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QIQLUILKMKDLC7Q32PULGGH76L3CLELF_2
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German-PD-Newspapers
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Nach den jetzigen Dispositionen, Bureau = Meldung aus Mülhausen, dass dort bei der Nachwahl „ 11 Katholiken und 18 Liberale “ gewählt worden seien; es wurden vielmehr 15 katholische Candidaten und 14 liberale gewählt usw. rufen unsern auswärtigen Kameraden zum großen Reiter = und Wagenzug, der gestern Abend zwischen saszo = schlossenen sind Schulen, bei welchen die Pensions schaflichen Feste ein herzliches, frohes Willkommen 7 und 8 Uhr durch unsere Stadt. Es waren die # o “nacht (Herab), verbanden obliegt, die Beiträge entgegen. Eickeler Katholiken, welche es sich nicht hatten nehmen der Schulvertretung zur Ruhegehaltskasse des Regime lassen, den hochwürdigsten Herrn. Weihbischof Augustin umsichtig, beizutreten sich in Fällen der Verbindung. Vergeßen. * Herbede, 26. Juni. Die hiesige Rektoratsschule wird demnächst eine Communalschule und so mit auch auf den Gemeindeetat mit übernommen werden. Hierdurch ist man einem lange gehegten Wunsch gerecht geworden. Die Anzahl der die Schule besuchenden Kinder beträgt augenblicklich etwa 30. Herbede, 26. Juni. Für die Anträge nach Höntrop zu begleiten und dann über hier und Günnigfeld den Heimweg einzuschlagen. Die Zahl der Reiter betrug 15 — 20 und die der Wagen über 20. Auf der Hüllerstraße in der Nähe des sog. Schneepfades hatte einer der betreffenden Wagenlenker das Malheur, von seinem Wagen plötzlich ein Rad zu verlieren. Der kleine Unfall hatte glücklicherweise keine Folge. Gesetzbuches noch heute und morgen in Anspruch nehmen. Montag und Dienstag werden die Plenarsitzungen des Reichstags ausfallen. Am 1. Juli soll die dritte Lesung des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches beginnen. Nach deren Beratung wird die dritte Ruhegehaltskasse bei Lehrpersonen. Beratung des Margarinegesetzes beginnen. Am 4. der sehr wichtigen Personen. Juli dürfte die Vertagung des Reichstags bis zum In Betreff der Auslegung des Gesetzes, betreffend 10. November eintreten. * Friedrichsruh, 26. Juni. Li = Hung = Tschang traf mit Gefolge Mittags hier ein. Graf Herbert Bismarck und Graf Ratzau empfingen ihn und geleiteten ihn in das Schloss. Fürst Bismarck war wegen Gesichtsschmerzen an der Haltestelle nicht erschienen. Der Aufenthalt im Schlosse dauerte zwei Stunden. Nach 3 Uhr erschien der Fürst und geleitete den Vizekönig bis zum Wagen. Dresden, 26. Juni. Prinz Max von Sachsen wird am 1. August als katholischer Priester zum ersten Mal die heilige Messe lesen und zwar in der katholischen Hofkirche in Dresden in Gegenwart sämtlicher Mitglieder des königlichen Hauses. Die Ruhegehaltskassen für die Lehrer und Lehrerinnen an den öffentlichen Volksschulen, vom 23. Juli 1893, hat das Oberwaltungsgericht (I. Senat) folgende Grundsätze aufgestellt: Die Ruhegehaltskassen umfassen nur Schulverbände (Schulsocietäten, Gemeinden, Gutsbezirke); durch einen Schulamt mit einem kirchlichen Amt nach dem gesamten, als ein einheitliches zu behandlendes, ruhegehaltsberechtigtes Diensteverhältnis der Stelle. Innerhalb der Schulverbände sind die Kassenbeiträge von den Trägern der Pensionslast, und in Ermangelung solcher — vorbehaltlich der auf besonderen Rechtsmitteln beruhenden Verpflichtungen Dritter — von den zur Gesellschaft eingeschritten demokratischen Versammlung, zu 3 Monaten Gefangnis verurtheilt worden war. Brüssel, 26. Juni. Bei den nächsten Kammer auf Beurlaubung dienender Mannschaften für die Insassen Leinen weiteren Folgen und konnte Unterhaltzung des Lehrers während der Wahlen vom 5. Juli werden allen bisherigen Anwärtern zur Disposition nach 30-jähriger Dienstzeit ist Termin die Fahrt nach Reparatur des kleinen Schadens verpflichteten. a). Beendigung des Kriegszeichen zufolge die 18 katholisch: auf Donnerstag und Freitag, den 2. und 3. Juli, und bald darauf wieder ungehindert fortgesetzt werden. Einigung auf die Leitungen. Glieder wiedergewählt werden. von 9 — 12 Uhr, Vormittags auf dem hiesigen Amtsgericht. — In der gestrigen Schöffengerichtssitzung, in schulverfassungsmäßige Normen über die Regelung. Paris, 26. Juni. Die gestrige Kammer, welche die Herren Berg, W. Hörstgen und Steiger der Lehrerunterhaltungslast, und zwar auch dann sitzungsvoll, wenn sie auf an sich zulässigen Observanzen beruhenden Fr. Gabriel von hier als Schöffen mitwirkten, wurde vor, wenn sie auf an sich zulässigen Observanzen beruhenden Observanzen betreffend die sozialistischen Theorien. Bochum, 26. Juni. 9 — Der heutige Tag erweckt wieder die schmerzlichsten Erinnerungen, welche die Katholiken Bochums aus der Culturkampfszeit bewahren. Am 26. Juni 1873 erfolgte die offizielle Schließung des hiesigen Redemptoristen-Klosters, nachdem der glänzend motivierte Protest des Oberen P. Zobel und auch die von 8000 selbstständigen Bürgern, unter ihnen viele Protestanten, unterzeichnete Adresse an den Kaiser zu Gunsten der Redemptoristen eine Aufhebung jenes Culturkampfsmaßregel nicht erzielt hatten. Letztere ist auch heute noch nicht aufgehoben, obgleich noch vor einem halben Jahre die Katholiken von Bochum und der Mark ebenso geziemend wie offen und deutlich ihre Hoffnungen und Erwartungen an zuständiger Stelle zum Ausdruck brachten. Wann wird man endlich wenigstens den offenen Kulturkampf in Bochum beendigen? 2 — Am Mittwoch fand hier in Bochum eine Konferenz der Hülfgeistlichen des Dekanats Bochum statt. Den Vorsitz führte in Vertretung des Herrn Dechant und Ehrendomherrn Pfarrer Poggel aus Witten, der Herr Definitor Pfarrer Steinhoff aus Linden. Ersterer weilt gegenwärtig zur Kräftigung seiner angegriffenen Gesundheit, Fr. Gabriel von hier als Schöpfer mitwirkten, wurde wie folgt entschieden: Der Bergmann C. H. von Günnigfeld, angeklagt wegen Täuschung, erhielt 2 Wochen Haft. Der Mitangeklagte Schreinerlehrling Fr. A. erlangte Freisprechung. Der zuerst genannte Angeklagte befand sich außerdem noch wegen Unterschlagung auf der Anklagebank. Das Urteil lautete, beruht und eine Verbindlichkeit zu dinglichen Leistungen begründen. Zum Ansatz kommen jedoch nur Leistungen zu dem Dienstinkommen von Stellen mit Pensionsberechtigung und ferner nur Leistungen der Pflichtigen einschließlich der durch freiwillige Beihülfe Dritter gedeckten, daher nicht der gesetzlichen Um 5 Uhr musste der Präsident die Sitzung suspendieren, weil der Tumult die Fortsetzung der Debatten unmöglich gemacht hatte. St. Petersburg, 26. Juni. Eine aus 15 Personen bestehende Räuberbande überfiel den Bahnhof Wolosowo der Baltischen Bahn unweit Petersburg gerade als ein Personenzug einlief. Übertretung brachte den Bergmann