being in communication with a second modem via a copper pair connection, the method comprising: operating the second modem part continuously at a low bandwidth rate whilst the first modem part is operating, simultaneously with the second modem part, sequentially in both a high power mode in which the first modem part can provide a high bandwidth connection to the second modem and a low power mode, in which less or no data is transmitted or received by the first modem part, wherein the first modem part is arranged to transition from the high power mode to the low power mode in dependence upon the demand for bandwidth over the connection, and wherein the second modem part continues to operate providing a low bandwidth connection continuously before and after such a transition..
| 37,801 |
https://github.com/xiangxinyue/OnTime/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/example/ontime/WalletActivity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
OnTime
|
xiangxinyue
|
Java
|
Code
| 153 | 614 |
package com.example.ontime;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.Toast;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import com.google.zxing.integration.android.IntentIntegrator;
import com.google.zxing.integration.android.IntentResult;
/**
* The type Wallet activity.
*/
public class WalletActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private Button scan_button;
private Button qr_button;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_wallet);
scan_button=findViewById(R.id.scan_button);
qr_button=findViewById(R.id.qr_button);
scan_button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// crete IntentIntegrator object
IntentIntegrator intentIntegrator = new IntentIntegrator(WalletActivity.this);
intentIntegrator.setPrompt("This is the payment interface");
// start scan
intentIntegrator.setCaptureActivity(CustomCaptureActivity.class);
intentIntegrator.setOrientationLocked(false);
intentIntegrator.initiateScan();
}
});
qr_button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
// go to generate qr activity
Intent intent=new Intent(WalletActivity.this,QrActivity.class);
startActivity(intent);
}
});
}
@Override
protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {
// Get parsing results
IntentResult result = IntentIntegrator.parseActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
if (result != null) {
if (result.getContents() == null) {
Toast.makeText(this, "Cancel Scan", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
} else {
Toast.makeText(this, "Scan Information:" + result.getContents(), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
} else {
super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);
}
}
}
| 3,356 |
bpt6k7817706_1
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
L'Intransigeant
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 9,304 | 17,014 |
Ï9 Brumaire, N* "7057* t ,. 1 p-: 1 ' V. ■ T ■ ~ * *■ : y ■ ono Centimes — paria et Déparwîmonta ~ Gentiinës —-— ■ " ■ ■ e '~ 1 —_ ?eudi .9 Hô¥eaS?S 1899 l . I ï f v r mm* ti,. ■ ! ï S-* Ig* 8 ■ HWK jV 4 J ■ • ■ Ifi m t fl ■ • ; i If-ss xt SUREAUX DU JOURNAL : 144, Rue Montmartre PRIX DE L'ABONNEMENT: Départ*’ et Algérie: 3 mois: 8 fr. —<5 mois : 15 fr. — lan: 28 fr. mii h l’Mioi mm : i mu. ia k.; e »««, 22fr. «■ u, 42 &. PonrU rédaction, B'adresser fcm AYRATJD-DE GEORGE SBCRKTAtR*DBl.*.RÉDA«TION. : " IÆS SONT REÇUES: à l’AGENCE PARISIENNE DE PUBLICITÉ, 93, rue Montmartre ET AUX BUREAUX DU JOURNAL AuntM i S fr.-—Réclame* 1 ? fr. 50 — Faiii dliem CO fr, , iMmanùsorUnionintiri» rie tout pas rttuiut ' ' y Ad ressbk Lettres kt Mandats aM.i,'ADMiiüSTSArstiR;*a!>m3rn s 1 J. '«, V* f '. r f.T COMBATS DE UN DRAME AU PONT DE FLANDRE F Ce qui prouve indiscutablement ‘. que le procès de demain est simple-, ■' ïnent un coup monté par descam; brioleurs politiques/ c’est .que non; seulement tous. les accusés, sans ex* ception, ont, été choisis parmi les' adversaires dés traîtres du Syndicat. juif, mais que.le.rapport du faussaire" ; Henmon comme la déposition de l'imposteur Lésine nè visent' et ne' * chargent que. dès V: antidreyfusards ^ avérés et notoires. On reconnaîtra que la coïncidence est étrange; Il n’est, dans ces doou-; înents à propos desquels pleuvent les démentis, pas une seule fois question d’un individu quelconque ■ ayant, au cours de la campagne de trahison, pris parti pour Dreyfus. Un complot ayant pour but de renverser le gouvernement de la République n’a pourtant aucun rapport avec l’acte d’un officier d’artillerie avant livré des documents secrets à «1. une puissance étrangère. Coppée, Lemaître, M. de Gastel-:. ïane, mon ami Galli et moi ne sommes pas et n’avons jamais été impliqués dans cette conspiration sans conspirateurs. D’où vient donc-que; les Lépine et les Hennion s’occupent; si souvent de nous dans; leurs dépo-‘ sitions et n’y font pas la moindre allusion aux tournées et aux meetings organisés par leà Jaurès et autres agents de la bande 'Reinach? La réponse est toute trouvée : Les rabatteurs chargés de procurer des coupables à Bérenger ne nous ont ; ainsi ' mis ' en relief que parce que nous nous ôtions nettement prononcés pour la culpabilité du condamné. 1 de Rennes et qu’il fallait à tout prix venger le misérable du verdict dé flétrissure auquel nous avions bruyamment applaudi et peut-être contribué. En un mot, sans affaire Dreyfus,. pas de complot. L’infâme comédie * sur laquell^va se lever le rideau qui couvre tant d’iniquités n’a été ima-, ginée et mise en scène que comme fiche de consolation aux déceptions de la juiverie cosmopolite. Nos ministres disent, à leurs maîtres, aux ; doigts et aux nez crochus : « Nous n’avonatpu sauver votre crapuleux martyr ; mais nous vous offrons en compensation Dèroulède,. ses amis et même plusieurs de. ses ennemis. » C’est pour donner cette satis* faction à la youpinerie des cinq par‘ ties du monde que Waldeck a commandé à Lépine, lequel a com; mandé à Hennion des rapports de police où tous les poursuivants de la ! condamnation de Dreyfus seraient, sans distinction d’âge ni d’opinions, : présentés comme des sapeurs dé .. l’ordre de choses établi. : Si bien que, dans cette" affaire où la soi-disant liante Cour s’attribue * une compétence que la loi lui refuse, personne ne sera dupe et tout le monde. fera semblant de l’être. Bérenger sauvait pertinemment que l’argousiu , Hennion mentait, puisque c’est lui qui ( Jui avait dicté ses mensonges. Le pré-, sident Fallières et les sénateurs qu’il préside n’ignorent pas davantage dans quelle usine à imposturçs .et à falsifications sont écloses toutes les élucubrations avec lesquelles l’acte d’accusation a été composé. De plus, les accusés eux-mêmes ont cette intime conviction .que Jours, juges de demain sont absolument surs de l'inanité des charges sur lesquelles ils.auront à les interroger. N’importe ! Les avocats, sous peine de paraître .abandonner la défense de leurs clients, se verront 'contraints de discuter des imputations sorties tout armées de l’imagination obtuse de mouchards embauchés pour calomnier et mentir., ; Si Fallières éprouvait seulement,pendant la durée de ces longues au-/ diences, leplus petit sursaut de bonne foi, il iuterx’omprait soit .-M* Falateuf, soit M* Raullier, soit M* Quentin, soit M* Hornbostel pour leur dire : « Vous n’avez pas besoin d’avoir recours à tant d’éloquence pour établir l’innocence des accusés. Nous sommes tout autant que vous persuadés de leur non-culpabilité. Mais, étant'sénateurs pour obéir aux ordres de Monis, de Waldeck et de Loubèt, il faut bien que nous obéissions. » Lors du procès de 1889, qui se termina par la condamnation de Boulanger et la mienne pour attentat à la j sûreté de l’Etat, je fus officiellement avisé d’avoir à choisir un défenseur. Je fis immédiatement répondre ceci : «. je n’en connais qu’un dont la plaidoirie/ à la fois pleine de force et de concision, résumerait ma pensée à l’égard de mes juges : c’est Çambronne. >*. Jamais, l’absence de cet éloquent général ne m’a semblé plus regrettable qu’aujourd’hui. Seulement, cette ■fois, son Waterloo eût été un water-. closet. ’. HENRI ROCHEFORT SfoutoUes ht minuit DÉPARTEMENTS ET COLONIES Les inondations dô ïAllier Privas, 7 novembre, — Les dernières noir velles parvenues de Laveyrune, petite commune qui a été dévastée par l’inondation, sont des plus tristes. La situation des quarante familles habitant sur lés bords de l’Ailier est navrante. Elles sont sans asile, sans pain et sans autres vêtements que ceux qu'elles portaient au moment delà crue. -, De longtemps,' les maisons inondées ne pourront être habitées,'en raison de l’épaisse couche de vase laissée par l’eau et des dégâts occasionnés. Trois maisons se sont écroulées et une vingtaine d’autres menacent ruine, le courant ayant mis les fondations à nu et ayant forte-, ment ébranlé-les murs. Les objets mobiliers qui n’ont pas été entraînés par le courant sont hors d’usage. Tous les bestiaux ont péri et, enfouis sous une épaisse couche de vase, commencent à entrer en putréfaction. Une épidémie est a craindre. Toutes les communications sont interrompues avec le dehors ; les routes et les.’ ponts sont emportés. L’enquête à Carmaux Carmaux, 7 novembre. — MM. Aiguillon, Nivoit et Delafond.ayapt terminé leur enquête, Viennent de repartir pour Paris; ils remettront: leur rapport au ministre des travaux publics.! ' ETRANGER, ,> V». y ■ / « ■ / ■/'. / L'entrevue de Berlin Berlin, 7 novembre. -» A.prôpOS d6 la visite que le czar et la czarine font demain/ à Potsdam, à l'emperenr et à l'impératrice d'Aiiemagrie, la Gazette de l'Allemagne du Nord publie une note très dithyrambique dont voici la conclusion : « Nous sommes fermement convaincus que l'entrevue de demain aura d'heureuses consé quences pour la prospérité etla .paix du monde/ et nous souhaitons respectueusement et cordialement la bienvenue à l’auguste souverain de la Russie et, à sa. noble compagne, qui vont être les hôtes de notre empereur et de notre impératrice. Il eajfvânexact que l’honorable M. Georges Grosjeàn, juge au tribunal de Versailles, ait l'intention — que lui prêtent Certains journaux dreyfusards — de se démettre de ses fonctions. CONSEIL DES MINISTRES Les membres du Cabinet de Trahison se sont réunis/ hier, sous la présidence de Paria ma l* r ; Cette séance a été employée à l'examen de divers projets de loi que le gouvernement a Tintëntion de déposer à la rentrée des Chambres. Ces projets ont trait aux conditions de sco; larité à exiger des candidats aux fonctions publiques, aux modifications â apporter à la loi de 18A5 sur la police des chemins de fer, etc. Ghlliffét le massacreur a, en outre, fait signer un projet de loi soi-disant sur le rajeunissement des cadres et un projet tendant à introduire des modifications dans l’uniforme des troupes montées. Le -projet de loi relatif • aux conseilsde guerre sera examiné dans le prochain conseil, qui a été fixé à samedi. L’ARMÉE ACCLAMÉE ' Le 20* chasseurs A Vendôme. , : Vendredi, 7 novembre. On sait que le âO* chasseurs devait venir prendre garnison à Vendôme et les habitants avaient organisé pour son arrivée une réception grandiose. Pendant trois jours, des équipes, d’ouvriers volontaires avaient construit des arcs de triomphe. Mais, à la suite d'une dénonciation, le ministre de la guerre avait ordonné que le régiment ferait son entrée dans la ville à une heure du matin. Cette ridicule mesure n’a eu d’autre résultat que de rendre la manifestation plus éclatante. Eu effet, dès hier soir, un millier d’habitants sa tenaient aux portes de ia. ville, attendant le régiment. Dès que celui-ci parut/ il fut accueilli par un immense cri de : « Vive l'armée ! Vive le SO* chasseurs! «On le conduisit à la caserne à la lueur des torches, et, jusqu’à une heure très avancée, un enthousiaste -indescriptible a régné dans la ville. M. de Galliffet en est une fols dé plus pour sa-courte honte/ Cliqu e et c laque y Il ne. s'agit pa3 de la claque de l’Opéra, qu’il est question de supprimer, ni de la clâque reçùe par le fils du sénateur Lefèvre, mais de la claque et de la clique policières qui’ vont être < installées au -Luxembourg, pendant* les séances de la Haute : Cour, • dans un but fort pou louable, ainsi qu’on va en juger. ’’ Les cartes de public pour la comédie à grand spectacle qui va se jouer ont été iitiéraiement « étouffées » par le gouver-, nement ■: ce qui expliqué la résistance opiniâtre opposée par le secrétariat du Sénat aux demandes réitérées des avocats qui ont la prétention légitimé de faire assister aux débats les parents de lciirs clients. — Il n’y a plus unie seule entrée disponible 1 gémissent tes employés. — Cependant les. accusés ont droit à un certain nombre de cartes pour leur père, leur mère-ou leur femme. — Les cartes ont été distribuées comme pourles séances ordinaires du Sénat. — Mats il ne s'agit pas d’une séance du Sénat 1 — Nous n’y pouvons rien; adressez-vous au président. Naturellement, le président n’est jamais là..., et le tour est joué. Les employés du Sénat ont d'ailleurs raison : il n’y a plus une seule place pour le vrai public; Tout a été accaparé par la préfecture de police et la sûreté générale. La claque officielle sera au complet. Les postes respectifs des chefs, des sous-chefset de la troupe sont fixés d’après un plan longuement étudié. Les rôles sont distribués et * la « scène à faire « a été répétée avec soin. La « scène à faire *,ia voici dans toute sa simplicité : Aussitôt que le président Fallières aura prononcé Introduisez.lesaccusés », toute l'activé ét laVéserve des brigades secrètes mobilisées hurleront en chœur : « A bas la calotte t A bas Dèroulède i Abas les chouans I Vive Loubet 1 • Et le chahut se continuera ainsi durant quelques instants, en dépit de la sonnette présidentielle, qui tintera pour la forme. • Lés couloirs, pendant les suspensions d’audience, présenteront la ^qême animation. La. « mouche » a mission de s’en donner-à cœur joie, d’insulter les accusés ét les témoins et de gueuler à gorge déployée :« Vive Loubet !• Voilà les honnêtes gens prévenus. i Que les'rares, personnes munies de cartes, et n’appartenant à aucun des services de là préfecture ou de la place Beauvau, se méfient. Qu’elles n’emportent ni montre ni argent et ne s’avisent pas de répondre aux provocations .perfides des suppôts de Lépine et de Puib&raud : une douzaine de paniers à salade étant commandés en vue d’arrestations possibles, espérées et même escomptées par le Ministère de Trahison nationale. Charles Roger/ idettt k Envoi de troupes Deux bataillons empruntés aux garni-; sons de iTndo-Chine ont reçu l’ordre de se rendre à Luang-Tchéou pour occuper lès points dont la possession nous est contestée par le vice-roi de Canton à QuouangTchéou-Quan. ‘ Voici l’opinion exprimée, sur ce grave incident par un colonel qui a longtemps ré*, sidé: au Tonkin : Selon ses habitudes, a dit cet officier supérieur à un de nos confrères de la Patrie, lé gouvernement cache une partie de la vérité. Non seulement les négociations sont rompues, mais elles n’ont même jamais commencé. La venue du maréchal Sou n’a été qu’un prétexte pour permettre.au gouvernement chinois de connaître exactement nos farces. Dès que le maréchal Sou a vu combien nos postes étaient dégarnis, il a refusé toute concession;; même les points sur lesquels. Sou était, tombé d’eccord avec l’amtolCourejolles ont été remis en discussion. Aussitôt l’hostilité a éclaîé nettement,et les indigènes, encouragés directement par les autorités chinoises, menacent d'aiîAquer les postes français. • ' Ce qu’il est nécessaire d’apprendre avFpublic, c’est que si cette attaque se produisait demain nous ne serions pas en état d’y répondre. L'EXPLOITEUR BAUDIH En décembre 1897, la Chambre Yota, par 559 voix, une proposition de loi présentée par M. Berteaux, d’accord avec le Syndicat des chemins de fer, fixant à un maximum de dix heures la durée du travail des agents de la voie ferrée. Or, nous avons en ce moment dans le gouvernement un ministre des travaux publics socialiste, ou du moins prétendu tel, ce. qui n’est pas du tout la même chose, on va le voir. En effet, M. Baudin, ayant à prendre un arrêté sur la réglementation du travail des mécaniciens, chauffeurs et employés des trains des compagnies, a accepté pour ses agents la période de douze heures de travail effectif, ainsi que l'établit la circulaire ministérielle publiée hier dans VIntransi-' géant.' .,'■'■■■■■ Turrel, le.ministre opportuniste, défenseur des capitalistes, n’avait pas trouvé' mieux, et c’est sur ce représentant des adversaires des ouvriers de la voie ferrée que le prétendu socialiste Baudin a modelé sa conduite. Millerand associé de. Galliffet, Baudin complice de Millerand : voilà un beau trio ministériel, et l’on comprend dès lors que le sort du prolétariat soit gravement compromis, étant confié aux mains de ccs rastaquouères gouvernementaux, politiciens renégats prêts à trahir toutes les causes. HAUTE. COU R Un truc impossible Il se confirme que le gouvernement, en présence du mouvement d’opinion de plus en plus marqué, au Sénat,-en faveur de l’incompétence, aurait l’intention de prescrire une nouvelle instruction.. Non qu’il espère.trouver quelque chose! Mais on gagnerait ainsi deux mois : et le Sénat pourrait passer ainsi sans encombre le cap des .Tempêtes de la réélection. Mais après ?..Ce serait reculer pour mieux sauter. ■. Les témoins cités. Hter ont été lancées les citations.de témoins. MM. Buffet, Godefroy, de Fréchencourt et de Sabran en assignent 130; Jules Guérin et les antisémites, 259 environ; Déroulède, Ballière et Barilîier, 25 environ. Les témoins de la défense dépasseront le chiffre de hOO. Le procureur général a lancé 60 citations. ■ Notre rédacteur en chef/ Henri Roche* fort, est assigné à la requête de Ballière, son ancien compagnon de déportation..... et d’évasion. Durée probable des débats U est dès maintenant certain que la Haute Cour —à moins qu’elle ne se déclare incompétente — siégera beaucoup plus longtemps que ne l'avait prévu le gouvernement; Vingt-cinq ou trente au-: diences seront, à peine suffisantes. Et les jours où le Sénat ne tiendra pas séance, la Haute Cour aura audience' le matin et le •soir. ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■■■ i Il n’en faut pas moins pour l’audition de quinze inculpes et des témoins très nombreux qui ont été cités.; les plaidoieries de trente avocats représente au moins dix journées. Le procès ne sera pas terminé avant le 20 ou S5 décembre. Toujours les démentis ser une lettre au vieux cuistre pour démentir, en ce.qui le concerne,' les rapports du mouchard Hennion. ' M. Le Provost dé Launay n’a assisté en juin à aucune réunion, chez le colonel Monteil, de chefs de partis ou de groupes. Il n’a pas assisté le IA juillet à un dîner au café de la Paix avec MM. Dèroulède, Marcel Habert, etc., car il n’était pas à Paris. Enfin, il • n’allait pas souvent > au siège de la Ligue des Patriotes ; il n’y est ailé qu’une seule fois prendre un abonnement au Drapeau. .V 7 M. Edmond Turquet déclare qu’en ce qui le concerne, tous les faits et récits qui lui sont'attribués .dans ce rapport sont de pure invention et qu’il proteste avêciindignation contre ces racontars policiers aussi mensongers que malveillants: Enfin, M. Tous nos lecteurs voudront profiter d’une affaire vraiment exceptionnelle, leur permettant de s’offrir pour rien une superbe garniture de cheminée composée de la Pendule et de deux Candélabres entièrement en bronze Verni or.( V e aux annonces .) LA MISSION OE BÉHAGLE On mande de Constantine : M. Mercuri, père de l’explorateur parti fl y a deux ans avec Tinfortuné de Béhagle Bonnal de Mézières, vient de recevoir une lettre de son fils dans laquelle il annonce qu’il rentrera en Europe en descendant lo Congo ; il confirme le décès de Béhagle,qui serait mort de faim à Afadé. LA Situation désespérée de Ladysmith. — Marche en avant des Boers dans le Cap. — Les aveux da. lord.Wolseley. —Une colonne égarée. — Nou*. velle mobilisation. Les nouvelles qui arrivent du théâtre *da: .la guerre se font de plus en plus rares. ' Le War Office, annonce qu’il n’à pas reçu de nouvelles informations officielles sui^ la situation militaire au Natal. La situation générale, ns s’est donc pas modifiée, et les Boers semblent toujours être les maîtres du terrain à l’est et à l’ouest. “ , : La nouvelle donnée par certains corrés-, pondants anglais de la prise d’un camp • boer par le général White n’a pas été confirmée par le télégramme par pigeons voyageurs de sir Itedvers Buller, que nous avons publié hier. Et la conclusion que ce télégramme suggère, à savoir : qu'on ne tentera pas de secourir le général White par le Natal, équivaut presque à l’aveu qu'on considère l'armée de Ladysmith comme abandonnée à son sort. Cependant on parle vaguement d’qn-. voyer au secours de cette ville la brigade Hildyard,: qui. doit arriver au Natal à la fin de cette semaine, et qui se porterait par le Zoulouland dans la direction .de Vrylicid, puis de là vers Utrecht, de façon à menacer les communications des Boers du côté de Newcastle. Mais tous ces ; mouvements exigeront beaucoup de temps, et il ne serait pas impossible que Redvers Buller, après avoir concentré les «troupes envoyées de Durban à Estcourt (au tiers de ia route qui va de Colenso à Pietermaritzburg), ne tente le passage de la Tugela, s'il a le matériel nécessaire pour affronter le feu des, Boers.,. Il est probable que Ladysmith tient en« core, -mais uniquement grâce aux gros carions de la marine qu’on a pu débarquer. Avec le générai White sont enfermés dans Ladysmith le colonel Rhodes, frère de Cecil Rhodes, Le comte d’Ava, sir John Wil* lougby, le docteur Jameson et presque tous les correspondants de journaux. Le général Joubert aurait, dit-on, refusé aa général White les honneurs de la guerre, que ce dernier aurait demandés avant de capituler. <. Les forces anglaises duNatal sont désormais coupées en. deux. L’investissement complétée Ladysmith en paralyse une partie;' quant aux troupes qui gardaient Col^üso et qui .ont dû l’évacuer,' elles août obligées de se retirer au Sud sur Estcourt Ci Pietermaritzburg. Cette dernière ville est sérieusement menacée. Pietermaritzburg, 3 novembre. trouilles, partira samedi pour le front des i opérations. y : (Dépêches de tourne anglaise) , ? ■*jjst-Court, A novembre, midi 30. ' '* Un coureur venant de Ladysmith a réussi àfranchir les lignes boers à la faveur de la. nuit et .est : arrivé à Estcourt, U rapporte ^u’on-s’est battu jeudi autour de Ladysmith St que l’engagement le plus vif a eu lieu à ' Tatham’SiFarm. ; Les Anglais ont forcé les Boers à regagner leur camp en leur infligeant de grandes pertes;. 30 cavaliers boers ont été faits prisonniers. Le combat a été repris hier les .canons boers avaient été mis ei» position à Nprdwath Ehana Hill, .près de Pôpworth’srFarm. Lès Boers Ont été repoussés avec, pertes. Un nombreux détachement d’Orangistes, avec de l’artillerie, occupe-une position à gauche d’un piton qui’ domiüe les fermes de Woodhouse et.de Picciono ; un corps moins nombreux campe au, sud de là station de Pie-’ ter’s dans une position qui domine le chemin fie fer. Les Boers ont détruit là voie ' ferrée en plusieurs endroits aux environs de Pieter’s; les ponts en ter restent intacts. Un messager apporte la nouvelle çùe les Boers occuperont Colenso aujourd’hui. Le détachement naval • du Matai retourne aujourd’hui k Pietermaritzburg avec; ses canons. Ce retour rassure la populations Londres, 7 novembre. Le correspondant du Daily News à Estcourt télégraphie, k la date de vendredi, une heure -.aprèsmjdi:.,. Là gaVnisoii dé Coléôsé n’aVait paé reçu I’or• dre d’évacuer la place, .mlis le» canons à longue, portée des Boers rendaient la position intenable. Ce n’est qu’au prix des plus grands efforts que les Boers ont occupé le fort Wylie. Les Boers n’ont pas détruit le pont du chemin de fer, mais on assuro qu’ils auraient essayé„de le détruire. f ? D’après le correspondant anglais, les Béers ont perdu 1S homme» tuée/ ainsi qûe 50 chevaux, devant le fort Wylie. ; Une àntrie dépêché est adressée» de Berlin i la Liberté: ■ .. • .. ■ 'Berlin, 7 novéihbré. ; J'ai;rencontré .hier, soir une personnalité. -militaire-,'iort en. vue ici. et que j’ai lieu de • croire aussi a te courant que possible des note. ▼elles qui sont venues dû théâtre de la guerrè • -é Berlin. ... " Comme je, l’interrogeais sur ■ l’exactitude de ■ la nouvelle» de la prise de I.adysmith publiée par;plnsieurs journaux berlinois, mon interlqcuteur me dit en souriant î, *• -Tenez pour cerfi ain qu’on ne recevra .plus de nouvelles dp ‘Ladysmith que du générai Joubert, » ; Où est la colonne d’évacuation ? T. '. ' Londres, : Ÿ,nôvèmbre: ' Le Ckpt. Times .prétend.Savoir qué.la odlomïe d’évacuationne s’est pas, laissé couper pai•ics Boers; imais .osa , n't .reçu aucune nouvelle de cette colonne à,Durban, nià Pietermaritzburg. Le. capitaine. Moîino en avait le conïman'demènt. ' i f’vlies Boers, pôutsuivant leurs, avantages, oiit • aussitôt après océupé-Nelthorpe, entre Coleôsb -• et ■ Ladysniüli/ resserrant ainsi la ligne d’idvestissèment de cette dernière place,, qui de compose au Sud des-.positions de Goiensd, Weenen, Melthorpe et Estcourt. ; L'invasion du Cap. ”Ee flot de l’ihvàsion ' par Te sud dé l’Orange cpntihueÇ tine coionriè est descendue ’.d’AllwahNorth" et pst , allée* renforcer, lés .Boers. ; " :. ■ ; :■ •'. Le» Boers marchent sur trois points qdi sont les nœuds du réseau du chemin dp fer eirtre la mer et l’intérieur. lis se sont dirigés sur Burghersdorp par le pont de : Béthulie, surNaauwport par le pont de Norwals et Colesberg, sur De Aar-jonctioh par Philippstown. .'. Manchester, 7 novembre. : Le correspondant du Manchester. ,Guardian, ! 'télégraphiant d’East.London à la daté du ven-dredi 3 novembre, dit «que. le train qui l’à amené de Stormberg, évacué :par les Anglais, à East-London, est le dernier qui ait fait le trajet de l’intérieur k la côte. Le train, a stoppé à tous_ les villages entre Stormberg et Queenstown pour prendre les femmes et les enfants» r. Aliwàl-North, U novembre. On annonce que le détachement boer, fort • de 380hommes, qui sfetrouve, à. GovernorjsDrift, est sur le point. de pénétrer dan.s la colonie du Cap<. ;• •• l ' Ce détachémcritde joindra probablement là celui-de Béthulie, qui a' déjà envahi la" Colonie. Une grande excitation règne parmi les indigènes des districts situés près de Governor’s Drift. Un grand, nombre' de,. Basutos, armés de sagaies; ont été aperçus dans des endroits où ; on n’avait jamais vu auparavant’ d’indigènés armés.-On a aperçu un autre détâchenient à ' Great Fead’s Pont, près d’AIiwab Une dépêche d’Orange River, en date dix 5, annonce que lés Boers ont détruit l’une des piles du pont de Modder-Iiiver. ' ; , Londres,7 novembre. 6 tenue prête A Kimberley Kimberley, 7 novembre. Les assiégeants ont été renforcés de 1,500 hommes venant de Mafeking. Les Boers détruisent les propriétés extérieures. Ils ont fait sauter aujourd’hui-lés magasinsde dynamite de la Compagnie de Beers situé» à sept milles de Kimberley» Ces magasins-contenaient trente-cinq tenues de dynamite ét le bruit de l’explosion a ‘ été formidable. ' .4. Une commission a été nommée-, pour régler la distribution des vivres. ... Le siège de Mafeking Le correspondant du Daily Mail à Ma.feking évalue à.ll//0p le nombre des Boers concentrés autour.de cette place et sur la frontière dn.sud de l’Etat libre.’ Il dit tenir ee renseignement de bonne source. L’assaut derMafeking paraît imminent. ' Londres, 7 novembre,. Une dépêche de Vryburg au Daily Mail; venue par courrier à Hopetown, dit que le canon avec lequel les Boers comptaient bûrnbarderTtlafekipg est du poids de lû tonnes. Son recul est si considérable que les Boers, après deux jours de bombardement, auraient renoncé à en faire usage. ; Alarmes justifiées. • ..-N»-..4. • 1 ï a ■ 1 •. Londres, 7 novembre: lies mouvements des transports inspirent .de grosses inquiétudes. On n’a pas encore signalé l’arrivée à Capétown des vapeurs Syads et Southern-Crosf, qui sont attendus depuis trois jours. ' " ; ■ V Aurcuua, de là ligne Allan, s’est échouée sur la côte de Mayo, Le Globe donne cette nouvelle sans autres détails. Ce paquebot est parti, le $3 petobre de Southampton, emportant l’état-major de la 3* brigade» le l* r bàtaillon d’infanterie légère des bigblanders, une V dE^NlÊÈE HEURE Dépêche de sïf RedVers Buller. ‘ * _»_ Nouvelles contradictoires. Le War Office publiait hier soir une dé>pêche envoyée du dap le 7. novembre par sir Redvers Buller et communiquait des ' télégrammes du commandant à Est-Court, en date du é novembre. D’après ces télégramme»' dans’ lesqtiëls on relève des contradictions multiples, la cessation des hostilités autour de Ladyismith aurait eu lieu vendredi. Ce jôür-ld, hrgérréraiWhite auraitfait demander aU général Joubert.l’autorisation ppur les noricombàttânte, -màlades et blessés, de partit pour le Sud. Le général Joubert aurait rqfu»é, accordant la permission pour ces malades Æ.t blessés de se,rendre .dans un .camp situé à.quatre .milles de Ladysmith, =L’obire, d’abord repoussée, lut acceptée.; ; , Bien qué lds. Nouvelles parlehentaires ACPALAlS-BecaBCn tes Interpellations ‘ '■ ‘ A la veille de la rentrée des Çhambres, rappelons que le ministère aura à répondre à une vingtaine d’interpellations, ■ Celles qui ,seront discutées en premier lieu ont trait, à l’odieuse .politique du gouvernement et aux actes inqualifiables qu’il a accomplis dans ces derniers temps» Ce sont celles de : , .. M. de Grandmaison, député «du .Maineet-Loire, sur -Je déplacement -du général Zurlinden; i M. de Ramel, député du Gard, au ;sujet des arrestations et des opérations judiciaires se rattachant au complot; • M. Denys Cochin, non sur la politique générale du gouvernement, mais sur ses actes; ' ; M. de Grandmaison; encore, sur le: prélèvement d’hommes detroupes dans les départements de l’Ouest en -yuè du procès de Rennes : . ■> /; • De M. Millevoye, sqr l'odieuse mesure prise contre le général de Négrier ; De M, Georges Berry, 6Ur le retard apporté par je gouvernement a convoquer les Chambrés, etc. , : L’affreux Galiiffet sera également mis sur la sellette par M. d’Aulan, qui lui demandera compte du déplacement du.32 e d'infanterie à Môntélimar. , D’aptres iptenpeljations lui seront également adressées par des députés ministériels. ■ Les interpellations au ministre des trarvaux publics émanent de MM. Bourrât, Berry, Argeliès et Coûtant, sur la catastro phe de Juvisy, et de M. Gustave Lhopiteau, sur }es défectuosités. du service à la Compagnie de l’Ouest. ’ Relatons encore les interpellation» de M. Castelin,. relative au traité franco-américain ; de M. Millevjjye, au sujet de l’agression de la barque de pêche française YEtoile-de-Mer, par.uxn bâtiment anglais ; de M. Vigne d’Octbn, bur le drame du Soudan. ■ : ' .>■■>' ■' Ajoutons qu’à ce sujet il y a Une autre demante d’interpellation adressée par M. de Montfort ; MM. Gervais et Dubois ont aussi adressé le £2 juillet dernier une demande d’interpellation au gouvernement, à propos du fameux combat de-Roubaix/.. lion contre taureau, etc. Et la liste n’est pas close. I.*» projet! de iol èa gomeùiemeat D’après to ’ projet dié Ttri sur la 1 scolarité dont il a été question hier au conseil des ministres, tout candidat à une fonction publique quelconque devra être muni d’un certificat a’études-constatant qu’il à terminé ses-études dans les établissements de l’Etat. Pour les fonctions publiques ^exigeant que l’enseignement primaire, Te^candidat devra avoir passé les deux dernières' années dans un établissement de T'Etat; pour les fonctions pour lesquelles l’enseignement secondaire est exigé, cette durée sera de trois années, étant toujours entendu que ce sont le3 dernières anuées d'études qui doiveut étCè 'paSSéek dans TES établissement d’Etat. Le ministre, des^finances déposera de son côté pn projet iriodifiantla jurisprudence instituée par ; laCôur'de Cassation et mettant obstacle a la perception du droit d’àccrdissemëîit dû paf les ’ Congrégations Religieuses. Un autre projet sur la-réforme de l’impôt des boissons et inodiSant le régimè dès bouilleurs de cru. * '• f ..• » .». rt r* *» c ¥ J S f i « | ij| • ' --.W. fomitccestral socialiste révoîîitioiiaaif e Le. comité ne tiendra nas aujôur^hin Sa séance hebdomadaire. Il prie *è». adhérents-de se reqdre demain jeudi, à la nôilyocation du -Parti , républicain socialiste ; français, , qui rébhit ! 'ses adhéré nts, salle de l’Harmonie,-9À/;rue d'Angotdêmé. ’ î;, ; Les délégués du .comité central se rèurjirônt à l’issue de cette assemblée.h: ‘. , f DN ERAHE AU FOiïï lE MIRÉ. -' t Une étrange maison. — « À l’assas., sassin ! » —: Unmeurtre. mysté». v ; • riéux. Un drame étrange, sardes causeB. d&quèl on ne possède encore aucun éclaircissement, s’est déroulé au n°. 0 de lâ rue Rûiivet, dans le quartier dû'Pônt-clé-i i 'landré. • L’immeuble situé à cette adrèsèe bffée üb aspéet des plus éurr-eui. C’est ùnp véritable casérne habitée par-une-population deé -plûi mélangées, et cette maison nte possède, pas moins de -trois entrées.s’.ouvrant Sur trois rues, différentes. C’est pl utôt une.ojté qu’unémaisén.‘T ï h-.; , ■C’est là qu’habitaitj aû quatrième étagé, dans lè fond d’une cOur, une dame. Àubad, âgéé decinquafi’të ;âhé. Cette personnpse tfôuvait hiertohez eïte,'étt'ègtopagnie.d’unfe petite .voisine, un^;,fiUettc âgée d’une, dizaine d’ânnées, quancLun individu nommé Louis Alelaiid, âgé dê vingt ahs^menuisier, ,se présenta et fut admis à l’intè'rieur.dùTbgement.. Que se passa-tviî.exactement, on.l’ignoré' eheoré ■ ; toujours. -ësï-i'l .. Réunion générale Rappelons à tous les adhérents que. rassemblée,générale du farti. républicain socialiste français a lieu demain jeudi,,'» huitheures et demie <ju soir, salle de l'Harmonie,-94, rije d’Angoulême. . . T T ; * . II. sera, .procédé aii râiouvellènàent du comité executif:' Le secrétaire-fera-un compte rendu somipaire des'actes politiques dû Parti pendant l’ànnéè. Là situation politique sera exposée par. le* : orateurs inscrits,*' le» cji-' toyèns : . Ernest -Boche, Pàulin-Méry etCharles Bernard," députés ; A. Gabriel, délégué général ; Léon Dumonteil, ancien député ; Gaston Da Costa, A* Farjat, P. Foursin, G. Fcltesse, Poirier de Narçay, Hornhôstél. ; Les citoyens 'qui n’auraient pas reçu leur convocation pourront la retirer, le soir après cinq heures, à VIntransigeaM Dix-huitième arrondissement. — Granflé fête de famille organisée par le comité central républicain socialiste déjà Goutte-d’Or-Ohapèlle, Samedi 11 novembre, à huit heures du soir, salle Sainte-Geneviève, 108, rue dé la Chapelle, sous,la -présidence d’hortneur d’Henri Rochéfort et la présidence effective du citoyen Pierre Foursin. Conférence et bal de nuit. On trouve dès cartes aux adresses suivantes : Merlot, 63, rue Doudeauville ; Michel, U, rue des Poissonniers ; Goby, SA; rue de la Charbonnière; hôtel Sainte-Geneviève, 108, rue die la Chapelle ; Philippon, 5, rue Myrrlia ; Virgile, 71, rue de la Chapelle; l’Ami Paul, 35, rue Myrrha; au siège du-comité, 57, rueDoudeauville. ' ” Nos amis liront dans le nnméro de Ni Dieu ni Maître, paru cette semaine, de nombreux articles intéressant da politique suivie par le Parti. -■ ' -a-.,' : . '. JE* oui* les Boeri?. L’appel du Comité français des. Républiques sud-africaines a été entendu. Lès souscriptions spontanément ouvertes eommencent à affluer, témoignant de l’intérêt qu’inspire à tous les gens do cfieur le vaillant petit penple boer. Notre rédacteur en chef, Henri Rochefbrt, a fait parvenir au trésorier du Comité sa souscription personnelle : 500 francs. Nous y avons joint le produit d’une quête faite àl’issue d’une réunion organisée parle Comité républicaine socialiste de IjV première circonscription;; du quàtorZièiAo ar-' fondissementj. soit onsi francs *. Dans’ cette même réunion;un -ordre^du-jour 'a été voté, « félicitant les républicains de l’Afrique-du. Sud-de l’énergie et du courage qu’ils déploient contre la puissance spoliatrice, l’Angleterre. » ■ "ITÉSt républicain a pu réunir en peu de jours., une première liste de 750 francs. Les'isommes parvenues au comité s’élèvent à ce jour au ' tôtal de six''mille onze francs quatre-vingt-dix centimes. Adresser lès 'spnscriptions. ù M. Léon Bailby, trésorier, 80, rue de Navarin, les adhésions à M. JulesiGdcheris; Secrétaire général, 13, rue dé Savoie. '. ■ .• BEAUCOUP DE BBUÏT POUR IÙÉN .. Un incidéht, comme il S’én.produit cinquante mille par'an, s'est déroulé dimanche soir à la gare d’Ouest-CeinlUré. Mais comme l’iihe des personnes mêlées à cdt incident se trouve être le lieutenant-Colèncl du l’aty de Clam, les torchons dreyfuisàrdé n’ont pas àsséz de <cOlo'nnes pouf lb. raconter avec forcé détails. -Il sàgit d’iinte simple et banale discussionentré voyageurs; .. ... : -M. du Paty de. Clam .se trouvait, avec sh femme et son jeune enfant malade, daiis un compartiment de première ‘classé, quand r un voyageur voulut monter'à Soh tour avec s'a ïefnmè. Le Compartiment était complet: Le lieuténant-eoloflél le' fit remarquer aii-nouveau venu, un-chirurgien-dentiste dû nom de■ Geofffoy-Devulder. Celui< ci. insista pour monter. Une querelle s’é-‘ Ie,ya; et, finalement, : AT., du ^Paty de Giaih jeta à'iërre lé chapeau du -dentiste, qdi venait dé le traiter de « sauvage ». A la gare de Paris, une explication élitlieu au commissariat, où il fut reconnu : 1° que Aï. DevUlder était datas Aon tort, a<tcn.dp quu le -compartiment où il Voulait monter était complet; S* que le même Dévulder a injurié, provoquéfet menacé. M. du Patyde Clam, lequel se trouvait-en étdt de légitime-défense. -. ' 7 M. du Paty de Clam bSrit au dentistéTels' réparations désirables. Mais le récalcK. trant Voyageur les refusa toutes. Il tenaità faire parler de lui en poursuivant ' le lièùtênant-colonel devant leâ tribunaux» Il est Inutile d’insister sur cetprocédé, qui pourrait bien tourner à la confusion de l’iyaScible deniisfe. • TRIBUNAUX. Bf. Lsnliet en correctionnelle La justice a beau être boiteuse et lente » for-ce est bien aux coupables de comparaître un jour devant elle. Et c’est ainsi que, hier, M. Loubet (Lucien), cantonnier -de l ro classe et propre cousin du grrrand Loubet, revenait, sous l’inculpation de coups, injures ét diffamation envers Mmje Mavne, femme d’un collègue, s’asseoir sûr les'bancs de la correctionnelle, précisément, «ux côtés de Mme Mavne, laquelle était' .reconventionnellement poursuivie par M. Loubet (Lucien) pour coups, injurés et diffamation. , Ah ! pour, un beau procès, ce fut un bealu procès! La discrétion professionnelle, hélas1. 1. — et. aussi la loi sur la presse 1 — «l'empêchent de vous en narrer tous les palpitants détails; mais ce qu’il y a de •certain, c’est qwe M. Loubet accommode fort niai Mme Mavne, laquelle Mme Mayne nàceommode pas mieux.M. Loubet. • ■En sorte, qu’après les émouvantes dépositions de nombreux témoins, le présiitedt avertit M. Lonliet qu’il-se verrait forcé «le condamner-sérérement Mme-Mayoe; après quoi, il avertit Mme Mayne qu’il se verrait forcé de condamner -nou moins aé vèreineàt M. Loubet. Or, si ce devait être une incontestable satisfaction pour M. fSsISubet de-; faire condamner Mme Mayne, et pour Mnte M-ajuiè de faire condamner M. Loubet, la question ne s’en posait pas moins de savoir si de s’en tirer sans aucune •condamnationne causerait pas -encore une plifs grande satisfaction à M. -Loubet comme !à Mme Mayne, et à Mme Mayne comme à M. Loubet. * Après bien des hésitations, ce fut de sage parti qui l’emporta; en sorte que M. Loubet retira sa plainte contre Mme Mayne, «t Mme Mayne contre M. Loubet ; et tous s’en allèrent gaiement se rafraîchir, les Mayne à la santé des Loubet, et les Loubet à la santé des Mayne. Et c’est ainsi que demeura sans tâche le blason.de la « maison régnante ». Mais à la porte guettaient les. reporter*. « Vous êtes parent de M, le président de la flepubligus, n’est-ce pas monsieur? demande quelque insidieux confrère. — Bien sûr, que je suis son cousin ; à preuve que je suis natif du Tillet, près de Môntélimar. çais de la justice et des formulaires dû casier judiciaire français n° S. Spn affaire a donné lieu à un échange «Je correspondances entre MM. Delcàssé-èt Monis, d’une part, et la légation suisse à Paris, d’autre part. Il s’agissait de savoir si les imitations étaient dangereuses,c’est-à-dire si les documents munis du faux timbre seraient considérées comme authentiques en France, Il fut établi que lès contrefaçons étaient d’une rare habileté et donnaient donc un caractère d’authenticité absolue. Pour faire établir le sceau et les formu-' laires, Guillot s'était présenté chez un des principaux graveurs «t un des principaux imprimeurs'de Genève, déclarant faire ces commandes pouHedompté du coùsül général de France. -1 .F. Bellay. Audacieux faussaire . ■ La cour d’assises de Genève vient de condamner à six mois de prison, avec ie bénéfice de circonstances très atténuantes, un Français nommé Hugues-Frédéric „Üuillol. Cet individu s’était .fixé à.Lausanne d’abord, à Genève ensuite. IL avait fait fa-: briquer un faux sceau du ministère fran La Silhouette de cette semaine publie un amusant dessin de Bobb : « Old Englanden danger!» et'des chroniques signées Paul Mathlex, Georges Vernier, etc. PREMIÈRES REPRÉSENTATIONS Théâtre Vaguera. — Frères d’armes, drame militaire’ franco-russe en cinq actes et huit tableaux,*’ par MM. Albert Monniot et OctaTe Houdaiile. A l’exemple du philosophe antique, le théâtre Maguéra continue de prouver qu’il existeren marchant. Lors derl’inauguration de -êe théâtre, .j’ai rappelé à nos lecteurs lès ^nombreuses campagnes dramatiques de sVxttrecfa-icëj Mlle Maguéra, Ses tentatives, ses essais, et,, en fin de compte, sa prise de possession de l’ancien théâtre Moncey, avenue de Clicliy, aux Batignolles. Hier soir, on peut dire que le toutParis-s’etait joint au tout-Batignolles et aûi tour-Montmartre pour venir applaudir le draine dtardoftt patriotisme,i plein de belles et fières devises, de nos Confrères Monniot et Houdaille..‘Les, Frèresd’armes se présentent àmous édns forme de pièce' après avoir été goûtés ■sous forme de livre.-L® roman était dc M. Albert Monniot. Il est inutile de discuter l’Opportunité de ces • transïormations des rémanB en dratires. Tout les chefs de la littérature en ont donné l’exemple ou pluv tèt l’ont suivi. Rappellerons-nous l’accusation portée contre l’un des. écrivains les plus populaires du siècle dernier, l’immortel Beaumarchais : » .;. Caron de Beaumarchais, qut longtemps avec gloire Mil le mémoire %n drame:et le dràmeon mémoire. ! C’est le droit d’un auteur -d’essayer «lie traiter le même sujet sous deux formejs différentes, pourvu que sous chacunb d’elles il respecte les con«li'tions .essentielles-de chaque genre,.et l’écueil-n’est pré facile à éviter. On tient trop, en général, là conserver dans la seconde forme ce qui fe le plus charmé dans le première. : Disons tout de suite que M. Albert Moriniot, en Collaborant avec M: Octave Hdudaille, n’a pas perdu de vue .la différence: qu’il y a entre la représentationet la lec-ture, entre cette foule réunie dans unie émotion commune, qui assiste à Une actfo.n et en appelle le dénouement, et le lecteur 'solitaire et ,patient qui se laisse intéresser aux récits,-aux peintures, aux 'descriptions,) aux analyses “psychologiques, qui oublié l’ensemble yrour les détails, et l’action elle-’ même pour le charme du style. * , ’T Le conteur de Frères d’armes, en se far•saitt jauteur dramatique, a eu le ' courage de faire subir à sonœuvre ces intelligentes mutilations que la différence des 'genres impose ét de sacrifier, quand il -l’a failli, les belles pages du roman pour, donner-à sein draitae plus de vio et *de mouvonieni. Que d’ailleurs;, ce qui n’èst pas r-; si le drame ne valait pas le roman, cela prouverait encore moins l’insuffisance de là secondeforme que l’excellence de la fornx’e première, L’Action àe -Frères d’armes se place -à l’époque de la campagne-de Grimée, il y .a quarante-cinq ans, au temps où Françàiè, Anglais ot Piémontais combattaient contre nos alliés et amis d’aujourd’hui, les Russe». C’est vous dire.quc le oanon roule son tonnerre tout au long de la pièce, que la fdsiîlade crépite à la cantonnade quand les' coups de feu n’éclatent pas en ■-scène, -que. les zôuaves montent bravement à l’assaut, que les Russes, non moins braves, se dë: fendent avec -une énergie farouche, quie Totleben fait des prodiges de fortification, qu’en un mot cette époque -guerrière revit • sur la scène un peu de son passé glorieux.. Mais, à côté du' drame grandiose, il. v û. le drame intime. Un officier italien — plé^ montais, Angclo Caldiera, qui aima la même jeune fille <iu’un lieutenant de zouaves, Jacques Morin, et qui assassina cette jeunefille, a juré de perdre le lieutenant efi'le faisant passer pour traître. Son accusation a d’autant plus.de raison d’être crue, qu’au’ cours du siège de Sébastopol, Jacques Moi-j rin e’est lié avec un capitaine de .l’armée russe, Ivan Sourief.'Blessé, Jacques h mènre été transporté dans la famille .d’Ivan ; il s’ést épris de sa sœur, Sacha, fort jolie, dequi prouve une "fois de plus que les Français ont du goût en tous pays. ' Jacques Morin est juge, subit la dégradation, va -être exécute, quand Ivan accourt, porteur d’un ordre de grâce'«lu gouverneur. L’infâme Piémontais Angôlo Uaidiera voulait tuer dans un duel déluyaîl * Jacques Morin; un des zouaves de Ja-cqüa's, l’occit d’un coup de fusil. Jacques petit aimer SachaSourief, et cette union de deux cœurs franço-russes laisse présager l’alliance des deux,peuples pour plus tard. Mlle Maguérà,Ja jeune et vaillante direotrice de l’ancien Moncey, a monté fort convenablement ce drame idyllique et patriotique. Décors et costumes sont d’une fraîcheur irréprochable. Chacun des tableaux a fourni sa part d’émotion. L’apparition de l’assassinée Marcelle, l’assaut, furent ceux où le Succès s’accrocha fortement; mais le plus émouvant sans contredit, celui qui tint le public sous l’étreinte la plus violente, fut celui de la parade d’exé«mtion. Pour toutes ces raisons, on ira voir Frères d’armes. Homust socialiste et rewioiisle Comité d’action patriotique et socialiste. — Réunion privée, demain jeudi, à huit heures et demie du soir, salle Lenoir, 50, rue de Turenne, angle de la rue Saint-Gilles. Conférence par le citoyen Paulin-Méry, député, sur lapojitiqeegénécaie et e«r i-altitude jà prendre en, facs des déeisiOns^de ;a Haute:Ctmr, ét le priigralnrrte du çoniife d'action patriotique et so^-ialfete.,,. " ' ■ .. .. Les adhésions seront reçues à la réunion. COMITÉ DE PROPAGATION DES PRINCIPES DE LA Révolution française. — Aujourd'hui mercredi,-» huitheures -et demie, cours sur la Révolujtiotf*ffanç^ise, àjl’école, 30, rue JeanneDarc. -tf$ Le) jouênal le Père Duchés ne ; Hébert devant l’Histéire. Demain jeudi, le même cours sera tenu k l’école de garçons, 30, rue de P.euillv. KàitsHivers En France, un temps doux va persister ; des pluies sont de nouveau probables su' le versant Nord-Ouest. Le» dcvallsenrs de voitures de luxe. — Des malfaiieurs se sont, fait ia spécihlitë de ^dévaliser tes -voiturps «TA luxe qui stationnent rue, de la Paix. Hier, quatre individùh '-passaient f«ék!o -la Paix et s’emparaient.-de, ,plusieurs four, rures d’uné valeur de 1,500 francs qui .se trouvaient-dans là Vôllttré domluite par ie coohe^.Stevens. ■. Quelques cochers qui s’hélaient aperçus à temps de.ee vol, «ai îMrfeni à la poursuite des 'itaalfaifqurs» do«fc l’ud <ljenx fut -a,irèté. C’est, un noifuné "Otaries Degouyes.. se donnant ’ èèinmfeèarlis'te -dràmatiqué, demeurant çité Jarrt. -yIl a refusé de aonner les noms'de «e» , complicbs. " ' " , Le commissaire Ta. fait, diriger sulr, I* Dépôt. " ' ■ ' ). ..Un drame de la.felle. — Hier, dans la matinée, un nottimé Pierre Miilétoî, âgé daquarante-sep.t ans, cürdonnier, -demeii.rant 1S, rue. Vicq-d’Azir, se présentait au commissariat de pôlièe dé son quartier.; Il déclara. qù’il avait étranglé sa femme et qu’il, venait se consïituer prisonnier. Lè cômrnissairfe's'ètant-réta'du à taon domicile constata, leu «ffet. que le cordonnier kvait très grièvement blessé sa -femme, quîil fallut transporter à Thêpitai ’S'aii.ti Louis; : v Millètot ne jouit pas.de toutes ses. facultés.* Sa mère est nror.tc 'folie, Il a. déjà été ■interné a .Ville-Evrard» Ge malheureux iesî ,:père; ,de* cinq enfants. Il à été dirigé sur Tinfirmefie *du Dépôt,"d’ôîi il sera de nouveau conduit dans ün'asiie d’aliénés. .lies faux iheàMÿéaMi. — Deux Individus, nommés. -Picard "et Lecomte, qui fabriquaient de fausses -pièces -de deux francs, dites de la * Sêmeusè », dé Roi y, ont été arrêtés hier. ; -, L’atelier des deux Tanx-monayeur* ffait installé <chéz Picard, tue Oautancdurt. : Lorsqu’ils avaient' fabrique une certaine quantité de pièces, ils partaient à bicyclette et parcouraient les etavirons de Paris, où ils-écoulaient leur'fausse monnaie. Signalés, à la police, Picard et Lècomla ont été l’Objet d’utaék uî* vé i i Idn çè ep ébia ! a de la police. , ' Ils ont étcysarfêtés ail moment cîi ils f tintaient d’-écôùler'plusieurs pièéus dfe deux francs au marché de Villejuif, Alix Grand» !Ma$a»itt» Bsfàyel, grand.choix-de macliines à coudre, livrées contre-.uri premier versement de 3 îranfcs, le solde payable 3 francs par semaine. Demain jeudi ,; Exposition -et nombreuse* attractions. Un homme qui ne dénonce (Suite). —" Jacques. Linsi, «et Individu qûî,-ainsi que nous l’avons raconté, il y a qoelquea jours,, s’ëtâit présente à 1a gendarmerie du Mans où il avait déclaré avoir assas-rinù une jeune fille rue de Londres, a été rendu à sa famillç. ' On affirme, en effet, AûJSiège de ia Compagnie ; Thomson-Houston., que Jacques Linsi jouissait' de festinte de tous et <ni« contrairement an bruit «qui circulait, il vivait en bonne.intelligence avec sa femme. Il a disparu seus le coup jde IrdubTes ::crveuxoccasionnés saufe donté par au jettes de travail. , , D’autre îpart, aheurte jeuiie fiflè ii’lesl morte à la Compagnie Thomson-Hoeréion d’une façon qui .put f aire.«upposer qu't-Jfa ait été Victime d’un crime. Condamnés ït mort & la Itoipsetic, — Nous avons annoncé qtte les conda-rrraéa à mort Gouzy, Martin et Burgerf, conduit» à la prison de la Sÿnté/atassitùt après leui» condamnation, seraient transférés à la j}ri6on de la Grande-Rorfdette. Cette opération a été effectuée dans iigprès-midi d’hier. : On peut en conclure que l’exêcutiota ffea condamnés, s’il ne sont pas-»-l’objet d’igia commutation de peine, aura lieu, comme par le passé sur la place de la Roquette. SifBemFatsInnÙIefletésngercûr. — 'Plusieurs accidents "se sont produits de puis quelque temps dur là place de la Nation qui sont: dus au -sifflement aigu «tes locomotives qui Servent à enlever les terres de déblai sur lés chantiers d u Wdtropolitain. :. ^ : Hier matin, un maréchal-ferrant, M. Rate mann, -reconduisait-dn cheval très -fougueux,.lorsque, sur la place de la Natioaw lescris «Tune sirène à vapeur se mirent 4 retentir avec une force tout â fait «normale. Le cheval, épouvanté^ se mit à ircerj, brisa ses traits et, finalement, réussit à jeter «on conducteur â bas de son siège. Lq malheureux Kutmann,Crampon ne aux guw des, fùtfraîné â terre durant quelques instants. Quand on le relevà, il était evanoafg avait trois côtes fracturées et une j-aasbe» brisée en deux endroits. Dans sa course endiablée, l’animal u, M plus, renversé un vieillard -de quatre-vingtsix ans, MLéonard Labroche, et lui a fait une grave blessure au ventre en temps qu’une fracture au crâne. Les deux blessés ont été trataspertâ^ 'ssraftssaæsffirsï' MÊ»sm d’nrgepce. et admis à l’hôpital Raint-An.totee.'>:'%*%.* iomme on a tout lieu de croire que ces sifflements inutiles ont été faits par malice et dans le but d’effrayer .les chevaux, le commissaire de police vient d’ouvrir nue enquête afin d’établir les responsabilités. DEPARTEilEîiTS ET COLONIES Accident d'automobile. : Castrez : Dans •la nuit de samedi à dimanche, le baron Xavier Reille, député du Tarn, quf fait ao. tuellement une période de vingi>huit jours au 3» régiment d’artillerie, à Castres, en qualité de lieutenant de réserve, revenait en automobile du châteati des Ormes, près de Laulrec, où habite M. dé Foucaud) conseiller général. 11 était acèoinpàgné de son secrétaire,' M; Averous, et du-chauffeur. Au tournant d’un chemin, une roue s’étant brisée, la voiture versât" ■ ; Le choc fut si violent, quë le chauffeur qvi se trouvait derrière* fut pTQjeté dans' un fossé de 7 mètres environ. MM. .Reille. et Averoue furent pris sous l’autoifiobile'et ce n'ëst què très difficilement qu’ils purent sé dégager. ' Le député de Castresa reçu des contusions, à la tête et a. l’épaule gauclxe fracturée. Son secrétaireaîe crâne fendu.' . , .Violent.orage a,Madagascar. .Tananarive : Un très violent orage accompagné: de grêle s’est abattu sur Tananarive et & causé de nombreux dégâts. Les. grêlons s’étaient amoncelés sür lestoitures et dans les jardins. . .. Les collines,' les routes, les plaines toutes blanches donnaient l’impression d’un passage d’hiver AuxMalgaches' stupéfaits/ ■: ÉTRANGER . . ' . Explosion pu.. gaz .dans un hôpital.— Bruxelles-: Uhe explosion de gaz s'est produite à rhôpitak Saint-Jean, jtq principal établissement de Bruxelles. Le sinistre a éclaté dans le quartier des malades payants. Quatre chambres occupées par des dûmes ‘ ont été inondées dé plâtras et de briques ; aucune d’elles p’a été blessée. «Les malades. se sont sauvés en vêtements .sommaires dans, tousfies couloirs. Les dégâts sont assezgrands. -r. XJttféà/fci^es Ce soir : ■ ■. Au Théâtre-Lyrique de la.RenaisSaftcC, à. huit heures' et. demie, première représentation de Daphnis et Ghitoé, comédie lyrique en trois actes, de MM, Jules et Pierre Barbier, musique de M. Henri Maréchal. — Distribution : Daphnis, MM. Andrieu. — Philétas, Soniacroix. — Dryas, Bourgeois. —Chteé, Mmes J. Leclerc. — La nymphe Echo, FrandaZ.' — Myrtale, L. Richard. • A l’Ambigu, à huit heures et quart, première représentation (reprise) de Cartouche , drame en cinq actes et huit’tableaux, par MM. Adolphe d’Ennery et Ferdinand Dugué. — Distribution :. Cartouche, MM. Duquesne,— De Grandlieu, J. Renot. — Gribichen, Rantc. -D’orbesson, Chartier. — Chariot, Angely. — François Beâudoin, Ch. Hémery. — u L’EVéillé, Liêzer. — Mitouflet, Jacquier. — Doublemain, charlys. —• Germain; Picard. — Langlois, Chevreuil. Beilami, André-Hall.— G ri pois, Chaumont. — L’officier, Vallot. — Le geôlier, Brémonf.— Un voleur, Denière. — Un bourgeois, Grange, — Jeannette, Mmes Andrée Méry. — Louise, Litty Bossa. — Sanchette, Berland. Catherine,* Tasny. —-Louison, Delorme. — Mariette, Prady. Tableaux : l* r , La bande à Cartouche. — S*, .«Roi des voleurs. — 3*, Le commandeur d’Orlèîson. — A*, Deux amis d'enfance. — A% Sur les*toits. — 6*, Vingt-septième évasion. — 7*, Les noces de Cartouche. — 8*, Le dernier combat. ... ... **■* A-la Scala, première représentation de': Du Pacha .très. occupé, pièce en un acte; de M. Tristan Bernard. — Distribution : ; ■Crépu, MM. Suibac. — LJintendan't, Claudius. — Le pacha, -Lajaï. — Emile, Max Dearly. — Zulma, Mmes Foscolof -Rosalie, Dartêlé. —o— A rOpéra-éojniijuè,-XouiJe, la nouvelle pièce de M. Gustave Charpentier, ne passera probablement qu’après le jour de l’an 1900. M. Charpentier tient à inaugurer le siècle. 1 Nous pouvons dire, (Tailleurs, que les études se poursuivent en ‘ce moment hors la présence de M. Charpentier, qui d’est pas encore venu au théâtre depuis qu'on a commencé àrépéter.1 _ ■ L’ouvrage sera déjà très au point quand M. Charpentier viendra prendre la direction des répétitions que mène eu ce moment M. André Messager. >-o— Au théâtre Antoine : La répétition générale du nouveau spectacle : Pire naturel et les Girouettes, aura lieu demain jeudi, à deux heures dë Vaprès-mrdi.La.première «st.fi^ée. 'Petites nouvelles : •. ... ; •’ À la, Gaîfé, on demandé des choristes hom-i mes (ténors et basses), -S’adresser tous les: jours, à quatre heures, au-théâtre. ’ j ,.-jA l’Olympia, vu l’abondancedes numéros,; dont nous avons.dit le succès pour ehacun, le; rideau se lève exactement à huit heures et! .'demie. ■; ’ v ■ .... ■’ Au concert de 'la Pépinière, par suite! d’indisposition, la première représentation de :i En v'ià des Affaires, qui devait avoir, lieuf hier, est remise àce soir .mercredi. * A la Fourni,drânain : jeudi, grande! soirée de gala offerte par M, Ruez, directeur! de i la Fourmi. à là « Société des Pères trân-; quilles de Pai-iÿ,y, société dé mutualité comttreTciale fondé® à. Montmartre’en 1869. Triboulet. : ; HENRI R0CHEF0RT V DÉROULÈDE, C l MARCHAND,. La photographie de l’Etoile est heureuse de-pouvoir offrir aux nombreux lecteurs: â&l'Intransigeant, et à .des prix véritablei ment exceptionnels, de magnifiques photographies d’Henri Rochefort, Déroulède et du commandant Marchand. Les personnes qui. voudront recevoir s franco uàe de ces photographies, d’une) hauteur de 21* cent, sur 13 ceut. collée sur grand carton bristol de M cent, sur 31 cent, a fond teinté, prête à être encadrée, n’ont ‘* qn’à adresser un" mandat »» bon de poste de deux francs au directeur de la photographie dé l’Etoile, S3, rue Saint-Didier, à Paris. ■ ■ ■ Les mêmes photographies,grarideur.cartôalbum, aru prix da 1 fé. 50 chaque. ~ r. Lestimbres-poste ne sontpeps acceptes,' ’ ., ,/ LIB RE-PEN SÉE Ligné de propairamle d'athéisme — ëeetuHteentrcle. Les membres de la section centrale sont convoqués ; pour ce soir, neuf heures, salle Gibert, A9, fue Rameyv. y Ordre 'du jour: Communications des sections dé province;; adhésions ; organisation du baptême civil de Brumaire; questions diverses, eted -, ; ”, Les /membrfes qui n’auraient, pas? reçu de convocation sont priéé d’en informer sans regard le secrétariat.. •Ecrire, potte tout ce qui concerné la Société et la Ligue, au citoyen Albert Létrîllard, secrétaire général, Salle Gibert, A9, rue Raiiiey. * i. î. r... i. , ^ ■ ' ■ TBâVÂSL ET TRAVAILLEURS Noue rappelons aux corporations ouvrières que toutes leurs communications doivent nous Mrs adressées avant sept heures du soir. Les communications des syndicat* doivent être tevétucs de leur cachet et signées da secrétaire. ...a. Communications Chambre syndicale de la gravure. programme de la corporation. Ils se sont élevés avec force contre la retenue de dix centimes par jour pour l’assurance. Tous se sont trouvés d’accord pour reconnaître la nécessité. de poursuivre la campagne pour obtenir la réduction de la journée de travail et la fermeture à midi les dimanches et fêtes. . Le citoyen Cla.ês a été .désigné pour représenter la corporation A l’inauguration du moy. .nument «r^le Triomphe de. la, 'Républiques ; ■ , . Chamdrr syndical» ouvrière na --EA-BOucnEr. jbie, ~ Grande réunion des étalîers, et garçpns bouchers,ce''.soir'. meicredL .âiiui't’h.éufes ®t demie,à la Maison' du Peuple-, /i5, pue Balagny." ■■—Ordre'du jour.: nécessité du groupement réduction de la journée de travail ; fermeture ;des étaux' à quatre heüfes, les dimanches..et fêtes en toute saison, ; .. ' ,' Groupe fraternel,' corporatif -des Serruriers ET 'ÂSSÎMILÉé DU mÉPÂpTEMÈïtf' ’ DIT iX Seine. —■. Les ouvriers serruriers, réunis la dimanche 5 novembre, à la salle des Ommbn9,27, rue de Belhsville, après avoir entendu lés citoyens Daniel, Beylord et Pégaz, candidats, ail conseil de prud’hommes; développer le programme; de la prud’homie et des revendications ouvrières approuvent'à runanimitê leurs déclarations et s’engagent à soutenir et faire tHorrtpherâéurs candidatures âùi éleqtions prud’hommales. . École de massage. — La chambre -syndicale des masseurs et magnétiseurs de Fiance donnera sa grande ! fête solennelle etofûciellé, jeudi. 18 novembre, à' huit heures, salle des fêtés de l’hôtel dés chambres syndicales,-lp>; rue de L%acry.■ ■ -, -r-. ■ s -v: • '’ Distribution des récompenses, grand' diplôme, aux élèves ayant passé leurs-examens, avec le Concours des, docteurs ‘Moutiir, ; Bquhéhen-CéBas, ' Bailey, Poirier de Narçay, médecins de la Faculté de méddcifie'dè Paris. ; Conférence par M. Ernest -.Roche, .Poirier'di», Narçay, Grignon, suivie deconcert. Entrée pu-' blique ét gratuite.' / . . , * : ? Pounioutes les communications ouvrières,. Ad. Farfat.
| 28,690 |
https://github.com/xamarin/binding-tools-for-swift/blob/master/msbuild/tests/csharp/ios/app/ViewController.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
binding-tools-for-swift
|
xamarin
|
C#
|
Code
| 84 | 228 |
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
// Licensed under the MIT License.
using System;
using UIKit;
namespace sampleappios
{
public partial class ViewController : UIViewController
{
protected ViewController (IntPtr handle) : base (handle)
{
// Note: this .ctor should not contain any initialization logic.
}
public override void ViewDidAppear (bool animated)
{
base.ViewDidAppear (animated);
var sayer = new TestLib.Sayer ();
UIAlertController alert = new UIAlertController () {
Message = TestHigherLib.TopLevelEntities.SayHello (sayer).ToString ()
};
alert.AddAction (UIAlertAction.Create ("OK", UIAlertActionStyle.Default, null));
PresentViewController (alert, true, null);
}
}
}
| 9,264 |
US-95563697-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 1,997 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,227 | 10,991 |
Modified vitamin K-dependent polypeptides
ABSTRACT
The invention provides vitamin k-dependent polypeptides with enhanced membrane binding affinity. These polypeptides can be used to modulate clot formation in mammals. Methods of modulating clot formation in mammals are also described.
STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH
Funding for work described herein was provided by the federal government, which has certain rights in the invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Vitamin K-dependent proteins contain 9 to 13 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues (Gla) in their amino terminal 45 residues. The Gla residues are produced by enzymes in the liver that utilize vitamin K to carboxylate the side chains of glutamic acid residues in protein precursors. Vitamin K-dependent proteins are involved in a number of biological processes, of which the most well-described is blood coagulation (reviewed in Furie, B. and Furie, B. C., 1988, Cell, 53:505-518). Vitamin K-dependent proteins include protein Z, protein S, prothrombin, factor X, factor IX, protein C, factor VII and Gas6. The latter protein functions in cell growth regulation. Matsubara et al., 1996, Dev. Biol., 180:499-510. The Gla residues are needed for proper calcium binding and membrane interaction by these proteins. The membrane contact site of factor X is thought to reside within amino acid residues 1-37. Evans and Nelsestuen, 1996, Protein Science 5:suppl. 1, 163 Abs. Although the Gla-containing regions of the plasma proteins show a high degree of sequence homology, they have at least a 1000-fold range in membrane affinity. McDonald, J. F. et al., 1997, Biochemistry, 36:5120-5137.
Factor VII functions in the initial stage of blood clotting and may be a key element in forming blood clots. The inactive precursor, or zymogen, has low enzyme activity that is greatly increased by proteolytic cleavage to form factor VIIa. This activation can be catalyzed by factor Xa as well as by VIIa-tissue factor, an integral membrane protein found in a number of cell types. Fiore, M. M., et al., 1994, J. Biol. Chem., 269:143-149. Activation by VIIa-tissue factor is referred to as autoactivation. It is implicated in both the activation (formation of factor VIIa from factor VII) and the subsequent activity of factor VIIa. The most important pathway for activation in vivo is not known. Factor VIIa can activate blood clotting factors IX and X.
Tissue factor is expressed at high levels on the surface of some tumor cells. A role for tissue factor, and for factor VIIa, in tumor development and invasion of tissues is possible. Vrana, J. A. et al., Cancer Res., 56:5063-5070. Cell expression and action of tissue factor is also a major factor in toxic response to endotoxic shock. Dackiw, A. A. et al., 1996, Arch. Surg., 131:1273-1278.
Protein C is activated by thrombin in the presence of thrombomodulin, an integral membrane protein of endothelial cells. Esmon, N. L. et al., 1982, J. Biol. Chem., 257:859-864. Activated protein C (APC) degrades factors Va and VIIIa in combination with its cofactor, protein S. Resistance to APC is the most common form of inherited thrombosis disease. Dahlback, B., 1995, Blood, 85:607-614. Vitamin k inhibitors are commonly administered as a prophylaxis for thrombosis disease.
Vitamin k-dependent proteins are used to treat certain types of hemophilia. Hemophilia A is characterized by the absence of active factor VIII, factor VIIIa, or the presence of inhibitors to factor VIII. Hemophilia B is characterized by the absence of active factor IX, factor IXa. Factor VII deficiency, although rare, responds well to factor VII administration. Bauer, K. A., 1996, Haemostasis, 26:155-158, suppl. 1. Factor VIII replacement therapy is limited due to development of high-titer inhibitory factor VIII antibodies in some patients. Alternatively, factor VIIa can be used in the treatment of hemophilia A and B. Factor IXa and factor VIIIa activate factor X. Factor VIIa eliminates the need for factors IX and VIII by activating factor X directly, and can overcome the problems of factor IX and VIII deficiencies with few immunological consequences. Hedner et al., 1993, Transfus. Medi. Rev.,7:78-83; Nicolaisen, E. M. et al., 1996, Thromb. Haemost., 76:200-204. Effective levels of factor VIIa administration are often high (45 to 90 μg/kg of body weight) and administration may need to be repeated every few hours. Shulmav, S. et al., 1996, Thromb. Haemost., 75:432-436.
A soluble form of tissue factor (soluble tissue factor or sTF) that does not contain the membrane contact region, has been found to be efficacious in treatment of hemophilia when co-administered with factor VIIa. U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,064. In dogs, sTF was shown to reduce the amount of factor VIIa needed to treat hemophilia. Membrane association by sTF-VIIa is entirely dependent on the membrane contact site of factor VII. This contrasts to normal tissue-factor VIIa complex, which is bound to the membrane through both tissue factor and VII(a).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It has been discovered that modifications within the γ-carboxyglutamic acid (GLA) domain of vitamin K-dependent polypeptides enhance their membrane binding affinities. Vitamin K-dependent polypeptides modified in such a manner have enhanced activity and may be used as anti-coagulants, pro-coagulants or for other functions that utilize vitamin k-dependent proteins. For example, an improved factor VII molecule may provide several benefits by lowering the dosage of VIIa needed, the relative frequency of administration and/or by providing qualitative changes that allow more effective treatment of deficiency states.
The invention features vitamin k-dependent polypeptides that include a modified GLA domain that enhances membrane binding affinity of the polypeptide relative to a corresponding native vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. The modified GLA domain is from about amino acid 1 to about amino acid 45 and includes at least one amino acid substitution. For example, the amino acid substitution can be at amino acid 11, 12, 29, 33 or 34. Preferably, the substitution is at amino acid 11, 33 or 34. The modified GLA domain may include an amino acid sequence which, in the calcium saturated state, forms a tertiary structure having a cationic core with a halo of electronegative charge.
The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide may be, for example, protein C, activated protein C, factor IX, factor IXa, factor VII, factor VIIa or active site modified factor VIIa. The modified GLA domain of protein C or activated protein C may include a glutamic acid residue at amino acid 33 and an aspartic acid residue at amino acid 34 (SEQ ID NO:19).The modified GLA domain of protein C or activated protein C may also include a glutamine or glutamic acid residue at amino acid 11 (SEQ ID NO:20 and SEQ ID NO:21, respectively). Additionally, a glycine residue may be substituted at amino acid 12 in the GLA domain of protein C or activated protein C (SEQ ID NO:24 or SEQ ID NO:35). The modified GLA domain of factor VII, factor VIIa, and active site modified factor VIIa may contain a substitution at amino acid 11 and 33. For example, a glutamine residue at amino acid 11 and a glutamic acid residue at amino acid 33 (SEQ ID NO:30) may be substituted.
The invention also features a mammalian host cell that includes a vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. The polypeptide includes a modified GLA domain that enhances membrane binding affinity of the polypeptide relative to a corresponding native vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. The modified GLA domain includes at least one amino acid substitution at, for example, amino acid 11, 12, 29, 33 or 34. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide may be, for example, factor VII or factor VIIa.
The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition that includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an amount of a vitamin k-dependent polypeptide effective to inhibit clot formation in a mammal. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide includes a modified GLA domain that enhances membrane binding affinity of the polypeptide relative to a corresponding native vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. The modified GLA domain includes at least one amino acid substitution. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide may be, for example, protein C, activated protein C or active site modified factor VIIa.
The invention also features a pharmaceutical composition that includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an amount of a vitamin k-dependent polypeptide effective to increase clot formation in a mammal. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide includes a modified GLA domain that enhances membrane binding affinity of the polypeptide relative to a corresponding native vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. The modified GLA domain includes at least one amino acid substitution. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide may be, for example, factor VII, factor VIIa, factor IX or factor IXa. The pharmaceutical composition may also include soluble tissue factor.
A method of decreasing clot formation in a mammal is also described. The method includes administering an amount of a vitamin k-dependent polypeptide effective to decrease clot formation in the mammal. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide includes a modified GLA domain that enhances membrane binding affinity of the polypeptide relative to a corresponding native vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. The modified GLA domain includes at least one amino acid substitution. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide may be, for example, protein C, activated protein C or active site modified factor VIIa.
The invention also features a method of increasing clot formation in a mammal. The method includes administering an amount of a vitamin k-dependent polypeptide effective to increase clot formation in the mammal. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide includes a modified GLA domain that enhances membrane binding affinity of the polypeptide relative to a corresponding native vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. The modified GLA domain includes at least one amino acid substitution. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide may be, for example, factor VII, factor VIIa, factor IX or factor IXa.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used to practice the invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The amino acid sequences of the GLA domain of wild type VIIa and VIIQ11E33 are found in SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:30, respectively. The amino acid sequences of the GLA domain of bovine factor X, bovine protein C, human protein C and bovine protein C-H11 are found in SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:23, respectively. The amino acid sequence of the GLA domain of protein C VQ33E,N34D is found in SEQ ID NO:19.
FIG. 1 depicts the binding, with standard deviations, of wild type VIIa (open circles), VIIQ11E33 (filled circles), and bovine factor X (filled triangles) to membranes.
FIG. 2 depicts the autoactivation of VIIQ11E33. The dashed line shows activity in the absence of phospholipid.
FIG. 3 depicts the activation of factor X by factor Vila. Results for wild type factor VIIa (open circles) and VIIaQ11E33 (filled circles) are given for a concentration of 0.06 nM.
FIG. 4 depicts the coagulation of human plasma by VIIa and VIIaQ11E33 with soluble tissue factor.
FIG. 5 depicts the coagulation of plasma by factor VII zymogens and normal tissue factor.
FIG. 6 depicts the inhibition of clot formation by active-site modified factor VIIaQ11E33 (DEGR-VIIaQ11E33).
FIG. 7 depicts the circulatory time of factor VIIQ11E33 in rats.
FIG. 8 depicts the membrane interaction by normal and modified proteins. Panel A shows the interaction of wild type bovine protein C (open circles) and bovine protein C-H11 (filled circles) with vesicles. Panel B shows the interaction of wild type human protein C (open circles) and human protein C-P11 (filled circles) with membranes. In both cases, the dashed line indicates the result if all of the added protein were bound to the membrane.
FIG. 9 depicts the influence of activated protein C on clotting times. In panel A, the average and standard deviation for three determinations of clotting times for bovine plasma are shown for wild type bovine APC (open circles) and for bAPC-H11 (filled circles). In panel B, the average and standard deviation of three replicates of human plasma coagulation for the wild type human (open circles) and human APC-P11 (filled circles) are shown.
FIG. 10 depicts the inactivation of factor Va by bovine and human APC. Panel A depicts the inactivation of factor Va by wild type bovine APC (open circles) and bovine APC-H11 (filled circles). Panel B depicts the inactivation of human factor Va in protein S-deficient plasma by either wild type human APC (open circles) and human APC-H11 (filled circles).
FIG. 11 depicts the electrostatic distribution of protein Z. Vertical lines denote electropositive regions and horizontal lines denote electronegative regions.
FIG. 12 depicts the membrane binding and activity of various protein Cs. Panel A shows membrane binding by wild type protein C (open circles), the P11H mutant of protein C (filled squares), Q33E,N34D mutant (filled circles) and bovine prothrombin (open squares). Panel B shows inhibition of blood coagulation by these mutants. Panel C shows the inactivation of factor Va.
FIG. 13 compares membrane binding and activity of human protein C mutants. Panel A compares the membrane binding of wild-type (open circles), E33 (open triangles) and E33D34 (filled circles). Panel B compares the coagulation times using wild-type (open triangles), E33 (open circles) and E33D34 (filled circles).
FIG. 14 compares membrane binding (Panel A) and coagulation inhibition (Panel B) with wild-type (open squares), H11 (filled circles), E33D34 (open triangles) and the triple H11E33D34 mutant (open circles) of bovine protein C.
FIG. 15 depicts the membrane interaction properties of different vitamin K-dependent proteins. Panel A compares membrane interaction of human (filled circles) and bovine (open circles) factor X. Panel B shows membrane interaction by normal bovine prothrombin fragment 1 (open circles), fragment 1 modified with TNBS in the absence of calcium (filled circles) and fragment 1 modified with TNBS in the presence of 25 mM calcium (filled squares). Panel C shows the rate of protein Z binding to vesicles at pH 9 (filled circles) and 7.5 (open circles).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In one aspect, the invention features a vitamin k-dependent polypeptide including a modified GLA domain with enhanced membrane binding affinity relative to a corresponding native vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. Vitamin k-dependent polypeptides are a group of proteins that utilize vitamin k in their biosynthetic pathway to carboxylate the side chains of glutamic acid residues in protein precursors. The GLA domain contains 9-13 γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues in the N-terminal region of the polypeptide, typically from amino acid 1 to about amino acid 45. Protein Z, protein S, factor X, factor II (prothrombin), factor IX, protein C, factor VII and Gas6 are examples of vitamin k-dependent polypeptides. Amino acid positions of the polypeptides discussed herein are numbered according to factor IX. Protein S, protein C, factor X, factor VII and human prothrombin all have one less amino acid (position 4) and must be adjusted accordingly. For example, actual position 10 of bovine protein C is a proline, but is numbered herein as amino acid 11 for ease of comparison throughout. As used herein, the term "polypeptide" is any chain of amino acids, regardless of length or post-translational modification. Amino acids have been designated herein by standard three letter and one letter abbreviations.
Modifications of the GLA domain include at least one amino acid substitution. The substitutions may be conservative or non-conservative. Conservative amino acid substitutions replace an amino acid with an amino acid of the same class, whereas non-conservative amino acid substitutions replace an amino acid with an amino acid of a different class. Non-conservative substitutions may result in a substantial change in the hydrophobicity of the polypeptide or in the bulk of a residue side chain. In addition, non-conservative substitutions may make a substantial change in the charge of the polypeptide, such as reducing electropositive charges or introducing electronegative charges. Examples of non-conservative substitutions include a basic amino acid for a non-polar amino acid, or a polar amino acid for an acidic amino acid. The amino acid substitution may be at amino acid 11, 12, 29, 33 or 34. Preferably, the amino acid substitution is at amino acid 11, 33 or 34. The modified GLA domain may include an amino acid sequence which, in the calcium saturated state, contributes to formation of a tertiary structure having a cationic core with a halo of electronegative charge. Without being bound by a particular theory, enhanced membrane affinity may result from a particular electrostatic pattern consisting of an electropositive core completely surrounded by an electronegative surface.
Many vitamin K-dependent polypeptides are substrates for membrane-bound enzymes. Since no vitamin K-dependent polypeptides display the maximum potential membrane-binding affinity of a GLA domain, all must contain amino acids whose purpose is to reduce binding affinity. Consequently, many vitamin K-dependent polypeptides contain amino acids that are non-optimal from the standpoint of maximum affinity. These residues effectively disrupt the binding site to provide a more rapid turnover for an enzymatic reaction.
Lowered membrane affinity may serve several purposes. High affinity is accompanied by slow exchange, which may limit reaction rates. For example, when the prothrombinase enzyme is assembled on membranes with high affinity for substrate, protein exchange from the membrane, rather than enzyme catalysis, is the limiting. Lu, Y. and Nelsestuen, G. L., 1996, Biochemistry, 35:8201-8209. Alternatively, adjustment of membrane affinity by substitution with non-optimum amino acids may balance the competing processes of procoagulation (factor X, IX, VII and prothrombin) and anticoagulation (protein C, S). Although membrane affinities of native proteins may be optimal for normal states, enhancement of membrane affinity can produce proteins that are useful for in vitro study as well as improved therapeutics for regulating blood clotting in pathological conditions in vivo.
Various examples of GLA domain modified vitamin k-dependent polypeptides are described below.
The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide may be protein C or activated protein C (APC). Amino acid sequences of the wild-type human (hC) and bovine (bC) protein C GLA domain are shown in Table 1. X is a Gla or Glu residue. In general, a protein with neutral (e.g., Q) or anionic residues (e.g., D,E) at positions 11, 33 and 34 will have higher membrane affinity.
TABLE 1 __________________________________________________________________________ hC: ANS-FLXXLRH.sub.11 SSLXRXCIXX.sub.21 ICDFXXAKXI.sub.31 FQNVDDTLAF.sub.4 1 WSKH (SEQ ID NO: 1) bC: ANS-FLXXLRP.sub.11 GNVXRXCSXX.sub.21 VCXFXXARXI.sub.31 FQNTXDTMAF.sub.4 1 WSFY (SEQ ID NO: 2) __________________________________________________________________________
The modified GLA domain of protein C or APC may include, for example, a glutamic acid residue at amino acid 33 (SEQ ID NO:19) and an aspartic acid residue at amino acid 34. The glutamic acid at position 33 may be further modified to γ-carboxyglutamic acid in vivo. For optimum activity, the modified GLA domain may include an additional substitution at amino acid 11. For example, a glutamine residue may be substituted at amino acid 11 (SEQ ID NO:20) or alternatively, a glutamic acid or an aspartic acid residue (SEQ ID NO:21 and SEQ ID NO:22, respectively) may be substituted. A histidine residue may be substituted at amino acid 11 in bovine protein C (SEQ ID NO:23). A further modification can include a substitution at amino acid 12 of a glycine residue for serine (SEQ ID NO:24 and SEQ ID NO:35). Replacement of amino acid 29 by phenylalanine, the amino acid found in prothrombin, is another useful modification (SEQ ID NO:25). Modified protein C with enhanced membrane binding affinity may be used in place of other injectable anticoagulants such as heparin. Heparin is typically used in most types of surgery, but suffers from a low efficacy/toxicity ratio. In addition, modified protein C with enhanced membrane affinity may be used in place of oral anticoagulants in the coumarin family, such as warfarin.
These modifications can also be made with active site modified APC. The active site of APC may be inactivated chemically, for example, by N-dansyl-glutamyl glycylarginylchloromethylketone (DEGR) or by site-directed mutagenesis of the active site. Sorensen, B. B. et al., 1997, J. Biol. Chem., 272:11863-11868. Active site-modified APC functions as an inhibitor of the prothrombinase complex. Enhanced membrane affinity of active site modified APC may result in a more therapeutically effective polypeptide.
The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide may be factor VII or the active form of factor VII, factor VIIa. Native or naturally-occurring factor VII polypeptide has low affinity for membranes. Amino acid sequences of the wild-type human (hVII) and bovine (bVII) factor VII GLA domain are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 __________________________________________________________________________ hVII: ANA-FLXXLRP.sub.11 GSLXRXCKXX.sub.21 QCSFXXARXI.sub.31 FKDAXRTKLF.sub.4 1 WISY (SEQ ID NO: 3) bVII: ANG-FLXXLRP.sub.11 GSLXRXCRXX.sub.21 LCSFXXAHXI.sub.31 FRNXXRTRQF.sub.4 1 WVSY (SEQ ID NO: 4) __________________________________________________________________________
The modified GLA domain of factor VII or factor VIIa may include, for example, a glutamic acid or aspartic acid residue at amino acid 11 (SEQ ID NO:26 and SEQ ID NO:27, respectively), a phenylalanine residue at amino acid 29 (SEQ ID NO:28), or an aspartic acid residue at amino acid 33 (SEQ ID NO:29). Preferably, the GLA domain of factor VII or factor VIIa may include a glutamine residue at amino acid 11 and a glutamic acid residue at amino acid 33 (SEQ ID NO:30). Vitamin k-dependent polypeptide modified in this manner has a much higher affinity for membranes than the native or wild type polypeptide. It also has a much higher activity in autoactivation, in factor Xa generation and in several blood clotting assays. Activity is particularly enhanced at marginal coagulation conditions, such as low levels of tissue factor and/or phospholipid. For example, modified factor VII is about 4 times as effective as native VIIa at optimum thromboplastin levels, but is about 20-fold as effective at 1% of optimum thromboplastin levels. Marginal pro-coagulation signals are probably most predominant in vivo. Presently available clotting assays that use optimum levels of thromboplastin cannot detect clotting time differences between normal plasma and those from hemophilia patients. Clotting differences between such samples are only detected when non-optimal levels of thromboplastin or dilute thromboplastin are used in clotting assays.
Another example of a vitamin k-dependent polypeptide is active-site modified Factor VIIa. The active site of factor VIIa may be modified chemically, for example, by DEGR or by site-directed mutagenesis of the active site. DEGR-modified factor VII is an effective inhibitor of coagulation by several routes of administration. Arnljots, B. et al., 1997, J. Vasc. Surg., 25:341-346. Modifications of the GLA domain may make active-site modified Factor VIIa more efficacious due to higher membrane affinity. The modified GLA domain of active-site modified Factor VIIa may include, for example, a glutamine residue at amino acid 11 and a glutamic acid residue at amino acid 33 (SEQ ID NO:30).