G. Pf. von hier und dessen staatliche Dienstalterszulage und nicht wurden 4 Räuber tödlich verwundet. Eine Geldstrafe von 3 Mk. eventuell 1 Tag Haft ein. Emolumente, welche der Lehrer aus einem kirchlichen Amt oder aus dem Schuldotalgute bezieht, die Pension Crispi's auf 25.000 Lire fest. Wegen Diebstahls zu einer Gefängnisstrafe von 1 Woche verurtheilt. — Wegen Vergehen gegen das Nahrungsmittelgesetz waren angeklagt: Der Kaufmann S. F. von hier und der Kaufmann R. H. von Hattingen. Ersterer erzielte Freisprechung, während Letzterer eine Geldstrafe von 50 M. zugerichtet erhielt. — In zwei Fällen wurden die betreffenden Angeklagten freigesprochen. Ueckendorf, 25. Juni. Glück im Unglück hatte ein Dienstmädchen, als es beim Fensterputzen aus dem ersten Stockwerk stürzte. Außer einigen unbedeutenden Verletzungen kam es mit dem bloßen Schrecken davon. Höntrop, 26. Juni. Gestern Nachmittag um 5 Uhr hielten der hochwördigste Herr Weibbischaf (Endurtheile vom Januar 1896.) Schalynagute bezeichentlich 12. November 1895 und 24. Yokohama, 26. Juni. Dart Spen Reecm Fache Ber RarerF ArmrnericherBoimerwäuten zu bedeutend herabgesetzten Preisen. Bekanntmachung. Es wird hiermit zur allgemeinen Kenntnis gebracht, dass die unter den auf der Hilgenstock'schen Weide in Ostherbede befindlichen Kühen ausgebrochene Maul- und Klauen seuche erloschen ist. Die für die Gemeinden Ost- und Westherbede angeordnete Ortssperre wird hiermit ausgehoben. Herbede, den 20. Juni 1896. Der Ehrenamtmann: Meesmann. Versteigerung. Sonnabend den 27. Juni er., nachmittags 3 Uhr. werde ich an meinem Pfandlokal bei Wirth A. Brinkhoff in Bommern: 1 Kleiderschrank, 1 Kommode, 2 Glasschränke, 1 Tisch, 1 Spiegel, 4 Bilder, 1 Nähmaschine etc. öffentlich meistbietend gegen Baar versteigern. Witten, den 26. Juni 1896. Franzmann, Gerichtsvollzieher. Fleisch-Verkauf. Samstag den 27. d. M. findet auf hiesigem Schlachthof von Nachmittags 4 Uhr ab Verkauf von minderwertigem Rindfleisch statt. Witten, den 26. Juni 1896. Die Schlachthof-Inspektion. Zimmermann der selbständig arbeiten kann, ferner selbständiger Maurerpolier und Maurer sucht Ang. Klönne, Dortmund. Meldung Centralbureau Körnebachstraße Montage-Bureau. Ein erfahrener Bäcker- und Conditorengehilfe auf sofort gesucht. — Meldungen unter Nr. 7503 an die Geschäftsstelle des „Westfäl. Volksbl. “ in Baderborn. 1 Klempnergehilfe erläutbar auf Anton Hense. Kaufen seinen Bedarf in Bettwaaren und ZehnerlnLS der Firma 5 Gebr. Herz, Witten, Bahnhofstraße 9. NB. Das Geschäft wird vollständig aufgelöst. Gasthof „Kaisersaal“, Wetter-Ruhr, Heinrich Overbeck. 6 In 3 Minuten vom Bahnhof. Halte meine Lokalitäten dem geehrten Publikum von Witten und Umgebung bestens empfohlen. Schöner Saal. Größere und kleinere Zimmer für Gesellschaften. ff. Biere. Reine Weine. Neuer Ibachscher Flügel und Pianino stehen zur Verfügung. Bei größeren Gesellschaften bitte vorher Anmeldung. Als besonderer Gelegenheitskauf empfehle ich weit unter Einkauf eine Partie Kinderschürzen, Küchen- und Zierschürzen, Biber-, Tricot-, Mousselin- und gehäkelte Kinderkleidchen, Trag- und Taufkleidchen, Tricot-, Mousselin- und Biber-Blusen. Eine Partie gestreifte Normal-Hemden und reguläre Hosen. Einen Posten Kinder- und Damen-Korsette, Faltenhemden von Mk. 1,00 an. Chemisettes mit und ohne Kragen, von 20 Pf. und höher. Herren-Steh- und Klappkragen, Dtd. Mk. 1,00. Ein Posten imitierter farbiger Merino, per Pfd. 75 Pf. Desgleichen Frauen- und Kinder-Strümpfe, Manns Socken, Arbeiter-Artikel. Anton Hense. Katholischer Gesellen Verein, Witten. Sonntag den 28. ds. Mts., in der 7 Uhr = Messe: Gemeinschaftlich. Nicht. Kommunion des katholischen Gesellen = Vereins. Rege Theilnahme erwartet Der Vorstand. Katholischer Bürger - Verein, Witten. Generalversammlung Sonntag den 28. Juni d. J., abends 8 Uhr, im Vereinslokale. Tages = Ordnung. 1. Zahlung der Beiträge und Aufnahme neuer Mitglieder. 2. Bücherwechsel. 3. Wahl der Rechnungs = Revisoren und Mitteilung über Beteiligung an der Feier des Aachener katholischen Männer = Vereins „Concordia“ am 12. Juli d. J. 4. Namenstagsfeier. Der Vorstand. Diejenigen Mitglieder, welche mit der Zahlung der Beiträge für das mit dem 30. d. M. ablaufende Rechnungsjahr noch im Rückstande sind, werden ersucht, die Beiträge gefälligst entrichten zu wollen, eventuell werden dieselben durch Boten gegen Zahlung von 10 Pfg. Botenlohn abgeholt. — Die aus der Bibliothek entliehenen Bücher sind sämtlich zurückzugeben. Für Ausflügler, Touristen, Gesellschaften, Vereine usw. Restauration R. Altenhein, Hotel zum Adler Westherbede. (Aug. Rheker). Montag den 29. Juni 1896: Großes Extra Militär - Concert der Kapelle des Westf. Jäger = Bat. Nr. 7 aus Bückeburg unter persönlicher Leitung des Königl. Musik = Dirigenten Herrn Scheer. Anfang 8 Uhr. Eingang 50 Pfg. gesucht. Georg Kersten, Langendreer = Bahnhof. Büterei. Mein Benninghoferstraße 37 gelegene Besitzung, in welcher viele Jahre mit gutem Erfolg Bäckerei betrieben wurde, ist per 1. August von mir zur Miete. L. Frautzen, Hörde, Chausséefr. 68. Zum baldigen Eintritt wird bei hohem Lohn ein unverheiratheter, zuverlässiger Fuhrknecht gesucht, der auch mit Kutschgeschirr umgehen kann. G. Pokorny, Gelsenkirchen. Ein braves katholisches Mädchen, welches alle Hausarbeiten gründlich versteht sowie auch Liebe zu Kindern hat, zum 15. Juli gesucht. Frau F. A. Stork, Dortmund, Friedhof 8. Dekulntmachung. Nur noch kurze Zeit dauert der große Schuhe Ausverkauf Durch und der Lonstutmuchte des Schache Warenhändlers G. Schlesinger, Witten, Bahnhofstr. 21, herrührenden Schuhe Waren. Das Lager ist sowohl in feineren als wöhnlichen Schuhe Waren gut sortiert, die Preise enorm billig. Versäume daher Niemand die günstige Gelegenheit zum 20 Minuten südlich Höhe von Station Blankenstein, 30 Minuten südwestlich Herbede in gesunder, waldreicher Gebirgsgegend, umgeben von schönen Bergpartien und herrlichen Aussichtspunkten; bietet Gesellschaften, Vereinen und Schulen angenehmen Aufenthalt in sehr geräumigen Sälen, Veranden und schattigen Spielplätzen. Gute Speisen. Feinstes Bier. Bei großen Gesellschaften vorherige Anmeldung erwünscht. Landwehr- und Krieger-Verein II. Kompanie Crone, feiert sein diesjähriges Sommer-Fest am 28. Juni 1896 im Lokal des Herrn C. Balks nach folgendem Programm: Punkt 2½ Uhr: Antreten der Kameraden am Vereinslokal zum Festzug. Anfang des Concerts 4 Uhr. Ball 8 Uhr. Eintritt für das ganze Fest 1 Mark. Ball 0,75 Mark, Concert 9.50 Mark. Erklärung ergebenst ein Das Fest-Committee. NB. Die Bewohner von Crone und Umgebung werden höflich gebeten, durch Beflaggen der Häuser das Fest zu verschönern. Für gute Speisen und Getränke wird bestens Sorge getragen. Vormittag. Zur Ruhrthal-Höhe v. W. Krämer gnt. Hübsche Central-Hotel P. J. Schmidt, Witten. Große Concerte der Wittener Kapelle unter persönlicher Leitung des Kapellmeisters Herrn Bernt. Samstag den 27. er. Anfang 7½ Uhr. Sonntag den 28. und Montag den 29. (Peter und Paul) Anfang 4 Uhr nachmittags. Eintritt 30 Pfennig. Gesucht, ein günstige Stelle für meinen Seiden- und Besatzgeschäft. Rud. Lange, Dortmund, Westenhellweg 62. Mädchen gesucht. Zum 1. Sept. suche ich wegen Verheiratung des jetzigen ein properes brave Mädchen, welches gut putzen und waschen kann, sowie Gartenarbeit (Garten direkt am Hause) verstehen. Albert Wirz, Bochum, Ferdinandstr. 17. Einzelne Artikel weit unter Taxpreisen! Taschen-Fernrohr, elegant, mit 8 Meiall-Auszügen, weit tragend, à Stück nur 8 M. 50 Pf. per Nachnahme. Otto Kierberg in Düsseldorf. Der, welche diese Annonce einsendet, erhält das 8 R., wenn der Betrag in Bris-Mark mit eingesandt wird. Fernrohr für nur hält, sich für empfohlen. Bris herrlichster Punkt auf der Anhöhe, für Ausflügler, Touristen, Vereine und Schulen bestens. Bei größeren Gesellschaften bitte um vorherige Anmeldung. Hochfeine Biere aus der Brauerei Herbede. Ho Inkmann. ! Germania-Restaurant. Täglich: Großes Concert der österreichischen Damen-Kapelle 7 Damen, 3 Herren. Carl Schulte. Dieses Eigen-Tarsfest, welches zur Gründung eines Turn-Vereins in der Pferdebach interessieren, werden freundlichst gebeten, behufs Besprechung am nächsten Sonntag, den 28. Juni er., morgens von 10 — 11 Uhr, im Lokal des Wirt E.
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State Library MEETING of commissioners County Commissioners' Minutes Are Copied Ad Verbatim, Having to Issue With Public Matters. C. B. Rice appeared before the board protesting against his assessed valuation. It appearing to the board that his value was arrived on the same basis as others in his district and no change could be made in his value without changing all others in the district. Thos. Pillar appeared, objecting to the assessed value of his improvements which were reduced from $1500 to $350. improvements on lot 1, block 11, Utts Park addition, assessed to F Waidely stricken from roll as they were assessed in error $480.00 Fred Urob appeared and his at Kisment on his Improvements was reduced from $1800 to $1500. Krutumes & Kaiser assessed for 15 head of horses, also assessed to L. L. I towns, stricken from Krsaames & Kaiser assessment. A widow's exemption to Mary E. Newcomb was allowed on proper affidavit. C. W. Ken from appeared with an objection and after due consideration, his real estate valuation was reduced from $2085 to $1600. A. M. Trolson's real estate value in reduced from $4,676.00 to $3,476.00. Following exemptions ordered on patented mining claims—Bonanza and Spring, owned by Chas. Motint; Arizona and Montana, belonging to Cyclone Mining Co.; Boulder, No. 1, Florence, No. 4, Boulder, No. 3, Fairview, Eagles, Nest, No. 3, and Eagle, Nest, No. 4, belonging to Nevada, HUli Mining Co.; Nevada, Wonder, Nevada, Wonder, No. 1, Nevada, Wonder, No. 2, Ruby, Ruby, No. 1, Ruby, No. 2, Last Chance, No. 1, Last Chance, No. 2, Last Chance, No. 2, Last Chance, No. 2, Last Chance, No. 2, Nevada, Wonder, No. 1, Nevada, Wonder, No. 1, Nevada, Wonder, No. 2, Ruby, Ruby, No. B. Davis, Sand Springs; J. E. Nave, Kairview; Swanson & Kegahl, Wonder; John Peterson, Salt Wells; C. Parrott, Hazen; Clyde Harris, Wonder; Alfred Jacques, Wonder; James Burns, Wonder; Smith Bros., Wonder; Irene Watters, Kairview; Beckstead Merc. Co., St. Clair; F. W. Inman. Hazen; D. D. Middleton, Hazen; Alme Bermond, French Station; C. H. Crac, Stillwater; M. C. O'Donnell, Hazen; Frank Walker, Fairview. Telephone report outstanding account received and filed. Deed for right of way for public road along west line of C. W. Wigginian ranch received and ordered recorded. It appearing to the satisfaction of the Board that the following mining claims are assessed to unknown owners, and, that they belong to the Nevada-Fairview Mining Company, Hands, in the county of Fallon, and that they are known in this community. He was a resident here for several years and made many friends. Mr. Strassburg will leave shortly for Honolulu, after which he will arrange to visit Honolulu, where he will visit a boyhood friend. Mrs. Strassburg and their daughter Amy will remain in Fallon for the present. Mr. Strassburg says he likes Fallon and its people. He will probably enter other business within the near future and says that it may be in Fallon too. He bespeaks for his business successor the same generous treatment from the local public that has been his portion during his several years' stay here. The company it was ordered that the roll be changed to show them assessed to said Company: Bluff, Gold Coin No. 2, and Fraction; also Gold Coin No. 1 situated in Fairview mining district. A telegram was received from R. L. Douglass, objecting to assessed valuation of his real estate. After due consideration, it appearing to the satisfaction of the board that his valuation had been arrived at on the same basis as other real estate and that no change could be made without changing all other property in same districts, the objection was passed. It appearing to the satisfaction of the Board that the cattle of the county were now free from any signs of anthrax or other disease, it was ordered that Governor Oddie be asked to arrange to raise the quarantine on live stock in this county. Prof. S. W. Conwell, former Fallon public school principal, arrived Tuesday from Calgary, Alberta, where he was located for a short time. He stated the European war had particularly affected the Dominion trade conditions. He will remain here this week. A petition was received for a road through on the section line between A. R. Wainscott and Hancock east and west. After due consideration, it was ordered that said road be declared open from the bridge at the T. M. Sullivan ranch west to the government reserve east of Rattle Snake hill. Election officers were appointed for the several precincts as follows: White Rock—Inspectors J. F. Byers, d.; Geo. Bonner, r.; Jack Griffin, d.; Clerk—F. W. Dudley, r.; James Shea, d. Wonder—Inspectors: Tom Fay, d.; P. J. Donovan, r.; E. F. Kllker, d. Clerks: James Burns, d.; W. W. Logan, r. Fatr Inspectors: John Herndon, d; Thos Stacey, r.; C. J. Johnson, s. Clerks: G. L. Perrin, r; F. E. McCafferty, Jr., d. St. Clair—Inspectors: C. M. Bughley, s.; Henry Smith, r.; J. (Concluded on last page) Has Your Watch been giving you entire satisfaction? If not, I would like to put it in order for you, and guarantee it to keep time. It is not necessary to send your watch away to get it put in first-class condition, as I have been