The vitamin K-dependent polypeptide may also be Factor IX or the active form of Factor IX, Factor IXa. As with active site-modified factor VIIa, active site modified IXa and Xa may be inhibitors of coagulation. Amino acid sequences of the wild-type human (hIX) and bovine (bIX) factor IX GLA domain are shown in Table 3. For example, an aspartic acid or glutamic acid residue may be substituted at amino acid 11 (SEQ ID NO:31 and SEQ ID NO:32, respectively), a phenylalanine residue at amino acid 29 (SEQ ID NO:33), or an aspartic acid residue at amino acid 34 (SEQ ID NO:34).
TABLE 3 __________________________________________________________________________ hIX: YNSGKLXXFVQ.sub.11 GNLXRXCMXX.sub.21 KCSFXXARXV.sub.31 FXNTXRTTXF.sub.4 1 WKQY (SEQ ID NO: 5) bIX: YNSGKLXXFVQ.sub.11 GNLXRXCMXX.sub.21 KCSFXXARXV.sub.31 FXNTXKRTTXF.sub. 41 WKQY (SEQ ID NO: 6) __________________________________________________________________________
In another aspect, the invention features a mammalian host cell including a vitamin k-dependent polypeptide having a modified GLA domain that enhances membrane binding affinity of the polypeptide relative to a corresponding native vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. The modified GLA domain includes at least one amino acid substitution as discussed above. The mammalian host cell may include, for example, modified factor VII or modified factor VIIa. The GLA domain of modified factor VII or modified factor VIIa may contain an amino acid substitution at amino acid 11 and at amino acid 33. Preferably, the amino acid substitution includes a glutamine residue at amino acid 11 and a glutamic acid residue at amino acid 33 (SEQ ID NO:30).
Suitable mammalian host cells are able to modify vitamin k-dependent polypeptide glutamate residues to γ-carboxyglutamate. Mammalian cells derived from kidney and liver are especially useful as host cells.
The invention also features a pharmaceutical composition including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an amount of a vitamin k-dependent polypeptide effective to inhibit clot formation in a mammal. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide includes a modified GLA domain with at least one amino acid substitution that enhances membrane binding affinity of the polypeptide relative to a corresponding native vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. Useful modified vitamin k-dependent polypeptides of the pharmaceutical compositions can include, without limitation, protein C or APC, active-site modified APC, active-site modified factor VIIa, active-site modified factor IXa and active-site modified factor Xa as discussed above.
The concentration of a vitamin k-dependent polypeptide effective to inhibit clot formation in a mammal may vary, depending on a number of factors, including the preferred dosage of the compound to be administered, the chemical characteristics of the compounds employed, the formulation of the compound excipients and the route of administration. The optimal dosage of a pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also depend on such variables as the overall health status of the particular patient and the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected. These pharmaceutical compositions may be used to regulate coagulation in vivo. For example, the compositions may be used generally for the treatment of thrombosis. Altering only a few amino acid residues of the polypeptide as described above, generally does not significantly affect the antigenicity of the mutant polypeptides.
Vitamin k-dependent polypeptides that include modified GLA domains may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions by admixture with pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic excipients or carriers. Such compounds and compositions may be prepared for parenteral administration, particularly in the form of liquid solutions or suspensions in aqueous physiological buffer solutions; for oral administration, particularly in the form of tablets or capsules; or for intranasal administration, particularly in the form of powders, nasal drops, or aerosols. Compositions for other routes of administration may be prepared as desired using standard methods.
Formulations for parenteral administration may contain as common excipients sterile water or saline, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, hydrogenated naphtalenes, and the like. In particular, biocompatible, biodegradable lactide polymer, lactide/glycolide copolymer, or polyoxethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers are examples of excipients for controlling the release of a compound of the invention in vivo. Other suitable parenteral delivery systems include ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes. Formulations for inhalation administration may contain excipients such as lactose, if desired. Inhalation formulations may be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, glycocholate and deoxycholate, or they may be oily solutions for administration in the form of nasal drops. If desired, the compounds can be formulated as gels to be applied intranasally. Formulations for parenteral administration may also include glycocholate for buccal administration.
In an alternative embodiment, the invention also features a pharmaceutical composition including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an amount of a vitamin k-dependent polypeptide effective to increase clot formation in a mammal. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide includes a modified GLA domain with at least one amino acid substitution that enhances membrane binding affinity of the polypeptide relative to a corresponding native vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. These pharmaceutical compositions may be useful for the treatment of clotting disorders such as hemophilia A, hemophilia B and liver disease.
In this embodiment, useful vitamin k-dependent polypeptides of the pharmaceutical compositions can include, without limitations, Factor VII or the active form of Factor VII, Factor VIIa. The modified GLA domain of Factor VII or Factor VIIa may include substitutions at amino acid 11 and amino acid 33, for example, a glutamine residue at amino acid 11 and a glutamic acid residue at amino acid 33 (SEQ ID NO:30).The pharmaceutical composition may further comprise soluble tissue factor. Factor VII is especially critical to blood coagulation because of its location at the initiation of the clotting cascade, and its ability to activate two proteins, factors IX and X. Direct activation of factor X by factor VIIa is important for possible treatment of the major forms of hemophilia, types A and B, since the steps involving factors IX and VIII are bypassed entirely. Administration of factor VII to patients has been found to be efficacious for treatment of some forms of hemophilia. Improvement of the membrane affinity of factor VII or VIIa by modification of the GLA domain provides the potential to make the polypeptide more responsive to many coagulation conditions, to lower the dosages of VII/VIIa needed, to extend the intervals at which factor VII/VIIa must be administered, and to provide additional qualitative changes that result in more effective treatment. Overall, improvement of the membrane contact site of factor VII may increase both its activation rate as well as improve the activity of factor VIIa on factor X or IX. These steps may have a multiplicative effect on overall blood clotting rates in vivo, resulting in a very potent factor VIIa for superior treatment of several blood clotting disorders.
Other useful vitamin k-dependent polypeptides for increasing clot formation include Factor IX and Factor IXa.
In another aspect, methods for decreasing clot formation in a mammal are described. The method includes administering an amount of vitamin k-dependent polypeptide effective to decrease clot formation in the mammal. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide includes a modified GLA domain that enhances membrane binding affinity of the polypeptide relative to a corresponding native vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. The modified GLA domain includes at least one amino acid substitution. Modified protein C or APC or modified active-site blocked factors VIIa, IXa, Xa and APC may be used for this method.
In another aspect, the invention also features methods for increasing clot formation in a mammal that includes administering an amount of vitamin k-dependent polypeptide effective to increase clot formation in the mammal. The vitamin k-dependent polypeptide includes a modified GLA domain that enhances membrane binding affinity of the polypeptide relative to a corresponding native vitamin k-dependent polypeptide. The modified GLA domain includes at least one amino acid substitution. Modified factor VII or VIIa and modified factor IX or IXa may be used in this method.
The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
EXAMPLES Example 1
Factor VII with Enhanced Membrane Affinity and Activity: It has been found that the membrane binding affinity of human blood clotting factor VII can be increased by site-directed mutagenesis. The properties of a P11Q,K33E mutant (referred to herein as Factor VIIQ11E33 or mutant factor VII (SEQ ID NO:30)) have been characterized. Membrane affinity was increased over wild type protein by about 20-fold. Autoactivation by the mutant was increased by at least 100-fold over that of wild type factor VII. The activated form of VIIQ11E33 (referred to as VIIaQ11E33) displayed about 10-fold higher activity toward factor X. The coagulation activity of VIIaQ11E33 with soluble tissue factor in normal plasma was about 10-fold higher than that of wild type VIIa. Coagulation activity of the zymogen, VIIQ11E33, with normal tissue factor (supplied as a 1:100 dilution of thromboplastin-HS), was 20-fold higher than wild type Factor VII. The degree to which activity was enhanced was dependent on conditions, with VIIQ11E33 being especially active under conditions of low coagulation stimuli.
In general, protein concentrations were determined by the Bradford assay using bovine serum albumin as the standard. Bradford, M. M., 1976, Analyt. Biochem. 248-254. Molar concentrations were obtained from the molecular weights of 50,000 for factor VII and 55,000 for factor X. Unless indicated, all activity measurements were conducted in standard buffer (0.05 M Tris, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl).
Production of Mutant Factor VII: Mutant factor VII was generated from wild type factor VII cDNA (GenBank Accession number M13232, NID g182799). Petersen et al., 1990, Biochemistry 29:3451-3457. The P11Q mutation (change of amino acid 11 from a proline residue to a glutamine residue) and the K33E mutation (change of amino acid 33 from a lysine residue to a glutamic acid residue) were introduced into the wild type factor VII cDNA by a polymerase chain reaction strategy essentially as described by Vallette et al., 1989, Nucleic Acids Res. 17:723-733. During this process, a mutation-diagnostic XmaIII restriction enzyme site was eliminated. Four PCR primers were designed to prime synthesis of two mutant fragments of M13232, one from MluI to BglII, positions 221 to 301, and the other from BglII to SstII, positions 302 to 787. These primers were used under standard PCR cycling conditions (GENEAMP, Perkin Elmer) to prime fragment synthesis using 1 ng of the wild-type factor VII cDNA as template. The resulting fragments were gel purified and digested with MluI and BglII or BglII and SstII. The two purified fragments were then ligated into the factor VIII cDNA in the expression vector Zem219b from which the corresponding wild-type sequence had been removed as a MluI-SstII fragment. Petersen et al., 1990 supra. The mutated fragments were sequenced in their entirety to confirm the P11Q and K33E substitutions, as well as to eliminate the possibility of other PCR-induced sequence changes.
Transfection, Selection and Purification: Baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells were grown in Dubeccos modified Eagles medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and penicillin-streptomycin. Subconfluent cells were transfected with the factor VII expression plasmid using lipofectAMINE (Gibco BRL) according to the manufacturers recommendations. Two days post-transfection, cells were trypsinized and diluted to selective medium containing 1 μM methotrexate (MTX). Stably-transfected BHK cells were subsequently cultured in serum-free Dubeccos modified Eagles medium supplemented with penicillin-streptomycin, 5 μg/mL vitamin K₁ and 1 μM MTX, and conditioned medium was collected. The conditioned medium was applied twice to an immunoaffinity column composed of a calcium-dependent monoclonal antibody (CaFVII22) coupled to Affi-Gel 10. Nakagaki et al., 1991, Biochemistry, 30:10819-10824. The final purified Factor VIIQ11E33 ran as a single band on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with no evidence of factor VIIa in the preparation. The pure VII(P11Q,K33E) mutant showed 1400-2800 factor VII units/mg.
Activation of Factor VII: Activated Factor VIIaQ11E33 was formed by bovine factor Xa cleavage of VIIQ11E33 (1:100 weight ratio, incubation for 1 hr at 37° C.). Alternatively, Factor VIIaQ11E33 was obtained by autoactivation (37° C., 20 min) in a mixture containing 7 μM VIIQ11E33, 0.7 μM sTF and phospholipid (phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine (PS/PC), 25/75, 0.1 g/g protein).
Wild-type factor VIIa was a homogeneous, recombinant protein (NOVO Nordisk). Two preparations consisted of a commercial, lyophilized product and non-lyophilized product. The latter protein was further purified on FPLC mono-Q and showed a specific activity of 80,000 units/mg, calibrated with a George King NPP standard.
Enhanced membrane interaction by Factor VIIQ11E33: Phospholipid preparation, assay and measurement of protein-membrane binding was conducted by the method described by Nelsestuen and Lim, 1977, Biochemistry, 30:10819-10824. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) and small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) were prepared by methods described previously. Hope, M. J., et al., Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 812:55-65; Huang, C., 1969, Biochemistry, 8:344-352. Highly pure phosphatidylserine (bovine brain) and egg phosphatidylcholine (Sigma Chemical Co.) were mixed in chloroform. The solvent was removed by a stream of nitrogen gas. The dried phospholipids were suspended in buffer. SUVs were formed by sonication and gel filtration while LUVs were formed by freeze-thaw and extrusion. Phospholipid concentrations were determined by organic phosphate assay assuming a phosphorous:phospholipid weight ratio of 25.
SUVS of either PS/PC (25/75) or PS/PC (10/90) were prepared. Protein was added to phospholipid at the weight ratios shown in FIG. 1. Protein-membrane binding was assayed by light scattering at 90° by the method of Nelsestuen and Lim, 1977 supra. Briefly, the light scattering intensity of phospholipid vesicles alone (I₁) and after addition of protein (I₂) were measured and corrected for background from buffer and unbound protein. The molecular weight ratio of the protein-vesicle Complex (M₂) to that of the vesicles alone (M1), can be estimated from the relationship in equation 1, where δn/δc is the refractive index of the respective species.
I.sub.2 /I.sub.1 =(M.sub.2 /M.sub.1).sup.2 (δn/δc.sub.2 /δn/δc.sub.1).sup.2 (eq. 1)
If phospholipid and protein concentrations are known, the concentration of bound [P*PL] and free protein [P] can be estimated. These values, together with the maximum protein binding capacity [P*PL_(max) ] of the vesicles (assumed to be 1.0 g/g for all proteins) can be used to obtain the equilibrium constant for protein-membrane interaction by the relationship in equation 2, where all concentrations are expressed as molar protein or protein binding sites.
K.sub.D =[P][P*PL.sub.max -P*PL]/[P*PL] (eq. 2)
Binding was assessed at 5 mM calcium and is expressed as the ratio, M2/M1.
FIG. 1 shows the binding of wild type VIIa (open circles) and factor VIIQ11E33 (filled circles) to membranes of either PS/PC=25/75, 25 μg/ml (FIG. 1A) or PS/PC=10/90, 25 μg/ml (FIG. 1B). VIIQ11E33 had much higher affinity than wild type protein. Binding to PS/PC (25/75) was at the quantitative level so that [Protein_(free) ] was essentially zero. Consequently, Kd values could not be estimated from this data. Membrane binding of bovine factor X (filled triangles) is shown in FIG. 1 as a reference. Bovine factor X is one of the highest affinity proteins in this family, giving a Kd for PS/PC (20/80) at 2 mM calcium of 40 nM. McDonald et al., 1997, Biochemistry, 36:5120-5127. The Kd for bovine factor X, obtained from the result at a protein/phospholipid ratio of 0.55 (FIG. 1), was 0.025 μM.
Binding of wild-type and mutant Factor VII to membranes of PS/PC (10/90) was also determined (FIG. 1B). The VIIQ11E33 bound at less than the quantitative level, which allowed a binding constant to be estimated from the relationship in equation 3.
Kd=[Protein.sub.free ][Binding sites.sub.free ]/[Protein.sub.bound ](eq. 3)
[Binding sites_(free) ] were estimated from equation 4, assuming a maximum M2/M1 of 1.0 (i. e., [Binding sites_(total) ]=[Phospholipid_(weight) conc. /Protein_(MW) ]). This is a common value observed for several proteins of this family. See McDonald et al., 1997, supra.
[Binding sites.sub.free ]=[Binding sites.sub.total ]-[Protein.sub.bound ](eq. 4)
Using these assumptions and the data at a protein to phospholipid ratio of 0.37, Kd values were 0.7 μM for bovine factor X, 5.5 μM for wild type factor VII and 0.23 μM for VIIQ11E33. Thus, it was clear that factor VIIQ11E33 was greatly improved in membrane binding affinity over wild type factor VII and had one of the highest membrane-binding affinities among the vitamin K-dependent proteins.
Enhanced activation of factor VIIQ11E33: The first step in coagulation involves the activation of factor VII. Autoactivation of VII was conducted in a solution containing 100 nM sTF (highly purified recombinant product from Dr. Walter Kisiel, Fiore et al., 1994, J. Biol. Chem., 269:143-149), 36 nM VIIQ11E33 and PS/PC (25/75, 22 μg/mL). Activity of VIIaQ11E33 was estimated at various time intervals by addition of 0.15 mm substrate S-2288 (Kabi) and assessing the rate of p-nitrophenylphosphate product release by absorbance change at 405 nm. Initial activity of the VIIQ11E33 preparation was less than 4% that of fully active VIIaQ11E33.
VIIQ11E33 was found to be a much better substrate for activation than wild-type factor VII. FIG. 2 shows autoactivation of factor VIIQ11E33. The data were analyzed by the relationship in equation 5 (equation 7 of Fiore et al., 1994, supra).
1n[VIIa].sub.t =1n[VIIa].sub.0 +kcat*y*t (eq. 5)
1n[VIIa]_(t) is the factor VIIa concentration at time t, kcat is the catalytic rate constant for factor VIIa acting on VII and y is the fractional saturation of VIIa sites. For wild-type factor VIIa, this relationship and 1 μM sTF gave a kcat of 0.0045/s and a kcat/Km ratio of 7*10³ M⁻¹ s⁻¹. See, Fiore et al., 1994, supra. For the VIIQ11E33 enzyme, autoactivation was rapid (FIG. 2) and it was only possible to estimate a lower limit for kcat. This was obtained from the VIIa doubling time of about 25 seconds (kcat=(1n2)/t_(1/2)). The resulting value (kcat_(min) =0.03/s), along with the substrate concentration of this reaction (3.6*10⁻⁸ M) and the assumption that y=1.0, gave a value for kcat/[S]=8*10⁵ M⁻¹ s⁻¹. This should be far below the true kcat/Km for VIIaQ11E33, but was about 100-times greater than the value of kcat/Km for wild type factor VIIa/sTF estimated by Fiore et al., 1994, supra. Thus, the combination of VIIaQ11E33 enzyme and Factor VIIQ11 E33 substrate was superior to wild type proteins in the activation step of coagulation. This suggested that VIIQ11E33 was superior to wild type enzyme when coagulation conditions were minimal.
Enhanced activity of VIIaQ11E33: Once generated, factor VIIa activates either factor X or factor IX. Activation of bovine factor X (0.1 μM) by factor VIIa was carried out in 50 mM TrisHCl buffer, pH 7.5 containing 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM calcium, various amounts of phospholipid (PS/PC, 25/75) and 1 mg/mL bovine serum albumin at 22.5° C. Factor VIIa (0.06 nM of VIIaQ11E33 or 0.6 nM wild type Vila) was added at zero time and Xa activity at 1, 3 and 5 minute time points was determined. Aliquots of the reaction mixture (0.2 mL) were mixed with buffer (0.2 mL) containing 10 mM EDTA and 0.4 mM S-2222 (Kabi), a chromogenic substrate for factor Xa. Absorbance change at 405 nm was determined in a Beckman DU8 spectrophotometer. The amount of factor Xa generated was calculated from the extinction coefficient (1*10⁴ M⁻¹ cm¹) of the p-nitrophenylphosphate reaction product and a velocity of 33/sec for substrate hydrolysis by purified bovine Xa under the conditions of this assay.
FIG. 3 compares the ability of wild type factor VIIa (open circles) and VIIaQ11E33 (closed circles) to activate factor X in a purified system. Again, VIIaQ11E33 was far superior to wild type factor VIIa in this reaction. The difference was greatest at low phospholipid concentrations and diminished to 2-fold at 200 μg phospholipid per mL. This was expected from the fact that high membrane concentrations cause a greater portion of wild type VIIa to bind to the membrane. Once again, the increased function of VIIaQ11E33 was greatest under conditions of low phospholipid exposure.
Superior coagulation of VIIaQ11E33: Blood clotting assays were conducted at 37° C. using the hand tilt method to detect clot formation. Human plasma (0.1 mL) was allowed to equilibrate at 37° C. for 1 minute. Various reagents were added in a volume of 0.1 mL of standard buffer. Soluble tissue factor (50 nM) and phospholipid (PS/PC, 10/90, 75 μg/mL) were added to the plasma, along with the factor VIIa concentration shown in FIG. 4 (0.1-32 nM). Finally, 0.1 mL of 25 mM CaCl₂ was added to start the reaction. Time to form a clot was measured. In most cases, the average and standard deviations of replicate samples was reported.
FIG. 4 shows the coagulation times of wild type VIIa versus VIIaQ11E33 in normal human plasma. Coagulation was supported by sTF and added phospholipid vesicles. Endogenous wild type factor VII is approximately 10 nM in concentration, and had virtually no impact on coagulation times. The background coagulation was 120 seconds, with or without sTF. Factor VIIaQ11E33 showed approximately 8-fold higher activity than the wild type VIIa under these assay conditions. Similar results were obtained with factor VIII-deficient plasma, suggesting that the major pathway for blood clotting in this system involved direct activation of factor X by factor VIIa. Overall, factor VIIaQ11E33 was superior to wild type VIIa in procoagulant activity supported by membrane vesicles and soluble tissue factor. Wild type zymogen had virtually no activity under these conditions, as indicated by similar background clotting times of 2 minutes, whether or not sTF was added.
| 27,285 |
https://github.com/krantivijay/KP_31stMarch_WebApi/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/kencloud/partner/user/app_model/Address_Info_Comp.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
KP_31stMarch_WebApi
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krantivijay
|
Java
|
Code
| 466 | 1,843 |
package com.kencloud.partner.user.app_model;
public class Address_Info_Comp {
public long id;
public String Apl_AddressType, Apl_Address_Street1, Apl_Address_Street2,Apl_Address_Landmark, Apl_Address_City,
Apl_Address_State, Apl_Address_Country, Apl_Address_ZIP,
appl_company_name, appl_contact_desg, appl_company_emailid, appl_company_mobile ;
public Address_Info_Comp()
{
}
public Address_Info_Comp(String Apl_AddressType, String Apl_Address_Street1, String Apl_Address_Street2, String Apl_Address_Landmark,
String Apl_Address_City, String Apl_Address_State, String Apl_Address_Country, String Apl_Address_ZIP,
String Appl_company_name, String Appl_company_desg,String Appl_company_emailid, String Appl_company_mobile )
{
this.Apl_AddressType=Apl_AddressType;
this.Apl_Address_Street1=Apl_Address_Street1;
this.Apl_Address_Street2=Apl_Address_Street2;
this.Apl_Address_City=Apl_Address_City;
this.Apl_Address_State=Apl_Address_State;
this.Apl_Address_Country=Apl_Address_Country;
this.Apl_Address_ZIP=Apl_Address_ZIP;
this.Apl_Address_Landmark=Apl_Address_Landmark;
this.appl_company_name=Appl_company_name;
this.appl_contact_desg=Appl_company_desg;
this.appl_company_emailid=Appl_company_emailid;
this.appl_company_mobile=Appl_company_mobile;
}
// public String getLandmark() {
// return Apl_Address_Landmark;
// }
//
// public void setLandmark(String apl_Address_Landmark) {
// Apl_Address_Landmark = apl_Address_Landmark;
// }
public long getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(long id) {
this.id = id;
}
// public String getAddress1() {
// return Apl_Address_Street1;
// }
//
// public String getAddressType() {
// return Apl_AddressType;
// }
//
// public void setAddressType(String headline) {
// this.Apl_AddressType = headline;
// }
//
// public void setAddress1(String address1) {
// this.Apl_Address_Street1 = address1;
// }
//
//
// public String getPin() {
// return Apl_Address_ZIP;
// }
//
// public void setPin(String pin) {
// this.Apl_Address_ZIP = pin;
// }
//
// public String getCountry() {
// return Apl_Address_Country;
// }
//
// public void setCountry(String country) {
// this.Apl_Address_Country = country;
// }
//
// public String getCity() {
// return Apl_Address_City;
// }
//
// public void setCity(String city) {
// this.Apl_Address_City = city;
// }
//
// public String getAddress2() {
// return Apl_Address_Street2;
// }
//
// public void setAddress2(String address2) {
// this.Apl_Address_Street2 = address2;
// }
//
// public String getState() {
// return Apl_Address_State;
// }
//
// public void setState(String state) {
// this.Apl_Address_State = state;
// }
public String getAppl_company_name() {
return appl_company_name;
}
public void setAppl_company_name(String appl_company_name) {
this.appl_company_name = appl_company_name;
}
public String getAppl_contact_desg() {
return appl_contact_desg;
}
public void setAppl_contact_desg(String appl_contact_desg) {
this.appl_contact_desg = appl_contact_desg;
}
public String getAppl_company_emailid() {
return appl_company_emailid;
}
public void setAppl_company_emailid(String appl_company_emailid) {
this.appl_company_emailid = appl_company_emailid;
}
public String getAppl_company_mobile() {
return appl_company_mobile;
}
public void setAppl_company_mobile(String appl_company_mobile) {
this.appl_company_mobile = appl_company_mobile;
}
public String getApl_AddressType() {
return Apl_AddressType;
}
public void setApl_AddressType(String apl_AddressType) {
Apl_AddressType = apl_AddressType;
}
public String getApl_Address_ZIP() {
return Apl_Address_ZIP;
}
public void setApl_Address_ZIP(String apl_Address_ZIP) {
Apl_Address_ZIP = apl_Address_ZIP;
}
public String getApl_Address_Country() {
return Apl_Address_Country;
}
public void setApl_Address_Country(String apl_Address_Country) {
Apl_Address_Country = apl_Address_Country;
}
public String getApl_Address_State() {
return Apl_Address_State;
}
public void setApl_Address_State(String apl_Address_State) {
Apl_Address_State = apl_Address_State;
}
public String getApl_Address_City() {
return Apl_Address_City;
}
public void setApl_Address_City(String apl_Address_City) {
Apl_Address_City = apl_Address_City;
}
public String getApl_Address_Landmark() {
return Apl_Address_Landmark;
}
public void setApl_Address_Landmark(String apl_Address_Landmark) {
Apl_Address_Landmark = apl_Address_Landmark;
}
public String getApl_Address_Street1() {
return Apl_Address_Street1;
}
public void setApl_Address_Street1(String apl_Address_Street1) {
Apl_Address_Street1 = apl_Address_Street1;
}
public String getApl_Address_Street2() {
return Apl_Address_Street2;
}
public void setApl_Address_Street2(String apl_Address_Street2) {
Apl_Address_Street2 = apl_Address_Street2;
}
}
| 46,417 |
2003040501178
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,003 |
CORNU COPIA.
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 20 | 29 |
promouvoir et diffuser l'art sous toutes ses formes (arts plastiques et musique notamment) en France et sur le plan international.
| 12,670 |
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/304075
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
JavaMan, Marko Buršič, Olin Lathrop, Trevor_G, https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/109619, https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/139766, https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/4283, https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/4512, https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/82111, winny
|
English
|
Spoken
| 596 | 811 |
Does the Commutator of a brushed DC motor cause inductive kickback
I'm new to electricity.
Textbooks on brushed DC motor talk about inductive kickback when we DISCONNECT the power supply from the motor (and the stuff to protect against it e.g. by adding a diode/snubber). While when a motor is operating, only back emf caused by the rotation matters.
But from what I observe, isn't the commutator of a brushed DC Motor already functions as an on/off switch that keeps turning on/off the current from the winding? Shouldn't there be some inductive kickback due to sudden removal of current from the winding when commutator switches current direction? Instead of when turning off the power switch, does the inductive kickback issue matter when a dc motor is connected to a power supply and rotating? If yes, what kind of protection is required in the power supply circuit?
Textbooks always model a dc motor's equivalent circuit as 3 electrical components: inductor + resistor + back emf source. Why there is nothing related to inductive kickback caused by the commutator?
Flyback diode and/or snubber.
Because the kick back is generated due to inductivity and not from the commutator.
@Marko Buršič an inductor connected "statically" to a circuit is not the same as an inductor keep automatically switched on and off by the circuit itself. The former one contribute inductance, the latter one contribute voltage spike that depends on how the auto-switch operates
Yes, a mechanical commutator causes inductive kickback when switching off the current in a winding.
However, this kickback isn't in a place where it can hurt your circuit. Think about it. If the kickback results in high enough voltage to arc across the contacts (which almost certainly happens when the contacts initially separate), then from the circuit's point of view the contacts are still closed, maybe just with some extra resistance in series.
The problem with inductive kickback due to mechanical commutation isn't damage to your circuit, but lots of nasty voltage spikes that radiate interference. This is a nasty problem because it's hard to add snubbers in the right place. These would have to be across the rotating coils. That is done sometimes, but is not a easy mechanical problem due to the potentially high forces from the rotation.
Um... Didn't you just contradict yourself? The arcing injects rather large voltage spikes back into the brushes which in turn will be seen by the driver. All mute mind you since you should have kickback diodes anyway.
@Trevor: Having kickback diodes to protect your circuit is a good idea when driving anything that can be inductive. They prevent the circuit from getting damaged when you shut off the inductor. When the device itself shuts off the inductor, then the resulting voltage spikes aren't necessarily able to get back to your circuit. Such is the case with a mechanically commutated motor.
I agree with you, but "aren't necessarily able" has killed a lot of circuitry over the years :)
The commutator doesn't switch on/off, rather it commutates the windings.
The transient phenomena can be observed right at the commutator, which short circuits a segment before the current is reversed at respective segment. Therefore all the kickback voltage is shorted and the current is recirculated trough the commutator. The upper and lower path, as depicted remains at constant current, so no further transient can be observed there.
We can freely use a circuit with inductor, resistor and voltage source as equivalent circuit. The kickback phenomena would be observed when the motor is switched on/off by an external switch, only.
| 39,155 |
67/hal-hceres.archives-ouvertes.fr-hceres-02041742-document.txt_1
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 3,871 | 5,507 |
Master Droit et transversalite des pratiques juridiques Formations Master Droit et transversalité des pratiques juridiques ● Université de Rouen Présentation de la formation
Champ(s) de formation : Droit Établissement déposant : Université de Rouen
Établissement(
s) cohabilité(s) : / Le master mention Droit et transversalité des pratiques juridiques est dispensé à l'UFR de Droit, Sciences économiques et Gestion de l'Université de Rouen. Cette formation, plutôt que de s'identifier au droit privé ou au droit public, réunit les deux, ignorant ainsi la distinction classique. Elle a pour objectif de permettre aux étudiants de parfaire leur formation dans le cadre d'une approche résolument transversale du droit. Ce master s'articule autour de deux spécialités de master 1 (M1) et trois spécialités de master 2 (M2). En M1, les étudiants ont le choix entre la spécialité Contentieux et la spécialité Pratique européenne du droit, comprenant ellemême deux parcours : Droit international et européen (DIE) et Erasmus Mundus. En M2, les étudiants retrouvent les spécialités correspondantes : Contentieux et règlements des différends (à finalité uniquement professionnelle) et Pratique européenne du droit (finalités professionnelle et recherche), comprenant à nouveau les deux parcours distincts de M1. S'y ajoute une troisième spécialité : Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles (finalités professionnelle et recherche). La spécialité Pratique européenne du droit comprend un semestre de mobilité à l'étranger. Certains M2 sont ouverts la Validation des Acquis de l'Expérience (VAE) (Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles) ou en formation continue (Contentieux et règlements des différends). La structure des enseignements et leurs volumes horaires varient selon les spécialités. L'évaluation allie classiquement contrôle continu et examens terminaux. Les enseignements sont dispensés sur deux campus de l'Université situés à Rouen : le campus du Mont-Saint-Aignan et le campus Pasteur. Synthèse de l'évaluation
Le master Droit et transversalité des pratiques juridiques de l'Université de Rouen est une formation d'une incontestable originalité dans sa conception – ce qui en fait toute l'attractivité – mais elle conserve plusieurs défauts structurels qui ouvrent autant d'améliorations possibles pour augmenter la cohérence interne. S'agissant des points forts, les très fortes pluridisciplinarités et transversalité des matières juridiques enseignées justifient pleinement la dénomination de la formation. Cette pluridisciplinarité inscrite dans une démarche de formation nettement innovante et spécifique (avec de l'enseignement à distance par exemple), voire unique, lui donne sa très forte spécificité. Chaque spécialité présente une originalité qu'il faut valoriser : la dimension « règlement alternatif des différends » très développée dans la spécialité Contentieux ou encore « gestion de patrimoine » dans la spécialité Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles. Le point faible principal de la formation est le revers de ce qui précède. Si les formations préexistantes réunies dans ce master sont reliées par l'idée force de transversalité, leur réunion ne va pas au-delà. Il faut relever une absence de cohérence globale et de cohésion dans l'architecture générale du master et dans la définition même des objectifs. Les trois spécialités manquent nettement de liens entre elles. Se dégage ainsi fortement l'impression qu'ont été regroupées sous une même bannière diverses formations qui demeurent hétérogènes, ce qui se retrouve jusque dans la présentation des fiches RNCP. Il y a davantage juxtaposition qu'articulation de spécialités différentes autour d'une logique et d'un axe de formation commun : chaque M2 Contentieux et règlements des différends et Pratique européenne du droit poursuit logiquement mais séparément son M1 spécifique, tandis que le M2 Droit du p et des activités culturelles est ajouté sans lien structurant en 2ème année de master. Par ailleurs, il faut aussi souligner l'intervention trop faible de professionnels, y compris dans les cursus à voie directement professionnalisante. De même, la structure des enseignements et l'ouverture aux finalités « professionnelle et recherche » ne sont pas homogènes entre les différentes spécialités de M2 de la formation. Le M2 Contentieux et règlements des différends est à finalité professionnelle, alors que les autres M2 sont à finalité recherche et 3 professionnelle. En outre, on peut relever que la spécialité Droit international et européen aurait ainsi besoin de plus de TD, et la spécialité Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles de renforcer les heures de certains enseignements. Très forte pluridisciplinarité et transversalité des matières juridiques enseignées. ● Certains enseignements spécifiques (droit de l'arbitrage, gestion du patrimoine) valorisés donnant à cette formation sa grande originalité. Pluridisciplinarité et transversalité limitées à l'idée commune des formations réunies dans ce master, avec une absence de cohérence globale et de cohésion dans l'architecture générale du master et dans la définition des objectifs. ● Faiblesse du pilotage général de la mention. ● Autoévaluation omettant plusieurs informations essentielles (composition des équipes pédagogiques et insertion professionnelle notamment). Recommandations : Ainsi, l'objectif est ambitieux, la démarche, consistant à dépasser le clivage droit privé-droit public, intéressante, mais il convient d'aller au bout de celle-ci et de faire naître une cohérence, sans faire perdre aux spécialités leurs spécificités. A cet égard, il pourrait être envisagé de mettre en place un tronc commun minimal et de rendre uniformes les process généraux (finalités, recrutement, évaluations, pilotage, enquêtes). Le développement souhaité des interactions entre les spécialités de la formation, tant au sein des équipes pédagogiques que du laboratoire de recherche serait ainsi plus facile à organiser. Il faudrait par ailleurs donner une place plus importante au conseil de perfectionnement afin d'en faire un outil de fédération interne de la mention. La formation est donc innovante dans son concept ; elle a un véritable public étudiant ; mais elle doit gagner en efficacité structurelle. Analyse
Comme l'indique la dénomination de la mention, cette formation vise à délivrer aux étudiants une formation à la fois pluridisciplinaire (principalement autour des trois spécialités juridiques correspondant aux trois premières sections du CNU : 01 Droit privé, 02 Droit public et 03 Histoire du droit) et transversales, aussi bien par une approche de droit interne que de droit international et européen. Il est indéniable que l'idée commune de transversalité reflète bien les différentes spécialités regroupées dans ce master et en font sa grande originalité par rapport à une construction habituellement disciplinaire des formations juridiques. La construction interne du cursus fait néanmoins apparaître une construction assez cloisonnée malgré les mutualisations. En M1, il y a deux spécialités (Contentieux et Pratique européenne du droit) dont la deuxième présente deux parcours (Droit international et européen et Erasmus Mundus, cursus revendiqué comme « spécifique basé sur l'excellence et la modernité » et qui s'appuie sur un réseau de quatre universités partenaires). Ces deux spécialités, dont on comprend parfaitement le caractère transversal mais dont on voit mal comment elles reflètent, par leurs structures distinctes, une dynamique transdisciplinaire commune au master dans son ensemble, développent en réalité, semble-t4 il, avant tout une « dynamique transdisciplinaire » indubitable mais spécifique à chaque spécialité. Ainsi, en M2, on retrouve les deux spécialités en continuité (la spécialité Contentieux s'intitule désormais Contentieux et règlements des différents pour intégrer sa dimension très originale autour de l'arbitrage). Dès lors chaque spécialité aurait pu tout aussi bien donner naissance à deux masters distincts, présentant une continuité et une logique forte dans un enchainement M1 puis M2 bien construit dans une spécialisation croissante. La réunion de l'ensemble apparaît néanmoins nécessaire, car en 2 une troisième spécialité fait son apparition : Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles. Cette spécialité, plus marquée encore par une dimension « histoire du droit », relève indubitablement de la logique transversale commune mais ne prolonge logiquement aucune des deux spécialités de M1. Plus même : le rapport souligne qu'elle vient « compléter par une formation juridique poussée, la spécialité Aménagement et gestion du patrimoine naturel et culturel proposé par l'UFR de Géographie, Histoire et Philosophie de l'université de Rouen ». On atteint donc ici une limite à la construction en champs disciplinaires de l'Université. L'autoévaluation de la formation fait état d'une convergence scientifique avec les thématiques transversales des laboratoires CUREJ (Centre Universitaire Rouennais d'études juridiques) et IRHIS (Institut de Recherches Interdisciplinaires Homme et Société) sans toutefois précisions ou explicitations des réalisations concrètes. En ce qui concerne l'insertion du diplôme dans son milieu d'entreprises et d'association, il n'est fait état que du partenariat de la spécialité de M2 Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles avec la fondation du patrimoine. Il est surprenant que, compte tenu de sa forte dimension professionnelle, le master 1 et 2 Contentieux n'ait noué aucun partenariat avec une des professions vers laquelle la formation a, a priori, vocation à déboucher alors même que des liens évidents apparaissent. Les masters 1 et 2 Pratique européenne du droit sont logiquement bien insérés dans le réseau de quatre universités européennes partenaires de l'Université de Rouen. Les équipes pédagogiques – distinctes pour l'essentiel entre les spécialités – sont présentées de façon peu claire et non homogène par M1 et M2 (en M1 Contentieux et dans les M2 de droit européen, une simple liste de noms) sans guère de précisions pour en apprécier l'adéquation à la formation dans laquelle ils interviennent. L'autoévaluation de la spécialité Contentieux et règlements des différends de M2 souligne néanmoins la présence dans l'équipe pédagogique, comme professeurs associés, de deux magistrats du siège et du parquet, ce qui est 5 appréciable. En revanche, le tableau de l'équipe pédagogique de M2 ne contient que des spécialistes de droit privé, ce qui est à la fois surprenant (compte tenu d'enseignements de contentieux public) et peu logique dans une formation promouvant la transversalité. L'autoévaluation de la spécialité de M2 Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles fait état d'une liste plus précise de l'équipe pédagogique. Elle comprend ainsi parmi les enseignants-chercheurs deux professeurs d'histoire du droit à Rouen, deux maîtres de conférences de droit privé à Rouen, un professeur et deux maîtres de conférences de droit public à Rouen mais aussi quatre enseignants-chercheurs non juristes de Rouen et Paris 1 (un des quatre) et trois professionnels : le responsable de mission archéologique de l'Eure, le conservateur des bibliothèques de l'Université de Rouen et un avocat. C'est donc une équipe variée, largement pluridisciplinaire et comprenant les professionnels indispensables à la dimension pratique de cette spécialité. Il s'agit ainsi d'une équipe pédagogique bien construite. Son implication dans le pilotage de la formation se limite toutefois à une réunion annuelle. Il est à déplorer que dans la spécialité Pratique européenne droit, aucun intervenant étranger n'ait intégré l'équipe pédagogique. Hormis le cas précité de la spécialité Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles, l'implication des équipes pédagogiques dans le pilotage de la formation n'est pas détaillée au-delà de la mention de réunions semestrielles. Surtout, de façon générale, la participation de professionnels en tant qu'intervenants reste très limitée, ce qui semble insuffisant. Les effectifs des trois spécialités sont assez dissemblables. Comme cela est souligné, la spécialité Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles est trop récente (2012) pour permettre une analyse pertinente : 9 inscrits en 2012, 6 en 2013 et 13 en 2014. L'insertion professionnelle semble significative avec 62 %, mais les éléments peu nombreux permettent difficilement une interprétation. Concernant les effectifs de la spécialité Contentieux et règlements des différends les effectifs sont bien plus importants mais attestent de fluctuations. En M1, des 33 inscrits en 2010, on est passé à 40 et plus en 2011 (40), 2012 (42) et 2013 (43) pour revenir à 34 en 2014. De même, en M2, de 14 en 2010, puis 19 en 2011, 21 en 2012, 23 en 2013, on revient à 14 en 2014. La baisse surprenante des chiffres en 2014 est expliquée paradoxalement par son attractivité : les nombreuses candidatures extérieures font souffrir la spécialité de nombreux désistements de dernière minute. Les dates limites de candidature et donc d'examen des dossiers ont été avancées en juin 2015 pour éviter cela. Ce reflux serait donc lié à une spécificité conjoncturelle. Les résultats des enquêtes d'insertion font tous état des difficultés à obtenir des réponses. Au regard de ces réponses, on peut observer la baisse du nombre d'inscrits en doctorat pour les spécialités qui ouvrent cette possibilité : Pratique européenne du droit (2 sur les inscrits de 2009 seulement) et Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles (2 sur les inscrits de 2012 seulement). C'est aussi le cas pour les diplômés de la spécialité Contentieux et règlements des différends pourtant uniquement professionnelle (7 inscrits en doctorat parmi les diplômés de la promotion 2009-2010, 1 pour la suivante et 3 pour celle de 2011-2012). Concernant l'insertion professionnelle, les chiffres peu nombreux ne permettent pas d'apprécier véritablement la situation d'ensemble. Par exemple, pour la spécialité Contentieux et règlements des différends, le taux d'insertion professionnelle est moyen (environ 50 %), ce qui peut s'expliquer par les étudiants rejoignant le centre de formation 6 professionnelle des avocats. On peut noter le parcours recherche des masters Pratique européenne du droit et Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles et l'adossement de la mention au laboratoire CUREJ (Centre Universitaire Rouennais d'Etudes Juridiques). Bien que n'étant qu'à finalité professionnelle, la spécialité Contentieux et règlements des différends fait état des liens forts entre une des équipes du CUREJ (« Individus, justice, entreprises ») et les enseignements du M2. Les étudiants du M2 sont en effet incités à assister aux communications de l'école doctorale en lien avec leur spécialité ainsi qu'aux colloques et journées d'actualités, semble-t-il fréquents, organisés par l'ensemble des masters 2 sur l'actualité des « modes alternatifs de règlements ». Paradoxalement, l'autoévaluation des spécialités intégrant une finalité recherche est moins disserte sur ce sujet ; celle du parcours DIE semble déduire de sa double finalité une place de la recherche évaluée à 50 %, ce qui ne signifie rien de précis. On peut par ailleurs noter la présence d'une initiation à la méthodologie de la recherche assurée avec des exercices pratiques « indépendamment de la rédaction d'un mémoire de recherche ». Il aurait été intéressant de détailler cet aspect afin de savoir notamment si cela est proposé à l'ensemble des étudiants de M2. Par ailleurs, est mentionnée pour le parcours professionnel du M2 Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles, la rédaction d'un mémoire : s'agit-il d'une dimension recherche présente aussi dans le parcours professionnel? Cela n'est pas clair, la fiche RNCP faisant état d'un mémoire et/ou stage. La place de la professionnalisation est attestée par les parcours professionnels offerts dans les trois spécialités de M2 et par la présence d'intervenants professionnels qui n'est pas toujours présentée de façon très détaillée. Cet élément reste néanmoins variable selon les spécialités. Ainsi le parcours Erasmus Mundus de la spécialité Pratique européenne du droit étant à finalité recherche, la place de la professionnalisation est limitée. Les spécialités Contentieux et règlements des différends et Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles développent un peu plus cette dimension, notamment par la pratique obligatoire en parcours professionnel des stages. La spécialité Contentieux propose des mises en situations concrètes des étudiants mais sans précision supplémentaire. La fiche RNCP est jointe au dossier mais son contenu est variable selon les spécialités (la spécialité Contentieux et règlements des différends et le parcours Erasmus Mundus ne détaillant pas les enseignements dispensés). Cette dimension n'est souvent que mentionnée par les différentes spécialités (même le parcours Erasmus Mundus, à finalité recherche, laisse la possibilité de stages). La spécialité Contentieux et règlements des différends de M2 détaille néanmoins bien plus fortement cet aspect, ce qui atteste de sa place fondamentale dans la formation des étudiants. C'est d'ailleurs la seule spécialité à intégrer clairement les stages dans son cursus. Il faut souligner la grande variété des lieux de ces stages conventionnés obligatoires. Des liens privilégiés existent avec les juridictions tant dans par la composition de l'équipe pédagogique que par le statut d'assistant de justice obtenu par plusieurs étudiants chaque année pour effectuer leur stage en juridiction. Ces éléments sont très valorisants pour les étudiants et participent de la qualité de la formation. Enfin, outre des modalités de soutenance de mémoire de stage classiques, il faut remarquer que la spécialité insiste sur le caractère possiblement mixte des stages (effectué en cabinet d'avocat et en juridiction par exemple) Cela contribue de façon supplémentaire à la transversalité de la formation. 7 En l'absence d'obligation en M1, les étudiants ont la possibilité de faire des stages encadrés par la formation. Par ailleurs, au niveau du pilotage de la formation, les responsables de la mention et des spécialités « veillent à l'adéquation des stages choisis » avec les objectifs de la formation, ce qui dénote une démarche très pertinente. Toute la formation comprend au moins des enseignements de droit international en M1 et en M2. Au-delà de cette dimension indispensable qui contribue à harmoniser la dimension générale transversale de la formation, c'est une dimension bien évidement identitaire pour la spécialité Pratique européenne du droit avec la mobilité des étudiants en parcours Erasmus Mundus et le 1er semestre de M2 du parcours Droit international et européen effectué obligatoirement dans une des universités partenaires. De même en M1, deux unités d'enseignement de langues étrangères sont présentes. Outre les cours d'anglais ou d'allemand (au choix), les étudiants bénéficient de cours de droit dans la langue considérée quoique des précisions seraient utiles pour en bien comprendre la distinction avec les cours de langue dispensés. La spécialité Contentieux et règlements des différends développe de façon plus surprenante cette dimension en soulignant notamment les liens de jumelage entre le barreau de Rouen et celui d'Hanovre-Celle ouvrant la possibilité de stages en cabinet en Allemagne. Des précisions sur le nombre d'étudiants concernés auraient été opportunes. La place de cours de langues est justement soulignée par ailleurs. Tout cela démontre une volonté des responsables de la spécialité d'intégrer au mieux celle-ci dans la transversalité générale de la formation, ce qu'il faut saluer. L'ensemble des autoévaluations précisent la place de la sélection des dossiers pour le passage en M2 (parfois même dès le M1 pour le parcours Erasmus Mundus avec prise en compte des compétences linguistiques). Certaines se cantonnent à cet aspect du recrutement sans analyser l'origine des étudiants. La spécialité Contentieux est ouverte aux salariés qui peuvent valoriser leur cadre professionnel comme lieu de « stage » avec un « haut niveau » de résultats sans précision chiffrée. Quant à la spécialité Droit du patrimoine, elle est ouverte à la VAE et recrute dans les filières juridiques et littéraires, contribu ainsi à la transversalité du diplôme. Elle est également ouverte à des professionnels pouvant choisir une alternative aux cours en présentiel en suivant l'enseignement à distance, ce qui démontre une grande souplesse de l'organisation. Concernant les passerelles, il est fait état de possibilités ouvertes aux étudiants de M1 de postuler dans une autre spécialité de M2 sous le contrôle d'une commission d'évaluation du dossier déposé. Parmi les aides à la réussite, le parcours Erasmus Mundus fait état de suivi personnalisé possible en raison des faibles effectifs, et le parcours DIE mentionne des « cours spécifique, assistance personnalisée, encadrement pédagogique et administratif de la vie étudiante » mais sans donner plus de précisions. Surtout, aucun suivi ni encadrement formel des étudiants ne semble mis en place dans le cadre du semestre que les étudiants passent à l'étranger. La spécialité Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles intègre des cours supplémentaires de paléographie en perfectionnement et le rôle d'une référente, étudiante de la première promotion désormais doctorante qui assiste les promotions, ce qui assure un esprit commun à la spécialité intéressant pour y faciliter l'intégration des étudiants. Il importe de noter l'ouverture de la formation aux professionnels : recrutement à Bac+3 avec cinq ans d'expérience professionnelle en M2 Contentieux et règlements des différends, recrutement de professionnels en activités dans cette même spécialité, VAE et cours à distance en Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles. Les modalités numériques d'enseignements sont variées, faisant appel au numérique en langues, en « SEAD » (Service d'enseignement à distance) et surtout de façon adaptée aux différentes spécialités : la question de la numérisation des documents intéressant logiquement particulièrement la spécialité Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles. Toutefois, aucun enseignement n'aborde directement les nouvelles technologies ou des outils informatiques spécialement dédiés aux professions concernées.
8 Evaluation des étudiants
L'évaluation des étudiants est classique tant par ses modalités (écrites et orales, contrôles continus et examens terminaux, soutenance de rapports et mémoires en M2) que par la mobilisation de l'équipe pédagogique. Chaque spécialité gère ses modalités spécifiques d'évaluation, notamment quant aux modalités chronologiques ou à la composition des jurys. Cette dimension est le plus souvent confondue avec l'évaluation des candidats. La spécialité Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles mentionne un point des compétences fait régulièrement mais sans précisions. Il faut souligner l'aspect plus original de la spécialité de M2 Contentieux et règlements des différends. Les mises en situations sont présentées comme permettant, en cours, de faire dépasser aux étudiants l'approche théorique et donc d'accompagner l'acquisition des compétences. Les modalités de ce suivi ne sont toutefois pas plus précisées. Les compétences que l'étudiant a vocation à acquérir sont nettement identifiées dans les annexes descriptives au diplôme. Toutefois, celle de la spécialité Pratique européenne du droit ne rentre pas dans le fond des domaines juridiques visés. Elle n'envisage pas les spécificités du parcours Erasmus Mundus qui n'a pas d'annexe descriptive spécifique. Il est fait état d'enquêtes et d'un suivi sur les réseaux sociaux. La spécialité Droit du patrimoine et des activités culturelles invite ses diplômés à venir présenter leur expérience à la nouvelle promotion. La spécialité Contentieux et règlements des différends n'est pas renseignée sur ce point, même pas par un renvoi à la partie générale comme cela est fait pour les deux parcours de la spécialité Pratique européenne du droit. Le caractère succinct des données et leur caractère sporadique rendent leur utilisation difficile, voire impossible. Aucun outil commun ne semble ainsi avoir été mis en place et le nombre de répondants est faible, voire très faible. Aucune donnée émanant de l'observatoire des étudiants n'est fournie, sauf pour la spécialité Pratique européenne du droit. Le conseil de perfectionnement de la mention est composé de « la responsable de la mention et le/la responsable de chaque spécialité ». Ce conseil comprend en outre, « le cas échéant », les présidents de sections CNU concernées (donc toutes par définition pour un master transversal) et le président du Département Droit de la Faculté. Il est précisé que le conseil travaille sur la base des évaluations et « offre » des corrections nécessaires (« contenu de la maquette, organisation pédagogique »), sans plus de précision. Le conseil de perfectionnement se réunit, semble-t-il, de façon séparée par spécialité sous la forme de plusieurs conseils de perfectionnement distincts. Leur coordination n'est pas mentionnée en dehors de la présence des responsables de spécialités et les pratiques semblent variées ou ne sont pas renseignées. L'autoévaluation de la spécialité de M2 Droit du patrimoine souligne le lien assuré avec les étudiants par un « étudiant référent » qui a permis de mieux organiser la transition entre les cours et la période de stage. Le dossier fait état d'une évaluation de l'offre par les étudiants au travers de questionnaires remis au responsable de la spécialité au terme de l'année (ce que seule l'autoévaluation de la spécialité européenne parcours Erasmus Mundus mentionne aussi), ce qui est classique, mais aussi, ce qui est plus original, « sur la base d'entretiens personnalisés avec les étudiants ». Des précisions quant à de tels entretiens et à leur apport pour le pilotage de la mention auraient été bienvenues..
| 46 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26921674
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Kirbo, SteveMills04, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3548238, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3758073
|
English
|
Spoken
| 676 | 1,917 |
Ajax loaded comment not working
My php file loops out each blog post in my database and also creates the comments section. The blogs post great. When I comment on the most recent blog post, the comment does not appear but it seems to add a line as the space expands, just does not include the comment. When I comment on the first post, it works great and exactly as expected. I can't figure out how to correct it. I thought it was a matter of add a .closest to the comment-block selector but that didn't seem to do the trick.
I appreciate any help or feedback!
PHP/HTML
<?php // retrive post
include('php/config.php');
include ('php/function.php');
dbConnect();
$blog_query = mysql_query(
'SELECT *
FROM Blog
ORDER BY DATE DESC');
$date = date_create($row['DATE']);
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($blog_query)): ?>
<div class="post">
<h2><?php echo $row['TITLE']?></h2>
<h3><?php echo date_format($date, 'l, F j, Y')?></h3>
<p><?php echo $row['CONTENT']?></p>
</div>
<h2>Comments.....</h2>
<div class="comment-block">
<?php // retrieve comments with post id
$comment_query = mysql_query(
"SELECT *
FROM Comments
WHERE BID = {$row['ID']}
ORDER BY CID DESC
LIMIT 15") or die(mysql_error());
while($comment = mysql_fetch_array($comment_query)):?>
<div class="comment-item">
<div class="comment-post">
<h3><?php echo $comment['UNAME'] ?> <span>said....</span></h3>
<p><?php echo $comment['COMMENT']?></p>
</div>
</div>
<?php endwhile?>
</div>
<h2>Submit new comment</h2>
<!--comment form -->
<form id="form" method="post">
<div>
<input type="hidden" name="BID" value="<?php echo $row['ID']?>">
<label> <span>Display Name: *</span>
<input id="uname" type="text" tabindex="1" name="commentName" required />
</label>
</div>
<div>
<label> <span>Comment: *</span>
<textarea id="textarea" placeholder="Enter your comment here..." tabindex="2" name="commentMessage" required></textarea>
</label>
</div>
<div>
<input type="submit" id="submit" value="Submit Comment">
</div>
</form>
<?php endwhile?>
</div>
Jquery/Ajax:
var form = $('form');
var submit = $('#submit');
form.on('submit', function(e) {
// prevent default action
e.preventDefault();
// send ajax request
$.ajax({
url: 'php/ajaxcomment.php',
type: 'POST',
cache: false,
data: form.serialize(), //form serizlize data
beforeSend: function(){
// change submit button value text and disabled it
submit.val('Submitting...').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
},
success: function(data){
// Append with fadeIn see http://stackoverflow.com/a/978731
var item = $(data).hide().fadeIn(800);
$('.comment-block').append(item);
// reset form and button
form.trigger('reset');
submit.val('Submit Comment').removeAttr('disabled');
},
error: function(e){
alert(e);
}
});
});
ajajcomment.php
<?php
if (isset( $_SERVER['HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH'] )):
include('config.php');
include('function.php');
dbConnect();
if (!empty($_POST['commentName']) AND !empty($_POST['commentMessage']) AND !empty($_POST ['BID'])) {
$name = mysql_real_escape_string($_POST['commentName']);
$comment = mysql_real_escape_string($_POST['commentMessage']);
$BID = mysql_real_escape_string($_POST['BID']);
mysql_query("
INSERT INTO Comments
(UNAME, BID, COMMENT)
VALUES('{$name}', '{$BID}', '{$comment}')");
}
?>
<div class="comment-item">
<div class="comment-post">
<h3><?php echo $name ?> <span>said....</span></h3>
<p><?php echo $comment ?></p>
</div>
</div>
<?php
dbConnect(0);
endif?>
What does "php/ajaxcomment.php" return when you post a comment? Pure HTML?
I'd make the "php/ajaxcomment.php" return JSON, for example:
<?php
/*
here you do what ever you do now,
Insert the new comment to database, etc
*/
// Then you return the inserted data:
$data = array(
'UNAME' => $username,
'COMMENT' => $comment,
);
header('Content-Type: application/json');
print json_encode( $data );
?>
..and change the ajax:
...
...
success: function(data){
var commentItem = $('<div/>').addClass('comment-item');
var commentPost = $('<div/>').addClass('comment-post');
var user = $('<h3/>').html( data.UNAME +'<span>said...</span>' );
var comment = $('<p/>').html( data.COMMENT );
commentItem.html( commentPost.html( user + comment ) ).hide().fadeIn(800);
$('.comment-block').append(commentItem);
// reset form and button
form.trigger('reset');
submit.val('Submit Comment').removeAttr('disabled');
},
...
...
And I'd use Submit comment instead of and in javascript you should handle this element, like:
$('#submit').text('Submitting...');
..and to continue this same proposal, you should use .prop() instead of .attr(), so this would be:
$('#submit').text('Submitting...').prop('disabled',true); and
$('#submit').text('Submit comment').prop('disabled,false);
More info in:
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5874652/prop-vs-attr
Kirbo, I appreciate the response. I edited my code to reflect your suggestion but had the same issue. I can't figure this out, the strange thing is that on submit, the second blog comments don't even get to the database, but the first blog works fine.
Could you maybe show the "php/ajaxcomment.php" file also? If not, try debugging it with Chrome Web Inspector or Firefox Firebug or something similar which shows you the request been made and the response it gets. Add into beginning of the "php/ajaxcomment.php" like:
<?php
print '<pre>';
print_r( $_POST );
die;
...
...
or:
<?php
get_defined_vars()
die;
...
...
added php file. I will have to get back to this tomorrow. I truly appreciate your help!
only works on the first blog/comment section. On the second blog instance, it does not post to database or screen.
| 15,164 |
https://github.com/luxcium/vsc-pop-n-lock-theme/blob/master/examples/python_file.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
vsc-pop-n-lock-theme
|
luxcium
|
Python
|
Code
| 238 | 514 |
#!/usr/bin/env python
"""Test file for Python syntax highlighting in editors / IDEs.
Meant to cover a wide range of different types of statements and expressions.
Not necessarily sensical or comprehensive (assume that if one exception is
highlighted that all are, for instance).
Extraneous trailing whitespace can't be tested because of svn pre-commit hook
checks for such things.
"""
# Comment
# OPTIONAL: XXX catch your attention
# TODO(me): next big thing
# FIXME: this does not work
# Statements
from __future__ import with_statement # Import
from sys import path as thing
print(thing)
assert True # keyword
def foo(): # function definition
return []
class Bar(object): # Class definition
def __enter__(self):
pass
def __exit__(self, *args):
pass
foo() # UNCOLOURED: function call
while False: # 'while'
continue
for x in foo(): # 'for'
break
with Bar() as stuff:
pass
if False:
pass # 'if'
elif False:
pass
else:
pass
# Constants
'single-quote', u'unicode' # Strings of all kinds; prefixes not highlighted
"double-quote"
"""triple double-quote"""
'''triple single-quote'''
r'raw'
ur'unicode raw'
'escape\n'
'\04' # octal
'\xFF' # hex
'\u1111' # unicode character
1 # Integral
1L
1.0 # Float
.1
1+2j # Complex
# Expressions
1 and 2 or 3 # Boolean operators
2 < 3 # UNCOLOURED: comparison operators
spam = 42 # UNCOLOURED: assignment
2 + 3 # UNCOLOURED: number operators
[] # UNCOLOURED: list
{} # UNCOLOURED: dict
(1,) # UNCOLOURED: tuple
all # Built-in functions
GeneratorExit # Exceptions
| 7,376 |
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleipner-luokka%20%28h%C3%A4vitt%C3%A4j%C3%A4%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Sleipner-luokka (hävittäjä)
|
https://fi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sleipner-luokka (hävittäjä)&action=history
|
Finnish
|
Spoken
| 133 | 391 |
Sleipner-luokka oli Norjan laivaston kuuden hävittäjän muodostama alusluokka, jonka aluksia valmistettiin vuodesta 1936 aina Saksan hyökkäykseen 1940 saakka. Alukset olivat edistyksellisiä ja ne olivat samalla Norjan laivaston ensimmäisiä aluksia, joissa käytettiin materiaalina alumiinia komentosillalla, mastossa ja savuhormien ulkoisissa osissa. Erikoislujaaterästä käytettiin runkorakenteissa. Edellisestä Draug-luokasta poiketen aluksen aseistus oli tasapainossa pintamaaliammunnan sekä ilma- ja sukellusveneidentorjunnan välillä.
Luokan alukset on useissa lähteissä luokiteltu torpedoveneiksi niiden pienen uppouman ja kevyehkön aseistuksen vuoksi.
Aseistus
Aseistus vaihteli luokan alusten välillä jonkin verran. KNM Ægerille asennettu aseistus on listattu tietolaatikossa. KNM Sleipnerille asennettiin ainoastaan kaksi 100 millimetrin tykkiä ja niiden korkeussuuntaus ei mahdollistanut ilma-ammuntaa. KNM Gyllerille asennettiin kaksi ylimääräistä torpedoputkea, joten sillä oli niitä yhteensä neljä. KNM Odinilla oli 40 millimetrin ilmatorjuntatykki korvattu 20 millimetrin tykillä. KNM Balder ja KNM Tor olivat edelleen kesken hyökkäyksen alkaessa.
Alukset
Lähteet
Viitteet
| 23,998 |
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraglenea%20transversefasciata
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Paraglenea transversefasciata
|
https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraglenea transversefasciata&action=history
|
Indonesian
|
Spoken
| 59 | 150 |
Paraglenea transversefasciata adalah spesies kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Paraglenea, ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Larva kumbang ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang.
Referensi
TITAN: Cerambycidae database. Tavakilian G., 25 Mei 2009.
Paraglenea
| 5,664 |
https://github.com/Mu-L/SimpleRemote/blob/master/SimoleRemote/Controls/Dragablz/IManualInterTabClient.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
SimpleRemote
|
Mu-L
|
C#
|
Code
| 17 | 52 |
namespace SimpleRemote.Controls.Dragablz
{
public interface IManualInterTabClient : IInterTabClient
{
void Add(object item);
void Remove(object item);
}
}
| 12,712 |
https://github.com/xiashuqin89/bk-chatbot/blob/master/src/backend/component/nlp/biz/stdlib.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
bk-chatbot
|
xiashuqin89
|
Python
|
Code
| 464 | 1,521 |
"""
TencentBlueKing is pleased to support the open source community by making
蓝鲸智云PaaS平台社区版 (BlueKing PaaSCommunity Edition) available.
Copyright (C) 2017-2018 THL A29 Limited,
a Tencent company. All rights reserved.
Licensed under the MIT License (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on
an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND,
either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
"""
import json
from os.path import join
from itertools import chain
from typing import Dict, List, Union, Sequence
from datetime import datetime
import arrow
import jieba
import diskcache as dc
from .config import BIZ_DISK_CACHE_PATH, BIZ_CORPUS_DATA_PATH
from component import CC
from component.config import BK_SUPER_USERNAME
class DiskCache(dc.Cache):
"""
disk cache.
"""
def __init__(self, name, cache_dir=None):
self.name = name
self.cache_dir = cache_dir or BIZ_DISK_CACHE_PATH
super(DiskCache, self).__init__(join(self.cache_dir, self.name))
class CorpusConfig:
"""
corpus config, load cache, set corpus or alias to cache
and fetch user dictionary
"""
def __init__(self):
self.cache = DiskCache("BizMeta")
self.fields = ["bk_app_abbr", "bk_biz_name", "bk_biz_id"]
@classmethod
def _get_timestamp(cls, date, tz="local"):
return arrow.get(date).replace(tzinfo=tz).timestamp()
@classmethod
def _shift_timestamp(cls, date, offset, date_format="YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss"):
"""
date offset
"""
assert set(offset.keys()) <= set(["days", "hours", "minutes", "seconds" ]), f"invalid offset({offset})."
_date_ = arrow.get(date).shift(**offset)
if isinstance(date, int):
return _date_.to(tz="Asia/Shanghai").format(date_format)
elif isinstance(date, (str, datetime)):
return _date_.format(date_format)
else:
raise Exception("invalid datetime(%s)." % date)
@classmethod
def _get_now_timestamp(cls, date_format="YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss.SSS") -> str:
"""
local time
"""
return arrow.now().replace(tzinfo="Asia/Shanghai").format(date_format)
def _set_cut_words(self):
keywords = self.cache.get("bk_biz_name")
for i in keywords:
_ws = list(jieba.cut(i))
self.cache.set(f"KW_{i}", _ws)
def _do_cache_biz_field(self, field: str, data: List, expire: int):
self.cache.set(field, [i[field] for i in data if str(i.get(field, '')).strip()], expire=expire)
async def get_user_dict(self, is_cache=False,
keys: Union[str, Sequence[str]] = ["bk_app_abbr", "bk_biz_name"]) -> List:
"""
fetch user self-define work msg,
help make work cut more precise
"""
if is_cache:
await self.set_corpus_to_cache()
if isinstance(keys, str):
return self.cache.get(keys)
elif isinstance(keys, list):
result = [self.cache.get(key) for key in keys if self.cache.get(key)]
return list(chain.from_iterable(result))
return []
async def set_corpus_to_cache(self, expire=24 * 60 * 60, with_keywords=False):
"""
cache biz info, reduce fetch frequency
"""
data = (await CC().search_business(bk_username=BK_SUPER_USERNAME, fields=self.fields)).get('info', [])
if not data:
return
# precise/fuzzy
for field in self.fields:
self._do_cache_biz_field(field, data, expire)
for i, item in enumerate(data):
item.pop('default')
for j in item.values():
if not str(j).strip():
continue
if str(j).isdigit():
j = int(j)
else:
j = j.upper()
self.cache.set(j, item, expire=expire)
if with_keywords:
self._set_cut_words()
def set_alias_to_cache(self, file) -> List[List]:
"""
biz alias name
"""
with open(file=join(BIZ_CORPUS_DATA_PATH, file), mode="r") as f:
data = json.load(f)
alias_key_words = []
for k, v in data.items():
for i in v:
self.cache.set(i, self.cache.get(i, {'bk_biz_name': k}))
alias_key_words += v
return alias_key_words
async def check_corpus(self, keys=["bk_biz_id", "bk_biz_name", "bk_app_abbr"], with_keywords=True):
for i in keys:
if i in self.cache:
continue
await self.set_corpus_to_cache(with_keywords=with_keywords)
return
| 33,337 |
lewisarundel00smedgoog_30
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,851 |
Lewis Arundel; or, The railroad of life
|
Smedley, Frank E. (Frank Edward), 1818-1864
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,155 | 9,854 |
" Tou must pardon me^" he said, <' I will reserve my visit to General Grant, till I can congratulate him on his daughter's marriage." Then raising his hat ceremoniously, he bowed to her, and was gone ! No traces of the tumultuous assembly, which had so greatly alarmed Laura and Annie, remained when Lord Bellefield and OB, THE RAILBOAD OV LIFB. 579 denenl Qnat crossed the aqnare of St. Mask, oa their Bstiini from the moniiiig^s eig^t seeing. As they drew near the Palasao Graasini, a tall lad in squalid nument, leaning upon Gratches, and with a patch over one eye, approached and begged of them. The General at first refused to listen to him, but becoming wearied by his pertinacity, felt in his pocket for something to give hinoL " I have no small change about me,** he remarked, after a minute*s ineffectual search, " but you have, Bellefield; they gave you a handful of their stupid little coins at the last shop we went into. Lend me two or three, will you9** ( As he menti<»ed his companion's name, the beggar fixed his piercing eye on the featul-es of the person addressed, ■wtwumg them eagedy, as though he sought to fix them indelibly in his memory. Betuming his glanee.with a haughty stare, his lord- ship carelessly finng him a couple t>f ^wttmgers, and passed on. The beggar watched his retreating figure till it was no longer visible, then taming quickly, hobbled with his crutches out of the square, continuing the same method of progression till he reached the nearest canal, when, looking round to assure himself that he was not observed, lie coolly pitched lus supporters into the water, removed ihe patch from his oye, which by no means seemed to require such a protection, walked briskly tQl he reaohad a spot where a small skiff was moored, springing into which, he commenced rowing vigorously, and was soon hidden from sig^t by a bend of the canal. When Lewis returned to his lodgings, the following note him^^ ** My search is ended; I have found my sister in time to see tier — --die! Her seducer, heartless in his villany, brought his victim to a foreign land, kept her in luxury till his &ncy wearied of her, and then left her — ^to starva My cuise has little power, or it would have withered him long ago; but may the curse of that God who made him and her, deave to him until^ 1 meet him. Sir, I know not how to thank you. She has tdd me how you warned her ; how you explained to her his real ohasaeter. She was in&tuated, but it is not for me to judge her. We seem a doomed race, iaial alike to ourselves^ to those we love, and to <AoM we hate. Oh that she could live ! ehe is soft and gentle, and, — ay! though a scoundrel has debased her, still I say it^-— pp2 580 LBWT8 abukdbl; she is good and pure, and she would hare calmed my angry spirit ; she would hare taught me to lore something human. But it was not to be : each hour that I at by her I expect to be her last. She sends you her blessing; may God's go with it « Miles H ." Lewis could not peruse this letter without deep emotion. In the justy though, alas! ill-governed indignation which gave a rude eloquence even to the expreadon of this poor youth's out* raged feeling, he traced a likeness to his formed Bel£ ** Heartless in his yillany, hekept her in luxury till his fancy wearied of her, and then left her — to starve.** This was the man Annie Grant loved, and was about to marry ! Oh, how his heart bled for her ! He pictured to himself her future life; how she would gradually, by dow and painful steps, discover her husband's true character; each advance in knowledge a new and separate misfortune, until love should become indifference, and indifference end in hatred. Even yet he might prevent it His London agent had forwarded to him that morning an English newspaper, containing an unmis* takable allusion to the events of the Derby day, and openly declaring Lord Bellefield a de&ulter. This shown to Genend Grant, and his tale of Hardy's daughter verified by the evidence now in his possession, the old soldier would sooner see his daugh- ter lying dead at his feet, than sanction her union with a man devoid alike of honour and of principle. But then came in pride. Had he known that Annie loved him, or had General Grant never mistrusted him, Lewis would have come forward without a moment's hesitation ; but his motives had been once doubted, his affections betrayed, and his pride could neither forget nor forgive it Besides, Lord Bellefield would attribute his interfer- ence to a feeling of petty malice ; such was not the revenge for which, despite his principles and his reason, his soul still thirsted. So pride gained the day, though, tyrant-like, in the veiy midst of his triumph he made his victim miserable. Unable to apply his mind to anything, he strolled out, trust- ing the evening air would allay the fever of his blood; after wan- dering about restlessly for some time, he remembered that he had eaten nothing for many hours, and turning into the nearest casino he called (or wine and biscuits. Having finished his fingal repast, he was about to leave the house, when three persons entered, and crossing through the refreshment room, passed into a salon which OBy THB RAILROAD OV LIFE. &81 he knew to be devoted to play. One of the threes a short insig- nificant-looldng man, was a stxanger to him; but the two others he recognised instantly — ^they were Walter and Lord Bellefield. A sudden impulse prompted him to follow them ; at that time in the evening the salon was certain to be pretty well filled, and Lewis trusted to avoid observation by mixing with the crowd, relying on the alteration in his appearance to escape recognition, even if he were perceived either by Walter or Lord Bellefield. Accordingly, waiting his opportunity, he joined a group of Italians, who, eagerly talking over the attempt upon the life of Colonel Marinovitch, (which had been frustrated by his escaping on board the corvette which guarded the harbour,) scarcely perceived this addition to their party. Entering with them, and still keeping in the back-ground, he took up a position whence he could observe the proceedings of those for both of whom he felt an interest equally deep, though so utterly distinct in character. Lord Bellefield, who appeared unusually listless and indifferent, lounged up to the table, and staked a few Napoleons on the chances of the game; then, drawing forward a chair, he seated himself, and continued carelessly to watch the proceedings of the other players. . But despite the presence of the man he hated, Lewises attention soon became wholly absorbed in observing Walter. From his entire conduct it was evident that tiiiis was by no means his first visit to the salon; on the contrary, it was only too plain that a taste for gambling had been implanted in the poor boy's feeble yet obstinate mind. That he clearly understood the nature of the game, Lewis could not believe, but that he had acquired sufficient insight into the rules to enable him to adhere to them, and that he 'was keenly alive to the results of the deal, or the throw, elated when he won, and de- pressed when he lost, was most certain. The third person of the party, whom Lewis rightly conjectm'ed to be his successor in the office of tutor, did not play himself, but appeared to take great interest in Walter^s game, looking over his cards, and advising him what to da Lewis also noticed, that whenever Walter won, he always received gold, but that his losses were paid in paper money, and the truth immediately occurred to him, viz. that child-like the poor boy only attached value to the glittering coin, and that the worth of the bank notes had been completely misrepresented to him, so that he belie¥ed 584 LBWIB ARUNDEL ; Oinnt of the maimer in wMoh you betmy the tniBt he has ]»poe^ m yoiL Spooner turned pale ; but, relying on Lord Bellefield's support^ managed to stammer out^ '' And pray, Sir, who the deuoe may you be r* ^ I will tell you, and this worshipfiil company also," ezdaimed Lord Bellefield, stepping forward '' This fdlow is, or rather waa^ a menial in General Grant's household, discarded for insolent behaviour, and as such unfit for the society of gentlemen, into which as he has now Tentured to intrude himself, I, for one, vote he be ignominiously expelled." This speech caused, as might be expected, a sensation throng^- out the room, and the bystanders congr^ated round Lewis and Lord Bellefield, glancing from one to the other, to discover from their bearing and appearance which was the true man, and wliich the fidse. Up to this moment Lewis had been wrapped in a laige Spanish doak ; he now allowed it to glide from his shoulders^ as, advancing a step he boldly confronted his adversary. ** Your Lordship has been pleased to speak explicitly," he said; <' were I inclined to follow your example, / might, with some shadow of truth, denounce you as a ruined black-le^ and an outlawed de&ulter; but I prefer simply declaring that in the statement you have just made, you have maliciously and une- quivocally—lied r* As he spoke he raised his head proudly, and folding his aimB across his breast, waited the e£fect of his words. He was not kept long in suspense. However numerous might be Lord Belle* field's faults, a want of personal courage was not one of them* As Lewis referred to the cause of his ignominious exile, his free grew pale with rage, but when he gave him the lie, his fiuy be* came uncontrollable. Springing forward with a leap like that of a maddened tiger, he struck Lewis a violent blow on the cheek, which, firmly as his feet were planted, staggered him; exclaim- ing as he did so,—* '' Take that, beggar I" Instead of rushing on his adversaiy, as those amongst the spectators who knew him (and there were several who did so) expected, Lewis, recovering himself, stood for an instant regarding Lord Bellefield with a smile of triumphf though to those who remarked him closely, there was an expres- sion in his eyes which, in spite of themselves^ caused them to shudder, while, stnmge to say, he was drawing a soiled whUc hid OBy THE RAILROAD 07 LIFE. 5S5 ghve on his rig^t haad; haiing done so, he adyanoed a step, aaying in a stem deep voice :-^ '^ Tour Lordship is too generous — the beggar returns your alms-^ying, — ^thus I" As he spoke there was a sudden morement in the crowd — a frightful blow was struck, and Lord Bdlefield lay insensible on the ground, the blood flowing from a cut on his forehead, whilst over him stood Lewis, hia mouth set, and his eyes burning with the fire of hatred. Several of the bystanders sprang forward to assist the fisdlen man, but Lewis sternly motioned them back. <^ Wait,** be said ; — ^his voice sounded deep and hollow, and there was something in the expression of his &oe which quelled the stoul^ heart amongst those who stood around him, — drawing the glove :from the hand which had struck; the blow, he dipped it in the blood that still trickled. from the forehead of the fiJlen man, muttering to himself as he did so, — " Thatj then, has come to pass — is thereit to foUow 9 ** He next examined the countenance of his prostrate foe,: — '/ He is merely stimned," he said, " raise him, and bring water to bathe his temples**' As he spoke he assisted those who stepped forward to lift the iiyured man, and place him on a chair; having done so, he left him to the care of the bystanders, and again folding his arms, stood, coolly awaiting the issue* The event justified his predictions : on the first application of the cold water. Lord Bellefield revived, and in less time than could have been expected, the bleeding, which was very slight, was arrested. As soon as he had recovered sufficiently to speak, he said, addressing a young- Italian of rank, ^dth whom he wa^ acquainted, and who had been .b&thing his temples with the cold water, — '' Rastelli, you may inform that scoundrel that he has suc- ceeded ; rather than allow him to escape with impunity, I will undergo the degradation of meeting him." He spoke in a low . fsunt voice, but the egression with which he glanced towards Lewis as he pronounced the word '' scoimdrel " was one of un- dying hatred. " If your Lordship intended to apply that observation to the Signer Lui^, I shall have the felicity to explain that your Excellency labours under a mistake ; that gentleman is the son of a gallant officer, with whom I have had the honour to serve in more than one campaign. It is no condescension in any 586 LKWis abundbl; one under tiie raxik txf a Bojal Pntioe'to ineet the ton of the brave Captun Arundel." - : Tti0 speaker' was an old General Officer in the Austriaa ser- vice, who possessed an European reputation, and whose dio^itti on all points of hdnonr war coiMlnsiTa Lend BeUefiidd bit his under lip in anger and vexation, ctusing his own hastiness which had elidte J this vindication of his enemy i perceivings however, that he should only place himself still more oomjdetely in the wrong by any attempt to impugn the old Austrian's statement, he merely bowed haughtily in reply, then desiring to be shown into a private room, he took Bastelli*s arm, and quitted the salon. Lewis stood ga2dng after hb late opponent with a dark and troubled countenance ; it was not remorse that he experienced, for wel« the deed to have been done Cver again, he would not have shrunk from its performance ; and yet the feeling which en- grossed him partook of a remorsefhl character — ^it seemed to him as though he had tiow lost all power of free will — ^he had taken the first step, and mn bbst must foUoW; there* was no longer any possibility of turning back. Like one walking in his deep, he permitted himself to be led into another room — ^he heard, as in a dream, Bastelli enter, and make arrangements with a young Austrian officer who had volunteered to act as his seccmd, for his meeting Lord Bellefield at daybreak. As the person challenged, he had the choice of weapons, but he waived his right, and allowed his opponent to select pistols. £hrenburg (his second) whispered to him that Lord BeUefield was reported to be a dead shot, but an indifilerent swordsman. '* Thd more reason to allow him to choose pistols," was Lewis's careless reply. Ehrenburg still urged the madness of throwing away a dianca *^ It will be no boy's play," he said ; << mai^ my words^ Luigi, this duel will be one for life or death.^ ** Do you think' I do not know it?" returned Lewii^ sternly, " ay, as well as if I now saw him lying dead before my feet,** and as he spoke, an involuntary shudder passed through his power- ful frame. ''May not another contingenqr be possible, ftuonT omtco f especially if you allow him to secure the advantage of pistds t" suggested Ehrenburg. <' Would to Heaven it might so occur," was Lewis's eager reply ; OB, THS tLMIEBOADr OV* LVC 587 ^l liope no betler fitte tliiftD; ioid^A 1^ bis hand, beliere me | bai it win not be 80y — I know — 1 ftel it 1 Ehrenburg, that man has stood like flome evil apintanroB my path; tiiiie after time he baa heaped inanlt upon me; Qnoe»eowanl«-like^theaaBaatiQBoii(^tmy life j but till to-night I have never oppoaed him. : Whj) beaanae tt ia written here" (and he touched his forehead) ** that when th4 final Btmggle cftiall come, my destiny is ationger thaa hiBy and he must perish. You may smile and deem my worda thiB mere lavinga of supeistition, but yon will aee^ t^we meet to-monow morning, Bellefleld will never lea^e the ground alive, and I shall quit it irith the brand of Cain npcm my brow.** He 'spoke so gravely and with each an evident belief in tiie reality of hia couviotions, that fiirat moment Ehiehbnrg himadtf fAi impreased* But a dnel was no very uncommon evisiit wxfeh the young Austiian; he had been. principal on two oocaalaiifl^ when no aerious result' had followed, and second on haif^irdonn moi« ; besides, he was essentiaHy a practical man. S6»he merely shrugged his shoidders, hinted that Lewis's nerves might be ex- cited, which wotdd produce these little fimcies, advised him to take a cup of coffee^ and then repair to the shooting^-galleiy and practise steadily £br an hour or so to get his hand in, promised to be with him in good time on the following mbming, inquired whether he cbuid be of any further assistance, and then, atroUing back to the gaming^ble, relieved Lewiaof his presence. ' To gain his lodgings, and lock himself into his studio, was soareely the work of five minutes j then, flingicg himsdf upon the first seat that came in hia way, he gave himself up to bitter thoug^rta Two years ago he had fled his country, had quitted Jail who were dear to him, because his fiery passions were beyond his oontrol — because he had loved too deeply and hated too bitterly. He had plunged into a life of wild adventure to diwpate luafeel* ings ; he had schocded his heart in solitude ; he had devoted all his energies to the acquirement of an art ; nay, he had devoted the first efforts of the skill he had thus gained to embo4y a visible reprosentation of the danger of ill-bestowed love and tbe Qorse of gratified revenge ; and this was the result I He remained for a few minutes with his head resting., on his hands^ apparently stunned by his conflicting feelings ; then, rous- ing himself by an effort, he heayed a deep sigh, and drew out ^ glove. Aa his eye fell upon the stain of blood, be shuddered, anc^ hastily putting it firom him, began pacing up and d^wn the n^^art- 588 : LBWIS ABONDEL ; meht An antique' lamp hung by a chain from thd oeiling, throw- ing its light strongly on. the two pictures from the Giaour. Involuntarily Lewis paused before them» and remained gadng from one to the other with an expression of remorse and horror. ^ Am I indeed about to realize these creations of my gloomy &n(^1 ** he murmured ; *' shall I become that human tiger, that stony, soulless image of impenitent despair ? Bevenge, how I baye thirsted for it I how, when writhing under that man s insults, I have pictured to myself the day of reckoning, and deemed life itself would be a cheap sacrifice for one hour of unlimited ven- geance ; and now, when this coveted boon lies within my gras^ I see it in its true light, and own this wished-for blessing to be a dark consuming curse. Seen through the distorted medium of outraged feeling, retribution appeared an act of justice. The demon wore an angel's form. Bui, viewed in its true aspect, the sentiment is that which leads to murder, and the deed, with its sickening details, revolting butchery. Yet, seeing this dearly, knowing to what it will lead, I must go on : I owe him satisr faction. Satisfaction ! " and he smiled at the mocking term. *< Yes,** he resumed, *^ I mtut go on, even if I wished to turn back. If I could forego my revenge, and foigive him, it is now too late. Well, be it so ; 'tis weakness to repine at the inevitable. I will meet my fate boldly, be it what it may ; and for him, he has brought the punishment upon his own head, and must abide the issue !*' He resumed hi^ walk up and down the apartment; then a new idea struck him, — " What a strange ezpreasion her features wore when ]she ventured to address me," he said ; " and in the crowd, she did not idirink from me, but trusted herself to me with a gentle, child-like confidence." He paused, pressed his hand to his forehead, then exclaimed, " O God, if I have wronged her, — ^if— " and here his voice sank' almost to a whisper, " i^ Heaven help me, she should have loved me after all l'* Completely overwrought by these conflicting emotions^ I^wis sank into a chair, and, burying his face in his hands, straggled in vain for composure, a deep-drawn, choking sob from time to time attesting his mental agony. How long he remained in this position he never knew. It might have been minutes^ for he took no note of things external ; it might have been hours^ for a lifetime of heartfelt desolation appeared crowded into that dark reverie. He was aroused, at length, by a tap at the door, vhioh, as at first he could scarcely collect his ideas sufficiently to attend OB, THB RAIUK>AD OF WfE, 589 to such sablunaiy matters, soon grew into a loud and impatient knocking with the handle of a stick or umbrella. Ima^ning it to be one of his artist fhends, come probably to bring him infor- mation in regard to the late disturbances, he replied in Italian^ that he was particularlj engaged, and could not see any one, ** Polite and encouraging, certainlyy" muttered a deep-toned Yoice, at the first sound of which Lewis sprang finom his seat, and listened with an eager, yet half incredulous expression of coun- tenance. *^ A thousand and one pardons^ Signer/* continued the. person on the outside, speaking in Italian, with a peculiarity of accent which proved him to be unaccustomed to pronounce the language, or probably even to hear it spoken ; " but you really must condescend to[ see me, even if Diabolus himself is supping with you, tmd there is only maccaroni enough for two.*' Without a moment's hesitation Lewis flung open the dodr, and there in proprioB perwME stood Richard Frere and, the cotton umbrella 1 ^' Frere, dear old fellow ! is it, can it indeed be you?" exclaimed Lewis joyfully, forgetting for the moment everything in the sur- prise of welcoming such an xmexpected visitant '' Yes, it's me," returned Frere, squeezing and shaking his friend's hand, as if he had a design of reducing it to a jelly. " Richard's himself, and no mistake. — Lewis isn't Atmself, though, it seemEf, but Signer Luigi, forsooth. I had hard work to find you, I can tell you. But good gracious ! what has happened to the man 9 " he exclaimed, catching sight of Lewis's bearded ^sjo^ and pale haggard features, " why, he has turned into somebody else bodily as well as in name. You look just like one of these horrid Italian fellows, with the proper tragic expression of countenance which they get up by way of advertising that they are ready and willing to cut throats at half-a-crown a wind-pipe, coimtry orders punctually executed, and the business performed in a neat and tradesman-like manner ; but tell me seriously, you're not ill f" ** Not in body, nor usually in mind either," was the reply ; '' but to-day events have occurred which have thoroughly un- manned me, still I sbaU ' win through it,' somehow \ and now tell me of yourself, of Rose, of my mother, — ^they are welll" '' A good deal better than you seem to be," growled Frere, who during this speech had been attentively observing his friend^s featui«8 ; *' however, I *11 soon satisfy your curiosity, — and then you shall satisfy mine," he added in an under tone, and removing 590 LtiWiB AXOVCfKLf a wonderfU spedes of traveHSng CAp^ he ibnowed hemis, ykbo led the ivay to his imier apaitment, wad then ; Ijatened eaged j to Frere's aooount of the variooB enrontB ^diich hod taken plaoe nnoe he had quitted hla native land BoBd^ by fVere'e especial deairB^ had, in writing to her brother, hitherto foibome to allnde to her engagement ; the worthy bear, with a chamctenstio mixture of deep-seated humility and surfiboe vanity, fearing that Lewiv might not think hima fitting match for his sister, and, therofore^ feeling anxious that the matter should be diBdoaed to him in the wisest and most judidous manner possible, i. e. by himself vwa voce. Ofiy THB lUOLBOAD OF UFB. 591 person thus to viBit my sins upon my head. Who is the man! ** he contiiiued sfcernly. In the whole course of hk existence Frere had net er felt more uncomfortable ; all his old diffidence and hiimiHty roshed upon hin^ an4 for the moment he felt as if he had been suddenly detected in an act of petfy larceny; however, his stordinte of nature, and common sense, came to hia rescue, and he jreplied — *^ It is ho fault of Rose's, for / made it an especial point that die should not tell you of her engagement by letter." ^ Ycu did, and' wherefore f " inquired Lewis in surprise. " Because I chose to tell you myself" returned Frere ; ''your sister is not an kngel, for angels live in Heayen and not on earth, but she is the most ioveable, the most pure-minded, decidedly the sweetest-looking woman (though that does not so much signify) in this world, and I should have added, the most sensible, only that she hious, in her tenderness of heart, seien fit to promise to marry a rough uncouth animal like me. Lewis^ old &llow," he continued in a ftJt^dng voice, '' I know better than you can do how. unworthy I am of such a blessing, but if loving her better than my own life gives me any title to possess her. Heaven knows that I do so." When Frere reached that point in his peroration at which he mentioned Exxaels promise to marry hifn, his auditor started, and raising his eyes, murmured an ejaculation of fervent thankfulness.. As he concluded,. Lewis claq>ed his hand eagerly in his own, sayings " My dear old Frere, you know, not how happy you have made me; one great weighty which was crushing my soul to tiie dust ere you appeared, is removed by yoiur words. Of all m^ living you are the one I would have selected for my dearest Rose's husband; and now, if I — ^that is to say, whatever be&ls me, she. will be happy." ''Then you are not disappointed)" rejoined Frere, greatiy relieved ; " you know you used at one time to be just a very little bit ambitious, and I £Bmcied you might have been cherisli- ing some splendid scheme for marrying Rose to a duke — she's good enough for the best of 'em, even if dukes were what they should be, instead of what they are too many of 'em. Well, I'm very glad ! — but now about yoursel^^ — * if anything befieJs you,' you say ; pray what is likely to be&l you more than other people f — and what do you mean by being crushed by a weight, — and by looking so melodramatically miserable) " 592 XEWI8 arundbl; Lewis heated a deep sigh^ and then Teplied, '' Ton speak jest- ingly; but there are many melodramas less strange than my wayward fortune : such as it is, however, I have provoked and will go through with it Frere, you love Bose for her own sake, be kind to and forbearing with my mother for mine — she has many faults^ a giddy head, an impulsiYe di^Knition, (than which there can be no greater temptation,) but a warm heart — and— and I feel I have never done a son's duty by her. '< We are not placed in this world to be miserable,*' continued Frere ; " true, this life is a state of trial, and it would not be so if we had not many evils, temptations, and sorrows to endure ; but by God's help, tiie evils may be borne, the temptations ovei^ come, and the sorrow turned to joy, if we do not oppose our wiU to His; but if we do, sin lieth at the door, we league ounelvea with the enemy of mankind, and misery must comie of it — ^Do not misunderstand me," he added, kindly; "I do not seek to blame you, I can have no pleasure in so doing, but on the cod« OR, TH£ RAILROAD OF LIFE. 593 trary deepest pain; atill, it is evident your mind is diseased, and, if in probing the wound to discover the nature of the evil I hurt you, you must pardon me for the sake of the object I have in view. — ^But I am talking at random, for want of a more clear insight into the cause of your present difficulty ;— come, be frank and open with mej let us fiuse the evil boldly, and between ub, devise some means of overcoming it." " What brought you here)" exclaimed Lewis, suddenly raising his head, and fixing his piercing eyes full upon his friiBud's coim- tenance. Frere smiled a melancholy smila '* Hot-headed, petulant, and jealous of interference yet!" he said. <<My poor Lewis, I did not come to catechise you, — afi&irs of quite another nature brought me here, — I am trying to carry out an arrangement between my uncle Ashford and your ci-devant foe. Lord Bellefield." As he mentioned Lord Bellefield's name, Lewis shuddered, and his eyes again sought the ground. " And now that I have cleared up this alarming doubt," resumed Frere, ''tell me what ails you, for that you are miserable, and that I mean to know wherefore, and do my best to render you otherwise, are two self-evident &ct8." " 'Tis useless," returned Lewis in a low voice^ '' the die is cast, and neither you nor any one else can help me, — would to Heaven you had come a day sooner^ and taken me away from this accursed place : as it is, my own mad passion has hurried me on, and my fate is fixed. Now," he continued, glancing at the dock which stood at a quarter to twelve, " I must ask you to leave me, — we may meet to-morrow — or — ^if anything should prevent it — and if — if I have not an opportunity of telling you all you seek to know, — ^my papers — ^that is, I will leave you a letter explaining everything — good night." Scarcely able to control his voice, in this which Lewis felt might too probably be a last farewell^ he hurried through the speech in a strange, almost incoherent manner. Frere regarded him fixedly : " Unless you condescend to ex- plain to me what you purpose doing within the next twenty-four hours," he said, " Til not leave you till that time has expired. I tell you what it is, Lewis — I haye not lived three-and-thirty years in the world without having learned to read men's &ces, and I read in yours that you are standing on the verge of some great folly, madness, or — crime — and now what is it?" Lewis paused for a moment in deep thought^ and then said 594: LEWIS ABUNBELj oalmly, '' Sit down^ Frere, you are an Engliahmany and a man of highly honourable feeling; moreover, you are my oldest, mj most cherished friend ; I am, as you say, maddened by circum- stances, and on the yerge of a great crime, — sit down, I will tell you all, and you shall judge between God and man, and me." Calmly, clearly, truthfully, in the deep silence of night; did Lewis recount to his Mend the strange passages with which the reader is already acquainted : he related the simple facl^ whether they told for or against him, just as they occurred j without entering into unnecessary detail, he left nothing important uDsaid, till Frere had conceiyed a dear idea of Lewis's whole career from the hour he entered Broadhurst, to the moment in which be was speaking. '* The upshot of all this is,*' observed Lewis, in coudusioD, " that I am weary of life ; littleness^ brutality, and oppression in man, weakness and treachery in woman, and the tyranny of pas- sion in oneself, render this world an incipient hell, — to-morrow must end it one way or the other; either he will shoot me, or I shall shoot him; the latter contingency I shall not long surviye; such remorse aa I should feel would be unendurable. — ^To save myself from the guilt of suicide I shall, volunteer into some fighting regiment engaged in these civil broils, Tyrian or Trojan, Austrian or Venetian, I care little; my sympathies side with one, my associations with the other, and with either I may obtain the only prize I covet, — a soldier's death." " Now listen to me, Lewis," returned Frere, gravely; " I once at your own request promised you that whUe we both lived I toould never give you up, hU would stand between you and your fiery passions, and I thank Grod who in his mercy has sent me here at this particular moment, to enable me to frdfil my engagement Ton have suffered, and are suffering deeply, and from my heart I pity you; but seeing, as I do only too clearly, the cause of all tiiis misery, it would be no kindness in me to omit to point it out to you. Tour two leading fiiults of character, gride and an overweaning d^ee of self^sonfidence, are at the bottom of it dl Pride made Lord Bellefidd your enemy— when he offered money for the dog, he never intended to insult you ; your proud answer irritated his pride, and from that time forth he sought to injure you — evil produced evil, dislike grew to hatred, hatred begat revenge, revenge cherished, only required opportunity to become developed into assault and murder ; that opportunity has now OB, THE RAILROAD OVLIFB. 595 arriyed, you have been guilty of the first, you oontemplate the second. ^* And if you can do this," exclaimed Lewis, — ** if, remember- ing what I am, you can show me how I might have avoided my errors in the past, how I may do au^t to retrieve them in the ftiture, I will indeed reckon you my friend,-— >nay, I will bleas your coming as that of an angel sent from Heaven to aid a desperate, well nigh a despairing man." ** Pray what religion do you profess ? " asked Frere, abruptly. Lewis started, but recovering himself, replied coldly, '< The same as you do yourself.", '< And do you believe in the tnith of it 9" ^ Why, ask such a question 9 " returned Lewis, with a slight degree of annoyance peroeivable in his tone, ** whatever may have been my fietultB, I am no infidel." QQ2 596 LEWIS ARUNDEL; '< I will tell you why I aak,** replied Frere; " because^ though you confess wiUi your lips the truths of Christianity^ in your life you have practically denied them." Lewis made no answer, and Frere continued in an earnest im- pressiye voice, his manner becoming every moment more ani- mated as he grew excited with his subject^ — • ^ li^ as you say you do not doubt, Christianity be true, it amoimts to this. The God who made and governs this world, has been pleased to reveal to us His will — namely, -that if we believe in Him and obey Him, He will save us finom eternal misery and bestow upon us eternal happiness; — ^to enable us to fulfil the second condition, that of obedience, He has given us a code, not so much of laws^ as of principles of action, by which we may become a law to [ourselves; — ^in order to demonstrate how these abstract principles are applicable to the exigendes of our mundane career. He sent His Son into the world, ' a man subject to like passions as ourselves, only without sin,' becatue he was a consistent embodiment of the doctrines he tau^t. Now had you taken these precepts, to which you accord an un- practical and therefore an equally senseless and useless beUe( as the rule of your actions, how different a result would have followed; — instead of provoking animosity by haughty looks and proud words, you would have remembered that 'a soft answer tumeth away wrath;' instead of returning evil for evil, you would have considered the example of Him, who ' when He was reviled, reviled not again,' and called to mind His precepts, 'resist not evil, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you and persecute you;' — instead of seeking to avenge your own quarrel by deeds of violence, which outrage na- ture, and bring their own punishment with them even here, in the pangs of conscience, you would have thought of His words who hath said, ' Yengeance is Mine, I will repay,' and left your cause in His hands. Instead of attempting to do everything in your own strength, and failing thus miserably, you would have recol- lected that, * God's strength is made perfect in our weakness,* and prayed to Him for support and assistance. Even now, instead of having recklessly determined to expose yourself to the chance of committing what you own to be a crime of such frightful niag- nitude, that the remorse it must entail on you would be un- bearable, the question would be, not, how at any sacrifice you must vindicate your honour in the eyes of men, but ' how then OR, THE RAILROAD OF" LIFE. 597 can I do this great wickedness and sin against God?'** — he paused, then asked abruptly, " Do you admit all this?'* Lewis's features worked convulsiTely, as in a hollow broken voice he replied, "Yes, I do, God help me I" "And He will help you," returned Frere, "if your repentance is indeed sincere; but that must be proved by acts^ not words — Will you give up your revenge, and agree not to meet Lord Bellefield to-morrow ?" " No, by Heaven !" exclaimed Lewis fiercely, springing to his feet. ' " Bless you, dear old friend ! " he said, " TrtUh, and you, have conqttered; I place myself in your hands,-— do with me as you will" 598 LEWIS abunoel; CHAPTER LXIIL SHOWS HOW IT FARHD WITH THB LAICB WHICH THB WOLF HAD WORRIBD. About nine o'clock iu the erening, marked by the oocurrenoe of the events narrated in the last chapter, General Grant was in* formed that a young man, who refused to give his name, re- quested five minutes' private conversation with him. Somewhat surprised at this demand, the General followed the servant into an apartment used by Charles Leicester as a study, and desirod that the person might be shown In ; in another moment a tall swarthy young fellow, dressed in the garb usually worn by the lower classes in Venice, made his appearance. As soon as the servant had quitted the room, the stranger presented a note to the General, saying, " If you will read that. Sir, you will peroeiire the object of my visit, and learn the necessity which forces me to intrude upon you at such an untimely hour." The note, which was written in a delicate but somewhat illegible female hand, ran as follows : — " A dying woman implores you, Sir, to visit her ; not for her own sake, for her hope rests in God and not in nmn, but for the sake of one who must be dearest to you in the world — ^your daughter. The writer has information to impart to you, which may save you and her from years of deepest misery ; the bearer of this note will conduct you safely to one who again implores you by all you hold sacred not to neglect this summons, or delay returning with the messenger, lest you should arrive too late. The writer pledges her word, the word of one about to enter upon eternity, that you shall return safely." '' This is a vety strange note," observed General Grant, suspi- ciously eyeing the young man, who stood awaiting his deoisiou; ''how am I to know that this is not some cimningly devised scheme, dangerous to my life or liberty ? " " I swear to you that you may ss^ly trust me," replied the stranger eagerly; ''adopt what precautions you will, leave your money, or aught that is of value, at home — ^take pistols with yon. OBy THX BAILBOAD OF LIFE. 599 and if you see anj ngns of treaoheiy, shoot me through the head. I ixnUd tell you that which would render you as eager to aooompany me as you now appear unwilling to do so, but I have promised to leave her to explain the affidr as seems to her best — «he is my sister, and dying; if you delay you will arrive too late." ''You are an Englishman, I presumed' inquired the Qeneral, still tmdecided. "I am so," was the reply, ''and have served my countiy on board a man-of-war." " A sailor ! what was your oaptaxn*B name, and what ship did you belong to t " demanded the QeneraL " The Prometheus — Captain Manvers," was the oonoise answer. "Were you in her during the year 18 ^?" continued his questioner, and receiving a reply in the affirmative, added, " Where were you stationed then f " "We accompanied a convoy of transports^ taking the — ^th and — ^th foot to Madras, and then proceeded 'to China," was the answer.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/66483006
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StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Stack Exchange
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eyllanesc, https://stackoverflow.com/users/12840780, https://stackoverflow.com/users/6622587, user1905
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English
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Spoken
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Install Qt5.12 on travis-ci linux
I'm seeing following error while trying to Install Qt5.12 on travis-ci linux. Someone please help
$ ./qt-opensource-linux-x64-5.12.10.run
QFactoryLoader::QFactoryLoader() ignoring "org.qt-project.Qt.QPA.QPlatformIntegrationFactoryInterface.5.3" since plugins are disabled in static builds
qt.qpa.xcb: could not connect to display
qt.qpa.plugin: Could not load the Qt platform plugin "xcb" in "" even though it was found.
This application failed to start because no Qt platform plugin could be initialized. Reinstalling the application may fix this problem.
Available platform plugins are: minimal, xcb.
add `services:
xvfb`, see https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/gui-and-headless-browsers/#using-services
Thanks for the reply, I did tried adding services: xvfb, and see this below error.
.travis_wait 60 ./qt-opensource-linux-x64-5.12.0.run
Still running (49 of 60): ./qt-opensource-linux-x64-5.12.0.run
The job exceeded the maximum time limit for jobs, and has been terminated.
The problem is that this is an installer that is waiting for the user to accept the conditions, press the next button, etc. It is not an automatic installer. If you want it to install Qt without a user interacting then I recommend using aqtinstall
I'm newbie to QT and I tried using aqtinstall but ended up with version
QMake version 2.01a
Using Qt version 4.8.7 in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu
I rather trying to install qt 5.12.0 and added following commands to my .travis.yml
pip install aqtinstall
aqt install --outputdir /home/travis/build/Qt 5.12.0 linux desktop
Please do let me know how to install version 5.12.0 on linux. Thank you and appreciate your prompt responces.
You have to update some environment variables since your CI has Qt installed which causes that conflict, see https://github.com/miurahr/aqtinstall#environment-variables
This didn't help either :(
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bpt6k9764786b_16
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French-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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Histoire de la littérature française depuis ses origines jusqu'à la révolution. Tome 1
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None
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French
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Spoken
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Ce besoin et cette croyance appelaient un roi et repoussaient l'étranger. Or la Ligue se jouait de l'indépendance nationale et elle voulait fabriquer un roi quand il y en avait un : « Le roy que nous demandons, s'écrie d'Aubray, est déja faict par la nature, né au vray parterre des fleurs de lis de France, rejetton droit et verdoyant du tige de S. Louys. Ceux qui parlent d'en faire un autre se trompent et ne sçau-roient en venir à bout ; on peut faire des sceptres et des couronnes, mais non pas des roys pour les porter; on peut faire une maison, mais non pas un arbre ou un rameau verd ; il faut que la nature le produise par espace de temps du suc et de la moëlle de la terre, qui entretient la tige en sa seve et vigueur. On peut faire une jambe de bois, un bras de fer et un nez d'argent, mais non pas une teste ; aussi nous pouvons faire des mareschaux à la douzaine, des pairs, des admiraux, et des secretaires et des conseillers d'Es-tat, mais de roy point, il faut que celuy seul naisse de luy-mesme, pour avoir vie et valeur1. » Sous ces métaphores noblement familières ne voit-on pas la sagesse pratique, le sens du possible et la connaissance profonde des lois qui régissent les sociétés? La foi qui règne dans les esprits fait vivre les institutions qu'elle a créées, elle les soutient pendant l'orage, elle les relève de leur chute, et s'il est vrai que lorsque la foi monarchique a péri, la royauté s'abîme ou n'est plus qu'un fantôme, il est également impossible, quand cette foi subsiste, 1 Satyre Aténippée, t. 1, p. 177. de supplanter ce qu'elle a produit. La Lfgue pouvait troubler la France ; elle pouvait arrêter l'essor de sa puissance, tenir en échec le droit et le bon sens, et elle n'a pas failli à sa tâche, mais elle ne pouvait déposséder Henri IV qu'en le tuant. Nous savons qu'elle a trouvé des défenseurs qui la patronnent au nom de la religion, qu'elle a faussée, et de la démocratie, qu'elle a compromise ^ nous croyons, nous, avec les auteurs de la Ménippée, qu'elle s'est servie de Dieu et du peuple, et qu'elle n'a servi ni le peuple ni Dieu, qu'elle portait en soi les germes de je ne sais quelle théocratie ochlocratique qui serait la plus pesante coçnme la plus honteuse des tyrannies, et nous pouvons ajouter que si on lui doit quelque chose, c'est d'avoir, par le souvenir de ses excès, frayé à la monarchie le chemin du despotisme. Au moment même où Pierre Pithou et ses amis, héritiers directs de L'Hospital pour les sentiments, de Rabelais pour l'esprit, assuraient par leur mémorable satire politique le triomphe national du bon sens, entrait en scène un jeune homme, neveu de Desportes par sa mère, doué du génie poétique, qui fera des vers, en dépit de sa paresse, et qui les fera excellents, au gré de Minerve. Ce nouveau venu, Mathurin Regnier, sera aussi un satirique; mais il s'attaquera aux mœurs du temps sans mêler les affaires d'État à ses railleries. On connait les vers de Boileau : Regnier seul parmi nous formé sur ces modèles, Dans son vieux style encor a des grâces nouvelles1 Boileau, Art poétique, cb. n, v. 169. Nous ne nions pas les agréments de Regnier, mais avant de les exposer il nous parait juste de rappeler au moins les essais de quelques-uns de ses précurseurs dans la satire -, on verra d'abord qu'il n'a pas été seul à prendre pour modèles les satiriques romains. Nous avons déjà signalé au passage les discours de Ronsard sur les Misères du temps, qui procèdent de Juvénal, et le Poë<e courtisan, de Joachim du Bellay, qui fait songer à Horace. Ne parlons pas de d'Aubigné, dont les Tragiques laissent bien en arrière toutes les invectives connues des anciens et des modernes ; mais comment ne pas donner un souvenir à Jean de la Taille, qui, d'abord enrôlé dans la Brigade 1 de Ronsard, au service de la tragédie 2, eut le bon esprit de s'unir aux auteurs de la Ménippée, et d'ajouter à leur œuvre le plaisant appendice des Singeries de la Ligue 3. Jean de la Taille a donné au Poëte 1 Le groupe des réformateurs n'était pas seulement une pléiade, il recevait le nom de brigade lorsqu'on le prenait par le côte militant. Pléiade repondait à son éclat, brigade à sa force et à sa discipline. 2 Son frère Jacques, plus jeune que lui de deux années, poète tragique avec lui, sous la même bannière, mourut à vingt ans. Il n'en est pas moins resté célèbre. Il lui a suffi pour cela de deux vers ou plutôt d'une hardiesse, en fait d'apocope, que personne n'avait eue avant lui et qui n'a pas été imitée; elle se trouve dans le récit de la mort de Darius, qui l'a laissée pour adieu à son vainqueur • 0 Alexandre, adieu, quelque part que tu sois, Ma femme et mes enfants aye en recommanda.., D il ne put achever, car la mort l'en garda. 3 La Satyre Ménippée, édit. de Ratisbonne, 3 vol. in-12. — T. 1, p. 528-550. courtisan de du Bellay, un digne pendant par le Courtisan retire. On y lit des vers tels que ceux-ci, c'est le courtisan qui parle de la vie qu'il a menée : Il doit negocier pour parens importuns, Demander pour autruy, entretenir les uns; Il doit, estant gesné, n'en faire aucun murmure; Prester des charitez et forcer sa nature ; Jeusner, s'il fault manger; s'il fault s'asseoir, aller; S'il faut parler, se taire ; et si dormir, veiller; Se transformer du tout, et combattre l'envie; Voici l'aise si grand de la cour, et ma vie ' ! Il ajoute dans un vers d'une singulière énergie : Le jeune homme s'y perd, les vieux y sont perdus 2. Citons encore l'expression touchante et fière de ses regrets : 0 combien plus heureux celuy qui, solitaire, Ne va pas mendier de ce sot populaire L'appuy ni la faveur! qui, paisible, s'estant Retiré de la cour et du monde inconstant, Ne s'entremeslant point aux affaires publiques, Ne s'assujetissant aux plaisirs tyranniques D'un seigneur ignorant, et ne vivant qu'à soy, Est luy-mesme sa cour, son seigneur et son roy 3. 1 Œuvres de Jean de la Taille et de feu Jacques de la Taille, son frère, 1 vol. in-12, Paris, Frédéric Morel, 1573, p. 48 va. * lbid., p. 51 v°. S Ibid., p. 53 rO. — Remarquons que cette belle satire a été imprimée en 1573, un an après la SaintBarthélemy, quatre ans avant que d'Aubigné mît la première main à ses Trafiques. Certes Jean de la Taille n'est pas pour Regnier un précurseur vulgaire, mais plus près de lui nous en trouvons un autre auquel il n'a manqué sans doute pour devenir son égal que d'avoir abordé plus tôt le genre satirique. C'est Vauquelin de la Fresnaye, qui avait été, nous l'avons vu, par son Art poétique, le Boileau de la pléiade. C'est sur ses vieux jours que la satire l'a tenté, mais il y a porté bien de la force encore. Voici, par exemple, un portrait de la jeune génération qui est de main de maître, et que Regnier n'aurait pas désavoué : Les jeunes de ce temps sont tous achalandez Aux boutiques des jeux de cartes et de dez, Beaux danseurs, escrimeurs, qui, mignons comme femmes, Couvrent sous leurs habits les amoureuses flammes ; La plupart tous frizés, d'un visage poupin, Suivent, dès le berceau, les femmes et le vin, Et vont par les maisons muguettant aux familles, Au hazard de l'honneur des femmes et des filles '. Vauquelin de la Fresnaye avait dit : Je veux suivre la trace De Juvenal, de Perse, et par sus tout Horace; Et si j'estends ma faux sur la moisson d'autruy, J'y suis comme forcé par les mœurs d'aujourd'huy 2. Ces mœurs étaient bien dépravées, s'il faut l'en croire -, elles l'étaient même dans le sanctuaire de la 1 Le s diverses Poésies du sieur de la Fresnaye Vauquelin, 1 vol. in-18, Caen, 1605. — Satyres, liv. iv, p. 557. * Même satire, même page. 'ustice, du moins au ressort de Caen, où, après avoir été avocat général, il était devenu président : Ce qui me fasche plus, c'est de voir, ô Scœvole, Nos cours et nos palais n'estre plus qu'une escole D'usage, de routine et de l'ormalitez Qui couvrent là dessous mille meschancetez1. Aussi voulut-il quitter sa charge et le monde, et il leur fit ces terribles adieux, qui sentent leur Juvénal, quoiqu'il se fût promis de suivre Horace par-dessus tout : Je me veux separer et distraire De ceux qui disent bien et qui font le contraire; Je desire, je veux m'en aller, m'enfuïr Plustost en Canadas mille fois, que d'ouïr Raconter pour vertus les cautes injustices Des Tiberes trompeurs, emmantelant leurs vices De l'habit de Numa, qui, pour couvrir le mal, Font caresme le jour et la nuit carnaval. Tous vont en empirant ; aujourd'hui nostre empire Est pire qu'hier n'estoit, et demain sera pire 2. Avec plus de véhémence, sans doute, d'Aubigné n'a rien dit de plus incisif et de plus amer contre l'hypocrisie et les déréglements de Henri III. Maintenant nous pouvons revenir à Regnier, qui nous étonnera moins, mais qui saura toujours nous charmer. Son père voulait l'éloigner de la poésie, et il alléguait les troubles présents et les menaces de 1 Poésies de la Fresnaye Vauquelin, Satyres, liv. i, p. i H. * Ibid., p. 175. l'avenir : s'il parlait comme son fils le fait parler, le langage du bonhomme était bien poétique : La muse est inutile; et si ton oncle a sceu S'avancer par cet art, tu t'y verras deceu. , Un mesme astre toujours n'esclaire en ceste terre : Mars tout ardent de feu nous menasse de guerre; Tout le monde fremit, et ces grands mouvements Couvent en leurs fureurs de piteux changements : Penses-tu que le luth et la lyre des poëtes S'accordent d'harmonie avecques les trompettes, Les fifres, les tambours, le canon et le fer, Concert extravagant des musiques d'enfer 1. Ces musiques d'enfer vont bientôt se taire, et Regnier pourra se faire entendre. Il était instruit ; il connaissait son Horace, qu'il goûtait fort et presque autant qu'Ovide, et, parmi les poëtes de la moderne Italie, les satiriques; surtout il sentait l'influence secrète dont a parlé Boileau, sans l'éprouver aussi vivement que Regnier : Resveur je m'esgaray tout seul par les destours Des antres et des bois affreux et solitaires, Où la muse, en dormant, m'enseignoit ses mysteres, M'apprenoit des secrets, et m'escbauffant le sein, De gloire et de renom relevoit mon dessein 2. A ce langage nous voyons que Regnier était véritablement poète, et on peut ajouter qu'il l'était à son 1 Œuvres complètes de Mathurin Regnier, précédées de l'histoire de la satire en France, par M. Viollet le Duc, 1 vol. in-12, 1853, Bibliothèque Elzevirienne. — Satyre iv, p. 42. * Ibid., satyre iv, p. 44. corps défendant, car il se plaint des obsessions de la muse qui lui fait violence quand il voudrait se reposer : il s'en plaint même en beaux vers qui veulent être cités : à la vérité il consentirait bien d'être harcelé par Apollon pendant les mois d'hiver : Mais aux jours les plus beaux de la saison nouvelle, Que Zephyre en ses rets surprend Flore la belle; Que dans l'air les oyseaux, les poissons en la mer, Se plaignent doucement du mal qui vient d'aimer: Ou bien lorsque Cerès de fourment se couronne, Ou que Bacchus soupire amoureux de Pomone, Ou lorsque le saffran, la derniere des fleurs, Dore le scorpion de ses belles couleurs; C'est alors que la verve insolemment m'outrage, Que la raison forcée obeït à la rage, Et que sans nul respect des hommes ou du lieu, II faut que j'obeïsse aux fureurs de ce dieu Il semble à ces plaintes, que relèvent tant d'images gracieuses et de fortes expressions, que Regnier était appelé à la grande poésie -, et, en effet, il s'en montre capable par instants : ainsi le mouvement du passage qu'on va lire nous semble presque lyrique : Philosophes resveurs, discourez hautement; Sans bouger de la terre, allez au firmament; Faites que tout le ciel branle à vostre cadence, El pesez vos discours mesme dans sa balance ; Cognoissez les humeurs qu'il verse dessus nous, Ce qui se fait dessus, ce qui se fait dessous ; Portez une lanterne aux cachots de nature; Sçachez qui donne aux fleurs ceste aimable peinture, Quelle main sur la terre en broyë la couleur, Leurs secrettes vertus. leurs degrés de chaleur; 1 Regnier, satyre xv.p. 203. Voyez germer à l'œil les semences du monde; Allez mettre couver les poissons dedans l'onde; Deschiffrez les secrets de nature et des cieux : Vostre raison vous trompe aussi bien que vos yeux 1. Il y a là, sans contredit, malgré quelques défaillances, un souffle puissant, un vigoureux essor, une riche imagination, et Racine n'a pas dédaigné de détacher de ce morceau un vers dont il a orné un des chœurs d'Athalie. C'est un de ces transports heureux Où, poussé du caprice, ainsi que d'un grand vent2, le poëte déployait ses ailes. Mais il ne tardait pas à les replier -, car, comme il en fait l'aveu, Quand la fougue me quitte, Du plus haut au plus bas mon vers se precipites. Regnier n'aurait pas aimé à être emporté souvent dans ces hautes régions ni à y planer longtemps : forcé de faire des vers, puisque telle est sa vocation, et bien décidé à ne pas faire autre chose, il trouvera le moyen d'adoucir cette gêne en rendant la muse qui le domine complice de ses rêveries., de sa malice, de son libertinage. Il observera les mœurs et les caractères, et il saura les peindre en poëte ; il racontera ses plaisirs et ses mécomptes, et il se fera, au milieu d'une vie nonchalante et dissipée, une 1 Renier, sat. ix, p. 109,. * Ibid., sat. i, p. 9. S lbid. philosophie conforme à cette bonne loi naturelle dont il suivra les instincts et dont il reconnaîtra, un peu tard, les périls à ses dépens. Heureusement, après bien des écarts, il viendra à résipiscence par une conversion aussi sincère, aussi tardive que celle de la Fontaine, et non moins nécessaire. On dira le Bon Regnier, comme plus tard le Bon la Fontaine, et cette bonhomie, qui sera tout aussi réelle, aura le même assaisonnement de malice. Regnier est un admirable peintre de portraits. C'est lui qui donne ainsi le signalement physique du poëte : Aussi lorsque l'on voit un homme par la rue Dont le rabat est sale et la chausse rompue, Ses gregues aux genoux, au coude son pourpoint, Qui soit de pauvre mine et qui soit mal en point; Sans demander son nom, on le peut reconnoistre, Car si ce n'est un poëte, au moins il le veut estre1. Nous voilà prévenus -, et il faut être sur nos gardes, car l'original ainsi crayonné est de ces gens qui Vous viennent accoster comme personnes yvres, Et disent pour bonjour : Monsieur, je fais des livres, On les vend au Palais, et les doctes du temps A les lire amusez n'ont autre passetemps*. Après les poètes viennent les fanfarons, non moins reconnaissables, plus effrayants et moins dangereux toutefois : il n'y a pas à s'y méprendre, ce sont eux 1 Regnier, sat. ii, p. 14. » Ibid., p. 19. Qui tout transparents de claire renommée, Dressent cent fois le jour en discours une armée, Donnent quelque bataille, et tuant un chacun, Font que mourir et vivre à leur dire n'est qu'un : Relevez, emplumez, braves comme sainct George; Et Dieu sçait cependant s'ils mentent par la gorge'. Un courtisan s'est approché de notre poëte, il en gardera bonne mémoire et il le couchera sur ses tablettes : Laissons-le discourir, Dire cent et cent fois : Il en faudrait mourir ; Sa barbe pinçoter, cageoller la science, Relever ses iheveux, dire : En ma conscience; Faire la belle main, mordre un bout de ses gants, Rire hors de propos, monstrer ses belles dents, Se carrer sur un pied, faire arser son espée, Et s'adoucir les yeux ainsi qu'une poupée8. Célimène, sous la dictée de Molière, ne peindra pas mieux les gens; et peut-être notre grand comique a-t-il envié à son devancier des vers tels que ceux-ci, qui nous représentent « la fameuse Macette à la cour si connue : » Loin du monde elle fait sa demeure et son giste : Son œil tout penitent ne pleure qu'eau beniste. Enfin c'est un exemple, en ce siecle tortu, D'amour, de charité, d'honneur et de vertu. Pour beate partout le peuple la renomme, Et la gazette mesme a des-ja dit à Rome, La voyant aimer Dieu et la chair maistriser, Qu'on n'attend que sa mort pour la canoniser3. 1 Regnier, sat. vi, p. 75. ! Id., sat. vin, p. 87. 3 Id., sat. xui, p. 175. Que serait-ce si nous entendions parler l'héroïne ainsi décrite ? son petit-fils Tartuffe profitera de ses leçons. Évidemment le style de la comédie est trouvé, et après plus d'un demi-siècle, Molière n'aura qu'à choisir dans Regnier, pour reprendre son bien. Regnier, avant Boileau, a trouvé le secret de frapper de ces vers qui deviennent proverbes en naissant, et qui sont comme des médailles dont le temps n'efface pas l'empreinte. C'est lui qui a dit : L'honneur est un vieux saint que l'on ne chomme plus La plainte, comme on voit, date de loin. C'est après Hegnier qu'on dit quelquefois encore : Les fous sont aux echets les plus proches des rois 2. Il a aussi rédigé cet adage si cher aux hypocrites : Le peché que l'on cache est demi-pardonné 8, en attendant Tartuffe, qui dira plus crûment : Et ce n'est point pécher que pécher en silence.. Le rapport n'est pas moins sensible dans les passages suivants. Regnier fait dire à Macette : Puis outre le saint vœu qui sert de couverture, Ils sont trop obligés au secret de nature, 1 Renier sat. xm, p. 179. 2 Id., sat. xiv, p. 191. 3 ld., sat. xm, p. 182. 4 Tartuffe, acte 111, se. m. Et sçavent, plus discrets, apporter en aymant, Avecque moins d'esclat, plus de contentement Tartuffe dit à son tour pour se faire valoir : Mais les gens comme nous brulent d'un feu discret, Avec qui pour toujours on est sûr du secret : Le soin que nous prenons de notre renommée Répond de toute chose à la personne aimée. Et c'est en nous qu'on trouve, acceptant notre cœur, De l'amour sans scandale et du plaisir sans peur2. Écoutons encore. Regnier prélude : Jamais on ne lui voit aux mains des patenostres3 ; Molière continue : Je ne remarque pas qu'il hante les églises *. Ces traits indiquent la parenté de Regnier avec Molière et Boileau : il se rattache ainsi à une noble race de poëtes. Il a su aussi mériter l'estime de Mal 1 Regnier, sat. XIII, p. 182. s Tartuffe. acte III. sc. III. 3 Reanier. sat. XIII. D. 186. 4 Tartuffe, acte Il, se. ii. — Il faut tout dire : Molière, qui imite si heureusement Regnier, lui a fait une malice qu'on n'a pas remarquée. Le bon Mathurin avait écrit sérieusement dans une dédicace à Henri IV : « On dit qu'en Ethiopie il y avait une statue qui rendait un son armonieux toutes les fois que le soleil levant la regardoit. Ce mesme miracle, sire, avez-vous f&iet en moy, qui, touché de l'astre de Vostre Majesté, ay receu la voix et la parole. » C'est de là que Molière a tiré le fameux compliment de Thomas Diafoirus : < Ne plus ne moins que la statue de rrlemnon t » etc. (Le Malade imaginaire, acte II, se. vi.) herbe, qu'il a conservée, quoiqu'il lui ait déclaré la guerre , comme nous le verrons plus tard. Le bon Regnier se croyait naïvement disciple de Ronsard, et il a guerroyé pour lui ; mais en réalité il relève de lui-même et des anciens qu'il a quelquefois imités avec originalité. Il faut voir, en effet, ce que deviennent dans ses mains et l'importun d'Horace, et la vieille entremetteuse d'Ovide, et comment ces figures autrefois romaines prennent par l'artifice de son pinceau une physionomie moderne. Je regrette que Boi-leau, qui a si bien reconnu ce mérite de notre vieux poëte, ait insisté sur « le ton hardi de ses rimes cyniques, » de manière à faire croire que Regnier alarme toujours la pudeur. Cependant, lorsque Regnier décrit le vice, il ne le flatte pas et il se garde bien de le conseiller. Il a dit excellemment : Je croiray qu'il n'est rien au monde qui guarisse Un homme vicieux comme son propre vice 1, et on peut juger que rien n'est plus propre à détourner de la corruption que le tableau énergique et sincère qu'il en a tracé. Au reste, Regnier avoue ingénument ses faiblesses, qu'il met sur le compte de notre pauvre nature : Estant homme, on ne peut Ni vivre comme on doit, ni vivre comme on veut 2 Certes on ne dira pas que ce soit là le langage d'un fanfaron d'immoralité. t Regnier, sat. xi, p. 151. 2 Id., sat. XII, p. 171. Dans le style de Regnier, il convient de distinguer le mouvement et l'expression. Ce qu'on appelle sa négligence est dans la démarche capricieuse, irrégulière, de sa pensée, et non dans les mots, qui sont curieusement choisis ou péniblement cherchés, et dans les images qui veulent être frappantes. Regnier se laisse conduire par ses pensées, dont il ne prétend pas régler la marche ; il les suit docilement où elles le mènent ; mais, pour les exprimer, il furète, comme a dit Montaigne en parlant d'Horace, tout le magasin des mots et des figures. C'est ce qu'il appelle prendre des vers à la pipée : il a de ce côté toute l'ardeur , toute l'inquiétude, toute la vigilance d'un chasseur : ainsi la pensée l'emporte à la recherche des mots, elle ne les lui amène pas, et il ne saisit pas toujours au passage les plus convenables. De là ce mélange d'abandon et de contrainte, de là ces éclairs et ces nuages. Regnier a des traits qui ravissent à côté de passages obscurs et languissants ; il a de longues périodes embarrassées, et des vers qui se détachent avec une netteté surprenante ; sa verve est riche, et n'est point fluide. Toujours peintre, ses chaudes couleurs manquent souvent de délicatesse, son dessin vigoureux est quelquefois grossier; toujours figuré, il a le tort d'accueillir des métaphores outrées. Enfin il est inégal, et toutefois admirable : à tout prendre, c'est un vrai poëte. Cette revue rapide du seizième siècle nous parait s'arrêter avec convenance sur deux œuvres qui ne périront point. La prose de la Mémppée, la poésie de Regnier marquent l'une et l'autre la limite du vieux langage. Elles plaisent, et beaucoup, telles qu'elles sont, avec leurs inégalités et ces empreintes de rusticité, veteris vestigia ruris, qu'on y remarque. Surtout elles doivent être encore pour nous un objet d'étude et d'admiration : d'admiration, parce qu'elles ont de la vigueur et un grand sens ; d'étude, parce qu'elles gardent, comme un dépôt, les titres et les franchises de notre langue et les libertés de notre esprit gaulois. On ne peut pas trop le redire, nous avons beaucoup à profiter au contact des grands écrivains qui ne sont pas encore des modèles, tels que Rabelais, Amyot, Montaigne et Regnier. En effet, n'est-ce pas à leur école, comme à celle des anciens, que se sont formés nos maîtres du dix-septième siècle qui ont mérité de devenir classiques. C'est là que nous trouverons, à notre tour, pour nos esprits, une nourriture d'autant plus saine qu'elle demandera, pour être digérée, un travail plus lent et plus difficile de choix et d'assimilation. On gagne toujours à travailler beaucoup, et c'est seulement par une rude gymnastique que s'assouplissent les plus redoutables athlètes comme les génies les plus vigoureux. FIN DU PREMIER VOLUME. LISTE PAR ORDRE ALPHABÉTIQUE, AYEC LES DATES DES PRINCIPAUX ÉCRIVAINS ET PERSONNAGES NOMMÉS DANS CE VOLUME. A Abeilard [1079-1122], 14. Adenès le Roy [XIIIe siècle], 12 1. Aimé de Varennes [xllle siècle], 81,82. A-Kempis [1380-1471], 229. Alcuin [726-804], 14, 22. Aleundre VI [1431-1503], 306. Alexandre de Bernay ou de Paris [ni* siècle auteur du poëme d'Alexandre], 62. Ampère [J.-J.] , 5, 159. Amyot [1513-1593] ,t4, t6, 414, 423-426, 480. Auacréon [560... avant J.-C.], 363. Anselme [saint — 1 033-ii 091, 14. Arioste [1474-1533], 122, 243, 359, 378, 380. Aristophane [450 avant J.-C.], 114, Aristote [384, 322 avant J.-C.] 214, 341. Arnauld [Antoine—1560-1619], 450. Aubigne [Agrippa d'— 1550-1630], 371-374, 467, 468. Augustin [saint — 354-430], 214. Ausone [309-3941, 2. B Bacon [1561-1626], 431. Baïf [Antoine de— 1532-1589], 351, 370, 371. Balzac [Guez de— 1594-1654], 18. Bartas [du— 1544-1590], 370-374. Barrois [éditeur d'Ogier le Danois], 48. Basile [saint — 329-379], 372. Basselin [Olivier — xve siècle] , 186, 209, 212. Baude [Henri — xvt siècle], 294. Bayle [1647-1706], 446, 452. Bellay [le cardinal du— 1492-1560], 352. Bellay [Joachim du — 1524-1560], 318, 343, 345, 356, 369, 467. Belloy [de— 1727-1808], 123. Belleau [Remy— 1528-1577], 354, 369. Béranger [1780-1857], 101. Bernard [saint — 1091-1153], 15. Bertaut [1552-1611], 371, 374-379. Berquin [Louis-brûlé en 1529], 318 . Berzc [le seigueur de — xme siècle], 92, 105. Bèze [Théod. de-1519-1605], 305. Blanchet [Pierre— 1459-1519], 273, 275. Blignières [de], 425. Boccace[1313-1375], 117, ilS, 345. Bodin [Jean — 1530-1594], 414, 439, 440. Boëtie [Étienne de la — 1530-1563], 414-423, 436, 437. Boileau [1636-1711], 20, 60, 126, 129, 137, 293, 312, 370, 374, 357* 454, 466, 471, 476, 477. Borron [Robert — XII. siècle] , 70. Bossuet [1627-1704], 2, 14, 224, 385, 451. Boucher [Jean— 1548-1644] , 451 Bouchard [Jean — XVI. siècle] ,310 Bourdillon, 44. Boursault [1638-1701], 13. Brantôme (-1527 ?-1 614], 446. Brodeau [Victor, contemporain et ami de Marot], 343. Brunetto Latini [1400?-1494], 78. Buffon [1707-1788], 378. Burgauddes Marets, 319. C Caillau [tv* siècle], 285. Jallisthène [le raux], 63. Camoëns [tvt* siècle] , 358. Catvin [1509-1564], 16, 305, 330-341, 372. rharlemagne [742-814] , 22, 28, 29, 35-39 , 43, 46-54, 56, 67, 70, 79, 120, 359, 385. Charles Martel [691 ?-714], 57. C'.harles le Chauve [89.3-877], 23. Charles V [ 1337-1380 ], 188 , 191 , 197, 200, 213, 218. Charles VI [1368-1422], 188, 224, 231. Charles VII [1403-1461], 192. Charles IX [1550-1574], 342, 426, 449. Charles d'Anjou [mort en 1285], 120, 123,278. Charles d'Orléans [1391-1465], 74, 137 , 206 , 221 , 232 , 275-285, 289, 294. Charron [1541-1603],414,439, 440. Chartier [Alain — 1386-1458], 15, 213, 216, 219, 230-243. Chasles [Philarète], 343, 375. Chaslelain [Georges — 1404-1474], 15,295. Châtel [Jean], 452. Ch&tel [Pierre du — 1440-1552], 318. Chaucer [1328-1400], 118. Chénier [André— 1762-1794], 31 fi. Chrestien [Florent — 1541-1596], 454. Chrestien de Troyes [xiu siècle] , 61, 70-72, 76. 81, 82. Christine de Pisan [1363-1420] ta, 170, 213-224, 229, 230. Cicéron [106-43 avant J.-C.], 2, 154, 180, 215, 241, 349. Coligny [1517-1572], 372. Comines [1445-1509], 14, 276-294. Coquillart [Guillaume, mort vers 1490] , 293. Corneille [Pierre— 1606-1684], 13, 18, 380, 383. Coucy [le châtelain de —xn* siècle], 123. Cuvelier [XIY® siècle] , 62, 243. D Dante [ 1265-1321], 6, 78, 79 , 345. Daurat [Jean — 1510-1588], 345, 351, 3U. Delécluze, 44. Descartes 59 6-t 650] ,18. Demogeot, 78. Deschamps [Eustacbe — xiv" siècle], 186, 202-208, 234. Despériers [ Bonaventure — 1544], 244, 305,310, 344. Desportes [1546-1606], 370 , 3 74-378. De Thou [1553-1617] , 320. Dolet [Etienne — 1509-1545], 318. Duméril [Édélestan], 24, 73, 83. Duperron [1556-1618] , 373. Durant [Gilles — sne siècle ] , 454. E Éginhard [mort vers 839]. Ennius [240-169 av. J.-C.], 373. Eschyle [vers 525-456 av. J.-C.], 257. Ésope [vers 550 avant J.-C.), 95. Estienne [Henri — 1528-1598], 176, 255, 363, 439. F Fauchet [Claude — 1529-1«21], 438. Fauriel [1772-1844] , 4, 5, 68. Fénelon [1651-1715] , 304, 388. Feugère [Léon], 417, 438. Fontaine (Chartes-xvie siècle], 310, 348. François Ier [1494-1560], 197, 305, 301-3t8, 341, 390. François Il [1544-1560], 392. Frauktin [1706-1788], 138. Froissart (1337-i4tO] 9 14, 15, 186, 192-202. G Gace Bruslé [mi* siècle], 12 7. Garnier [1545-1601], 368 , 371 , 379-387. Gauthier [A.-F.] , 214. Gautier de Coinsy [xiu* siècle] , 105 , 119. Gelée [Jacquemart — xille siècle], 151, 173. Génin. 5, 38,42, 275. Geoffroy de Monmouth [xnesiècle], 70. Gerson [1363-1429], 171, 213, 222-231. Gilles des Ormes [xve siècle] , 285. Gillot [Jacques — ....-1619] , 454. Godefroi de Paris[ xlvesiècle], 1 51,180. Gœthe [1749-1832], 374, Gomberville [de — 1600-1647] , 9. Gournay [mademoiselle de — 1566-1645], 437. Graindor de Douai lXII8 siècle] , 61. Gréban [les frères-xv" siècle] , 243, 258. Gringoire (Pierre-vers 1480-1547], 268. Griin [Alphonse], 436. Guast [Luce de — Xu' siècle] , 70. Guessard , 46, 59. Guillaume de Ferrière ( XII18 siè£lel , 124, Guillaume de Lorris ( xme » siècle] , 138, 140. Guillaume de Tyr [ine siècle] 6 1. Guillaume leConquéralÎt [i 027-1087]. 20, 70. Guise (Henri de 1550-1588] , 378, 449,450. Guyot de Provins [xm* siècle], 92, tOO, 105. H Habert [Pranços—xvt* siècle] , 348. Uen ri Il [1518-1559], H9, 368, 390, 415. Henri 111 [1551-1589], 365 , 370, 375, 377, 449,450. Henri IV [1553-1610], 374, 390, 424, 446, 453, 459. BerberaydesEssarts [mortvers 1552], 305, 342. Héricaolt [Charles d'], 59. Hippocrate [460-350], 341. Heroët [xvt' siècle], 343. Homère, 57 , 257, 356 , 359 , 361, 387. Horace [69-6 avant J.-C.], 224, au, 347, 363, 387, 388, 467. Hue de la Ferté [xm* siècle], 125. Huon de Villeneuve [Xlle siècle], 59. Huon le Roy [xuie siècle], 92, 111. Huraut [Michel — xYt' siècle] ,450. 1 Isabeau de Bujère(t37t-tU5], 217, 218. J Jamin [Amadis — 1538-1585], 369. Jean 11 [1308-1364], t89, 197. Jean Bodel d'Arras [tm* sièele], 25 , 26, 80, 131. Jean de Bove [un* siècle], 117. Jean de Brienne [xn' siècle], 124. Jean de Flagy [XIIe siècle], 59. Jean le Roux [u.e siècle] , 209. Jean Hass [....-14t5), na. 306. Jean de Meung [1260-1320], 14, Ui, 140, 161-172, 177, 181, 222, 322, 341. Jean Michel d'Angers [ly-sièrÀel, 243, 258, 273. Jean Petit lue siècle] , 223. Jean sans Peur [1371-1419], 223 , 278. Jeanne d'Arc [1410-1431], 188, 191, 230, 242, 279. Jérôme de Prague [....-i4<6 ], 306. Jodelle [1532-1573] , 367,369, 371, 372, 386. Joinville [1223-1317], 14,15, 115, 120, 143-150, 216. Jouffroy [1796-1842], 838, M9. Jules II [le pape — 1442-1513], 306. Ju vénal [vers42 av. J.-C,], 358.. 375. L Labé [Louise — 1526-1566], 387. Labitte [Charles], 255, 451. La Bruyère [ 1639-1696], 14, 105, 157, 320, 328. Lacabane, 193. La Fontaine [1621-1695], 14,72, 84, 95, 117, 119, 140, 314, 329, 363,454. Lalanne [Ludovic] , 375. Lambert le Couft [XIIe siècle] , 62. La Noue [François de —1531-1591], 440-445. Leblond [Jean — XVIe siècle], 348. Le Clerc [Victor] , 5, 117. Lecocq [Robert — xive siècle] , 189. Le Glay [Edouard], 29, 58. Lenient, 69, 132. Léon X [1475-1521] , 306. Leroy [Oaésime] , 258. Le Roy [Pierre—x vie siècle], 454,455. L'Étoile (XVIsiècle], 480. L'Hospital [le chancelier de —1503-1575], 225, 356 , 891-411, 441, 466. Louandre [Cbarles], 255. Louis IX [ 1315-1383] 7. 244, 276, 285, 295. Louis IV, d'outre-mer [*..-954] ,57, Louis XI [ 1423-1483 ^44 , 276, 285, 295. Louis XII [1462-151 &], 269,-809. Louis XIV [1638-1715], 300. Louis d'Orléans [1871-1407], 278, 341. Lucien [120-200], 341. Lucrèce 195-51 av. J.-c.l, 169, 431. 124. Lusignan [Hugues de — XI110 siècle]. Luther [1483-1846] , 306, 307,309. M Maillard [Olivier—1440-1502], 243, 245, 252-255. Maintenon [madame de — 1635-1719], 375. Maizière [Philippe de — 1312-1405], 214. Malherbe [1556-1628] , 17, 18, 209, 365, 371, 373, 378, 477. Marcel [Étienne — ....-1358], 189. Marche [Olivier de la — xve siècle], 295. Marguerited'Écosse [....-1445], 230. Marguerite de Navarre [1492-1549], 244, 307, 310, 342. Marie de France [xine siècle], 92, 95, 119. Marie Stuart [1542-1581J, 356. Marot [Jean —1463-1523 11, 309. Marot [Clément— 1495-1544], 14, 15, 78, 115, 171, 215, 275, 278 , 289, 305 , 307-818 , 340 , 342, 344, 348, 454. Martin [Henri] , 45. Martin le Franc [xv* siècle], 171, 2L6. Massillon [1663-1742], 247, 253. Mathieu Paris [xiu' siècle] 125. Mathieu [Pierre — 1648-1621], 440. Mayenne [le duc de — 1654-1611], 457. Menot [Michel — 1450-1518], 243 , 245-252. Ménandre [442-290 avant J.-C.], 387. Michel [Francisqne], 38, 4 1, 5 6. Milton [f f 8-16 741, 358. Michelant, 46, 59, 64, 71. Moine deSt-Gall [le— iitsiècle], 48. Molière [1622-1678], 13, 14, 107, 160, 162, 163, 274, 329 . 331, 477, 475, 476. MoUnet [Jean — ly. siècle] , 17 t . Monstrelet [xv« siècle] , 192. Montaigne [1&38-1592], 14, 16, 17, 20, 85, 826, 380, 356, 4i2-4tt, 424-437,438, 440, 452, 479, 480. Montluc [Biaise de — 1502-1577], 414,445. Mornay [Philippe de — 1549-1624], 372, 440. Moschus [192 avant J.-C.] 370. 0 Oresme [Nicolas — né vers 1320, mort en 1382], 213, 214. Ovide [43 av.J.-C.-7 ap. J.-C.], 129, 168, 169, ISO, 311 , 387, 454, 471, 478 p Pacatus ( Ive siècle] , 2. Papire Masson (xVIe siècle], 152. Paris [Louis] . 258. Paris [Paulin], 5, 27, 28, 61, Si , R9, 123, 127, 177, 180. Pascal [1628-1662], 18, 162, 163, 329 43t. Pasquier [Étienne — 1529-1615], 356, 412-414, 438. Passerat [ 1534-1602] , 117 , 361, 454. Peignot, 255. Perse [34-52], 137, 180. Pétrarque [304-t374] , 75, 345. Phèdre [1er siècle], 95. Philippe-Auguste [1165-1223] , 62, 120. Philippe le Bel [ 1268-1322], 24, 143 , 151 , 172, 177 , 184, 277. Philippe le Hardi (xIIIe siècle] , 141. Philippe de Valois [.....iSSOj, 188, 191. Pierre [duc de Bretagne — ...-1250], 124. Piaucelle [Henri— XI11" siècle], 117. Pierre de St-Cloud [xu' siècle], 92, 99. Pindare [520-456], 356, 387. Pisidès IGeorgesvu" siècle], 372. Pithou [Pierre — 1539-1596 ], 455, 462,466. Platon [429-367 avant J.-C. ], 169 , 170, 180,341. Plaute [224-184 avant J.-c..], 7. Plutarque [1er siècle], 423 , 424 , 426. Pontus de Thyard [1521-1605], 369. Presles [Raoul de — xve siècle] , 213, 214. Puibusque [Adolphe de] , 231 Q Quènes de Béthune [xiue siècle], 88, 89, 122. Quicherat [Jules], 294. Quinault [1637-1688] , 126. Quinte-Curce [1er siècle?], 63. R Rabelais [1483-1553], 14,16, 64, t77, 286, 310 , 318-331 , 328, 340, 341, 342, 344, 466. 480. Racine [Jean — t639-t699], 2, 12, 298, 319, 339, 473. Raimbert de Paris [xne siècle] , 48 , 52, 59, 80. Ramus [1510-1572], 454. Rapin [Nicolas — ....-160S], 454, 456. Rathery, 319. Rautin [xve siècle], 255. Ilaynouard [1761-1836], t, 4, 5, 9. Regnier [Mathurin— 1573-1 613], 14, i6S, 466-479. Regnier [de la Planche xvie sièc.], 392. Richard d'Angleterre [ 115 7-119 9 1, 123, 278. Richard de Lison( XII" siècle], 61,92,93. Richelieu [1585-1642], 390. Robert le Moine )m* siècle] , 61. Ronsard [1524-1585] , 17, 84, 342, 345, 351 , 356, 374, 377, 381 , 387-389,424, 439, 467, 470-478. Roquefort, 73. Rose [xvie siècle] ,461. Rousseau [J.-B. — 1670-1741], 210, 313, 344. Rousseau [J.-J.— 1712-1778], 159, 415. Rue [François de — XIIIe siècle], 177-179. Rutebeuf [11118 siècle], 177, 120, 137-142. s Sagon [ XT18 siècle] , 310, 348. Sainte-Beuve, 366, 375, 379. Saint-Gelais [Milieu de—1491-1558], 305, 310, 343, 348. Saint-Marc Girardin, 270, 375. Sale [Antoine de la — 1398-1462], 275, 304. Scarron [1610-1660], 360. Sénèque [3-68] , 37t, 380, 413. Sophocle [495-405 avant J.-C.], 367, 368, 380, 387. Stace [66-96], 380. T Tacite [54-134], 148. Taille [Jean et Jacques de la — XVIe 'iècle] , 467, 469. Tasse lie 1544-1595], 356, 398. Térence [193-159 avant J.-C.|, 7, 367, 387. Théocrite (Ille siècle avant J.-C.], 370. Théroulde ou Turold [ït' siècle], 40, 59, 80, 88, 121. Thibaut [comte de Champagne 1 '! 01-12531, 120, 122-129, 131, 142, 206,278. Thomas (saint 1227-1274], 15. Thomassy [Raymond], 218, 21 !J. Tibulle [lor siècle], 387. Tite-Live [59 avant J.-C.}, 148. Tudebod [XII' siècle], ,61. v Valencienne [Henri de — xih' siècle], 91. Valentine de Milan il 370-1408], 277. Vaugelas [1585-1660], 16. Vauquelin de la Fresnaye [15361 6o6l, 371, 387, 469. Viennet ,20. Villehardouin [1150-1213], 14, 87-91, 122, 150. Villemain, 150, 194, 273, 415. Villemarqué [de la], 5, 68, 79. Villon [1431-1500], 14, 137, 274 277, 285-294, 341. Viollet Leduc, 270, 375, 471. Vincent de Beauvais [1200-1264], 1 s. Virgile [69-19 avant J.-C.], 2. 180, 311, 349, 357, 359, 361, 373, 384, 388. Vitet, 44. Voltaire 1 1694-1778], 143, 159, 249, 322, 330. w Wace Ji 112-1182], , 41, 69. 1 Wic)ef[i 324-1387], 306. X Xénophon [vers 445 avant J.-C.], 423. FIN DB LA LISTE A LFUiBtTI'JL'B. TABLE DES MATIÈRES LIVRE PREMIER. MOYEN AGE. — PREMIÈRE PÉRIODE. VII CHAP. 1. Origine de la langue romane. — Système de M. Raynouard. Caractère de la langue d'oïl. — Éléments de son vocabulaire, vestiges du latin dans sa syntaxe. — Déclinaison romane. — Anomalies expliquées. — Utilité de l'étude du vieux laugage. — Causes de la longue enfdnce de la langue romane. — Ses progrès. — Passage du roman au français. — Achèvement de la langue. — Nécessité et moyens de lui conserver son caractère 1 CHAP. II. Division du moyen âge en deux périodes. — Le Roman des Lorrains. — Chansons de gestes. — Cycle carlovingien. — La chanson de Roland. — Analyse de ce poëme. — Ogier le Danois. — Origine de ce nom. — Analyse du poëme d'Ogier. — Le Voyage de Charlemagne à Jérusalem. — Étendue du cycle carlovingieu 22 CHAP. Ill. Chansons de gestes purement historiques. — La Chanson d'Antioche. — Sujets tirés de l'antiquité.—Le poëme d'Alexandre. Cycle breton. — La Table ronde. — Chrestien de Troyes. — Le Chevalier à la charrette. — Mélange des deux cycles. La Chanson des Saxons. —Poëmes d'origine étrangère.— Parthénope deBtois.— La Conqueste de Constantinople par Yillehardouin 61 CHAP. IV. Poésie badine. — Le Roman de Renart : Renart et Ysen-grin, principaux personnages. —Pierre de Saint-Cloud, Richard de Lison, auteurs désignés. — Guyot de Provins et le seigneur de Berze. Poëmes satiriques. — Fabliaux : le Vilain Mire , le Vair Palefroi, saint Pierre et le Jongleur. — Huon le Roy, etc. — Contes moraux. Légendes miraculeuses. — Lais Bretons de Marie de France.... 92 CHAP. V. Progrès et propagation de la langue vulgaire. — Décadence de l'enthousiasme guerrier et religieux. — Remaniement des chansons de gestes. — Thibaut, comte de Champagne. — Guillaume de Lorris. Roman de la Rose. — Rutebeuf. Le sire de Joinville ....... 120 LIVRE II. MOYEN AGE. — SECONDE PÉRIODE. CHAP. I. Philippe le Bel.—Jean de Meung. — Continuation du romande la Rose. — Faux-Semblant. — Jacquemart Gelée. —Renart-le-Nouvel. — Le roman de Fauvel. — Renarl-Ie-Contrefait. — Gode-froy de Paris. —Baudouin de Sebourg 151 CHAP. Il. Décadence de la féodalité. — Crise sociale. — Guerre de cent ans. -Le chroniqueur Jean Froissart. — Son caractère et son talent. — Quelques passages de ses Mémoires. — Eustache Descbamps, poële champenois. — Olivier Basselin. — Vaux-de-Vire ....... 186 CHAP. III. Charles V. — Nicolas Oresme et Raoul de Presles. — Symptômes de la Renaissance. — Christine de Pisan. —Jean Gerson. — Alain Chartier 2,3 CHAP. IV. Sermonnaires. — Ménot. — Maillard. — Essais dramatiques. — Les mystères. — Mystère de la Passion. — Les frères Gré-ban et Jean-Michel. — Le Martyre de saint Pierre et saint Paul. — Les enfants Sans-Souci et la Basoche. — Moralités. — Farces. Le Cuvier.— L'avocat Patelin. — Les Soties 24 3 CHAP. V. Charles d'Orléans. — Ballades. — Rondeaux. — François Villon. Le Grand Testament. — Philippe de Comines. — Ses Mémoires. — Fin du moyen âge 7 ô LIVRE III. RENAISSANCE. CHAP. I. La renaissance et la réforme. — Marot. — Sa vie et ses œuvres. — Rabelais. — Gargantua et Pantagruel. — Calvin. — Caractère de sa doctrine et de sa polémique. — Son style. — Influence littéraire de François Ier. — Herberay des Essarts. — Saint-Gelais. — Despériers. — Théodore de Bèzc 305 CHAP. Il. Réforme littéraire. —Manifeste des réformateurs. — Joachim du Bellay. — Ses poésies. — Ronsard. — Épopée. — Odes pinda-riques. Sonnets. — Pièces anacréontiques. — Essais dramatiques. Jodelle. — Amadis Jamyn, Remy Belleau, Baïf. — Excès et affaiblissement de l'école de Ronsard. — Du Bartas. — D'Aubigné. — Desportes.—Bertaut.—Tragédies de Garnier. Louise Labé... 345 CHAP. 111. Éloquence politique. — Michel de L'Hospital. — Sa vie. — Importance de son rôle. — Passages de ses discours. — Ses idées sur la religion. — Sur la justice. — Sur la conciliation des partis. — Caractère de son éloquence 3,j 0 CHAP. IV. Publicistes. — La Boëtie. — De la Servitude volontaire. Amyot. — Influence littéraire et morale de ses traductions. — Montaigne philosophe et écrivain. — Bodin et Charron. — Etienne Pasquier. — La Noue. — Blaise de Montluc 4 1 -1 CHAP. V. Les prédicateurs de la Ligue.—Les Pamphlétaires. ---, ta Satyre Ménippée. —Ses auteurs. —Son importance littéraire et politique. Satire morale. Jean de la Taille et Vauquelin de la Fres-naie. — Mathurin Regnier. — Fin du seizième siècle... 4 17 Table alphabbtiqub des noms, avec les dates, des éerivawis et personnages nommés dans ce volume ............... 481 FIN DE LA TADLE.
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https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B4%8B%E7%A1%AC%E6%AF%9B%E9%BC%A0%E5%B1%AC
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東洋硬毛鼠屬
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https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=東洋硬毛鼠屬&action=history
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Chinese
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Spoken
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東洋硬毛鼠屬（学名：Maxomys），哺乳綱、囓齒目、鼠科的一屬，而與東洋硬毛鼠屬（爪哇硬毛鼠）同科的動物尚有單齒鼩形鼠屬（單齒鼩形鼠）、小鼩鼠屬（長吻小鼩鼠）、乳鼠屬（南非乳鼠）、瑪氏鼠屬（小瑪氏鼠）等之數種哺乳動物。
下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
参考文献
參考文獻
中國科學院，《中國科學院動物研究所的世界動物名稱資料庫》，
D
D
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44936100
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Stack Exchange
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How can I check if a user, that has been pass in parameters to bash script, really exists?
I have simple bash script, that shows information about user
#!/bin/bash
grep home /etc/passwd | grep $1
If I pass to script incorrect name, for example, ./script_find_users.sh bbbbbbbbbbbbb
the script gives nothing in output, but I want at least some simple message
echo "User does't exists"
Check the return status:
#!/bin/bash
if ! grep home /etc/passwd | grep -- "$1"; then
echo User "$1" does not have an entry in /etc/passwd >&2
fi
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THE COMING MIGNONY Rev. R. R. Aibin, of Woodstown, and formerly Pastor of the Woodstown Baptist Church - The Subject Discussed An important One The coming Kingdom of God. — Matt. 5:1. There has been much controversy on this subject of the Kingdom of God. as to what it is and where it will be. Now if a kingdom, there must of necessity be a king. Scripture distinctly tells us that God is to be that King; because it is to be called the Kingdom of God. The Kingdom of God is evidently for we read in the Lord's Prayer, "Thy kingdom come"; then, of course, it is yet to come. Christ's own words in reference to the wine were: "I will not drink of it henceforth until I drink it new in my Father's Kingdom" — the kingdom of God. (See Matt. 26:29.) The Kingdom of God is to be on earth. While it is true this is to be future, yet there is a Kingdom of God in the present day, but in a sense an immediate kingdom, a spiritual kingdom of grace, in the hearts of God's people; and in that kingdom Christ Jesus the Son of God reigns as king — but a temporary kingdom — till He comes, when it becomes a literal and immediate kingdom on this earth; all nations being in subjection to the rule of the Messiah King. Now the Kingdom of God spoken of in our text is to be a visible, a literal kingdom of the future, of which there shall be No end; and God himself will be the King, and the redeemed the people that form the kingdom, of which we shall more particularly speak further on. We find in Scripture that the Kingdom of God is mentioned some fifty times; the Kingdom of Heaven, in Matthew only, thirteen times. The Kingdom of God is referred to in the Book of Daniel 7: 14, 27, and is there spoken of as an eternal kingdom. We have, then, in the Scriptures—first, God's Kingdom; second, Christ's Millennial Kingdom; third, Antichrist's Kingdom or Empire, ruling over the ten nations of Europe, forming at that time the reformed Roman Empire, called in Scripture the "Wild Beast," or Antichrist's Kingdom; and, lastly, the Devil's or Satan's Kingdom, this present world, over which he holds sway, (see Rev. 2: 1) and all who love this world are those subjects. Christ said unto His disciples, "Unto you it is given to know the mysteries of the Kingdom of God." How many of God's people are deterred from searching the Scriptures to see if these things be so, and by listening to others who say these things are not for us to know; and so the devil, through the lips of men, tempt men and women to dust and disbelieve the Word of God. And we find people and priests, scientists and lay critics are doing all they can to mystify the students of the Word of God. Oh! that men would come to the Word with the spirit of a little child, and believe God's Word to mean just what it says, no more no less. Don't take the Word of God second Hand; read it yourself and for yourself. There are two keys by which men try to unlock the Book of Books—the Lord and the mystery. The only key, after all, that will unravel the mysteries of this book is the key of the Holy Spirit—and the child, the unlearned, the simple, with its key can do what many great scholars and thinkers fail to do for lack of the child's spirit of belief. "Except ye become as a little child, ye cannot enter the Kingdom of Heaven, or Kingdom of God," said Jesus. WHERE IS THE KINGDOM OF GOD NOW? This question doubtless is often asked. The kingdom at this present time, as we have said before, is evidently what we call—Scripture, though, does not so call it—the kingdom of grace in the hearts of Christians, ruled and governed by His Spirit. When a sinner repents and believes in Christ as his Saviour, he is said then to come into the kingdom. Jesus said of one, "Ye are not far from the Kingdom of God." I think Scripture teaches this fact, that it was God's intention to establish His Kingdom on this earth, and I think, with Mr. Varley, of London, that the primary object of Christ's coming as man to this earth was for that purpose. Let us go back to the time of Abraham. God chose him and his seed after him to be His own peculiar people, promising Abraham. He would make of him a great nation, and gave the covenant of circumcision as a sign and part of their separation from all other nations, as at this day. Then after 400 years of bondage, at the time appointed, God raised up a deliverer in the person of Moses, who ultimately led the people of Israel, then about 3,000,000 souls, across the Red Sea into the wilderness of Sinai, and gave them laws to govern them. Moses was as God to them, and his brother Aaron was his prophet by the command of God. Thus we see the government was a Theocracy. God was King. This was the heyninnity of God's Kingdom on earth, and so continued until the time of Samuel, when the people rejected God as King, and asked for a king like unto the rest of the nations of the earth. History gives the result of rejecting God as their King. That end led the Kingdom of God on earth. Then appeared Jesus, the Son of man and Son of God. What came He for? You say, to save sinners. True, Jesus His name, He did, and to do His Father's will—to establish a King on earth. Now, does Scripture teach this? Most undoubtedly. He came as King. When before Paul, bound as a prisoner, accused before him on the charge of making himself a King, thus resolving the charge into one of Jesus; punished by death in all nations. Paul said to Jesus, "Art thou a king?" Jesus answered, "To that end was I born. The Jews recognized this truth. They looked for their Messiah to come as a king, but looked for him contrary to what Scripture foretold. So, when He did come, they rejected Him as they did in the days of Samuel. "He came unto His own and they received Him not," said. "We will not have this man to reign over us," as many are saying today. When the rightful King, the Son of God, came and was rejected by the Jews, God then called a people out of the Gentile nations, and the spiritual kingdom of grace was called the Kingdom of God, and all true believers are members of Jesus Kingdom and are looking for the coming of Christ their King, who as King of Israel will inaugurate His Millennial Kingdom and reign over all the nations. Now the word Christendom, so often used to designate the Christian nations, as we all know, means Christ's Kingdom on earth. Can we say that today? I am afraid not, for some of these nations, like many people, are only Christian in stature. When Christ comes, as He will, personally to reign in Jerusalem as King of Israel, the ten tribes having been restored to their own land, Jerusalem then becomes the metropolis of the world, and all nations will be in the beneficent and righteous government of Jesus, the King of the whole earth. Mr. Yarley, of London, said, quoting from his sermon at the London Tabernacle: "If there is one thing this world needs more than anything else and is righteous for, that is a coward ruler; one who will rule in righteousness." Christ Jesus can fill that need, and Scripture tells us that during His reign "Righteousness shall cover the earth as the waters cover the sea." This, then, will be literally and visibly the Kingdom of God on earth. Now I am aware there are some who object to this, and say, using Christ's own words, "My kingdom is not of this world." True, it is not after the plan and pattern of the world, nor yet according to that promised to the Son of God by Noah. If He would fall down and worship his kingdom. (Satan); neither was it to be after the Jewish idea, inaugurated with Roman splendor and pomp. But it was to be on this earth, a "Theocracy." Satan being bound for a thousand years, and men not being tempted during that time, there would of course be no more sin - the longevity of men would therefore be increased to an unlimited extent; and all men and nations would be in subjection to the spiritual rule of King Jesus and His resurrected saints. But Scripture tells us that the Kingdom of the Son, as then existing, would only last for one thousand years, or millennium, as Satan, the enemy of God and man, would again be permitted for a short time or season, three and a half years, being loosed from his chains, to roam this earth at his will, and soon begin his work of tempting man, as we see from Scripture. "Gog and Magog and all his host descend upon Jerusalem and encompass the saints about." See Rev. 30: 10: "And all his host descend upon Jerusalem and encompass the saints about." See Rev. 30: 10. Then we read of the great white throne being set for the judgment of the wicked God, who will be resurrected for that purpose. This is the second resurrection. See Rev. 30: 5: "Dan. 13: 3; Luke 14: 14; John 5:30. These passages prove there are two resurrections: one of the sins and one of the sins, one thousand years elapsing between the two. I mention this because there are many who will not believe this, although so plainly taught in the Word of God. Reader, you and I must appear in one of these two. Which shall it be—or will it be? If we have been justified in the precious blood of Jesus the Son of God, then we shall know where we shall stand in "That Day." Paul said "that he might be counted worthy to attain to the resurrection from among the wicked dead."—R. V. We notice in Cor. 15: 24, these words; "Then cometh the end when He, the Son of God, shall have delivered up the Kingdom to God, even the Father: for He, Jesus the Son, must reign till He hath put the lost enemy, dead, under His feet," at the close of His millennial reign, as we read in Rev., 20th chapter. Again, in the 14th verse of the same chapter: "Doe, and the yrote" were also cast into this lake of fire,—where the Antichrist and his prophet had a thousand years before been cast: and where all will be cast not written in the Book of Life. Thus ends the last dispensation of time. Yes, the old clock of time is then run down, never to be again wound up, and the new dispensation commences in and so the clock of eternity goes on ticking forever and ever. Then commences, or rather is continued—the Son having delivered it into the hands of the Father—the Kingdom of God on this the Men went on earth: lasting throughout the ages of eternity. This kingdom of the saints is to be the source or dwelling place of the saints, the redeemed of the Lord. This evidently will be the sermon spoken of in the Word of God, and so often speculated upon by most people: and do not ever remember meeting with anyone who did not come there. Heaven, then, as we plainly see, is not a state only, but a place, yes, on this earth. What strange notions some have about heaven and the future state! It is not a place of ghosts or spirits floating about in space, but this heaven will be peopled with redeemed souls in their redeemed bodies; more real, more tangible than when in worship life. This is to be the inheritance of the saints. "The meek shall inherit the earth," this new earth. Does Scripture warrant us in believing this? We find in 9 Peter 3:13: "We, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness." Again, in Rev. 21st chapter, John saw wet heavens and a new earth, for the first had passed away and there was no more sea, thus indicating. I think, by removing the sea or seas, a reconstruction of this planet in order to receive the immense city, New Jerusalem, John while on the Isle of Patmos, saw coming down from God out of the heavens. This city, being 15,010 miles square, or 6,000 miles around it, and a wall 216 feet in length. height, could not certainly stand on this earth in its present shape and size, if it was intended the said city should lodge on the earth. I think the word wetc earth simply means that this present world will be renewed, purified by fire and brought back to its original purity, as, according to Scripture, there's to be a restoration of all things. Neither do I think that God, having made this world and pronounced it very good, as He did at creation, would destroy this earth, upon which the holy feet of His dear Son had trodden. We find these words in Acts 3: 21: "Whom the heavens must receive until the times of restoration or remission of things." If, as Scripture states, there will be a restitution of all things, then it follows that this earth will witness another Eden, where purity will dwell, and man, redeemed from sin, shall again walk with God, and God shall be their King, and they shall be His people. Truly then this will be the Kingdom of God, and His will shall be done forever and truly on earth as now done in heaven, the present heaven where God and His angels dwell. This then will be the future abode, the home of the saints of God, their heaven forever. In Rev. 31: 3, we are told that God will dwell with men, and that He shall be His people and He shall be their God. As Adam walked with God in the Garden of Eden before the fall, so will the redeemed in the Kingdom of God in the Eden restored. Now in Exodus 33:30, we read: "There shall no man see God and He." Again, Job says: "In my flesh I shall see God." Does he not mean that in his own resurrected body—for Job believed in the resurrection—he would see God, or did he mean that he would see God in a body of flesh like his own resurrected body! In Col. 3:9, we read: "In Him, the risen Christ, dwelleth the fullness of the Godhead bodily": or, in other words, in Christ's glorified human body dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead. "God was in Christ when on earth, reconciling men unto Himself, not imputing their trespasses to them, etc., and so! God in Christ in Heaven and God in Christ in the believer. Jesus when on earth said: "We, my Father and I, will make our abode in him—the believer." So evidently it will be in the Kingdom of the future; we shall see God face to face in the person of Christ Jesus our Redeemer. "His servants shall serve Him and shall see His face."—Rev. 23: 3, 4. And yet again: "They shall see the King in His beauty." Oh! what joy to gaze into that wonderful and loving face of the Son of God! And to think that I, a sinner saved by grace, should be permitted to bask forever in the sunlight of His love! Hal tetujan: mess the Lord. There is no doubt that God out of Christ is able to the human eye now, and I think Men. All that we shall see of God, for God is a spirit, will be seen in human form—the human body of Christ; as was seen on the Mount of Transfiguration by the three Apostles, when He appeared in glory talking to Moses and Elijah. We read also, in reference to the Kingdom of God, there shall be no more death. In the Millennial Kingdom death is not abolished, for this lost enemy, death. Christ destroys at the close of His reign on earth. Satan, death and the grave being cast into the lake of fire. And no more pain, nor sorrow, and, thank God, no more sin. And God shall wipe away all—if there are any there—tears from their eyes, for all the former things are passed away forever. Heaven, as we have seen, is a prepared place for a prepared people. "There remaineth therefore a rest for the people of God." Who are the people of God? Those who have been born again, born of the Spirit, and are made new creatures in Christ Jesus. Dear reader, are you one of these? Saints are redeemed sinners. DO! TO-DAY! "And to think that until tomorrow, when you can do to-morrow what you can do today," is now generally presented in this form: "Do it today!" That is the terse advice we want to give you about that hacking cough or demoralizing cold with which you have been struggling for several days, perhaps weeks. Take some reliable remedy for it TODAY—and let that remedy be Dr. Boschee's German Syrup, which has been in use for over thirty-five years. A few doses of it will undoubtedly relieve your cough or cold, and its continued use for a few days will cure you completely. No matter how deep-seated your cough, even if dread consumption has attacked your lungs, German Syrup will surely effect a cure—as it has done before in thousands of apparently Hospitality of the lungs. This trial bottles, age; regular size, 75c. At all druggists. The question may be asked, "Where is heaven now?" We answer, "Where God and His angels are." The present heaven is doubtless peopled by disembodied spirits or souls of believers; the future heaven, the Kingdom of God, will be peopled by the redeemed souls with their redeemed souls. At the close of the next Millennial Dispensation—the end of time. If we understand the Scriptures rightly, there have been decreed by God for our dispensations for this planet. The first, the disembodied Age, lasting about 2,000 years, and ending with an infirm man, a flood, destroying all life on the earth. The second, called the Hufrifocian or Prophetic Age, and lasting about 2,000 years, that also ended, thirty years after the Crucifixion, with a judgment, the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. The next dispensation, called the Dispensation of the Spirit or Gospel Dispensation. If this should last only another 2,000 years, Scripture foretells it will also end in judgment, the judgment of the nations, and of Antichrist and his false prophet, at the battle of Armageddon, at the Second Coming of Christ. This would make this world, since the creation of man, exactly 6,000 years old; the seventh thousand, the Millennium, making the seven days of the week of creation. "One day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years day." 2 Peter 3; 8. Many of the wish rabbis believe this to be so; the 6,000 years, ending at the coming of their Messiah, to usher in the great Sabatian rest of a long-suffering year. If, as Mr. Varley, of London, says in a sermon at the Metropolitan Tabernacle, that the times of the Gentiles commenced in the year 605, the 3,520 years spoken of by Daniel must end about five years from now; therefore it behooves us all to watch for the coming of the King. "Unto them that look for Him shall He appear."—Heb. 9: 38. It is certain we are much nearer the close of this century than we think. To quote again from Mr. Varley, of London, he says "that the year being 385 days and 6 hours, that will add nearly forty years to the concord journey of this 20th century. Then he refers to a loss of date in the Book of Judges as thirty years. Paul gives in Acts 15: 30, a loss in Mot book of a hundred years. The chronological table of Bishop Usher is undoubtedly incorrect, and we are no doubt at the very end of this dispensation. The signs of the times indicate this to any thinking person. The last dispensation on this earth, then renewed to its original purity as at creation, will be the earned Kingdom of God and His redeemed people. This will directly succeed the Millennial Kingdom of His dear Son; it will simply be the continuance of God's Kingdom on earth, begun by His Son, Jesus. This will be the future abode of the saints: yes, for all those who have their names in the Lamb's Book of Life. But let us remember the recording angel does not make up his account from the church record. Reader, will your name be in that Book of Life? If you and I have been born again and washed in the blood of the Lamb, our names will be there as surely as the sun shines in the heavens. While I think a large majority of professing Christians believe in the personal coming of Christ to this earth, some are looking for Him at a so-called general judgment; some again, and these quite a large number, at death, for which there is no warrant in Scripture. And there are but few comparatively looking for His coming in person to this earth for His faithful people, and to reign in His Millennial Kingdom. How few Christians are looking for the redemption of the body, and yet the Word of God speaks so much on this subject. Paul, in Romans 8:20, 21, and Hebrews 9:28, says: "They that look for Him shall He appear without a sacrifice for sin unto salvation—redemption of the body." R. V. Yes, on the resurrection morn shall the sons of God be manifested, the sons of the resurrection. WE HAVE OUR MARKET Headquarters "Hams" The Price is 15 cents, if you want! 10 pounds, 4 cents. QUALITY THE BEST OR MONEY RETURNED We have an inside price on Hams, otherwise we could not sell at this figure. STEWART & JONES' CASH MARKET. Now for this event we are commanded to watch. It is true we know not the forgotten day. That secret is with God. But we are to live in the light of this truth. His speedy coming. I know of no greater incentive to a holy life than a thorough belief of this great hope of the church, the coming of the Bridegroom, to take unto Himself His Bride, the church, whom He will present faithfulness before His Father in Heaven. Let us then be continually on the watchtower, in the attitude of expectancy, for Christ said: "Behold, I come quickly." Shall we not conclude with the words of the beloved Apostle John? "Even so come, Lord Jesus. Amen." Upon top of piles of people have the piles, and DeWitt's Witch Hazel Salve cures them. There are many different kinds of piles, but if you get the genuine and original Witch Hazel Salve made by E. C. DeWitt & Co., of Chicago, a cure is certain. H. A. Tisdale, of Summerton, S. C., says, "I had piles 20 years and DeWitt's Salve cured me after everything else failed." Sold by Geo. M. Andrews, druggist. To Cure a Cold! One Day, Take Laxative Bromo Quinine Tablets. All druggists refund the money if it fails to cure. E. W. Grove's signature is on each box. 25c. The Old Reliable Restaurant, ERNST BECKER, PROPRIETOR, Meals furnished at all times. Hoars. Oysters served in every style. Candies, cakes, etc. Special attention given orders for saps. and first-class catering done for parties. 2-1-ly. Steam Bakery We are now equipped with this modern method of baking bread, and it turns out an article superior in every respect. We use the best of flour, have expert bakers, and our bread, for quality, size of loaf and price, is unexcelled. If you are not now using it you are missing something every day. Our wagons will serve you twice a day in Woodstown, if you say the word they also serve all the neighboring towns. Cakes and Pies always on hand, and Fancy Cakes baked to order. ADAM OESTERLE, Baker WOODSTOWN, N. J. BLUNMING LOIS FOR SALE IN SOUTH WOODSTOWN Building lots—lying at the juncture of the main roads to Daretown, to Alloway, to Sharptown, adjoining Charles Caffrey's corner, in South Woodstown—are for private sale. High, dry land. JOHN HOLMES. Woodstown, N. J. Headache and Eye Strain relief in properly fitted glasses. because eye strain was the cause. We our cure is lasting. C. A. LONGSTRETH, LIVERY STABLE SERVICE Having bought and taken charge of the Livery in the Rear of the Opera House WOODSTOWN I will keep a FIRST-CLASS LIVERY. Horses taken to board by day or month. I will also run a Hack to Meet All Trains And to any part of the borough. Orders Left on state at the Post Office, or at my residence, No 28 Salem Street, will receive prompt attention. HARRY L. RIFLE, Prop'r. Handsome Art Ware Extreme low prices on high-grade jardinieres and vases, direct from factory. Also, a sample line of the new cooking-ware "Come Man." Visitors are welcome to examine the line, whether they wish to purchase or not. B. C. PATTERSON, MONITOR-REGISTER OFFICE, Woodstown, N. J. Early Risers The famous little pills. DON'T WORRY If your stomach is out of order and you have to let your most cherished food alone because it doesn't agree with you, but get a bottle of Can's Dyspepsia. It has been prepared especially for the benefit of those having weak and irritable stomachs, and will do just the work you want it to if you only give it a chance. Ask your friends who have tried it. That is the second best way. The BEST way is to try it yourself. All druggists sell it for 50c. a bottle. Sold by Geo. M. Andrews, Druggist, Woodstown, N. J. DR. S. IRVING CALLAHAN, DENTIST, OFFICE HOURS: Monitor-Register Block, Woodstown, N. J. JOSIAH MILLER, Surveyor and Conveyancer. Deeds, Bonds, Mortgages, Leases, Agreements, etc., carefully and promptly drawn. Appraisements attended to and Inventories made out. Acknowledgments taken. Satem Street, Woodstown, N. J. E. S. FOGG, Counselor-at-Law. Notary Public, Sup. Grand Court Commissioner Fire Insurance. Real Estate and Investments. Money to Loan. Post-office Building, 2nd Floor, Woodstown, N. J. H. RICHMAN, Real Estate and Insurance Insurance placed in reliable companies. Surveys carefully made. Sales clerked, posted and account stated. Estates settled, loans negotiated, collections made. Deeds, bonds, mortgages and leases carefully drawn. Real estate rented, bought and sold. Post-office Building, 2nd Floor, Woodstown, N. J. E. C. HAINES General Machinist and Repairer of all kinds of Farming Machinery Engines and boilers repaired: all the parts to corn shelters on hand: pumps rigged to work by power: horse powers overhauled: stalk cutters put in order, and machinery in general repaired. Shop on Auburn St., Woodstown. TO THOS. T. JAQUETTE Steam Marble and Granite Works No. 7 Water street, Salem, N. J. FOR MONUMENTS AND TOMBSTONE Established 1881. DAVID F. HAINES Steam Brick and Tile Works YORKETOWN, N. J. Tile and Brick, best quality, at low prices. Delivered at the R. R. Depot at Yorktown. Shingles, Pickets, etc., sawed to order at short notice. DAVID F. HAINES, Tile and Brick Manufacturer. One mile below Yorktown FAIR POMMY PAY TOP PRICES FOR Fat Chickens and Fresh Eggs Fifty two Weeks in the Year Located in Dr. Horner's New Building on Bowen avenue AT WOODSTOWN EVERY TUESDAY From 8 a. m. to 11:30 a. m. A 31 J CLARK HELMS THIS IS SURE TO SATURDAY SATURDAY. Ety's Cream Balm Gives Relief at Once It cleanses, soothes and heals the diseased membrane. It cures Catarrh and drives away a Cold in the Head quickly. It is absorbed. Restores the Senses of Taste and Smell. Full size. 10 cents at Druggists or by mail: Trial Size 10 cents by mail. ELY BROTHERS, 58 Warren Street, New York. CATARRH, HAY FEVER, PARKER'S HAIR BALSAM Cleans and beautifies the hair. Promotes a luxuriant growth. Never Fails to Restore Gray Hair to its Youthful Color.