working on high-grade watches where they required accurate time. WAYNE YOUNG, THE JEWELER Successor To C. E. Coe ALL WORK GUARANTEED The Big Land Opening Will Occur During the Summer of 1914. Beyond any question, it will bring to Carson prospect a throng of serious whose demand for government irrigated land stimulates realty business and add holdings of early investors. Naturally, this warring the admonition "Buy Early." To which may be added "Buy Right" and take over a farm unit of Island Ranch. Address communications for further information. R. L. Douglass, Owner, Fallon, Nevada. DEMOCRATS WARMLY RECEIVED Party Headed by Hon. Francis G. Newlands Visited Fallon Monday and Gan Views on Public Questions That Met With General Accord Here That contingent of the state and congressional Democratic ticket headed by United States Senator Francis G. Newlands, visited Fallon Monday evening. The reception accorded was enthusiastically generous and must be taken as indicating the entire good will of the people of this section for the standard bearers of the state Democracy. Those with us were: Hon. Francis G. Newlands, Nevada's champion who has given a quarter of a century to the fulfillment of constructive ideas, from which even the most radical Republican will admit, in fairness, that this state has profited roundly. Hon. Maurice J. Sullivan, our candidate for lieutenant-governor, the Goldfield business man, whose pleasing personality and business record is compelling. Hon. Geo. Thatcher, the party’s nominee for the office of state's attorney-general, which position he has filled so admirably since his appointment following the unfortunate death of Cleveland Baker. Mr. Thatcher is recommended by a number of our citizens who have known him for a quarter of a century. Leo Pinger, our Truckee Fair association secretary and Harry Robinson, I. H. Kent Company credit man, were schoolmates of Mr. Thatcher's. They say as a boy he excelled in a large student body in his study and in athletics, being particularly good out of school, with the gloves, and that his scholarship and athletic records were peculiarly clean and forecast the manly character of the man today. Hon. Ed Ryan, who though he received his schooling on the levels of mine. The workings, has forensic eloquence in large measure. Mr. Ryan is seeking the second term as state mining inspector and his many friends in this valley assure him a handsome majority of the votes cast next month. His record not only justifies but constitutes a logical demand that he shall be thus favored. Geo. Cole, the party's nominee for state controller, was also along. Mr. Cole has served the state twice as assemblyman and his record was such that he was chosen for the nomination without opposition. He is a man of ability of a high order and his personal character is such that he commends. Mr. Cole is not a wealthy man. He has earned his livelihood and that of his family throughout his lifetime by hard labor and he is essentially the workingman's candidate, though a broad gauge personality and should be be elected he will undoubtedly serve the state's legitimate business interests fairly and honorably throughout. We wish to particularly emphasize a recommendation for Mr. Cole. His colleagues in the last state legislature, irrespective of politics, have nothing but good words for him and admit his rare qualities making for leadership. C. L. Deady, state surveyor-general, well known in this county, is the remaining member of the party visiting us Monday. Mr. Deady has been in the state land office, either as its chief or as a deputy, for more than 20 years. He is clean, capable and painstaking. His conduct of the affairs of the office has been such that there is little likelihood of Nevada's voters refusing him on this occasion. At the meeting held Monday evening at Temple theater the auditorium was filled, more than 400 voters and their wives being present. Great attention was given to the remarks of the speakers, none of whom failed to make numerous friends by manly, logical remarks, germane to the political questions before the people at this time. Hon. Francis G. Newlands delighted his audience with a speech that dealt almost exclusively with questions affecting this project. He gave a resume of the conditions of the past affecting this project and its settlers and he proved a master of his subject. Probably the best informed legislator in the United States on reclamation affairs, his talk was educational and sufficient to hold the large crowd spellbound. Republicans, Democrats and Socialists alike. He told of his part in the maturing of the reclamation scheme, of the tremendous potency the twenty-year extension law will have for the settler's good and how his pending bill, the river regulation bill will bring vast benefits to Nevada when passed, and particularly to this part of the state. Senator Newlands' speech comprised more than 10,000 words. He spoke without reserve upon every question introduced and met the campaign issues in a manner that delighted local people. Among the things he told us are the following: That the twenty-year extension law will conserve to this community a quarter of a million dollars from the settlers who are now here, throughout the live year free period, the annual amount taken back to Washington under its terms to be in the neighborhood of $10,000 in the form of construction charges, rather than $5,000, which would have been our annual financial drain if the old law had not been changed. That the river regulation bill will bring to Nevada a sum in excess of $25,000,000 for legitimate development and conservation of our resources, during a ten year period, much of which will undoubtedly be accorded the Truckee-Carson project. That the Lahontan dam under the terms of this bill, will become the property of the United States government in perpetuity and the project settlers thus relieved of the charges incident upon its building, the dam to be a unit in the river conservation scheme for Nevada, its storage means, while to be ours without cost. That the adjudication of the riparian rights around Lake Tahoe would also be a proper charge against the fund to be created by his river conservation scheme, and that eventually Lake Tahoe would be a government reservoir from which would issue all the blessings attendant upon a benign use of its waters for irrigation and power development purposes. Corsican In Field. J. R. Both fires, a Corsican, who has been hanging around Fallon for three years, had his preliminary hearing Monday before Justice of the Peace T. A. Jones on the charge of murdering Jim Upson, a Piute Indian, a week ago Monday night. The