| 12,924 |
https://github.com/GreatEmerald/master-classification/blob/master/src/pixel-based/climate/get-worldclim.r
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC-BY-4.0
| 2,019 |
master-classification
|
GreatEmerald
|
R
|
Code
| 191 | 768 |
# Download and extract WorldClim data
library(raster)
library(dismo)
library(sf)
source("pixel-based/utils/load-sampling-data.r")
source("pixel-based/utils/db-io.r")
# Temporary directory for storing the data before extraction
TempDir = "../../userdata/master-classification/climate/"
OutDir = "../data/pixel-based/climate/"
# Generate bioclimatic variables manually; for raster-based processing better to download,
# but in this case it's more efficient to generate
DSNames = c("tmin", "tmax", "tavg", "prec", "srad", "wind", "vapr")
DownloadDir = file.path(TempDir, "raw")
if (!file.exists(DownloadDir))
dir.create(DownloadDir)
if (!file.exists(OutDir))
dir.create(OutDir)
URLs = paste0("http://biogeo.ucdavis.edu/data/worldclim/v2.0/tif/base/wc2.0_30s_", DSNames, ".zip")
Filenames = paste0(DownloadDir, "/", DSNames, ".zip")
Filenames = Filenames[!file.exists(file.path(DownloadDir, basename(Filenames)))] # Filter already downloaded
if (length(Filenames) > 0)
download.file(URLs, Filenames)
DSDirs = file.path(TempDir, DSNames)
DSStacks = list()
for (i in 1:length(DSNames))
{
RasterFiles = list.files(DSDirs[i], pattern=glob2rx("*.tif"), full.names = TRUE)
if (length(RasterFiles) <= 0)
{
unzip(Filenames[i], exdir=DSDirs[i])
RasterFiles = list.files(DSDirs[i], pattern=glob2rx("*.tif"), full.names = TRUE)
}
DSStacks[[i]] = stack(RasterFiles)
}
names(DSStacks) = DSNames
# Extract our values
TrainingPoints = LoadGlobalTrainingData()
ValidationPoints = LoadGlobalValidationData()
PredictionPoints = LoadGlobalRasterPoints()
AllPoints = rbind(TrainingPoints[,c("x", "y")], ValidationPoints[,c("x", "y")], PredictionPoints[,c("x", "y")])
DSValues = list()
for (i in 1:length(DSNames))
{
DSValues[[i]] = extract(DSStacks[[i]], AllPoints)
}
names(DSValues) = DSNames
BioValues = dismo::biovars(DSValues$prec, DSValues$tmin, DSValues$tmax)
BaseClimateData = do.call("cbind", DSValues)
AllClimateData = cbind.data.frame(X=AllPoints$x, Y=AllPoints$y, BaseClimateData, BioValues)
SpatialClimate = DFtoSF(AllClimateData)
rm(AllClimateData)
st_write(SpatialClimate, file.path(OutDir, "climate.gpkg"))
| 37,864 |
https://github.com/gabemansur/Teamwork/blob/master/app/Tasks/Eyes.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
Teamwork
|
gabemansur
|
PHP
|
Code
| 394 | 1,553 |
<?php
namespace Teamwork\Tasks;
class Eyes {
private $DIRECTORY = '/img/rmet/';
private $test = [
['img' => 'eyes0.jpeg',
'choices' => ['jealous', 'panicked', 'arrogant', 'hateful'],
'correct' => ''],
['img' => 'eyes1.jpeg',
'choices' => ['playful', 'comforting', 'irritated', 'bored'],
'correct' => 'playful'],
['img' => 'eyes2.jpeg',
'choices' => ['terrified', 'upset', 'arrogant', 'annoyed'],
'correct' => 'upset'],
['img' => 'eyes4.jpeg',
'choices' => ['joking', 'insisting', 'amused', 'relaxed'],
'correct' => 'insisting'],
['img' => 'eyes5.jpeg',
'choices' => ['irritated', 'sarcastic', 'worried', 'friendly'],
'correct' => 'worried'],
['img' => 'eyes7.jpeg',
'choices' => ['apologetic', 'friendly', 'uneasy', 'dispirited'],
'correct' => 'uneasy'],
['img' => 'eyes9.jpeg',
'choices' => ['annoyed', 'hostile', 'horrified', 'preoccupied'],
'correct' => 'preoccupied'],
['img' => 'eyes10.jpeg',
'choices' => ['cautious', 'insisting', 'bored', 'aghast'],
'correct' => 'cautious'],
['img' => 'eyes11.jpeg',
'choices' => ['terrified', 'amused', 'regretful', 'flirtatious'],
'correct' => 'regretful'],
['img' => 'eyes13.jpeg',
'choices' => ['decisive', 'anticipating', 'threatening', 'shy'],
'correct' => 'anticipating'],
['img' => 'eyes14.jpeg',
'choices' => ['irritated', 'disappointed', 'depressed', 'accusing'],
'correct' => 'accusing'],
['img' => 'eyes15.jpeg',
'choices' => ['contemplative', 'flustered', 'encouraging', 'amused'],
'correct' => 'contemplative'],
['img' => 'eyes16.jpeg',
'choices' => ['irritated', 'thoughtful', 'encouraging', 'sympathetic'],
'correct' => 'thoughtful'],
['img' => 'eyes17.jpeg',
'choices' => ['doubtful', 'affectionate', 'playful', 'aghast'],
'correct' => 'doubtful'],
['img' => 'eyes18.jpeg',
'choices' => ['decisive', 'amused', 'aghast', 'bored'],
'correct' => 'decisive'],
['img' => 'eyes19.jpeg',
'choices' => ['arrogant', 'grateful', 'sarcastic', 'tentative'],
'correct' => 'tentative'],
['img' => 'eyes20.jpeg',
'choices' => ['dominant', 'friendly', 'guilty', 'horrified'],
'correct' => 'friendly'],
['img' => 'eyes22.jpeg',
'choices' => ['preoccupied', 'grateful', 'insisting', 'imploring'],
'correct' => 'preoccupied'],
['img' => 'eyes23.jpeg',
'choices' => ['contented', 'apologetic', 'defiant', 'curious'],
'correct' => 'defiant'],
['img' => 'eyes25.jpeg',
'choices' => ['panicked', 'incredulous', 'despondent', 'interested'],
'correct' => 'interested'],
['img' => 'eyes26.jpeg',
'choices' => ['alarmed', 'shy', 'hostile', 'anxious'],
'correct' => 'hostile'],
['img' => 'eyes27.jpeg',
'choices' => ['joking', 'cautious', 'arrogant', 'reassuring'],
'correct' => 'cautious'],
['img' => 'eyes29.jpeg',
'choices' => ['impatient', 'aghast', 'irritated', 'reflective'],
'correct' => 'reflective'],
['img' => 'eyes31.jpeg',
'choices' => ['ashamed', 'confident', 'joking', 'dispirited'],
'correct' => 'confident'],
['img' => 'eyes34.jpeg',
'choices' => ['aghast', 'baffled', 'distrustful', 'terrified'],
'correct' => 'distrustful'],
['img' => 'eyes35.jpeg',
'choices' => ['puzzled', 'nervous', 'insisting', 'contemplative'],
'correct' => 'nervous'],
['img' => 'eyes36.jpeg',
'choices' => ['ashamed', 'nervous', 'suspicious', 'indecisive'],
'correct' => 'suspicious'],
];
private static $avaialbleParams = ['hasIndividuals' => ['true', 'false'], 'hasGroup' => ['false']];
public function getTest() {
return $this->test;
}
public static function getAvailableParams()
{
return Self::$avaialbleParams;
}
public function getDirectory() {
return $this->DIRECTORY;
}
public function getImagesForPreloader()
{
$imgs = [];
foreach ($this->test as $key => $value) {
$imgs[] = $this->DIRECTORY.$value['img'];
}
return $imgs;
}
}
| 30,822 |
https://github.com/epam/NGB/blob/master/client/client/app/components/ngbTracksView/managers/ngbTracksView.camera.manager.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
NGB
|
epam
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 311 | 1,020 |
import {drawingConfiguration} from '../../../../modules/render/core';
const margin = 5;
const minTextHeight = 15;
const maxTextHeight = 30;
export default class ngbTracksViewBookmarkCamera {
getTitle;
getTracks;
getTrackTitle;
showOriginalName;
constructor(getTitle, getTracks, getTrackTitle, showOriginalName) {
this.getTitle = getTitle;
this.getTracks = getTracks;
this.getTrackTitle = getTrackTitle;
this.showOriginalName = showOriginalName;
}
saveBrowserView() {
const tracks = this.getTracks();
if (tracks && tracks.length > 0) {
requestAnimationFrame(() => {
const data = tracks
.map(track => {
if (track.instance && track.instance.domElement) {
const element = track.instance.domElement;
const imgData = track.instance.getImageData();
if (imgData) {
return {
'customName': this.getTrackTitle ? this.getTrackTitle(track) : undefined,
'format': track.format,
'height': element.clientHeight * drawingConfiguration.scale,
'img': imgData,
'name': track.name,
'width': element.clientWidth * drawingConfiguration.scale
};
}
return null;
}
return null;
})
.filter(x => x);
this._downloadView(data);
});
}
}
_downloadView(data) {
if (data && data.length > 0) {
const canvas = this._getPureCanvas(data);
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
let y = 0;
data.forEach(x => {
if (x.name) {
ctx.fillStyle = '#000000';
ctx.font = '17pt arial';
const name = x.customName || x.name;
const additional = x.customName && this.showOriginalName() ? ` (${x.name})` : '';
const text = `${x.format} ${name}${additional}`;
const {fontBoundingBoxAscent = 0, fontBoundingBoxDescent = 0} = ctx.measureText(text);
y += Math.min(
maxTextHeight,
Math.max(minTextHeight, fontBoundingBoxAscent + fontBoundingBoxDescent)
)+ margin;
ctx.fillText(text, 0, y);
y += margin;
}
if (x.img) {
ctx.drawImage(x.img, 0, y);
y += x.height + margin;
}
});
Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), {
download: `${this.getTitle()}.png`,
name: `${this.getTitle()}.png`,
href: canvas.toDataURL('image/png').replace('image/png', 'image/octet-stream')
}).click();
}
}
_getPureCanvas(data) {
const width = this._getCanvasWidth(data);
const height = this._getCanvasHeight(data);
const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
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canvas.height = height;
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ctx.globalAlpha = 1.0;
ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';
ctx.font = '12px arial';
ctx.fillStyle = '#ffffff';
ctx.fillRect(0, 0, width, height);
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}
_getCanvasWidth(data) {
return data.map(el => el.width).reduce((pre, cur) => Math.max(pre, cur), 0);
}
_getCanvasHeight(data) {
return data.reduce((sum, x) => {
const textHeight = (x.name) ? maxTextHeight : 0;
return sum + x.height + textHeight + 2 * margin;
}, 0);
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}
| 1,297 |
https://github.com/niisan-tokyo/marjang-score/blob/master/tests/Unit/Logics/RankPointCalculate/MLeagueBaseTest.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
marjang-score
|
niisan-tokyo
|
PHP
|
Code
| 538 | 1,651 |
<?php
namespace Tests\Unit\Logics\RankPointCalculate;
use App\Logics\RankPointCalculate\MLeagueBase;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Config;
use Tests\TestCase;
/**
* @group rank_point_calc
*/
class MLeagueBaseTest extends TestCase
{
private MLeagueBase $obj;
public function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$this->obj = new MLeagueBase;
Config::set('rank_point.m_league_base', [
'origin' => 25000,
'zero_point' => 30000,
'order_point' => [
1 => 50000,
2 => 10000,
3 => -10000,
4 => -30000
]
]);
}
/**
* @test
*/
public function 通常の点数計算()
{
$data = [
0 => ['start_position' => 0, 'score' => 25000, 'user' => 1],
1 => ['start_position' => 1, 'score' => 40000, 'user' => 2],
2 => ['start_position' => 2, 'score' => 20000, 'user' => 3],
3 => ['start_position' => 3, 'score' => 15000, 'user' => 4]
];
$result = $this->obj->run(collect($data))->keyBy('user');
$this->assertEquals(50, $result[1]['rank_point']);// 25000 - 30000 + 10000 = 5000
$this->assertEquals(600, $result[2]['rank_point']);// 40000 - 30000 + 50000 = 60000
$this->assertEquals(-200, $result[3]['rank_point']);// 20000 - 30000 - 10000 = -20000
$this->assertEquals(-450, $result[4]['rank_point']);// 15000 - 30000 - 30000 = -45000
}
/**
* @test
*/
public function ２，３位が同点()
{
$data = [
0 => ['start_position' => 0, 'score' => 23000, 'user' => 1],
1 => ['start_position' => 1, 'score' => 23000, 'user' => 2],
2 => ['start_position' => 2, 'score' => 20000, 'user' => 3],
3 => ['start_position' => 3, 'score' => 34000, 'user' => 4]
];
$result = $this->obj->run(collect($data))->keyBy('user');
$this->assertEquals(540, $result[4]['rank_point']);// 34000 - 30000 + 50000 = 54000
$this->assertEquals(-400, $result[3]['rank_point']);// 20000 - 30000 - 30000 = -40000
$this->assertEquals(-70, $result[1]['rank_point']);// 23000 - 30000 - 0 = -7000
$this->assertEquals(-70, $result[2]['rank_point']);// 23000 - 30000 - 0 = -7000
}
/**
* @test
*/
public function １，2位、３，４位が同点()
{
$data = [
0 => ['start_position' => 0, 'score' => 15000, 'user' => 1],
1 => ['start_position' => 1, 'score' => 35000, 'user' => 2],
2 => ['start_position' => 2, 'score' => 15000, 'user' => 3],
3 => ['start_position' => 3, 'score' => 35000, 'user' => 4]
];
$result = $this->obj->run(collect($data))->keyBy('user');
$this->assertEquals(350, $result[2]['rank_point']);// 35000 - 30000 + 30000 = 35000
$this->assertEquals(350, $result[4]['rank_point']);// 35000 - 30000 + 30000 = 35000
$this->assertEquals(-350, $result[1]['rank_point']);// 15000 - 30000 - 20000 = -35000
$this->assertEquals(-350, $result[3]['rank_point']);// 15000 - 30000 - 20000 = -35000
}
/**
* @test
*/
public function １，２，３位が同点()
{
$data = [
0 => ['start_position' => 0, 'score' => 32000, 'user' => 1],
1 => ['start_position' => 1, 'score' => 32000, 'user' => 2],
2 => ['start_position' => 2, 'score' => 32000, 'user' => 3],
3 => ['start_position' => 3, 'score' => 4000, 'user' => 4]
];
$result = $this->obj->run(collect($data))->keyBy('user');
$this->assertEquals(188, $result[1]['rank_point']);// 32000 - 30000 + 16800 = 18800
$this->assertEquals(186, $result[2]['rank_point']);// 32000 - 30000 + 16600 = 18600
$this->assertEquals(186, $result[3]['rank_point']);// 32000 - 30000 + 16600 = 18600
$this->assertEquals(-560, $result[4]['rank_point']);// 4000 - 30000 - 30000 = -56000
}
/**
* @test
*/
public function ２，３，４位が同点()
{
$data = [
0 => ['start_position' => 0, 'score' => 12300, 'user' => 1],
1 => ['start_position' => 1, 'score' => 12300, 'user' => 2],
2 => ['start_position' => 2, 'score' => 12300, 'user' => 3],
3 => ['start_position' => 3, 'score' => 63100, 'user' => 4]
];
$result = $this->obj->run(collect($data))->keyBy('user');
$this->assertEquals(-277, $result[1]['rank_point']);// 12300 - 30000 - 10000 = -27700
$this->assertEquals(-277, $result[2]['rank_point']);// 12300 - 30000 - 10000 = -27700
$this->assertEquals(-277, $result[3]['rank_point']);// 12300 - 30000 - 10000 = -27700
$this->assertEquals(831, $result[4]['rank_point']);//63100 - 30000 + 50000 = -83100
}
}
| 20,777 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69117236
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Stack Exchange
|
Gregorio Palamà, Manoj Popalghat, Stephen C, https://stackoverflow.com/users/139985, https://stackoverflow.com/users/16869144, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4274223
|
English
|
Spoken
| 165 | 262 |
Api to connect VPN
How to connect to a VPN via Spring Boot API ?
I need an JAVA API which will connect to a VPN so we can connect to that particular network where our server is located, and then we are able to hit other API's.
It's not the Spring Boot application that needs to connect to the VPN, but the underlying system needs to. If you're deploying the application to a server, that server needs to connect to the VPN
A similar question was asked a few hours ago. See https://stackoverflow.com/questions/69113833. The answer to this one is basically the same. There is no Java API to connect to a VPN in general. Some specific JPN products may offer Java libraries ... but a better idea is to do the connection setup outside of Java ... using whatever tools the VPN product provides.
@GregorioPalamà Thank you, but I how did server will connect to vpn ?
Thank you @StephenC for the link is-there-a-way-to-connect-to-rest-api-which-is-behind-a-vpn-connection-in-java
| 43,723 |
https://github.com/drsjr/AventuraTCC/blob/master/src/main/java/br/com/projeto/aventura/modelo/UnidadeHabilidade.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
AventuraTCC
|
drsjr
|
Java
|
Code
| 102 | 364 |
package br.com.projeto.aventura.modelo;
import java.io.Serializable;
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.EmbeddedId;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
@Entity(name = "Unidade_Habilidade")
public class UnidadeHabilidade implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = -2780288257651463089L;
@EmbeddedId
UnidadeHabilidadeChave unidadeHabilidadeChave;
@Column(name = "nivel", nullable = false)
Long nivel;
@Column(name = "exp", nullable = false)
Integer exp;
public UnidadeHabilidadeChave getUnidadeHabilidadeChave() {
return unidadeHabilidadeChave;
}
public void setUnidadeHabilidadeChave(UnidadeHabilidadeChave unidadeHabilidadeChave) {
this.unidadeHabilidadeChave = unidadeHabilidadeChave;
}
public Long getNivel() {
return nivel;
}
public void setNivel(Long nivel) {
this.nivel = nivel;
}
public Integer getExp() {
return exp;
}
public void setExp(Integer exp) {
this.exp = exp;
}
public static long getSerialversionuid() {
return serialVersionUID;
}
}
| 48,269 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32300574
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Näckån
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 110 | 323 |
Näckån
Näckån
river in Dalarna County, Sweden - Geonames ID = 2690576
Näckån coordinate location
Näckån elevation above sea level
Näckån GeoNames ID 2690576
Näckån instance of river
Näckån country Sweden
Näckån GNS Unique Feature ID -2505900
Näckån located in the administrative territorial entity Dalarna County
Näckån
Näckån comhordanáidí geografacha
Näckån airde os cionn na farraige
Näckån ID GeoNames 2690576
Näckån sampla de abhainn
Näckån tír an tSualainn
Näckån ID Uathúil GNS -2505900
Näckån
İsveç'te nehir (61,32 enlemi, 14,42 boylamı)
Näckån konum koordinatları
Näckån deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği
Näckån GeoNames kimliği 2690576
Näckån nedir nehir
Näckån ülkesi İsveç
Näckån GNS Benzersiz Özellik kimliği -2505900
Näckån içinde bulunduğu idari birim Dalarna ili
| 28,893 |
1375351_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 4,049 | 5,928 |
461 S.E.2d 262 (1995)
218 Ga. App. 202
ROSEBERRY et al.
v.
BROOKS, M.D. et al.
BROOKS, M.D. et al.
v.
ROSEBERRY et al.
Nos. A95A0177, A95A0353.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
July 14, 1995.
Denying Reconsideration July 28, 1995.
Certiorari Denied November 9, 1995.
*263 Weinstock & Scavo, P.C., Michael Weinstock, Louis R. Cohan, Love & Willingham, Robert P. Monyak, Atlanta, for appellants.
Allen & Peters, Jonathan C. Peters, Carol Smith Colby, Atlanta, for appellees.
McMURRAY, Presiding Judge.
In this action for medical negligence, plaintiff Gary B. Roseberry is the representative of the estates of his wife, Allegra Roseberry (deceased), and that of Amy Roseberry (deceased), a "twenty-three week gestation child, ... whose life was terminated during the twenty-third week of term of the deceased mother's pregnancy." The complaint alleges that Allegra Roseberry was admitted to DeKalb General Hospital on March 21, 1988, and discharged on March 24, 1988, with a diagnosis of "sclerosing cholangitis." On June 5, 1988, while she was under the primary care of defendant Walter S. Brooks, M.D., Allegra Roseberry was diagnosed as having "a malignant disease known as cholangiocarcinoma," i.e., liver cancer. Although Allegra Roseberry had informed Dr. Brooks on June 3, 1988, "that her last menstrual period occurred January 14, 1988, [he] failed to perform a pregnancy test, failed to perform a pelvic examination and, as a result, failed to diagnose [Allegra Roseberry] as being pregnant." Allegra Roseberry reentered the hospital on August 2, 1988, for treatment of her liver cancer, where, after a sonogram examination, "it was determined that [she] was twenty-three weeks pregnant." Dr. Brooks, "a gastroenterologist, without consultation of a pediatrician or perinatologist, recommended that [Allegra Roseberry] consent to a clinical abortion to be performed by Defendant [Young W. Ahn, M.D.]...." Allegedly "at the direction of her physicians, after being informed that the unborn child would be `doomed,' and the stress of the pregnancy was impairing her health, [Allegra Roseberry] consented to a clinical abortion." On August 9, 1988, "less than four days [after] the clinical abortion," Allegra Roseberry herself died of gram-negative sepsis (infection). Defendants Dr. Brooks, Dr. Ahn, and The Emory Clinic, a Georgia partnership allegedly liable for the negligence of Dr.
*264 Brooks and Dr. Ahn under the doctrine of respondeat superior, denied the material allegations and the case was tried before a jury.
In support of plaintiff's contentions, the following evidence was adduced: Gary and Allegra Roseberry were married in 1967. After they had been "married about five years," they thought about having a child. However, they experienced difficulties because Allegra Roseberry was a "victim of infertility." Through an expensive course of treatment (over approximately ten years) under the direction of a series of infertility experts, Allegra Roseberry's first pregnancy resulted in the birth of Matthew Roseberry in 1983. In March 1988, Gary Roseberry noticed for the first time that "the whites of [Allegra's] eyes were somewhat yellow." On March 24, 1988, Allegra Roseberry was diagnosed at DeKalb General Hospital as having "sclerosing cholangitis, which is basically a scarring in the bile duct system of the liver." This is "a very serious liver problem. To date the only cure for it was a liver transplant." Allegra Roseberry was referred to The Emory Clinic for evaluation for a liver transplant. From the date of Allegra Roseberry's discharge from DeKalb General Hospital in March 1988 to May 27, 1988, Gary Roseberry noticed that Allegra's "skin color continued to become more of a coppertone or olive color." Also her abdomen became distended and she "lost ... a little bit of weight...." Gary Roseberry recalled the May 27, 1988, visit to Allegra Roseberry's regular physician, George R. Jones, M.D. (a named defendant but a non-party to this appeal), where she told Dr. Jones that "she felt like she was pregnant." Specifically, "her breasts were swollen and ... rather tender, and her ears seemed to have fluid in them...." Gary Roseberry further affirmed that Allegra Roseberry had "frequent [nighttime] urination[, ... and] shortness of breath[.]" The Roseberrys had stopped active birth control in 1986. They were not actively seeking to have another child, and Gary Roseberry "felt with Allegra's infertility the chances were pretty slim [they] could have a child on [their] own."
On June 3, 1988, Allegra Roseberry had her first appointment with defendant Walter S. Brooks, M.D., a gastroenterologist at defendant The Emory Clinic. Gary Roseberry recalled that, after Allegra Roseberry had been examined, Dr. Brooks stated: "`This woman needs a transplant now.'" During this visit, Allegra Roseberry told Dr. In late July 1988, the Roseberrys heard of an experimental chemotherapy being performed on liver cancer patients at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, in Buffalo, New York. As a prerequisite to this experimental chemotherapy, the patient must have a "low bilirubin level [and] Allegra ... had a higher level than this protocol would allow." Dr. Brooks agreed that this experimental chemotherapy was "a long shot but it was [the Roseberrys'] best shot, it was [their] only shot, and ... having reviewed the protocol... [suggested that a] liver [stent] be installed... [to] drain the liver and lower [Allegra Roseberry's] bilirubin count so that she could be admitted into this protocol." Without the experimental treatment, the Roseberrys anticipated that Allegra Roseberry's "life expectancy at best would be December," although they knew the end could come as soon as September or October.
The Roseberrys were advised that the liver stent involves "a very dirty part of the *265 body[, ... and that the] chances of infection were great[.]" After this insertion, and despite successful drainage, Allegra Roseberry "did not get the bounce off of the liver [stent]..." that was anticipated. Concerned that Allegra Roseberry was retaining abnormal fluid levels, Dr. Brooks ordered an ultrasound examination of her abdomen. It was this ultrasound examination that first revealed the existence of a fetus. Joseph H. Moyers, M.D., the radiologist who discovered the fetus, noted a positive heartbeat and observed the fetus "turning from side to side. The extremities were moving." He estimated its gestational age at "21 weeks [ ... varying] a week or so in either direction[.]"
David Plotkin, M.D., affirmed that Dr. Brooks'"failure to conduct a pelvic examination upon [Allegra Roseberry's] admission to the hospital deviate[d] from the standard of care expected of physicians generally[.]" Dr. Plotkin also "[did not] think ..." the abortion procedure itself was within the standard of care. Duane Thiele, M.D., affirmed that "the records [he had] seen associated with Dr. Brooks' reasons for terminating the pregnancy ... deviate[d] from the standard of care[.]" In Dr. Thiele's opinion, if Dr. Brooks concluded that the fetus was doomed and recommended an abortion "without consulting an obstetrician or gynecological person," that conduct fell below the standard of care. Watson A. Bowes, Jr., M.D., affirmed that Dr. Brooks' failure to have entertained pregnancy as a diagnostic possibility, to have ruled it out, was "a deviation [from] the standard of care expected of physicians under similar circumstances[.]" He disagreed that the fetus was doomed despite the presence of intense bile staining because he had "delivered [normal] children with bilirubins as high as 8 or 9, which is bilirubin as high as Mrs. Roseberry's." Additionally, the defense expert witness, Eugene R. Schiff, M.D., agreed that if Dr. Brooks "did not contemplate that an OB-GYN would independently evaluate the need for an abortion, if he didn't even consider it ... [then Dr. Schiff] would feel that that would be incomprehensible ... [and] below the standard of care." In the opinion of John W.C. Johnson, M.D., another defense expert, for Dr. Brooks "to recommend an abortion without knowing [the amount of] x-ray exposure to the baby for the basis for the abortion would be inappropriate."
As to Dr. Ahn, Dr. Johnson testified that if Dr. Ahn "misunderstood the indications for the abortion ..." his conduct fell below the standard of care. Dr. Johnson affirmed that, in his opinion, both Dr. Brooks and Dr. Ahn "were below the standard of care expected of physicians generally in not carefully noting in the chart the patient's options and the reasons and decisions for the pregnancy termination.]"
The jury absolved Dr. Jones of all liability and further found for defendants as to that count alleging they caused the wrongful death of Allegra Roseberry. Nevertheless, the jury found that Dr. Brooks, Dr. Ahn, and The Emory Clinic negligently caused Allegra Roseberry pain and suffering, awarding her estate $250,000. The jury further found Dr. Brooks, Dr. Ahn, and The Emory Clinic jointly and severally liable for the wrongful death of the unborn female, Amy Roseberry, awarding her estate $1,500,000. Defendants' motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, for new trial, or for "remittitur of damages" was denied. In Case No. A95A0353, defendants appeal from the joint and several judgment entered by the trial court on the jury's verdicts. In Case No. A95A0177, plaintiff appeals from the judgment of the trial court directing a verdict in favor of defendants as to plaintiff's claim for punitive damages. Held:
*266 Case No. A95A0353
1. In their second enumeration, Dr. Brooks, Dr. Ahn, and The Emory Clinic contend the trial court erred in denying their motion for directed verdict, arguing there is insufficient evidence to create a jury issue as to plaintiff's claim for the wrongful death of the unborn female, Amy Roseberry. A motion for judgment n.o.v. is appropriate only where there is no conflict in the evidence as to any material issue and the evidence introduced, with all reasonable deductions therefrom, shall demand a particular verdict. OCGA § 9-11-50(a). In considering the motion, the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party who secured the jury verdict. Goggin v. Goldman, 209 Ga.App. 251, 252, 433 S.E.2d 85.
"Negligence alone is insufficient to sustain recovery for wrongful death in a medical malpractice action. It must be proven that the death of a patient proximately resulted from such want of care or skill. A bare possibility of such result is not sufficient. Further, there can be no recovery in a wrongful death action based on medical negligence where there is no showing to any reasonable degree of medical certainty that the patient's death could have been avoided." (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Dowling v. Lopez, 211 Ga.App. 578, 579(2), 580, 440 S.E.2d 205. "`If an injury would have occurred notwithstanding the alleged acts of negligence of the defendant, there could be no recovery in an action for negligence.' (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Jones v. Central of Ga. R. Co., 192 Ga.App. 806, 807 (386 S.E.2d 386) (1989)." Butler v. South Fulton Med. Center, 215 Ga.App. 809, 813(3), 814, 452 S.E.2d 768.
In the case sub judice, plaintiff's evidence authorized the jury to conclude that Dr. Brooks and Dr. Ahn deviated from the standard of care in recommending and performing an abortion based in part on the erroneous diagnosis that this fetus had already been exposed to fatal dosages of radiation, and that they further deviated from the applicable standard of care in allowing Allegra Roseberry to consent to this abortion, induced in part by this diagnostic misapprehension. Plaintiff also adduced opinion evidence that it was technologically feasible to keep the fetus alive should Allegra Roseberry die from her liver cancer before the child became viable. However, other undisputed and uncontradicted evidence from each party's medical experts indicated that Allegra Roseberry would not be eligible for the experimental chemotherapy regimen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute while she was pregnant.
Plaintiff's Exhibit 20(a), which contains the protocol entry criteria for the experimental treatment, is silent on the issue of pregnancy. Nevertheless, Dr. Plotkin affirmed his "understanding as an oncologist that had [Allegra Roseberry] wanted to go [to] Roswell Park for [any] experimental protocol of chemotherapy and/or radiation, that the pregnancy would [probably] have disqualified her from that program[.]" Dr. Bowes affirmed that, in the medical community, it is "just common knowledge that almost all, if not all, experimental chemotherapy [regimens] and programs exclude pregnant women...." Dr. Thiele conceded that "[m]ost protocols involving new drugs, radiation, it would exclude pregnant women." This is consistent with the opinions of defense medical experts. Dr. Johnson thought it "highly unlikely they would accept her in the experimental program if she was pregnant." Dr. Schiff testified "no radiation therapist would have ever given radiation to a pregnant woman, even if the baby was doomed."
There is also uncontradicted evidence that Allegra Roseberry knew she had an alternative reason for electing an abortion, and that reason was wholly unrelated to any acts of medical negligence as demonstrated by plaintiff's evidence. While giving her history to Dr. Young, Allegra Roseberry told him that "she had already decided to have a prostaglandin induction [abortion], not because of radiographic studies but because she said she wanted to go get the chemotherapy and try to improve her chances for survival." Dr. Thiele acknowledged "there may have been multiple reasons for ... performing the abortion. Certainly one was that the patient, one of the patient's major objectives was to go to have experimental chemotherapy[, ...] to qualify for that...." Dr. Young "felt that *267 the patient had a full understanding of everything and evidently had been counseled regarding the different options to her, because she stated in the history she had essentially two options, one to continue with pregnancy or, two, get experimental chemotherapy and go through the abortion. And she chose the latter because that was her only chance of survival."
"Certain results, by their very nature, are obviously incapable of any reasonable or practical division. Death is such a result[.]" Prosser & Keeton, Law of Torts, § 52, p. 347 (5th ed. 1984). See also Parks v. Palmer, 151 Ga.App. 468, 470(2), 260 S.E.2d 493. 2. In their fourth enumeration, defendants contend the trial court erred in denying their motion for judgment n.o.v. as to Allegra Roseberry's claim for pain and suffering.
Viewing the evidence in this case in the light most favorable to the party who obtained the verdict, the jury was authorized to conclude that the negligent failure to diagnose Allegra Roseberry's pregnancy sooner caused her pain and suffering through malnutrition. She competed (unknowingly) with the fetus for nutrients. According to Dr. Plotkin, the fetus usually wins the battle for nutrients that the mother is taking in. "If there's a shortage, the nutrients are diverted to the fetus[ ... at] the expense of the mother." Consequently, Allegra Roseberry's strength and resistance to infection were degraded. This is sufficient evidence to support the award for pain and suffering against Dr. Brooks and The Emory Clinic. The trial court did not err in denying the motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict as to Dr. Brooks. This same evidence, however, fails to show any "injury resulting from a want of [medical] care and skill ..." on the part of Dr. Ahn as required by OCGA § 51-1-27. Also, plaintiff adduced no evidence that the physical pain Allegra Roseberry endured during the prostaglandin induced delivery she chose in an effort to increase her chances of surviving terminal liver cancer resulted from medical negligence committed during the abortion procedure itself. "`"Negligence alone is insufficient to sustain recovery. It must be proven that the injury complained of proximately resulted from such want of care or skill. A bare possibility *268 of such result is not sufficient." [Cit.]' [Cit.]" Goggin v. Goldman, 209 Ga.App. 251, 252, 433 S.E.2d 85, supra. "Where there is testimony showing a [mere] difference in views or individual practices among doctors, and where it is also shown that each view or practice is acceptable and customary, such evidence is insufficient to support a malpractice action. See Hyles v. Cockrill, 169 Ga. App. 132, 139(12) (312 SE2d 124) (1983)." Williams v. Smith, 179 Ga.App. 712, 716(3), 717, 348 S.E.2d 50. Consequently, the trial court erred in failing to grant judgment n.o.v. in favor of Dr. Ahn as to this claim.
3. In light of our holdings in Divisions 1 and 2, in Case No. A95A0353, the judgment as to Dr. Ahn is reversed in its entirety. As to Dr. Brooks and The Emory Clinic, the judgment is affirmed in part as to Allegra Roseberry's claim for pain and suffering, and reversed in part as to the wrongful death claim.
Case No. A95A0177
4. Plaintiff enumerates the direction of the verdict with respect to his claim for punitive damages, arguing that Dr. Brooks' hasty recommendation of an abortion was evidence of an attempt to mask his flawed diagnosis that the fetus was doomed.
Punitive "damages are not available in a wrongful death action. Roescher v. Lehigh Acres Dev., Inc., 125 Ga.App. 420 (188 SE2d 154)." Truelove v. Wilson, 159 Ga.App. 906, 907(2), 285 S.E.2d 556. In Georgia, the measure of recovery for the wrongful death of a child is the "full value of the life of the child[.]" OCGA § 19-7-1(c). See also OCGA § 51-4-4. This amount "does not include recovery for mental anguish or emotional distress." OB-GYN Assoc. of Albany v. Littleton, 259 Ga. 663, 664(1), 386 S.E.2d 146. Such recovery is nevertheless penal because it is not necessarily related to the "real value to the person in whom the cause of action is vested. [Cits.] ... To hold that the jury can award additional exemplary damages under [former Civil Code (1910) § 4503, now OCGA § 51-12-5.1] would have the effect of imposing ... a double penalty." Engle v. Finch, 165 Ga. 131, 134, 139 S.E. 868. Accordingly, in the case sub judice, any
claim plaintiff might have for punitive damages exists solely with respect to the cause of action alleging defendants negligently caused Allegra Roseberry unnecessary pain and suffering. This issue is now moot with respect to Dr. Ahn. As to Dr. Brooks (and The Emory Clinic), the only circumstances advanced in support of this enumeration which do not relate to the wrongful death claim show that expert opinion evidence questioned Dr. Brooks' decision not to transfuse Allegra Roseberry before the abortion in order to build up her strength. In Dr. Bowes' estimation, the abortion "would have been best performed when the patient's condition [has been] stabilized [by] transfusions, which they [ultimately] had to do. [A prior] blood transfusion might have improved her capacity to tolerate this procedure."
"Under OCGA § 51-12-5.1(b), which is applicable in the instant case, it remains the rule that something more than the mere commission of a tort is always required for punitive damages. There must be circumstances of aggravation or outrage. There is general agreement that, because it lacks this element, mere negligence is not enough." (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Ivey v. Golden Key Realty, 200 Ga.App. 545(1), 408 S.E.2d 811. "`"If a tort is committed through mistake, ignorance, or mere negligence, the damages are limited to the actual injury received," for vindictive or punitive damages are recoverable only when a defendant acts "maliciously, wilfully, or with ... Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part in Case No. A95A0353. Judgment affirmed in Case No. A95A0177.
ANDREWS and BLACKBURN, JJ., concur.
ON MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION.
Case Number A95A0353
Plaintiff Gary Roseberry contends that this Court has overlooked "the overwhelming evidence that the Roseberrys chose to abort the pregnancy because they were told the baby was doomed, that it had no chance of survival, and that the pregnancy was weakening Allegra [Roseberry]." (Emphasis in original.) He argues that this evidence "contradicts" Allegra Roseberry's statement to Dr. Young that showed she knew she had a choice and that she chose to survive.
Plaintiff's position mischaracterizes this Court's analysis and is erroneously premised on the misapprehension that Allegra Roseberry could have but a single reason for undergoing the abortion. On the contrary, this Court's analysis presupposes that plaintiff's evidence established that Dr. Brooks' incorrect diagnosis of nonviability induced, in part, the decision to terminate the pregnancy. Nevertheless, all the evidence of Allegra Roseberry's initial motive does not contradict her last statement of intent, as related by Dr. Young, which included chemotherapy as an additional reason for terminating the life of her unborn child. Testimony is contradictory if one part asserts or expresses the opposite of another part of the testimony. See Prophecy Corporation v. Charles Rossignol, Inc., 256 Ga. 27, 30(2), 343 S.E.2d 680. This additional motive of seeking experimental chemotherapy does not express the opposite of choosing to terminate the pregnancy due to fetal nonviability. Rather, it expresses a parallel reason, existing simultaneously and independently of the negligently induced motive.
During the presentation of plaintiff Gary Roseberry's case-in-chief, portions of the October 4, 1991 deposition of Johnny Shan Young, M.D., were read into the record. Dr. Young expressly affirmed that he had "some independent recollections ..." of Allegra Roseberry as a patient. When Dr. Young took Allegra Roseberry's history, "[h]er husband was present." "She was a very thin, ill-appearing, cachectic woman who was [jaundiced], probably as much jaundice as any patient I had seen. She did not look very healthy, but she seemed to be in good spirits despite her illness." She was "[v]ery coherent." "The patient stated that she wanted the prostaglandin induction so she might be able to go and get some experimental chemotherapy." Dr. Young "felt that the patient had a full understanding of everything and that she evidently had been counseled regarding the different options to her because she stated in myin the history that essentially she had two options; one was continue with the pregnancy or, two, to get the experimental chemotherapy and go through an abortion. And she chose the latter because that was her only chance of survival."
Plaintiff Gary Roseberry contends that Dr. Young's testimony is suspect because it was given three years after the fact and introduced (by plaintiff) only through deposition. Only plaintiff Gary Roseberry, his deceased wife Allegra Roseberry, and Dr. Young had personal knowledge of what Allegra Roseberry said to Dr. Young as he took her history. However, when plaintiff Gary Roseberry was recalled to the stand, he never testified that, contrary to Dr. Young's testimony, Allegra Roseberry never said she wanted to undergo a clinical abortion (in part) so that she might take part in experimental chemotherapy. Plaintiff Gary Roseberry was quite certain that Dr. Brooks was untruthful about certain matters but he was silent on the substance of Dr. Young's testimony. Thus, the record shows that the only person who could, from personal knowledge, refute Dr. Young's testimony, failed to do so.
Next, plaintiff Gary Roseberry contends that Allegra Roseberry's statement to Dr. Young was impeached by Dr. Young's own records. However, plaintiff's counsel elicited *270 that medical records list Allegra Roseberry as having been admitted to the transferring hospital "to have percutaneous drainage in consideration for chemotherapy." Further review of the transcript shows that Dr. Young's own notes of Allegra Roseberry's history recite: "The patient is currently undergoing percutaneous drainage of her biliary tract prior to receiving experimental chemotherapy." When directly questioned by plaintiff's counsel whether he had any specific recollection that Allegra Roseberry wanted experimental chemotherapy after she learned she was pregnant, Dr. Young testified: "What she said when I saw her this day, August the 8th, was that she wanted chemotherapy. And that was after she learned she was pregnant." Thus, the medical records tend to confirm rather than impeach Dr. Young's testimony that Allegra Roseberry wanted to undergo the clinical abortion (in part) in order to preserve her chances of being admitted into the experimental protocol, with the hope that, thereby, her life might be saved.
Finally, plaintiff Gary Roseberry contends there is no evidence that Allegra Roseberry knew or believed that she must undergo an abortion in order to qualify for the experimental chemotherapy. However, the proof of this comes from the plaintiff, himself. When Dr. Brooks first informed the Roseberrys that Allegra Roseberry was pregnant, and that the fetus should be aborted, Allegra Roseberry, according to plaintiff Gary Roseberry's testimony on direct examination, "almost was happy about this pregnancy, even knowing what it meant, even knowing that she had to go through an abortion to get to Buffalo." This is unchallenged evidence that both Allegra Roseberry and plaintiff Gary Roseberry believed all along that the abortion was a necessary predicate to Allegra Roseberry's entry into the experimental chemotherapy regimen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, New York.
The motion for reconsideration in Case Number A95A0353 is denied.
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https://github.com/enterstudio/ionic-site/blob/master/content/docs/v2/demos/src/chip/app.module.d.ts
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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ionic-site
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enterstudio
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export declare class ApiDemoPage {
delete(chip: Element): void;
}
export declare class ApiDemoApp {
root: typeof ApiDemoPage;
}
export declare class AppModule {
}
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao%20Zhilin
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
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Gao Zhilin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gao Zhilin&action=history
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Gao Zhilin (; born 8 January 1991) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Fujian Tianxin in the China League Two.
Club career
Gao Zhilin started his football career in 2008 when he was loaned to Hong Kong First Division League side Sheffield United (Hong Kong) from Chengdu Blades. He transferred to Guangzhou Evergrande in 2010 and was promoted to the first team in 2011. Gao made his debut for Guangzhou on 4 May 2011 in a 3–2 home win against Guizhou Zhicheng in the 2011 Chinese FA Cup and made his league debut on 12 June 2011 in a 1–0 away win against Tianjin Teda. Gao scored his first goal on his second league appearance for Guangzhou on 6 August 2011 in a 4–0 home win against Qingdao Jonoon and scored the last goal of the match. Gao scored three goals in thirteen appearances in the 2011 season as Guangzhou won the top-tier league title for the first time in the club's history.
Career statistics
Statistics accurate as of match played 13 October 2019.
Honours
Club
Guangzhou Evergrande
Chinese Super League: 2011, 2012
Chinese FA Super Cup: 2012
Meizhou Kejia
China League Two: 2015
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
People from Wuhua
Chinese men's footballers
Footballers from Meizhou
Guangzhou F.C. players
Meizhou Hakka F.C. players
Hong Kong First Division League players
Chinese Super League players
China League One players
Men's association football midfielders
Hakka sportspeople
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ebf33a2859c83ef756d1f723c90483c7
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JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20240005_01152.pdf
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journal-officiel.gouv.fr
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Swedish
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e
156 année. - N°5
Mardi 30 janvier 2024
JOURNAL OFFICIEL
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
D.I.L.A
serialNumber=S280932853,CN=DILA - SIGNATURE
DILA,OU=0002
13000918600011,organizationIdentifier=NTRFR-13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR
75015 Paris
2024-01-30 09:01:36
Associations et fondations d'entreprise
DIRECTION DE L'INFORMATION LÉGALE ET ADMINISTRATIVE
26, rue Desaix, 75727 PARIS CEDEX 15
www.dila.premier-ministre.gouv.fr
www.journal-officiel.gouv.fr
Annonce n° 1152
51 - Marne
ASSOCIATIONS
Créations
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Reims
DES CLICS INFORMATIQUES.
Objet : aider gratuitement les personnes dans l'utilisation de différents logiciels informatiques, la création et la gestion
d'espaces personnels et d'applications, les informer par rapports aux insécurités du web et les aider dans l'utilisation
des différents supports tels que les tablettes, les téléphones ou les ordinateurs
Siège social : 2, place de la Mairie, 51110 Bazancourt.
Date de la déclaration : 21 janvier 2024.
La Directrice de l’information légale et administrative : Anne DUCLOS-GRISIER
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USPTO
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Compositions and methods for inhibiting vibrio infection
ABSTRACT
Disclosed herein is a method for inhibiting or preventing Vibrio cholera toxin production in a subject, the method comprising enterally administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a fatty acid dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the fatty acid contains 10 to 30 carbon atoms, such as an unsaturated fatty acid such as a cis-2-unsaturated fatty acid, such as a fatty acid having the formula:wherein n is an integer of 6-26, and the fatty acid optionally includes a second carbon-carbon double bond resulting from removal of two hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbon atoms. Also disclosed herein is a method for treating or preventing a Vibrio infection comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment an effective amount of a genetically engineered bacterium, wherein the genetically engineered bacterium comprises an exogenous nucleic acid encoding an enzyme that produces a diffusible signal factor (DSF) by introducing a cis-2 double bond to a fatty acid.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/003,525, filed Apr. 1, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/013,603, filed Apr. 22, 2020, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
This invention was made with government support under Competitive Grant No. 2016-10255 awarded by the USDA Agriculture and Food Research Initiative and Grant No. 2014-67015-21697 awarded by NH/USDA NIFA Dual Purpose with Dual Benefit Program. The government has certain rights in the invention.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING
The Sequence Listing in an ASCII text file, named as 38348WO_9443_02_PC_SequenceListing.txt of 45 KB, created on Mar. 24, 2021, and submitted to the United States Patent and Trademark Office via EFS-Web, is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND
Vibrio infection remains a leading cause of death both domestically and globally. Vibrio also presents a significant health and economic problem to humans.
A non-antibiotic method for inhibiting Vibrio infection by corresponding inhibition of cholera toxin production would represent a significance advance in the effort to combat Vibrio infection.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to compositions containing one or more long chain fatty acids dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or a feed formulation for humans or animals. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is typically a liquid, such as, for example, an alcohol, glycol, oil, paraffin, or polar aprotic solvent, such as dimethyl sulfoxide. As further discussed below, the pharmaceutical compositions have herein been found to inhibit Vibrio infection by corresponding inhibition of cholera toxin production by Vibrio.
The long chain fatty acid typically contains 10-30 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the fatty acid is saturated, while in other embodiments the fatty acid is unsaturated. In some embodiments, the unsaturated fatty acid is more specifically a cis-unsaturated fatty acid, or more specifically, a cis-2-unsaturated fatty acid, such as depicted by the following formula:
wherein n is an integer of 6-26, and the fatty acid optionally includes a second carbon-carbon double bond resulting from removal of two hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbon atoms. In specific embodiments, n may be 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, or 26, or within a range therein (e.g., 8-26, 8-20, 6-16, 7-16, or 8-16). A few particular unsaturated fatty acids having a cis-oriented double bond at the 2-position include (Z)-dec-2-enoic acid, (Z)-dodec-2-enoic acid, (Z)-hexadec-2-enoic acid, and (Z)-icos-2-enoic acid (common names cis-2-decenoic acid, cis-2-dodecenoic acid, cis-2-hexadecenoic acid, and cis-2-eicosenoic acid, respectively).
In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to methods for treating (e.g., inhibiting or preventing) Vibrio infection by inhibiting or preventing Vibrio toxin production in the subject. Infection can be caused by pathogenic Vibrio species such as, e.g., Vibrio cholera, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio alginolyticus. In the method, a pharmaceutically effective amount of the long chain fatty acid, typically in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation, as described above, is enterally administered to the subject. As used herein, the term “effective amount” means the total amount of each active component of a pharmaceutical composition or method that is sufficient to show a meaningful patient benefit, i.e., treatment, healing, prevention of the relevant medical condition, amelioration of the symptoms, or an increase in rate of treatment, healing, prevention or amelioration of such conditions, or inhibition of the progression of the condition. In some embodiments, the subject has already contracted Vibrio when the subject is administered the long chain fatty acid, in which case the method of treating functions to inhibit or prevent Vibrio cholera toxin production in the subject, thereby inhibiting or preventing infection of the subject by Vibrio. In other embodiments, the subject has not contracted Vibrio when the subject is administered the long chain fatty acid, in which case the method of treating functions as a preventative measure to inhibit or prevent Vibrio cholera toxin production in the subject, thereby preventing or inhibiting Vibrio infection, should the subject contract Vibrio.
In some embodiments, the one or more fatty acids are dissolved in an organic solvent suitable for oral administration to humans or animals (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol) and are provided ad lib in drinking water or other consumable liquid at sufficient concentrations (e.g., at least 500 nM or 1 μM to 2 mM) to inhibit or prevent Vibrio cholera toxin production. In other embodiments, the subject is administered the fatty acid by drinking a solution or suspension of the fatty acid or by swallowing the fatty acid, typically within a vehicle, such as within a capsule or microcapsule. The fatty acid is typically administered in a dosage of 50 mg to 2000 mg daily for at least one, two, three, or more days.
The present invention operates on the premise that Vibrio can be controlled not by trying to kill it, but instead by reducing its virulence. The specific virulence trait being targeted herein is essential to the success of this approach: cholera toxin produced by Vibrio stimulates intracellular accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), creating an environment that promotes the growth of Vibrio within the gut. The implications of this lifecycle are paramount to the development of this novel means to prevent Vibrio infections. Resistance to any anti-Vibrio drug may occur, as it has for antimicrobials, through bacterial mutations. Targeting toxin production as a means to control Vibrio species such as Vibrio cholerae, however, prevents the propagation of this resistance by eliminating selection pressure. The present invention exploits this step in Vibrio pathogenesis by using long chain fatty acids (e.g., cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids) that specifically inhibit cholera toxin production, thereby providing a durable class of preventatives and therapeutics.
The present invention advantageously provides a non-antibiotic yet effective method for preventing Vibrio infection of the intestines in a subject. The subject may be human, or an animal, such as livestock or poultry. A particular advantage of the inventive method is the avoidance of resistance, as commonly encountered with antibiotics. The method involves enteral administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of a long chain fatty acid, such as a cis-unsaturated fatty acid, or more particularly, a cis-2-unsaturated long chain fatty acid. The long chain fatty acid achieves this effect by inhibiting expression of at least one Vibrio cholera production gene.
Another aspect of the disclosure is directed to a method for treating or preventing a Vibrio infection, e.g., infection by a species such as Vibrio cholera, Vibrio vulrificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, or Vibrio alginolyticus, comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment an effective amount of a genetically engineered bacterium, wherein the genetically engineered bacterium comprises an exogenous nucleic acid encoding an enzyme that produces a diffusible signal factor (DSF) by introducing a cis-2 double bond to a fatty acid.
In some embodiments, the enzyme is selected from the group consisting of an enzyme encoded by the AAO28287 (rpfF) locus of Xylella fastidiosa, and an enzyme encoded by the CAR54439 locus from Burkholderia cenocepacia, an enzyme encoded by the TWR33075 locus of Cronobacter turicensis, an enzyme encoded by the WP_129362672 locus of Enterobacter cloacae, an enzyme encoded by the NP_249436 locus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an enzyme encoded by the WP_005416390 locus of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, an enzyme encoded by the AAM41146 locus of Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris, an enzyme encoded by the WP_054444565 locus of Achromobacter xylosoxidans, an enzyme encoded by the WP_085344885 locus of Cronobacter sakazakii, an enzyme encoded by the WP_124890011 locus of Pantoea agglomerans, an enzyme encoded by the WP_148874552 locus of Serratia marcescens, and an enzyme encoded by the AKF40192 locus of Yersinia enterocolitica.
In some embodiments, the enzyme is an enzyme encoded by the AAO28287 (rppF) locus of Xylella fastidiosa.
In some embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid comprises a sequence that is at least 80% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, and 17.
In some embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid encodes an amino acid sequence that is at least 80% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 18-24.
In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium is a probiotic bacterium.
In some embodiments, the probiotic bacterium is selected from the group consisting of genera Escherichia, Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus. In some embodiments, the probiotic bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917, Escherichia coli strain MG1655, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Streptococcus thermophilus; and Propionibacterium freudenreichii.
In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium is from the genus Salmonella. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid encoding the selected enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in the genetically engineered bacterium.
In some embodiments, the enzyme is expressed in the bacteria.
In some embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid comprises a promoter selected from an endogenous promoter, a constitutive promoter and an inducible promoter.
In some embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid is stably integrated in the bacterial genome. In some embodiments, a single copy of the exogenous nucleic acid is integrated in the bacterial genome.
In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacterium or a spore of the genetically engineered bacterium is within a capsule when administered.
In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is a non-human animal. In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a domesticated animal.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A-1G. Cis-2-hexadecenoic (the selected DSF) acid potently represses virulence expression. FIG. 1A: Luminescence vs. time data showing that cis-2-hexadecenoic acid inhibits Salmonella hilA expression while its trans-isomer is less potent. A strain carrying a hiLA::luxCDABE reporter plasmid was grown in the presence of 20 μM fatty acids. FIG. 1B: Luminescence vs. time data showing that cis-2-hexadecenoic acid potently represses hilA expression at low concentrations. FIG. 1C: Graph showing that the DSF represses Vibrio ctxAB genes encoding the cholera toxin when supplied at 20 μM.
FIG. 1D: Luminescence vs. time data showing that the DSF potently represses the Salmonella type III secretion complex effector protein gene sopB. A strain carrying a sopB::luxCDABE reporter plasmid was grown in the presence of 20 μM cis-2-hexadecenoic acid. FIG. 1E: Graph showing that the DSF reduces HEp-2 cell invasion by Salmonella. The number of bacteria that invaded HEp-2 cells in the presence of the DSF was determined using a gentamicin protection assay. FIG. 1F: Luminescence vs. time data showing that cis-2-hexadecenoic acid contains an effective chain length for repressing hilA. FIG. 1G: Structures of cis-2-hexadecenoic acid and the controls, cis-2-eicosenoic acid and oleic acid. Expression of lux reporter fusions is presented as luminescence normalized to bacterial culture density. Error bars represent standard deviations of 5 replicates for A, B, D and F, 3 for C, and 4 for E. The control culture contained the vehicle only at identical concentration as the chemical-containing cultures. Asterisks denote expression levels significantly different from the control (****-P<0.0001, ***-P<0.001).
FIGS. 2A-2B. Luminescence vs. time data showing that methylation of the carboxyl end reduces the potency of cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids. A strain carrying a hilA::lux reporter plasmid was grown in the presence of: 20 μM cis-2-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (data shown in FIG. 2A) and 40 μM cis-2-eicosenoic acid methyl ester (data shown in FIG. 2B). Expression of hilA is reported as mean luminescence normalized to bacterial culture density. Error bars represent standard deviations of 5 replicates. The control culture contained the vehicle only at identical concentration to the treated culture.
FIGS. 3A-3B. Data showing that repressive effects of cis-2-hexadecenoic acid (the selected DSF) are dependent on the fatty acid transporter but independent of β-oxidation. FIG. 3A: The DSF represses hilA less potently in the absence of the long chain fatty acid transporter fadL. A ΔfadL mutant carrying a hiLA::luxCDABE reporter plasmid was grown in the presence of 1 μM DSF. FIG. 3B: A ΔfadE mutant carrying a hilA::lux reporter fusion was grown in the presence of 20 μM cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids. Expression of hilA is presented as peak luminescence normalized to bacterial culture density. Error bars represent standard deviations of 5 replicates. The control culture contained the vehicle only at identical concentration as the chemical-containing cultures. Asterisks denote expression levels significantly different from the control (****-P<0.0001).
FIGS. 4A-4C. Data showing that the cis-2-hexadecenoic acid DSF primarily targets the central SPI1 regulator HilD post-transcriptionally. FIG. 4A: Luminescence vs. time data showing that loss of hilD reduces the repressive effects of cis-2-hexadecenoic acid on sopB. A ΔhilD mutant strain carrying a sopB::lux reporter fusion, and with rtsA under a tetracycline-inducible promoter was grown in the presence of 20 μM cis-2-hexadecenoic acid. FIG. 4B: Luminescence vs. time data showing that the DSF's repressive effects on sopB are independent of the HilD negative regulators HilE and Lon. Strains lacking hilE and ion, and carrying a sopB::lux reporter fusion were grown in the presence of 20 μM cis-2-hexadecenoic acid. FIG. 4C: data showing that cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids repress hilD post-transcriptionally. A strain lacking rtsA and hi/C, and with hilD under a tetracycline-inducible promoter was grown in the presence of 20 μM cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids. A tetracycline concentration inducing hilD to a level equivalent to the wild type was used. Expression of lux reporter fusions is reported as mean luminescence normalized to bacterial culture density. Error bars represent standard deviations of 5 replicates. The control culture contained the vehicle only (DMSO for cis-2-hexadecenoic acid and cis-2-eicosenoic acid, and ethanol for oleic acid) at identical concentration to the treated culture. Asterisks denote expression levels significantly different from the control (****-P<0.0001, **-P<0.01).
FIGS. 5A-5B. Data showing cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids inactivate HilD with consequent degradation by Lon. FIG. 5A: Western blot data showing that cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids reduce HilD half-life in the presence of Lon. Strains carrying a hilD-3×FLAG construct under the control of a tetracycline-inducible promoter, with Lon present or absent, were grown in the presence of 20 μM cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids. HilD half-life was determined by western blotting for 3×FLAG. FIG. 5B: Luminescence vs. time data showing that cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids repress hilA expression in the absence of Lon. A strain carrying a hilA::lux reporter fusion with a Δlon mutation was grown in the presence of 20 μM of the fatty acids. Expression of hilA is presented as luminescence normalized to bacterial culture density. The control culture contained the vehicle only (DMSO for cis-2-hexadecenoic acid and cis-2-eicosenoic acid, and ethanol for oleic acid) at identical concentration to the treated culture.
FIGS. 6A-6B. Data showing that cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids may additionally repress other SPI1 transcriptional regulators of the AraC family. Strains carrying a hilA::lux reporter fusion, with either rtsA or hi/C under the control of a tetracycline-inducible promoter, and with null mutations of hilD and the remaining regulator (rtsA or hi/C), were used. FIG. 6A: Data showing that cis-2-fatty acids repress hilA in the presence of rtsA only. FIG. 6B: Data showing that cis-unsaturated fatty acids repress hilA in the presence of hi/C only. Expression of the lux reporter fusion is presented as peak luminescence normalized to bacterial culture density. The control culture contained the vehicle only (DMSO for cis-2-hexadecenoic acid and cis-2-eicosenoic acid, and ethanol for oleic acid) at identical concentration to the treated culture. Asterisks denote expression levels significantly different from the control (***-P<0.001, **-P<0.01).
FIG. 7 . Data showing that cis-2-hexadecenoic acid inhibits HilD, HilC and RtsA from binding their DNA target. In the presence of 20 μM fatty acid, HilD was completely inhibited from binding hilA promoter DNA, while concentrations of 1, 2, 5 and 10 μM did so partially. For HilC and RtsA, 100 μM cis-2-hexadecenoic acid prevented binding to the hilA promoter, while concentrations of 10, 25, 50 and 75 μM did so partially. All wells contained 10 nM of hilA promoter DNA. The indicated lanes contained 150 μM of protein.
FIG. 8 . Data showing that cis-2-hexadecenoic acid reduces the percentage of Salmonella expressing SPI in the gut. Three groups of mice (n=5/group) were inoculated with Salmonella strains carrying phoN::BFP (for identifying Salmonella) and sicA→GFP (for monitoring SPI expression), with either a hilD UTR A25G mutation or a hilD null mutation as shown in the graph. Percentage SPI1 expression was calculated as the portion of BFP-expressing bacteria that also expressed GFP. Data are presented as percentages with means shown by the horizontal lines and the error bars denoting standard deviations. Asterisks denote expression levels significantly different from the control (**-P<0.01).
FIG. 9 . Gas chromatography results. The expression of rpfF produced a peak of the appropriate retention time to be 2-cis-hexadecenoic acid. This peak was absent in the control sample (E. coli with the pUC57 plasmid). It was also absent in the strain expressing BCAM0581.
FIGS. 10A-10E. (A) c2-HDA represses expression of the cholera toxin synthesis gene (ctxAB) more potently compared to other long chain fatty acids and virstatin. All fatty acids and virstatin were supplied at a concentration of 20 μM. (B) c2-HDA represses ctxAB at low micromolar concentration. A strain carrying a ctxAB::luxCDABE was grown in the presence of different concentrations of c2-HDA. (C) c2-HDA represses expression of the toxin co-regulated pili gene (tcpA). A strain carrying the tcpA::luxCDABE reporter plasmid was grown in the presence of 20 μM c2-HDA. (D) c2-HDA contains the optimum chain length for repression of the type III secretion genes. A strain carrying the tcp::luxCDABE reporter plasmid was grown in the presence of 20 μM cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids of varying chain lengths. (E) The cis-2 bond is important for the potency of c2-HDA. A strain carrying a ctxAB::luxCDABE reporter plasmid was grown in the presence of 20 μM cis-2- and trans-2-hexadecenoic acid. Controls were grown in the presence of the vehicle only at a concentration identical to that of c2-HDA containing cultures. Cholera toxin secretion was analyzed by Western blotting Expression of reporter fusions is presented as luminescence normalized to culture density. Error bars represent standard deviations of 5 replicates. Asterisks denote significant differences from the control (****-P<0.0001, ***-P<0.001).
FIG. 11 . Data showing that c2-HDA reduces cholera toxin secretion. V. cholerae Haiti and N16961 strain were grown under toxin producing conditions in the presence of 5 and 78 μM c2-HDA. Controls were grown in the presence of the vehicle only at a concentration identical to that of c2-HDA containing cultures. Cholera toxin secretion was analyzed by Western blotting using an anti-cholera toxin antibody.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION Pharmaceutical Compositions Comprising a Fatty Acid
In one aspect, the invention is directed to compositions that contain a long chain fatty acid (also referred to herein as a “fatty acid”) dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (also referred to herein as a vehicle or excipient) or a feed (enteric) formulation for humans or animals, wherein the fatty acid contains 10-30 carbon atoms. In different embodiments, the fatty acid contains 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 30 carbon atoms, or a number of carbon atoms within a range bounded by any two of the foregoing values. The fatty acid may be saturated or unsaturated. In the case of unsaturated fatty acids, the fatty acid typically contains one, two, three, or four carbon-carbon double bonds. The fatty acid may instead or in addition contain one or two carbon-carbon triple bonds. The fatty acid may also be linear or branched. As used herein, the term “fatty acid” is intended to include salts of fatty acids, such as sodium, potassium, or magnesium salts, unless otherwise specified as the protonated form. The carbon of the carboxylic acid group is typically bound to a methylene (CH₂) group or unsaturated CH group. Notably, the term “fatty acid,” as used herein, refers to “free” fatty acids, i.e., not fatty acid esters as found in triglycerides, diglycerides, or monoglycerides, also commonly known as fats or oils. Thus, a plant-based or animal-based oil that contains a glyceride form of a fatty acid does not itself constitute a fatty acid. Nevertheless, as further discussed below, the plant-based or animal-based oil may be used as a solvent in which one or more free fatty acids are incorporated. The pharmaceutical composition can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art for producing solid-in-liquid or liquid-in-liquid solutions or suspensions. In some embodiments, a surfactant is included to aid dissolution of the fatty acid in the solvent.
In one set of embodiments, the fatty acid is saturated and may be linear or branched. Linear saturated fatty acids may be conveniently expressed by the formula CH₃(CH₂)_(r)COOH, wherein r is a value of 8-28. In different embodiments, r may be, for example, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, or 28, or a value within a range bounded by any two of the foregoing values. Branched saturated fatty acids contain precisely or at least one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms in methylene groups in the foregoing formula substituted by an equivalent number of methyl groups, provided that the total number of carbon atoms within the branched fatty acid remains within the range of 10-30.
Some examples of linear saturated fatty acids include capric acid (r=8), undecanoic acid (r=9), lauric acid (r=10), myristic acid (r=12), palmitic acid (r=14), stearic acid (r=16), arachidic acid (r=18), behenic acid (r=20), tricosylic acid (r=21), lignoceric acid (r=22), cerotic acid (r=24), montanic acid (r=26), and melissic acid (r=28). Some examples of branched saturated fatty acids include 3-methyl-decanoic acid, 9-methyldecanoic acid, 9-methyl-dodecanoic acid, 10-methyl-undecanoic acid (isolauric acid), 12-methyl-tridecanoic acid (isomyristic acid), 12-methyl-tetradecanoic acid (sarcinic acid), 13-methyl-tetradecanoic acid, 14-methyl-pentadecanoic acid (isopalmitic acid), 16-methyl-heptadecanoic acid (isostearic acid), 18-methyl-nonadecanoic acid (isoarachidic acid), 2,6-dimethyl-nonadecanoic acid, 2,6-dimethylundecanoic acid, 2,6-dimethyldodecanoic acid, 4,12-dimethyltridecanoic acid, 2,6-dimethylhexadecanoic acid, and 3,13,19-trimethyl-tricosanoic acid.
In another set of embodiments, the fatty acid is unsaturated by containing one, two, three, or four carbon-carbon double bonds and/or one or two carbon-carbon triple bonds. The unsaturated fatty acid may be linear or branched. Moreover, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid may be cis (Z) or trans (E). Linear unsaturated fatty acids may be conveniently expressed by the above formula CH₃(CH₂)_(r)COOH, except provided that at least two hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbon atoms are replaced with a double bond between the adjacent carbon atoms, wherein r is a value of 8-28 or any of the exemplary specific values or ranges therein, as provided above. Branched unsaturated fatty acids contain precisely or at least one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms in methylene groups in the foregoing formula substituted by an equivalent number of methyl groups, provided that the total number of carbon atoms within the branched fatty acid remains within the range of 10-30.
Some examples of linear unsaturated fatty acids containing a single carbon-carbon double bond include cis-2-decenoic acid, trans-2-decenoic acid, cis-3-decenoic acid, trans-3-decenoic acid, 9-decenoic acid, cis-2-undecenoic acid, trans-2-undecenoic acid, cis-2-dodecenoic acid, trans-2-dodecenoic acid, cis-2-tetradecenoic acid, trans-2-tetradecenoic acid, cis-9-tetradecenoic acid (myristoleic acid), cis-2-hexadecenoic acid, trans-2-hexadecenoic acid, cis-9-hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid), cis-6-hexadecenoic acid (sapienic acid), cis-9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid), trans-11-octadecenoic acid (vaccenic acid), trans-9-octadecenoic acid (elaidic acid), trans-2-eicosenoic acid, cis-2-eicosenoic acid, and cis-13-docosenoic acid (erucic acid). Some examples of linear unsaturated fatty acids containing more than one carbon-carbon double bond include cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid), trans,trans-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (linolelaidic acid), trans,trans-9,11-conjugated linoleic acid, all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid (alpha-linolenic acid), all-cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid, and all-cis-5, 8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid. Some examples of unsaturated fatty acids containing one or two carbon-carbon triple bonds include 9-decynoic acid, 2-decynoic acid, 5-hexadecynoic acid, 7-hexadecynoic acid, 5,7-hexadecadiynoic acid, 9-octadecynoic acid, 17-octadecynoic acid, 2-eicosynoic acid, 11-eicosynoic acid, 13-eicosynoic acid, 10-pentacosynoic acid, 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid, 10-tricosynoic acid, and 10,12-tricosadiynoic acid. In some embodiments, the alkynyl bond is specifically located at the 2-position.
Some examples of branched unsaturated fatty acids containing a single carbon-carbon double bond include cis-9-methyl-2-decenoic acid, trans-9-methyl-2-decenoic acid, cis-9-methyl-7-decenoic acid, cis-4,8-dimethyl-4-decenoic acid, cis-4,8-dimethyl-10-hydroxy-4-decenoic acid, cis-5-methyl-2-undecenoic acid, trans-5-methyl-2-undecenoic acid, cis-li-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid, trans-li-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid, cis-10-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid, trans-10-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid, cis-5-methyl-2-tridecenoic acid, trans-5-methyl-2-tridecenoic acid, trans-2,5-dimethyl-2-tridecenoic acid, trans-7-methyl-6-hexadecenoic acid, trans-14-methyl-8-hexadecenoic acid, cis-17-methyl-6-octadecenoic acid, 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenoic acid, and cis-2,4,6-trimethyl-2-tetracosenoic acid. Some examples of branched unsaturated fatty acids containing more than one carbon-carbon double bond include cis,cis-4,8-dimethyl-4,7-decadienoic acid, cis-4,8-dimethyl-4,8-decadienoic acid, trans-5,9-dimethyl-4,8-decadienoic acid, cis,cis-11-methyl-2,5-dodecadienoic acid, all-trans-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoic acid, and cis,cis-17-methyl-9,12-octadecadienoic acid.
In some embodiments, the unsaturated fatty acid is a cis-2-unsaturated fatty acid. In some embodiments, the cis-2-unsaturated fatty acid has the following formula:
In Formula (1) above, n is an integer of 6-26, which corresponds to a number of carbon atoms of 10-30. In different embodiments, n may be, for example, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, or 26, or a value within a range bounded by any two of the foregoing values (e.g., 8-26, 8-24, 8-22, 8-20, 10-26, 10-24, 10-22, 10-20, 12-26, 12-24, 12-22, 12-20, 12-18, 14-20, or 14-18). Notably, the cis-2-unsaturated fatty acid shown in Formula (1) optionally includes a second carbon-carbon double bond resulting from removal of two hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the cis-2-unsaturated fatty acid shown in Formula (1) optionally includes a third or fourth carbon-carbon double bond (resulting from removal of two pairs or three pairs, respectively, of hydrogen atoms on equivalent pairs of adjacent carbon atoms). Branched unsaturated fatty acids according to Formula (1) contain precisely or at least one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms in methylene groups in Formula (1) substituted by an equivalent number of methyl groups, provided that the total number of carbon atoms within the branched fatty acid remains within the range of 10-30.
Several examples of cis-2-unsaturated fatty acids within the scope of Formula (1), including linear, branched, mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated, have been provided above. Some examples of these types of fatty acids include cis-2-decenoic acid (i.e., (Z)-dec-2-enoic acid), trans-2-decenoic acid, cis-9-methyl-2-decenoic acid, trans-9-methyl-2-decenoic acid, cis-2-undecenoic acid, trans-2-undecenoic acid, cis-5-methyl-2-undecenoic acid, trans-5-methyl-2-undecenoic acid, cis-2-dodecenoic acid (i.e., (Z)-dodec-2-enoic acid), trans-2-dodecenoic acid, cis-11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid, trans-11-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid, cis-10-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid, trans-10-methyl-2-dodecenoic acid, cis-5-methyl-2-tridecenoic acid, trans-5-methyl-2-tridecenoic acid, trans-2,5-dimethyl-2-tridecenoic acid, cis-2-tetradecenoic acid, trans-2-tetradecenoic acid, cis-2-hexadecenoic acid (i.e., (Z)-hexadec-2-enoic acid), cis-2-icosenoic acid (i.e., (Z)-icos-2-enoic acid), cis-2,4,6-trimethyl-2-tetracosenoic acid, cis,cis-2,5-dodecadienoic acid, trans,trans-2,5-dodecadienoic acid, and cis,cis-11-methyl-2,5-dodecadienoic acid.
In some embodiments, any of the types of fatty acids described above may be substituted with an additional carboxylic acid (or carboxylate) group, or with a hydroxy group, by replacing one of the shown hydrogen atoms in the above formula with a carboxylic acid or hydroxy group. In the case of an additional carboxylic acid group, the fatty acid is a di-acid, e.g., sebacic acid, undecanedioic acid, dodecanedioic acid, tridecanedioic acid, 2-decenedioic acid, and dodec-2-enedioic acid (traumatic acid). Some examples of fatty acids containing a hydroxy group include 2-hydroxydecanoic acid, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid, 2-hydroxydodecanoic acid, 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid, 2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (also known as queen bee acid), and 10-hydroxy-8-decynoic acid. The fatty acid may also include one or two oxo (keto) groups, as in 3-oxodecanoic acid or trans-9-oxo-2-decenoic acid. In some embodiments, an additional carboxylic acid group and/or hydroxy group, and/or any other additional substituent (e.g., oxo), is not present in the fatty acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acid contains solely a linear or branched saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon portion and a single carboxylic acid group.
The fatty acid can be obtained or produced by any suitable method. In one embodiment, the fatty acid is extracted from a microbe, such as some species of Proteobacteria, which use certain fatty acids, known as diffusible signaling factors (DSFs) for quorum sensing. In another embodiment, the fatty acid is obtained commercially. In other embodiments, the fatty acid is produced by synthetic means known in the art, e.g., M. B. Richardson et al., Beilstein J. Org. Chem., 9, 1807-1812, 2013 (doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.210); M. S. J.-W. Song et al., Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed., 52(9), 2013 (doi.org/10.1002/anie. 201209187), H. Sprecher, Prog. Chem. Fats other Lipids, 15, 219-254 (doi.org/10.1016/0079-6832(77)90009-X), and H. L. Ngo et al., JAOCS, 83(7), 629-634, July 2006 (doi.org/10.1007/s11746-006-1249-0), the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. In other embodiments, the fatty acid is produced by gene manipulation of plants or plant cells, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,051,754 and 6,075,183, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. In yet other embodiments, the fatty acid is produced in recombinant cells, such as yeast or plant cells, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,807,849, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
As mentioned above, in the composition, the fatty acid may be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which is typically a liquid or semi-solid (e.g., gel or wax) under typical conditions encountered when a subject is administered the composition. In the latter case, the composition may be referred to as a “pharmaceutical composition”. The fatty acid may alternatively be dissolved or suspended in a feed or enteric formulation for a human or animal subject. The feed or enteric formulation may be any food normally consumed by a human or animal subject, e.g., yogurt or nutritional shake for a human, and grain- or grass-based meal for poultry and cattle. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers herein to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for administration to a subject. Each carrier should be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and physiologically safe to the subject. Any of the carriers known in the art can be suitable herein depending on the mode of administration.
Some examples of pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carriers include alcohols (e.g., ethanol), glycols (e.g., propylene glycol and polyethylene glycols), polyols (e.g., glycerol), oils (e.g., mineral oil or a plant oil), paraffins, and aprotic polar solvents acceptable for introduction into a mammal (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) any of which may or may not include an aqueous component (e.g., at least, above, up to, or less than 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 vol % water). Some examples of pharmaceutically acceptable gels include long-chain polyalkylene glycols and copolymers thereof (e.g., poloxamers), cellulosic and alkyl cellulosic substances (as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,415), and carbomers. The pharmaceutically acceptable wax may be or contain, for example, carnauba wax, white wax, bees wax, glycerol monostearate, glycerol oleate, and/or paraffins, such as described in, for example, PCT International Publication WO2009/117130.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is or includes a capsule that houses the fatty acid. The term “capsule,” as used herein, refers to both macroscopic capsules (e.g., commercial gel capsules) designed for oral administration, as well as microscopic or molecular compartments, such as micelles and liposomes. Macroscopic gel capsules, which may be soft-shelled or hard-shelled, are commonly used in numerous over-the-counter medications, supplements, and neutraceuticals and are typically primarily composed of a gelling agent, such as gelatin or a polysaccharide (e.g., starch, cellulose, or carrageenan).
In some embodiments, the capsule housing the fatty acid is a liposome. As well known in the art, a liposome has a lipid bilayer structure formed by the ordered assembly of amphiphilic molecules. In an aqueous environment, the liposome possesses a hydrophobic layer having inner and outer surfaces that are hydrophilic. Thus, if the drug is suitably hydrophilic, the drug may be encapsulated in an interior portion of the liposome or may be attached to an outer surface thereof, whereas, if the drug is suitably hydrophobic, the drug may be intercalated within the hydrophobic layer of the liposome. The liposome can have any of the compositions well known in the art, such as a phosphatidylcholine phospholipid composition, phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipid composition, phosphatidylinositol phospholipid composition, or phosphatidylserine phospholipid composition. Liposomal forms of the pharmaceutical composition described herein can be produced by methods well known in the art.
In other embodiments, the capsule housing the fatty acid is a micelle. As well known in the art, a micelle is distinct from a liposome in that it is not a bilayer structure and possesses a hydrophobic interior formed by the ordered interaction of amphiphilic molecules. Thus, a drug of sufficient hydrophobicity may be intercalated or encapsulated within the micellular structure, while a drug of sufficient hydrophilicity may be attached to the outer surface of the micelle. The micelle can be constructed of any of the numerous biocompatible compositions known in the art, such as a PEG-PLA or PEG-PCL composition. The micelle may further be a pH-sensitive or mucous-adhesive micelle as well known in the art. An overview of micellular compositions and methods for producing them is provided in, for example, W. Xu et al., Journal of Drug Delivery, Article 340315, 2013 (doi.org/10.1155/2013/340315), the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
The fatty acid is typically present in the composition in a concentration of 100 nM to 20 mM. In different embodiments, the fatty acid is present in the composition in a concentration of 100 nm, 200 nM, 500 nM, 1000 nM (1 μM), 2 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM, 500 μM, 1000 μM (1 mM), 2 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM, or a concentration within a range bounded by any two of the foregoing values (e.g., 1 μM to 20 mM).
In some embodiments, the composition contains solely the fatty acid and one or more solvents, and optionally, a capsule housing, as described above. In other embodiments, the composition includes one or more additional components. The additional component may be, for example, a pH buffering agent, mono- or poly-saccharide (e.g., lactose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose, lactose, or dextran), preservative, electrolyte, surfactant (for aiding dissolution of the fatty acid), or antimicrobial. If desired, a sweetening, flavoring, or coloring agent may be included. Other suitable excipients can be found in standard pharmaceutical texts, e.g. in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences”, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th Ed. Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1995. The composition may or may not also include one or more auxiliary active substances conventionally used in the treatment of Vibrio infection. The one or more auxiliary active substances may be, for example, an antidiarrheal agent (e.g., loperamide) or antibiotic (e.g., amoxicillin, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefotaxime, or ceftriaxone).
In some embodiments, the composition contains a single fatty acid, such as any of the saturated, unsaturated, linear, or branched fatty acids described above. In other embodiments, the composition includes a combination (e.g., two, three, or more) fatty acids, such as two or more different saturated fatty acids, two or more different unsaturated fatty acids, a saturated fatty acid in combination with an unsaturated fatty acid, two or more linear fatty acids, two or more branched fatty acids, or a linear fatty acid in combination with a branched fatty acid.
Method for Treating Vibrio Infection by Administering Compositions Comprising a Fatty Acid
In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method for treating (e.g., inhibiting or preventing) Vibrio infection in a subject, wherein the subject may be human or animal. Infection that can be treated may be caused by a pathogenic Vibrio species such as Vibrio cholera, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, or Vibrio alginolyticus. The animal may be, for example, fowl (e.g., chicken, duck, or turkey), reptile (e.g., turtle, lizard, or snake), or mammal (e.g., cow, goats, sheep, or pig). The term “infection,” as used herein, is defined as the Vibrio cholera toxin production. The method involves enterally administering a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of one or more of the above described long chain fatty acids to inhibit or prevent Vibrio cholera toxin production in the subject. As further discussed below, the long chain fatty acid inhibits or prevents Vibrio cholera toxin production by repressing expression of at least one Vibrio toxin production gene, e.g., AraC-type transcriptional regulators in and outside of pathogenicity islands. The fatty acid is typically within a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or food (enteric) formulation when administered, although the present disclosure considers embodiments in which the fatty acid is administered by itself, i.e., not within a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, particularly in the case where the fatty acid is itself a liquid or semi-solid.
The fatty acid is administered to the subject by any of the enteral means known in the art. In a first embodiment, the enteral administration is oral administration, i.e., through the mouth and esophagus. In a second embodiment, the enteral administration is naso-gastric or naso-enteric administration, i.e., bypassing the mouth and delivering contents to the stomach or small intestine via the nasal passages. In a third embodiment, the enteral administration is achieved by an artificial opening leading to the stomach or one of the intestines, e.g., via a gastrostomy tube (G-tube) or jejunostomy tube (J-tube). In some embodiments, the fatty acid is incorporated into a nutritive or electrolyte formulation being administered to the subject.
In some embodiments, the subject has already contracted Vibrio when the subject is administered the long chain fatty acid, in which case the method of treating functions to inhibit or prevent Vibrio cholera toxin production in the subject, thereby inhibiting or preventing infection of the subject by Vibrio such as Vibrio cholerae. In other embodiments, the subject has not contracted Vibrio when the subject is administered the long chain fatty acid, in which case the method of treating functions as a preventative measure to inhibit or prevent Vibrio cholera toxin production in the subject, should the subject contract Vibrio cholerae. The phrase “inhibits Vibrio cholera toxin production,” as used herein, refers to a reduction in the extent of Vibrio cholera toxin production in a subject compared to either an existing level of Vibrio cholera toxin production of the subject when first administered the fatty acid or compared to a level of Vibrio cholera toxin production of a control subject not treated. The phrase “prevents Vibrio cholera toxin production,” as used herein, refers to a stoppage of Vibrio cholera toxin production in the case where Vibrio cholera toxin production has already started, or the phrase refers to prevention of Vibrio cholera toxin production in the case where Vibrio cholera toxin production has not yet started. The phrases “inhibits Vibrio cholera toxin production” and “prevents Vibrio cholera toxin production” are also meant to be synonymous with the respective phrases “inhibits Vibrio infection” and “prevents Vibrio infection” wherein the inhibition or prevention of infection can be assessed according to the extent of symptoms normally associated with Vibrio infection, e.g., nausea, vomiting, abdominal or intestinal cramping, diarrhea, fever, and/or fluid loss.
The pharmaceutically effective amount of the fatty acid is dependent on the severity and responsiveness of the Vibrio being treated or prevented, with the course of treatment or prevention lasting from several days to weeks or months, or until a cure is effected or an acceptable diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. The administering physician can determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies, and repetition rates. The dosing can also be modified based on the detected level of Vibrio infection, level of cholera toxin production, or level of susceptibility or fragility of the patient (e.g., based on age and overall health, particularly immune system health). The fatty acid is typically administered in a dosage of 50 mg to 2000 mg daily for at least one, two, or three days. In different embodiments, depending on the above and other factors, a suitable dosage of the active ingredient may be precisely, at least, or no more than, for example, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg, 900 mg, 1000 mg, 1200 mg, 1500 mg, 1800 mg, or 2000 mg, per 50 kg, 60 kg, or 70 kg adult, or a dosage within a range bounded by any of the foregoing exemplary dosages. Depending on these and other factors, the composition is administered in the indicated dosage by any suitable schedule, e.g., once, twice, or three times a day for a total treatment time of one, two, three, four, or five days, and up to, for example, one, two, three, or four weeks or months. The indicated dosage may alternatively be administered every two or three days, or per week. Alternatively, or in addition, the pharmaceutical composition is administered until a desired change is evidenced.
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Dictionnaire des origines, découvertes, inventions et établissemens; ou tableau historique de l'origine & des progrès de tout ce qui a rapport aux sciences & aux arts; aux modes & aux usages, anciens & modernes; aux différens etats, dignités, titres ou qualités ... Par une Société de gens de lettres. Tome premier troisie
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M. Bon , Premier Préfident de la Chambre des Comptes de Montpellier , & aflocié hono raire de la Société Royale des Sciences de la même ville, parvint en 1709k faire des mi taines & des bas de foie avec les cocons de foie , dans lefquelles les araignées des jardins enveloppent leurs œufs. On a de lui fur cette découverte une differtation , k laquelle M. de , 1 / Digitized by Google SOL SOM SON 4«7 Réaumur a répondu. Voye ^ les Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences , de l’année 1710. SOLITAIRE , nom d’un jeu inventé au com mencement de ce fiecle , auquel un homme peut jouer feul. C’eft une tablette percée de 37 trous , difpofés de maniéré que le premier rang en a trois , le fécond cinq , les trois fuivans chacun fept , le fixieme cinq, & le dernier trois. Tous ces trous ont chacun une cheville , k la réferve d’un qui refte vuide. Ce jeu confifte à prendre toutes ces chevilles les unes après les autres , en forte qu’il n’en refte aucune. Elles fe prennent, comme on prend les dames au jeu de dames , en fautant par deflus & fe mettant à la place vuide qui eft de l’autre côté :de celle qu’on prend & qu’on enleve. Ce jeu n’eft pas amufant , quand on en ignore la marche , bien moins encore , quand on la fait. SOMASQUE. ( Religieux ) Les Clercs régu liers de la Congrégation de St. Mayeul font communément appellés Somafqucs, parce qu’ils établirent leur Chef d’Ordre à Somafque , village fitué entre Milan & Bergame. L’Inftituteur des Somafqucs eft un P. Emilien , natif de Venife. Il commença fa Congrégation vers l’an 1518. Paul III confirma leur Inftitut en 1 Ç40 , & Pie IV en 1563. Pie V, par un Bref du 6 Dé cembre 1568, les mit au nombre des Ordres Religieux, fous la réglé de St. Auguftin. Les Somafques font floriiïans en Italie. SONATE, piece de mufique purement inftrumentale , compofée de quatre ou cinq morceaux de cara&eres différens. La fenate elt Hhiv 488 ^ SON à peu près , par rapport aux inftrumens , ce qu’eft la cantate, par rapport aux voix; elle nous eft venue des Italiens. Les premières que nous ayons eues en France font celles de Co relli il eft à cet égard le Lulli de l’Italie. SONNET, petit Poëme de quatorze vers, qui confident en deux quatrains & deux ter-, cets , dont les huit premiers vers doivent être fur deux rimes. Le Sonnet & fi la plus difficile piece de la poéfie. Il faut y être exaél jufqu’au fcrupule. Il doit finir par une penfée ingénieufe; & il faut que la chûte en foit belle & heureufe. Boileau dit que le Dieu des vers, Voulant pouffer à bout tous les Rimeurs François , Inventa du Sonnet les rigoureufes Ioix; . Voulut qu'en deux quatrains de mefure pareille , La rime avec deux fons frappât huit fois l’oreille j Et qu’erifuite fix vers artiflement rangés , Fuffent en deux tercets par le fens partagés. Sur-tout de ce Poëme il bannit la licence ; Lui-même en mefura le nombre & la cadence, Défendit qu’un vers foible y pût jamais entrer , Ni qu’un mot déjà mis osât s’y remontrer. Pafquier dit quece fut du Bellayqui fit revivre le premier l’ulage des Sonnets en France , où ils étoient oubliés depuis plufieurs fiecles. Ils étoient fort en vogue en Italie depuis Pétrarque, qui eft reconnu pour le pere des Sonnets. Du Bellay lui-même dit que ce fut Melin de Saint-Gelais qui convertit les Sonnets Italiens en François. Quelques-uns attribuent k Jodelle le premier Sonnet qui ait paru en notre langue. Quoi qu’il en foit , le Sonnet étoit connu même dès le terns Digitized by Google SON 489 de Saint Louis ; mais on ne lui donna la forme qu’il a aujourd’hui, que vers le régné de fran çois I. Ronfard , Malherbe , Maynard & Gom baud ont fait plufieurs Sonnets ; mais à peine en peut-on admirer deux ou trois entre mille. Nous ne citerons point pour exemple le Sonnet de Delbarreaux , que tout le monde fait par cœur, à caufe de fa beauté ; mais ceux à qui la langue Angloife eft familière ne feront pas fâchés d’en trouver ici la traduction : Great god , thy judgments are fupremely right > And in thy créatures biefs is thy deüght ; But j hâve finned beyond the reach of grâce, Nor can thy mercy yield thy juftice place. So bright , my god , my crymfon vices shine, That only choice of punishmentis thine. Thy efience pure abhors my finful flate, And ev’n thy clemency confirms my fate. Be thy will done ! 1er, let thy mth defcend , While tears , like mine , from guilty eyes offend. Dart thy red bolts , tho’ in the dreadful ftroke , My foui shall biefs the being j provoke ; Yet where ! ô where can ev’n thy thunders fall ? Christ’s blood o’erfpreads and shields me from them ali. Le Sonnet de M. Godeau, Evêque de Vence, fur la mort de J. C. mérite d’être ici k la place de celui de Delbarreaux : Vous qui , pour expier nos ingrates malices , Immolez au Seigneur des agneaux innocens , Et qui fur les Autels faites fumer l’encens , Prêtres de l'Eternel , quittez ces faints offices. 490 SON Venez voir votre Dieu dans de honteux fupplices jj Qui pouffe vers le Ciel d’adorables accens ; Et par un facrifice au-deffus de nos fens , Met une heureufe fin à tous vos facrifices. Célébrez , 6 Pécheurs ! en ce merveilleux jour , L’excès de fes bontés, l’ardeur de fon amour: Connoiffez en Tes maux la grandeur de vos crimes. Mais la croix où Jefus meurt pour votre péché , Au lieu de vos difcours, vous veut pour fes viûimesj Et l’art de la louer, c’eft d’y vivre attaché. On fait des Sonnets fur des bouts rimés ; c’eft-à-dire , fur quatorze rimes qu’on donne à quelqu’un , fur lefquelles il doit compofer un Sonnet en les rempliflant. C’eft ce qu’on appelle Sonnet en blanc. Voye ^ Bouts-rimés. SORBONNE. Voyei_ COLLEGES. SOUDAN, SULTAN, nom qu’on donnoit autrefois aux Lieutenans-Généraux des Califes dans leurs Provinces & dans leurs armées. La puiflance des Califes étant déchue peu k peu , par diverfes révolutions , & fur-tout par la trop grande étendue de pays fournis k leur domina tion , ces Lieutenans-Généraux s’érigèrent en Souverains. Saladin , Général des troupes de Noradin , Roi de Damas , prit ce titre , & fut le premier Soudan d’Egypte. Les Empereurs Turcs détruifirent toutes les petites Dynafties que les Soudans avoient fondées dans l’Afie mineure , & fournirent auflï celle d’Egypte en 1516. , Sans prétendre décider dans quel tems on s’eft Digitized by Google 1 SOU 491 fervi en France de ce terme , pour exprimer une dignité , ce qui n’arriva peut-être qu’après les Croifades , nous remarquerons que Soudan ou Sultan répond aux mots Confervatetir & Dé fcnfeur. C’étoit une dignité aff'eflée dans l’Aqui taine , particuliérement aux deux Maifons de l’Eftrade&de Traun.Ilsfurentappellés Soudichs ou Soudons , des lieux de la garde defquels ils étoient chargés, comme Proteéleursi & dans la fuite, ce titre perpétué dans leur famille, n’ayant d’abord été qu’une diftinélion perfon nelle , devint une qualité attachée à la propriété des Seigneuries. Les Soudïchs alloient de pair avec les Comtes , les Barons & les autres Sei gneurs titrés. Il eft parlé dans notre Hiftoire d’un Soudich de l’Eftrade , Seigneur Gafcon , du parti Anglois , qui en 1378 défendit pour Charles V , Mortagne , afîiégée par le brave .Yvain de Galles qui y fut tué. SOUFFLET, inftrument qui fert h fouffler dn tirant l’air , & puis en le comprimant pour le faire fortir par un trou étroit avec violence» Le Philofophe Anacharfis, Scythe de nation , & qui vivoit 592 ans avant J. C. fut , dit-on , le premier qui découvrit que le feu a befoin de l’air, & qui inventa le foufflet qui fe remplit d’air & le repouflè vers le feu pour l’animer. L’Auteur du livre intitulé : La mèchaniquedu feu , ou l’art d’en augmenter les effets , ou d'en di minuer la dèpenfe , a inventé une efpece de foujffet qui augmente beaucoup la chaleur dans une chambre. SOUSCRIPTION. On appelle de ce nom, dans le commercede la Librairie , la configna-/ I Digitized by Google 49t SOU SPE tion qu’on fait d’une certaine fomme d’argent; que l’on avance pour l’édition d’un livre , à la charge d’en avoir un ou plufieurs exemplaires , quand il fera imprimé , & une obligation ré ciproque de la part du Libraire ou de l’Editeur , de délivrer ces exemplaires dans un certain tems. Les foufcriptions commencèrent en An gleterre , au milieu du dernier fiecle. Elles fu rent inventées pour l’édition de la Bible Poly glotte de Walton , & c’eft le premier livre qui ait été imprimé par foufcription. Cet ufage paffa d’Angleterre en Hollande, & fut introduit en France en 1717 , pour la Colleélion des antiquités du P. de Montfaucon. Vinrent enfui te le GlofTaire latin de Ducange j la Tradu&ion des vies de Plutarque , par M. Dacier la Defcription de Verfailles , par M. Monicart; la Bible de Vatable j l’Hiftoire delà Milice Françoife du P. Daniel , &c. Voilk les premiers livres pour lefquels on a fait des fouf criptions en France. SOUVERAIN PONTIFE. L'exemple le plus ancien que nous connoillions , où le Pape l’oit appellé Souverain Pontife , fe trouve dans la fufcription d’un Concile compofé de trois Provinces d’Afrique , adreffée au Pape Théo dore , Domino , &c. &SUMM O omnium Prcefulunt Pontifi ci y &c. Le titre de Pontife ou de Souverain Prélat , fe voit dans les Bulles, dès le Ve. fiecle. » • SPECTACLE. Les Spectacles des anciens étoient regardés comme des aôes de Religion ; ils ne fe donnoient jamais qu’aux jours de fêtes confacrées aux Dieux & aux Héros , Digitized by Google SPE 49î en l’honneur defquels on les célébroit. Chaque ville de la Grece avoit fes SpeSacles publics , qui confiftoient , non-feulement en jeux athlé tiques , tels que la courfe k pied , la lutte , le pugilat , le difque & le cefte , mais encore en xepréfentations de Comédies , de Tragédies & d’autres Pièces dramatiques. Outre ces jeux particuliers des Villes, on en donnoit de généraux au nom de toute la Na tion , auxquels on accouroit de toutes parts. On en compte quatre trés-célebres , les Olym piques , les Pythiques , les Néméens & les Ifthmiques ; ces jeux confiftoient en courfe k pied , k cheval , & fur un char , en combats de poéfie , de mufique & autres combats lit téraires. Les Spectacles des Villes fe célébraient dans les places publiques , oîi les Speâatéurs , dans le commencement, aflïftoient déboutons ia fuite on bâtit des Amphithéâtres & des Théâ tres oit ils étoient aflîs. Mais les quatre Specta cles généraux de la Grece fe donnoient dans de vaftes plaines près des villes d’Olympie, de Delphes , de Corinthe & de Némée. Les Spectacles étoient la paffion favorite des Athéniens j auffi ne voyoit-on nulle part au tant de fêtes & de jeux qu’k Athènes ; & fi l’on en croit les Hiftoriens , on y dépenfoit en amufemens & en Spectacles la meilleure par tie des revenus de l’Etat : trois Tragédies d» Sophocle coûtèrent plus k faire repréfenter, Sue ne coûta la guerre du Péloponefe. Quelque équensque fuflèntles jeux publics, le Peuple y accouroit en foule pour y prendre place , de façon que fouvent il s’élevoit des querelles k ce fujet , & que quelquefois on en venoit aux coups. Ce fut pour obvier k cet inconvénient Digitized by Google 494 SPE qu’on exigea de chaque Spectateur deux oboles pour fa place -, mais comme les plus pauvres Citoyens qui fe trouvoient exclus des Speâa cles par cette Loi, commençoient k murmurer , on ordonna qu’ils recevroient du tréfor public deux oboles pour leurs places. Cet argent fervoitk payer les Entrepreneurs des frais qu’ils avoient avancés pour l’entretien & la décoration du Théâtre. La gravité des Lacédémoniens ne fe feroic point accommodée de tous les Spectacles dont étoient fi avides les autres Peuples de laGrece, fur-tout les Athéniens. Lycurgue avoit banni les Théâtres de Lacédémone ; ainfi l’on n’y repré fenta jamais ni Comédies, ni Tragédies , pour éviter , dit Plutarque , toute occalion de donner atteinte aux maximes du Gouvernement , foit férieufement, foit parplaifanterie. On n’y voyoit ni Cirques , ni Amphithéâtres , ni courfes k cheval ni fur des chars, ni combats d’Athletes ou d’animaux ; les feuls exercices du corps & les combats où l’on faifoit paroître de l’adrefle, de la force , de la patience & du courage , étoient les Spectacles qu’ils fe donnoient k eux mêmes , & auxquels ils alfilloient avec plaifir. Chez les Romains , comme à Athènes , les Spectacles faifoient une partie eflTentielle du culte religieux. On les célébra d’abord dans la place publique , où tous les Citoyens, fans diftinction de rang , afliftoient. Peu de tems après , les Grands firent conftruire des échaffauds pour voir plus commodément , les Ouvriers en conftruifirent aulfi un grand nombre pour leur compte , qu’ils louèrent aux familles les plus riches , en forte que la place étoit fouvent fi çmbarraflée de ces échaffauds, que le Peupla Digitized by Googl SPE* 49, avoit peine k voir, fans qu’il lui en coûtât rien. Tarquin l’ancien fut le premier qui fitconf truire un Amphithéâtre à demeure , d’où les Citoyens voyoient les jeux , & où les différens Ordres de l’Etat avoient leurs places marquées, & les chofes fubfifterent ainfi dans la fuite des tems. Romulus inftitua les premiers jeux püblics en l’honneur des Dieux. Les Rois fes fucceflèurs imitèrent fon exemple. Après leur expulfion , les Confuls & les autres Magiflrats de la Répu blique fe fignalerent à l’envi par des Spectacles & des jeux que la politique, autant que la Religion , les engageoit de donner au Peuple. Les Spe3acles des Romains étoient à peu de chofe prés les mêmes que ceux des Grecs. Ils fe réduifoient k deux fortes de jeux, à ceux du Cirque & à ceux du Théâtre. Les jeux du Cirque conliftoient dans les combats athlétiques; favoir, la courfe k pied , la lutte , le pugilat , le difque & le javelot; outre cela , dans la courfe k cheval & fur un char , dans les combats de Gladia teurs & d’animaux féroces. Les jeux de Théâtre ou fcéniques étoient les repréfentations des Pièces comiques & tragiques des Satyres & des Mimes. On fait les dépenfes immenfes des Ro mains pour élever des Théâtres , des Amphi théâtres & des Cirques , même dans les Villes des Provinces. Quelques uns de ces bâtimens qui fubfiftent encore dans leur entier , font les monumens les plus précieux de l’Architedure antique. On admire mêmeles ruines de ceux qui font tombés. L’Hiftoire Romaine eft remplie de faits qui prouvent la paflion démefurée du' Peuple pour les Spectacles , & que les Princes & les Particuliers faifoient des trais immenfes 496 SPE pour la contenter. Efope , célébré Comédien tragique , & contemporain de Cicéron , laiflak fon fils unefucceflion de cinq millions qu’il avoir amaffés à jouer la Comédie. Rofcius, l’ami de Cicéron, avoit par an plus de cent mille francs de gages , & dans la fuite il tira par jour du tréfor public jufqu’k neuf cens livres. Jules Céfar donna une tomme de vingt mille écus à Laberius , pour engager ce Poëte à jouer lui même dans une Piece qu’il avoit compofée. Marc-Aurele ordonna que les Aéteurs qui joue roient dans le^ Spectacles que certains Magiftrats donneroient au Peuple , ne pourroient toucher plus de cinq pièces d’or par repréfentation , & que celui qui en feroit les frais , ne pourroit leur donner plus du double. De tous es Spectacles que les Romains avoient apportés dans les Gaules, les François ne confer verent que les combats d’animaux , & leur ar deur guerriere borna long-tems tous leurs amu femens aux joûtes , aux tournois , aux aflauts à outrance. Les Pantomimes commencèrent vers l’an 600 , à joindre leurs jeux à ces premiers Spectacles. Clovis fit demander k Théodoricun Pantomime qui joignoit k l’excellence de fon art le talent de la mufique. Ces Mimes furent nos premiers Comédiens, ainfi qu’ils l’avoient été chez les Grecs & chez les Romains. De la Cour de nos Rois des pre mière & fécondé race , & même d’une partie de la troifieme , ils fe répandirent dans les Provinces , & tâchèrent de fe rendre agréables aux Spefiateurs, par des poftures indécentes, des chanfons mai-honnêtes , ce qui les rendit infâmes & Charlemagne les déclara incapables déporter témoignage contre desperfonnes libres. Ces Digjtized by Googlfc SPE 497 Ces Hiftrions furent effacés parles Trouba dours qui fe réformèrent fur eux & introduifirent une aéïion dans un récit compofé de chant & de déclamation. Ces Compofiteurs , Danfeurs , Joueurs d’inftrumens-, Aéleurs & Chanteurs furent connus fous les noms généraux de Jon gleurs & Meneftriers. Ces fortes de Spectacles ou jeux publics étoieft r permis fous St. Louis. Ils confifloient alors en quelques mauvais récits du plus bas burlefque , en tours de paffe-paflè , dont les Aéleurs étoient hommes ou linges , ou quelquefois tous les deux enfemble. On nomma ces hommes Jon gleurs , & les femmes JonglerefTes. Ils fe retirè rent à Paris dans une feule rue qui de leur nom fiat appellée rue des Jongleurs ; c’eft aujour d’hui SaintJulien-des-Meneftriers. On appelloit ces Jongleurs k toutes les fêtes $ ils formoient dans les grandes villes un corps particulier ; ils avoient un Chef & des ftatuts , & feuls le privilège d’amufer la nation. Mais des Pèlerins revenus de la Paleftine , de l’Ef pagne, &même de plufieurs lieux delà France, vinrent leur difputer la palme , & fe firentcon noître fous le nom de Confrères de la. PaJJion. „ On peut remonter l’origine de ces Speüacles pieux , où l’on jouoit les myfleres de la Religion , jufqua l’an 1313, fous Philippele-Bel, qu’on éleva des Théâtres ornés de fuperbes courtines où l’on jouoit maintes fériés , dit Godefroi dô Paris. Ce fut a l’occafion de la Chevalerie des fils de Philippe-le-Bel , Louis-Hutin , Philippe le-Long & Charles-le-Bel , & cette fête dura trois jours. Ces Confrères de la Paflion repréfenterent d’abord fur des échaffauds drefTés au milieu des Tome 111, li 49* SPE places publiques. Ils choifirent le Bourg Sâînt Maur-les-Fofi'és, près de Paris , pour y drefler un Théâtre , où ils repréfenterent l’Hiftoire d® la mort du Sauveur; on y accouroiten foule. Mais afliirés d’un état tranquille , fous la pro tection du Souverain, ils vinrent drefler un Théâtre dans la grande falle de la Trinité ; &c vêilù le berceau de la fcene Françoife. Ces re préfentations étoient des efpeces de Poëmes dramatiques , dont la grofliere irrégularité n’étoit pas le moindre défaut. Les fujets de ces Poëmes étoient aufli tirés de l’Ecriture-Sainte & de la légende des Saints. Parmi tous ces ouvra ges qui fe multiplièrent prefque à l’infini , on diftinguoit le Myftere de la vengeance de la mort de J. C. ladeftru&ion de Jérufalem,le Myftere de la Conception & de laNativité de la Vierge , fon Mariage, la Nativité, la Paflion, la Réfurreétion , l’Afcenfion de J. C. jouées ù Paris en 1507, & aufli le beau Miracle & le Myftere de St. Nicolas, à vingt-quatre perfon nages. Jean Petit, Jofeph de Marnes , Dabondance & Louis Choquer, furent les Poëtes les plus fameux en ce genre. Il y eut une autre efpece de Myftere où la Religion n’eut point de part. On les repréfentoit aux fêtes de nos Rois.' Un de ceux que l’on eftimoit le plus , eft intitulé : Myftere , là où-la France fe préfente en forme de perfonnage au Roi Charles VII , pour le glorifier des grâces que Dieu ç. faites pour lui & qu’il a reçues en fa caufe du rant fon régné , & parlant enfemble en forme de dialogue puis les Barons du Roi parlent ïun après l'autre , chacun en deux couplets. Une autre fociété d’Aéleurs, d’un genre moins férieux , unis entre eux par une con formité de goût pour le plaifir & le penchant ù. Digitized by Googl SPE 499 la raillerie , s’étoit formée à peu près dans le même tems que les Gonfreres de la Paffion , fous le titre d ’Enfans fans fouci. Les extrava gances humaines furent l’objet de leurs plai fanteries. Les Afleurs étoient de jeunes-gens des meilleures maifons de la ville; leur Chef prenoit le titre de Prince des Sots , & heur Drame ëtoit intitulé la Sottife. Ils étoient tout k la fois Auteurs & Aéteurs. Leur Speclacle qui n’étoic qu’yn ingénieux badinage , charma la Cour & la Ville; & Charles VI le confirma par Lettres patentes. Les Clercs de Procureurs au Parlement , connus fous le nom de Bafochiens , inventè rent, vers le même tems, une autre efpece de Drame appellée Moralités . C’étoient des allégories infipides qui avoient befoin d’être réchauffées par des lcenes piquantes; c’eftce qui fit que les Bafochiens tranligerent avec les Enfans fans fouci , qui leur permirent de repré fenter des Sottifes& des Farces , & en échange ils eurent la liberté d’introduire la Morale lur leur Théâtre. Les Clercs du Châtelet & ceux de la Cham bre des Comptes, diftingués fous le titre de Haut & Souverain Empire de Galilée , ( voye £ Galilée ) voulurent aufii , comme les Clercs du Palais , avoir leur Théâtre ; mais leurs fuc cès ne furent ni fi confians , ni fi brillans. Le célébré Clément Marot travailla pour le Théâtre des Enfans fans fouci , & pour celui des Bafo chiens. Les guerres civiles qui furvinrent peu après , introduifirent dans les jeux de ces fo ciétés des critiques ameres & des faryres per fonnelles , que les défordres du tems autori foient ; cet abus ne put être réformé par les Digitized by Google «joo SPE Magiftrats , que quand la réunion des Factions eut amené la tranquillité. La fureur de repréfenter gagnoit tous les Ordres. Les Ecoliers de l’Univerfité jouoient aufli des Farces, fe mafquoient, & élifoient entre eux un Roi des Foux , s’habilloient en Evêques , & dans cet état, couroient les rues, battoient le Guet & commettoient mille défor cires. L’Hiftoire du Théâtre François fait en core mention de ces fcenes indécentes qui fe pafToient dans nos Eglifes , & où des Acteurs grofliers imitoient nos plus refpeétables Myf teres. De toutes ces Sociétés , il n’y eut que celle des Enfans fans fouci qui s’acquirent quelque célébrité ; les autres tombèrent peu h peu , & furent défendues même par le Parlement. Mais plufieurs particuliers entraînés par le goût , ou par l’attrait du plaifir , fe dévouèrent entière ment h ces amufemens qui étoient devenus fi fort k la mode ; ils devinrent Comédiens de profedîon , & prirent le nom d ’ Enfans fans fouci. C’efl le nom qu’on pourroit encore don ner k nos Aéteurs de Théâtre , qui ne doivent pas faire difficulté de les reConnoître pour leurs peres ; car c’eft a ces Comédiens que la Con frérie de la Paffion , qui , par ignorance , ne pouvoit jouer des Pièces profanes , fut obligée de louer le Théâtre dont elloavoit faitl’acqui fition , au lieu même où fubfille aujourd’hui 1* Comédie Italienne. La Farce qu’ils jouoient n’étoit qne d’un aête ; la plus courte pafToit pour la meilleure. Ces Farces étoient remplies de pointes, d’équi ' voques fouvent indécentes , & accompagnées ÿç jeux grofliers. Les noms deTabarin,Turlupin, Digitized by Google SPE Gautier-Garguille , Gros-Guillaume , Guillot Gorju , font les plus célébrés dans la lifte de ces anciens Farceurs. Etienne Jodelle , Parifien, mort en i <5 73 , âgé de quarante-un ans , eft le premier de nos Poëtes François, qui dans noïre langue ait donné des Tragédies de des Comédies. Sa Cléo pâtre eft la première piece qui ait porté en France le nom de Tragédie. La nouveauté de ce SpecLiclc fit la meilleure partie de fa répu tation. Il ne méditoit rien -, fa main pouvoir fuivre fon imagination. La plus longue & la plus difficile de fes Pièces de Théâtre ne l’occupa' jamais plus de dix matinées. On dit de lui qu’il compofa , par une gageure , dans une feule nuit, plus de cinq cens vers latins. 11 nous refte de lui deux Tragédies ; favoir, Cléopâtre captive , Didon facrifiant & trois Comédies , Eugène , les Mascarades & la Rencontre. Mais c’eft Alexandre Hardi , Parifien , qui , avant Corneille* eft l’Auteur fameux du Théâ tre François. On lui a, pour ainfi dire, Pobli gation d’avoir tiré la Tragédie du milieu des rues & des carrefours. Il s’étoit aflocié, pour une part, avec une Troupe de Comédiens , à la charge de leur fournir chaque année fix Tra gédies & il en faifoit fouvent une en quinze jours. C’eft a l’ignorance du fiecle , & a l’en fànce du Théâtre , qu’il faut attribuer l’admi ration que l’on avoit pour les compofitions lourdes & embarrafTées , les vers rudes & raboteux , le mauvais goût , & prefque tous les défauts d’un Auteur qui n’aimoic rien tant qu’à varier le lieu de la feene , d’un mo ment à l’autre. Le même perfonnage parloit à Paris, k Naples , à Madrid , k Cracovie, &c. Il çoz SPE nous refte cinq gros volumes in 8°. des Pièces de cet Auteur ; li toutes avoient été imprimées, elles pourroient fournir vingt volumes. Il eft étonnant que chez une Nation vive , ingénieufe , idolâtre du plaifir & portée 'a là raillerie , on n’ait vu naître qu’après une révolu tion de plufieurs fiecle» le bon goût de la Comédie. Sophocle & Efchile firent fleurir le Théâtre d’Athenes , cinquante aos après Thefl pis , & furent bientôt fuivis d’Ariftophane; & Rotrou & Corneille n’ont paru que dans le XVIIe. fîecle , quoique plus de quatre cens ans avant eux, on eût vu à Dijon, fous le nom d’ Infanterie Dijonnoife , une Société pareille à celle que Thefpis promenoit dans l’Attique. Mais enfin Corneille parut, & fon génie l’éleva bientôt jufqu’au fublime d’un art qu’il avoit créé , pour ainfi dire , parmi nous. La Tragédie ne fut plus une machine énorme , que l’on faifoit mouvoir à force d’intrigues , d’incidens , de rufes , de méprifes & de btevades; elle ne fut plus ufl Roman conftruit k la hâte, chargé de personnages épifodiques ,'de combats , de dégui femens & de reconnoiflances ; la Tragédie prit une marche régulière. L’art féconda la nature , & Melpomene fe montra avec toute la dignité , toute la décence & toute la majefté qui lui conviennent. Vint auflî le célébré Racine qui moiflonna de nouveaux lauriers dans une carrière que Cor neille avoit parcourue avec tant de gloire ; & déjà Moliere avoit réformé la Comédie , & lui faifoit prendre une forme nouvelle : il imitoit les Anciens , les furpaflbit , devenoit lui-même inimitable, & contribuoitavec Corneille & Ra cine à élever la fcene Francoife h côté de celle Digitized by Google S P H S T A ^03 d’ Athènes , au-deiïus de tous les Théâtres du monde. SPHERES MOUVANTES. Voye ^ Hor logerie. STANCE. On nomme ainfi un nombre réglé de vers , comprenant un fens parfait , & mêlé d’une maniéré particulière qui s’obferve dans toute la fuite de la Piece. Ce mot Stance vient de l’Italien Jian^a , qui lignifie demeure , parce qu’â la fin de chaque Stance , il faut qu’il y ait un fens complet & un repos. Les Stances n’ont été introduites dans la Poéfie Françoife, que fous le régné de Henri III , en 1580. Jean de Lingendes , natif de Moulins , dans les poé fies duquel on trouve une facilité & une douceur admirables , eft le premier de nos Poëtes qui ait fait des Stances. Il y a des Stances de quatre , fix , huit , dix, douze & quatorze vers ; on en fait aufli de cinq , de fept , de neuf, & de treize vers. Un Favori fuperbe , enflé de fon mérite, Ne voit point fes défauts dans le miroir d’autrui. Et ne peut rien fentir que l'odeur favorite De l’encens faftueux qui brûle devant lui. Rousse A». N’envions que l’humble fagefle ; Seule elle fait notre noblefle. Le vice , notre indignité : Par là fe diftinguen^ les hommes ; Et que fait à ce que nous fomme». Ce que nos peres ont été ? La Mothe , Odt à RsmJT, Il iy $04 S T A Ce qu’on appelle proprement Stances n’elî plus aujourd’hui en ufage. On aime mieux faire des Odes fans feu , fans enthoulialme , que de leur donner le titre de Stances. STAROSTIE, terres que les Rois de Pologne diftribuent à leur gré , pourvu que ce foit à des Polonois. Ces terres faifoient autrefois partie du domaine des Souverains, & par cette raifon on les appelloit biens Royaux. Sigifmond-Augufte étant monté fur le Trône de Pologne , en 1548 , à la mort de fon pere, Sigifmond-le-Grand , céda ces terres aux Gentilshommes , pour les aider à foutenir les dépenfes militaires , & fe réferva le droit , tant pour lui que pour fes fuc ceffeurs , de nommer à ces Starojlies , fur lef quelles on prélevé un quart du revenu qui eft appliqué a 1 entretien des Arfenaux, de la Cavalerie & de l’Artillerie. Pendant la vacance d’une Starojlie , fon revenu eft verfé dans le tréfor de la République. STATHOUDER, titre qui répond à celui de Lieutenant Général de P Etat , & que la Ré publique des Provinces-Unies donne à un Prince auquel elle conféré le commandement des Troupes , & qui a une grande part dans les affaires du Gouvernement. Le Stathoudérat ne donne point les droits de la Souveraineté qui réfide irrévocablement dans l’affemblée des Ecats Généraux ; mais il fait jouir celui qui eu eft revêtu des plus grandes prérogatives. Lors de la guerre des Hollandois fous Phi lippe Il , Roi d'Elpagne , Guillaume I de Naffau Dillembourg fut , en 1576, revêtu de la dignité de Stathouder par les Provinces de HoU Digitized by ( S T A ïande & de Zélande , & peu après par celles deGueldre ,d’Utrecht & d’Overifièl. On attache à cette dignité le commandement des armées, tant par terre que par mer , avec le titre de Capitaine Général & Amiral le droit de nom mer à tous les emplois militaires } celui de choifir les Magiftrats , lur la nomination des villes ; & celui de faire grâce aux Criminels. Guillau me I ayant été afiafiiné en1584, fon fils, le Prince Maurice , lui fuccéda avec la même au torité & les mêmes prérogatives. Frédéric Henri remplaça fon frere Maurice , en 161Ç ; & Guillaume II , fils de Henri , parvint au Sta îhoudèrat en 1647. Ce ne fut qu’en 1672, que la Hollande, étonnée des progrès des armes de Louis XIV , accorda k Guillaume III , fils de Guillaume II, toutes les Charges pofiédées par fes ancêtres ; & pour reconnoître les fervices que ce Prince venoit de rendre à la République, en 1674, elle déclara fa Charge de Stathouder hérédi taire , & accorda qu’elle pafieroit aux héritiers mâles de Guillaume III. Ce Prince , devenu Roi d’Angleterre , conferva le Stathoudcrat de cinq Provinces , & a fa mort , en 1702 , il déclara fon Légataire univerfel le jeune Prince de Nafiau-Dietz , l'on parent , déjà Stathouder héréditaire des Provinces de Frife & de Gro ningue j il eut le malheur de fe noyer, en 17x1, dans un bras de mer, appellé le Moer dick. Comme il n’avoit été Stathouder que des Provinces de Frife & de Groningue , fon fils pofthume , Guillaume-CharlesHenri Frifon , Prince de Nafiau-Dietz , ne lui fuccéda que dans ces deux Stathoudérats ; mais en 1722 , la Province de Gueldre le nomma fon Stathouder , ) I 506 S T A & en 1 747 , les autre* Provinces s’accordèrent pour lui conférer cette dignité , même avec plus d’autorité qu’à aucun de fes prédéceflèurs , dé clarant le Stathoudérat héréditaire dans fa fa mille, & y appellant même les femmes , au défaut des mâles. STATUES. Les premières Jlatues ont été confacrées à la Religion par tous les Peuples du monde. Les Egyptiens qui regardoient le foleil & la lune comme des Divinités bienfaifantes , en leur élevant des Temples, en ornèrent les dehors & l’intérieur de flatwes. Ofiris fut honoré fous la figure d’une géniffe. Les Ifraélites éle— verent le ferpent d’airain , & l’art de faire des Jlatues pafTa promptement chez les Grecs & chez les Romains. Après les Dieux , on éleva de bonne heure des Jlatues aux demi-Dieux & aux Héros. Les Législateurs fur-tout furent honorés de Jlatues , chez tous les Peuples ; & les femmes , qui avoient rendu quelque Service à la Patrie, fu rent auifi aflociées à la prérogative d’avoir des Jlatues . Sémiramis , avertie que les Habitans de Babylone venoient de fe révolter , quitta fa toilette , parut devant eux , & par fa préfence calma les mutins 5 fa Jlatue la repréfentoit échevelée , & telle qu’elle étoit lorsqu'elle fe montra au Peuple. Clélie qui s’échappa des mains de Porfenna , & qui pafla le Tibre à la nage fur un bon cheval, eut une Jlatue équeftre, & on en donna une pédeftre à laVeftale Suffetia qui avoit donné quelques terres au Peuple Romain. Le nombre des Jlatues étoit incroyable chez les Grecs 6c chez les Romains. Sans parler de Digitized by Google S T A 507 l’Attique & d’Athenes qui fourmilloient en ce genre d’ouvrages , la feule ville de Milet en Ionie en raffëmbla une fi grande quantité , que lorfqu’Alexandre s’en rendit Maître , il ne put s’empêcher de demander où étoient les bras de ces grands hommes , quand les Perfes les fubjuguerent. D’un autre côté, la multitude des Jiatues dans Rome étoit fi grande , que l’an 596 de fa fondation , les Cenfeurs P. Cornélius Scipio & M. Popilius fe crurent obligés de faire ôter des marchés publics les Jiatues de parti culiers qui les remplifîbient , attendu qu’il en reftoit encore aflèz pour les embellir , en laiffant feulement celles de ceux qui en avoient obtenu le privilège par des décrets du Peuple & du Sénat. Cette paffion pour les Jiatues s’accrût encore fur la fin de la République , ainfi que fous le régné d’Augufte & de fes fucceffeurs. L’Empe reur Claude fit des Loix inutiles pour la mo dérer. Les Jiatues de prix étoient fi nombreufes , qu’il fallut créer des Officiers pour garder nuit & jour ce Peuple de Jiatues , & ces troupeaux de chevaux , fi l’on peut parler ainfi , difperfés dans toutes les rues palais & places publiques de la Ville. Les Jiatues équefires de Pollux , de Domitien , de Trajan, de Marc-Aurele, d’Antonin-le-Pieux revêtu d’un long manteau qui lui pend de l’épaule gauche fur la croupe du cheval , ont une grande célébrité dans l’Hiftoire. En France , fous les première , fécondé & troifieme race, jufqu’au régné de Louis XIII, fi i’on faifoit la Jlatue d’un Roi , ce n’étoit que pour la placer fur fon tombeau , ou au portail de quelque grand édifice, ou dans quelque 508 S T A maifon Royale. La flatue équeftre de Henri IV eft le premier monument public de cette ef pece qu’on ait élevé à la gloire de nos Rois. On commença à y travailler le 13 Août 1614; mais l’ouvrage ne fut entièrement terminé qu’en 16 3 ç. La Jlatuc équeflre de Louis XIII, que l’on voit au milieu de la place Royale , fut élevée le 27 Septembre 1639. La figure du cheval eft un des beaux ouvrages que l’on puifle voir ; le fa meuxDanielRicciarellide Volterre en Tofcane, Sculpteur fort eliimé, l’avoit faite pour Henri II, à la priere de Catherine de Médicis ; mais la mort de cet habile Maître fut caufe qu’il ne put achever la figure du Roi. Le Cardinal de Richelieu fit'pofer le cheval , & y fit ajouter la figure de Louis XIII , par Biard; mais elle n’eft pas d’une beauté du premier ordre , & les Cri tiques ont remarqué que pour faire un monu ment parfait , il falloir donner au Roi Henri IV, le cheval du Roi Louis XIII , parce que ces pièces font excellentes en leur genre. La Jlatuc coloffale de Louis-le-Grand , place des Victoires , fut élevée en 168 6 , avec beau coup d’appareil & de cérémonies , par le zele & les foins de François Vicomte d’Aubuflon de la Feuillade, Pair & Maréchal de France, qui, comblé d’honneur & de bienfaits par Louis XIV , voulut laiflèr k la poftérité une marque éclatante de fa. reconnoiftance. La f latue équeftre de Louis XIV , place de Louis-le-Grand , aufft appellée place de Ven dôme , parce que l’Hôtel de Vendôme y fut bâti par les foins du Roi Henri IV, pour Céfar de Vendôme, légitimé de France, fut érigée le 13 Août 1699. La figure du Roi avec celle Digilized by Google S T Y SUC 50? Su cheval font d’un feul jet,& ont enfemble vingt un pieds de hauteur. Germain Brice rapporte qu’on a éprouvé plus d’une fois, avant que l’ouvrage fût entièrement terminé , d’y faire ' entrer vingt hommes qui ont tenu fans peine dans la capacité du ventre du cheval, rangés des deux côtés d’une table. La fatue équeftre de Louis XV fut élevée le 20 Juin 1753. Outre les flatues qui embelliflent la Capitale,’ il y a plufieurs villes dans le Royaume, oi* l’on voit plufieurs jîatues , tant équeftres que coloflales , érigées en l’honneur de Louis XIV, & de Louis XV. STYPTIQUE. Les fîypiiques font des re niedes qui ont la propriété d’arrêter le fang , de reflèrrer. La vertu flyptique de l’agaric fut dé couverte en 1752. , par un Chirurgien du Berry, nommé Broflard. SUCRE , fubftance folide, blanche, douce & agréable au goût , qui vient d’une forte de cannes , qu’on appelle cannes à fucre , quicroif fent aux Indes Orientales & Occidentales. Les cannes k fucre font noueufes , hautes de cinq k fix pieds, garnies de feuilles vertes , longues, étroites , tranchantes. Il s’élève du milieu de la hauteur de ces cannes une maniéré de flèche qui fe termine en pointe , & qui porte en fa fom mité une fleur de couleur argentée , en forme de panache. Lorfque ces cannes font mûres, on les coupe , on les émonde de leurs feuilles , après quoi on les porte au moulin , pour y être preflees & écrafées. C’eft avec lefucqui en fort, que l'on fait le fucre , v° , sui Les cannes à fucn n’ont point été inconnues aux Anciens ; plufieurs en ont parle & ont appellé le fucre , fel d'Inde , qui couloit de lui même comme une gomme. Théophrafte & Pline parlent de certains rofeaux qui vraifem blablement étoient des cannes à fucre , & que Lucien avoit en vue , lorfqu’il dit : Quique bibunt tenerâ dulces ab arundint fuccos. Mais nous ne voyons pas que l’antiquité ait polTédé l’art de cuire le fuc qu’elle tiroit de ces cannes , de le condenfer , de le durcir , & de le réduire en une malle folide & blanche , comme nous faifons aujourd'hui. Cette invention eft nouvelle , & ce n’efl que depuis la découverte des Indes qu’on l’a perfectionnée. SUISSES & GRISONS. On prétend que c’eft après la bataille que Louis XI, encore Dauphin, «emportafur les Suffis , h Enfisheim, ancienne Capitale de la haute Alface , enfuite du fanglant combat livré près de Basle, que Charles VII contracta la première alliance avec eux. Ce qui favorife cette préfomption , c’eft que ce fut à peu près dans le même tems que Charles augmenta fa Garde de vingt-cinq Cranequiniers Allemands. Il renouvella cette alliance en 1453 , & e^e *a P^us ancienne que les Suijfes , confidérés comme Corps de Nation , ayent contrariée avec une Puiflance étrangère. Les premiers Suijfes qui ayent fervi dans nos armées, furent ceux que Jean d’Anjou, Duc de Calabre , fils de René , Roi de Naples , amena à Louis XI , en 1464 ; ils étoient au nombre de cinq cens , & ils commencèrent k Digitized by Google SV L ^ ix Âtte à la folde de ce Monarque. Après la mort du Duc de Bourgogne , il les joignit aux Francs Archers établis par Charles VII. Ils fervirent au nombre de fix mille au fiege de Dole, en 1478. C’eft Charles VIII , qui a. créé en 1496 , la Compagnie des CentSuffis , dont Fouis de Menton fut le premier Capi taine Colonel. Ce Monarque eut comme Louis XI des Suffis dans les armées; il y ajouta des Lanfquenets , Infanterie Allemande. Depuis le traité de Fribourg , conclu avec les Suijfes , en 1^16, appellé la paix perpétuelle , ils ont demeuré fermes dans leur alliance avec la France. Ils la renouvellerent en 1582, avec Henri III , & en 1602, avec Henri IV.
| 11,193 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26880336
|
StackExchange
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Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
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277roshan, Darknight, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3553077, https://stackoverflow.com/users/929894
|
English
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Spoken
| 343 | 793 |
Parse HTML string from a file and remove element using xpath and write it to same file in python
For my project, I have to remove selective content from a html file using python xpath.
The selective element can be removed using .remove() method, however the content in file looks same.
How do I write the modified content to that file again?
Though If i try to write the same tree object to file using open().write(etree.tostring(tree_obj)), will the content differs for unicode pages? Is there anyother way to keep the modified file?
Why the header tags in below output has different value after printing the tree object?
Please suggest.
Below is my code sample.
Example: I need to remove all div tags inside the html page.
HTML file:
<html>
<head>test</head>
<body>
<p>welcome to the world</p>
<div id="one">
<p>one</p>
<div id="one1">one1</div>
<ul>
<li>ones</li>
<li>twos</li>
<li>threes</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="hell">
<p>heaven</p>
<div id="one1">one1</div>
<ul>
<li>ones</li>
<li>twos</li>
<li>threes</li>
</ul>
</div>
<input type="text" placeholder="enter something.." />
<input type="button" value="click" />
</body>
</html>
Python file:
# _*_ coding:utf-8 _*_
import os
import sys
import traceback
import datetime
from lxml import etree, html
import shutil
def process():
fd=open("D:\\hello.html")
tree = html.fromstring(fd.read())
remove_tag = '//div'
for element in tree.xpath(remove_tag):
element.getparent().remove(element)
print etree.tostring(tree)
process()
OUTPUT:
<html>
<head/><body><p>test
</p>
<p>welcome to the world</p>
<input type="text" placeholder="enter something.."/>
<input type="button" value="click"/>
</body></html>
I haven't worked on python but i have played with parsing html based websites using Java with help of library jsoup.
Python also has similar one like this. Beautiful soup. You can play with this thing to get desired output.
Hope it helps.
Have you tried using python's standard library re?
import re</br>
re.sub('<.*?>','', '<nb>foobar<aon><mn>')
re.sub('</.*?>','', '</nb>foobar<aon><mn>')
The above two operations could be used in combination to remove all the html tags. It can be easily modified to remove the div tags too.
@roshan - we can remove the tags using .remove() easily. The problem here is the input file content is not changing unless we write the content again.
Try to open the file in r+ mode. Something like fd=open("D:\hello.html","r+")
| 41,736 |
https://github.com/eyasuyuki/angel/blob/master/packages/orm/angel_orm_test/lib/src/many_to_many_test.dart
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,022 |
angel
|
eyasuyuki
|
Dart
|
Code
| 449 | 1,633 |
import 'dart:async';
import 'dart:io';
import 'package:angel3_orm/angel3_orm.dart';
import 'package:test/test.dart';
import 'models/user.dart';
import 'util.dart';
void manyToManyTests(FutureOr<QueryExecutor> Function() createExecutor,
{FutureOr<void> Function(QueryExecutor)? close}) {
late QueryExecutor executor;
Role? canPub, canSub;
User? thosakwe;
close ??= (_) => null;
Future<void> dumpQuery(String query) async {
if (Platform.environment.containsKey('STFU')) return;
print('\n');
print('==================================================');
print(' DUMPING QUERY');
print(query);
//var rows = await executor.query(null, query, {});
var rows = await executor.query('', query, {});
print('\n${rows.length} row(s):');
for (var r in rows) {
print(' * $r');
}
print('==================================================\n\n');
}
setUp(() async {
executor = await createExecutor();
// await dumpQuery("""
// WITH roles as
// (INSERT INTO roles (name)
// VALUES ('pyt')
// RETURNING roles.id, roles.name, roles.created_at, roles.updated_at)
// SELECT
// roles.id, roles.name, roles.created_at, roles.updated_at
// FROM roles
// LEFT JOIN
// (SELECT
// role_users.role_id, role_users.user_id,
// a0.id, a0.username, a0.password, a0.email, a0.created_at, a0.updated_at
// FROM role_users
// LEFT JOIN
// users a0 ON role_users.user_id=a0.id)
// a1 ON roles.id=a1.role_id
// """);
var canPubQuery = RoleQuery()..values.name = 'can_pub';
var canSubQuery = RoleQuery()..values.name = 'can_sub';
canPub = (await canPubQuery.insert(executor)).value;
print('=== CANPUB: ${canPub?.toJson()}');
// await dumpQuery(canPubQuery.compile(Set()));
canSub = (await canSubQuery.insert(executor)).value;
print('=== CANSUB: ${canSub?.toJson()}');
var thosakweQuery = UserQuery();
thosakweQuery.values
..username = 'thosakwe'
..password = 'Hahahahayoureallythoughtiwasstupidenoughtotypethishere'
..email = 'thosakwe AT gmail.com';
thosakwe = (await thosakweQuery.insert(executor)).value;
print('=== THOSAKWE: ${thosakwe?.toJson()}');
// Allow thosakwe to publish...
printSeparator('Allow thosakwe to publish');
var thosakwePubQuery = RoleUserQuery();
thosakwePubQuery.values
..userId = int.parse(thosakwe!.id!)
..roleId = int.parse(canPub!.id!);
await thosakwePubQuery.insert(executor);
// Allow thosakwe to subscribe...
printSeparator('Allow thosakwe to subscribe');
var thosakweSubQuery = RoleUserQuery();
thosakweSubQuery.values
..userId = int.parse(thosakwe!.id!)
..roleId = int.parse(canSub!.id!);
await thosakweSubQuery.insert(executor);
// Print all users...
// await dumpQuery('select * from users;');
// await dumpQuery('select * from roles;');
// await dumpQuery('select * from role_users;');
// var query = RoleQuery()..where.id.equals(canPub.idAsInt);
// await dumpQuery(query.compile(Set()));
print('\n');
print('==================================================');
print(' GOOD STUFF BEGINS HERE ');
print('==================================================\n\n');
});
tearDown(() => close!(executor));
Future<User?> fetchThosakwe() async {
var query = UserQuery()..where!.id.equals(int.parse(thosakwe!.id!));
var userOpt = await query.getOne(executor);
expect(userOpt.isPresent, true);
if (userOpt.isPresent) {
return userOpt.value;
} else {
return null;
}
}
test('fetch roles for user', () async {
printSeparator('Fetch roles for user test');
var user = await fetchThosakwe();
expect(user?.roles, hasLength(2));
expect(user?.roles, contains(canPub));
expect(user?.roles, contains(canSub));
});
test('fetch users for role', () async {
for (var role in [canPub, canSub]) {
var query = RoleQuery()..where!.id.equals(role!.idAsInt);
var rOpt = await query.getOne(executor);
expect(rOpt.isPresent, true);
rOpt.ifPresent((r) async {
expect(r.users.toList(), [thosakwe]);
});
}
});
test('only fetches linked', () async {
// Create a new user. The roles list should be empty,
// be there are no related rules.
var userQuery = UserQuery();
userQuery.values
..username = 'Prince'
..password = 'Rogers'
..email = 'Nelson';
var userOpt = await userQuery.insert(executor);
expect(userOpt.isPresent, true);
if (userOpt.isPresent) {
var user = userOpt.value;
expect(user.roles, isEmpty);
// Fetch again, just to be doubly sure.
var query = UserQuery()..where!.id.equals(user.idAsInt);
var fetchedOpt = await query.getOne(executor);
expect(fetchedOpt.isPresent, true);
fetchedOpt.ifPresent((fetched) {
expect(fetched.roles, isEmpty);
});
}
});
}
| 14,109 |
sim_american-catholic-quarterly-review_1876-01_1_1_9
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,876 |
The American Catholic Quarterly Review 1876-01: Vol 1 Iss 1
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,330 | 9,525 |
The Persians believe that divine Eons give birth to other divine Eons. The heathens are ever speaking of such things. But we worship one true God, the only God, who revealed Himself to our fathers as a jealous God. When was it ever said before, that He too had produced a Son of His own divine nature? What does this man really mean? Does He claim that He is really such a son of God, and equal to the Father in nature and honor? Can He mean this? When they heard Him go on to speak of being with the Father before the world was made,—from eternity ; of His com- ing down from the Father and His return to the Father; when He told them that they knew not whence He was, and could not un- derstand the Divine mode of His generation; that only the Father knew the Son; when He claimed union with the Father so intimate that the Father worked in Him, and He in the Father; and claimed that all men should honor the Son as they honored the Father— these and His other words made it impossible to misunderstand Him. That the Father was God, they knew. It was the most sacred doctrine of their nation. But that there is a Son of God, partaking of His Divine nature, this Jesus of Nazareth who is speak- ing to them, they are not willing to believe. And what are those other words that He uttereth at times, about the Spirit of God whom the Father will send, and whom the Son will send? Is this another Divine person? Are there more persons than one in God? We cannot comprehend what He says. But that He does say it, and insist on it, our own ears bear witness. That the Jews so understood Him, is clear from their own words and acts. “They sought the more to kill Him, because ; He said God was His Father, making Himself equal to God” (John v. 18). They repeat the charge. “For a good work we stone Thee not, but for blasphemy; and because that Thou, being a man, makest Thyself God” (John x. 33). When He stood for trial before the high priest, and held His peace until, in response to the solemn adjuration, He broke that divine silence and emphatically avowed Himself the Son of God, His words were still taken in the same sense. For “the high priest rent his garments, saying: He hath blasphemed; what further need have we of witnesses? The Divinity of Christ. 123 Behold, now you have heard the blasphemy: what think you ? But they answering said: He is guilty of death” (Matt. xxvi. 63-66). And still again, in the same sense did the Jews say of Him to Pilate: “We have a law, and according to the law He ought to die, because He made Himself the Son of God” (John xix. 7). It is impossible to make a mistake here. Words and acts alike forbid it. They are as clear as the sunlight. The Jews did under- stand Christ to claim for Himself a true, veritable Sonship of God, which made Him a partaker of the Divine. Nature, equal to God, thus making Himself God. This was the blasphemy of which they accused Him, and for which they condemned Him. Had He claimed to be only a prophet or messenger of God, they would have hailed Him with joy. It was what the nation yearned for. Had He even announced Himself as an angel of God coming in the form of a man to do God's work among them, the idea would not have been strange to them. Had not angels again and again appeared among men, to Abraham, to Jacob, to Daniel, to Tobit ? There was no difficulty. They would have welcomed and honored Him. The higher His grade in the angelic host, perhaps the higher would be the honors to be paid to Him; the more earnest and joyous their welcome. But when He claimed to be the verita- able, eternal Son of the ETERNAL Gop—when He was clearly un- derstood to claim a participation of the very divine nature of God —this was atrenching on the glory of the jealous God of their fathers, a blasphemy which could be fitly punished only with death. They would have been right, were the claim untrue. A blasphemy of deeper dye cannot be imagined, than such a claim, unless Christ be in truth the Divine Son of the Living God. This is evidently what they understood Him to teach. So earn- est were they, that they charged Him repeatedly with this blas- phemy, and again and again took up stones to put him to death; and finally did crucify Him, thinking they were giving glory to God. Did He ever intimate that they misunderstood Him? Did He ever explain away His strong expressions? Quite the reverse. On one occasion, when they charged Him with blasphemy and sought to stone Him, (John v.,) He chides them for not believing Him. He exhorts them to believe, and He developes His meaning in sev- eral of those strong, unmistakable expressions which we have already quoted. On a second occasion (John x.) He arrests their headlong fury for a moment, as He did at other times, by an apt quotation from the Scripture; He again fixes their attention, and then goes on to insist more strongly than before on the doctrine which had offended them—*The Father is in Me, and I in the Father” (John x. 38)—so strongly, that their fury bursts forth ) ) | 124 American Catholic Quarterly Review. again. They seek at once to take Him, and He escapes out of their hands. So, too, on a third occasion, before the high priest. Not only did Christ, when adjured in the name of the living God, avow Himself the Son of God; but He went on to declare explic- itly, that hereafter they should see Him sitting at the right hand of the power of God, and coming in the clouds of heaven to judge the world (Matt. xxvi. 64). In the day of God’s judgment of the world, they would have visible evidence of the grand truth which now they denied, and for announcing which they were about to condemn Him. Christ takes back no word He has spoken, abates not one iota of the claim He asserts, to be the Son of the Father. His words are truth, and everlasting life. He has come to His own: His own receive Him not. How the Jews understood His words, we have seen beyond all doubt. Their words and their acts made it perfectly clear. We now see that, on His part, Christ confirmed them in that sense ; and by insisting on it, gave a second and more emphatic expres- sion to it. He was in truth the Son of God, one with the Father in the possession of the Divine nature. How His disciples understood Him, and what they held this Divine Sonship to mean, will be made equally clear, when we come to examine how they spoke and what they taught concerning His Divinity. We may add here that the phrase, Son of Ged, occupies a prom- inent place in the early Christians’ writings, and is used especially in their discussions with the Jews. The same fundamental idea, dis- tinction of persons and community of nature, between the Father and the Son, is ever understood ; sometimes it is plainly expressed. Thus in the Epistle to Diognetus, an early Christian work, the unknown writer of which says (chap. xi.) that he was a disciple of the Apostles, and had become a teacher of the Gentiles, we read (chapter v.) concerning the ministry of Christ,the Son of God, sent by the Father unto this world: “As a king sends his son, who is also a king, so sent He Him: As God, sent He Him; As Saviour, sent He Him.” The king’s son isa king. The Son of God is God. Similarly, Justin Martyr, in his First Apology (chap. 63), says : “ The Jews know not that the Father of the universe has a Son : who also, being the first begotten Word of God, is even God.” Athenagoras, in his Plea for the Christians (chap x.), gives expression to the same thought. This is the essential philosophic idea of Sonship, - the very thought to which the mind of the hearer was directed. The term, Son of God, was a phrase the full meaning and import of which the Jews would understand clearly, and perhaps much more readily, than they would the other term, Word of God" less The Divinity of Christ. 125 familiar to them, but one which became more acceptable to the Greeks and Hellenizing Christians ; and which, having the sanction of the Gospel of St John, and expressing his belief, will in its turn call for our consideration, when we treat of the testimony of the beloved disciple as to the Divinity of his Master. It is evident, therefore, that the words of Christ: “I am the Christ, the Son of God,” so far from falling short of a full and ex- plicit declaration of His divine nature, were precisely those which conveyed to the minds of his hearers a distinct statement of it, and which, furthermore, expressed the doctrine that his Divine Person- ality was distinct from that of the Father; and, by this statement, led them on towards a knowledge of the mystery of the Holy Trinity. Had he said: “I am the Christ, the incarnate God,” His hearers would indeed understand Him to declare His own Divinity. But they would have learned nothing of the distinction of persons in the Godhead. Ignorant of this doctrine, they would have held that God the Father, of whom alone they had knowledge, had become incarnate. They would have held that Jesus of Nazareth was God the Father, and not God the Son. The words used by Christ guarded them against this error. Indeed, at a later day, by over-much subtilizing on the doc- trine of the Trinity, and thus doing away with the proper distinc- tion of the Divine Persons, sundry eastern Christians were led on to coalesce into a sect called the Patripassians. Their chief error was holding, that it was the Father who was made flesh, and was born of the Virgin Mary; who suffered under Pontius Pilate, and was crucified for our redemption. The strongest arguments against them were drawn by the orthodox Christians from the words of Christ Himself, as He teaches the distinct personality, and the proper works of the Son of God. We have shown, however imperfectly, that the words of our Saviour contain ample proof of His Divinity. The same doctrine may be established from the character of His miracles. The teachings of the Apostles supply still other evidences of it; and the abundant testimony at hand to show that the early Christians of every class—the immediate disciples of the Apostles—believed it, supplies historical evidence, which fully refutes the assertion, so confidently made, that this doctrine of the Divinity of Christ origi- nated only at a later period, in the minds of certain philosophizing «Christians. But to treat these points with the fullness which they are entitled to, would demand far more space than is now at our disposal. We may treat of them hereafter. Our readers will acknowledge that we have already taxed their time and patience sufficiently for this first number of our Review. _‘P. N. Lyncu. 126 American Catholic Quarterly Review. MODERN PHYSICISTS AND THE ORIGIN OF MAN. 1. Appresses of Professors Tyndall and Huxley before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1874. 2. Gentitism: Religion Previous to Christianity. By Rev. Aug. J. Thebaud, S. J., New York: D. and J. Sadlier & Co., 1876. HE hostility of the majority of modern physicists to Christianity shows itself plainly, in their theories of the origin of matter and of man. They are professedly indifferent to the bearing of their views upon the statements of Sacred Scripture; and they attempt to rule those statements entirely out of the discussion; but in this they only reveal the more clearly their real azimus. For, however diversely the statements of Scripture may be construed on some points, they declare, as all agree, that matter is not eternal nor self-existent ; that man has his origin not in any “ potency” in- herent in matter, but in the creative will of God; and that man has not developed into the possession of intellect and of will, but was endowed with them at the moment of his creation. Around these statements and corroborating them, has gathered in the course of ages, an accumulation of confirmatory evidence, in com- parison with which the proofs that support the most firmly estab- lished facts of physical science are weak. These statements, therefore, are, to say the least, entitled to respectful consideration. They are “in possession,” and before a writ of “ouster” can be issued against them and executed, a title superior to theirs must be conclusively shown. In other words, the burden of proof rests upon those who impugn, directly or indirectly, the statements of Scripture. When the hypotheses of physicists declare or imply that man was not created, but was evolved from a “protoplasm,” by a power inherent in matter; that, by the operation of that same power, the protoplasm was carried through successive stages of de- velopment, until it became an anthropoid ape, then a savage man, and at last, after millions of years, an intellectual Celt or Saxon, it is entirely legitimate to reply, “ We refuse to accept your theory because it contradicts divine revelation.” We know very well that this is decried as dogmatism. Whether it be dogmatism or not, it is a logical answer. There are certain* axioms upon which mathematical science rests. When results are shown to be in accordance with those axioms they are accepted as determinate conclusions. Suppose a_ scientific dreamer should adopt a hypothesis which contradicted those axioms or their con- Modern Physicists and the Origin of Man. 127 sequences, and, when confronted with the contradictions, should reply, “I rule mathematics entirely out of my field of thought; if mathematics comes in the way of my speculations so much the worse for it” such a scientist would be considered a fit inmate for a mad-house. Yet he would not be a whit more irrational in his method of arguing than are many modern physicists in the posture which they assume towards Christianity. For, Christianity is a FACT; and a fact of greater moment than all the physical facts which sci- entists gather around their speculations about matter, its forces, forms, and modes of existence. Christianity, therefore, cannot be thus unceremoniously thrust out of view. Around Christianity, too, other facts have clustered, which must be considered and duly dis- posed of, before the way can be opened for even commencing the summary procedure, which many, perhaps a majority, of modern scientists advocate. If these savans were of one mind either as to the facts which they include within the field of their speculations, or as to what they infer from those facts, their treatment of Christianity would be less obviously irrational, if not more excusable. But they disagree both as to facts and conclusions. There is another point which should always be borne in mind in estimating the importance of the theories of physical scientists, viz: that in their investigations they use the inductive method. They are shut out, therefore, by the very method which they employ, from reaching certainty in their conclusions. The utmost they can claim is probability. Induction is very well in its place, useful for arranging and classifying ascertained facts. But by induction nothing can really be proved. Induction starts from particulars ; the conclusion, consequently, is always broader than the premises upon which it rests. Besides, the inductive method is applicable only to the relative and finite. It is as absurd, therefore, to attempt by induction to reach conclusions respecting the Absolute and Infinite, as it would be to expect a stream to rise above its source. Induction starts from a hypothesis, in other words, a guess. It empirically arranges about the hypothesis the results of investigations into physical phenomena, facts, real or suppositious. If the facts agree with the hypothesis, the hypothesis is held to be correct. Yet all those facts may possibly be explained, quite as well, by some other hypothesis entirely different; or, in the lapse of time, other facts may be discovered, which prove the hypothesis untrue. The history of the physical sciences records many instances of this; many, too, that are quite recent. We mention, as examples, the theory that chemical compounds are formed by the combina- tion of the ultimate particles, called atoms, of elementary substances; § a eet ern ene — - ee + 128 American Catholic Quarterly Review. a theory now generally regarded by physicists as untenable, yet still almost universally employed to explain chemical reactions. Again, until quite recently the change in the lungs of the color of the blood, was explained by the oxidation of the iron contained in it; and the heat of the body was attributed to the union in the lungs of the oxygen of the inspired air with the carbon of the blood; yet it is now known that these theories are in fact untrue. Again, previous to the last century, the very existence of oxygen was un- known. Yet this is one of the most active, indeed we may say, the most active, and all-pervading of all elementary substances—if there be elementary substances, and if oxygen be one of them— neither of which is at all certain. It enters into the air we breathe; it forms eight-ninths, by weight, of all the water on the face of the globe, or that floats as vapor above it; it forms, no one can tell what proportion of the globe itself, and it combines with every known substance, one only excepted. Its discovery, it is scarcely too much to say, upset the whole fabric of physical science; it completety revolutionized chemistry, the most ven- erable of all the physical sciences, excepting astronomy ; it did the same thing to mineralogy; it totally changed, or rather re- created the theories of combustion, respiration, nutrition, of the growth of plants and animals, of the metamorphosis of tissues, and of every thing that belongs to physiology. Now, what has happened may happen again. Scientists now strongly suspect that oxygen is a compound and not an elementary substance, and that there is a good deal still to be learned about it. And, what has been said about oxygen and chemistry, might be said with equal truth about other established (?) facts and theories of the physical sciences (so-called). Some day—no one knows how soon—they may all be upset by some unlooked-for discovery; and the accepted doctrines of “ protoplasms” and “continuous development,” may be discarded with as little ceremony, as were those of “monads” and “ germ-cells.” As we have already said, it is impossible to arrive at certainty by the inductive method. We have no controversy with the inductive method when it con- fines itself to the investigation of physical facts; but, when it at- tempts to obtrude itself into the sphere of philosophy and theol- Modern Physicists and the Origin of Man. 129 ogy, and to thrust its inductions, its theoretical inverted frusta of pyramids, always wider at the top than at the base, into the place occupied by truths, determined long ages ago by philosophy, or made known by divine revelation, we treat it as an intruder. Certain modern scientists, or sciolists, complain of this as pre- sumption; but the presumption is all on their own side. There is not, cannot be, any real antagonism between the final results of physical science and the defined dogmas of revealed re- ligion; but the meaning of divine revelation as regards the origin of matter and of man is substantially determined, whilst the utter- ances of the physical sciences have not yet, by any means, been fully and clearly interpreted. Investigators of the material uni- verse have not even found the keys—much. less learned how to use them—to unlock the closed doors, which now prevent entrance into many of Nature’s apartments; and they are utterly ignorant of what treasures of knowledge may there be stored up. When they shall have observed and studied a// of Nature’s facts, and shall have come to an agreement among themselves, both as to the facts and their relations, it will be time enough for them to invade the sphere of the Spiritual and Supernatural, and to begin to dogmatize about religion. And when they do this, they must change their method of thought, and adopt that of pure science, i.e., philosophy. And then, too, they will find that there are mysteries, which even the profound- est philosophy cannot resolve, and which will ever remain inscrutable, except so far as divine revelation enables man to apprehend them. The fact is, modern physicists totally misconceive the real nature of their functions, as investigators of material facts and phenom- ena. They seem to imagine that it belongs to them, by experi- ments in their laboratories and dissecting rooms, to work out ques- tions of metaphysics and pure philosophy; and, going still higher, of religion. Just the opposite is the truth. Their mission as physicists is simply to gather and collate facts, which, when handed over to philosophers, become the raw materials which ‘hey must work up and determine the relations of, and their philosophical sig- nificance. Nor can even philosophers accomplish their work, un- less they first obtain the key to the problems, with which they have to deal, from divine revelation. The natural world is mute and dumb, or, if heard speaking at all, its words are riddles, except when the existence of God, as the personal, absolute, self-existent, first cause and last end of all things, is taken as the key to under- standing these otherwise incomprehensible utterances. That done, Nature has no longer a sphynx-like character, but becomes vocal with intelligible and harmonious praises of the wisdom and might and beneficence of the Creator of the heavens and the earth and all that is in them. VOL. L—9. 130 American Catholic Quarterly Review. Modern scientists, not unfrequently, unconsciously testify to this. We find such unconscious, unintended testimony cropping out in Prof. Tyndall's writings. Speaking of “states of consciousness,” he describes them as “ mere symbols of an outside entity, which pro- duces them and determines their order of succession, but the real nature of which we can never know.” Ue then makes the fol- lowing acknowledgment: “In fact the whole process of evolution is the manifestation of a power absolutely inscrutable to the intellect of man. As little in our day as in the days of Job, can man by searching find this power out. Considered fundamentally, it is by the opera- tion of an insoluble mystery that life is evolved, species differentiated, and mind un- folded from their preponent elements in the immeasurable past.” Again, speaking of his own conception of a “cosmical life,” etc., he says: “ All we see around us, and all we feel within us, the phenomena of physical na- ture as well as those of the human mind, have their umsearchadle roots in a cosmical life, if I dare apply the term, an infinitesimal span of which only is offered to the investi- gation of man. And even this span is only knowable in part. We can trace the development of a nervous system, and correlate with it the parallel phenomena of sensation and thought. We see with undoubting certainty that they go hand in hand, But we try to soar in a vacuum the moment we seek fo comprehend the connection be- tween them. An Archimedean fulcrum ts here required, which the human mind can not command, and the effort to solve the problem, to borrow an illustration from an il- lustrious friend of mine, is like the effort of a man trying to lift himself by his own waistband.” * * Referring still to the connection between nervous action and the “parallel phenomena of sensation and thought,” he affirms: “ There is no fusion possible between these two classes of facts—mno motor energy in the intellect of man to carry it without logical rupture from the one to the other.” These utterances taken by themselves, and without regard to the general animus of the majority of modern physicists with whom Prof. Tyndall is in avowed sympathy, might well be construed into an acknowledgment of the imperfections and limitations of the methods employed by physical scientists. Prof. Tyndall, in the face of his own previous acknowledgments of the impossibility of arriving at any certain conclusions on these sub- Modern Physicists and the Origin of Man. 131 jects, by the processes of physical investigation, and his still further confession, that the mysteries they involve are irresolvable by the human intellect ? This brings us to another point, to which we direct attention. We refer to the assumption, which runs through Prof. Tyndall’s whole Address, (and in this he is a fair type and example of most modern scientists,) that because there are problems in the life of man, and the existence and action of matter, and of mind, irresolv- able by the human understanding from the stand-point of the merely Natural, there is, therefore, no higher stand-point from which, and no higher faculty impartible to man by which these problems can be comprehended. In other words, Prof. Tyndall ignores not only the existence of the Supernatural, but all possibility of its exist- ence. In like manner, he ignores the possibility of man by faith comprehending what is incomprehensible by his natural under- standing. But in this Prof. Tyndall proves himself an illogical reasoner. For, to use his own simile, the fact that a man cannct lift himself by his waistband does not prove that another cannot lift him; and so the fact, that man, in the exercise of his natural understanding, is not able to resolve the problems referred to, does not prove that he cannot comprehend them, when divinely aided and taught. It might be reasonably supposed that in this theory there was no room for religion. Prof. Tyndall, however, makes room for it, and finds an “immovable basis” for it “in the religious sentiment, in the emotional part of man.” Nor should it, he generously declares, be “derided by scientists” who have “ escaped” from it “into the high and dry light of the understanding.” “To yield this sentiment reasonable satisfaction, is the problem of problems at the present hour.” All this sounds to us like sarcasm, though we know that Prof. Tyndall does not intend to be so construed. Yet, how he can talk seriously about an “immovable basis of the religious sentiment,” when he makes that “sentiment” to be nothing more, than “a re- sult of the play between organism and environment,” is more than we are able to comprehend. In this he shuts out the very possi- bility of God being the object and final end of “ religious sentiment,” and makes that “sentiment” a purposeless, objectless feeling, a mere delusion, a phantom more unreal than the lakes and moun- tains and palaces, which fancy shapes out of the clouds painted by the setting sun. To this “sentiment” “reasonable satisfaction ” should be “rendered.” But this is nothing more than might be said respecting the physical feeling of hunger, or the sentiment of human friendship; both of which have definite objects, while relig- ion has none, that we can discover. Nor has religion a right to de- ” «6 132 American Catholic Quarterly Review. termine for itself what this “reasonable satisfaction” should be. That is a problem, whose solution belongs to those who stand en- tirely outside of “all religions,” and above them; who, to repeat Prof. Tyndall’s words, “ have escaped from them into the high and dry light of the understanding.” Here is a still further utterance on the same subject: ** Grotesque in relation to scientific culture, as many of the religions of the world have been, and are—dangerous, nay destructive to the dearest privileges of freemen, as some of them undoubtedly have been, and would, if they could be again—it will be wise to recognize them as the forms of a force, mischievous, if permitted to intrude on the region of knowledge, over which it holds no sway, but capable of being guided by lib- eral thoughts to noble issues in the region of emotion, which is its proper sphere.” Mr. Tyndall has felt greatly hurt by what he considers unfair in- ferences in regard to his posture towards Christianity. He has been called an “ Atheist,” and he protests that he is not. We do not regard him as an Atheist, using the word to designate one who positively denies the existence of God. Mr. Tyndall neither denies nor affirms it. He simply ignores it. To use St. Paul’s lan- guage, he does not like to have God in his knowledge. What his ideas are of religion, and of the sphere it may occupy, have al- ready, to some extent, been made apparent, we think, by the quota- tions already given from his Belfast address. The following however is apropos, and will perhaps help to a still clearer under- standing, if not of his ideas, at least of their vagueness and con- trariety: «« I would set forth equally the inexorable advance of man’s understanding, and the unquenchable claims of his emotional nature, which the understanding can never sat- isfy. ‘The world embraces not only a Newton, but a Shakespeare—not only a Boyle, but a Raphael—not only a Kant, but a Beethoven—not only a Darwin, but a Carlyle. Not in each of these, but in all is human nature whole. They are not opposed, but supplementary; not mutually exclusive, but reconcilable. And if, still, the unsatisfied human mind, with the yearning of a pilgrim for his distant home, will turn to the mys- tery from which it has emerged, seeking so to fashion it, as to give unity to thought and faith, so long as this is done not only without intolerance or bigotry of any kind, but with the enlightened conviction that fixity of conception is unattainable, and that each succeeding age must be held free to fashion the mystery in accordance with its own needs—then, in opposition to all the restrictions of materialism, I would affirm this to be a field for the noblest exercise of what, in contrast with the knowing faculties, may be called the creative faculties of man.” Here, under a rhetorical show of liberality towards religion, everything is really taken away from it. The “knowing faculties” have nothing to do with it! “ Fixity of conception is unattainable!” We acknowledge ourselves utterly unable, too, to understand how that which has no intellectual basis, and lies entirely outside of the “knowing faculties” of man, can, by any stretch of generosity, be regarded as a field for the noblest exercise of even our lowest facul- ties, much less of our “ creative faculties.” We pass, with a bare mention, Prof. Tyndall's selection of repre- sentatives of religion—Raphael, Shakespeare, Beethoven and Car/y/e. ‘ Modern Physicists and the Origin of Man. 133 We are surprised that he did not finish his inverted climax with Voltaire and Tom Paine. We pass this by, however, and direct attention to another point. The“ creations” of Raphael and Shakeapeare live only because of the objective truth, which they embody and express. It is that, and that only, which gives them their force and beauty, their power to command admiration,—their immortality. Without that they would have passed long ago from the thoughts and memory of men; without that, indeed, they could not have been produced. So, too, it is with Carlyle’s “ heroes,” and his travesties of history. Under- neath all their wild and wicked imaginings there is a certain amount of truth, which constitutes the basis on which they rest, and gives them whatever of strength and vitality they have. But religion, according to Prof. Tyndall, has nothing whatever to rest upon. For the “immovable basis,” which he assigns to it, is a sentiment without an object or an end—a mere phantom. The “religious sentiment,” then, instead of being one which should have “ reasonable satisfaction,” should be sternly repressed, stamped out of existence, as a something, which in some unaccountable way has become a part of man’s nature, but which perpetually inter- feres with the free activity of his “ knowing faculties,” and contin- ually deludes him into holding as realities, what are most unreal illusions. Analyzing Prof. Tyndall’s rhetorical references to religion as closely as such vague generalities can be, we make the following deductions : 1. Religion is purely a creation of the human imagination. 2. Religion has no objective basis of truth. 3. “ Fixity” and certainty of religious belief are unattainable. 4. There are no supernatural truths cognizable by man. 5. Those who discard religion, or in other words, “escape” from it “into the high and dry light of the understanding,” are the true philosophers. z It is not at all our purpose to attempt a refutation of the Addresses of Profs. Tyndall and Huxley ; but simply to bring out, as plainly as we can, their real posture towards Christianity. There is need that this be done ; for of late quite an effort has been made to create the impression, that as regards this these gentlemen have been greatly misunderstood and misrepresented. We shall have occa- sion to refer again to Prof. Tyndall; we now turn to Prof. Huxley. His position can be very easily determined from his address at Belfast. He announces: 1. “ That we have really no knowledge of external things, and that the only thing which is certain is, that they cannot be like what we imagine them to be; that the only certain knowledge we have of that efficient cause is, that it is in no sense like the picture we present to our consciousness.” 134 The American Catholic Quarterly Review. 2. That “as regards animals, the only view which can be scientifically adopted ” is that, “although they are sensitive, and although they are conscious, yet they do act mechanically, and their different states of consciousness, their sensations, their thoughts (if they have any), their volitions (if they have them), are the products and consequences of their mechanical arrangements.” y 3- “ Undoubtedly, I do hold that the view I have taken of the relations between the physical and mental faculties of brutes applies in its fullness and entirety to man; and if it was true that the logical consequences of that belief must land me in all these terrible things (Fatalism, Materialism, Atheism), I should not hesitate in allowing myself so to be landed. I should conceive that if I refused, I should have done the greatest and most abominable violence to everything, which is deepest in my moral nature.” Thus positively and dogmatically Prof. Huxley states his theory and backs it up by the assertion, that it is the only one, which can be scientifically adopted ; and yet, in a previous part of his Address, he says—referring to consciousness, its origin and its relation to the physical structure of animals and men—“ I am afraid that the matter is wholly incapable of demonstrative proof.” The logical consequences, which Prof. Huxley lightly brushes aside, are obvious. They do involve Fatalism and Atheism. They imply, if not a positive denial of God’s existence, at least a denial, that any evidences of His existence are to be found in the natural world. They brush entirely away all ideas of a Divine Provi- dence, all-wise, all-powerful, free to will and to act in the world which He has created, preserves and rules over. They involve a denial of all certainty of knowledge of external things, and they sweep away entirely the belief of the Christian world in regard to the origin of matter, and of mind, and of evil; they deny in fact the existence of evil, and of moral responsibility. They go further still. They rule out of existence, except as mere delusions, not only all religious truths and theological dogmas, but also the whole system of criminal jurisprudence ; and would—if they could be re- duced to a practical shape—uproot, from its lowest foundations, the entire structure of society. Modern Physicists and the Origin of Man. 135 We turn now to Prof. Tyndall’s latest publication, “ Martineau and Materialism.” It is the preface to the forthcoming edition of “Fragments of Science,” and is designed to be a refutation of the charge brought against him of irreligion and materialism, and also a counter indictment, for narrow-mindedness and bigotry, of all who maintain the claims of divine revelation upon human credence. The first thing, that strikes a reader of this beautifully written but sophistical production, is the tone of lofty contempt for all who dare to attach the slightest importance to the statements of Sacred Scripture. “The Mosaic picture of the genetic order of things has been not only altered but inverted by scientific research.” “ Notwithstanding the deplorable condition to which the picture has been reduced, it is exhibited fresh every week to millions taught to believe it as divine.” These are not Prof. Tyndall's words, but he quotes them with full approval. With this is coupled an encomium upon the infidel Anglican “ Bishop of Natal,” who, “for openly avowing doubts, which, it is said, others discreetly en- tertain, suffered persecution” for “his public fidelity to scientific truth.” Nor is there wanting a seasonable word of advice to sen- sible Christians, and of rebuke to “ultramontane” Catholics. “The liberai and enlightened portion of Christendom must, I take it, differentiate itself more and more, in word and act, from the fanatical, foolish and more sacerdotal portion. Enlightened Roman Catholics are more specially bound to take action here; for the travesty of heaven and earth is grosser, and the attempt to impose it on the world is more serious, in their community than elsewhere........ Their spiritual guides live so exclusively in the pre-scientific past, that even the really strong intellects among them are reduced to atrophy as regards scientific truth. Eyes they have, and see not; ears they have, and hear not; for both eyes and ears are taken possession of by the sights and sounds of another age. In relation to science, the ultramontane brain, through lack of exercise, is virtually the undeveloped brain of the child. And thus it is, that as children in scientific knowledge, but potent wielders of spiritual power among the ignorant, they bring the blush of shame to the cheeks of the more intelli- ” gent among themselves. Along with this is an utterance in regard to education, by which those Catholics may profit, who delude themselves with the notion that their children may safely receive from skeptics or non-Catho- lics instruction in the physical sciences. “Such is the force of early education, when maintained and perpetuated by the habits of subsequent life; such the ground of peril in allowing the schools of a nation to fall into ultramontane hands. Let any able Catholic student, fairly educated, and not yet cramped by sacerdotalism, get a real scientific grasp of the magnitude and or- ganization of this universe ;. ....... let him bring the thoughts and conceptions which thus enter his mind face to face with the notions of the genesis and rule of things which pervade the writings of the princes of his Church, and he will see and feel what drivelers even men of strenuous intellect may become, through exclusively dwell- ing and dealing with theological chimeras.” Prof. Tyndall reiterates his declaration that he does not utterly repudiate religion; but his idea of religion is a mere vague feeling of wonder and awe in the presence of impenetrable mysteries, not =a — a Le CE I OA EEE LO ABE 136 Amencan Catholic Quarterly Review. a whit more rational than the feelings of a savage on first seeing a locomotive. “ Breaking contact with the hampering details of earth, this feeling associates man with a power, which gives fullness and tone to his existence, but which he can neither analyze nor comprehend;”’,..... “but when I attempt to give the power which I see manifested in the universe an objective form, personal or otherwise, it slips away from me, declining all intelligent manipulation. I dare not, save poetically, use the pro- noun ‘he’ regarding it; I dare not call it a‘ mind;’ I refuse to call it even a ‘cause.’ Its mystery overshadows me; but it remains « mystery, while the objective frames which my neighbors try to make it fit, simply distort and desecrate it.” This “mystery” he reiterates is entirely unknowable; it exists, but it is inscrutable ; it stands entirely outside the sphere of human thought; it has no medium or means of revealing itself to the hu- man intellect, no attributes, no reason or purpose, no end; respect- ing it man cannot “profess to £xow” anything; all he can claim is “I feel.” It is unnecessary to point out the fallacy of these utterances. Because no microscope or telescope can make this power visible, because no scalpel can dissect it, nor any inductions of physical science demonstrate it, Prof. Tyndall rules it out of the sphere of thought and concludes that it cannot be known. The conclusion does not follow from the premises; it is a pure assumption, which logic does not require the Christian to disprove. The burden of proof rests upon Prof. Tyndall; the responsibility of which, how- ever, he does not make the slightest attempt to meet. He con- tents himself with saying that he knows nothing about it. He de- clares that he is not a materialist; but the reason he gives is one which has no force. “Were not man’s origin implicated,” he says, “we should accept without a murmur the derivation of animal and vegetable life from what we call inorganic nature. The conclusion of pure intellect points this way.” Professor Tyndall is not a materialist in the popular, ordinary acceptation of the word; net because he allows room in his theory for the action of the divine will, but because his conception of matter differs from that which commonly prevails. Tracing the growth of a human being in the womb from the ovum to the babe, “ appearing in due time a living miracle with all its organs and all their implications,” he holds that all that the human being is and can become—its mind and will, its thoughts and volitions—*“ comes from an egg” which he “ holds to be matter,” and only matter, “as much as the seed of a fern or of an oak; and he recognizes no power outside the matter of the fern seed, and the acorn, and the egg, and antecedent to them, in virtue of which they become respectively the fern, the oak, and the self-conscious, intelligent, human being. “ Matter,” he says, “I define as that mysterious thing by which all this is accomplished. At the question “how did matter come to Modern Physicists and the Origin of Man. 137 have this power?” he abruptly stops, with the declaration, “on this I never ventured an opinion.” But just here is one of the evasions, of which modern physicists are constantly guilty. They have no right thus to stop short.
| 48,147 |
https://github.com/marco-c/gecko-dev-wordified/blob/master/toolkit/crashreporter/google-breakpad/src/common/linux/dump_symbols_unittest.cc
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, LicenseRef-scancode-unicode-mappings, BSD-3-Clause
| 2,023 |
gecko-dev-wordified
|
marco-c
|
C++
|
Code
| 1,384 | 3,486 |
/
/
Copyright
(
c
)
2011
Google
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.
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rights
reserved
.
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and
use
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and
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are
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met
:
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*
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source
code
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retain
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copyright
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notice
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of
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following
disclaimer
.
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Redistributions
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notice
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software
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SPECIAL
EXEMPLARY
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TO
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OR
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;
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OR
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OR
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HOWEVER
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Original
author
:
Ted
Mielczarek
<
ted
.
mielczarek
gmail
.
com
>
/
/
dump_symbols_unittest
.
cc
:
/
/
Unittests
for
google_breakpad
:
:
DumpSymbols
#
include
<
elf
.
h
>
#
include
<
link
.
h
>
#
include
<
stdio
.
h
>
#
include
<
sstream
>
#
include
<
vector
>
#
include
"
breakpad_googletest_includes
.
h
"
#
include
"
common
/
linux
/
elf_gnu_compat
.
h
"
#
include
"
common
/
linux
/
elfutils
.
h
"
#
include
"
common
/
linux
/
dump_symbols
.
h
"
#
include
"
common
/
linux
/
synth_elf
.
h
"
#
include
"
common
/
module
.
h
"
#
include
"
common
/
using_std_string
.
h
"
namespace
google_breakpad
{
bool
ReadSymbolDataInternal
(
const
uint8_t
*
obj_file
const
string
&
obj_filename
const
string
&
obj_os
const
std
:
:
vector
<
string
>
&
debug_dir
const
DumpOptions
&
options
Module
*
*
module
)
;
using
google_breakpad
:
:
synth_elf
:
:
ELF
;
using
google_breakpad
:
:
synth_elf
:
:
Notes
;
using
google_breakpad
:
:
synth_elf
:
:
StringTable
;
using
google_breakpad
:
:
synth_elf
:
:
SymbolTable
;
using
google_breakpad
:
:
test_assembler
:
:
kLittleEndian
;
using
google_breakpad
:
:
test_assembler
:
:
Section
;
using
std
:
:
stringstream
;
using
std
:
:
vector
;
using
:
:
testing
:
:
Test
;
using
:
:
testing
:
:
Types
;
template
<
typename
ElfClass
>
class
DumpSymbols
:
public
Test
{
public
:
void
GetElfContents
(
ELF
&
elf
)
{
string
contents
;
ASSERT_TRUE
(
elf
.
GetContents
(
&
contents
)
)
;
ASSERT_LT
(
0U
contents
.
size
(
)
)
;
elfdata_v
.
clear
(
)
;
elfdata_v
.
insert
(
elfdata_v
.
begin
(
)
contents
.
begin
(
)
contents
.
end
(
)
)
;
elfdata
=
&
elfdata_v
[
0
]
;
}
vector
<
uint8_t
>
elfdata_v
;
uint8_t
*
elfdata
;
}
;
typedef
Types
<
ElfClass32
ElfClass64
>
ElfClasses
;
TYPED_TEST_SUITE
(
DumpSymbols
ElfClasses
)
;
TYPED_TEST
(
DumpSymbols
Invalid
)
{
Elf32_Ehdr
header
;
memset
(
&
header
0
sizeof
(
header
)
)
;
Module
*
module
;
DumpOptions
options
(
ALL_SYMBOL_DATA
true
)
;
EXPECT_FALSE
(
ReadSymbolDataInternal
(
reinterpret_cast
<
uint8_t
*
>
(
&
header
)
"
foo
"
"
Linux
"
vector
<
string
>
(
)
options
&
module
)
)
;
}
TYPED_TEST
(
DumpSymbols
SimplePublic
)
{
ELF
elf
(
TypeParam
:
:
kMachine
TypeParam
:
:
kClass
kLittleEndian
)
;
/
/
Zero
out
text
section
for
simplicity
.
Section
text
(
kLittleEndian
)
;
text
.
Append
(
4096
0
)
;
elf
.
AddSection
(
"
.
text
"
text
SHT_PROGBITS
)
;
/
/
Add
a
public
symbol
.
StringTable
table
(
kLittleEndian
)
;
SymbolTable
syms
(
kLittleEndian
TypeParam
:
:
kAddrSize
table
)
;
syms
.
AddSymbol
(
"
superfunc
"
(
typename
TypeParam
:
:
Addr
)
0x1000
(
typename
TypeParam
:
:
Addr
)
0x10
/
/
ELF32_ST_INFO
works
for
32
-
or
64
-
bit
.
ELF32_ST_INFO
(
STB_GLOBAL
STT_FUNC
)
SHN_UNDEF
+
1
)
;
int
index
=
elf
.
AddSection
(
"
.
dynstr
"
table
SHT_STRTAB
)
;
elf
.
AddSection
(
"
.
dynsym
"
syms
SHT_DYNSYM
/
/
type
SHF_ALLOC
/
/
flags
0
/
/
addr
index
/
/
link
sizeof
(
typename
TypeParam
:
:
Sym
)
)
;
/
/
entsize
elf
.
Finish
(
)
;
this
-
>
GetElfContents
(
elf
)
;
Module
*
module
;
DumpOptions
options
(
ALL_SYMBOL_DATA
true
)
;
EXPECT_TRUE
(
ReadSymbolDataInternal
(
this
-
>
elfdata
"
foo
"
"
Linux
"
vector
<
string
>
(
)
options
&
module
)
)
;
stringstream
s
;
module
-
>
Write
(
s
ALL_SYMBOL_DATA
)
;
const
string
expected
=
string
(
"
MODULE
Linux
"
)
+
TypeParam
:
:
kMachineName
+
"
000000000000000000000000000000000
foo
\
n
"
"
INFO
CODE_ID
00000000000000000000000000000000
\
n
"
"
PUBLIC
1000
0
superfunc
\
n
"
;
EXPECT_EQ
(
expected
s
.
str
(
)
)
;
delete
module
;
}
TYPED_TEST
(
DumpSymbols
SimpleBuildID
)
{
ELF
elf
(
TypeParam
:
:
kMachine
TypeParam
:
:
kClass
kLittleEndian
)
;
/
/
Zero
out
text
section
for
simplicity
.
Section
text
(
kLittleEndian
)
;
text
.
Append
(
4096
0
)
;
elf
.
AddSection
(
"
.
text
"
text
SHT_PROGBITS
)
;
/
/
Add
a
Build
ID
const
uint8_t
kExpectedIdentifierBytes
[
]
=
{
0x00
0x01
0x02
0x03
0x04
0x05
0x06
0x07
0x08
0x09
0x0A
0x0B
0x0C
0x0D
0x0E
0x0F
0x10
0x11
0x12
0x13
}
;
Notes
notes
(
kLittleEndian
)
;
notes
.
AddNote
(
NT_GNU_BUILD_ID
"
GNU
"
kExpectedIdentifierBytes
sizeof
(
kExpectedIdentifierBytes
)
)
;
elf
.
AddSection
(
"
.
note
.
gnu
.
build
-
id
"
notes
SHT_NOTE
)
;
/
/
Add
a
public
symbol
.
StringTable
table
(
kLittleEndian
)
;
SymbolTable
syms
(
kLittleEndian
TypeParam
:
:
kAddrSize
table
)
;
syms
.
AddSymbol
(
"
superfunc
"
(
typename
TypeParam
:
:
Addr
)
0x1000
(
typename
TypeParam
:
:
Addr
)
0x10
/
/
ELF32_ST_INFO
works
for
32
-
or
64
-
bit
.
ELF32_ST_INFO
(
STB_GLOBAL
STT_FUNC
)
SHN_UNDEF
+
1
)
;
int
index
=
elf
.
AddSection
(
"
.
dynstr
"
table
SHT_STRTAB
)
;
elf
.
AddSection
(
"
.
dynsym
"
syms
SHT_DYNSYM
/
/
type
SHF_ALLOC
/
/
flags
0
/
/
addr
index
/
/
link
sizeof
(
typename
TypeParam
:
:
Sym
)
)
;
/
/
entsize
elf
.
Finish
(
)
;
this
-
>
GetElfContents
(
elf
)
;
Module
*
module
;
DumpOptions
options
(
ALL_SYMBOL_DATA
true
)
;
EXPECT_TRUE
(
ReadSymbolDataInternal
(
this
-
>
elfdata
"
foo
"
"
Linux
"
vector
<
string
>
(
)
options
&
module
)
)
;
stringstream
s
;
module
-
>
Write
(
s
ALL_SYMBOL_DATA
)
;
const
string
expected
=
string
(
"
MODULE
Linux
"
)
+
TypeParam
:
:
kMachineName
+
"
030201000504070608090A0B0C0D0E0F0
foo
\
n
"
"
INFO
CODE_ID
000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F10111213
\
n
"
"
PUBLIC
1000
0
superfunc
\
n
"
;
EXPECT_EQ
(
expected
s
.
str
(
)
)
;
delete
module
;
}
}
/
/
namespace
google_breakpad
| 34,207 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54000664
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
Shepmaster, https://stackoverflow.com/users/155423, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3739851, isaacg
|
English
|
Spoken
| 678 | 1,825 |
Piston application crashes after a few minutes with a memory allocation error
I've developed a maze game using Piston in Rust in order to teach myself graphics/UI programming. The game mostly works fine, but when I run it with a large maze (e.g. 120 x 72 rectangles), the game crashes with a memory allocation error after a couple minutes.