evidence adduced came from a Piute buck, Upson's companion on the fatal night, and two squaws, who were following up in the rear at a short distance from the men when the fight ensued that resulted in Upson's death. Both fires' cabin was searched following his arrest and in addition to a dangerous looking dirk, which was found hidden among the rafters of the cabin, innumerable bottles were found, corroborating the belief that he was a bootlegger and thrived from the illicit income thus derived at the expense of the purses and nervous systems of his Indian patrons. Both fires were held without bonds to await the action of the grand jury on the charge of first degree murder. Senator Newlands paid a tribute to the legislative accomplishments of the Democratic party in congress and in the Nevada legislature, in reference to the state primary law being more or less eulogistic. He said the new system brought many worthy candidates to the fore and that it was unfortunate that good men must be defeated by other good men, but that neither the convention or assembly systems were preferable in this regard to the primaries. Were Married in Los Angeles. W. H. Ringen and Miss Amy Schaeffer were united in marriage in Los Angeles, Cal., on Sept. 30th, the ceremony being performed by Rev. Meyers, a Southern California minister. The young people arrived in Fallon Sunday and have gone to housekeeping. This happy event is the sequel to a courtship begun back in St. Louis, Mo., the former home town of each, and from which the bride journeyed west to meet the bridegroom in Los Angeles. Mr. Ringen is a successful young business man of Fallon and has a large circle of friends who wish the contracting parties all the happiness in their hearts. The world. Danny Long for hot chicken tomales. Look Here!. There'll come a time when you'll want to know, and know in a hurry, where you can get pure, fresh, reliable medicine and not have to empty your pocket-book either. You'll get complete satisfaction right in this drug store. We sell the best medicines at reasonable prices—that is the secret of our success. The ready-prepared remedies we sell are very popular. If you have any kind of kidney trouble you need Reuall Kidney Cure. An effective diuretic and stimulant for the whole genito-urinary tract. Reliable for the treatment of all diseases of the kidneys. Sold with the Rexall guarantee. Two boxes, 50c. and $1.00. MORR IS & LORING'S The Rexall Drug Store IRRIGATION EXPERT SPEAKS George H. Maxwell Tells of the Vast Benefits That Will Follow Passage of New Lands Bill. Geo. H. Maxwell, executive director of the National Reclamation Association, spoke in Fallon Thursday evening and Friday afternoon. His subject was national reclamation and conservation and his remarks correlated largely around the Newlands-Broussard bill, now pending before congress, admittedly, one of the greatest, if not the greatest constructive conception within the history of this country. Mr. Maxwell has been associated with western interests, interested in the reclamation and river conservation propaganda, for many years, and he told of the effectiveness of his work throughout the east. The Newlands-Broussard bill. ard measure contemplates the division of the United States into zones, which shall benefit annually by appropriation for ten years, of which Nevada, Arizona, and parts of Utah, California, and Oregon, would comprise one district which would benefit to the amount of $5,000,000 annually for ten years. This comprehensive measure, Mr. Maxwell assured us, is aimed not only for the regulation of floods, the development of wonderful water power units for utilization by society and the reclamation of vast areas of fertile, though now useless swamp lands, but to supplement national reclamation of arid lands as well. For instance, probably the first work undertaken in this state under the provisions of the bill, if enacted would have to do with the purchase of the great Lahontan dam, to be owned in perpetuity by the government, which would operate it, free of all cost to the Truckee-Carson project for the double purpose of conserving water for summer irrigation uses and the conservation of the Carson water shed's annual runoff. Thus the settlers would be relieved of the burden of paying for this $1,500,000 structure and the price of water rights would thus be lessened correspondingly. The ultimate object sought by this bill, Mr. Maxwell assured us, was the incorporation into the governments' and land reclamation policy of provisions generally deemed of the most vital importance by those economists who have made a study of the arid lands of the United States—provisions that will place the federal investments in impounding structures, diversion dams and water distribution systems in exactly the same category as the federal investments in canals, locks, and other internal improvements that make for society’s welfare, and with no hope of reward other than the enlarged uses accorded society. Mr. Maxwell explained the various methods by which the government's reclamation policy has grown. These methods were resorted to because the people of the east, largely unsympthetic and wholly out of touch with western conditions, could not enter into the constructive spirit, which is necessary if western reclamation of arid lands is to be a success. The Newlands Broussard hill, he said, would so enlarge the government's activities in the land reclamation, flood control, and power development matters that the benefits would be patent and eastern objection to western development would cease. Following Mr. Maxwell's address before the chamber of commerce, a resolution committing the local commercial body and the business men of the community was presented and unanimously carried. The resolution follows: RESOLUTION OF ENDORSEMENT. Newlands-Broussard River Regulation (Concluded on last page.) U.S. B. Williams, President Thos. Doll, Vice President O.W. Foote, Cashier P.P. St. Thomas, Assistant Cashier Churchill County Bank Fallon, Nevada Authorized Capital $100,000 Paid Up Capital $66,000 Surplus $27,000 A home bank whose officers and directors are local people well and favorably known in Fallon and vicinity. We handle all the business entrusted to us with care. Small deposits given the same careful attention as large ones.
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Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County, rendered on October 14, 1977, unanimously affirmed. The case is remitted to the Supreme Court, New York County, for further proceedings pursuant to CPL 460.50 (subd 5). No opinion. Concur—Murphy, P. J., Lupiano, Evans, Lane and Sullivan, JJ..