A reduced example is as follows:
extern crate graphics;
extern crate opengl_graphics;
extern crate piston;
extern crate piston_window;
use opengl_graphics::OpenGL;
use piston::event_loop::*;
use piston::input::*;
use piston_window::{PistonWindow, WindowSettings};
const BLACK: [f32; 4] = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
const WHITE: [f32; 4] = [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0];
fn main() {
let opengl = OpenGL::V3_2;
let mut window: PistonWindow = WindowSettings::new("maze", [800, 600])
.opengl(opengl)
.exit_on_esc(true)
.build()
.unwrap();
let mut events = Events::new(EventSettings::new());
while let Some(event) = events.next(&mut window) {
if let Some(_args) = event.render_args() {
window.draw_2d(&event, |c, gl| {
graphics::clear(BLACK, gl);
for _row in 0..72 {
for _col in 0..120 {
let color = WHITE;
let box_rect =
graphics::rectangle::rectangle_by_corners(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0);
graphics::rectangle(color, box_rect, c.transform, gl);
}
}
});
}
}
}
When I run this, I get a memory allocation error, followed by a process abort:
$ time cargo run --release
Compiling maze v0.1.0 (/home/isaac/prog/rust/test-maze)
Finished release [optimized] target(s) in 5.28s
Running `target/release/maze`
memory allocation of 7927496704 bytes failedAborted (core dumped)
real 2m24.317s
user 1m29.515s
sys 0m3.644s
Running it in the debugger, I get the following backtrace:
(gdb) backtrace
#0 __GI_raise (sig=sig@entry=6) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/raise.c:51
#1 0x00007ffff71e1801 in __GI_abort () at abort.c:79
#2 0x0000555555708fc7 in std::sys::unix::abort_internal () at src/libstd/sys/unix/mod.rs:157
#3 0x000055555570419d in rust_oom () at src/libstd/alloc.rs:211
#4 0x0000555555717f37 in alloc::alloc::handle_alloc_error () at src/liballoc/alloc.rs:224
#5 0x00005555556eaf7d in <alloc::vec::Vec<T> as alloc::vec::SpecExtend<T, I>>::spec_extend ()
#6 0x00005555556e64aa in <gfx_core::handle::Manager<R>>::extend ()
#7 0x00005555556da204 in <gfx_device_gl::Device as gfx_core::Device>::pin_submitted_resources ()
#8 0x000055555559d654 in <gfx::encoder::Encoder<R, C>>::flush ()
#9 0x000055555558f8af in maze::main ()
#10 0x000055555558bb73 in std::rt::lang_start::{{closure}} ()
#11 0x0000555555704913 in std::rt::lang_start_internal::{{closure}} () at src/libstd/rt.rs:49
#12 std::panicking::try::do_call () at src/libstd/panicking.rs:297
#13 0x000055555570927a in __rust_maybe_catch_panic () at src/libpanic_unwind/lib.rs:92
#14 0x0000555555705466 in std::panicking::try () at src/libstd/panicking.rs:276
#15 std::panic::catch_unwind () at src/libstd/panic.rs:388
#16 std::rt::lang_start_internal () at src/libstd/rt.rs:48
#17 0x000055555558fae2 in main ()
I am using Ubuntu Linux 18.04.
Should my program be written differently to prevent this problem? Is there something wrong with Piston?
The problem is located here:
let mut events = Events::new(EventSettings::new());
while let Some(event) = events.next(&mut window) {
Instead, one should use this:
while let Some(event) = window.next() {
It turns out that window.next() runs some cleanup steps that events.next(&mut window) omits, and these cleanup steps free the relevant memory. As far as I can tell, the documentation makes no mention of this, and the examples use both patterns without indicating the difference.
This cleanup is mentioned in the comments here, as was pointed out by Tiriosaurus on reddit.
See also Piston issue #1174. This is... pretty sloppy and embarrassing for their project it seems.
That's about an 8 GB allocation it's doing; way too large to be reasonable. 8 GB is probably related to your system RAM. One half, equal or double to it, depending on your system setup.
The problem has to be in the loop and it has to be small. The loop isn't very big, is it? Which is the nice thing about small examples. It looks like it was the event code. I have no idea why.
Here's a version that does not appear to have a memory leak:
extern crate graphics;
extern crate opengl_graphics;
extern crate piston;
extern crate piston_window;
use opengl_graphics::OpenGL;
use piston::event_loop::*;
use piston::input::*;
use piston_window::{PistonWindow, WindowSettings};
const BLACK: [f32; 4] = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
const WHITE: [f32; 4] = [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0];
fn main() {
let opengl = OpenGL::V3_2;
let mut window: PistonWindow = WindowSettings::new("maze", [800, 600])
.opengl(opengl)
.exit_on_esc(true)
.build()
.unwrap();
while let Some(event) = window.next() {
window.draw_2d(&event, |c, gl| {
graphics::clear(BLACK, gl);
for _row in 0..72 {
for _col in 0..120 {
let color = WHITE;
let box_rect =
graphics::rectangle::rectangle_by_corners(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0);
graphics::rectangle(color, box_rect, c.transform, gl);
}
}
});
}
}
Thanks - I was pointed to the same conclusion and posted it at about the same time.
| 2,971 |
US-27337508-A_3
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,008 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,825 | 9,639 |
The advertising ratio for a section can be achieved with wildly varying advertising ratios on individual pages within the section, and the ad layout algorithm exploits this. The algorithm is configured to attempt to co-locate closely tied editorial and advertising content, such as placing ads for roofing material specifically within the publication because of a special feature on do-it-yourself roofing repairs.
The editorial content selected for the user, including text and associated images and graphics, is then laid out according to various aesthetic rules.
The entire process, including the selection of ads and the selection of editorial content, must be iterated once the layout has converged, to attempt to more closely achieve the user's stated section size preference. The section size preference can, however, be matched on average over time, allowing significant day-to-day variations.
2.5 Document Format
Once the document is laid out, it is encoded for efficient distribution and persistent storage on the netpage network.
The primary efficiency mechanism is the separation of information specific to a single user's edition and information shared between multiple users' editions. The specific information consists of the page layout. The shared information consists of the objects to which the page layout refers, including images, graphics, and pieces of text.
A text object contains fully-formatted text represented in the Extensible Markup Language (XML) using the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL). XSL provides precise control over text formatting independently of the region into which the text is being set, which in this case is being provided by the layout. The text object contains embedded language codes to enable automatic translation, and embedded hyphenation hints to aid with paragraph formatting.
An image object encodes an image in the JPEG 2000 wavelet-based compressed image format. A graphic object encodes a 2D graphic in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format.
The layout itself consists of a series of placed image and graphic objects, linked textflow objects through which text objects flow, hyperlinks and input fields as described above, and watermark regions. These layout objects are summarized in Table 3. The layout uses a compact format suitable for efficient distribution and storage.
TABLE 3 netpage layout objects Layout Format of object Attribute linked object Image Position — Image object ID JPEG 2000 Graphic Position — Graphic object ID SVG Textflow Textflow ID — Zone — Optional text object ID XML/XSL Hyperlink Type — Zone — Application ID, etc. — Field Type — Meaning — Zone — Watermark Zone —
2.6 Document Distribution
As described above, for purposes of efficient distribution and persistent storage on the netpage network, a user-specific page layout is separated from the shared objects to which it refers.
When a subscribed publication is ready to be distributed, the netpage publication server allocates, with the help of the netpage ID server 12, a unique ID for each page, page instance, document, and document instance.
The server computes a set of optimized subsets of the shared content and creates a multicast channel for each subset, and then tags each user-specific layout with the names of the multicast channels which will carry the shared content used by that layout. The server then pointcasts each user's layouts to that user's printer via the appropriate page server, and when the pointcasting is complete, multicasts the shared content on the specified channels. After receiving its pointcast, each page server and printer subscribes to the multicast channels specified in the page layouts. During the multicasts, each page server and printer extracts from the multicast streams those objects referred to by its page layouts. The page servers persistently archive the received page layouts and shared content.
Once a printer has received all the objects to which its page layouts refer, the printer re-creates the fully-populated layout and then rasterizes and prints it.
Under normal circumstances, the printer prints pages faster than they can be delivered. Assuming a quarter of each page is covered with images, the average page has a size of less than 400 KB. The printer can therefore hold in excess of 100 such pages in its internal 64 MB memory, allowing for temporary buffers etc. The printer prints at a rate of one page per second. This is equivalent to 400 KB or about 3 Mbit of page data per second, which is similar to the highest expected rate of page data delivery over a broadband network.
Even under abnormal circumstances, such as when the printer runs out of paper, it is likely that the user will be able to replenish the paper supply before the printer's 100-page internal storage capacity is exhausted.
However, if the printer's internal memory does fill up, then the printer will be unable to make use of a multicast when it first occurs. The netpage publication server therefore allows printers to submit requests for re-multicasts. When a critical number of requests is received or a timeout occurs, the server re-multicasts the corresponding shared objects.
Once a document is printed, a printer can produce an exact duplicate at any time by retrieving its page layouts and contents from the relevant page server.
2.7 On-Demand Documents
When a netpage document is requested on demand, it can be personalized and delivered in much the same way as a periodical. However, since there is no shared content, delivery is made directly to the requesting printer without the use of multicast.
When a non-netpage document is requested on demand, it is not personalized, and it is delivered via a designated netpage formatting server which reformats it as a netpage document. A netpage formatting server is a special instance of a netpage publication server. The netpage formatting server has knowledge of various Internet document formats, including Adobe's Portable Document Format (PDF), and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). In the case of HTML, it can make use of the higher resolution of the printed page to present Web pages in a multi-column format, with a table of contents. It can automatically include all Web pages directly linked to the requested page. The user can tune this behavior via a preference.
The netpage formatting server makes standard netpage behavior, including interactivity and persistence, available on any Internet document, no matter what its origin and format. It hides knowledge of different document formats from both the netpage printer and the netpage page server, and hides knowledge of the netpage system from Web servers.
3 Security 3.1 Cryptography
Cryptography is used to protect sensitive information, both in storage and in transit, and to authenticate parties to a transaction. There are two classes of cryptography in widespread use: secret-key cryptography and public-key cryptography. The netpage network uses both classes of cryptography.
Secret-key cryptography, also referred to as symmetric cryptography, uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt a message. Two parties wishing to exchange messages must first arrange to securely exchange the secret key.
Public-key cryptography, also referred to as asymmetric cryptography, uses two encryption keys. The two keys are mathematically related in such a way that any message encrypted using one key can only be decrypted using the other key. One of these keys is then published, while the other is kept private. The public key is used to encrypt any message intended for the holder of the private key. Once encrypted using the public key, a message can only be decrypted using the private key. Thus two parties can securely exchange messages without first having to exchange a secret key. To ensure that the private key is secure, it is normal for the holder of the private key to generate the key pair.
Public-key cryptography can be used to create a digital signature. The holder of the private key can create a known hash of a message and then encrypt the hash using the private key. Anyone can then verify that the encrypted hash constitutes the “signature” of the holder of the private key with respect to that particular message by decrypting the encrypted hash using the public key and verifying the hash against the message. If the signature is appended to the message, then the recipient of the message can verify both that the message is genuine and that it has not been altered in transit.
To make public-key cryptography work, there has to be a way to distribute public keys which prevents impersonation. This is normally done using certificates and certificate authorities. A certificate authority is a trusted third party which authenticates the connection between a public key and someone's identity. The certificate authority verifies the person's identity by examining identity documents, and then creates and signs a digital certificate containing the person's identity details and public key. Anyone who trusts the certificate authority can use the public key in the certificate with a high degree of certainty that it is genuine. They just have to verify that the certificate has indeed been signed by the certificate authority, whose public key is well-known.
In most transaction environments, public-key cryptography is only used to create digital signatures and to securely exchange secret session keys. Secret-key cryptography is used for all other purposes.
In the following discussion, when reference is made to the secure transmission of information between a netpage printer and a server, what actually happens is that the printer obtains the server's certificate, authenticates it with reference to the certificate authority, uses the public key-exchange key in the certificate to exchange a secret session key with the server, and then uses the secret session key to encrypt the message data. A session key, by definition, can have an arbitrarily short lifetime.
3.2 Netpage Printer Security
Each netpage printer is assigned a pair of unique identifiers at time of manufacture which are stored in read-only memory in the printer and in the netpage registration server database. The printer ID 62 is public and uniquely identifies the printer on the netpage network. The secret ID 90 is secret and is used when the printer is first registered on the network.
A preferred embodiment of a printer registration protocol is shown in FIG. 50. According to the protocol, when the printer connects to the netpage network for the first time after installation, it creates a signature public/private key pair 91,92. It transmits the secret ID and the public key 91 securely to the netpage registration server 11. The server compares the secret ID against the printer's secret ID recorded in its database 74, and accepts the registration if the IDs match. It then creates and signs a certificate containing the printer's public ID and public signature key, and stores the certificate in the registration database. The printer stores its private key 92 in its flash memory 81.
When the printer needs to exchange a session key with a server, it generates a random session key, signs it using its private signature key 92, and securely transmits the session key to the server, i.e. encrypted using the server's public key-exchange key from the server's certificate. The server verifies that the printer is a registered netpage printer by verifying the signature using the printer's public signature key from the printer's certificate, available from the registration server. The netpage registration server can act as a certificate authority for the printer since it has privileged access to secret information allowing it to verify printer identity.
As an alternative to the printer generating the signature public/private key pair when it registers, the private key 92 can be stored in the printer's ROM at time of manufacture and the matching public key 91 stored in the registration server database at time of manufacture, obviating the need for the secret ID 90.
As another alternative, printer registration can utilize the same technique used for pen registration, as described below.
3.2.1 Publisher Authorization
When a user subscribes to a publication, a record 808 is created in the netpage registration server database authorizing the publisher to print the publication to the user's default printer or a specified printer. Every document 836 sent to a printer via a page server is addressed to a particular user, via the user's alias ID 65 with respect to the publisher, and is signed by the publisher using the publisher's private signature key. The page server verifies, via the registration database, that the publisher 803,806 is authorized to deliver the publication to the specified user 805. The page server verifies the signature using the publisher's public key, obtained from the publisher's certificate 67 stored in the registration database.
The netpage registration server accepts a request to add a printing authorization in the form of a subscription 808 to the database, so long as the request is initiated via a pen registered, via a user, to the printer through which the request is initiated.
3.2.2 Web Terminal Authorization
The user can authorize a Web terminal to print on a printer. This is useful if the user has a Web terminal in the home which is used to locate documents on the Web for printing. A preferred embodiment of a Web terminal authorization protocol is shown in FIG. 51. According to the protocol, the one-time authorization proceeds as follows: the user requests a Web terminal authorization page via the printer 601. The netpage registration server generates a short-lifetime one-time-use authorization ID 412 for the Web terminal which is printed on the authorization page 413, together with the URI of the printer. The Web terminal 75 is used to navigate to a netpage registration server registration Web site, where the authorization ID is entered, as well as the URI of the printer. The Web terminal generates a signature public/private key pair 95,96, and transmits the public key 95 to the registration server. The server allocates a terminal ID 68 for the Web terminal, and stores an authorization record 809 in the registration server database linked to the printer and containing the terminal ID and public key. The URI of the printer, the Web terminal's terminal ID, and the private signature key 96 are stored locally in the Web terminal's database 76.
A preferred embodiment of a Web terminal printing protocol is shown in FIG. 52. According to the protocol, whenever the Web terminal 75 wishes to print on the printer 601, it sends the printer's designated netpage formatting server 77 a request containing the URI of the document to be printed, together with the terminal ID 68. It attaches a digital signature 418 to the request, created using the Web terminal's private signature key 96. On receipt of the request and before acting on it, the formatting server verifies, via the registration server 11, that the terminal is authorized to print on the specified printer. The registration server verifies, via the Web terminal record 809 in the registration server database, that the terminal is authorized to print to the printer, and verifies the digital signature using the terminal's public key 95.
The user can print a list of current printing authorizations at any time, and revoke any which are being abused.
3.3 Netpage Pen Security
Each netpage pen is assigned a unique identifier at time of manufacture which is stored in read-only memory in the pen and in the netpage registration server database. The pen ID 61 uniquely identifies the pen on the netpage network.
A netpage pen can “know” a number of netpage printers, and a printer can “know” a number of pens. A pen communicates with a printer via a radio frequency signal whenever it is within range of the printer. Once a pen and printer are registered, they regularly exchange session keys. Whenever the pen transmits digital ink to the printer, the digital ink is always encrypted using the appropriate session key. Digital ink is never transmitted in the clear.
A pen stores a session key for every printer it knows, indexed by printer ID, and a printer stores a session key for every pen it knows, indexed by pen ID. Both have a large but finite storage capacity for session keys, and will forget a session key on a least-recently-used basis if necessary.
A preferred embodiment of a pen connection protocol is shown in FIG. 53. According to the protocol, when a pen 101 comes within range of a printer 601, the pen and printer discover whether they already know each other. If they don't know each other, then the printer determines, via the registration server 11, whether it is supposed to know the pen. This might be, for example, because the pen belongs to a user who is registered to use the printer. The printer sends its own printed ID 62, together with the pen ID, to the registration server. The registration server determines if a printer record 802 and a pen record 801 are linked to the same user record 800 in the registration server database 74. If the printer is meant to know the pen but doesn't, then it initiates the automatic pen registration procedure described below. If the printer isn't meant to know the pen, then it agrees with the pen to ignore it until the pen is placed in a charging cup, at which time it initiates the registration procedure.
In addition to its public pen ID 61, the pen contains a secret key-exchange key 93. The key-exchange key is recorded in the netpage registration server database at time of pen manufacture. A preferred embodiment of a pen registration protocol is shown in FIG. 54. According to the protocol, the pen 101 transmits its pen ID to the printer 601. The printer responds with a nonce 423, a random or serially-allocated one-time-use number. The pen encrypts the nonce using its key-exchange key, and returns the encrypted nonce 424 to the printer. The printer transmits the pen ID, nonce and encrypted nonce to the netpage registration server 11. The server verifies, by decrypting the nonce using the pen's key-exchange key stored in the registration server database 74, that the pen knows the key-exchange key. The server then generates a session key 94 for the printer and pen to use, and securely transmits the session key to the printer. It also transmits a copy 425 of the session key encrypted using the pen's key-exchange key. The printer stores the session key in its flash memory 81, indexed by pen ID, and transmits the encrypted session key to the pen. The pen stores the session key in its flash memory 83, indexed by printer ID.
When a previously unregistered pen is first registered, it is of limited use until it is linked to a user. A registered but “un-owned” pen is only allowed to be used to request and fill in netpage user and pen registration forms, to register a new user to which the new pen is automatically linked, or to add a new pen to an existing user.
The pen uses secret-key rather than public-key encryption because of hardware performance constraints in the pen.
3.4 Secure Documents
The netpage system supports the delivery of secure documents such as tickets and coupons. The netpage printer includes a facility to print watermarks, but will only do so on request from publishers who are suitably authorized. The publisher indicates its authority to print watermarks in its certificate, which the printer is able to authenticate.
The “watermark” printing process uses an alternative dither matrix in specified “watermark” regions of the page. Back-to-back pages contain mirror-image watermark regions which coincide when printed. The dither matrices used in odd and even pages' watermark regions are designed to produce an interference effect when the regions are viewed together, achieved by looking through the printed sheet.
The effect is similar to a watermark in that it is not visible when looking at only one side of the page, and is lost when the page is copied by normal means.
Pages of secure documents cannot be copied using the built-in netpage copy mechanism described in Section 1.9 above. This extends to copying netpages on netpage-aware photocopiers.
Secure documents are typically generated as part of e-commerce transactions. They can therefore include the user's photograph which was captured when the user registered biometric information with the netpage registration server, as described in Section 2.
When presented with a secure netpage document, the recipient can verify its authenticity by requesting its status in the usual way. The unique ID of a secure document is only valid for the lifetime of the document, and secure document IDs are allocated non-contiguously to prevent their prediction by opportunistic forgers. A secure document verification pen can be developed with built-in feedback on verification failure, to support easy point-of-presentation document verification.
Clearly neither the watermark nor the user's photograph are secure in a cryptographic sense. They simply provide a significant obstacle to casual forgery.
Online document verification, particularly using a verification pen, provides an added level of security where it is needed, but is still not entirely immune to forgeries.
3.5 Non-Repudiation
In the netpage system, forms submitted by users are delivered reliably to forms handlers and are persistently archived on netpage page servers. It is therefore impossible for recipients to repudiate delivery.
E-commerce payments made through the system, as described in Section 4, are also impossible for the payee to repudiate.
4 Electronic Commerce Model 4.1 Secure Electronic Transaction (SET)
The netpage system uses the Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) system as one of its payment systems. SET, having been developed by MasterCard and Visa, is organized around payment cards, and this is reflected in the terminology. However, much of the system is independent of the type of accounts being used.
In SET, cardholders and merchants register with a certificate authority and are issued with certificates containing their public signature keys. The certificate authority verifies a cardholder's registration details with the card issuer as appropriate, and verifies a merchant's registration details with the acquirer as appropriate. Cardholders and merchants store their respective private signature keys securely on their computers. During the payment process, these certificates are used to mutually authenticate a merchant and cardholder, and to authenticate them both to the payment gateway.
SET has not yet been adopted widely, partly because cardholder maintenance of keys and certificates is considered burdensome. Interim solutions which maintain cardholder keys and certificates on a server and give the cardholder access via a password have met with some success.
4.2 SET Payments
In the netpage system the netpage registration server acts as a proxy for the netpage user (i.e. the cardholder) in SET payment transactions.
The netpage system uses biometrics to authenticate the user and authorize SET payments. Because the system is pen-based, the biometric used is the user's on-line signature, consisting of time-varying pen position and pressure. A fingerprint biometric can also be used by designing a fingerprint sensor into the pen, although at a higher cost. The type of biometric used only affects the capture of the biometric, not the authorization aspects of the system.
The first step to being able to make SET payments is to register the user's biometric with the netpage registration server. This is done in a controlled environment, for example a bank, where the biometric can be captured at the same time as the user's identity is verified. The biometric is captured and stored in the registration database, linked to the user's record. The user's photograph is also optionally captured and linked to the record. The SET cardholder registration process is completed, and the resulting private signature key and certificate are stored in the database. The user's payment card information is also stored, giving the netpage registration server enough information to act as the user's proxy in any SET payment transaction.
When the user eventually supplies the biometric to complete a payment, for example by signing a netpage order form, the printer securely transmits the order information, the pen ID and the biometric data to the netpage registration server. The server verifies the biometric with respect to the user identified by the pen ID, and from then on acts as the user's proxy in completing the SET payment transaction.
4.3 Micro-Payments
The netpage system includes a mechanism for micro-payments, to allow the user to be conveniently charged for printing low-cost documents on demand and for copying copyright documents, and possibly also to allow the user to be reimbursed for expenses incurred in printing advertising material. The latter depends on the level of subsidy already provided to the user.
When the user registers for e-commerce, a network account is established which aggregates micro-payments. The user receives a statement on a regular basis, and can settle any outstanding debit balance using the standard payment mechanism.
The network account can be extended to aggregate subscription fees for periodicals, which would also otherwise be presented to the user in the form of individual statements.
4.4 Transactions
When a user requests a netpage in a particular application context, the application is able to embed a user-specific transaction ID 55 in the page. Subsequent input through the page is tagged with the transaction ID, and the application is thereby able to establish an appropriate context for the user's input.
When input occurs through a page which is not user-specific, however, the application must use the user's unique identity to establish a context. A typical example involves adding items from a pre-printed catalog page to the user's virtual “shopping cart”. To protect the user's privacy, however, the unique user ID 60 known to the netpage system is not divulged to applications. This is to prevent different application providers from easily correlating independently accumulated behavioral data.
The netpage registration server instead maintains an anonymous relationship between a user and an application via a unique alias ID 65, as shown in FIG. 24. Whenever the user activates a hyperlink tagged with the “registered” attribute, the netpage page server asks the netpage registration server to translate the associated application ID 64, together with the pen ID 61, into an alias ID 65. The alias ID is then submitted to the hyperlink's application.
The application maintains state information indexed by alias ID, and is able to retrieve user-specific state information without knowledge of the global identity of the user.
The system also maintains an independent certificate and private signature key for each of a user's applications, to allow it to sign application transactions on behalf of the user using only application-specific information.
To assist the system in routing product bar code (UPC) “hyperlink” activations, the system records a favorite application on behalf of the user for any number of product types.
Each application is associated with an application provider, and the system maintains an account on behalf of each application provider, to allow it to credit and debit the provider for click-through fees etc.
An application provider can be a publisher of periodical subscribed content. The system records the user's willingness to receive the subscribed publication, as well as the expected frequency of publication.
4.5 Resource Descriptions and Copyright
A preferred embodiment of a resource description class diagram is shown in FIG. 40.
Each document and content object may be described by one or more resource descriptions 842. Resource descriptions use the Dublin Core metadata element set, which is designed to facilitate discovery of electronic resources. Dublin Core metadata conforms to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Resource Description Framework (RDF).
A resource description may identify rights holders 920. The netpage system automatically transfers copyright fees from users to rights holders when users print copyright content.
5 Communications Protocols
A communications protocol defines an ordered exchange of messages between entities. In the netpage system, entities such as pens, printers and servers utilise a set of defined protocols to cooperatively handle user interaction with the netpage system.
Each protocol is illustrated by way of a sequence diagram in which the horizontal dimension is used to represent message flow and the vertical dimension is used to represent time. Each entity is represented by a rectangle containing the name of the entity and a vertical column representing the lifeline of the entity. During the time an entity exists, the lifeline is shown as a dashed line. During the time an entity is active, the lifeline is shown as a double line. Because the protocols considered here do not create or destroy entities, lifelines are generally cut short as soon as an entity ceases to participate in a protocol.
5.1 Subscription Delivery Protocol
A large number of users may subscribe to a periodical publication. Each user's edition may be laid out differently, but many users' editions will share common content such as text objects and image objects. The subscription delivery protocol therefore delivers document structures to individual printers via pointcast, but delivers shared content objects via multicast.
A preferred embodiment of a subscription delivery protocol is shown in FIG. 43. According to the protocol, the application (i.e. publisher) first obtains a document ID 51 for each document from an ID server 12. It then sends each document structure 836, including its document ID and page descriptions 5, to the page server 10 responsible for the document's newly allocated ID. It includes its own application ID 64, the subscriber's alias ID 65, and the relevant set of multicast channel names 402. It attaches a digital signature 401 to the message, created using its private signature key.
The page server uses the application ID and alias ID to obtain from the registration server 11 the corresponding user ID 60, the user's selected printer ID 62 (which may be explicitly selected for the application, or may be the user's default printer), and the application's certificate 67.
The application's certificate allows the page server to verify the message signature 401. The page server's request to the registration server fails if the application ID and alias ID don't together identify a subscription 808.
The page server then allocates document and page instance IDs and forwards the page descriptions 5, including page IDs 50, to the printer. It includes the relevant set of multicast channel names for the printer to listen to.
It then returns the newly allocated page IDs to the application for future reference.
Once the application has distributed all of the document structures to the subscribers' selected printers via the relevant page servers, it multicasts the various subsets of the shared objects 405 on the previously selected multicast channels. Both page servers and printers monitor the appropriate multicast channels and receive their required content objects. They are then able to populate the previously pointcast document structures 400,404. This allows the page servers to add complete documents to their databases, and it allows the printers to print the documents.
5.2 Hyperlink Activation Protocol
A preferred embodiment of a hyperlink activation protocol is shown in FIG. 45. According to the protocol, when a user clicks on a netpage with a netpage pen, the pen communicates the click 406 to the nearest netpage printer 601. The click identifies the page and a location on the page. The printer already knows the pen ID 61 of the pen from the pen connection protocol.
The printer determines, via the DNS, the network address of the page server 10 a handling the particular page ID 50. The address may already be in its cache if the user has recently interacted with the same page. The printer then forwards the pen ID, its own printer ID 62, the page ID and click location to the page server.
The page server loads the page description 5 identified by the page ID and determines which input element's zone 58, if any, the click lies in. Assuming the relevant input element is a hyperlink element 844, the page server then obtains the associated application ID 64 and link ID 54, and determines, via the DNS, the network address of the application server hosting the application 71.
The page server uses the pen ID 61 to obtain the corresponding user ID 60 from the registration server 11, and then allocates a globally unique hyperlink request ID 52 and builds a hyperlink request 934. The hyperlink request class diagram is shown in FIG. 44. The hyperlink request records the IDs of the requesting user and printer, and identifies the clicked hyperlink instance 862. The page server then sends its own server ID 53, the hyperlink request ID, and the link ID to the application.
The application produces a response document according to application-specific logic, and obtains a document ID 51 from an ID server 12. It then sends the document 836 to the page server 10 b responsible for the document's newly allocated ID, together with the requesting page server's ID and the hyperlink request ID.
The second page server sends the hyperlink request ID and application ID to the first page server 10 a to obtain the corresponding user ID and printer ID 62. The first page server rejects the request if the hyperlink request has expired or is for a different application.
The second page server allocates a document instance ID and page IDs 50, returns the newly allocated page IDs to the application, adds the complete document to its own database, and finally sends the page descriptions 5 to the requesting printer.
The hyperlink instance may include a meaningful transaction ID 55, in which case the first page server includes the transaction ID in the message sent to the application. This allows the application to establish a transaction-specific context for the hyperlink activation.
If the hyperlink requires a user alias, i.e. its “alias required” attribute is set, then the first page server 10 a sends both the pen ID 61 and the hyperlink's application ID 64 to the registration server 11 to obtain not just the user ID corresponding to the pen ID but also the alias ID 65 corresponding to the application ID and the user ID. It includes the alias ID in the message sent to the application, allowing the application to establish a user-specific context for the hyperlink activation.
5.3 Handwriting Recognition Protocol
A preferred embodiment of a handwriting recognition protocol is shown in FIG. 46. According to the protocol, when a user draws a stroke on a netpage with a netpage pen, the pen communicates the stroke 406 to the nearest netpage printer. The stroke identifies the page and a path on the page. The printer forwards the pen ID 61, its own printer ID 62, the page ID 50 and stroke path to the page server 10 in the usual way. The page server loads the page description 5 identified by the page ID and determines which input element's zone 58, if any, the stroke intersects. Assuming the relevant input element is a text field 878, the page server appends the stroke to the text field's digital ink.
After a period of inactivity in the zone of the text field, the page server sends the pen ID and the pending digital ink 407 to the registration server 11 for interpretation. It may also send the existing text value 408 of the text field to allow the registration server to handle hand-drawn editing commands such as strike-outs. The registration server identifies the user corresponding to the pen, and uses the user's accumulated handwriting model 822 to interpret the strokes as handwritten text. Once it has converted the strokes to text, the registration server returns the converted text 409 to the requesting page server. The page server appends the text to the text value of the text field.
5.4 Signature Verification Protocol
A preferred embodiment of a signature verification protocol is shown in FIG. 47. According to the protocol, a stroke is delivered to a page-specific page server in the same way as described in Section 5.3. Assuming the input element whose zone the stroke 406 intersects is a signature field 880, the page server 10 appends the stroke to the signature field's digital ink.
After a period of inactivity in the zone of the signature field, the page server sends the pen ID 61 and the pending digital ink 407 to the registration server 11 for verification. It also sends the application ID 64 associated with the form of which the signature field is part, as well as the form ID 56 and the current data content 405 of the form. The registration server identifies the user corresponding to the pen, and uses the user's dynamic signature biometric 818 to verify the strokes as the user's signature. Once it has verified the signature, the registration server uses the application ID 64 and user ID 60 to identify the user's application-specific private signature key. It then uses the key to generate a digital signature of the form data, and returns the digital signature 410 to the requesting page server. The page server assigns the digital signature to the signature field and sets the associated form's status to frozen.
The digital signature includes the alias ID 65 of the corresponding user. This allows a single form to capture multiple users' signatures.
5.5 Form Submission Protocol
Form submission occurs via a form hyperlink activation. A preferred embodiment of a form submission protocol is shown in FIG. 48. It follows the protocol defined in Section 5.2, with some form-specific additions.
In the case of a form hyperlink, the hyperlink activation message sent by the page server 10 to the application 71 also contains the form ID 56 and the current data content of the form. If the form contains any signature fields, then the application verifies each one by extracting the alias ID 65 associated with the corresponding digital signature and obtaining the corresponding certificate from the registration server 11.
5.6 Commission Payment Protocol
In an e-commerce environment, fees and commissions may be payable from an application provider to a publisher on click-throughs, transactions and sales. Commissions on fees and commissions on commissions may also be payable from the publisher to the provider of the printer.
A preferred embodiment of a commission payment protocol is shown in FIG. 49. According to the protocol, the hyperlink request ID 52 is used to route a fee or commission credit from the target application provider 70 a (e.g. merchant) to the source application provider 70 b (i.e. publisher), and from the source application provider 70 b to the printer provider 72.
The target application receives the hyperlink request ID from the page server 10 when the hyperlink is first activated, as described in Section 5.2. When the target application needs to credit the source application provider, it sends the application provider credit 414 to the original page server together with the hyperlink request ID. The page server uses the hyperlink request ID to identify the source application, and sends the credit on to the relevant registration server 11 together with the source application ID 64, its own server ID 53, and the hyperlink request ID. The registration server credits the corresponding application provider's account 827. It also notifies the application provider.
If the application provider needs to credit the printer provider, it sends the printer provider credit 415 to the original page server together with the hyperlink request ID. The page server uses the hyperlink request ID to identify the printer, and sends the credit on to the relevant registration server together with the printer ID. The registration server credits the corresponding printer provider account 814.
The source application provider is optionally notified of the identity of the target application provider, and the printer provider of the identity of the source application provider.
6. Netpage Pen Description 6.1 Pen Mechanics
Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, the pen, generally designated by reference numeral 101, includes a housing 102 in the form of a plastics moulding having walls 103 defining an interior space 104 for mounting the pen components. The pen top 105 is in operation rotatably mounted at one end 106 of the housing 102. A semi-transparent cover 107 is secured to the opposite end 108 of the housing 102. The cover 107 is also of moulded plastics, and is formed from semi-transparent material in order to enable the user to view the status of the LED mounted within the housing 102. The cover 107 includes a main part 109 which substantially surrounds the end 108 of the housing 102 and a projecting portion 110 which projects back from the main part 109 and fits within a corresponding slot 111 formed in the walls 103 of the housing 102. A radio antenna 112 is mounted behind the projecting portion 110, within the housing 102. Screw threads 113 surrounding an aperture 113A on the cover 107 are arranged to receive a metal end piece 114, including corresponding screw threads 115. The metal end piece 114 is removable to enable ink cartridge replacement.
Also mounted within the cover 107 is a tri-color status LED 116 on a flex PCB 117. The antenna 112 is also mounted on the flex PCB 117. The status LED 116 is mounted at the top of the pen 101 for good all-around visibility.
The pen can operate both as a normal marking ink pen and as a non-marking stylus. An ink pen cartridge 118 with nib 119 and a stylus 120 with stylus nib 121 are mounted side by side within the housing 102. Either the ink cartridge nib 119 or the stylus nib 121 can be brought forward through open end 122 of the metal end piece 114, by rotation of the pen top 105. Respective slider blocks 123 and 124 are mounted to the ink cartridge 118 and stylus 120, respectively. A rotatable cam barrel 125 is secured to the pen top 105 in operation and arranged to rotate therewith. The cam barrel 125 includes a cam 126 in the form of a slot within the walls 181 of the cam barrel. Cam followers 127 and 128 projecting from slider blocks 123 and 124 fit within the cam slot 126. On rotation of the cam barrel 125, the slider blocks 123 or 124 move relative to each other to project either the pen nib 119 or stylus nib 121 out through the hole 122 in the metal end piece 114. The pen 101 has three states of operation. By turning the top 105 through 90° steps, the three states are:
Stylus 120 nib 121 out;
Ink cartridge 118 nib 119 out; and
Neither ink cartridge 118 nib 119 out nor stylus 120 nib 121 out.
A second flex PCB 129, is mounted on an electronics chassis 130 which sits within the housing 102. The second flex PCB 129 mounts an infrared LED 131 for providing infrared radiation for projection onto the surface. An image sensor 132 is provided mounted on the second flex PCB 129 for receiving reflected radiation from the surface. The second flex PCB 129 also mounts a radio frequency chip 133, which includes an RF transmitter and RF receiver, and a controller chip 134 for controlling operation of the pen 101. An optics block 135 (formed from moulded clear plastics) sits within the cover 107 and projects an infrared beam onto the surface and receives images onto the image sensor 132. Power supply wires 136 connect the components on the second flex PCB 129 to battery contacts 137 which are mounted within the cam barrel 125. A terminal 138 connects to the battery contacts 137 and the cam barrel 125. A three volt rechargeable battery 139 sits within the cam barrel 125 in contact with the battery contacts. An induction charging coil 140 is mounted about the second flex PCB 129 to enable recharging of the battery 139 via induction. The second flex PCB 129 also mounts an infrared LED 143 and infrared photodiode 144 for detecting displacement in the cam barrel 125 when either the stylus 120 or the ink cartridge 118 is used for writing, in order to enable a determination of the force being applied to the surface by the pen nib 119 or stylus nib 121. The IR photodiode 144 detects light from the IR LED 143 via reflectors (not shown) mounted on the slider blocks 123 and 124.
Rubber grip pads 141 and 142 are provided towards the end 108 of the housing 102 to assist gripping the pen 101, and top 105 also includes a clip 142 for clipping the pen 101 to a pocket.
6.2 Pen Controller
The pen 101 is arranged to determine the position of its nib (stylus nib 121 or ink cartridge nib 119) by imaging, in the infrared spectrum, an area of the surface in the vicinity of the nib. It records the location data from the nearest location tag, and is arranged to calculate the distance of the nib 121 or 119 from the location tab utilising optics 135 and controller chip 134. The controller chip 134 calculates the orientation of the pen and the nib-to-tag distance from the perspective distortion observed on the imaged tag.
Utilising the RF chip 133 and antenna 112 the pen 101 can transmit the digital ink data (which is encrypted for security and packaged for efficient transmission) to the computing system.
When the pen is in range of a receiver, the digital ink data is transmitted as it is formed. When the pen 101 moves out of range, digital ink data is buffered within the pen 101 (the pen 101 circuitry includes a buffer arranged to store digital ink data for approximately 12 minutes of the pen motion on the surface) and can be transmitted later.
The controller chip 134 is mounted on the second flex PCB 129 in the pen 101. FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating in more detail the architecture of the controller chip 134. FIG. 10 also shows representations of the RF chip 133, the image sensor 132, the tri-color status LED 116, the IR illumination LED 131, the IR force sensor LED 143, and the force sensor photodiode 144.
The pen controller chip 134 includes a controlling processor 145. Bus 146 enables the exchange of data between components of the controller chip 134. Flash memory 147 and a 512 KB DRAM 148 are also included. An analog-to-digital converter 149 is arranged to convert the analog signal from the force sensor photodiode 144 to a digital signal.
An image sensor interface 152 interfaces with the image sensor 132. A transceiver controller 153 and base band circuit 154 are also included to interface with the RF chip 133 which includes an RF circuit 155 and RF resonators and inductors 156 connected to the antenna 112.
The controlling processor 145 captures and decodes location data from tags from the surface via the image sensor 132, monitors the force sensor photodiode 144, controls the LEDs 116, 131 and 143, and handles short-range radio communication via the radio transceiver 153. It is a medium-performance (˜40 MHz) general-purpose RISC processor.
The processor 145, digital transceiver components (transceiver controller 153 and baseband circuit 154), image sensor interface 152, flash memory 147 and 512 KB DRAM 148 are integrated in a single controller ASIC. Analog RF components (RF circuit 155 and RF resonators and inductors 156) are provided in the separate RF chip.
| 33,745 |
https://github.com/Violet26/msdn-code-gallery-microsoft/blob/master/Official Windows Platform Sample/Windows 8.1 Store app samples/[C#]-Windows 8.1 Store app samples/Doto Windows Azure Mobile Services sample/C#/Controls/ViewInvites.xaml.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
msdn-code-gallery-microsoft
|
Violet26
|
C#
|
Code
| 28 | 76 |
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved
using Windows.UI.Xaml.Controls;
namespace Doto.Controls
{
public sealed partial class ViewInvites : UserControl
{
public ViewInvites()
{
this.InitializeComponent();
}
}
}
| 26,336 |
https://github.com/JacobTheEvans/workshop-show-and-tell/blob/master/presentation/presentation/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
workshop-show-and-tell
|
JacobTheEvans
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 730 | 2,122 |
import React, { Component } from 'react'
import createTheme from 'spectacle/lib/themes/default'
import {
BlockQuote,
Deck,
Heading,
ListItem,
List,
Image,
Slide,
Text,
CodePane
} from 'spectacle'
require('normalize.css')
const theme = createTheme({
primary: 'white',
secondary: '#1F2022',
tertiary: '#03A9FC',
quaternary: '#CECECE'
}, {
primary: 'Montserrat',
secondary: 'Helvetica'
})
class Presentation extends Component {
render () {
return (
<Deck transition={['zoom', 'slide']} transitionDuration={500} theme={theme}>
<Slide transition={['zoom']} bgColor='primary'>
<Heading size={1} fit caps lineHeight={1} textColor='secondary'>
Workshop Show and Tell
</Heading>
<Text margin='10px 0 0' textColor='tertiary' textSize={40} bold>
By Jacob Evans
</Text>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='tertiary'>
<Heading size={5} textColor='primary' caps>Who Am I?</Heading>
<Text textAlign={'left'} padding={'20px 0px'} textSize={30} textColor='secondary'>
I am Jacob Evans. I have a passion for programming and an overwhelming zeal when it comes to learning. I am an avid Linux user, a supporter of open source software, and an advocate of using technology to improve the world. I currently work at Cybus GmbH as a NodeJS IoT Developer.
</Text>
<Text textAlign={'left'} padding={'20px 0px'} textSize={20} textColor='secondary'>
Jacob Evans (@jacobtheevans)
</Text>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='primary' textColor='tertiary'>
<Heading size={4} textColor='secondary' caps>What will be covered</Heading>
<List>
<ListItem>Docker</ListItem>
<ListItem>MQTT</ListItem>
<ListItem>GraphQL</ListItem>
</List>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='tertiary' textColor='primary'>
<Heading size={5} textColor='secondary' caps>What is docker?</Heading>
<Text textAlign={'left'} padding={'20px 0px'} textSize={30} textColor='secondary'>
Docker is a tool designed to make it easier to create, deploy, and run applications by using containers. Containers allow a developer to package up an application with all of the parts it needs, such as libraries and other dependencies, and ship it all out as one package.
</Text>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='primary' textColor='tertiary'>
<Heading size={6} textColor='secondary' caps>Where is it used?</Heading>
<List>
<ListItem>PayPal</ListItem>
<ListItem>Visa</ListItem>
<ListItem>Expedia</ListItem>
<ListItem>Splunk</ListItem>
</List>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='tertiary' textColor='primary'>
<Heading size={5} textColor='secondary' caps>Why do we need it?</Heading>
<Text textAlign={'left'} padding={'20px 0px'} textSize={30} textColor='secondary'>
Docker enables you to rapidly deploy server environments in containers. This allows secure isolated applications that can be easily integrate into CI, CD and easily scale.
</Text>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='primary'>
<Heading size={1} fit caps lineHeight={1} textColor='secondary'>
Docker Examples
</Heading>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='tertiary' textColor='primary'>
<Heading size={5} textColor='secondary' caps>What is MQTT?</Heading>
<Text textAlign={'left'} padding={'20px 0px'} textSize={30} textColor='secondary'>
MQTT or Message Queuing Telemetry Transport is a lightweight publish (send a message) subscribe (wait for a message) protocol. It was designed to be used on networks that have low-bandwidth, high-latency and could be unreliable. Since it was designed with these constraints in mind its perfect to send data between devices and is very common in the IoT world.
</Text>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='primary' textColor='tertiary'>
<Heading size={6} textColor='secondary' caps>Where is it used?</Heading>
<List>
<ListItem>Facebook Messenger</ListItem>
<ListItem>Microsoft Azure </ListItem>
<ListItem>Amazon IoT</ListItem>
<ListItem>IECC</ListItem>
</List>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='tertiary' textColor='primary'>
<Heading size={5} textColor='secondary' caps>Why do we need it?</Heading>
<Text textAlign={'left'} padding={'20px 0px'} textSize={30} textColor='secondary'>
GraphQL is a query language for APIs. It is also the server-side software that executes those queries by using a type system you define for your data. GraphQL is not tied to an implementation or language is it just a specification. It is also not owned by Facebook but is an open source specification. It has a large community that support it with many implementations in many languages.
</Text>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='primary'>
<Heading size={1} fit caps lineHeight={1} textColor='secondary'>
MQTT Examples
</Heading>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='tertiary' textColor='primary'>
<Heading size={5} textColor='secondary' caps>What is GraphQL?</Heading>
<Text textAlign={'left'} padding={'20px 0px'} textSize={30} textColor='secondary'>
GraphQL is a query language for APIs. It is also the server-side software that executes those queries by using a type system you define for your data. GraphQL is not tied to an implementation or language is it just a specification. It is also not owned by Facebook but is an open source specification. It has a large community that support it with many implementations in many languages.
</Text>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='primary' textColor='tertiary'>
<Heading size={6} textColor='secondary' caps>Where is it used?</Heading>
<List>
<ListItem>Github</ListItem>
<ListItem>Facebook</ListItem>
<ListItem>Twitter</ListItem>
<ListItem>Pinterest</ListItem>
</List>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='tertiary' textColor='primary'>
<Heading size={5} textColor='secondary' caps>Why do we need it?</Heading>
<Text textAlign={'left'} padding={'20px 0px'} textSize={30} textColor='secondary'>
GraphQL APIs have a strongly typed schema, that allow us to query and publish only the data we need not build state from many requests. This allows developers to build APIs that are easy to consume from and update.
</Text>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='primary'>
<Heading size={1} fit caps lineHeight={1} textColor='secondary'>
GraphQL Examples
</Heading>
</Slide>
<Slide transition={['fade']} bgColor='primary' textColor='secondary'>
<Heading size={5} textColor='secondary' caps>Thanks for your time</Heading>
<Text textAlign={'left'} padding={'20px 0px'} textSize={30} textColor='secondary'>
Jacob Evans (@jacobtheevans)
</Text>
</Slide>
</Deck>
)
}
}
export default Presentation
| 8,855 |
US-91134006-A_7
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,006 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,678 | 10,615 |
Then the problem of revocation of the keys does not arise anymore, sinceas soon as a user is withdrawn from a SCR¹⁶¹ the deciphering serverceases accepting the deciphering requests for this SCR.¹⁶² ¹⁶¹(for agiven access level)¹⁶²(of course the user will be able to have preservedversions of old resources, but will not be able to reach the resourcesproduced after the revocation)
If this method is adopted, only one pair of key by SCR is enough, aswell for the rights in reading as the rights in writing, as the serverof deciphering checks the rights of access before carrying out anyoperation.
However, this method offers the disadvantages related to the exchangesof resources between the client and the encrypting/deciphering server.
Storage of Keys in Association with the Contents
The process of encrypting/deciphering at the level of the client (i.e.of the user's computer) offers the advantages of:
- - the decentralization of the treatments (to avoid the bottleneck at the level of the server), - not to have to use a remote server for the encryption/deciphering of resources (and to save band-width) - and especially to be able to communicate, to third party users, encrypted resources comprising all the existing versions, including those to which the user (who communicates) does not have herself the access right¹⁶³ but which would be accessible by the third party user (or yet another user further in the communication chain). ¹⁶³(in read only or read-write)
But such a process can present the disadvantage already evoked of therisk of disclosure of keys to third parties who do not have access rightand to allow them not-authorized accesses in a persistent way.
One can limit the impact of such disclosures by limiting the scope ofthe keys¹⁶⁴, and at the extreme by having a specific key for each update(of each version) of contents. With this intention an intermediateserver is used with which the user communicates keys¹⁶⁵ (rather than thecontents). We will now describe this approach.
¹⁶⁴One can renew the keys to limit the impact of the disclosures: (1) torenew the keys each time one withdraws from a user the access right (orfollowing a decision of an administrator which judges that a key havebeen disclosed); (2) to renew the keys periodically, for example once byday; (3) to renew the keys automatically with each creation or update ofcontents (which can be a resource, part of resource, or a simple object)for the SCR in question. It is the approach (3) that we will nowdescribe in detail. The approach (1) can be seen like an optimization ofthe approach (3). ¹⁶⁵More precisely the user communicates to the serverkeys “associations (“key-contents-SCR”) between in particular keys andidentifiers of contents that the keys make it possible to decipher: theKeys Server knows which version of contents can be deciphered by whichkey and gives this information to who has access right.
When the user¹⁶⁶ encrypts a content to record it, it associates withthis content the respective pairs of keys of the versions of themulti-versions objects (per SCR¹⁶⁷) which it generated, and thisassociation is stored in a Keys Server¹⁶⁸. ¹⁶⁶As already mentioned, “theuser” means “(the extension of) the information manipulation tool thatthe user uses on the client computer”¹⁶⁷Preferably, the contents inquestion are partitioned in various parts (each part being homogeneousfrom the point of view of the access rights) With each part a keys pairis associated These keys are stored in a Keys Server or with thecontents, in the content server. When a user downloads contents shereceives the complete contents, with the subset of the keyscorresponding to her rights¹⁶⁸The content server can itself play therole of Keys Server, in this case one does not need a separate KeysServer. The advantage is whereas the keys are stored directly with thecontents. The disadvantage is that one must trust the content servers ...
When a user requests¹⁶⁹ to access that content (after beingauthenticated herself), the keys corresponding to its rights aretransmitted to her by the Keys Server, simultaneously with the(encrypted) contents that are provided to him. The user can thusdecipher the versions of the contents to which it has right. (Theimplementation architecture can make utilize other intermediate serversas described further in the section presenting total architecture).¹⁶⁹The keys are requested from the Keys Server (by indicating theidentifier of the desired contents as well as the SCR used) in parallelwith the request of the contents itself to a content server (or byopening the contents locally in the computer)
Advantageously, the user can transmit the encrypted contents, with (allkeys or part of) the keys which it received from the Keys Server, toanother user by the traditional means (for example by email), withoututilizing a content server. The other user can then request from thekeys server the additional keys which she wishes and to which it hasright and if necessary to have then access to versions of multi-versionsobjects to which the first user did not have herself access.
Encrypting the Multi-Versions Objects
When a resource contains parts having different access rights, here howthe encrypted resource is structured.
We call “connex part of a resource” a set of objects such that for anypair of objects of the set, the objects are connected one to the otherby a path composed of parent-child relations which are entirelycontained in the set.
If all the objects of a connex part are in the same SCR, we speak abouthomogeneous part (from the point of view of the rights). One speaksabout maximum homogeneous part if the said homogeneous part is notcontained in a larger homogeneous part.
Consider the set of the maximum homogeneous parts. With each isassociated its location in the resource, typically in the form of theidentifier of the parent of the root of this part (if it exists) and ofthe predecessor of the root (if it exists).
From now on, by part we mean maximum homogeneous part.
Each part is encrypted and signed with keys for the corresponding SCR,and the encrypted data are then placed in sequence, to form theencrypted resource.
The example of FIG. 134 reuses the content of FIG. 132. The lines arediscontinued at the location of change of SCR. It is supposed here thatthe two multi-versions objects are in the same SCR as the root of theresource, whereas the multi-version object having been used to add anannotation (in E10) is in the same SCR as its unique version. The reasoncould be that the owner of resource “n” created the object multi-versiona* in the SCR E0, in order to be sure that it is accessible to everyone,then added there versions for the SCR E1, E2 and E3. On the other handwhen the user added the annotation b, not having write access in the SCRE2 (or having disabled it), both the multi-versions object b* and theannotation itself are in the same SCR (and thus in the same maximumhomogeneous part).
The encrypted structure of the resource will be thus that of FIG. 135.
Each part (represented by a rectangle with the name of SCR as label) isencrypted and signed with a pair of keys corresponding to this SCR.
In order to allow users to copy multi-versions objects of a resource toanother without risking conflicts of identifiers one can partition theresource in several “identifier spaces”.
Each part is in exactly one space of identifiers, and the references¹⁷⁰to other objects, when they do not specify space of identifiers, do notcross the limits of them. It is possible to cross these limits (thefollowing example will indicate how) by explicitly naming another spaceof identifier of the resource. ¹⁷⁰One uses in particular the referencesto indicate the source of a transclusion, like indicating the parent andthe predecessor of the root of a part, as will be explained further.
This makes it possible for a user to copy a multi-versions object inanother resource, even if the user has write access neither to theparent in the target resource, nor to the versions of thismulti-versions object (see FIG. 136). The user simply creates a newspace of identifiers in the target resource, copies all the versionsdesired in this space, then adds to it (always in the same space ofidentifiers) a new multi-versions object of the same identifier as inthe source. To place this new multi-versions object in the structure ofthe target resource, it indicates the name of the space of identifierscontaining the parent, in addition to its identifier.
In the example of FIG. 136, the user wishes to copy the versions E1 andE2 of the multi-versions object 2*, from the resource at left-hand side,under the object 3 of the resource at right-hand side. A new space ofidentifiers IS2 is thus created in the target resource (and the existingspace is called IS1), the two parts containing 3 and 11:3 are copiedthere without it being necessary to change¹⁷¹ them, and a new part isplaced in this space, being used as connector between these versions andthe object 3 of space IS1. ¹⁷¹They thus do not need to be deciphered.
This part thus contains a unique object (multi-versions), whichspecifies as parent object 3 of space of identifiers IS1. The columnsymbol indicates that it is first of all necessary to leave
the space of identifiers IS2 before being able to enter into the spaceIS1 (in the manner of a hierarchy of folders).
If the parts to be copied cover several spaces of identifiers, it isnecessary, in the target resource, to use spaces of imbricatedidentifiers, i.e. to create a new space of identifier not containing anypart but containing same spaces as those used by the parts on the sideof the source (see FIG. 137).
Possibilities of Transfer
Here various possible operations within the framework of the mechanismsdescribed above.
- - To add objects (created or transcluded, multi-versions or not) in a resource (even in a part which is not accessible in write access, but in read-only). - To copy a multi-versions object of a resource into another resource (or in the same one) - To copy one or more versions of a multi-versions object either in a resource, or in a new multi-versions object, or in an existing multi-versions object. - To remove one or more versions of a multi-versions object.
One can consider two alternatives for the structure of an encryptedresource, depending on if the parts indicate their position (i.e parentand predecessor) in clear (i.e only in a signed way) or if this positionis encrypted.
The first alternative allows, during the handling (copy, movement orsuppression) of versions, to act on versions nonaccessible in writeaccess (because the position indicates in which multi-version objectthese parts are). In particular this alternative allows, at the time ofthe copy of a multi-versions object, that all the versions are copied,and not only those with read access (here the advantage is that a userhaving access in reading to the other versions can see them in thetarget resource).
With the second alternative if one does not have read access to parts(such as annotations), one cannot know at which place they are in theresource. This alternative is thus interesting in the case ofannotations placed by a user.
It is possible to have in the same resource, and even in amulti-versions object, objects adopting the first approach and othersadopting the second.
However it is not possible (for a user not having write access) to carryout these manipulations in a granularity finer than that of the parts(for example to copy only one object of a version of a multi-versionsobject), because that would imply to modify the contents of a part,which is not possible even after the operation of copy.
It should be noted that the operation of transclusion of amulti-versions object or one of its descendants is not concerned withthese considerations, by the fact that the result object is built in animplicit way, and contains the reference to the source of thetransclusion (contrary to the copy which does not keep this reference,and which does not follow the modifications to the source).Consequently, whatever the alternative used the transclusion will behavein the same way, because a user who can reach an object even in thesecond alternative will know his position with the source of thetransclusion and will be able to deduce from it (by applying thealgorithm of transclusion) the position in the result.
EXAMPLE
FIG. 138 shows the result of a copy operation of a version of amulti-versions object. It is seen that it was necessary to keep thesource of the transclusion. The figures in discontinuous lines indicatethe parts corresponding to SCR to which the user does not have readaccess.
This operation is possible although the user has access in read-only tothe version for E3 (with the first alternative, i.e. the position beingpublic).
Then, the annotation which was present in the original disappeared, thisoccurs if it is supposed that this annotation used the secondalternative, i.e. its position is encrypted.
The example of FIG. 139 shows the result of the same operation, wherethe user asked to copy the whole of the multi-versions object ratherthan only a version. One sees that the structure was reproducedidentically in the target resource, including the parts which the usercannot read (here still it is supposed that these parts use the firstalternative).
Thus to note that in this case the source of the transclusion istransferred to the corresponding part (that being in the SCR E1) in theresource of right-hand side.
Here, for the same reason as in the preceding example, the annotationdisappeared, by supposing as previously that its position is quantified.
Replacement Objects in the Multi-Versions Objects
We will now describe how to exploit the concept already described (seethe section Propagation of the contributions in the branches) ofreplacement objects (and alternative objects) within the framework ofmulti-versions objects.
When a user wishes to contribute in a resource, she can create amulti-versions object (or, if necessary, add a version to an alreadyexisting multi-versions object), in the same SCR as the parent, or inthe same SCR as a version already existing, but associated with itsidentity as a user.
From the point of view of the user interface, as shown in the FIG. 140,that means that, in the presence of contributions, instead ofmulti-versions objects having a set of versions indicated by a set ofSCR, they will have in addition their versions labelled bySCR/utilisateur pairs. One can thus have a mixed situation where thereexists for a SCR collective versions (E1), as well as individualversions of contributions (E1/U1; E1/U2) for the same SCR.
This association can be done by allotting to each user a pair keys, andwhile making sign by each user the versions of multi-versions objectswhich she produces.
The modifications made in her contributed version will be thuspropagated in the form of replacement objects in the other versions ofthe same object and the same SCR created by other users. Several userscan thus work together on a resource, and separate in various branchesin the event of refusal (thus forming several work groups for the sameobject, in the same multi-versions object).
As already known, the various versions are managed in the form oftransclusions contained in the multi-versions object, which makes itpossible the replacement objects to circulate between objectscorresponding to the same source created and being in the variousversions of a multi-versions object. When a user adds a version(labelled SCR/user) it can choose from which to work, and in thestructure of the multi-versions object the version added by the user isa transclusion of the selected initial version.
FIG. 141 shows the structure of the objects if a modification made in aresult of transclusion (1:a) which was presented as replacement objectto its (A) source was refused by the latter, resulting then in analternative object (2:1:a) in the same SCR as that of its contributorand labelled with its user identity (E2/U1). The alternative object(2:1:a) is a result of transclusion starting from the refusedcontribution, so that if the latter evolves, the alternative objectwhich results can there be synchronized.
- - Management of Temporal Versions of Objects
Alternatively, one can implement for the objects a (traditional)mechanism of temporal management of the versions, the successivecontributions on the same object being then seen like his temporalversions. If a contributor of a preceding temporal version of an objectrefuses the current temporal version (most elaborate) of an object, itmakes it pass in a version¹⁷² labelled of a pair made up of the same SCRand the user who contributed the refused version. ¹⁷²(in the meaning ofversions of a multi-versions object)
The replacement objects can thus circulate along the transclusions likealready described in particular with the section “Propagation of thecontributions in the branches”.
If the information manipulation tool is provided with a functionality ofmanagement of versions, let us take for example the case of Wikipedia,one can implement the following method:
When the contributor of a previous version of a page of Wikipedia visitsthe current version of a page, the system presents to him, in the formof replacement objects, the modifications which took place on this pagecompared to the last version that she had contributed herself.
The user can then refuse certain replacement objects, which are then putin other branches, i.e. they form of other versions of multi-versionsobjects.
Advantageously, such a method can be implemented by a simple extensionof the Web browser (and of course one must also envisage a collaborationserver), this independently of the server of Wikipedia. In this case,only the contributions of the members of SCR are presented likereplacement objects, and become alternative objects when they arerefused. The server of Wikipedia itself (which provides the temporalversions of the pages of Wikipedia) can play the part of content server.The users who are not members of SCR (or which do not have the extensionof the Web browser) continue to use Wikipedia like before.
Overall Implementation Architecture
FIGS. 142 and 143 present an architecture including the Keys Serverdescribes above as well as a server which implements the transformationsassociated with the transclusions as described previously.
First of all FIG. 142 illustrates the method of update of contents byusers.
In the example presented in this figure, a content ‘a’, which is in afirst content server, is transcluded by a transclusion T1 to give theresult T1:a which is stored in a second content server, which is in turntranscluded by the transclusion T2 to give T2:T1:a in a third contentserver. ‘a’ is in addition transcluded by transclusion T3 to generateresult T3:a.
It should be noted that the results of transclusions which are presentedhere as being stored in servers of different contents, can as well be inthe same content server¹⁷³ and can be versions of the samemulti-versions object, that would not change of anything the principlespresented here. One thus describes here an architecture ofimplementation including the case of the multi-versions objects. ¹⁷³(oreven on the client computer of the user)
Note also that all these contents being in the content servers areencrypted as described with the preceding section.
The marked arrows (1) indicate the accesses of the users to modifyrespectively a, T3:a and T1:a.
The process includes a stage, represented by the arrows (1′), consistingin communicating to the transformation server the modifications, as wellas the keys generated following these modifications (and which made itpossible to encrypt the modified contents in question).
Then, in (2), the transformation server communicates
- - identifiers of the modified contents to the collaboration server, - and to the keys server the associations key-identifier of modified contents.
To prevent that the collaboration server propagates transclusions whichactually will not take place¹⁷⁴, in (3), the collaboration servercommunicates to the transformation server the identifiers of the newpotential results of transclusions¹⁷⁵ and the transformation serverreturns a filtered set of results to it. ¹⁷⁴This can be seen as anoptimization because these transclusions would be in any case filteredduring the supply of results in the process of consultation ofcontents.¹⁷⁵By using the “algorithm in push”
FIG. 143 presents the method of consuting contents.
In (1), the user¹⁷⁶ obtains the content T2:T1:a from the transformationserver. ¹⁷⁶ (i.e. the extension of the information manipulation tool)
In (2), the transformation server obtains from the collaboration serverthe addresses of the contents which provide updates to be carried out onT2:T1:a¹⁷⁷, which are the contents a, T1:a and T3:a which were modified(as illustrated in FIG. 142). ¹⁷⁷These updates include the modificationsat upstream and the contributions (replacement and alternative objects)which can also come from downstream
In (3) the server of transformation obtains the keys of these contentsfrom the Keys Server.
In (4), the transformation server applies the transformations to themodified sources obtained from the respective content servers.
In (5), the user records the contents T2:T1:a updated and transformed,in the content server.
One can implement several methods to record modified contents. First ofall the modifications can be recorded in a structure containing only themodified contents and of the references to the sources. Then, and thisbecomes advantageous when the quantity of modifications exceeds acertain threshold, one can record all the current version of thecontents in question.
In (4), if only modifications of T2:T1:a are recorded, thetransformations server obtains all the contents of the source ‘a’ fromthe first content server (as well as the modifications from the othersources). On the other hand, if the current version of T2:T1:a had beenentirely recorded, instead of all the contents of a, only themodifications not yet taken into account of a are obtained first contentserver.
Moreover, if the current version of T2:T1:a had been entirely recorded,alternatively to (1), the user can obtain from the third content serverthe last current version of the content T2:T1:a and the correspondingkeys from the Keys Server, and independently to then obtain from thetransformations server the updates to apply on it.
Measuring the Contributions
Calculation of the Credit from which a User Profits
Measuring how much a given user contributes to a SCR, and how much itscontributions are appreciated or on the contrary refused by the otherusers.
Thus to each user a credit is allotted, initially this credit isneutral. Various actions of the users will modify this credit.
User's Credit
The credit of a user is increased when she contributes.
When a user changes branch (that is to say because of a refusal ofreplacement object or by explicit change), the last contributor of eachpart constituting previously displayed the object sees his own creditdecreasing, and the last contributor of each part constituting theselected object sees his credit increasing. Moreover one change ofbranch due to a refusal must cause a variation of user's credit morethan a manual change of branch (because this last operation does notnecessarily mean that the unselected contents are of bad quality).
In order to obtain more precise results these changes of credit will beweighted by the width of the concerned contents (thus a smallcontribution influences less the credit of its author).
Moreover, a larger weight will be given to the actions of the usershaving a higher (global) credit.
It should however be prevented that there exist methods for a user toincrease his own credit arbitrarily (alone or thanks to complices). Inparticular, if the simple fact of contributing contents made it possiblea user to increase his own credit, users could simply produce a greatquantity of meaningless data and thus increase their credit. Hereapproaches of solution:
If the contributed contents are refused by many users, the penalty islarger than the credit obtained by its creation.
The credit gained at the time of the creation of contents depends on anestimate of the number of users who will see it (in order to preventthat a user obtains credit by producing contents that nobody will read).A means of estimating this value is the number of users for which thebranch containing this object is selected. One can also take intoaccount the transclusions having this object or his parent as source inorder to count the users who will see an image of these new contents ina result of transclusion.
Lastly, (again as a function of the number of users who can access thesecontents) one fixes a maximum limit at the credit which can be obtainedby addition of contents. Beyond this limit, to contribute new contentsdoes not have an effect on the credit of the author.
Credit of Approval
The users contributing contents in a field followed per few other usersshould not be too penalized, because it is the field which is unpopularand not specifically the contributions of these users. The methoddescribed below shows how users can increase the credit of the userswhom they approve.
For each pair of users the “approval” of the first for the second ismaintained. To prevent that this has an exaggerated effect we alsolimits the quantity of credit which a user can create for another, bylimiting this factor between 0 and 1/n, where n gives an order ofmagnitude of the active number of users to see a resource.
When a user shows his interest for a contribution (by making atransclusion, or by selecting the corresponding branch, or simply byvisiting the resource containing the concerned object), the approval ofthe visitor for the author of the contribution increases.
In order to control the approvals, we can for example regularly decreasethem, with the result that when a user ceases showing his interest forthe contributions of another user, her approval for the other user willgradually decrease.
That is to say thus x being the credit of a user, and a1, a2, a3, etcapprovals on behalf of users having x1, x2, x3, etc as credit.x1<x2<x3<etc is supposed. To calculate the effective credit of the userone proceeds as follows.
The initial credit is K=x.
The following operation for i=1, i=2, etc is carried out
If K<x then K is replaced by K+(xi−K)*ai.
Thus, if the credit of the visitor is higher than the credit of theauthor of the contribution, the credit of latter is increased (whileavoiding of course carrying out this increase more than once for a samevisitor and contribution).
Application of the Method of Conduits of Propagation of Scores ofRelevance
One can adapt the process of the conduits of propagation of scores ofrelevance as described in WO05045698A2 to a structure of transclusionsas follows.
The basic idea is that the score of an object is related to what ispresent (visible, audible, . . . ) in this object (and if possiblewithin the meaning of these contents). One thus will place conduits (allof the same size) along the transclusions, propagating the score sincean object of the source in direction of his image in the result of thetransclusion. In the presence of internal transclusions, the conduitsare placed according to flows of information, i.e. for a result oftransclusion a conduit is placed only from the nearest candidate source.
When the source and the result of a transclusion are not in the samebranch, the size of the conduit is reduced, for example is fixed at halfof the size of a conduit not changing a branch, in order to reflect thefact that the replacement objects do not change a branch.
In order to suitably treat the changes carried out in a result oftransclusion, one also places conduits propagating the score of all theobjects in direction of their parents. This will cause that the parentswill have a score taking account of the average score of their children.Thus, if in a result of transclusion objects are added, modified orremoved, the score of the result of transclusion will be affectedconsequently.
Three applications are the following ones:
When an object receives many alternative contributions, the system canthus sort them by relevance (and to keep only the first ones), bycalculating the proximity of each contribution with the container¹⁷⁸,based on the credit of the contributors. ¹⁷⁸(possibly by taking ofaccount the navigation context of the user)
Secondly, the system can selectively place contents (such asadvertisements) in an object, according to their relevance with respectto the containing object (also based on the credit of the contributor).
Thirdly, one can also use the process describes in WO-03 057648 toselect annotations put on close resources. It should be noted that inthis last application, one can profit from the structure of the“positions” of the maximum homogeneous parts (described above) to placeinformation there allowing to determine how to present in a resource theannotations which appear in a close resource.
- Preliminary definitions. 9- Object, Resource. 10- SCR, collaboration server. 10- User. 11- Description. 12- Introduction. 12- Illustration of the principle of the method. 12- Versions of a collaborative resource, branches. 12- Viewing the alternative versions of a collaborative resource. 14- Derivation. 15- Categorization of the versions of collaborative resources. 15- Structural modifications, slots. 16- Managing the inconsistencies. 17- Merging branches. 18- Case of the single collaborative resource. 19- Transclusions. 19- Implementation. 19- Architecture. 19- Data Structures. 20- Constraints. 21- Algorithms. 21- Construction of the structure to present for a version of the collaborative resource. 22- Change of active branch. 22- Reaction to a modification. 22- Treatment of a creation of object. 23- Treatment of a refusal. 23- Management of the concurrent operations. 24- Restrictions of propagation. 24- Protection in reading. 25- Protection in writing. 25- One-way propagation. 25- Alternative: Versions of resources as Transclusions. 25- Illustration of the principle of the method. 26- Method of creation of the most elaborate objects. 26- Creation of derived resource. 27- The modifications are proposed upstream. 27- Example. 28- Initial situation of the example. 28- Determining the replacement object and the alternative objects. 29- Ignorance or acceptance (FIG. 26). 30- Refusal (FIG. 27 à 32). 30- Multiple derivations of the same resource (FIGS. 33 to 44). 31- Alternative to Rule 3 (FIG. 45). 32- Replacement/Enrichment of Grains (FIGS. 46 to 49). 32- Slots (FIG. 50). 35- Method of sorting of alternative objects by rating. 36- Method of sorting alternative objects by contextual relevance. 36- Method of replacement by Co-identification. 39- Method of transclusion. 38- Identifier. 38- Transclusion. 39- Implicit Transclusion, internal transclusion. 41- Equivalence of identifiers. 41- Calculation of the sources of an object. 42- Origin of information. 42- Distance de sources. 42- First method. 42- Calculation of the proximity of an object. 43- Second method. 43- Method of transclusion in “pull”. 43- Calculation of an object—local algorithm. 44- Calculation of a structure of objects—global algorithm. 44- Method of transclusion in “push”. 45- Mixed structures. 47- Centralized or in cascade architecture. 48- Propagation of the contributions in the branches. 49- An alternative method. 49- Behavior of the grains in the presence of transclusions. 53- Counters of activity. 51- Container objects, Merge-transclusion, automatic Placement. 52- Conditions associated with the transclusions. 54- Personalization architecture. 55- Replacements/Enrichments as proposals for acceptance. 57- Modes of use of the SCR. 58- Recommendation of Resources and of SCR. 2. Method accordingto claim 1, characterized in that the information of degree ofelaboration of an object derive from the chronology of the modificationsof the object, in that it is provided during the modification of anobject by a user, a step allowing other users to refuse the modifiedobject, and in that the assembly step is carried out with a version ofthe object selected depending on the existence or not of refusals. 3.Method according to claim 2, characterized in that it comprises, when amodified version of an object is refused, the creation of two branchescontaining two alternative versions of the object, namely the modifiedversion and the unmodified version.
4. Method according to claim 3,characterized in that the step of assembling a resource including acertain version of the object in question is carried out with asignalling the existence of a version or alternative versions of saidobject.
5. Method according to claim 4, characterized in that it furthercomprises a step of selection, by a user accessing a version of theresource, of a certain alternative version of the object.
6. Methodaccording to claim 5, characterized in that more elaborate versions ofthe objects are formed independently for the various alternative objectsin each of the branches.
7. Method according to any one of claims 3 to6, characterized in that it further comprises the implementation ofmeans for computing scores of relevance of the various alternativeversions of the objects to selectively present the most relevantversions.
8. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that severalversions of a resource can be generated by users, and in that in theassembling step, the version of the object which is proposed is bydefault depending on the version of the resource.
9. Method according toclaim 1, characterized in that it is provided a step of inhibition ofthe use of an object in the assembling of a resource if a givencondition relative to this object or to another object of the resourceto be assembled is not met.
10. Method according to claim 9,characterized in that the contents of an object which use can beinhibited are encrypted, and in that the inhibition step comprises theinaccessibility to a decryption key.
11. Method according to the claim 9or 10, characterized in that the given condition is a condition ofpresence of at least one object of another resource.
12. Methodaccording to the claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the givencondition is a condition that the present object is unmodified. 13.Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is implemented ina data-processing environment comprising: at least a content servercapable of providing providing object contents which can be assembled toform resources, a collaboration manager capable of managing the versionsof the resources and the versions of the objects which they contain, inat least one user station, an extension (plug-in) of an object anresource manipulation tool, capable of communicating with thecollaboration manager, and in t it comprises a step of checking of theauthenticity of the extension by the collaboration manager.
14. Methodaccording to claim 1, characterized in that the information of degree ofelaboration is capable of taking one among two values, namely “mostelaborate” or not.
15. Method according to the claim 14, characterizedin that the identification step comprises the search for objects (OR;OA) whose degree of elaboration has the value “most elaborate” among thedownstream objects successively modified starting from the object inquestion of the accessed resource.
16. Method according to claim 1,characterized in that the identification step comprises the search forobjects having a degree of elaboration higher than a limit among thedownstream objects successively modified starting from the object inquestion of the accessed resource.
17. Method according to any one ofclaims 1 to 16, characterized in that the search includes the search forobjects of highest degree(s) of elaboration by parsing the upstreamobjects by modification of which the object in question was obtained.18. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 17, characterized inthat, in the case where the identification step has permitted toidentify several most elaborate objects, then the object assembling stepcomprises a sub-step of addition to the resource of informationsignalling the existence of such several objects (OA).
19. Methodaccording to claim 18, characterized in that the object selected for theassemblage in the resource is the most elaborate downstream object whichis the nearest in the succession.
20. Method according to claim 18 or19, characterized in that responsive to instructions of object changereceived from the user, the assembling step is capable of successivelyfor the assemblage most elaborate objects sorted according to anothercriterion such as a notation.
21. Method according to any one of claims18 to 20, characterized in that it is capable, in response to aselection instruction by a user, to use for the assemblage an objectdesignated by said instruction.
22. Method according to claims 20 and 21taken in combination, characterized in that it further comprises a stepof adjustment of the notation of the object according to an instructionof selection of this object by the user.
23. Method according to claim18 or 19, characterized in that the assembling step is capable of usingfor the assemblage an object selected according to another criterionsuch as a notation among all the most elaborate objects.
24. Methodaccording to any one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that it isimplemented in combination with a server of preexisting contentsprovided with means of chronological management of versions of theobjects, and in that the step of identification of the most elaborateversion of an object is implemented from version information provided bysaid means of chronological management and from information ofcontribution by a user accessing the various versions of the resource,and in that it further comprises a step of presentation of the currentversion of the object in the content server.
25. Method implemented inassociation with storage means accessible in a data-processingenvironment to maintain up to date graphs of objects likely to beassembled to form resources accessible in the environment, characterizedin that the storage means are capable of storing in association withthese objects information of degree of elaboration, and in that themethod comprises the following steps: detecting the modification of anobject by a user, identifying owners of resources containing upstreamcorresponding objects, directing towards these owners a proposal ofacceptance or refusal of this modification, waiting for an answer fromthe owners, depending on the contents of at least the first answer,adjusting information of degree of elaboration of the objects. 26.Method according to claim 25, characterized in that the information ofdegree of elaboration can take one among two values, namely “mostelaborate” or not.
27. Method according to one from the claims 25 and26, characterized in that it further comprises a step consisting, inresponse to the detection of the modification of an object, intemporarily adjusting the information of degree of elaboration of theobjects, wherein this adjustment can be opposed or confirmed after atleast the first answer by the owners.
28. Method according to any one ofclaims 25 to 27, characterized in that, when a first answer ofacceptance is received from an owner, the modification is applied in theresource of said owner.
29. Method according to any one of claims 25 to28, characterized in that, when a first answer of refusal is receivedfrom an owner, then the adjustment step gives to the object immediatelyupstream of the modified object the highest degree of elaboration. 30.Method according to claim 29, characterized in that it furthercomprises, when a refusal answer is received, the addition to the graphof a branch containing an alternative version of the object, made of theobject including the modification.
31. Method according to the claim 29or 30, characterized in that it further comprises, when receiving ananswer of refusal of a modification carried out on an object which isnot most elaborate and in the event of incompatibility of themodification with at least one more elaborate object, the addition tothe graph of a branch containing an alternative version of the objectmade of the object including the modification or containing theincompatible object(s) and the objects modified from them.
32. Methodfor generating a new resource from an existing resource which has beenaccessed in a data-processing environment, characterized in that itcomprises the following steps: detecting the modification of an objectof the existing resource by a user, in response to this detection,generating a new resource presenting the same contents as the existingresource, applying the modifications to the object of said otherresource which corresponds to the object of the existing resource forwhich the modification has been detected.
33. Method according to claim32, characterized in that the step of generating a new resource iscarried out by transclusion from information associated to the existingresource.
34. Method implemented in association with storage meansaccessible in a data-processing environment to maintain up to dategraphs of objects likely to be assembled to form resources accessible inthe environment, characterized in that the storage means are capable ofstoring in association with each one of these objects information ofdegree of elaboration, and in that the method comprises the followingsteps: detecting the modification of an object by a user, in response tothis detection, generating a new resource presenting the same contentsas the existing resource, applying the modifications to the object ofsaid other resource which corresponds to the object of the existingresource for which the modification has been detected, identifyingowners of resources containing corresponding upstream objects, directingtowards these owners a proposal of acceptance or refusal of thismodification, waiting for an answer from the owners, depending on thecontents of at least the first answer, to adjust information of degreeof elaboration of the objects.
35. Method for propagating standardobject description information between various objects likely to beassembled to form resources displayable in a user interface within adata-processing environment, characterized in that with each object areassociated description meta-data, and in that the method comprises thefollowing steps: entering in a propagation mode under the initiative ofthe user, selecting an object which description meta-data are desired tobe borrowed, selecting at least one other object to allocate thereto thesame description meta-data.
36. Method according to claim 35,characterized in that the user interface is adapted to hide mask for theuser the description meta-data.
37. Method for making accessible tothird parties within a data-processing environment a resource containingat least one object derived from another resource, characterized in thatit comprises the following steps: detecting a request by a user formodifying the object, in response to this detection, generating in thedata-processing environment a request to an owner of the said otherresource in order to authorize the accessibility of the modified object,depending on the answer received from the owner, selectively authorizingor not accessibility.
38. Method according to claim 37, characterized inthat a common request is generated for a plurality of objects derivedfrom resources belonging to the same owner.
39. Computer resource forthe implementation of the method according to claim 37 or 38, comprisinga set of objects and accessible through a data-processing environment,characterized in that an object content publishing constraint meta-datais stored in association with at least some of the objects, allowing toselectively control its modification and/or its accessibility by thirdparties within derived resources.
40. Resource according to claim 39,characterized in that the publishing constraint meta-data comprise atleast a meta-data selected in the group comprising meta-data ofauthorization/prohibition of modification, meta-data ofauthorization/prohibition of access by third parties to unmodified ormodified objects, and meta-data for contacting an decision authority.41. Resource according to the claim 39 or 40, characterized in that itis structured in the form of a tree structure of objects, in that apublishing constraint meta-data is stored in association with at leastcertain nodes of the tree structure, and in that a publishing constraintmeta-data at a node applies to the child nodes of the node in question.42. Method for making accessible to third parties within adata-processing environment a resource containing at least an objectderived from another resource, characterized in that publishingconstraint meta-data may be associated to the objects and stored in thedata processing environment, these meta-data being likely to contain anidentification of an owner of an object from which the above-mentionedobject must be derived, and in that the method comprises the followingsteps: detecting that an object contained in a resource which a userwishes to access is derived from another resource, detection of theexistence in the data-processing environment of meta-data of constraintof publishing of the object in question, in the affirmative, readingsaid meta-data, detecting the presence in said meta-data of anidentification of an decision authority, in the affirmative, sending tosaid authority thus identified a request for authorization ofaccessibility by third parties, and if an acceptance of said request isreceived, providing the resource to said third parties.
43. Methodaccording to claim 42, characterized in that the provision of theresource is a publication.
44. Method according to the claim 42 or 43,characterized in that it comprises the intermediate step consisting,between sending the request and receiving an authorization or a refusal,a step of provisionally assembling the resource with an object formed byan extract of the object which is sought to be derived.
45. Methodaccording to claim 44, characterized in that, when the object is a textobject, said extract is made according to quotation right legalcriteria.
46. Method for quantitatively estimating the activity ofobjects in a data-processing environment, this environment giving accessto resources made by assembling objects, at least some of the objectsbeing capable of being generated by derivation of preexisting objectsand modification of the objects thus derived, method characterized inthat it comprises the following steps: identifying the most upstreamobjects intended to be derived, so that this identification propagatesto the objects derived therefrom, counting the numbers of derivations ofthe most upstream objects and the objects which have been derivedtherefrom.
47. Method according to claim 46, characterized in that itfurther comprises a step of grouped counting of consultations of themost upstream objects and of the objects which have been derivedtherefrom.
48. Method according to the claim 46 or 47, characterized inthat the most upstream objects are objects for advertising purposes. 49.Method according to any one of claims 46 to 48, characterized in thatthe most upstream objects are capable of being derived without beingcapable of being modified.
50. Data-processing environment forimplementing a method according to one of the claims 1 to 38 or 42 to49, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of servers connectedin an array, capable of containing information of derivation betweenobjects and of degree of elaboration markings, each server being capableof receiving a request in order to indicate object identifiers on thebasis of said information, and being capable of redirecting such requesttowards another server in the case where it is not capable of respondingto said request.
51. A method for managing variable content resources ina data-processing environment, each resource comprising a set of objectsand at least some of these objects being presented in a resource asforming an object transcluded individually or as a part of a largertranscluded object from a source object, possibly via one or moreintermediate transcluded objects, so that a modification made to thesource object can be propagated up to said transcluded object, themethod being characterized: in that the data-processing environment iscapable of storing transclusion information based on object identifiers,information from which source objects can be presented in transcludedobjects, and in that the method comprises the step consisting, duringthe modification of an object, in generating or updating, for eachobject transcluded from said object, a source object identifier to betaken into account for this transcluded object, depending on informationof distance between the modified object and said transcluded object. 52.A method for managing variable content resources in a data-processingenvironment, each resource comprising a set of objects and at least someof these objects being presented in a resource as forming an objecttranscluded individually or as a part of a larger transcluded objectfrom a source object, possibly via one or more intermediate transcludedobjects, so that a modification made to the source object can bepropagated up to the transcluded object, the method being characterized:in that the data-processing environment is capable of storingtransclusion information based on identifiers of objects, informationfrom which source objects can be presented in transcluded objects, andin that the method comprises the step consisting, when an object ispresented, in determining, for each object transcluded from said object,a source object identifier to be taken into account for this transcludedobject, depending on information of distance between the modified objectand said transcluded object.
| 4,322 |
historischpolit58grgoog_28
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German-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,860 |
Historisch-politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland
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Guido Görres
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German
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Weitere Berichte über Rußland, Noch vor gar nicht langer Zeit konnte man es ald eine ausge⸗ machte Sache betrachten, daß, wenn nichtdentfche, Fatholifche Journale Berichte über Rußland und die Verfolgung der katholifhen Kirche mit: theiften , fie von den dentfchen Zeitungen mit vornehmen Zweifel, im abfprechenden Tone, als partheiifch, ungegründet, leichtfertig behandelt wurden, und es iſt nicht zn läugnen, fie gaben auch vft genug Veran⸗ laſſung dazu. Allein die Aufhellungen, welche die päpftlihe Staats: ſchrift gewährte, beweifen, daß felbft manche der dem Anfcheine nad übertriebenften Berichte hinter den Thatſachen zurücgeblieben waren, und es ift jest wenigftens dahin gefommen, daß über den Urheber, über den Iwed, Mittel und moralifhen Werth des Ganzen Fein Zweis fel mehr flatt finden Tann. Auch darüber ift man jest im Meinen, daß feine Verfolgung der neueren Gefchichte mit der noch gegenwärtig herr⸗ fhenden verglichen werden kann. Nicht die fchlauen nnd gewaltiamen Gefebe der „jungfränfihen Königin“, nicht was Guſtav Wafa, Heins rich VIII. und alle die glorreihen Haͤupter mächtiger Staaten verübs ten, welche dem Gotte, dem fie dienten, einen Dienft zu erweifen hofften, indem fie die Kirche Jeſu Chrifti verfolgten. Und wir ent: fhuldigen es jet, daß deutfche Journale in dem vorherbezeichneten Irrthume fi ergingen. Sie gedachten wohl noch der Zeit, wo Ruß⸗ fand, unter dem milden Scepter feines Alexanders, der großen Bewe⸗ gung Europas vorfland, welche den corſiſchen Schlähter der Völker ſtürzte. Sie vergaßen, daß die gräßliche Epoche Kathariuens II., welche don vorneher alles zu legitimiren fchien, was die Revolution nachher in ihrer Entwidtung mit fi führte, weder gefühnt, noch widerrufen, fondern nur für einen Augenblick durch Aleranders Regierung unters broden war, die, wie das alte itafienfiche Sprüchwort fagt, dem Loche glih, das der Stein in die Fluthen macht, welche fich fehnell wieber fließen und mit der alten Gewalt vorüberranfchen. Während ſomit die Principien, welche der Welt bei Gelegenheit der Gründung der heiligen Allianz vorgelegt wurden, mit denjenigen vergleicht, die bei Anlaß der jesigen Verfolgung thatſächlich ausgeſprochen worden find, wird einen folchen Unterfchied bemerken, daß Feine Vergleichnng möglich wird. Allein in den Worten wird derfelbe dennoch nicht fehr erheblih feyn. Da die rufiifhe Diplomatie in der Kunſt, Worte zu handhaben und den wahren Sinn durch einen willführlichen Ausdruck zu bedecken, Meifterin ift, fo darf man von vornherein überzeugt feyn, daß fie auch die crafleften Eontrafte zu verwifhen und unfcheinbar zu machen verftehe. Daß diefe Kunft vor Allem gegen die einfache, klare und durch innere Wahrheit wie durch ruhige, gemeſſene Haltung fchlagende Staatsfchrift Papft Gregors XVI. würde angewandt werden, hätte man glanden follen. Das ruſſiſche Cabinet war aber Hug genug, zu bemerken, daß es auf diefer Bahn Feine Lorbeeren pflücden könne, und wührend man daher in Europa eine offene Antwort auf die römifche Darlegung erwartete, ward, außer der problematifchen Anrede des Kaifers an die polnifchen Bifchöfe, keine weitere Erklärung befannt. Somit ift alfo die römifhe Darlegnng nicht nur ein unmiderlegtes, gefchichtliches Do: cument geblieben, das mit der zerfchmetternden Kraft der Wahrheit die Öffentlihe Meinung der civilifirten Völker zum Zengniffe der Ge- rechtigfeit aufruft, fondern ed vermag auch Papſt Gregor XVI. we: nigftens den Triumph zu feiern, die geheimen Macinationen feiner Gegner enthüllt zu haben und, weun es ihm auch nicht gelang, ihre unheilvollen Pläne zu vernichten und den Hülferufenden Hülfe zu brin= gen, fo hat ſich doch unter ihm, dem mächtigen Autofraten gegenüber, das päpfttiche Anſehen, das allein die Stimme der Wahrheit ınd des Rechts zu erheben den Much hatte, fo erhaben gezeigt, daß die glor: reichften Zeiten des Mittelalters eine würdige Nachfolge hierin gefun= den haben. | Sehen wir nun, was und auswärtige Journale noch Weiteres über die Verfolgung mittheifen. Nach dem Mufter des heil, Synodes, welchen Czar Peter an die Stelle des ruffifhen Patriarchen feute, um die Landeskirche zur Staatsauſtalt zu machen, ift in St. Petersburg ein ähnliches Collegium von katholiſchen Biſchöfen errichtet, zu welchem abwechfelnd und als außerordentliche Mitglieder jedes Jahr mehrere Bifchd’e aus den Eatholifchen Reiche: theilen berufen werden, Fügſamkeit zu Iernen und die erhaltenen Be⸗ fehle bei ihren Rüdtehr defto umfichtiger in das Werk zu fegen. Wäh- rend alle Verbindung mit ihrem Firchlichen Oberhanpte auf das Strengfte Allianz vorgelegt wurden, mit denjenigen vergleicht, die bei Anlaß der jebigen Verfolgung thatfächlich ansgeſprochen worden find, wird einen folchen Unterfchied bemerken, daß Feine Bergleihung möglih wird. Allein in den Worten wird derfelbe dennoch nicht fehr erheblich feyn. Da die ruflifhe Diplomatie in der Kunſt, Worte zu handhaben und den wahren Sinn durch einen willkührlichen Ausdruck zu bedecken, Meifterin ift, fo darf man von vornherein überzeugt feyn, daß fie auch die craffeften Contraſte zu verwifchen und unſcheinbar zu machen verftehe. | | Daß diefe Kunft vor Allem gegen die einfache, klare und durch innere Wahrheit wie durch ruhige, gemeſſene Haltung fchlagende Staatsfhrift Papſt Sregors XVI. würde angewandt werden, hätte mar glanben follen. Das ruffifhe Cabinet war aber klug genug, zu bemerken, daß es anf diefer Bahn feine Korbeeren pflücden könne, und während man daher in Europa eine offene Antwort auf die römifche Darlegung erwartete, ward, außer der probfematifchen Anrede des Kaifers an die polnifhen Bifchöfe, keine weitere Erklärung befannt. Somit ift alfo die römifche Darlegung nicht nur ein unmiderfegtes, gefchichtlihes Do⸗ cument geblieben, das mit der zerfhmetternden Kraft der Wahrheit die Öffentliche Meinung der civilifirten Völker zum Zeugniffe der Ge: rechtigfeit aufruft, fondern es vermag auch Papft Gregor XVI. we: nigfteng den Triumph zu feiern, die geheimen Machinationen feiner Gegner enthüllt zu haben und, wenn es ihm auch nicht gelang, ihre unheilvollen Pläne zu vernichten und den Hülferufenden Hülfe zu brin— gen, fo hat fi doch unter ihm, dem mächtigen Autokraten gegenüber, Das päpftliche Anfehen, das allein die Stimme der Wahrheit und des Rechts zu erheben den Muth hatte, fo erhaben gezeigt, daß die glors reichften Zeiten des Mittelalters eine würdige Nachfolge hierin gefun- den haben. Sehen wir nun, was und auswärtige Journale noch Weiteres über die Verfolgung mittheilen. Nah dem Mufter des heil. Synodes, welchen Czar Peter an die Stelle des ruſſiſchen Patriarchen ſetzte, um die Landeskirche zur Staatsanftalt zu machen, ift in St. Petersburg ein ähnliches Collegium von Fatholifchen Biſchöfen errichtet, zu welchem abwecfelnd und als außerordentliche Mitglieder jedes Jahr mehrere Biſchöfe ans den Fatholifchen Reiche: theileu berufen werden, Fügſamkeit zu lernen und die erhaltenen Des fehle bei ihren Rückkehr defto nmfichtiger in das Werf zu ſetzen. Wäh- rend alle Verbindung mit ihrem kirchlichen Oberhanpte auf das Strengfte verboten ift, wird fo die mie dem weltiichen foragfältig unterhalten, ge: winnt die oberſte Stelle die Möglichkeit, jedweden Widerſtaud im Keine zu vernichten, ımd vermögen die Mittel der Verführung, wie der Beſtrafnug defto nachdrückicher zu wirken. Als unn im verfloffenen Fahre zwei polnifche Bifchdfe, der erhaftenen Weifung gemäß, fih nach St. Petersburg auf den Weg machen wollten, verlangte der Fürftflatt: halter des ehemaligen Königreiches von ihnen, einen Canonicus hono⸗ rarius von Auguſtow, Ludeke, einen chemaligen Proteflanren, welcher dann convertirt hatte, und als Spion in Holland nuud Belgien gebraucht worden war, um die Verbindungen der dortigen Katholilen mit der ruſſiſchen auszufundfchaften, als Secretär mitzunehmen. Als beide Bis fhöfe jich weigerten, einen Menſchen von fo anerkannt fchlechtem Rufe in ihrer Umgebung zu dulden, wurden demfelben bei 400 Silberrubel als Reiſegeld angewiefen, und Ludeke ward dadurch nicht bios zu den Ge: heimniſſen des heil. Synodes gezogen, fondern wohnte auch jener berühmten mündfihen Erklärung bei, welche die Katholicität des Urhe⸗ bers der Verfolgungen ımd die Unwahrheit der letzteren darthun ſollte, von welchen, wie natürlich, die Bifchöfe ſelbſt die umfaſſendſten Zeugniſſe Hätten feiften können. Als hiebei der Berichte Erwähnnng gefchah, weiche der heit. Stuhr hierüber empfangen hatte, deren lügne: rifher Inhalt die Allocution Papft Gregors veranlagt haben follte, wandte fih der Redner an den Canonicus mit der Frage: „Nicht wahr, Ca⸗ nonicus, alle diefe Berichte find Rügen“. Eine fo fchmeichelhafte Aut: zeichnung konnte ihre Wirkung auf das loyale Herz des fo ergebenen Mannes unmöglich verfehlen; der Canonicus antwortete, wie fich ers warten ließ, mit einer befräftigenden Bejahung, und genoß hierauf die befondere Ehre, bei dem Diner, das dem ganzen heil. Eynod gegeben wurde, deu erften Pas einzunehmen, und dann auch die Inſignien des St. Anna-Ordens zu empfangen, mit deffen minderen Graden gewöhn: lich diejenigen Ruffen und Polen begnadigt werden, welche fich der Apo⸗ ftafie in die Arme werfen. LIX. Bilder aus dem italienifchen Volksleben in der | Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Siebenter Artikel. Nicht leicht hat wohl ein Fremder die Stadt der ſieben Hügel und der ſieben Baſiliken heimgeſucht, dem nicht der Name der Borgheſen im Gedäͤchtniß geblieben wäre. Hätte er ihn auch früher nie vernommen, er würde ihm hier unwillführ- lich vor Augen getreten feyn, da er mit dem Größten und Herrlihftien, was Nom befizt, fo vielfach verbunden ift. Denn trat der fremde Pilger, wie dieß gar oft zu gefcheben pflegt, fogleich nad) feiner Ankunft den Gang nach dem Grabe _ des Erften der Apoftel, nach dem Dome von St, Peter, an; ging er über die Engelsbrüde, vorüber an dem alten Grab: monumente Hadrians, dem Gaftell von Eant Angelo ihm zur Rechten, vorüber ihm zur Linfen an dem, unermeßlichen Spi⸗ tale von Ean Epirito, auf welches von grünem Hügel die Grabkirche Taffos mit der zerfchmetterten Eiche herniederfieht; ging er weiter, gerade aus, der. hohen Kuppel zu, die ihm auf der Brücke fchon entgegenfah, vorüber an bem Pallafte, ben einit die Gefandten der immer noch getrennten Meereskoͤni⸗ gin, Britanniend, bewohnten, wo num ein fürftlicher Banquier ben reichen Fremden aller Nationen feine Winterfefte, Bälle und Eoncerte gibt; öffnete fich ihm endlich die Straße, trat er auf den von Arkaden eingefihloffenen Petersplag, Nero's ehemaligen blutigen Circus; fah er den Obelisken, den die Pharaonen dem Sonnengott in Heliopolig errichtet und ben Kaligula zum Schmu⸗ cke feines Circus herübergeführt; fab er ibm zur Seiten bie x | 4 052 oilder ans dem italienifchen Volksleben. beiden herrlihen Epringbrunnen ihr Waffer fchneeweiß, wie ein Etaubgewölfe, aus der Höhe mit zierliher, anmuthiger File in die unteren Echaalen herniedergießen; blickte er dann über den großartigen Play hinweg, gerade vor ſich die hohe Treppe hinan, nad) den Portalen von Et. Peter und hinauf nach den Foloffalen Eteinbildern, welche von den Zinnen feiner Stirnſeite den Play beherrſchen: dann fah er auf einem brei= ten Gürtelbande diefes größten Domes der Fatholifchen Chri⸗ ftenheit die Worte: IN HONOREM PRINCIPIS APO- STOLORUM PAULUS V BURGHESIUS ROMANUS PONT. MAX. ANNO MDCXII. PONTIFICATUES VI. Diefe Juſchrift ift in Metallichrift gefchrieben, und die Folof- falen Buchftaben find in den riefenmäßigen Verhältniſſen des ganzen Baues, der fie auf feiner Etirne dem Eintretenden entgegenhält. Es war aber ein ganz bejonderer Glücfoftern, der den. Gefchlechte der Borgheſen diefe Ehre zu Theil werden Tieg, daß die erfte Kirche Noms, das Denkmal fo vieler Püpfte, das Werk fo vieler Rünfller, gerade ihren Namen auf der Etirne trägt. Denn Paul V. war bekanntlich nicht der Be: gründer, er war nur der Erweiterer diefes heiligen Buumer: fes; unter ihm wurde das griechiſche Kreuz des früheren Pla⸗ nes von Michelangiolo in ein Iateinifihes umgewandelt; der lange Arm des Kreuzes wurde um drei Bogen verlängert, und der Bau des gegemwirtigen Porticus und der Facade hinzugefügt; eine Erweiterung, die, wie ed gar häufig ge— fchieht, den Bau zwar materieller größer, aber durch die Ver nichtung feiner Idee in der Ihat Heiner. machte, indem ber hbinzugefügte Theil alle Harmonie des urfprünglichen Planes ftörte, und hauptſächlich nur dazu diente, die erhabene Größe und Einfachheit des Ganzen unfihtbar zu machen und feinen Anblick zu verkleinern. Wenn nun aber auch die Zeit Pauls V. in ihren Kunſt⸗ beftrebungen durchweg den Charakter verfehlter Nachahmung und gefchmadlofer, unnatürlicher Ueberladung trägt: fo hat ——,..0.. vs... = ur. „-........... ‚sm... ... diejer thätige, energiihe Papſt jedenfalls‘ mit der großartig: ſten Sreigebigfeit zur Ausſchmückung dieſes ehrfurdhtgebietens den Tempels mitgewirkt, von dem einer der größten der neue: ren proteftantifchen Dichter, Byron, fingt: „Nicht alte Tempel, hentige Altaäͤre Kommen Dir gleich! Du, einzig nuter allen Werth, daß in Dir den wahren Gott man ehre! Seit Er, da Sion's Mauern eingefallen, Den frühern Dom verließ, gibt’ keine Hallen. Don Menfhenhand, von folder hehrer Macht ! Ernft, Hoheit, Würde, Glorie, Reiz umwallen Die ew’gen Bogen in vereinter Pracht, Wo reiner, würd’ger Dienft dem Herrn wird dargebracht“. Bon Paul V. rühren auch die Eolofjalen Gteinbilder der Heiligen, der Heiland und die Apoſtel her, welche von der Höhe der Facade Et. Peters herniederblicen. Allein nicht nur die Peterskirche, ſondern fo viele an- dere, der Meligion oder dem gemeinen Beſten gewidmeten Baumerke Noms bewahren noch immer dankbar das Andenken feiner bochherzigen Gefinnung, und nennen ihn den Aus—⸗ fhmüder und den Wohlthäter der heiligen Stadt. Mehr je⸗ doch als durch jedes. andere Denkmal wird diefer Borghefe im Munde der Lebenden ftets gefegnet fortleben durch den Namen der Acqua Paola, die ihn fo glorreich verewigt, in⸗ dem fie feine Erinnerung mit einer ber größten Wohlthaten und Zierden Noms für immer dankbar verfnüpft. Der Ruhm, in einer quellenlofen Lage fich eines reichen Meberflußes an Harem, Fühlen, gefunden Gebirgswaffer zu erfreuen, iſt befunntlich ein alter des Eaiferlichen heidnifchen Noms; ein Ruhm, der jener Zeit gebührt, ale, nad dem Ausdrucde Ehateaubriande, die Imperatoren die Fühlen Waf- fer der DBergquellen dem Herrfchervolfe auf Iriumphbögen durch die Campagna hinzuführten, und ihre Fora, ihre Cir- cen, ihre Arenen, ihre Bafiliken, ihre Thermen, die öffentli: hen Pipe, die Straßen, die Vorhallen ihrer Tempel und 41 * Theater mit marmornen Springbrunnen verfchwenberifch aus: ſchmückten. Wohl ſteht das neuere Rom in dieſer Hinſicht weit der alten, prachtvollen Weltſtadt der Imperatoren nach; die Trümmer zerfallener Aquäducten durchziehen nun melancho⸗ liſch, mit ihren unregelmäßig unterbrochenen und zerriſſenen Bogen, in langen Reihen, in verſchiedenen Richtungen, halb⸗ eingeſtürzten Brücken gleich, die menſchenleere, baumloſe, fon- nenverbrannte Campagna, unverwüſtliche Denkmaͤler dahinge⸗ ſunkener Größe: allein dennoch kann ſich wohl keine der grö⸗ ßeren Staͤdte Europas an Reichthum des Waſſers, an Spring⸗ brunnen und architektoniſch geſchmückten Fontainen jeder Art mit Rom vergleichen; eine Wohlthat und eine Zierde, welche die Stadt Et. Peters dem väterliben und großartig frei⸗ gebigen Einne ihrer Päpfte verdankt, die fich hierin als wahre Neftauratoren ermiefen. Drei Hauptleitungen aber find es, die der dürftenden Ziber: ftadt das reine Bergwaſſer zuführen und in reichen, vollen Etrö- ‚men in die marmornen Beden fo vieler Epringbrunnen, aus⸗ gießen. Die eine diefer Leitungen trägt -den Namen Pauls V.; die zweite die Ycqua Felice, den Zaufnamen von Eirtus V., ber nach dem Vorgange des um die Kirche viel verdienten Gregors XIHL ihr MWiederberfteller wurde; die dritte endlich, die Ac- qua Vergine, oder di Irevi verdankt ihre Wiederherftellung Nicolaus V., deffen Nachfolger Eirtus IV., Pius IV. und V., Gregor XIII. fi gleichfalls um fie verdient machten. Wie die Peterskirche, fo bewahrt auch die Ucqua Paola, einft. die Ucqua Trajana des Eaiferlihen Home, in mehreren Snfchriften das Andenken ihres priefterlihen Wiedererbauers. Fünfundreißig Miglien zieht fi) der Aquaͤduct hin, der aus dem Eee von DBracciano, in dem etrurifchen Gebirge bei Tris vigniani, das Waller nad) der Höhe der Tiber hinführt; drei feiner pnfchriften verknüpfen das Andenken des Pontifer mit dem der \jmperatoren *); dort aber, wo der Hauptarm von *) Die eine diefer Infchriften bei dem Bogen nahe an der Villa nn Ine ans dem italieniſchen Volksleben. 837 Dem Tiberhügel aus zum erftenmal die ewige Stadt zu feinen Füßen begrüßt, auf der Höhe hinter Ean Pietro Montorio, unweit der Kapelle Bramantes über der Gtätte, wo Et. Pe⸗ ter gefreuzigt ward, an einer der herrlichften Stellen Roms, - wo der Blick das ganze alte und neue, das heidnijche und chriſtliche Nom, mit feinen zahllofen Kuppeln, feinen Obelisfen, feinen Zriumpbfäulen, feinen Zempeln, Thermen und Arenen beberrfcht, mo er weithin über die Dede der Compagna fehweift und nad) dem Meeresufer hindringt, dort wo die blaue Bergwelt ber Latiner und Eabiner, der Monte Cavo und der Sorakte, aus ber Ferne die Ausſicht begränzend, in ber feierlichen Ruhe, in der milden Heiterkeit des italienifchen Himmels herüber winken, bier hat Paul V. feiner etrurifhen Acqua Paola eine wahre, bie ganze ewige Stadt beherrfchende Porta trium- phalis erbaut; bier flürzt die Fülle feines Waſſers in fünf Strömen lichthell in das unermeßlihe marmorne Becken; die Eäulen diefes Triumphbogens tragen die Wappentbiere der Borghefen, den Drachen und den Adler, zu oberft prungt das Mappen des Papftes, und darunter ftehen im großer, weit lesbarer Metallfchrift die Worte: Paulus V. pontifex maxi- mus aquam in agro Braccianensi saluberrimis e fontibus collectam, veteribus aquae Alsietinae ductibus restitulis, novisque additis, XXXV ab milliario duxit. Anno Do. mini; MDCXII. pontificatus sui septimo. Außer diefem Iriumphbogen auf der Höhe des Janicu⸗ Ius verberrlichen auch noch drei öffentlihe Springbrunnen den Namen deffelben Papftes auf ihrer Stirne, nämlih: die fontana di ponte Sisto, deren Inſchrift verFündet, wie der Papſt das Waffer dem Nugen der gefammien Etadt gewid⸗ met; dann der Springbrunnen in dem Ghetto oder Juden⸗ viertel, ein fprechendes Monument päpftlicer Corgfalt für Pamfili vor dem Thore San Pancrazio lautet: Paulus V. Pont. opt. max. aquacductus ab Augusto Caes. extructus acvi longinqua vetustate collapsos in ampliorem formam resti- tuit. An, Sal. MDCIX. Pont. V. bie abgeſchiedene Volksklaſſe der Hebräer, was gleichfalls ihre Inſchrift verkündet, die da lautet: Panlus V. Pont. opt. max. aquam ex agro Brachianensi in vertice montis aurei sua munificentia deductam, ad Hebraeorum inopiam sublevandam, hune in locum duei concessit An. MDCXIV. Pont. sui X; endlich fteht der borgheſiſche Drache auch auf der Fontana di piazza castello, mo Paul V. gleichfalle dem mangelleidenden Etadttheil diefe unfhätbare Wohlthat zu Theil werden ließ. Allein auch die beiden ftolzen Fontainen vor der Peterskirche felbit, mit ihrem hochfteigenden Wafferftrahle, verdanfen ihren Waſſerreichthum *) feiner freigebigen Groß: muth, da er einen Hauptarm feiner großen Leitung bier hin⸗ überführte, und auch fie tragen das borgheſiſche Wappen. Diefe Sorgfalt der Päpfte, die Stadt mit dem reinigenden, leben⸗ nährenden, von dem Wlterthume heifig gehaltenen Elemente - zu verfehen, erinnert felbft an das frühefte Alterthum, das feinen hohen Prieftern den Namen der Pontifices, der Brü⸗ ckenbauer, beilegte; fie erinnert an die Zeit römifher Könige, der Erbauer jener uralten, noch beftehenden, reinigenden Kloa⸗ fen; fie weist ums endlich nach dem patriarchalifchen Oriente 2) Diefe beiden Springbrunmen, die mit Recht zu den fchönften von Rom gezählt werden, zeichnen fih in der That durd ihren anßerordentlihen Waſſerreichthum aus, indem der Arm, der nad St. Peter und den vaticanifhen Gärten von der Acqua Paola abgeleitet wird, 780 Unzen faßt. Man erzählt daher anch, als der verftorbene König von Preußen, an Berlins künſtliche Waf: ferwerfe gewöhnt, den Petersplatz befuchte, habe er dem ihn be⸗ Hleitenden Kardinal zu wiederhoftenmafen cin Zeichen gegeben, als diefer es aber nicht verflanden, habe er hinzugefügt: fchen genug! ſchon nenug! fo daß endlich der Präfat ihn ehrerbietigft fragte, was der Befehl Seiner Majeſtät fey; worauf der Mo: narch erwiedert habe: man möge nur die Mafchinen ftilfe ſtel⸗ fen, da er fchon genug gefehen habe. Der Kardinal erklärte ihm num zu feinem Erflannen, daß diefe Springbrunnen hier Tag und Nacht für Jedermann fließen, und daß er nichts von ſtill zu ſtellenden Mafchinen wiſſe. Milde: and dem attensichen Bolkstebei. Hinüber, wo gaftliher Einn, großmüthige Milde und Barm⸗ herzigkeit in der glutheißen Dede der Eandwüfte, auf grüner Dofe, Quellen erbaut und Zifternen gräbt, die Jahrhunderte hindurch die fchmachtenden Menjchen und Thiere der vorüber: gehenden Karavanen laben und ftärken, und den Pilger mit dankbarer Freude erfüllen. Doch kehren wir aus den -einfamen Candfteppen des Dftens, die fehmwerbeladen das bedachtſame Kameel durchzieht, und in windesfchneller Eile das flüchtige Araberroß durchfliegt, zurücd nad) der heiligen Priefterftiadt des Weſtens. Hat hier der Fremde an der Größe der Petersficche fein Gemüth er: hoben, in dem Gedanken, wie hier der Menfch alles, was fein Kunſtgenie im Fühnften Fluge zu erftreben vermocht, al- len Glanz, alle Pracht irdifchen Reichthums mit freigebiger Hand dem Höchften, Unfichtbaren, Ewigen opfernd geweiht, hat ihn in ber drücenden Tageshitze ein Fühler Trunk aus der Acqua Paola erquict, und Fehrt er dann in die Etadt zurück, fo bietet ihm der Palaft der Borghefen, den derfelbe Papſt Paul V. feiner Familie angefauft, einen andern erhe: benden Genuß dar. Der mähtige Bau mit feinen hohen Eäulenhallen, feis nen antiken Statuen und reichgefhmüchten Gemächern alter Pracht, erinnert an die hingefchiedenen Zeiten römiſchen Meich: thums, da das Gold der Welt noch bei Et. Peter zufammenfloß, und feine Großen von Hunderten von bewaffneten und unbewaff: neten Dienern umgeben, in ihren Paläften altrömifcher Größe refidirten. Die Familie Borghefe, urſprünglich aus Giena, ift eine von den vwenigen römifchen Familien, fünfen oder fed- fen, die fich noch einen fürftlihen Reichtum in ihren Befi- gungen, die über ganz Italien ausgebreitet find, erhalten haben. Freilich der Glan; und die Macht der Feudalherrs lichkeit ift auch von ihrem Haufe gewichen; dafür aber fteht ' ed durch andere perfünliche Verdienfte nicht minder Achtung und Ehrfurcht gebietend in Mitte feiner Mitbürger da, ein würdiger Vertreter der alten Grandezza Romana. : In dem die abgefchlebene Volkeklaffe der Hebräer, was gleichfalls ihre Sufcheift verkündet, Die da lautet: Paulus V. Pont. opt. ınax. aquam ex agro Brachianensi in vertice montis aurei sa munificentia deductam, ad Hebraeorum inopiam sublevandam, hunc in locum duci concessit An. MDCXIV. Pont. sui X; endlich fteht der borgheſiſche Drache auch auf der Fontana di piazza castello, wo Paul V. gleichfalle dem mangelleidenden Stadttheil dieſe unſchaͤtzbare Wohlthat zu Theil werden ließ. Allein auch die beiden ſtolzen Fontainen vor der Peterskirche ſelbſt, mit ihrem hochſteigenden Waſſerſtrahle, verdanken ihren Waſſerreichthum *) feiner freigebigen Groß⸗ muth, da er einen Hauptarm feiner großen Leitung hier hin⸗ überführte, und auch fie tragen das borgheiifche Wappen. Diefe Eorgfalt der Püpfte, bie Etadt mit dem reinigenden, leben: nährenden, von dem Mltertbume heilig gehaltenen Elemente - zu verfehen, erinnert felbft an das frühefte Alterthum, dag feinen hoben Prieftern den Namen der Pontifices, der Brits ckenbauer, beilegte; fie erinnert an die Zeit römifcher Könige, der Erbauer jener uralten, noch beftehenden, reinigenden Kloa⸗ fen; fie weist uns endlich nach dem patrlarchalifchen Oriente 8) Diefe beiden Springbrunnen, die mit Hecht zu den fchönften ‚von Mom gezählt werden, zeichnen fih in der That durch ihren außerordentlihen Waſſerreichthum aus, indem der Arm, der nach St. Peter nnd den vaticanifhen Gärten von der Acyua Paola abgeleitet wird, 780 Unzen faßt. Man erzähft daher aud, ale der verftorbene König von Preußen, an Berlins künftlide Waſ⸗ ferwerfe gewöhnt, den Petersplatz beſuchte, Habe er dem ihn be: gleitenden Kardinal zu wiederhoftennafen ein Zeichen gegeben, ale diefer ed aber nicht verftanden, habe er Hinzugefügt: ſchon genug! Schon nenng! fo daß'endlich der Prälat ihn ehrerbietigft fragte, was der Befehl Seiner Majeftät fey; worauf der Mops narch erwiedert habe: man möge nur die Maſchinen ſtille ſtel⸗ fen, da er fchon genng gefehen habe. Der Kardiuat erflärte ihm num zu feinem Erftaunen, daß diefe Springbrunnen hier Tag und Nacht für Jedermann fließen, und daß er nichts von ſtill zu ſtellenden Mafchinen wiſſe. n —m ans dem en —x hinüber, wo gaſtlicher Sinn, großmüthige Milde und Barm⸗ herzigkeit in ber glutheißen Dede der Sandwüſte, auf grüner Dafe, Quellen erbaut und Zifternen gräbt, die Jahrhunderte hindurch die fchmachtenden Menfchen und Thiere der vorüber: gehenden Karavanen laben und ftärken, und den Pilger mit dankbarer Freude erfüllen. Doch kehren wir aus den einſamen Candfteppen des Dftens, die ſchwerbeladen das bedachtſame Kameel durchzieht, und in windesfchneller Eile das flüchtige Araberroß durchfliegt, zurück nach der heiligen Priefterftiadt des Weſtens. Hat hier der Fremde an der Größe der Petersfirche fein Gemüth ers hoben, in dem Gedanken, wie bier der Menſch alles, was fein Runftgente im Fühnften Fluge zu erfireben vermocht, al⸗ len Glanz, alle Pracht irdifchen Reichthums mit freigebiger Hand dem Höchften, Unfichtbaren, Ewigen opfernd geweiht, hat ihn in der drüdenden Tageshige ein Fühler Trunk aus der Acqua Paola erquict, und Fehrt er dann in die Stadt zurück, fo bietet ihm der Palaft der Borghefen, den derfelbe Papſt Paul V. feiner Familie angekauft, einen andern erhes benden Genuß dar. Der mähtige Bau mit feinen hoben Eäulenhallen, fei= nen antifen Statuen und reichgefchmüchten Gemächern alter Pracht, erinnert an die hingefchiedenen Zeiten römiichen Reich⸗ thums, da das Gold der Welt noch bei St. Peter zufammenfloß, und feine Großen von Hunderten von bewaffneten und unbewaff: neten Dienern umgeben, in ihren Paläften altrömifcher Größe refidirten. Die Familie Borghefe, urfprünglid aus Siena, ift eine von den vwenigen römifchen Familien, fünfen oder fed- fen, bie fi) noch einen fürftlichen Reichthum in ihren Befi- gungen, die über ganz Italien ausgebreitet find, erhalten haben. reilih der Glanz und die Macht der Zeudalherrs lichfeit ift auch von ihrem Haufe gewichen; dafür aber fteht ' ed durch andere perfünliche Verdienfte nicht minder Achtung und Ehrfurcht gebietend in Mitte feiner Mitbürger da, ein würdiger Vertreter ber alten Grandezza Romana. : In dem großartigen, wahrhaft fürfllichen Gebrauche, den es von feis nen Reichthümern macht, kann man es dem Adel aller Lans der als ein Mufter vorfiellen, welche Eielle er in unferer Zeit einnehmen Fönnte und follte, ftatt feine Geiftesgaben und feine materiellen Mittel in felbftfüchtiger Eitelkeit und Srivolität zu vergenden, und dann als Opfer eigener dün⸗ kelvoller Unbedeutendheil und fremder Geringfchägung zu fallen. . ' Es find nicht ſowohl die glänzenden Feſte, welche die Sremdenwelt nah dem borghefifchen Palaft hinzieben; fein größter Schatz ift feine Gallerie, und während jene immer nur einem ausgewählteren Kreiſe zugänglich find, ſteht diefe einem jeden aus aller Welt offen. Eie iſt befanntlid von allen römifchen die ausgezeichnetfie; ihr gehört eines der größ⸗ ten Meifterwerte Raphaels, die Kreuzabnahme an, und fie befigt Gemälde italienifcher Meifter, die fich ben erften Zier: ben Eönigliher Galerien an die Eeite fielen können. Auch fie verdankt ihre Perle, jene Kreuzabnahme, dem Gründer bes borghbefifhen Glanzes und Reichthums, Paul V. Ras phael hatte das Bild im Auftrage der Atalanta Ba: glioni für ihre Kapelle zu St. Bernardino in Perugia malen laffen, von mo es der Papft erwarb. Und biefe Sammlung, deren Werth ſich ſchwer berechnen läßt, fchenkte der Vater des gegenwärtigen Fürſten, ber fel, Don Franzesco, in gewiffem Einne dem Publikum, indem er durch fein. Teſtament fie als unveräußerlihes Fideicommiß erflärte. Eine Kunſtſammlung, die nicht mehr veräußert wer⸗ den fann, wird eben dadurch ein Gemeingut; der ärmfie Bes fhauer hat den gleichen Genuß, wie ihr reicher DBefiger, dem nur die Laft noch anheimfällt, für ihre Aufbewahrung Sorge zu tragen und einen Xheil feines Palaftes den Fremden aller Nationen zu Öffnen, wie dieß in der Xhat von den Borgs befen gefchieht. Es ift aber dieß auch die einzige Weife, das umnerjepliche Erbe Eunftliebender Vorfahren vor Zerftreus ung und Verſchleuderung in alle Welt und vor Zerfiörung | ie: ans dem Intienlfeen BDotkdteben. VL zu bewahren. Gewiß märe mandes Meiftermerf, das nun in dem unbelannten Winkel eines englifhen Millionäre vers modert und vergeflen wird und zu Grunde geht, der Welt erhalten worden, hätte eine ähnliche, der Würde großer Fa⸗ milten entiprechende Verfügung die Kunftfammlungen vor dem Derkaufe gefichert. Der Palaft befipt auch eine Bibliothek, worin unter den Autographa berühmter Männer auch Handfchriften Pauls V. aufbewahrt werden, dann Briefe der Earls von Tyrconnell und Iprone, bie in Mom als Vertriebene „jene Freiheit ih— res Altars“ gefunden, wofür fie gegen die Unterdrüder Ihres Vaterlandes vergeblich gekämpft; ihre Grabſchrift auf einem Monumente bei S. Pietro Montorio bewahrt hieran die Erinnerung. Wenn aber auch die borghefifhe Bibliothek allerdings nicht unter die erften Noms gehört, fo erwarb fich doch auch in diefer Beziehung Paul V. ein Recht auf die An⸗ erfennung der Nachwelt, indem er und Clemens XI. es wa⸗ ren, welche den von Sixtus V. durch Fontana aufgeführten Prachtbau der Biblioteca Vaticana durch die Hinzufügung . umfaffender Raͤume erweiterte. Gehört aber die borghefifhe Gallerie Rom an und als len denen, welche die Pflegerin der Künfte befuchen, fo knüpft fih an den Namen der Borghefen noch ein anderer, ungleich populärerer Genuß, mofür ihnen Nömer und Fremde zum - größten Danke verpflichtet find. Wir meinen ihre "herrliche Billa vor der Porta del popnlo, die im Siyle altrömifcher - Größe Jedem, er ſey zu Zuß, zu Wagen oder zu Pferd, von Morgens bis Abende gaftlich geöffnet ift, und die gleich- fam eine Fortfegung des Corſos der Stadt vor dem Thore bildet. Keine andere römifhe Villa kann ſich mit diefer, die an feftlihen Tagen von vielen Tauſenden von Fußgängern und vielen hunderten der glänzendften Equipagen beſucht wird, vergleichen. Und wer jollte auch Anftand nehmen, In ihre weitgeöffneten Thore einzutreten, der den edlen, gaftlichen Einn ihrer Befiger kennt, der Niemanden ausfchließt, und = zitber aus dem italieniſchen Vollsleben. den Saft als den freimaltenden Herrn in feinem Cigenthume begrüßt, ohne ihn mit Warnungen, mit Meglements und Wäaͤchtern zu beläftigen, die ganze Villa vielmehr mit hoch⸗ herzigem Vertrauen unbedingt dem Zartgefühl des Gaftes für Anftand und Schicklichkeit preisgebend. Syn dieſer Weife be: grüßt eine Inſchrift den Eintretenden mit den Worten: Zur Hut der borghefifhen Vila beim Pincio befteflt, ergehet alfo mein Wort: Wer du auch immer feyeft, wenn nur ein Freier, fürchte hier nicht der Geſetze Feſſeln; gehe wohin du willſt, pflüdfe was du willſt, fcheide von bannen, wann du willſt; mehr für die Gäfte, denn für den Herrn ward die Villa hergerichtet. Die zweite Synfchrift *) Tautet: Sn einem goldenen Weltalter, wo der Zeiten Sicherheit Alles vergoldet, verbot der Hausherr eiferne Geſetze dem wohlgefitteten Gafte vor die Augen zu ftellen; dem Freunde gelte hier als Geſetz das eigene Zartgefühl ; ſollte aber einer böslicher Weiſe, freiwillig und wiffentlich des Anftandes goldene Geſege verlegen, fo hüte er fich, daß ihm nicht hinmwiederum des Gartens zürnender Herr den Ring der Freundſchaft zerbreche. *) Beide Inſchriften find Iateinifch; zum Beweis der Treue obi- ger Weberfesung mögen fie hier ſtehen. Die erfte: Villae Burghesianae Pincianae custos heac cdico, quisquis es, si liber, legum compedes ne hic timeas, ito quo voles, carpito quae voles, abito quando voles; exteris magis heac parantur, quam hero. Die zweite lautet: In au- reo saeculo, ubi cuncta aurea temporum securitas fe- cit, bene morato hospiti ferreas leges praefigere he- zus vetat; sit hic amico pro lege honesta voluntas; si Bilder and dem italtenifchen Volksleben. vas Ein Engländer, ber dieſe Infchriften in feinen römifchen Erinnerungen mittheilt, vergleicht mit diefer gaftlihen Groß: muth römifcher Größe die Selbſtſucht und den zurüdftoßens den Stolz feiner eigenen reichen Landsleute. Er erinnert an bie gefhhloffenen Thore ihrer Villen, am die hoben Mauern, bie den Zutritt für ſich ſchon thatfächlich unterfagten, ohne daß ed noch der gewöhnlich mit großer Echriit an der Gränze der Beſitzung gefchriebenen Drohung bedürfe: Jedermann, der blefe Vorſchriften übertritt, wird mit der Ans ferftien Strenge des Geſetzes verfolgt werden, oder gar ber ungaftlihen Warnung: Hüte dich vor Jußans geln und Selbftfhüffen! Noch trauriger und unendlich verdammlicher ale biefen ausſchließlichen Egoism des brittls fhen Adels in Betreff feiner Parke und Echlößer findet er bie ſchmutzige Epeculation, welche die englijchen Kathedralen nur In den wenigen Fanonifchen Etunden des Dienftes offen halt, und fie dann umerbittlich fchließt, um fie nur dem reis hen Befucher gegen Fingende Münze zu öffnen. Cr ftimmt Daher auch in das Urtheil Chatenubriands -über die von nors quis dolo malo, lubens, sciens aureas urbanitatis leges iregerit, caveat, ne sibi tesseram amicitiae subiratus villi- cus advorsum frangat. Und diefe find nicht Die einzigen römi⸗ fhen Iufchriiten, die den Geift wahrhaften Adels athmen, der den Verkehr auch mit der unterften Volksklaſſe fo fehr veredelt, indem er das Gefühl ihrer Würde durch ein würdevolles Entge⸗ genkommen erhebt. Auch ein Thor der Villa Medizi, nun die franzdjifche Akademie, fpricht fich in zwei Infchriften auf ber inneren und änßeren Seite in gleicher Weife aus, diefelben lan⸗ ıY ten: Aditurus hortos hospes in summo, ut vides, colle hor- tulorum consitos, si forte quid audes probare, scire debes, hos hero herique amicis esse apertos omnibus. Die zweite drückt fi nicht minder edel and: Ingressus hospes husce, quos ingentibus instruxit hortos sumptibus suis Medices Ferdinandus, expleare visendo licet atque his frucndo, plura velle non decet. difchen Kritikern oft mit ignoranter Geringſchätzung mißhan- delten Roömer ein: man kann, fo urtbeilte derfelbe in einem Briefe an M. de Fontaine, leicht In dem Charakter diefes allzu ftreng beurtheilten Volkes Züge von Muth, Geduld und- Genie erkennen, noch gewahrt man bei ihm tiefe Epuren feiner alten Eitten, und eine gewiffe gebietende Haltung (je ne sais quel air de Souverain) und adelihe Gebräuche, denen noch ſtets die Königsmiene aufgedrüdt ift (qui sentent encore de la royaute *). Uebrigens fcheint dieß Zutrauen feinen Unwürdigen ges ſchenkt. Obſchon die Villa antike Statuen, Eculpturen und Inſchriften ganz im Freien und jedermann zugänglicd ent= bält, und man feinem Auffeher begegnet, fo werben bieje Kunfigegenftände, fo wie überhaupt die reizenden Anlagen der Billa, von dem fehr gemifchten Publikum, wie ſichs geziemt, refpectirt. Lange Zeit ein täglicher Befucher der Villa Borgs befe, und zu jeder Stunde des Tages, habe ich nie irgend eine Ungebührlichfeit wahrgenommen. Und überhaupt, mag man fonft von dem italienischen, und namentlich von dem römifchen Volke denken, was man will, fo viel ift gewiß, daß man uns anftändigen Auftritten, rohen Scherzen und Plumpheiten in Wirthehäufern und auf öffentlichen Plaͤtzen, Insbefondere in dem Verkehr der beiden Gefchlechter, nur höchft felten begeg- net. Kine Pöbelhaftigfeit und Verkommenheit, wie die der unterſten KRlaffe 3. B. in Berlin, würde man in Rom, bei allem Elende und aller ungezügelten Leidenfchaftlichkeit, ver: geblich fuchen. | Das Volk von Nom befigt ohne Zweifel die herrlichſten Anlagen, man kann Bettlerkinder von der Straße hereinneb: men, die vom Elend und Ungeziefer aufgezehrt werden, und ») Siehe Reminiscences of Rome: or, a religious, moral, and literary view of the Eternal City; in a series of letters ad- ressed to a friend in England by a member of the Arca dian Academy. London 1858. I. S. 14. dennoch in ihrer Haltung und ihren Worten Züge der edel: fien Gefinnung. wahrnehmen. Das Unglüd Home ift, die Wahrheit fordert von uns das traurige Zeugniß, die allzu⸗ große Vernachläßigung der Erziehung; es gibt alte vortrefflicye Einrichtungen und Anftalten genug, allein viele leben, durd) den Schlendrian faft unwirkſam gemacht, nur noch wie hiſto⸗ rifhe Erinnerungen fort; neben den ausgezeichnetften Prie- ftern, die fi) ganz und gar opfern, und ale wahrhafte Hei: lige das Unglaubliche leiften, gibt es leider auch nur gar zu viele, die, ftatt fi) bes verlaffenen Volkes anzunehmen, den Kirchendienft wie jeden andern Lohndienſt verfehen, und des ven einziges Einnen und Trachten darauf. hinausgeht, ihre Pfründen. zu mehren und in ihrer fogenannten Garriere höher zu fteigen, um ihrem Müßiggange zu fröhnen, unbefümmert darum, ob fie bei ihrer Unwiffenheit und Unmwürdigkeit bem Amte gewachſen find. Nimmt man biezu nun aud noch, daß Mom alljährlich von fo vielen Zaufenden und Zaufenden von Fremden aller Nationen überfhwenmt wird, die ihm verfüh- rerifch das Gold und die Lafter des Reichthums aller Länder and Völker, und aller Etände und Stellungen des Lebens zuführen; bedenkt man endlih, daß weitum aus allen Land fchaften des römifchen Staates, aus dem Neapolitanijchen und Zoscanifhen, alljährlich eine Maffe des ärmften Volkes nad Mom binüberzieht, um durd Arbeit, durch Betteln, oder im Nothfall auch durch Mäuberei feinen Unterhalt fi zu gewin⸗ nen, und daß diefe Klaffe mit der unterftien Klaffe von Nom in beftändiger Berührung lebt: dann muß man fi) im Ge⸗ gentheil fehr wundern, daß diefelbe fih noch fo erhalten hat, wie fie iſt. Ungerecht aber wäre es, zu verkennen, daß nicht in neuefter Zeit, und insbefondere Durch die eifrige Mihwirs Eung der Franzofen, namentlid durch die dames du sacre coeur und die freres ignorantins Vieles gefchieht, was eine beifere Zukunft verfpricht. Allein auch bei aller Verwahrlofung und Verwilderung offenbart ſich jene unverwüſtliche romiſche Natur, und mitten va Bilder aus dem italieniſchen Volksleben. aus dem tiefen Blau Italienijcher Luft herniederfchauen. Diefe - Wohlthaten aber, geiftliche und leibliche, jeder Art, welche das Haus Borghefe täglich den Armen Roms erweist, ermeden in uns die Erinnerung an eine theuere Verftorbene dieſes edeln Geſchlechtes, deren Name auch in Deutfchland mit Liebe und Ehrfurcht genannt wird, an die Fürftin Guendaline Borges hefe, die im jugendliher Echönheit, gefhmüct mit ‚allem Glanze des Adels, der Geburt und des Geiſtes, umringt von Ehren und Meihthümern, das Fürftendiadem bei dem Bette des ärmften Kranken nieberlegtef&um ſich als dienende Magd Ehrifti eine unvergängliche Krone zu gewinnen. Eie war ein Etern milden, himmlifchen Glanzes, der nur kurze Zelt über Mom leuchtete, fie hat aber in dieſer kurzen Zelt, ols.eine Mutter der Armen, fo viele und fo Vielen Wohl thaten ermwiefen, daß Nom kaum jemal eine feiner Töch⸗ ter, fo wie fie, beweinte. Auch unferen Leſern wurde ihr Name fchon zum öftern genannt, und fie lebt noch in ſo vie len Erinnerungen gefegneten Andenkens fort, daß auch wir, die wir nur die Nachklänge liebender Trauer um die Hinge⸗ fchiedene: vernommen, ihrer, als einer Zierde Roms, in den folgenden Blättern gedenken werden. ‚ 649 LX. lieber Die Motive der wahren und der falſchen Reformatiovn. Je tiefer die: Spaltung in Lehre und Gottesdienſt, welche im fechezehnten Jahrhundert durch bie Chriftenheit ging, bie - auf den heutigen Tag in alle Lebenskreife gegriffen hat, — befto näher Liegt die Frage nach deren Urſachen. Daß biefe nicht bloß in der Perföntichkeit der Anftifter der Irenmung, und überhaupt nicht in Zufälligkeiten gelegen. haben Fünnen, welche, wie 5. B. der Ablaßftreit, die unglinffihe Veran: Taffung zum Bruce wurden, dieß ift gewiß und alle Par: theien find darüber einig. Eben fo gewiß ift es aber auch, wenn gleich nicht von Allen anerkannt, daß die Frage nach den Motiven ‘der fogenannien Neformation von den meiften neuern Hiftorifern aus einem vollig verſchobenen Gefichtes yunfte aufgefaßt, und in ganz verfehlter Welfe beantwortet wird. — Es iſt nicht möglicd über die große, welthiſtoriſche Bedeutung der Slaubenstrennung in's Klare zu kommen, ohne daß der Beruf und die Stellung der fihtbaren Kirche anf Er⸗ den richtig gewürdigt wird. Der göttliche Etifter derfelben fendete ihr den heiligen Geift, der fie in alle Wahrheit leiten Toll, und legte als Mittel des Meile die wahre Lehre und die -fteben Sacramente des neuen Bundes in ihr nieder. Dieſe ‚göttlichen Geſchenke bewahrt die reine Byaut des Herrn bis zu dem Tage, wo Chriftus wieder fommt, zu richten die Le: ‚bendigen und die Zodten, und fie pflanzt die Fähigkeit zur unfehlbaren Auslegung des Slaubensinhaltes ſowohl, als zur Ausſpendung jener heilenden und erlöfenden Mittel von Ge: neration zu Generation weiter fort, bis -an’s Ende der Zeis Al, 42 650 Die Neformatoren. ten. — Das Gefäß zur Bewahrung diefer Snaden tft die, in den Srundzügen ihrer Derfaffung von Chriftus felbft geord- nete, fichtbare, allgemeine, apoftolifhe, den Nachfolgern Pe⸗ tri zur Megierung anbefohlene,. Eirchlihe Gefelfchaft, die bie zum jüngften Tage eben fo wenig untergehen kann, wie die Mittel der Erlöfung felbft, welche der Herr ihr anvertraute. Als ein von Gott felbft geftifteted, und durch die göttliche“ Gnade erhaltenes Inſtitut kann die Kirche mithin die in fie gelegten Gnaden eben fo wenig verlieren, wie Die Kennzei= chen, kraft welcher fie zu allen Zeiten von Jedem, der eines guten Willens ift, mit voller Eicherheit als die wahre Kirche erkannt werden muß. In Folge deffen wird diefelbe, Fraft eben jenes, ihr vom Eohne Gottes gewordenen Dermädtnif- fes die Fähigkeit ungefhwächt und ungefchmälert bis an das Ende der Zeiten behalten: Jedwedem, der ihr glauben und geborchen will, den alleinigen Weg zum ewigen Leben mit vollfommener, Feinem gegründeten Zweifel ausgefegter Gewiß⸗ beit zu weifen. Hierauf beruht ihre Unfehlbarfeit und In⸗ eorruptibilität. Diejenigen aber, welche der Herr als feine XApoftel und Jünger um fi fammelte, blieben nicht minder wie Alle, welche ſich fpäter diefer Kirche anfchloßen und fer- ner noch anfchließen werden, für ihre Perfon unvollfom: mene, der Sünde und dem Irrthum ausgeſetzte Menfchen, wenn gleich Fraft der Fügung der göttlichen Barmherzigkeit das Depofitum, welches die Kirche verwahrt, von der Sündhaf⸗ tigfeit der Menfchen nicht berührt werden Fann. Die Kirche alfo, welche mit den Haupte in den Himmel ragt, fteht gleich- zeitig mit den Füßen auf der Erde, und in diefer Hinfidt, ale menſchliche, auf Erden weilende, Sefelfhaft, ift fie eines hiftorifchen Proceffes fähig, und fomit nach innen und außen allen Wechfelfällen des Lebens Preis gegeben. Eie muß def: halb eine zu jeder Zeit gegen die Eünde und deren Folgen fireitende feyn; und wenn gleich die Pforten der Hölle fie in diefem Kampfe nicht überwältigen Fönnen, fo ift fie dennoch, nah dem Ausſpruche ihres Herren und Hauptes, wie ein Die Reformatoren. 651 Lamm unter die Wölfe geſchickt, und der Fürſt diefer Welt verfucht mit immer fteigendem Grimme die gotigeborne von der Erde zu vertilgen, um das Werk der Erlöfung zu ver- eiteln. In dieſer Weife ift die. gefammte Gefchichte der Kirche, vom erften Pfingfifefte an bie zu dem Tage, mo Chriftue in feiner Herrlichkeit wieder kommen wird zum Gericht, eine Prüfung ihrer Treue gegen ihren göttlichen Bräutigam. Die Kirche als ſolche Fann in diefer Freiheitsprobe nicht unterlie= gen; die. Frage ift nur: wer fich von den ihr Ungehörigen ale wahres und aͤchtes Glied des myſtiſchen Leibes Chrifti, d. b. der Kirche ermweifen wird, indem von denen, die nad) außern, für die Menfchen erkennbaren Zeichen Kinder der Kirche find, und die der Verfucher ohne Aufhören fichtet, nur jene die Krone bes Lebens empfangen, die bis an’s Ende treu geblieben find. So erklärt es ſich, wie einerfeits die Kirche eine reine, unbeflecfte, unfehlbare Braut Chriſti ift, und wie dennoch andrerfeits von Mißbraͤuchen, Verunſtaltun⸗ gen, Ausartungen und von deren Reformen die Rede ſeyn kann. — Denn auch, innerhalb der Kirche ftreut der Feind das Unkraut in den Weizen. Daß jenes aber die göttliche Saat überwuchere, daß die chriftliche, feligmachende und al: lein die Menfchheit erlöfende Wahrheit aus der Kirche jemals verdrängt werden Fönnte, dieß ift nad) der göttlichen Verhei⸗ fung eben fo unmöglich, ale daß der, das Heil der Eeele gefährdende Irrthum und Mißbrauch nicht von allen denen, ‚die eines guten Willens find, erkannt und nicht von den, mit dem Haupte der Kirche vereinigten Leitern und Vorſtehern derfelben, fobald er öffentlich hervortritt, verworfen und be⸗ kaͤmpft werden follte. Die Erhaltung der Kirche, wie die Ge- fhihte und der Augenfchein fie befunden, beruht demnach auf der göttlichen Verheißung, deren Erfüllung fi in einer durch ihre ganze Gefhichte Inufenden Reform, d. h. dem fortwährenden Beftreben, ſowohl der ordentlichen, Tirchlichen Autoritäten, als der, wie bie Propheten des alten Bundes 42* 652 Die Reformatoren. von Gott zu diefem Behufe gefendeten Heiligen und Kirchen lehrer Außert: die Mißbräuche auszurotten, und die Gefah: ven abzuwehren. Eo begegnen fih in dem Lebensproceffe der Kirche die göttlihe Gnade und die menfchlihe Thaätigkeit; das von Gott gewirkfte Wunder und die innerhalb ber natürlichen Ordnung der Dinge waltende Fügung. Mit andern Wor- ten: Gott erhält die Kirche durch —— und natür⸗ liche Mittel, die ſich wechfelfeitig durchdringggb für denſelben Zweck zufammenwirken. Zu jenen gehör er der durch "die Sacramente wirfenden Gnade, die Wunder, welche bis auf diefen Augenblick die fortdauernde Anweſenheit des heil. Geiſtes in der Fatholifhen Kirche bezeugen. — Unter den natürlichen Mitteln, wodurd Gott die letztere als menfchlihe Geſellſchaft reinigt und erhält, fteht dagegen die von außen hereinbre= chende Verfolgung des wahren Glaubens, und die fid) öffent: lich von der Kirche fondernde Härefie oben an. Durch beide wird die im ruhigen und gewohnten Verlaufe der Dinge un vermeidlich emporfommende Lauigkeit und Trägheit aus ihrem Schlummer gerüttelt, die fchlafende Kraft der Gläubigen ge⸗ weht und gefpannt, den Eorglofen und Verblendeten über die Gefahren, die auch ihnen drohen, plötzlich das Verſtaͤnd⸗ niß geöffnet, überhaupt Allen, die noch zu retten find, das hohe Gut des Glaubens, in dem Augenblicke, wo fie es be= droht fehen, doppelt theuer gemacht. „Deßhalb find nicht die Zeiten einer dahinmodernden, den Indifferentismus vorberei- tenden oder pflegenden Ruhe, fondern die des Kampfes die glänzendften Epochen der chriftlihen Geſchichte. Daher ber Gegenfag In der großen Haushaltung Gottes, der Gefchichte. Sn den innerlich abgeftorbenen und dem Geifte nach der Rir- che enffremdeten Gliedern, die mit der Liebe den Glauben verloren haben, arbeitet eine Unruhe, die fie treibt und drängt, den Gehorſam von fid) zu werfen. Dem Hoffärtigen ift es unmöglich, In Gemeinfchaft mit der Demuth zu leben. Es duldet ihn nicht in dem geweihten Haufe, und über Kurz Die Reformatoren. 653 ober lang fieht der im Herzen Ubgefallene, felbft ohne äußere Deranlaffung, fih von innen heraus genöthigt, trog aller Hinderniffe und Abmahnungen fid) aud äußerlich von, der Kirche zu fondern. Iſt diefer Schritt gefchehen, fo wird es zwar die Kirche immer beweinen, daß Finzelne ihrer Kinder die Finſterniß dem Fichte vorzogen, aber die Heerde wird durch ihr offenkundiges Ausſcheiden von der viel größern Gefahr der gehgimen Anſteckung befreit, Eo rot auch auf diefem Gebiete, wie überall in der Defonomie ——— kraft göttlicher Zulaſſung, das Böſe nur, um Als Hebel des Guten zu dienen. Doch gilt hier, wie in allen ſonſtigen Beziehungen, das Wort: daß das Aergerniß zwar kommen muß, daß aber dem, durch den es geſchieht, beſſer ſey, er waͤre nicht geboren.
| 29,282 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B0%E6%B5%A9%E7%89%B9%E7%BB%95%E5%9F%8E%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
乌兰浩特绕城高速公路
|
https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=乌兰浩特绕城高速公路&action=history
|
Chinese
|
Spoken
| 6 | 147 |
乌兰浩特绕城高速公路是内蒙古自治区兴安盟乌兰浩特市的一条高速公路，全长74.128 km。
全线位于内蒙古自治区兴安盟乌兰浩特市境内，为双向四车道，零点位于兴安盟乌兰浩特市乌兰浩特西枢纽。
沿途设施
参考来源
内蒙古自治区高速公路
| 28,533 |
https://github.com/Averus-a/NuGetPackageManager/blob/master/src/NuGetPackageManager/Models/CombinedNuGetSource.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
NuGetPackageManager
|
Averus-a
|
C#
|
Code
| 148 | 482 |
namespace NuGetPackageManager.Models
{
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
public class CombinedNuGetSource : INuGetSource
{
private List<INuGetSource> _sourceList = new List<INuGetSource>();
public CombinedNuGetSource(IReadOnlyList<INuGetSource> feedList)
{
foreach (var feed in feedList)
{
if (feed is CombinedNuGetSource)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException("NuGet Source with multiple feeds cannot contains сontains nested sources");
}
_sourceList.Add(feed);
}
}
public string Name => "All";
public string Source => _sourceList.FirstOrDefault()?.Source;//returns top source
public bool IsAccessible => IsAllFeedsAccessible();
public bool IsVerified => IsAllVerified();
public bool IsSelected { get; set; }
public void AddFeed(NuGetFeed feed)
{
_sourceList.Add(feed);
}
public void RemoveFeed(NuGetFeed feed)
{
_sourceList.Remove(feed);
}
public IEnumerable<NuGetFeed> GetAllSources()
{
return _sourceList.Select(x => x as NuGetFeed);
}
public override string ToString()
{
return Name;
}
public PackageSourceWrapper GetPackageSource()
{
return new PackageSourceWrapper(_sourceList.Select(x => x.Source).ToList());
}
protected bool IsAllFeedsAccessible()
{
return _sourceList.Any() && _sourceList.All(x => x.IsAccessible);
}
protected bool IsAllVerified()
{
return _sourceList.Any() && _sourceList.All(x => x.IsVerified);
}
}
}
| 11,877 |
https://github.com/tokeskovgaard/accounts/blob/master/client/.env
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
accounts
|
tokeskovgaard
|
Shell
|
Code
| 1 | 10 |
backendAddress=http://localhost:4000
| 15,388 |
https://github.com/UprootStaging/maven-OpenViewerFX-src/blob/master/OpenViewerFX/src/main/java/org/jpedal/objects/javascript/functions/AFPercent.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| 2,021 |
maven-OpenViewerFX-src
|
UprootStaging
|
Java
|
Code
| 353 | 943 |
/*
* ===========================================
* Java Pdf Extraction Decoding Access Library
* ===========================================
*
* Project Info: http://www.idrsolutions.com
* Help section for developers at http://www.idrsolutions.com/support/
*
* (C) Copyright 1997-2015 IDRsolutions and Contributors.
*
* This file is part of JPedal/JPDF2HTML5
*
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
*
* ---------------
* AFPercent.java
* ---------------
*/
package org.jpedal.objects.javascript.functions;
import org.jpedal.objects.acroforms.actions.ActionHandler;
import org.jpedal.objects.acroforms.AcroRenderer;
import org.jpedal.objects.raw.FormObject;
import org.jpedal.sun.PrintfFormat;
public class AFPercent extends AFNumber{
public AFPercent(final AcroRenderer acro, final FormObject formObject) {
super(acro,formObject);
}
@Override
public int execute(final String js, final String[] args, final int type, final int event, final char keyPressed) {
int messageCode= ActionHandler.NOMESSAGE;
if(args==null ){
debug("Unknown implementation in "+js);
}else if(args.length<1){
debug("Values length is less than 1");
}else{
//settings
int decCount = JSFunction.getStaticDecimalCount();
if(decCount==-1) {
decCount = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
}
int gapFormat = JSFunction.getStaticGapFormat();
if(gapFormat==-1) {
gapFormat = Integer.parseInt(args[2]);
}
if(type==KEYSTROKE){
messageCode=validateNumber( type, event, decCount, gapFormat, 0,"",true);
}else if(type==FORMAT){
//current form value
String currentVal;
currentVal=(String)formObject.getFormValue();
/**
* get value, format and add %
*/
float number=0;
String mask="";
if(currentVal!=null && !currentVal.isEmpty()){
final StringBuffer numValu = convertStringToNumber(currentVal,gapFormat);
//reset if no number or validate
if(numValu.length()>0) {
number = Float.parseFloat(numValu.toString()) * 100;
}
mask = mask + '%' + gapFormat + '.' + decCount + 'f';
//apply mask and add % to end
currentVal = new PrintfFormat(mask).sprintf(number)+ '%';
}else {
currentVal = "";
}
//write back
formObject.setLastValidValue(currentVal);
formObject.updateValue(currentVal,false, true);
}else {
debug("Unknown type " + args[0] + " in " + js);
}
}
return messageCode;
}
}
| 36,999 |
https://github.com/Guruumeditation/Bit4You.Net/blob/master/src/Net.Arcanastudio.Bit4You/Payload/Portfolio/ClosePortfolioOrderPayload.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Bit4You.Net
|
Guruumeditation
|
C#
|
Code
| 23 | 94 |
using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
using Net.Arcanastudio.Bit4You.Payload.Generic;
namespace Net.Arcanastudio.Bit4You.Payload.Portfolio
{
internal class ClosePortfolioPositionPayload : SimulablePayloadBase
{
[JsonPropertyName("id")]
public int OrderId { get; set; }
}
}
| 42,685 |
histoiredesquar03tastgoog_4
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,844 |
Histoire des quarante fauteuils de l'Académie française depuis la fondation jusqu'à nos jours : 1635-1844 [1855]
|
Tastet, Tyrt
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,009 | 11,470 |
I76i* Ameur du jeu. Lb iiftiiB* Hofineurs un mérite mllitail-e sous Lotiis te-Gratld augmentés par son successeur. Lk kfiitft. 1753. Tendresse deLouis-le-Grand pour ses enCanls.LBMiB&ME. LB MÈMB^ L« ItÊIfft. Le HÊiiE. Lb même. MAmvoMrBL. TllOUA». CHAkFOBT. Lahaepe. Largbac. LAttAUPfe. Telles feronl oublier set buteties anciennef. Décrié eo lont lieu taonoAie, on lera Torcéde l'exclure honteuiemcnt à la fois ei d'une compagnie de nugit trature el de l'Académie deà inscripiions qui rougira de l'avoir reçu. Da reafce nom le ? erroni deux fbii , dam la inite de cette hiatoire , expier terriblemeai 'indécence de lei libelles. Àb uno disce,.. 1754. Empire de la mode. 1755. Le commerce. 1787. LeK botnitiës unis par les tàlehU. Immortalité de TÂmo. 1760. Charmes de l'étude. Ifet . Le letnps. 1761. Naissance d^ih petit-flts. i766. Le poêle. I7eg. LefilaparveiM. 1771. Les talents. mi In nairifttoâ. Laéah^é. Un. Consdli an jëUne poëte. Lb même; Mt Fralmttit de riHade. Gauét ël Hvàvift:Li{ im. Eioge de Tbltâire. A^ontus (f ). VcrVilli. 1781. Sertttudeabolie dans les dortaiheBdeLéiiisKYf.FiÂRiAif.' ITM; RhIIi et Booa: Lfc vÉlffe. i79ri Morl dè^opold de Brunswick.TBfttAÉSE-DESn Ak^iLtEâ. iTM: Bdtt dH IT»r en faveur des non edtbdli^cK: Pdifi-Ai^Ëà. llOt: Fotiiottmi de la (République. Bf ASSOfT. IS04. Socraie au temple d'Agldtirë. AÂtitbuXfib'. im. fod^Ddanod dé rhomme de Mifhë. ttitLEvoYE. im. Isé tef iiietit. MtfcLfif otE et Yiciôaiit l^AéitE. I8U, Erobellisemeqts de Paris. VioToaiii Famb; MortdeRotrou. MtLLEtbtË. iSlii Bfoge de OofRil. Lb bîêIb. itil. Mort de Bayàtd. Mme I)lfrbnoy et jyt. Soumbt. 1815* La vaccine. M. Soumet.* 1847. Bonheur de Tétode. MM. Lebruh et 9Ai«rtiitE (S). 1889. Jury en France. M. Mennêchèt, Enseignement mutuel. M. Saintims* 1821. Malesherbes. M. Gaulvieb. I8ii. Lettres sous Fraufois 1er. MM; BimnifE, Ml:tTi^fi(:HËt. Les médecins français à ISarcelonne. UH. Alletz, Chauvbt, Pighald. 1833. Abolition de la traite des noirs. M, Chadvbt; (1) il prit faniaiile i Labarpe, quoique académicien à celle époque, ei par coDiéqaent privé de la faculté de concourir, de le melire encore une foii aiir |ei rangs pour la couronne aeidémique qu'il araii obtenue Uni de feit afant i'tiite membre de la compagnie. Il le fli en gardant l'anonyme. I/anoiynf fut iéclarè lainqueur. Labarpe alon ae fli connaître eilaïMa la médaiUe à MUr» Tille qui avait obtenu la première mention aprèa lui. {%} Voici ce que rapporte un biographe de M. V. Hugo : « En iSir, V. Hug» >viil envoyé an coocoura de l'Académie françalie une pièce de vers énr le imÀenr de Pétude^ qui obtint une menilon. tie concobra eut cela de remar quable qae MM. Lebrun, Casimir DeUvigne, Saintineet LoyMU y débulèrent ègalenent. La pièce du Jeune po<lte de quinae aoi ae terminait par ces ven : Moi, qui toujoura fuyant lei oitéa et let eoura, De troSa luitret à peine ai vu^finir le eoura. Elle parut ai remarquable aux juges qu'ils ne ptnrent croire à ces trois <«MMif à coi f oiato ana de rautwr, et, penaatit qu'il avait voulu lurprèn 104 — 1895. Eloge de M ontyon. M. Alfebd m Wailly. 1887. L'affraDchissemeiit des Grecs. M. P.-Acg. Lsmaire. |839. Voyage du roi dans les dép. de FEst. M. Bighak (4). L'invention de l'imprimerie. M. Erkest Legouté. 1831 . La gloire littéraire de la France. M. Bigr an. 1833. La mort de Sylvain BaUIy . M. Ev ue de Eoviiechose. 1835. L'éloge de Guvier. M. Bignan (9). 1837. L'arc de triomphe. M. Boolat-Patt. 1839. Le Musée de Versailles. Mme Golet-Reyoil (9). 1841. L'influence de la civilisation chrétienne sur l'Orient. M. Alfred Desbssa&ts. 1843. Le monument de Molière. Mme Colet-Bbvoil. ère pir ine tupercberi6 là religion du retpeetable eorps, ils ne lui tceordè reot qu'une meii lion an lieu d'un prix. Toni ceci fut exposé dans le rapport* prononcé en séance publique par M. Raynouard. Un des amis de Vicuw, qui assisUit à la séance, courut i la pension Cordier aTer lir le quosi^laoréaif qui était en train d'une partie de barres, et ne songeait plus à sa pièce. Victor prit ton extrait de naissance et Kalla porter i M. Raynouard. qui ftit tout stu péfait conne d'une nerToille; mala il éuit trop tard pour réparer la méprise. M. François de NenrchAteau, qui arait été aussi dans son temps un enfant précoce, adressa i Victor Hugo des fers de feliciiation et de confraternité. Ce digne et naïf littérateur , lorsqu'il entendait plus tard retentir les succès bruyanii, parfois contester, de celui qui était devenu un bomme, ne pouTait s'empêcher de dire avec componction : quel dommage .' Il se perd ! il promet tait tant ! Jamais il n'a si bien fiit qu'au début. » (l)Dans une séance du mois de novembre 1888, M. Laya proclama, au non de l'Académie, le programme suivant pour un prix extraordinaire de poésie : S. E. le ministre de l'intérieur ayant décidé qu*une médaille serait frappée pour perpétuer le souvenir du voyage que le roi vient de taire dans les départements de f Bst, a pensé que la poésie devait être appelée aussi i célébrer ces heu reuses Journées, od suivant les expressions de sa lettre, « le roi a pu Juger par luUméme de l'amour que ses peuples portent à sa personne^ et où les peuplet ont pu lire sur lot traits de leur roi et apprendre de la bouche jusqu'où vont sa bonté et sa paternelle sollicitude pour eux. »|^En contéquence le ministre a arrêté qu'il serait accordé un prix de l,80o francs é l'auteur du meilleur podme sur le voyage du roi en 18S8 , et que ce prix serait décerné par l'Académie fk'ançalse dans la séance des quatre académies le S4 avril 1889.— Quelques moif plus tard la terre d'exil s'ouvrait pour ce roi. Curieux et terrible enseignement que celui de l'histoire ! (S) H. Bignan avait également eUToyé i ce concours une autre pièce de vers, sous le litre de Conseils â un novateur. Cette éptire fui Jugée par l'Académie di gne de l'accessit. Ainsi M. Bignan avait cojiconru contre lui-teéme, et il rmiait vainqueur tout en a'étant vaincu. (3; « L'auteur , disait M. Villemaio dans son rapport , ne lira pas tll«-néase — 105 — CONSIDÉRATIONS GÉNÉRALES. De tout temps l'Académie française a renferaié, pour ainsi dire , trois familles différentes d'académi ciens : La première^ à laquelle elle doit la plus grande partie de sa gloire, est celle de ces écrivains illustres qui ont porté notre renommée littéraire chez toutes les nations éclairées de l'univers ; la seconde, moins brillante sans doute, mais recommandable et néces saire à la fois^ est celle des hommes de lettres ins truits, laborieux, éclairés, qui n'ont pas été tes moins utiles aux travaux journaliers de la compagnie , par leurs lumières et leur assiduité ; la troisième , celle des hommes distingués par leur naissance et leurs dignités. Celle dernière, pins éclatante qu'indispen sable, n'en a pas moins servi , dans des temps où la noblesse des lettres aurait pu être méconnue, à faire respecter la compagnie tout entière par celte mul titude trop nombreuse, qu^cblouissenl et subjuguent les décorations extérieures, et aux yeux de laquelle un bon ouvrage a moins de relief qu'un cordon. Aujourd'hui celte classe d'académiciens n'est plug ■on ouvrage, comme le fltaree tantëe lueeèi, il y a deux ana, le lauréit'de Titre à* trwnpke, La règle de l'Académie eat inflexible: el elle ae permet dam celle •■eetafe que la téduelion du lalenl el raacendani gracieux dei beaux vera. • nécessaire; aussi n'existe-t-elle plus, et si la liste de rAcadémie offre encore des noms blasonnés, ces noms ne 8*y présentent du moins qu'escortés de litres littéraires. Autrefois même les décorations seules n'attiraient pas l6^ âtiffrages^ si t'îHiliVif joignait l'es prit, les lumières et le goût. Jusqu'ici nous avons vu le but^ pour ainsi dire matériel , vers lequel l'Aca démie avait tendu par la composition d'un dicti^n nairâ , et qu elle avait atteint par son achèvement. L'objet principal^ Tobjet moral^ dirons-nous^ était la perfection du goût et de la langue. L'heureuse fusion. de l'homme de cour et de l'homme de lettres pouvait elle nuire à cet objet? c Qu'est-ce que le goût , dit d'Àlembert? C^est en tout genre le sentiment délicat des convenances. Et qui doit mieux avoir ce senti* ment en partage que les habitants de la cour, de ce pays si décrié et si envié tout à la fois , où les conve nances sont tout et ie reste si peu de chose ^ où le iact est si fin et si exercé sur les deux travers les plus opposés au bon goût^ l'exagération et le ridicule 7 Qui doit en même temps mieux connaître les finesses de la langue que des hommes qui^ obligés de vivre conti nuellement les uns avec les autres, et d'y vivre dans la réserve , et souvent dans la défiance , sont forcés de substituer à l'énergie des sentiments la noblesse des expressions ; qui^ ayant besoin de plaire sans se livrer , et par conséquent de parler sans rien dire, aoivent mettre dans leur conversation un agrément qui supplée au défaut d'intérêt, et couvrir par l'élé* gancede ta formé là frltolitédu for^d? frivolilé dont — 407 ôta hétiJoîi pas plus leur fal{he un repboche qfa*ôn n*èn ^e^âit à qUetqù'ùh de parle^ la tangue du pays qu'il habitô^ el d*en observer les usages. » Les grands noms de la noblesse étaient d^aiileurs uliies d'uhe autre manière à la compagnie. Ce chiffre de quarante auquel, dès l'origine^ il fut résolu qu^on porterait le nombre de ses membres , est bien élevé pour qu'on eût pu coilcevoî^ Tespérance de voir cbaque génération produire une quantité égale d'es prits d^éiite. bn h^augura pas si bien de la fécondité intellectuelle de la nature; mais on comprit^ dès Vâbord , qu'il valait mieux que les talents fissent quelquefois défaut à l'Académie que TÂcadémie liné seutls fois au talent. Le nombre eût été plus restreint que chaque place vacante n'eût pu toujours rencon trer à point nommé un mérite éminent qui vînt la remplir. Mais si l'usage était bon en soi , il n'en est pas moins vrai qu'il amena souvent l'abus. Plus d'un aca démicien homme de lettres s'en expliqua sans dé tours , et le loyal Duclos écrivit assez vertement : « Les marques de distinction dont le roi honorait l'Académie ne pouvaient qu'augmenter le désir d'y être admis. Il est même devenu trop vif dans les hommes en place. L'Académie appartient de droit aux gens de lettres^ et l'on ne doit songer aux noms et aux dignités que lorsque le public n'élève point la voix en faveur de quelque homme de lettres. Le titre d'académicien peut flatter quelque grand que ce puisse être; mais s'il n'a aucune des qualités qui le justifient^ ce n'est pour lui qu'un sujet de ridicule, et un sujet de reproche pour ceux qui l'ont choisi : rAcadémie n'est pas chargée de faire connaître des ooms^ mais d'adopter des noms conbus. » Au reste, grands seigneurs ou gens de lettres, tous fécurent de tout temps sur le pied de l'égalité la plus parfaite. Ainsi l'avait sagement établi le cardinal de Richelieu. Dans les assemblées publiques ou parti culières^ il n'y avait plus ni ducs, princes ou cardi oaux, ni écrivains de plus ou moins de génie^ il n'y avait que des académiciens* Le chancelier Séguier ou Colbert, le duc de Nivernais ou le prince du sang comte de Glermont^ tous^ dès qu'ils étaient réunis en corps^ redevenaient égaux par le rang à leur con frère le plus modeste. On en verra plus d'un exemple dans celte histoire. L'urbanité la plus exquise ré* gnail dans toutes ces relations. I/égaliié académique devint chose proverbiale, et ce n'était pas seulement une simple prérogative de l'Académie française, mais bien un des fondements essentiels de sa constitution. Lé, selon la noble expression du maréchal de Beau vau, les premiers personnages de l'Etat briguaient l'hon neur d'être les égaux des gens de lettres. Au commencement du dernier siècle, quelques grands seigneurs conçurent le projet de porter ai« teinte à cette charte de l'Académie. Ils voulurent y créer des honorcUres : on appelait de ce nom cette classe d'académiciens qui^ dans les académies formées de puis rétablissement de l'Académie française, était la première par le rang, sans être obligée de concourir au travail. Un honoraire n'était donc qu'un simple amateur, c On conçoit , dit d^Alembert à qui nous in à la décoration peu flatteuse dont ils étaient menacés; car ils ne pouvaient éviter d*étre honoraires de l'Aca démie française y en cas qu'elle fût condamnée à se voir appauvrie par une classe d'académiciens si peu faite pour elle. Ils firent sentir à leurs confrères ce que tous les nôtres, sans exception, font gloire de penser aujourd'hui^ que les places accordées parmi nous aux hommes distingués par le rang, ne sont point le prix de leurs dignités, mais de la finesse de goût et de la noblesse de ton que doit leur donner le monde où ils vivent ; et que prétendre être admis^ à simple titre de naissance, dans une compagnie telle que la nôtre, serait une ambition aussi humiliante que de vouloir entrer , à titre de bel-esprit, dans un chapitre d'Allemagne. MM. de Dangeau profitèrent de i Taceès qu'ils avaient auprès du roi , pour porter au i pied du trône le vœu de l'Académie. Entre autres raisons qu'ils apportèrent de la laisser subsister telle i qu'elle était ^ ils représentèrent surtout que l'égalité i académique est proprement tout entière à l'avantage des académiciens de la cour, puisque cette confrater nité leur fait partager, avec les académiciens gens de lettres, le titre d'hommes d'esprit, que leur naissance ne leur donnait pas, au lieu que les gens de lettres ne peuvent partager leurs titres de noblesse, dont à la vé. rite, ajoutaient-ils, les Racine^ les Boileau et les La fontaine se sont très bien passés. ». Ce n'a pas été seulement dans cette circonstance que les hommes de lettres de l'Académie se son^ ^ montrés jaloux de leurs droits égalitaires, ni contre — lis de simples grands seigneurs qu'ils les ont soutenus; ils ont su les maintenir même à Tégard d'un prince du sang. Le. récit de cet événement est curieux, et ie Yoicî, tel que Duclos, qui en a été l'un des princi paux acteurs, le rapporte en son style rapide et animé : «Je ne puis me dispenser de rappeler les circon stances de l'entrée de M. le comte de Glermont dans l'Académie. Il fit communiquer le désir qu'il en avait à dix d'entre nous, tous gens de lettres, du nombre desquels j'étais ^ en nous recommandant le plus grand secret jusqu^au moment où il conviendrait de rendre son vœu public. Le premier mouvement de mes confrères fut d'en marquer au prince leur joie et leur reconnaissance. Je partageai le second senti ment ; mais je les priai d'examiner si cet honneur serait pour la compagnie un bien ou un mal ; s'il ne pouvait pas devenir dangereux ; si l'égalité que le roi veut qui règne dans nos séances entre tous les académiciens^ quelque différents qu'ils soient par leur état dans le monde , s'étendrait jusqu'à un prince du sang ; enfin si nous, gens de lettres, ne noas exposions pas à perdre nos prérogatives les plus précieuses, qui toucheraient peu les gens de la cour nos confrères, assez dédommagés de l'éga lité académique par la supériorité qu'ils ont sur nous partout ailleurs. Je leur représentai que le pro-, jet dont M. le comte de Glermont nous faisait part, n'était qu'une espèce de consultation, puisqu'il nous deoQandait en même temps de l'instruire des statuts el usages académiques. I. 8 — iih — M Ces obser valions frappèrent me* confrèMS, qui m'engagèrent à rédiger sur-le-cbamp le mémoire sommaire qui suit ; il fut remis le jour môme à M. le comte de Clermont. L'événement a prouvé que noui: avions pris une précaution sage et nécessaire.» Voici le mémoire : « Les statuts de TAcadémie sont si simples qu'ils n'ont pas besoin de commen* taires. Le seul privilège dont soient jaloux les gens de lettres, qui sont véritablement l'Académie, c'est l'égalité extérieure qui règne dans nos assemblées : l'académicien qui a le moins de fortune ne renon< ccrait pas à ce privilège pour toutes les pensions dn monde. S! son altesse sérénissime fait à TAcadémie rhonnenr d'y entrer, elle doit confirmer par sa pré sence le droit du corps, en ne prenant jamais place au dessus des officiers. Son altesse sérénissime Jouira d'un plaisirqu'elle trouve bien rarement, celui d'avoir des égaux, qui d'ailleurs ne sont que fictifs,et elle cofi* sacrera à jamais la gloire des lettres. Comme elle est digne qu'on lui parle avec vérité, j'ajouterai que, si elle en usait autrement, l'Académie perdrait d^ sa gloire, au lieu de la voir croître. Les cardinaux formeraient tes mêmes prétentions, les gene.titréf viendraient ensuite, et j'ai assez bonne opinion des gens de lettres pour croire qu'ils se retireraient. La ii« berlé avec laquelle nous disons notre sentiment, est une des plus fortes preuves de notre respect pour le prince, et qu'il nous permette le terme , de notre estime pour sa personne. 11 reste à obser¥ef «fue lorsque l'Académie va complimenter le mi, I01 troii 115 oflieiers marchent à la tête, et tous les autres acadé miciens suivant la date de leur réception ; or son al tesse sérénissinje est trop supérieure à tous ceux qui composent PAcadémie, pour que la place ne lui soit pas indifférente. Elle peni se rappeler qu'au couronne ment du roi Stanislas, Charles XII se mit dans la foule. En effet, il n'y a point d'académicien qui, en précé dant son altesse sérénissime, n'en Tût honteux pour soi-même, s'il n'en était pas glorieux pour les lettres. On n'est entré dans ce détail que pour obéir à ses ordres. % Le prince approuva nos observations^ ou^ si Ton veut, nos conditions , souscrivit à tout, et aussitôt qn'il y eut une place vacante , en parla au roi qui donna son agrément et promit le secret. De notre côté, nous le gardâmes très exactement à Tégard des académiciens de la cour, qui ne l'apprirent qu'à l'assemblée du jour indiqué pour l'élection. Ils se plaignirent qu'on leur eût fait mystère d'un dessin si glorieux pour la compagnie. On leur répondit que te roi, ayant promis, ou plutôt offert le secret, avait par là imposé silence à ceux qui étaient instruits du projet; qu'au surplus, chacun était encore en état de témoigner par son suffrage le dé^ir de plaire à M, le comte deClermont^ puisque tous étaient en droit de donner librement leurs voix. Quelques courtisans objectèrent que^ dans une telle occasion, ialibertédes suffrages était une chimère, parce qu'on ne pouvait, dirent-ils, nommer un prince du sang que par ac clamation. Les gens de lettres s'y opposèrent formel 116 lement, réclamèrent Tobservalion des statuts, et demandèrent le scrutin ordinaire. On ne doute pas que les suffrages et les boules n'aient été favorables au candidat. Le registre ne porte cependant que la plu ralité et non Tunanimilé des voix. » Dans le premier moment^ le public applaudit à l'élection ; les gens de lettres en recevaient et s'en faisaient réciproquement des compliments, lorsqu'il s'éleva un orage qui pensa tout renverser. Quelques officiers de la maison du prince prétendirent qu'il ne convenait pas à un prince du sang d'entrer dans aucun corps, sans y avoir un rang distingué, une pré séance marquée. Ils firent composer à ce sujet un mémoire fort étendu , et, comme j'avais été un des agents de l'élection^ on me l'adressa, en me deman dant une réponse. On la voulait prompte; et^ ne me trouvant pas chez moi^ on m'apporta le mémoire dans une maison où j'étais. Ce n'était pas un jour d'académie; je ne pouvais ni consulter mes confrè res, ni concerter avec eux une réponse. Je pris donc sur moi de la faire telle que la voici , quel qu'en pût être le succès , et au risque d'être avoué ou désavoué par le corps au nom duquel je répondais : RÉPONSE AU MÉMOIRE DE SON ALTESSE SÉRÉNISSIMI MONSEIGNEUR LE COMTE DE GlERMONT. « Nous ne pouvons nous imaginer que le mémoire que nous venonsde lire soit adopté par son altesse sérè' nissime, sans quoi nous serions dans la plus cruelle — 117 — aitoalioli. Nom aurions à déplaire à un prince pour qui nous avons le plus grand respect, ou à trahir la Yérité que nous respectons plus que tout au monde. » M. le comte de Clermout â été élu par l'Acadé mie. Si ce prince n'y entre pas avec tous les dehors de l'égalité , la gloire de l'Académie est perdue. Si le prince entrait dans celle des belleslettres ou des sciences, il serait nécessaire qu'il y eût une pré séance marquée, parce qu'il^y a des distinctions entre les membres qui forment ces compagnies. C'est pour quoi il fallut en donner au czar dans celle des sciences^ en plaçant son nom à la tète des honoraires. » Mais depuis qu'à la mort du chancelier Séguier^ Louis XIV eut pris l'Académie sous sa protection personnelle et immédiate, sans intervention de minis tre, honneur inestimable que nous a conservé e^ assuré Tauguste successeur de Louis-le-Grand, jamais il n'y eut de distinction entre les académiciens^ mal gré la différence d*état de ceux qui composent l'Aca démie. Si son altesse sérénissime en avait d'autres que celles du respect et de l'amour des gens de lettres^ les académiciens qui ont quelque supériorité d'état sur leurs confrères prétendraient à des dis tinctions, parviendraient peut-être à en obtenir d'in termédiaires entre les princes du sang et les gens de lettres. Ceux-ci n'en seraient que plus éloignés du roi, rien ne pourrait les en consoler ; et l'Académie , jusqu'ici l'objet de l'ambition des gens de lettres , le serait de la douleur de tous ceux qui les cultivent noblement. L'époque du plus haut degré de gloire 118 de r Académie 9 si les règles subaisieal^ aerail< de sa dégradalion , si ron s'écaFte d^s slaluU. » En effet, dans la supposilion qu'il n'y eût jamtto de disticlion que pour les princes du sang, T Aca démie n'en serait pas moins dégradée de ce qu'elle est aujourd'hui. Elle ne voit personne entre le rei et elle, que des officiers nommés par le sort. Cka« que académicien n'esta en ceue qualité, aubordoniié qu'à des places où le sort peut toujours l'élever* » M. le comte de Clermont est reepeelé eosmié on grand prince, et de plus aimé et estîmé comme un honnête hommes II a trop de gloire vraie el per* soonelle, pour en vouloir une imaginaire. Il n*a be soin que de continuer d'éirc ainsi ; voilà TapAHàge qaé le public seul peut donner, et qui dépend tooîoiiffi d'un suffrage libre. » Il n'était pas difficile de prévoir qu'après les transports de joie que la république des lettres avait fait éclater, l'envie agirait sOus le masque d'un fain zèle pour le prince. » Si le ctar eût écouté les gens frivolea^ il ne m serait pas fait inscrire sur la liste de l'Académie de* sciences, la seule qui convint au genre dâ ses éto^d^ Néanmoins ce titre n'a pas peu servi à iniéressef à sa renommée la république de» lettres. » Lorsque M. le comte de Clermont ftl annoiM^af soa dessein à plusieurs académicfens^ leur premfCfi^ soin fut de lui exposer par écrit la seule prérogative dont leur amour elleur reoonnaissance pour le rot le* rendeni jaloux. lU eurent la satifaetiod d'apprendre 119 » que son altesse sérénissimo approuvaK leurs senii meots. Ils ne se persuaderont jamais qu'ils aient eu lort de compter sur sa parole. Nous osons le dire^ et le prince ne peut que nous en estimer davantage, nous ne lui aurions jamais donné nos voix , si nous avions pu supposer que nous nous prêtions à notre dégradation. Il est bien étonnant qu'on vienne dans un mémoire établir les droits des princes du sang, comme s'il s'agissait de les soutenir dans un congrès de l'Europe; qu'on vienne les élaler dans une corn* psgnie dont le devpir est de les connaître , de les publier, et de les défendre, s'il en était besoin < » Les princes sont faits pour des honneurs de tout autre genre que des distinctions littéraires. Vou drait-on en dépouiller des hommes dont elles sont ia fortune et l'unique existence? Les hommes con stitués en dignité auraient-ils assez peu d^amour propre pour n'être pas flattés eux-mêmes que le désir de leur être associés en un seul point soit un oï^ei d'ambition et d'émulation dans la littérature. L'Académie ne veut point avoir de discussion avec M. le eomte de Clermont^ il ne doit pas entrer en jugement avec elle} elle obéirait en gémissant à de» ordres du roi , mais elle ne verrait plus que son op^ presseur dans un prince qu'elle réclame pour juge. Elle l'aime, elle voudrait lui conserver les mêmes sentiments; voici ce qu'elle lui adresse par ma voix : > Monseigneur^ si vous confirmez par votre exem^ pie respectable et décisif, une égalité > qui d'ailleurs ♦ — 12# — n'est que fictive, vous failes à rÂcadémie le plus grand honneur qu'elle ait jamais reçu; vous ne per-* dez rien de votre rang^ et j'ose dire que vous ajoutez à votre gloire en élevant la nôtre* La chute ou l'éléva tion^ le sort enfin de l'Académie est entre vos mains. Si vous ne l'élevez pas jusqu'à vous, elle tombe au dessous de ce qu'elle était; nous perdons tout , et le prince n'acquiert rien qui puisse le consoler de notre douleur. La verrait-on succéder à une joie si glorieuse pour les lettres et pour vous-même? Ce sont les gens de lettres qui vous sont le plus tendrement attachés; serait-ce d'un prince, leur ami dès Tenfance, qu'elles auraient seules à se plaindre? Notre profond respect sera toujours le même pour vous, monseigneur; mais l'amour, ^ui n'est qu'un tribut de la reconnaissance, s'éteindra dans tous les cœurs qui sont dignes de vous aimer et d'être estimés de vous. » .< Le prince ^ frappé des observations qu'on vient de lira, ne balança pas à se décider en notre faveur, et me fit dire qu'il ne tarderait pas à venir à l'Acadé mie, et qu'il voulait y entrer comme simple ai^démi cien. En eflet, quelques jours après, il vint à l'assem blée sans s'être fait annoncer, combla ds politesses et même de témoignages d'amitié tous ses nouveaux confrères^ ne les nommant jamais autrement, les in vita à vivre avec lui, opina très bien sur les questions qui furent agitées pendant la séance, reçut les jetons de droit de présence^ se trouvant, dit-il, honoré du partage; et tout se passa à la plus grande satisfaction du prince et de la compagnie. Quand un prince du — 121 sang veut bien adopter le titre de confrère, on n'ima ginera pas qu'il se trouve quelqu'un d'assez sottement présomptueux pour n'en être pas satisfait. » Qu'il nous soit permis maintenant d'essayer de ré pondre par des faits à quelques reproches auxquels, depuis longtemps, l'Académie a été en butte sans fondement, et que néanmoins on est allé répétant de génération en génération. On s'est souvent élevé avec raison contre cet usage absurde des visites, par les* quelles un candidat s'en va quêter une voix de porte en porte académique. Certes le premier qui créa cet abus devait posséder plus de flexibilité dorsale que de talent littéraire ; et nous regrettons que l'histoire n'ait pas transmis son nom à la postérité. Mais l'Académie ne fut jamais coupable d'une semblable exigence. Il était arrivé déjà dans plus d'une circonstance, que l'Académie eût fait les premiers pas au devant du mérite reconnu, quand le célèbre Aroauldd'Andîlly, de Port-Royal, publia sa traduction dea Confessions de Saint^Augustin. Elle fut si enchantée de cet ou* vrage qu'elle offrit à sou auteur de l'adopter parmi ses membres. Le janséniste refusa modestement cette distinction ; et la compagnie résolut en conséquence de ne plus offrir à personne le titre d'académicien, et d'altdndre qu'on le demandât ; mais de ïk Aui irisites ii y a loÎD} encore a-l-elle dérogé] forl souTenl à la coutume établie. Mais éooutoDfi ce qu*â ce propos rapporte Tabbé d'Olivet i daos une de aea lettres aii président Bou« bier« Cette anecdote fournira la preuve que F Acadé* mie est loin de demander les visites^ mais qu'elle leA exige quelquefois^ quand ^ considération est en Jeu. Les réflexions de l'abbé étaient la manière de penser de la compagnie elle-même, dont, après quarante années de tèle et d*a86rduité, il se trouvait plus à portée qtie personne de bien connaître les maxindes et l'es* prit. Cl Au commencement de l'année 1733 ^ dit'^il, un Tameux avocat ( Lenormand ) nous fit dire par l'évêque de Luçon (Dvssy-Rabulin) que > si la place vacattte n'était point encore destinée^ il désirait pas sionnément qu'on le nommât pour la remplir. Quel ques-uns de ses confrères ^ animés peut-'ôlre d'un peu de jalousie ^ affectèrent de publier qu'il serait bien glorieux à l'ordre des avocats qu'un de ses dignes suppôts allât de porte en porté mendier nos suffrages! L'amertume de leurï plaisanterie fut poas sée ai loin > que non seulement il promit de ne voir aucun de nons , ibaia qu'il s'imposa même la loi de le déclarer publiquement^ et il tint parole. Tous les ordres^ voua lesavex^ ont leui< petit orgëeiL Autre obose est de né point rendre de visites , autre chose est d'assurer èl de publier qu'on n'en veut point rendre* Une p«fe civilitéi qui n'a blessé ni tes chefs du parkm^ni^ ni les maréchaux de France ^ ni les prélats, fusseni-ita membres du sadré collège, peui elle blesser Tordre des avocats ? Quoiqu'il en soit, noire chapitre général ayant é(é convoqué datts les régies, nous Ornes un autre choix ^ sans qu'il fût dit une parole concernaût l'homme de mérîie que nous avions regardé pendant uo iiiois> el àveooD sensible plaisir, comme un confrère désigné. » Paris a raisonné là-dessus comme sur toute autre nouvelle^ sans examiner si le principe d'oà Ton part estceriain. Oo pose donc m pour principe que nous exigeons des visites, et que nous iitons un statut pal* lequel il est dit que nous ne recevrons personne qui n'ait sollicité. Mais ce sont de ces devoirs qui n*om. pour tout fondement que Ifr possession où ils sont de n être pas contredits. Où prend-on en effet que noHs ajons un statut qui contienne rien d'appro* chant ? Mais comment choisir un sujet? Ou la com^ pagnie jettera d'elle-même les yeux sur qui elle vou« dri^ ou ceu:&qoi le désirent se feront conualtre à la compagnie. Il n'y a que ces deux moyens, et il ne peut y en avoir un troisième. » On pencherait sans doute pour le premier ai le titre d*accadémicien était un simple litre d'honnt ui^, et s'il était pernûs à la eoinpagnie de le donner au mériie qui lui paraîtrait le plus éminenL Mais il n'eu est pns ainsi : outre l'honneur qu'on y attache^ c'est un litre qui nous met dans l'obligation de participer aux travaux de la compagnie , avec plus ou moins d'assiduité , selon que nos autres devoirs nous le permettent* Or» sous prétexte de faire honneur à quelqu'un , est-il juste qu'à son insu on lui donne un titre onéreux ? » Je doute que Pellisson eût assez fait réflexion là-dessus^ quand il dit que messieurs de rAcadémie, lorsqu'ils ont à se choisir un collègue, devraient tou jours nommer le plus digne , sans qu'il s'en doutât. Car enfin^ ne peut-il pas arriver que celui qu'on aura nommé ait des raisons pour ne point accepter? On offrira donc alors cette même place à un autre; el puis, peut-être, à un autre encore. Qu'y aurait-il et de moins convenable à la dignité do la compagnie, et de moins flatteur pour celui à qui la placç demeure rait? Personne, dit Pellisson, ne refuserait cet hon neur. Vous voyez qu'il en parle toujours comme d'un bénéflce sans charges. Ou, ajoute-t-il^ si quel qu'un était si bizarre, toute la honte et tout le blâme en serait sur lui. Oui, s'il refusait avec mépris et par caprice ; mais non, s'il remerciait avec politesse, avec reconnaissance et par un principe de probité ; allé guant que son emploi ou ses infirmités ne souffrent pas qu'il vaque à nos exercices , et ne voulant point contracter un engagement qu'il n'est pas le maître de remplir. » Quand même cet inconvénient serait peu à crain dre, ne serait-ce pas pour l'Académie une difficullé bien grande, ou plutôt insurmontable que de choisir toujours le plus digne. Je ne sais s'il pourrait lui ar river , dans tout un siècle , de faire deux ou trois choix dont personne absolument ne murmurât, comme d'une préférence aveugle. Car la république — 125 des lettres, si Ton s'en rapporte à Tidée que ses ci-« tojens ont d'eux-mêmes, n'est composée que de pa triciens. Tous, depuis le philosophe jusqu'au chan sonnier^ croient se valoir les uns les autres. On y passe même pour très modeste, quand on croit ne valoir pas mieux qu'un autre. > Tout cela , si je ne me trompe, fait voir que né* cessairement il faut user du second moyen dont j'ai parié, c'est-à-dire que ceux qui se proposent d'oc cuper une place dans l'Académie , doivent lui faire connaître leur intention. Mais, dit-on, cela occa sionne des brigues. Je n'en disconviens pas. Pourquoi n*esi-il pas aussi facile de les empêcher qu'il est rai sonnable de les blâmer? Mais, dit-on encore^ il s'en suivra toujours de-là qu'un homme modeste, quel que mérite qu'il ait^ prendra le parti de se mettre à l'écart, i>endant que la présomption et la hardiesse triompheront. C'est une conséquence mal tirée. Quel que modeste que soit un orateur^ un poète, un sa vant, il n'en vient pas à un certain degré de mérite, sans être connu malgré lui; et du moment que nous le connaîtrons, en vain lâcherait-il d'imposer silence à l'envie que nous aurions de nous l'associer. 11 n'y aurait qu'un cri dans l'Académie pour avoir un col lègue si propre à nous faire honneur, et à nous aider dans nos travaux. » Mais enfin les visites sont-elles d'obligation ? Je réponds hardiment : non ! et en voici la preuve, qui est telle que Ton n'a rien à répliquer. Vous savez qui fut reçu le 2S novembre 1723. (C'était l'abbé d'Oli Yei lui-mém^.) ÂsBuréroent nous ne doutons, ni vous ni moir que oe ne soit le moindre des académiciens, quoi sunt , quoique fuere, quoique erunt aliis in annis. Or il fui élu dans un temps où, depuis plus de six moiS; il était au fond d'une province éloignée. Un homme qui hsI à Salins rend-il des visites dans Paris? On ne laissa pas de l'élire, sur ce que les amis qu'il avait dans la compagnie répondirent qu'il serait vivemenl touché de celte faveur. %i II résulte de ces raisonnements et de ces exem ples que l'obligation de ceux qui pensent à TAcadé roie se réduit ï faire savoir, ou par eux-mêmes, ou par quelque académicien, qu'ils y pensent. Yoilà, dis-je^ l'obligation étroite, qui pourtant n'exclut pas ce qui est dicté par la politesse. A cela près, rien de plus odieux pour nous que des visites intéressées.» Depuis la lettre de l'abbé d'Olivet^ l'Académie restreignit encore les obligations qu'elle imposait à ceux sur qui tombait son choix. Il devint suffisant qu'après l'éleciion faite un seul académicien se rendit garant que celui qui venait d'être nommé ac cepterait la place. Il ne fut pas même nécessaire, pour être élu, d'avoir été nommé, avant Télection, parmi les candidats. On le voit, l'inutilité des visites date (leioin. Depuis celte époque, aucun règlement nou veau ne les a rendues nécessaires ; loin de-tà : Louis XYIU) dans celui qu'il a donné de nos jours à l'Académie, invite les candidats à s^en abstenir dé sormais. Que ceux-là donc en qui le talent crée un droit cessent de cen^olider un abus par leur condes cepdaDc«j qk'i% «e cootentapt 4e faire ocanaUrç ' leur caDdidaiure; et Tusage caduc, abandonné à ia médiocrilé qui remploiera sans frui(j tqmbera de lui^niême* On a hh à TAcadéinie ^n autre reproche plua gr^ive. D'Aleinbert y a si victorieusement répondu que ce que qoM3 avûnii de mieu^ h Taire est de repro duire $a réplique. Quelques-unes de ces réflexions sont particulières à son époque; mais la plupart sont eDcore applicqbles à la nôtre et le seront à tous les temps. « M'bésitons point à le dire^ avec autant dç force que de franchise, malgré Tinjustice naturelle au^ hommes à l'égard des talents distingués^ il ne manque à TAcadémie qu'une liberté absolue dans ses élec tions, pour voir enfin^ parmi ses membres, tous oeu$ qui sont dignes d'y être admis. Qu'on la laisse écou ter la voix de la nation, et se consulter elle-même; qu'on n6 lui demande, qu'on ne lui prescrive, qu'on 06 lui interdise rien de ce qu'elle s'interdirait toute seule, elle ne fera presque jamais que des cboiat con venables et approuvés. Us le seront à la vérité plus ou moins, suivant les temps et les circonstances; les écrivains distingués seront élus up peu plus lêt oq UQ peu plus tard| mais ils finiront par être élus^ et et la compagnie^ abandonqéeà ses propres lumièrçsy aura très rarement le malheur ou la maladresse de 8s donner des ppiembres tout-à-fait indignes d'elles. En un mot qu aucune force étrangère ne vienne ni gêner ses v|ieS| ni repousser SQn V(£U» et qu'on la censure ensuite^ si le suffrage public n'est pas d'accord avec — lis — le sien. On lui reproche, avec une amertume plus in* téressée que sincère, quelques écrivains célèbres qu'elle n'a pas adoptés , et plusieurs écrivains mé* diocres qu'elle a reçus. Mais on ne voit pas , ou Ton ne veut pas voir, que le siècle le plus fécond en grands hommes ne fournirait pas assez de génies éminenls pour remplir toutes les places d'académiciens; qu'on ne saurait donc exiger de l'Académie de n^adopter jamais que des écrivains supérieurs , mais que son honneur et son discernement seront à couvert si elle choisit dans tous les temps ce que le siècle produit de meilleur, et ce que les conjonctures, quelquefois contraires à ses vues^ lui permettent de choisir. Ainsi, pour apprécier équitablement les choix équivoques ou hasardés que la compagnie a pu faire en quelques occasions, il ne faut pas s'arrêter à ce que la posté rité pensera des académiciens sur lesquels ces choix sont tombés ; il faut voir ce qu'en pensait le public de leur temps ; il faut examiner si les suffrages qu'ils ont obtenus n'ont pas été pour lors suffisamment jus tifiés , ou par des succès éclatants quoique éphé mères, ou par l'impossibilité de trouver des sujets plus éligibles, A l'égard des écrivains illustres dont le nom manque à T Académie, il serait juste de peser dans la balance de l'équité les raisons qui n*ont pas permis de les admettre : on trouvera presque toujours que ces raisons étaient, ou malheureusement trop lé gitimes, ou d'une espèce au moins qui ne laissait pas à l'Académie la liberté de les combattre. Nous sommes en 1635 : Descartes est dans tout Féclat de sa gloire, ce Descartes qu'on a pu nommer le plus grand philosophe de l'Europe; qu'il inaugure nolre fauleuil. Mais il n'est pas en France? Pj'iin porte I d'injustes échos de la postérité nouf repro cheraient celte omission. H meurt en 4650, que Rotrou le remplace^ Rp trou l'un des fondaleurs du Théâtre-Français et le plus digne coopéraleur de Corneille. Hâtons-noi^s , car la mort Taitend et va le prendre cette année même; une mort héroïque^ le martyre du dévouement à ses concitoyens frappés de l'horrible fléau de la peste. Ce trépas généreux et prématuré sera , dans le xix^ siècle, le sujet d'un concours de poésie^ pro posé par TAcadémie^ et dont Millevoye sortira cou ronné. Mais le séjour de Rotrou est à Dreux ^ où l'oblige de vivre une charge de magistrature, et TAca démie est très rigoureuse sur l'article de la résidence à Paris. N'importe encore, l'Académie de 1650a tort aux yeux des hommes de l'avenir. Rotrou est accepté; passons. Il existe à cette époque un effrayant génie , sçlon l'admirable expression de M. de Chateaubriand : tout le monde a reconnu Pascal. Qu'il soit nommé! Mais Pascal n'a pas encore produit les Lettres provincia les, son vrai titre littéraire ; et quand il les aura pu bliées, il se sera fait des ennemis si puissants que son élection deviendra peut-être impraticable, Pgis il est encore bien jeune par les années, quoique dans toute la maturité d'une intelligence surhumaine. Attendons qu'il ait atteint quarante ans. L'Académie n'a pas pour habitude de prendre ses membres si jeunes. Et Pascal meurt à trente-neuf ans. Obi ppor le^soup, nous noiqqiaraiiB Molière* Mais lielfèFe est wméd^ I Jamais la coufi jamnis l'Églisê as ratiûera eette éleclion. Popr 6trp acadéœieieo on a'en est pas moins homme « on n'en «4t pas moins ie son temps. Ilnous est in^rdit de le nommer. Dans cent ans , quand les préjugé^ de celle sorte auront disparu^ nous adopterons sa statue, nous ferons une ovation à son ombre, et nous proclamerons nés re grets i la &ce du monde ^ en ce beau vers : Rien ne manque à sa gloire, il manquait à la nôtre. Et si le xix^si^le a, lui aussi, Tinjustice de nous reprocher d^ n'avoir pas accqeilli Molière vivant, son icadéipie française pourra lui répondre : Il est des préjagés rigourei|x et vivaces^ vous-m^mes en faîtes foi : pourquoi donc refusez-vous à un chanteur^ ar-r Usie admirable, le ruban de la Légion-d' Honneur, sa monomanie? Pourquoi, malgré Taulorité de plu-» (ieiirs exemples récenU » aucun comédien de votre époque ne fait-il partie de l'Acac^émie des beaux-arts sa 1844? BU>ua savons bien que nul de vos eoipé diena n*est un Molière par le génie littéraire, mais l-Aoadéniiç des beaux-arts n'est pas non plus rAoa demie fren^ise par l'imposante reqomaaée et par l'inamovibilité deux fois séculaire de sa gloire.