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J. Victer McCandless FIRE INSURANCE THAT INSURES, VOL. 23, No 103 Just a Moment Ladies| "(‘\ We Carry a Full Line of | . "i\,' gAY X ; ' ‘ CRIW LT \ the Celebrated ; & 1\ A & cfl’\' o - Henderson ) o AN 7 NN 1/ RIS /l i\\ rset.s* 'l\}.x\\\\t p \1 | A ok - o _{ N It cannot be beat for style, ® Foghion Form, fit and durability. Big Reduction In Ladies’ Shirt Waists of which we carry a full line of up-to-date styles } For the Men J We have received a large shipment of 1 H, &S. &M. Clothing. These Suits are of the latest, novelty patterns, Silk and Wool, | fully guaranteed and at PRICES THAT ARE RIGHT. Latest Blocks in Straws and Felt Hats. ‘ Emery Shirts. Patterns are swell, ‘ Latest Toes in Douglas Oxfords & Shoes | DRY GOODS & CLOTHING CO. | | | SNAPS IN REAL ESTATE | Now that the school election is over. here are some of the best ‘Snaps” | we have left. ‘ FOR SALE 8 Room Brick Residence, Rents for $17.50, and a 3 Room Frame ‘ and Barn, Rents for $7.00, Within Stones Throw of the Post Office. ‘ No b S YoW DR P, Lo R T A S R Y 11 i Two 5 Room Brick Residence C105ein..................... 81,700, i 5 Room Brick Residence, Lot 40 X 280,.................... 81,150, \ 15 Lots West Florence,. ... .....o.vvviviireeennnnennen ... 81,200, ‘ Acre Tracta Close in.........coouiiiiiiinnnnnnennen ... .. 8600, | 320 acre ranch s!¢ miles From Florence, 835 per Acre FOR RENT Good Business Room for Rent $2O per Month, % F. E. JOHNSTON, Real Estate Dealer e e————————————————————— it i . The Beauty of I - Black Diamonds §\\ o i N <z S 7 ?\\. & is that they don’t spoil. What you 5: {\{ g 4/7/ /fi%& 4 ds(m't use ())m- sn-ulsulu you :-un(k{mp 3 1\: (‘) (\/ /M,\\E.; '@RT till next, when the coal is sure to dh: SR X ( = come in handy That is why you W= ARI e\ B should always have plenty of coal = Y ' @ inyour celler. Tosr much is a s P Sl whole lot better than too little. 3 . i i Eet us send you up enough to 7 Sl iy, b, A4 ;?\ keep you going “and a little bit ////N: ‘ N more. PPN\ THE FLORENCE FUEL CO. T ———— Just at this time we are a little long on nut conl and in order i to raise money at once, we will sell this grade for $250 a ton. J This nut is all forked and cleaned and is the best on the market ‘ at any price. Place orders early. ‘ OFFICE PHONE 25 RESIDENCE PHONE RED 573 1 CORNER PIKES PEAK & FRONT 1 e ————————————————— Plenty of High Grade / ALL PRICES. SEE OURS : LUDWICK & FLETCHER | THE DAILY TRIBUNE. FLORENOE, COLORADO. TUESDAY JUNE 30, 1908 WAR TO THE DEATH ON ANARCHISTS Washington, June 80—A crusade which will probably result in the suppression of «ll anarchist papers and periodicals with the exception of those devoted to purely philosophic anarchism, will be commenced tomor row by Postmastor General Meyer. A thorough investigation of all papers suspected of violent tendencies will be made by postal officials and it is possible that a few socialistic sheets wmay fall under the ban of official dis pleasure. | Following his order denying the use of the mails to a Paterson anar chist paper, Mr. Meyer instructed the Third assistant postmaster-gener al to formulaie an order providing that papers of an anarohistic or socialistic character, printed in a foreign language, would be required to print with it a translation in Eng lish of avy matter that was incendiary or advocated anarchy. An examina tion of the law, however, disclosed that such an order could not be based on it, and accordingly Mr. Meyer sug gosted to the postoffice committees of cougress an amendment to section 3893 of the revised statutes, which prohibits the carrying in the mails of indecent matter. The amendment which was inserted and upon which will be based the forthcoming order of the postmaster-general is as fol lows: ‘*And the term ‘indecent' within the intendment of this section shall include matter of a character intend ing to incite arson, murder or assas«i nation. '’ This smendment will become active tomorrow, and at that time it is the intention of the portmaster-general to detail law officers of the department to examine carefully a score or more of papers, some of which are printed in the English language, to see if they are violating the new order. | For a Sprained Ankle. As usually treated, a sprained ankle will disable the injured person for a month or more but by applying Ohamberlain’s Liniment and observ ing the directions with each bottle faithfully, a cure may be effected in many cases in less than one week's time, This liniment is a most re markable preparation. Try it for a sprain or bruise,or when laid np with chronic or muscular rhenmatism, and you are certain to be delighted with the prompt relief which it affords. For sale by Daniels drug store. tt ADOPT NEW RULING. Washington, June 50—As the re sult of a new ruiling adopted by the Cuban government, on and after to morrow every master of a vessel ar tiving in Cuba must, immediately upon landing, send by registered mail to the Cuban auditor at Havana, a troe copy, in Spanigh, of the mani fest of his vessel Negloeot to com ply with this rule will entail a heavy fine. OPPORTUNITIES IN LAND SOUTH Ouwea fare plus $2.00 to certain points in Texas and New Mexico and return for homesoekers, via Colorado and Southern; liberal limit and stop ovurs. Full information on applica tion, T, E. Fisher, General Passen ger Agnt} The Baptist ladies 'will serve luncn all day in the MoOandless building West Main on the Fourth of July, 86 « Jolly, of Joilet, July 2. The only fresh line of firoworks in the city, prives right. Froesufr Bros 36 WANTED--BIDS. Seunled bids for painting the roofs of the Central and Ewmerson brick school buildings, also painting the belfrys and wood work of the Ceutrel and Emorson brick school bulldings, a8 por apecifications. Same can be neon at the office of the mecrotary. All bids must be in by 6 p. m., Wed nesdny, July Ist. The board reserves the right to reject auy and all bids. W. H. MITOHELL, Bec'y. 1-4 Office at the Jones Gro, Co. Red Hot and Worse Coming! YOU PEOPLE who are still wearing your : winter Suits, Underwear, Hats and Shoes, please take notice that the cold weather is pastand that the hot spell is here to stay. The Fourth of July | is also near. The day we all desire to look our best, Are you prepared to look your best? Re member the best, most stylish and most depend abie merchandise is always here awaiting your se lection. Just Suppose We Dress You Up in one of our Swell Suits-New Soft Shirts-Straw Hats-Oxford Shoes Ties and Hose. The whole outfit will cost but little and you will enjoy the Fourth so much better WALKER BROTHERS i THE MENS OUTFITTERS The Crescent Grading and Construction Co. is open for contraots, transfer and moving. The world moves and so does Myers with his furniture van, A. F. Myere, Mgr. Phone Florence 36, ! Drillers and ! Contractors Estimates furnished!for drilling oil, water and other wells. First. ‘class references furnished, Let us_figure on your work. B Lo By _ ™ & 5% 2 ~N 2 NK \ } ‘\ov" \' (o 152 oM Q) 4 [7¢V 2\ 9““ ) E s 20057 {}|n Y N7/ >, THE ATTRACTIVE BANK ACCOUNT When you start an account you will ' be pleased to find out what a convenionce it is to have a safe pluce for your money and know that you can get at it in caso you need it, at once. It beats any other method of disposition of your funds We pay 4 percent interest on time cert | ificates, FLORENCE STATE BAN —SEE— S. W. LEE The Furniture Man for New and Second Hand Furniture, 122 West Main St. ) \?' ":‘h\\\ \J A- \ | AT | ' The latost report from high societ {ndicatos that Cupid is getting a rougfi deal. The latest report from this mod ern lnundr‘y uubllltoment in that every ‘one isgetting a mquare deal and always will. ‘ou will find it worth your whf'lo t/) entrust us with the handling of the met delicate fabrics for the*e fi no pos sibility of our injuring them in any way, for we use no acids or other la)udoul substances in our laundrying ® want to be favored with your continued pat. ronage. \PLORBNCB STEAM LAUNDRY 1128anta Fe Avenue | | TheGeo.Wilson Hdw. & Supply Co kl. Now is your chance to buy a Razor or Pocket Knife for very little money. We will have on sale from WEDNESDAY. JUNE 24 TILL SATURDAY, JUNE | PocKket Knives, Razors, Hones, Strops Lather Brushes and Shaving Soap - AT ALMOST e 50 PER CENT DISCOUNT FROM REGULAR PRICES fo i S e R i ) | The Geo. Wilson Hdw. & Supply Co igh j | The Light Question I N\ o ';". L X "&1-,- === ¢ -~ ‘{ . 2./ iy b can be beautifully settled by using the i AR ;/..-V:f:—; electric. You will tind it more conyeni "My /% 4 ’k“} "' S 5 ent more adaptable to your needs, and of (' 4 AN q :'." ;\ course more offective in lightgiving qual }\" e z ;.' NS ities. Why not arrange with us to have ‘Y \ ' -.":! o] : the electric light in your place, the same i e % :".' B '// k\' as other modern houscholds. It is twice = 7 7 J{_'_“ as good as other ligits and costs no 5 < > more. <5 ’ - ; The Arkansas Valley Electric Co. PHONE BLACK 853 e O R ey WAIST SALE MAY 13 TO 20. Faney White China Bilk "Waista ... ... et B ehes bbb csin PRIR Real Good Wat Walele. ioc.. ot ol S D R e e s o £2.25 Whits Batiste Waiste.. ... ; eo r i s gl nTR 200 White Linen Waist's il S et Sy sLA T BTN 150 White Waiste 5 ¥ O R M R RS L T $1.25 Fancy White Waists . o ebepaiatesrhm oo oo anssannsaysettnsosss il WEST END DRY GOODS STORE 551 W. Main St. BEST LINE OF GOODS. COSTS NOTHING TO LOOK. ~ THE ALLWIN FOLDING CART means better health and greater comfort for both ble and you. The oldfashioned, cumbersome baby oarriage is out of date. The ALL WIN-—and the baby—oan go with you everywhere because the ALL WIN folds instantly and easily—can be carried with ore hand into cars, stores and carriages. Is the hundsomest and best made go.cart to be had. Comfertuble for baby at any age. You can Im»va it for yourself by coming in and lmklns over the line. Beau :ilul m.'il:l!! uishes, nickel trimmed. You are sure to fin nmi'::: v:&ufl made r your baby. 'l",ho’Up-bdnyu New and Becond Hand B&S‘ml?n& Aono Red 204 I&m.u.- “ Tanmans 4 l':b PrioE 5 Ornts.
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If any of these risks are realized, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected until our subcontractor is able to remedy the problem or until we are able to secure an alternative subcontractor.
The loss of a significant customer or a reduction in orders from such a customer could adversely affect our operating results.
As sales to our customers are executed pursuant to purchase orders and no purchasing contracts typically exist, our customers can cease doing business with us at any time. In fiscal 2003, sales to ATM Electronic Corporation, a distributor in Taiwan, accounted for approximately 10% of our total net sales. A substantial portion of our sales to ATM were for delivery to Ambit. In fiscal 2001, sales to Flextronics International accounted for approximately 15% of our net sales. Substantially all of our sales to Flextronics were for products to be delivered to Cisco. Shipments for Cisco directly, or indirectly through subcontractors, accounted for approximately 18% of our net sales for fiscal 2001. Shipments for 3Com directly, or indirectly through subcontractors, accounted for approximately 11% of our net sales for fiscal 2001. During fiscal 2001, we experienced cancelled or reduced orders from some of our major customers that adversely impacted our operating results. While we still do business, indirectly or directly, with both Cisco and 3Com, neither accounted for more than 10% of our revenues in fiscal 2003. We may not be able to retain our key customers, such customers may cancel or reschedule orders, or in the event of canceled orders, such orders may not be replaced by other sales. In addition, sales to any particular customer may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter, and such fluctuating sales could harm our business and financial results.
We have significant international sales and operations and risks related to our international activities could harm our operating results.
In fiscal 2003, approximately 13% of our net sales was attributable to customers located in the U.S., 10% was attributable to customers located in Europe and 77% was attributable to customers located in Asia. In fiscal 2002, approximately 30% of our net sales was attributable to customers located in the U.S., 14% was attributable to customers located in Europe and 56% was attributable to customers located in Asia. In fiscal 2001, approximately 52% of our net sales was attributable to customers located in the U.S., 25% was attributable to customers located in Europe and 23% was attributable to customers located in Asia. We anticipate that sales to international customers will continue to represent a significant percentage of our net sales. In addition, all of our wafer foundries and assembly and test subcontractors are in Taiwan, China and Singapore.
We are subject to the risks of conducting business internationally, including:
• global economic conditions, particularly in Taiwan and China;
• travel or other restrictions related to public health issues such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS);
• duties, tariffs and other trade barriers and restrictions;
• changes in trade policy and regulatory requirements;
• transportation delays;
• the burdens of complying with foreign laws;
• foreign currency fluctuations;
• imposition of foreign currency controls;
• language barriers;
• difficulties in hiring experienced engineers in countries such as China;
• difficulties in collecting foreign accounts receivable;
• political instability, including any changes in relations between China and Taiwan; and
• earthquakes and other natural disasters.
We have implemented significant cost cutting measures, and we may be required to increase expenses in response to improving market conditions.
We implemented significant cost cutting measures during fiscal 2002 and fiscal 2003 in response to poor industry conditions. These cost cutting efforts included:
• reallocating personnel and responsibilities to countries with lower expense structures;
• reducing spending on research and development and capital expenditures;
• reducing our workforce; and
• instituting temporary office and facility shutdowns.
Our cost cutting measures may have negatively impacted our efficiency and may not lead to profitability. In addition, our reduction in research and development spending could harm our ability to introduce new products in the future. If our business activity increases, our operating expenses will need to increase.
Our revenues and business would be harmed if we are not able to successfully develop, introduce and sell new products and develop and implement new manufacturing technologies in a timely manner.
We operate in highly competitive, quickly changing markets which are characterized by rapid obsolescence of existing products. As a result, our future success depends on our ability to develop and introduce new products that our customers choose to buy in significant quantities. If we fail to introduce new products in a timely manner or if our customers’ products do not achieve commercial success, our business and results of operations could be seriously harmed. The design and introduction of new products is challenging as such products typically incorporate more functions and operate at faster speeds than prior products. Increasing complexity generally requires smaller features on a chip. This makes developing new generations of products substantially more difficult than prior generations. If we are unable to design, introduce, market and sell new products successfully, our business and financial results would be seriously harmed.
Our products are complex and could contain defects, which could reduce sales of those products or result in claims against us.
We develop complex and evolving products. Despite testing by us and our customers, errors may be found in existing or new products. This could result in a delay in recognition or loss of revenues, loss of market share or failure to achieve market acceptance. These defects also may cause us to incur significant warranty, support and repair costs, may divert the attention of our engineering personnel from our product development efforts, and could harm our relationships with our customers. The occurrence of these problems could result in the delay or loss of market acceptance of our products and would likely harm our business. Defects, integration issues or other performance problems in our products could result in financial or other damages to our customers or could lessen market acceptance of our products. Our customers could also seek and obtain damages from us for their losses. From time to time, we have been involved in disputes regarding product warranty issues and are presently involved in litigation with Symbol Technologies regarding a product dispute. See Business-Legal Proceedings. Although we seek to limit our liability to replacement of defective items or return of amounts paid, a product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming and could be costly to defend.
Potential intellectual property claims and litigation could subject us to significant liability for damages and could invalidate our proprietary rights.
In the semiconductor industry, it is not unusual for companies to receive notices alleging infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights of others. We have been, and from time-to-time expect to be, notified of claims that we may be infringing patents, maskwork rights or copyrights owned by third-parties. If it appears
necessary or desirable, we may seek licenses under patents that we are alleged to be infringing. Licenses may not be offered and the terms of any offered licenses may not be acceptable to us.