| 15,472 |
https://github.com/rainsonking/MamaLook/blob/master/app/src/main/java/razerdp/friendcircle/activity/splash/SplashActivity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
MamaLook
|
rainsonking
|
Java
|
Code
| 31 | 112 |
package razerdp.friendcircle.activity.splash;
import android.content.Intent;
import razerdp.github.com.baselibrary.base.BaseActivity;
/**
* Created by 大灯泡 on 2016/10/28.
*
* 闪屏页
*/
public class SplashActivity extends BaseActivity {
@Override
public void onHandleIntent(Intent intent) {
}
}
| 9,069 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanton%20Guiscard
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Kanton Guiscard
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https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanton Guiscard&action=history
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Dutch
|
Spoken
| 66 | 195 |
Guiscard is een voormalig kanton van het Franse departement Oise. Het kanton maakte deel uit van het arrondissement Compiègne. Ingevolge het decreet van 24 februari 2014 werd het kanton opgeheven met uitwerking vanaf maart 2015.
Gemeenten
Het kanton Guiscard omvatte de volgende gemeenten:
Beaugies-sous-Bois
Berlancourt
Bussy
Campagne
Catigny
Crisolles
Flavy-le-Meldeux
Fréniches
Frétoy-le-Château
Golancourt
Guiscard (hoofdplaats)
Libermont
Maucourt
Muirancourt
Ognolles
Le Plessis-Patte-d'Oie
Quesmy
Sermaize
Solente
Villeselve
Guiscard
| 41,216 |
6061038_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 1,303 | 1,859 |
Crew III, J.
Appeal from an order of the Family Court of Delaware County (Estes, J.), entered June 25, 1999, which dismissed petitioner’s application, in a proceeding pursuant to Family Court Act article 10, to adjudicate Jared XX., Marisa XX. and Justine YY. to be abused or neglected children.
Petitioner commenced this proceeding in September 1998 alleging that respondent had sexually abused his paramour’s son, Jared XX. (born in 1992). Petitioner further alleged that based upon such abuse, Marisa XX. (born in 1995) and Justine YY. (born in 1996), the latter of whom is respondent’s biological daughter, were derivatively neglected. At the time that the alleged incident of abuse occurred in May 1998 Jared, who was five years old, was residing with respondent’s mother and visiting with his biological mother and respondent on weekends. This arrangement apparently existed in order to permit Jared, whose mother had recently relocated, to finish the academic year in his then-existing school.
A fact-finding hearing ensued, during the course of which testimony was received from, among others, respondent’s mother regarding Jared’s disclosures to her and the certified social worker and child sexual abuse validator appearing on behalf of petitioner. After carefully weighing and considering all of the proof adduced at the hearing, Family Court dismissed the petition, finding that there was insufficient evidence to corroborate Jared’s out-of-court statements and, hence, petitioner had failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that *981Jared was an abused child or that Marisa and Justine were neglected children. This appeal by petitioner ensued.
It is well settled that a child’s unsworn out-of-court statements relating to abuse or neglect may be introduced into evidence at a fact-finding hearing and, if sufficiently corroborated, will support a finding of abuse or neglect (see, Matter of Jamie EE., 249 AD2d 603, 604-605; Matter, of Keala XX., 217 AD2d 745, 745-746). Although Family Court Act § 1046 (a) (vi) broadly provides that “[a]ny other evidence tending to support the reliability of the previous statements * * * shall be sufficient corroboration,” there nonetheless is “a threshold of reliability that the evidence must meet” (Matter of Zachariah VV., 262 AD2d 719, 720, lv denied 94 NY2d 756; see, Matter of Heidi CC., 270 AD2d 528, 529). Whether this corroboration requirement has been satisfied is a “fine judgment” entrusted in the first instance to Family Court, which has the advantage of having heard and seen the various witnesses (see, Matter of Christina F., 74 NY2d 532, 536).
Applying these principles to the matter before us, we are constrained to conclude that Family Court did not err in dismissing the underlying petition based upon insufficient corroborative evidence of Jared’s out-of-court statements. Respondent’s mother testified that Jared informed her in May 1998 that “daddy had played with his penis.” The incident allegedly occurred while respondent, to whom Jared refers to as “daddy,” and Jared were taking a shower.* In response to this statement, respondent’s mother took Jared to a local hospital for a physical examination, which disclosed no physical signs of abuse, and notified petitioner.
Although Jared subsequently repeated his disclosure to a number of individuals, the mere repetition of an accusation by a child is not sufficient to corroborate his or her prior statement (see, Matter of Nicole V., 71 NY2d 112, 123; Matter of Zachariah VV., 262 AD2d 719, 720, supra; Matter of Keala XX., 217 AD2d 745, 746, supra). As such, Jared’s various out-of-court statements cannot be used to corroborate his initial disclosure.
With respect to Jared’s in-court testimony, this Court previously has held that a child’s detailed and consistent in-court testimony may be sufficient to corroborate the child’s prior out-of-court statements (see, Matter of Jamie EE., 249 AD2d 603, 605, supra; Matter of Victoria KK., 233 AD2d 801, 803; Matter *982of Jessica G., 200 AD2d 906), even in cases where, as here, such testimony was not given under oath but was subject to cross-examination (see, Matter of Christa H., 267 AD2d 586, 587; Matter of Nathaniel TT., 265 AD2d 611, 613, lv denied 94 NY2d 757). Here, however, we have no choice but to conclude that Jared’s in-court testimony simply did not meet the required “threshold of reliability” (Matter of Zachariah VV., supra, at 720) and, hence, cannot provide corroboration for his previous statements. Although Jared testified that respondent fondled him while the two were taking a shower and that he had not imagined the incident, he was able to provide few specific details and responded negatively when asked if he knew “the difference between imagined things and things that really happened.” Indeed, Jared’s testimony as a whole was quite confusing. While such confusion is understandable and no doubt is attributable to Jared’s young age and the stress of the entire incident, we cannot say that his testimony, read as a whole, is sufficient to provide the required corroboration.
Having concluded that Jared’s testimony was insufficient to corroborate his prior statements, we turn to the testimony offered and report authored by Katherine Maciol, the certified social worker and child sexual abuse validator appearing on petitioner’s behalf. In this regard, Maciol testified that she interviewed Jared in August 1998 utilizing the “Yuille protocol” and that Jared’s disclosure was consistent with that of children who had experienced sexual abuse. To be sure, this Court has recognized that validation testimony from an expert who has investigated the allegations of sexual abuse may be sufficient to corroborate the child’s prior statements (see, e.g., Matter of Kaitlyn R., 267 AD2d 894, 896; Matter of Ashley M., 235 AD2d 858; Matter of Keala XX., 217 AD2d 745, 746, supra).
Here, however, Family Court discounted Maciol’s testimony, finding that although Maciol was “highly qualified,” she had departed from the Yuille protocol in certain respects and, of greater concern to Family Court, had been given an “incomplete picture” of the circumstances leading up to her interview with Jared. Specifically, Family Court noted that Maciol apparently had not been advised of the inconsistencies in Jared’s statements, as revealed by Jared’s testimony and the testimony of respondent’s mother, or of the multiple interviews that took place between Jared and petitioner’s personnel. Although Maciol testified that such factors would not affect her ultimate opinion, Family Court was of the view that Jared had been subjected to leading and suggestive questioning by respondent’s mother, and that Maciol’s unawareness of this fact and, hence, *983her inability to explore this issue in her interview with Jared, significantly undermined the value of her testimony. Based upon our review of the record as a whole, we cannot say that Family Court’s findings in this regard are unsupported by the evidence and, hence, we decline to disturb Family Court’s determination that the expert testimony proffered was insufficient to provide the required corroboration.
As a final matter, while it is true that respondent failed to testify, thereby permitting Family Court to draw the strongest inference against him as the opposing evidence would allow (see, Matter of Ashley M., 235 AD2d 858, supra), and that there was some suggestion in the record that Jared had been acting out in a sexual manner, such proof must be balanced against the inconsistencies in Jared’s various statements and the comments made and demeanor exhibited by Jared following the initial disclosure. With that in mind, and giving due consideration to Family Court’s superior vantage point in terms of assessing the witnesses’ credibility, we conclude that petitioner did not tender sufficient proof to corroborate Jared’s out-of-court statements and, as such, Family Court’s dismissal of the underlying petition was in all respects proper.
Cardona, P. J., Carpinello, Graffeo and Mugglin, JJ., concur. Ordered that the order is affirmed, without costs.
In an unsigned statement, which was received in evidence at the fact-finding hearing, respondent admitted that he and Jared showered together on the date in question but denied any inappropriate contact.
| 49,787 |
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetosphaeria%20rubicunda
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Chaetosphaeria rubicunda
|
https://szl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaetosphaeria rubicunda&action=history
|
Silesian
|
Spoken
| 32 | 98 |
Chaetosphaeria rubicunda je grzib, co go ôpisoł Huhndorf & F.A. Fernández 2005. Chaetosphaeria rubicunda nŏleży do zorty Chaetosphaeria i familije Chaetosphaeriaceae. Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.
Ascomycota
rubicunda
| 37,133 |
https://github.com/aksio-insurtech/Cratis/blob/master/Source/Kernel/Grains/Clients/ClientObserver.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
Cratis
|
aksio-insurtech
|
C#
|
Code
| 196 | 797 |
// Copyright (c) Aksio Insurtech. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
using Aksio.Cratis.Connections;
using Aksio.Cratis.Events;
using Aksio.Cratis.Kernel.Grains.Observation;
using Aksio.Cratis.Observation;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
namespace Aksio.Cratis.Kernel.Grains.Clients;
/// <summary>
/// Represents an implementation of <see cref="IClientObserver"/>.
/// </summary>
public class ClientObserver : Grain, IClientObserver, INotifyClientDisconnected
{
readonly ILogger<ClientObserver> _logger;
readonly IExecutionContextManager _executionContextManager;
ObserverId? _observerId;
ObserverKey? _observerKey;
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ClientObserver"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="logger"><see cref="ILogger"/> for logging.</param>
/// <param name="executionContextManager">The <see cref="IExecutionContextManager"/>.</param>
public ClientObserver(
ILogger<ClientObserver> logger,
IExecutionContextManager executionContextManager)
{
_logger = logger;
_executionContextManager = executionContextManager;
}
/// <inheritdoc/>
public override Task OnActivateAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
_observerId = this.GetPrimaryKey(out var keyAsString);
_observerKey = ObserverKey.Parse(keyAsString);
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
/// <inheritdoc/>
public async Task Start(ObserverName name, ConnectionId connectionId, IEnumerable<EventType> eventTypes)
{
_executionContextManager.Establish(_observerKey!.TenantId, CorrelationId.New(), _observerKey!.MicroserviceId);
_logger.Starting(_observerKey!.MicroserviceId, _observerId!, _observerKey!.EventSequenceId, _observerKey!.TenantId);
var observer = GrainFactory.GetGrain<IObserverSupervisor>(_observerId!, _observerKey!);
var connectedClients = GrainFactory.GetGrain<IConnectedClients>(_observerKey!.MicroserviceId);
await connectedClients.SubscribeDisconnected(this.AsReference<INotifyClientDisconnected>());
await observer.SetNameAndType(name, ObserverType.Client);
var connectedClient = await connectedClients.GetConnectedClient(connectionId);
await observer.Subscribe<IClientObserverSubscriber>(eventTypes, connectedClient);
}
/// <inheritdoc/>
public void OnClientDisconnected(ConnectedClient client)
{
_logger.ClientDisconnected(client.ConnectionId, _observerKey!.MicroserviceId, _observerId!, _observerKey!.EventSequenceId, _observerKey!.TenantId);
var id = this.GetPrimaryKey(out var keyAsString);
var key = ObserverKey.Parse(keyAsString);
var observer = GrainFactory.GetGrain<IObserverSupervisor>(id, key);
observer.Unsubscribe();
}
}
| 28,512 |
https://dba.stackexchange.com/questions/134128
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
Hannah Vernon, https://dba.stackexchange.com/users/10832
|
English
|
Spoken
| 276 | 368 |
Can't do a full backup because the log is full
I have a server with 25GB of free space. The software stopped working because the transaction log is full. I noticed that the database has two logs files; one is 45Gb and the other is 65Gb.
I think the guy working here before me (he is not anymore) added a second log file so the software would continue working, however there is almost no space left on disk.
I tried using SQL Server Management Studio to take a full backup but I can't since the transaction log is full.
What are my options? I can shrink the logs but I don't have ANY backup and can't do any of them.
Should I change it to simple mode first? Can I script the whole database and save it as 'backup'?
I assume you don't have space in your drives to take a log backup. You can use the following query to trick SQL server into thinking that you are actually saving the log backup to disk, But you're not.
BACKUP LOG dbname TO DISK = 'NUL:';
Also if you're running SQL server 2005 or less, You can use the below query
BACKUP LOG dbname WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY;
Once the query completes you can go ahead and shrink the log file as usual using
USE dbname;
DBCC SHRINKFILE(fileid , 0);
Also do note that the above backup query will break your log backup chain and your log-shipping setup, if you have one.
good advice, however you should always ensure you take a full backup and ensure regular database and log backups are scheduled after doing a backup to disk='NUL:'
| 33,964 |
https://github.com/rhyslee/Warcfaft-GameAI-160/blob/master/src/PlayerAIColorSelectMode.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
Warcfaft-GameAI-160
|
rhyslee
|
C++
|
Code
| 1,451 | 5,769 |
/*
Copyright (c) 2015, Christopher Nitta
All rights reserved.
All source material (source code, images, sounds, etc.) have been provided to
University of California, Davis students of course ECS 160 for educational
purposes. It may not be distributed beyond those enrolled in the course without
prior permission from the copyright holder.
All sound files, sound fonts, midi files, and images that have been included
that were extracted from original Warcraft II by Blizzard Entertainment
were found freely available via internet sources and have been labeld as
abandonware. They have been included in this distribution for educational
purposes only and this copyright notice does not attempt to claim any
ownership of this material.
*/
/**
*
* @class CPlayerAIColorSelectMode
*
* @brief
* This class handles the mode and screen for customizing players/opponents (the difficulties of the AIs and the color
* they appear as in battlemode). If "Play Game" is selected, the mode is changed to Battle Mode.
* The remainder of the class takes care of conditions for Multiplayer (users cannot change the difficulty or
* color of other human players) and the rendering of the screen including buttons, titles, and the minimap.
*
* @author $Author: Spencer $
*
* @version $Revision: Revision 5.0 $
*
* @date $Date: 11/6/2017 $
*
* Contact: savandyke@ucdavis.edu
*
*/
#include "PlayerAIColorSelectMode.h"
#include "ApplicationData.h"
#include "MainMenuMode.h"
#include "MultiPlayerOptionsMenuMode.h"
#include "MapSelectionMode.h"
#include "MemoryDataSource.h"
#include "BattleMode.h"
std::shared_ptr< CPlayerAIColorSelectMode > CPlayerAIColorSelectMode::DPlayerAIColorSelectModePointer;
/**
* Constructor. Options for selecting AI (colors and difficulty) and playing or cancelling the game
*
* @param[in] key Constructor
*
*/
CPlayerAIColorSelectMode::CPlayerAIColorSelectMode(const SPrivateConstructorType & key){
DTitle = "Select Colors/Difficulty";
DButtonTexts.push_back("Play Game");
DButtonFunctions.push_back(PlayGameButtonCallback);
DButtonTexts.push_back("Cancel");
DButtonFunctions.push_back(BackButtonCallback);
}
/**
* When the "Play Game" button is pressed, the game mode switches to Battle Mode
*
* @param[in] context Shared pointer to CApplicationData
*
*/
void CPlayerAIColorSelectMode::PlayGameButtonCallback(std::shared_ptr< CApplicationData > context){
/* Set player color here so that the entries in the color selection window don't become jumbled
* Note: Always associates player with Player 1 starting location, leave as is or change this?
*/
CPlayerAIColorSelectMode::SetPlayerColor(context, context->DLoadingPlayerColors[1]);
context->ChangeApplicationMode(CBattleMode::Instance());
}
/**
* Sets the player color value to the color specified by the player
*
* @param[in] context Shared pointer to CApplicationData instance
* @param[in] color New color value for the player
*
*/
void CPlayerAIColorSelectMode::SetPlayerColor(std::shared_ptr < CApplicationData > context, EPlayerColor color){
context->DPlayerColor = color;
}
/**
* If the user is in Multiplayer, the game mode switches to Multiplayer Options Menu Mode. Otherwise, it switches to Map Selection Mode
*
* @param[in] context Shared pointer to CApplicationData
*
*/
void CPlayerAIColorSelectMode::BackButtonCallback(std::shared_ptr< CApplicationData > context){
if(CApplicationData::gstMultiPlayerClient == context->DGameSessionType){
context->ChangeApplicationMode(CMultiPlayerOptionsMenuMode::Instance());
}
else{
context->ChangeApplicationMode(CMapSelectionMode::Instance());
}
}
/**
* Sets or resets settings on the Player AI Color Select Mode (where colors and difficulties of AI are chosen) to their defaults
*
* @param[in] context Shared pointer to CApplicationData
*
*/
void CPlayerAIColorSelectMode::InitializeChange(std::shared_ptr< CApplicationData > context){
DButtonHovered = false;
DButtonLocations.clear();
DColorButtonLocations.clear();
DPlayerTypeButtonLocations.clear();
}
/**
* Handles input for selecting the colors of players.
*
*
* @param[in] context Shared pointer to CApplicationData
*
*/
void CPlayerAIColorSelectMode::Input(std::shared_ptr< CApplicationData > context){
int CurrentX, CurrentY;
CurrentX = context->DCurrentX;
CurrentY = context->DCurrentY;
DPlayerColorRequestingChange = EPlayerColor::None;
DPlayerColorChangeRequest = EPlayerColor::None;
DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange = EPlayerColor::None;
if(context->DLeftClick && !context->DLeftDown){
for(int Index = 0; Index < DColorButtonLocations.size(); Index++){
if(DColorButtonLocations[Index].PointInside(CurrentX, CurrentY)){
int PlayerSelecting = 1 + (Index / (to_underlying(EPlayerColor::Max) - 1));
int ColorSelecting = 1 + (Index % (to_underlying(EPlayerColor::Max) - 1));
if((PlayerSelecting == to_underlying(context->DPlayerColor))||(CApplicationData::gstMultiPlayerClient != context->DGameSessionType)){
if((PlayerSelecting == to_underlying(context->DPlayerColor))||(CApplicationData::ptHuman != context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[PlayerSelecting])){
DPlayerColorRequestingChange = static_cast<EPlayerColor>(PlayerSelecting);
DPlayerColorChangeRequest = static_cast<EPlayerColor>(ColorSelecting);
}
}
}
}
for(int Index = 0; Index < DButtonLocations.size(); Index++){
if(DButtonLocations[Index].PointInside(CurrentX, CurrentY)){
DButtonFunctions[Index](context);
}
}
for(int Index = 0; Index < DPlayerTypeButtonLocations.size(); Index++){
if(DPlayerTypeButtonLocations[Index].PointInside(CurrentX, CurrentY)){
DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange = static_cast<EPlayerColor>(Index+2);
break;
}
}
}
}
/**
* Cycles through difficulties (or "Closed" or "Human" when in Multiplayer) when the appropriate button is pressed
*
* @param[in] context Shared pointer to CApplicationData
*
*/
void CPlayerAIColorSelectMode::Calculate(std::shared_ptr< CApplicationData > context){
if(EPlayerColor::None != DPlayerColorRequestingChange){
EPlayerColor NewColorInUse = EPlayerColor::None;
for(int Index = 1; Index < to_underlying(EPlayerColor::Max); Index++){
if(Index != to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequestingChange)){
if(CApplicationData::ptNone != context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[Index]){
if(context->DLoadingPlayerColors[Index] == DPlayerColorChangeRequest){
NewColorInUse = static_cast<EPlayerColor>(Index);
break;
}
}
}
}
if(EPlayerColor::None != NewColorInUse){
context->DLoadingPlayerColors[to_underlying(NewColorInUse)] = context->DLoadingPlayerColors[to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequestingChange)];
}
context->DLoadingPlayerColors[to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequestingChange)] = DPlayerColorChangeRequest;
*context->DSelectedMap = *CAssetDecoratedMap::DuplicateMap(context->DSelectedMapIndex,context->DLoadingPlayerColors);
}
if(EPlayerColor::None != DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange){
if(CApplicationData::gstSinglePlayer == context->DGameSessionType){
switch(context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange)]){
case CApplicationData::ptAIEasy: context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange)] = CApplicationData::ptAIMedium;
break;
case CApplicationData::ptAIMedium: context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange)] = CApplicationData::ptAIHard;
break;
default: context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange)] = CApplicationData::ptAIEasy;
break;
}
}
else if(CApplicationData::gstMultiPlayerHost == context->DGameSessionType){
switch(context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange)]){
case CApplicationData::ptHuman: context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange)] = CApplicationData::ptAIEasy;
break;
case CApplicationData::ptAIEasy: context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange)] = CApplicationData::ptAIMedium;
break;
case CApplicationData::ptAIMedium: context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange)] = CApplicationData::ptAIHard;
break;
case CApplicationData::ptAIHard: context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange)] = CApplicationData::ptNone;
break;
default: context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[to_underlying(DPlayerColorRequesTypeChange)] = CApplicationData::ptHuman;
break;
}
}
}
}
/**
* Renders minimap, buttons, colors, titles, etc for the mode. Also plays a sound when the mouse hovers over a button and when the mode is
* changed (ie. "Play Game" or "Cancel" is selected.
*
* @param[in] context Shared pointer to CApplicationData
*
*/
void CPlayerAIColorSelectMode::Render(std::shared_ptr< CApplicationData > context){
int CurrentX, CurrentY;
int BufferWidth, BufferHeight;
int TitleHeight;
int TextWidth, TextHeight, MaxTextWidth;
int ColumnWidth, RowHeight;
int MiniMapWidth, MiniMapHeight, MiniMapCenter, MiniMapLeft;
int TextTop, ButtonLeft, ButtonTop, AIButtonLeft, ColorButtonHeight;
int GoldColor, WhiteColor, ShadowColor;
std::string TempString;
std::array< std::string, to_underlying(EPlayerColor::Max) > PlayerNames;
CButtonRenderer::EButtonState ButtonState = CButtonRenderer::EButtonState::None;
bool ButtonXAlign = false, ButtonHovered = false;
CurrentX = context->DCurrentX;
CurrentY = context->DCurrentY;
context->RenderMenuTitle(DTitle, TitleHeight, BufferWidth, BufferHeight);
GoldColor = context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->FindColor("gold");
WhiteColor = context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->FindColor("white");
ShadowColor = context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->FindColor("black");
MiniMapWidth = context->DMiniMapSurface->Width();
MiniMapHeight = context->DMiniMapSurface->Height();
context->DMiniMapRenderer->DrawMiniMap(context->DMiniMapSurface);
MiniMapLeft = BufferWidth - MiniMapWidth - context->DBorderWidth;
context->DWorkingBufferSurface->Draw(context->DMiniMapSurface, MiniMapLeft, TitleHeight + context->DInnerBevel->Width(), -1, -1, 0, 0);
context->DInnerBevel->DrawBevel(context->DWorkingBufferSurface, MiniMapLeft, TitleHeight + context->DInnerBevel->Width(), MiniMapWidth, MiniMapHeight);
TextTop = TitleHeight + MiniMapHeight + context->DInnerBevel->Width() * 3;
MiniMapCenter = MiniMapLeft + MiniMapWidth / 2;
TempString = std::to_string(context->DSelectedMap->PlayerCount()) + " Players";
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->MeasureText(TempString, TextWidth, TextHeight);
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->DrawTextWithShadow(context->DWorkingBufferSurface, MiniMapCenter - TextWidth/2, TextTop, WhiteColor, ShadowColor, 1, TempString);
TextTop += TextHeight;
TempString = std::to_string(context->DSelectedMap->Width()) + " x " + std::to_string(context->DSelectedMap->Height());
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->MeasureText(TempString, TextWidth, TextHeight);
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->DrawTextWithShadow(context->DWorkingBufferSurface, MiniMapCenter - TextWidth/2, TextTop, WhiteColor, ShadowColor, 1, TempString);
TextTop = TitleHeight;
TempString = "Player";
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->MeasureText(TempString, TextWidth, TextHeight);
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->DrawTextWithShadow(context->DWorkingBufferSurface, context->DBorderWidth, TextTop, WhiteColor, ShadowColor, 1, TempString);
TextTop += TextHeight;
context->DButtonRenderer->Text("AI Easy", true);
ColorButtonHeight = context->DButtonRenderer->Height();
RowHeight = context->DButtonRenderer->Height() + context->DInnerBevel->Width() * 2;
if(RowHeight < TextHeight){
RowHeight = TextHeight;
}
context->DButtonRenderer->Text("X", true);
context->DButtonRenderer->Height(ColorButtonHeight);
ColumnWidth = context->DButtonRenderer->Width() + context->DInnerBevel->Width() * 2;
MaxTextWidth = 0;
for(int Index = 1; Index <= context->DSelectedMap->PlayerCount(); Index++){
if(Index == to_underlying(context->DPlayerColor)){
PlayerNames[Index] = TempString = std::to_string(Index) + ". You";
}
else if(CApplicationData::ptHuman != context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[Index]){
PlayerNames[Index] = TempString = std::to_string(Index) + ". Player " + std::to_string(Index);
}
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->MeasureText(TempString, TextWidth, TextHeight);
if(MaxTextWidth < TextWidth){
MaxTextWidth = TextWidth;
}
}
TempString = "Color";
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->MeasureText(TempString, TextWidth, TextHeight);
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->DrawTextWithShadow(context->DWorkingBufferSurface, context->DBorderWidth + MaxTextWidth + (ColumnWidth * (to_underlying(EPlayerColor::Max) + 1))/2 - TextWidth/2, TitleHeight, WhiteColor, ShadowColor, 1, TempString);
DColorButtonLocations.clear();
for(int Index = 1; Index <= context->DSelectedMap->PlayerCount(); Index++){
TempString = PlayerNames[Index];
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->MeasureText(TempString, TextWidth, TextHeight);
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->DrawTextWithShadow(context->DWorkingBufferSurface, context->DBorderWidth, TextTop, Index == to_underlying(context->DPlayerColor) ? GoldColor : WhiteColor, ShadowColor, 1, TempString);
for(int ColorIndex = 1; ColorIndex < to_underlying(EPlayerColor::Max); ColorIndex++){
int ButtonLeft = context->DBorderWidth + MaxTextWidth + ColorIndex * ColumnWidth;
context->DButtonRenderer->Text(to_underlying(context->DLoadingPlayerColors[Index]) == ColorIndex ? "X" : "");
context->DButtonRenderer->ButtonColor(static_cast<EPlayerColor>(ColorIndex));
context->DButtonRenderer->DrawButton(context->DWorkingBufferSurface, ButtonLeft, TextTop, CButtonRenderer::EButtonState::None);
DColorButtonLocations.push_back(SRectangle({ButtonLeft, TextTop, context->DButtonRenderer->Width(), context->DButtonRenderer->Height()}));
AIButtonLeft = ButtonLeft + ColumnWidth;
}
TextTop += RowHeight;
}
context->DButtonRenderer->ButtonColor(EPlayerColor::None);
TempString = "AI Easy";
context->DButtonRenderer->Text(TempString);
context->DButtonRenderer->Width(context->DButtonRenderer->Width() * 3 / 2);
TextTop = TitleHeight;
TempString = "Difficulty";
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->MeasureText(TempString, TextWidth, TextHeight);
context->DFonts[to_underlying(CUnitDescriptionRenderer::EFontSize::Large)]->DrawTextWithShadow(context->DWorkingBufferSurface, AIButtonLeft + (context->DButtonRenderer->Width() - TextWidth)/2, TextTop, WhiteColor, ShadowColor, 1, TempString);
ButtonXAlign = false;
if((AIButtonLeft <= CurrentX)&&(AIButtonLeft + context->DButtonRenderer->Width() > CurrentX)){
ButtonXAlign = true;
}
TextTop += RowHeight + TextHeight;
DPlayerTypeButtonLocations.clear();
for(int Index = 2; Index <= context->DSelectedMap->PlayerCount(); Index++){
switch(context->DLoadingPlayerTypes[Index]){
case CApplicationData::ptHuman: context->DButtonRenderer->Text("Human");
break;
case CApplicationData::ptAIEasy: context->DButtonRenderer->Text("AI Easy");
break;
case CApplicationData::ptAIMedium: context->DButtonRenderer->Text("AI Medium");
break;
case CApplicationData::ptAIHard: context->DButtonRenderer->Text("AI Hard");
break;
default: context->DButtonRenderer->Text("Closed");
break;
}
ButtonState = CButtonRenderer::EButtonState::None;
if(ButtonXAlign){
if((TextTop <= CurrentY)&&((TextTop + context->DButtonRenderer->Height() > CurrentY))){
ButtonState = context->DLeftDown ? CButtonRenderer::EButtonState::Pressed : CButtonRenderer::EButtonState::Hover;
ButtonHovered = true;
}
}
context->DButtonRenderer->DrawButton(context->DWorkingBufferSurface, AIButtonLeft, TextTop, ButtonState);
DPlayerTypeButtonLocations.push_back(SRectangle({AIButtonLeft, TextTop, context->DButtonRenderer->Width(), context->DButtonRenderer->Height()}));
TextTop += RowHeight;
}
DButtonLocations.clear();
context->DButtonRenderer->ButtonColor(EPlayerColor::None);
context->DButtonRenderer->Text(DButtonTexts[0], true);
context->DButtonRenderer->Height(context->DButtonRenderer->Height() * 3 / 2);
context->DButtonRenderer->Width(MiniMapWidth);
ButtonLeft = BufferWidth - context->DButtonRenderer->Width() - context->DBorderWidth;
ButtonTop = BufferHeight - (context->DButtonRenderer->Height() * 9 / 4) - context->DBorderWidth;
ButtonState = CButtonRenderer::EButtonState::None;
if((ButtonLeft <= CurrentX)&&(ButtonLeft + context->DButtonRenderer->Width() > CurrentX)){
ButtonXAlign = true;
}
if(ButtonXAlign){
if((ButtonTop <= CurrentY)&&((ButtonTop + context->DButtonRenderer->Height() > CurrentY))){
ButtonState = context->DLeftDown ? CButtonRenderer::EButtonState::Pressed : CButtonRenderer::EButtonState::Hover;
ButtonHovered = true;
}
}
context->DButtonRenderer->DrawButton(context->DWorkingBufferSurface, ButtonLeft, ButtonTop, ButtonState);
DButtonLocations.push_back(SRectangle({ButtonLeft, ButtonTop, context->DButtonRenderer->Width(), context->DButtonRenderer->Height()}));
ButtonTop = BufferHeight - context->DButtonRenderer->Height() - context->DBorderWidth;
ButtonState = CButtonRenderer::EButtonState::None;
if(ButtonXAlign){
if((ButtonTop <= CurrentY)&&((ButtonTop + context->DButtonRenderer->Height() > CurrentY))){
ButtonState = context->DLeftDown ? CButtonRenderer::EButtonState::Pressed : CButtonRenderer::EButtonState::Hover;
ButtonHovered = true;
}
}
context->DButtonRenderer->Text(DButtonTexts[1], false);
context->DButtonRenderer->DrawButton(context->DWorkingBufferSurface, ButtonLeft, ButtonTop, ButtonState);
DButtonLocations.push_back(SRectangle({ButtonLeft, ButtonTop, context->DButtonRenderer->Width(), context->DButtonRenderer->Height()}));
if(!DButtonHovered && ButtonHovered){
context->DSoundLibraryMixer->PlayClip(context->DSoundLibraryMixer->FindClip("tick"), context->DSoundVolume, 0.0);
}
if(context->ModeIsChanging()){
context->DSoundLibraryMixer->PlayClip(context->DSoundLibraryMixer->FindClip("place"), context->DSoundVolume, 0.0);
}
DButtonHovered = ButtonHovered;
}
/**
* Creates an instance of CPlayerAIColorSelectMode and returns a shared pointer to it or just returns a shared pointer to the current
* instance of the game.
*
* @return shared pointer to DPlayerAIColorSelectModePointer
*
*/
std::shared_ptr< CApplicationMode > CPlayerAIColorSelectMode::Instance(){
if(DPlayerAIColorSelectModePointer == nullptr){
DPlayerAIColorSelectModePointer = std::make_shared< CPlayerAIColorSelectMode >(SPrivateConstructorType());
}
return DPlayerAIColorSelectModePointer;
}
| 33,087 |
https://github.com/hvellyr/sairy/blob/master/share/textbook/lib/textbook/type-of.scm
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
sairy
|
hvellyr
|
Scheme
|
Code
| 77 | 269 |
;; Copyright (c) 2017 by Gregor Klinke
;; All rights reserved.
(define (type-of object)
(cond
((pair? object) 'pair)
((vector? object) 'vector)
((symbol? object) 'symbol)
((boolean? object) 'boolean)
((char? object) 'char)
((integer? object) 'integer)
((rational? object) 'rational)
((real? object) 'real)
((complex? object) 'complex)
((string? object) 'string)
((null? object) 'null)
((eof-object? object) 'eof-object)
((keyword? object) 'keyword)
((node-list? object) 'node-list)
((sosofo? object) 'sosofo)
((color? object) 'color)
((address? object) 'address)
((length-spec? object) 'length-spec)
((display-space? object) 'display-space)
((inline-space? object) 'inline-space)
(else 'unknown)))
| 5,241 |
journaldelanatom9187unse_14
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,864 |
Journal de l'anatomie et de la physiologie normales et pathologiques de l'homme et des animaux
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,565 | 9,828 |
C’est pourquoi, dans l’expérience de Mariotte, la couleur du fond blanc (le blanc du papier) se prolonge par-dessus la lacune. (2) Voy. Journ. de l'anat, et de la physiol. 1866, septembre et octobre. — 1867, janvier et février. 310 ANALYSES DE TRAVAUX FRANÇAIS ET ÉTRANGERS, des vaisseaux, quand on déplace la source lumineuse, c’est-à-dire de la grandeur apparente du mouvement qu'affectue, dans le champ visuel, l'arbre vasculaire, Helmholtz, par un procédé mathématique que nous ne pouvons indiquer ici, a pu déduire que la couche qui perçoit l'ombre, celle où la lumière qui limite l'ombre provoque une excitation nerveuse, doit être située à une faible distance en arrière des vaisseaux. D’après les mensurations de Muller, la distance qui sépare les vaisseaux de la surface qui perçoit leur ombre doit être de 0",17 à 0",36. D'après le même observateur, la distance des vaisseaux à la couche postérieure de la rétine (celle des bâtonnets et des cônes) est de 0",2 à 0",3, de sorte que la couche sensible doit être une des plus postérieures de la rétine, c'est-à-dire celle des cônes et des bâtonnets, où bien la couche granuleuse externe. Du reste, cette conclusion devait déjà être prévue, sinon pour la rétine en général, du moins pour la partie la plus sensible, pour la tache jaune. Nous savons, en effet, qu'en ce point, et surtout au niveau de la fossette centrale, la rétine se trouve à peu près complètement réduite à la couche des cônes et à la couche granuleuse externe avec une faible trace de la granulée intermédiaire. Le rapport qui existe entre la grandeur des éléments postérieurs de la rétine et celle des dernières images visibles, semble devoir, au premier abord, devoir trancher la question du siège de l’excitabilité de la rétine. C’est ainsi que la plupart des physiologistes et des physiciens se sont rendus compte de la grandeur du plus petit angle visuel (75”). Mais on peut, en tenant compte des recherches de Weber et de Meissner, se trouver, en définitive, très éloigné de la théorie généralement admise. D'abord, il y a sous ce rapport des différences individuelles considérables, qui ne concordent nullement avec les dimensions à peu près parfaitement égales des éléments de la membrane de Jacob chez tous les sujets du même âge. D'autre part, admettons que l’image de deux points très voisins se fasse sur deux éléments rétiniens immédiatement voisins, vous percevrez dans ce cas les deux points lumineux comme séparés, même dans le cas où la distance de leurs images est plus petite que la somme des deux rayons des éléments rétiniens. Mais, s’il en est ainsi, par un petit mouvement latéral, l’image des deux points viendra se peindre tout entière sur un seul élément rétinien, et, par suite, suivant la position de l'image des deux points sur un seul ou sur deux éléments, vous devrez percevoir cette image comme double ou simple. Or l’expérience la plus minutieuse prouve que des cas de ce genre ne se réalisent jamais. L'hypothèse de Weber perd donc sa plus grande valeur. Helmholtz l'a adoptée avec une légère modification. Il semble éviter l'objection de Meissner en admettant qu'il faut un élément interposé entre les deux éléments atteints. Mais nous pouvons alors répéter le raisonnement précédent. En effet, si nous supposons que la distance des deux points est plus petite que quatre rayons des éléments, les images des points pourront encore se peindre sur les éléments voisins, et alors elles devront se confondre. Pour notre part, nous croyons que l'explication du phénomène, ou plutôt la source où la théorie doit chercher ses éléments, n’est pas dans la constitution de la rétine, mais dans le centre percepteur, dans le cerveau : ce ne serait pas là une question d'impression, mais une question de perception. Nous avons trop insisté sur cette distinction, qui a été notre guide quand il nous a fallu choisir un champ bien limité d'étude au milieu de l'immense quantité de faits qu'embrasse la théorie de la vision, pour ne pas chercher à l’établir une fois de plus par une comparaison avec les phénomènes d'impression et de perception qui se rapportent à l'exercice du fact. Nous avons parlé plus haut de l'application de l’esthésiomètre (compas de Weber) à l'étude de la sensibilité tactile et nous avons fait allusion à ce qu’on appelle les cercles de sensation. Or, si l'on se demande pourquoi les cercles de sensation ont une grandeur différente en divers endroits du corps, on arrive à cette conclusion qu'un cercle de sensation n’est pas une grandeur anatomique, comme par exemple le champ embrassé par les ramifications d’une fibre nerveuse, car il peut varier, par suite de l'attention, de l'exercice et d'autres influences. Comme en certaines régions la distance des pointes du compas embrasse plus de 12 corpuscules de Krause, et que cependant les deux cercles de sensation se touchent ou même se recouvrent en partie, de façon à ne pouvoir être séparés l'un de l'autre dans la perception, on doit admettre que la transmission de l'excitation d’une fibre sensitive à d’autres fibres voisines est un phénomène central (ou d'irradiation), un phénomène qui a sa source dans les organes de perception et non dans les éléments qui reçoivent l'impression. Nous conclurons donc, en résumé, que l'étude de l'angle visuel, dans ses rapports avec l'acuité de la vision, n’est pas de nature à nous éclairer sur l'importance relative des couches les plus postérieures de la rétine dans le phénomène de l'excitation de cette membrane par la lumière. Il n'en est pas de même de l'étude de la marche de la lumière dans la rétine, et de la question de la vue droite avec des images renversées. Ces deux études nous conduisent aux détails les plus délicats de la physiologie de la rétine. Marche de la lumière dans la rétine. Cette question ne se posait même pas autrefois. Satisfaits de cette vaine... formule que la rétine est un écran, les physiologistes se contentaient de conduire la lumière jusqu'à la surface interne de la sphère rétinienne ; puis, l'image étant formée sur cette surface, il n'était plus question de marche des rayons lumineux. Desmoulins fut le premier (1824) qui, étudiant le kaps des animaux, émit cette idée que la lumière, après avoir traversé la rétine, se réfléchissant sur la choroïde, pourrait bien n'exercer qu'alors son action sur les éléments sensibles. Il démontra que cette réflexion, loin d'être nuisible à la perception, la porte au plus haut degré, et que les animaux qui, grâce au kaps, voient si bien pendant la nuit (nyctalopes), sont aussi ceux qui y voient le mieux le jour : « L'effet du kaps, dit-il, n’est donc pas de troubler la vision, et l’excellence de la vision diurne de ces animaux, coïncidant avec les couleurs du kaps, qui sont la différence de leur œil avec celui de l’homme, tient donc, au contraire, justement à ces couleurs; et, comme ces animaux, qui y voient mieux que nous le jour, y voient aussi mieux la nuit, leur nyctalopie tient encore à la même condition. » Rouget a repris cette question, en se demandant si les conditions de la netteté de la vision devaient être considérées comme absolument différentes chez les animaux pourvus d’un kaps et chez ceux dont la choroïde présente une surface pigmentée de noir. On admettait généralement que le pigment noir de l'homme et des autres vertébrés aurait pour usage essentiel d’absorber tous les rayons qui ont traversé la rétine. On assimilait la couche pigmentaire de la choroïde aux surfaces noircies des instruments d'optique; mais Rouget a montré que l’on oubliait que ce n’est pas seulement à la couleur noire, mais surtout aux irrégularités, aux innombrables aspérités de sa surface, que cet enduit noir doit la propriété d’absorber les rayons lumineux, et que sous ce rapport la choroïde, recouverte par la couche pigmentaire, présente les conditions d'un miroir réflexe, que l’on peut assimiler aux miroirs construits en optique, avec des surfaces noires, parfaitement lisses et polies. Faisant alors remarquer que, chez les invertébrés, la surface libre des éléments oculaires analogues aux bâtonnets ont leur surface terminale dirigée vers l'extérieur, et reçoivent par suite l'impression, comme cela a lieu pour tous les organes terminaux des nerfs, par leurs extrémités libres, Rouget se demande si les bâtonnets rétiniens des vertébrés sont impressionnés par les rayons directs ou par les rayons réfléchis. Il arrive à cette conclusion que : « Les rayons directs qui traversent, sans les impressionner, les tubes nerveux superposés dans les couches internes de la rétine, arrivent jusqu'à la surface de contact des bâtonnets et de la choroïde; là ils sont réfléchis, et le centre optique coïncidant sensiblement avec le centre de la courbure de la rétine, la réflexion a lieu sensiblement dans la direction de l’axe des bâtonnets, qui constituent, pour la terminaison des nerfs optiques, l'appareil spécial destiné à recevoir l'ébranlement des ondulations lumineuses. » Cette théorie a eu depuis un grand succès ; elle a été adoptée surtout par les physiologistes allemands, qui, comme d'ordinaire, se sont bien gardés d’en indiquer la source. ANALYSES DE TRAVAUX FRANÇAIS ET ÉTRANGERS. C'est à peu près la théorie qu'admet implicitement Ritter ; décrivant un cylindre d’axe dans le segment externe comme dans le segment interne des cônes et des bâtonnets, il est amené à considérer ces éléments comme des parties essentiellement excitables. C’est ce que ne peut admettre Schultze. Nous avons vu qu'il a démontré que le segment externe des bâtonnets se compose de petites lamelles superposées ; ces petites lamelles, vu leur structure et leurs propriétés optiques, ne peuvent être des éléments impressionnables ; elles ne peuvent servir qu’à modifier la lumière. Aussi allons-nous voir s’ajouter aux théories précédentes un élément de plus : jusqu'à présent nous avons vu, avec Rouget et Ritter, la lumière traverser la rétine d’avant en arrière, se réfléchir sur le miroir choroïdien d'arrière en avant, et impressionner aussitôt les éléments sensibles. Quelques physiologistes allemands, et parmi eux Schultze, au début de ses travaux, tendaient à admettre que cette réflexion a lieu au niveau des petites lamelles qui composent le segment externe (des cônes et des bâtonnets). Mais, aujourd'hui, Schultze fait jouer un rôle tout contraire à cette disposition lamellaire : pour lui, la lumière, après sa réflexion sur la surface choroïdienne, subirait à son passage dans les lamelles une modification, une sorte de polarisation, ou plutôt une transformation. Pour lui, la vision consiste essentiellement dans la transformation des mouvements lumineux en une autre espèce de mouvements que nous appellerons mouvements nerveux. Pour opérer cette transformation, des appareils spéciaux sont nécessaires, et ces appareils, il faut les chercher dans la partie de l’œil où viennent aboutir les fibres du nerf optique. C’est là que les ondulations de l'éther lumineux doivent entrer en rapport avec les fibres du nerf, et « prendre une forme telle que leur absorption produise des mouvements dans le nerf, mouvements différents, d’après leurs longueurs d’onde (couleurs, voyez plus loin), et se traduisant finalement par la perception des couleurs. » Krause émet à peu près la même théorie, c’est-à-dire qu’à la réflexion choroïdienne de la lumière succède une modification intime, une transformation des ondes lumineuses; mais, pour lui, cette transformation se produit sur une plus grande échelle que dans la théorie de Schultze. Outre l'espèce de polarisation qui peut se produire au niveau du segment externe, et à laquelle du reste Krause semble attacher peu d'importance (il en parle à peine ou semble même n’y voir qu’un phénomène de réflexion), il admet que la lumière se trouve modifiée surtout au niveau des segments internes des grains de cônes et de bâtonnets. Cet auteur a été amené à la théorie que nous venons d'indiquer, parce qu'il se refuse absolument à voir dans les éléments de la membrane de l’œil les organes terminaux du nerf optique. Nous avons déjà résumé les expériences de séctions nerveuses et les études de dégénérescence sur lesquelles il s'appuie pour refuser d'admettre les résultats anatomiques de Schultze ; nous avons vu que, pour lui, la terminaison du nerf optique se fait bien avant les couches les plus externes de la rétine, tout au moins dans la couche intermédiaire ou même plus en avant; il est donc amené à placer le siège précis de l’excitabilité rétinienne dans ces couches relativement antérieures. Avec de pareilles conclusions, l’expérience de Purkinje (image des vaisseaux dessinée par leurs ombres) doit l’embarrasser, mais il en fait bon marché. En résumé, la lumière, après avoir traversé la rétine, se réfléchit pour venir impressionner cette membrane (Rouget); dans ce nouveau trajet, elle est modifiée par les lamelles des segments externes et impressionne immédiatement les segments internes des cônes et des bâtonnets (M. Schultze); ou bien elle est modifiée, transformée successivement dans les deux segments des cônes et des bâtonnets, puis dans les grains de la couche granuleuse sous-jacente, pour venir produire l’excitation dans d’autres couches plus antérieures, mais dont la détermination exacte est encore impossible (Krause). De ces trois hypothèses, celle de Schultze est la plus séduisante; elle entraînerait même tous les suffrages, si le rapport que l’on avait cru établir entre les plus petits objets visibles et les dimensions des éléments de la membrane de Jacob était exact; mais nous avons vu qu'on ne pouvait bâtir aucune théorie solide sur cette base incertaine; nous verrons bientôt que la théorie des couleurs nous fournira de nouveaux éléments pour la solution de cette question difficile. Quant aux phénomènes intimes qui constituent la modification subie par la lumière au niveau des lamelles des cônes (Schultze), ou des grains de la couche granuleuse externe (Krause), et qui sont comme l'intermédiaire obligé entre le phénomène physique de lumière et le phénomène physiologique d'excitation nerveuse, on n’a pu émettre à ce sujet que des hypothèses sur lesquelles nous n'insisterons que peu, ne voulant pas nous payer uniquement de mots. D’après Hensen, la lumière opérerait dans les couches extérieures des bâtonnets un changement chimique, d’où une action spéciale sur les fibres de Ritter, action se transmettant à l’encéphale, et donnant lieu à la sensation lumineuse; mais cette hypothèse plus ou moins ingénieuse s'appuie en définitive sur une condition analogique que nous avons à plusieurs reprises rejetée comme trop discutable. — Schultze s'explique à ce sujet dans des termes plus vagues, mais en même temps plus généraux, et qui ont du moins le mérite de tenir compte de la corrélation des forces et de leur transformation mutuelle. « Si une impression lumineuse, dit-il, ne peut ANALYSES DE TRAVAUX FRANÇAIS ET ÉTRANGERS, 315 être produite que par une absorption lumineuse, ainsi qu'on est forcé de l'admettre d'après la loi de la conservation et de l'équivalence des forces, le segment externe des cônes et des bâtonnets, éminemment apte par sa structure lamellaire à cette absorption, doit en effet y prendre la part la plus essentielle. Et précisément, chez les différents animaux, et à l'aide de procédures diverses, on a pu constater que les dimensions minimales de ces lamelles oscillent entre 3 et 8/10e de µ, ce qui représente à peu près les variations de longueur d'ondes que l’on rencontre depuis la partie rouge jusqu’à la partie violette du spectre. Cette relation a amené W. Zenker, de Berlin, à émettre une hypothèse sur la transformation, au niveau du segment externe des bâtonnets, de la lumière en conduction nerveuse. Cette hypothèse remplace avantageusement le mot vague d'absorption, et tend à devenir (surtout pour la perception des couleurs) une véritable théorie mécanique. Il a pensé que, pour certaines épaisseurs des lames, les ondulations courantes des différentes parties du spectre se changent en ondulations stagnantes (Stehende Wellen) ou ondes fixes, par lesquelles semble se produire l'impression, grâce à une sorte d'action tétanisante sur l'extrémité nerveuse. Il est donc évident, en dernière analyse, qu'ici se produit une transformation de forces ; qu'on lui donne simplement le nom d'absorption ou celui de transformation des ondes courantes en ondes fixes (ce qui est un peu se payer de mots), toujours est-il que, dans le segment externe des bâtonnets ou dans les organes analogues, le mouvement lumineux devient, en se transmettant aux éléments voisins, mouvement nerveux. Question de la vue droite avec les images renversées. — On sait que, d'après les lois de l'optique, l'œil constituant une chambre obscure munie antérieurement d'une lentille biconvexe, les images des objets extérieurs viennent se former dans la région de la rétine et s'y peignent renversées. Cependant, nous voyons (acte cérébral) les objets dans leur position droite réelle. — Ce que cette simple question de la vue droite avec les images rétiniennes renversées a fait dire et écrire, formerait plus d’un volume. On trouvera dans la Physiologie de Longet un résumé complet des principales théories émises à ce sujet. Rappelons seulement que les géomètres, avec Descartes, admettent que nous rapportons la position des objets à la direction suivant laquelle ils envoient des rayons lumineux; nous transportons l'impression reçue à la direction normale à la surface de la rétine (Brewster). A. Rabuteau a récemment soutenu cette théorie d'une manière brillante, en s'appuyant sur l'étude des phénomènes entoptiques. Les métaphysiciens, au contraire, font de ce phénomène une affaire de jugement, d'acte cérébral, dans lequel nous sommes guidés par l'habitude, grâce aux notions acquises par le toucher. C'est aussi l'opinion que nous nous sentirions à priori disposés à adopter, et, regardant ce prétendu redressement comme un acte de perception, nous n'aurions pas à l'étudier ici, où nous n'analysons que les phénomènes d'impression rétinienne. Mais nous nous sommes déjà élevés contre cette vieille formule qui identifie la rétine à un écran; nous avons vu qu'il ne suffit pas de conduire Le rayon lumineux jusqu'à la rétine, il faut le suivre et l'étudier dans cette membrane. Or, après cette étude que nous venons de faire, ou peut-se demander si nous ne sommes pas en possession de faits capables de nous expliquer la vue droite (par les prétendues images renversées), au moyen de simples phénomènes rétiniens. C'est ce problème intéressant que Rouget a abordé dès 1860 ; en 1866, son élève Rigail en a esquissé la solution en quelques lignes ; enfin, les dernières éditions du Traité de Physiologie de Longet contiennent un court exposé de la théorie du professeur de Montpellier. — Mais nous devons à la bienveillance de M. Rouget la bonne fortune de pouvoir insérer ici une note qui est comme son dernier mot sur la solution de cette question. La situation de l'image subjective des Phosphènes, diamétralement opposée à celle de la région de la rétine excitée (quoique cette image soit complètement indépendante des phénomènes optiques de la vision), démontre que toutes les impressions, communiquées aux extrémités des nerfs rétiniens par l'intermédiaire des bâtonnets, sont réparties au dehors de l'œil, dans la direction des axes prolongés des bâtonnets. Les axes prolongés s’entrecroisent au centre de courbure de la rétine (dans l'œil), puisque les bâtonnets sont ordonnés suivant les rayons de cette courbure; après leur entrecroisement, ils ont en dehors de l’œil, dans la place où se produit l’image subjective, une direction inverse à celle des bâtonnets eux-mêmes : les axes prolongés des bâtonnets de la région supérieure de la rétine correspondent à la partie inférieure de l'image subjective (phosphène) ; ceux de la région inférieure à la partie supérieure, etc. Cette inversion se produit également, quand, au lieu d'un corps solide (extrémité du doigt par exemple pour les phosphènes), c’est une image renversée formée sur le miroir choroïdien qui fait vibrer après réflexion les batonnets dans la direction de leur axe. De cette façon, le renversement physique (optique), résultant de l’entrecroisement des rayons principaux au point nodal, est compensé et annulé. En un mot, l'image, renversée par les conditions optiques de l'œil, est redressée par le mécanisme physiologique des sensations reportées à distance du point excité, comme sont reportées loin du point excité les sensations de fourmillement périphérique résultant de congestion médullaire ; ou, mieux encore, comme les sensations des moignons des amputés sont rapportées à l’extrémité des doigts. Après l'étude de l’excitabilité différente des diverses parties de la rétine, vient naturellement l’étude des divers modes d’excitabilité de cette membrane, considérée, en général, selon les variétés de l’excitant premier. En d’autres termes, il s’agit d’analyser les modes selon lesquels la rétine répond aux variations d'intensité et de nature de la lumière. ANALYSES DE TRAVAUX FRANÇAIS ET ÉTRANGERS. 317 L'étude de l'INFLUENCE DE L'ÉCLAIRAGE SUR L'ACUITÉ VISUELLE nous fournit à peu près toutes les données relatives aux variations de l’excitabilité correspondant aux variations d'intensité lumineuse. Après un chapitre d'introduction sur la vision distincte, sur l'acuité visuelle et sur les limites de cette acuité, M. Th. Klein aborde l'étude de la perception des différences d'éclairage. Cette question a été diversement interprétée depuis les recherches de Fechner sur la loi psychophysique. Fechner avait cherché à établir que nos organes sensibles sont incapables de percevoir des différences inférieures à un rapport qu'il considérait comme constant, quelle que soit la valeur absolue des intensités. Pour la lumière, le plus faible rapport perceptible serait 1/64 (d’après les expériences de Bouguer) ; mais Aubert a montré de grandes variations dans ce rapport, et M. Klein adopte les conclusions de ce dernier expérimentateur, conclusions qu’il formule en ces termes : Il n'existe pas de valeur constante pour la perception des différences. La loi psychophysique de Fechner n’est donc pas exacte pour la lumière. La perception des rapports d'intensité augmente avec la clarté absolue, et atteint un maximum qu'elle ne dépasse pas. À partir de ce maximum, la faculté de distinguer les différences diminue de nouveau, malgré l’augmentation de l'éclairage. Mais, pour étudier les variations de l’acuité visuelle sous l’influence de l'éclairage, il fallait d’abord être en possession d’un procédé photométrique exact. M. Klein a pris, pour unité d’intensité lumineuse, la bougie anglaise qui est très peu sujette à varier; mais, à propos de procédé photométrique, après avoir passé en revue les divers modes employés par Bourguer, Lambert, Quetelet, Steinheil, Arago, Wild, Talbot, etc., l’auteur arrive à les rejeter à peu près tous, et montre, dans ce chapitre riche de faits et de critique, que les propriétés connues de la lumière ne permettent pas, quant à présent, d'en comparer les différents degrés d’intensité autrement que par la vue. Les photomètres les plus sensibles paraissent être ceux qui s'appuyent sur la polarisation; mais, en définitive, ces appareils ne diffèrent des autres que par les procédés de diminution de la lumière. Le grand désir est un procédé de graduation qui ne dépende pas du jugement et de la comparaison oculaire. Puisque nous en sommes réduits à nous servir de l'œil pour mesurer l'impression reçue par cet organe, tâchons au moins que les indications fournies ne dépendent pas des variations individuelles du jugement et de la faculté visuelle. ANALYSES DE TRAVAUX FRANÇAIS ET ÉTRANGERS. C’est là le but que déjà Bunsen avait cherché à atteindre, mais son appareil manquait, d’après M. Klein, d’une qualité importante, l'exactitude, et, de plus, le résultat que l’on obtient avec lui, résultat approximatif, serait lui-même dépendant de l'épaisseur et de la nature de l'écran employé. M. Klein a donc cherché à modifier dans ce photomètre ce qu’il a de défectueux, et c'est ainsi qu'il a obtenu son nouveau photomètre, dont il indique le principe de la manière suivante: On peut admettre comme vérité évidente que deux lumières égales produisent sur le même œil deux sensations égales, et, bien que sur un autre œil les sensations produites ne seront plus les mêmes que sur celui-ci, elles seront néanmoins égales entre elles. Si cette vérité n'était pas acceptée, il n’y aurait pas de photométrie possible. Supposons que dans le photomètre de Bunsen les deux lumières soient placées dans des conditions telles que la tache commence à ne plus être claire; laissons la lumière placée derrière l'écran et remplaçons celle qui se trouve en avant par une autre qui doit lui être comparée : du moment où celle-ci commencera à faire disparaître la clarté de la tache, elle sera évidemment égale, non pas à celle qui se trouve en arrière, mais à celle qui se trouvait tout à l'heure devant l'écran. Cette indication est indépendante de la nature de la lumière qui se trouve en arrière, ainsi que de la nature du papier et de l'épaisseur de la tache. De plus, il doit être admis que pour tout œil cette égalité subsistera, et si, pour un autre individu, les distances où la tache s’obscurcit, ne seront plus les mêmes, elles présenteront pour les deux lumières la même proportionnalité. Ainsi nous paraissent évitées toutes les causes d'erreurs et de variations individuelles possibles. Nous ne pouvons entrer ici dans les détails de l'emploi de ces appareils appliqués soit aux lumières transportables, soit, ce qui rend les difficultés bien plus grandes, à la clarté solaire, à la clarté diffuse. Arrivons tout de suite aux résultats obtenus par M. Klein : Un fait déjà démontré par les expériences de de Haan, c'est que l'acuité notée comme normale n'est pas le maximum. Ce fait ressort avec évidence de nos expériences. Or, il serait logique d'appeler normale l'acuité d'un œil sans défaut de réfraction, ni d'accommodation, à son maximum d'acuité ou au moins vers l'âge de vingt ans, époque de la conscription, où la décroissance de l'acuité n'est pas encore notable. Un de nos sujets s’est trouvé dans ces conditions, et nous avons vu avec quels faibles éclairages il parvenait à l'unité d'acuité. Si donc nous voulions choisir un éclairage tel que cette acuité normale examinée avec les tables, donnerait pour résultat v = 1, il faudrait ne pas dépasser cinq bougies. Cet éclairage aurait de trop grands inconvénients, car il serait beaucoup trop faible pour des yeux amétropes et tout à fait impraticable dans l'héméralopie. Il est vrai que, dans un grand nombre de cas, l'examen pourrait encore se faire avec ce faible éclairage au moyen des numéros très-élevés de l'échelle typographique; mais les résultats des différents numéros d'une échelle sont d'autant plus concordants, que ces numéros sont moins élevés dans la série. Aussi l'éclairage doit-il être assez fort pour permettre d'examiner le plus de cas possible avec les numéros faibles. D'un autre côté, la myopie, comme nous l'avons vu, et l'héméralopie, comme il est facile de le comprendre, présentent des résultats moins nets lorsque l'éclairage est intense. Il est donc de toute utilité de ne pas dépasser l'éclairage 100 où, dans toutes nos expériences, l'acuité du myope recommence à augmenter après être restée stationnaire depuis vingt ou vingt-cinq bougies. Ces raisons nous engagent à proposer comme éclairage uniforme, pour la recherche de l'acuité visuelle, la clarté de vingt-cinq à cinquante ou même cent bougies; mais nous n'avons pas besoin de répéter que le choix de cet éclairage uniforme est tout à fait indispensable pour obtenir des données comparables. Cette décomposition se fait artificiellement par l'expérience bien connue du prisme de Newton. Tout le monde sait qu’un rayon de lumière blanche est divisé par le prisme en plusieurs rayons de couleur différente, en un spectre, où les couleurs font une gamme continue. La gamme commence par le rouge (premier rayon visible); puis viennent l'orangé, le jaune, le vert, le bleu, l'indigo et enfin le violet (dernier rayon visible). Si nous considérons d'abord le rouge, nous remarquons qu'à mesure qu'on descend dans le spectre, la sensation du rouge devient moins intense ; il y a donc, comme correspondant à cette partie du spectre, une excitation rétinienne élémentaire qui décroît à mesure que les ondes deviennent plus courtes et plus rapides. Mais on voit alors naître une nouvelle excitation élémentaire ; car, s'il n'y avait que celle du rouge, à mesure qu'on avancerait vers l'autre extrémité du spectre (vers le violet), elle faiblirait avec le raccourcissement et l'accélération croissante des ondes, et le spectre tout entier ne présenterait que des degrés décroissants d'intensité du rouge, tandis que, en réalité, au minimum apparent du rouge, nous voyons se produire une nouvelle excitation distincte, celle du jaune. Si nous étudions ensuite l'excitation qui produit le jaune, comme nous avons étudié celle qui produit le rouge, nous remarquons encore que le jaune, après avoir présenté un maximum, au lieu de s'affaiblir indéfiniment jusqu'au bout du spectre, est bientôt remplacé, au moment où il atteint son minimum, par une nouvelle excitation élémentaire, celle du bleu (ou du vert, ou du violet, comme nous aurons à le discuter plus loin). En étudiant cette dernière excitation, comme nous avons fait pour les deux précédentes, nous voyons, cette fois, le violet s'affaiblir indéfiniment jusqu'au bout du spectre sans subir aucun autre changement, sans être remplacé par aucune nouvelle excitation. Il y a donc dans le spectre trois excitations élémentaires, qui suffisent, en se combinant, pour produire toute la série des couleurs : c'est ce qui constitue la gamme des couleurs ; c’est ce qu’on a appelé les trois couleurs élémentaires. Quant à la valeur précise de ces trois couleurs, nous admettrons pour le moment, ainsi qu'on l'admettait autrefois, surtout d'après le mélange des couleurs en peinture, que ce sont le rouge, le jaune et le bleu. La théorie de l'excitabilité distincte de la rétine par les trois couleurs élémentaires, est un des points les plus délicats de la physiologie de cette membrane ; c'est ce qu’on a appelé de tout temps la théorie des couleurs. « C'était, dit familièrement Helmholtz, un morceau qui avait échappé, non de l'âme. » Eu Di Lai 4 | all | "AN ANALYSES DE TRAVAUX FRANÇAIS ET ÉTRANGERS. 321 seulement à la sagacité de Gœthe, mais encore aux physiciens et aux physiologistes. Je m'étais également cousu longtemps en efforts superflus, lorsque je découvris qu'une solution d'une simplicité surprenante avait déjà été trouvée et imprimée au commencement de ce siècle. Elle est de ce même Thomas Young, qui fit le premier pas dans la lecture des hiéroglyphes égyptiens: c'était un des génies les plus profonds qui aient jamais existé, mais il eut le malheur d’être trop avancé pour son siècle. » La théorie de Th. Young, reprise et développée par Helmholtz, peut se résumer ainsi : chaque élément excitable de la rétine, et par suite, chaque fibre nerveuse du nerf optique, est composée de trois fibres élémentaires, différemment excitables par chacune des trois couleurs élémentaires. L'une répond vivement à l'excitation du rouge et peu à celles du jaune et du bleu; la seconde répond très vivement à l'excitation du jaune, et peu à celles du rouge et du bleu; enfin la troisième entre vivement en jeu sous l'influence des rayons bleus, et très faiblement sous celles du rouge et du jaune. Le mélange de ces trois excitations, dans des proportions différentes, fait naître la sensation de toutes les autres couleurs du spectre. Quelles sont les couleurs élémentaires ? — Le rouge, le jaune et le bleu, qu'on regardait autrefois, et que, quelques pages plus haut, nous avons provisoirement regardés comme représentant les trois couleurs élémentaires ou fondamentales, ne le sont pas en réalité d’après les recherches récentes des physiciens. Les peintres les désignent encore comme telles, et, en effet, ils peuvent par leurs mélanges reproduire avec assez de fidélité toutes les nuances et tous les tons ; mais il n’en est pas ainsi si l’on fait arriver sur la rétine les couleurs de même nom empruntées au spectre solaire : la différence la plus frappante, entre le mélange des couleurs pour la peinture et le mélange de lumière colorée, consiste en ce que les peintres obtiennent du vert par le mélange du bleu et du jaune, tandis que le mélange de lumière jaune et de lumière bleue donne de la lumière blanche. C’est qu'en effet les peintres mélangent, non pas les impressions colorées, mais les matières colorantes elles-mêmes, ce qui est bien différent : dans le mélange des poudres colorées, il se passe, en effet, des phénomènes d'absorption lumineuse qui interviennent pour modifier les résultats. Nous n'avons pas à faire ici une étude pratique des couleurs; nous n'étudions que l'excitant lumière et ses effets sur la rétine : nous admettrons donc, d'après les résultats récents des physiciens et des physiologistes, que les couleurs fondamentales sont le rouge, le vert et le violet. — Du reste on n'est pas encore parvenu à s'entendre bien exactement sur ces trois couleurs fondamentales. Tous les expérimentateurs sont d'accord pour le rouge, on tend à admettre le vert ; il y a pour le violet plus de discussions; mais une expérience récente de Preyer semble prouver jusqu'à l'évidence que le violet est bien l'une des trois couleurs fondamentales (1). (1) Voyez tout au long cette observation de Preyer, dans l’année 1879 de ce Journal. Numéro de mai, p. 334. JOURN. DE L'ANAT. ET DE LA PHYSIOL. — 1. 1X (1873). De la saturation d'une couleur. — On dit qu’une couleur est saturée lorsqu'elle est aussi pure que possible, c'est-à-dire sans mélange d'aucun des autres éléments de la lumière colorée. Pour traduire cette proposition en langage physiologique, et en admettant l’hypothèse de Young, nous dirions que, par exemple, nous avons la sensation du rouge saturé lorsque la fibre élémentaire, l'organe terminal élémentaire qui correspond à l’excitation du rouge, entre complètement seul en activité. Or, si la théorie d'Young est vraie, nous ne devrions jamais avoir la sensation d'une couleur saturée, puisque, d’après cette hypothèse, si la lumière rouge excite énergiquement l’élément qui correspond au rouge, elle excite aussi, quoique à un bien plus faible degré, ceux qui correspondent au vert et au violet. Toute lumière rouge, en produisant l'excitation du rouge devra donc y mêler toujours une quantité, infiniment petite il est vrai, de vert et de violet. C'est ce qui a lieu en effet. Bien des personnes seraient étonnées si on leur disait qu’elle n'ont peut-être jamais eu la sensation élémentaire du rouge porté à son maximum, sans qu'il y fût joint les deux autres, à leur minimum il est vrai. En effet, un artifice expérimental fort ingénieux permet d'isoler le rouge maximum, que nous avons pris pour exemple, de toute trace des deux autres couleurs : il suffit pour cela d’émousser la sensibilité de l'œil pour ces deux dernières, c'est-à-dire de fatiguer, de rendre inexcitables les éléments rétiniens du vert et du violet ; alors, la lumière rouge ne mettra en action que le seul élément rétinien du rouge, et nous aurons la perception du rouge saturé. Si donc nous faussons une partie de la rétine par une longue contemplation du vert bleuâtre du spectre, et que nous rendons ainsi cette partie de l’œil aveugle à la fois pour le vert et pour le violet, lorsque nous porterons immédiatement ensuite le regard sur un rouge spectral aussi pur que possible, la portion de ce rouge qui viendra impressionner la partie précédemment fatiguée de la rétine, nous paraîtra d’un rouge saturé intense, d'un rouge plus pur que le reste du rouge spectral qui l’entoure, et qui est pourtant le rouge le plus pur que le monde extérieur puisse nous offrir. Nous voyons donc, en somme, que l'étude de la saturation d'une couleur confirmé exactement l'hypothèse émise par Young. Après avoir cherché dans l'étude de la dichromatopsie de nouveaux arguments en faveur de la théorie de Th. Young, l’auteur étudie les bases anatomiques de cette théorie des effets colorés. Nous ne reproduirons pas les diverses parties de ce travail, car la plupart des éléments en ont été empruntés aux mémoires publiés dans ce journal, et notamment aux recherches de Schultze, sur les boules colorées de la rétine des oiseaux (1868, page 104); nous nous contenterons d’un passage sur le degré d’excitabilité (par les couleurs) des diverses régions de la rétine : Les régions de la rétine humaine les plus aptes à percevoir et à distinguer les couleurs sont celles qui sont les plus riches en cônes ; en première lieu vient la tache jaune, qui, nous le savons, ne renferme que des cônes : à mesure que l'on examine les portions équatoriales, puis les parties antérieures de la rétine, l’excitabilité chromatique s'affaiblit et disparaît : « Chacun de nous est aveugle pour le rouge, près de la limite du champ visuel. Nous voyons le mouvement d'une fleur de Géranium que nous faisons aller et venir dans le champ de vision, mais nous ne distinguons pas sa couleur, laquelle se confond avec celle du feuillage de la même plante (Helmholtz). » Or, nous savons que les cônes deviennent très-rares, sinon totalement absents, vers les zones antérieures de la rétine proprement dite. Woinow a fait de nombreuses recherches sur les divers degrés d’excitation de la rétine par les couleurs, dans les diverses zones de cette membrane. De ses travaux et des recherches toutes récentes de Ruckhard, il résulte, ainsi qu'on le savait du reste depuis longtemps, que les couleurs composées sont perçues tout autrement vers les régions antérieures que vers le pôle postérieur de la rétine. Expérimentant principalement avec la couleur pourpre, ces physiologistes ont montré que, vers le point de fixation (tache jaune) et dans une certaine étendue autour de lui, l'objet de couleur pourpre apparaît avec sa véritable couleur. Cette partie centrale est entourée d’une zone presque équatoriale, où la couleur pourpre est perçue comme bleue, très nette; enfin, plus en avant, il n’y a plus de couleur, et l’objet paraît gris. Si l’on se demande, maintenant, comment expliquer la différence des impressions dans ces trois zones, il se présente trois hypothèses : — 1° l’influence de l'intensité de la lumière. On sait, en effet, que toute couleur du spectre, à mesure que la lumière devient plus forte, change de nuance et passe par tous les degrés, jusqu’au blanc ; mais comme, au contraire, nous savons que l'intensité lumineuse des impressions diminue graduellement à la périphérie de la rétine, cette explication ne peut être invoquée ici, ou bien est insuffisante pour expliquer la perception d’un bleu très net. — 2° On invoquerait plutôt ce fait également connu, que les nuances changent quand l'éclairage diminue et que les dimensions de l’objet coloré influent également sur la perception des couleurs. Mais dans ni l'un ni l’autre de ces cas, un Corps rouge pourpre ne peut paraître bleu. Il faut donc chercher une autre explication. — 3° Celle-ci est parfaitement d'accord avec la théorie de Th. Young. Il faut admettre que les éléments qui sont impressionnés par les couleurs élémentaires ne sont pas également distribués dans la rétine, mais présentent des départements d’inégale grandeur : à la partie où se trouvent réunis les trois éléments excitables, la sensibilité pour les couleurs est parfaite; mais en dehors de là, elle ne l’est plus. Dans la bande périphérique. l'objet rouge pourpre paraît bleu, manquent les éléments excitables par le rouge, de sorte que le bleu (ou violet?), qui est un des éléments constituants du pourpre, apparaît seul. Le rouge, l'orange, le jaune et le vert paraissent d'une couleur jaunâtre, de sorte qu'on peut, même dans l'œil sain, considérer cette zone comme aveugle pour le rouge. Dans la bande externe ou antérieure, où toutes les couleurs paraissent grises, on peut expliquer le phénomène en disant que : ou bien, par suite du peu de lumière, aucune impression de couleur ne peut avoir lieu, ou bien, que les éléments de la rétine destinés à cette perception font défaut. Peut-être y a-t-il cependant encore là des organes sensibles, ou du moins légèrement excitables par le vert ; car, à ce niveau, le vert et le jaune donnent l'impression du blanc et non du gris. — Pour les autres couleurs, on peut appliquer ici la théorie de Schultze, d'après laquelle les bâtonnets, qui sont plus nombreux à la périphérie de la rétine, ne perçoivent pas les couleurs comme les cônes, mais distinguent seulement ce qui est clair ou obscur.
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Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.