The failure to obtain a license under a key patent or intellectual property right from a third party for technology used by us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to suspend the manufacture of the products utilizing the invention or to attempt to develop non-infringing products, any of which could harm our business. Furthermore, we may become involved in protracted litigation regarding the alleged infringement by us of third-party intellectual property rights or litigation to assert and protect our patents or other intellectual property rights. Any litigation relating to patent infringement or other intellectual property matters could result in substantial cost and diversion of our resources, which could harm our business.
We may be unable to effectively protect our intellectual property, which would negatively impact our ability to compete.
We believe that the protection of our intellectual proprietary rights will continue to be important to the success of our business. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights. We also enter into confidentiality or license agreements with our employees, consultants and business partners, and control access to and distribution of our documentation and other proprietary information. Despite these efforts, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our proprietary technology. Monitoring unauthorized use of our technology is difficult, and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as do the laws of the U.S. Many U.S. companies have encountered substantial infringement problems in foreign countries, including countries in which we design and sell our products. We do not currently hold any non-U.S. patents. We cannot be certain that patents will be issued as a result of our pending applications nor can we be certain that any issued patents would protect or benefit us or give us adequate protection from competing products. For example, issued patents may be circumvented or challenged and declared invalid or unenforceable. We also cannot be certain that others will not develop our unpatented proprietary technology or effective competing technologies on their own.
We have acquired equity positions for strategic reasons in other companies which may significantly decrease in value.
Over the last few years, we have acquired equity positions for strategic reasons in other technology companies and we may make similar equity purchases in the future. At September 30, 2003, our strategic investments in non-marketable securities totaled $45.9 million of which $42.0 million was invested in SMIC. These equity securities may not increase in value and there is the possibility that they could decrease in value over time, even to the point of becoming completely worthless. These equity securities are tested for impairment on a recurring basis and any reductions in the carrying value would lower our profitability. In this regard, we recorded approximately a $1.3 million impairment loss on one of our equity positions in the three months ended June 30, 2003. In addition, we recorded approximately $0.2 million and $0.4 million in impairment losses during fiscal 2001 and fiscal 2002, respectively.
Our financial statements account for the results of our former subsidiary, ICSI, on the equity basis and fluctuations in ICSI’s results will also impact our results.
We held approximately 29% of the equity of our former wholly-owned subsidiary, Integrated Circuit Solution, Inc., or ICSI, at September 30, 2003. Our financial results for fiscal 2003 and fiscal 2002 reflect accounting for ICSI on the equity basis and include our percentage share of the results of ICSI’s operations. As a result, our net income/loss will be impacted by the financial results of ICSI. We have limited visibility as to the future financial results of ICSI. Any unexpected fluctuations in ICSI’s results would have an unexpected impact on our net income which could be material to our financial results. ICSI’s shares are publicly traded on the
Taiwan stock exchange and its share price is subject to market fluctuations. A significant decline in the stock price of ICSI may require us to record an impairment loss related to these shares.
We may encounter difficulties in effectively integrating acquired businesses.
From time to time, we may acquire other companies that we believe to be complementary to our business. Acquisitions may result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, amortization expenses related to intangible assets, and the possible impairment of goodwill, which could harm our profitability. In addition, acquisitions involve numerous risks, including:
• higher than estimated acquisition expenses;
• difficulties in successfully assimilating the operations, technologies and personnel of the acquired company;
• diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;
• risks of entering markets in which we have no, or limited, direct prior experience;
• the risk that the markets for acquired products do not develop as expected; and
• the potential loss of key employees and customers as a result of the acquisition.
In this regard, in February 2002, we acquired Purple Ray, a privately held research and development stage company developing network search engine and content addressable memory integrated circuits. To date, we have not generated any revenue as a result of this acquisition and none is anticipated. In addition, the transaction resulted in an in-process technology charge of $4.7 million in our March 31, 2002 quarter. As of June 30, 2003, we had written off substantially all of the value of our acquisition of Purple Ray. Any future acquisitions may not contribute positively to our business or operating results.
We depend on our ability to attract and retain our key technical and management personnel.
Our success depends upon the continued service of our key technical and management personnel, including Jimmy S.M. Lee, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Gary L. Fischer, our President, Chief Operating Officer, and Chief Financial Officer. Several of our important manufacturing and other subcontractor relationships are based on personal relationships between our senior executive officers and such parties. In particular, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer has long-term relationships with our key foundries. If we were to lose the services of any key executives, it may negatively impact the related business relationships since we have no long-term contractual agreements with such parties. Our success also depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate qualified technical personnel, particularly experienced circuit designers and process engineers. The competition for such employees is intense. We have no employment contracts or key person life insurance policies with or for any of our employees. The loss of the service of one or more of our key personnel could harm our business.
Recently enacted and proposed changes in securities laws and regulations may increase our costs.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 that became law in July 2002, as well as new rules subsequently implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Nasdaq Stock Market, have required, and will require, changes to some of our accounting and corporate governance practices, including a report on our internal controls as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. We expect these new rules and regulations to increase our accounting, legal and other costs, and to make some activities more difficult, time consuming and/or costly. We also expect these new rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These new rules and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified executive officers and qualified members of our board of directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee.
Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
We prepare our financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. These accounting principles are subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Securities and Exchange Commission and various bodies formed to interpret and create appropriate accounting policies. A change in these policies or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results, and could affect the reporting of transactions completed before the announcement of a change. For example, while current accounting rules allow us to exclude the expense of stock options from our financial statements, influential business policy groups, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board, have suggested that the rules be changed to require these options to be expensed. Technology companies generally, and our company, specifically, rely on stock options as a major component of our employee compensation packages. If we are required to expense options, we may be less likely to achieve profitability or we may have to decrease or eliminate options grants. Decreasing or eliminating option grants may negatively impact our ability to attract and retain qualified employees.
Our stock price is expected to be volatile, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the price you paid.
The trading price of our common stock has been and is expected to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to:
• quarter-to-quarter variations in our operating results;
• general conditions or cyclicality in the semiconductor industry or the end markets that we serve;
• new or revised earnings estimates by us or industry analysts;
• comments or recommendations issued by analysts who follow us, our competitors or the semiconductor industry;
• aggregate valuations and movement of stocks in the broader semiconductor industry;
• announcements of new products, strategic relationships or acquisitions by us or our competitors;
• increases or decreases in available wafer capacity;
• governmental regulations, trade laws and import duties;
• announcements related to future or existing litigation involving us or any of our competitors;
• announcements of technological innovations by us or our competitors;
• additions or departures of senior management; and
• other events or factors, many of which are beyond our control.
In addition, stock markets have experienced extreme price and trading volume volatility in recent years. This volatility has had a substantial effect on the market prices of securities of many technology companies for reasons frequently unrelated to the operating performance of the specific companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. For example, on October 25, 1999, our closing stock price was $5.62, rose to $39.81 on June 21, 2000, and subsequently declined to $7.69 on November 30, 2000.
Risks Related to Our Industry
Foundry capacity can be limited, and we may be required to enter into costly arrangements to secure foundry capacity.
If we are not able to obtain additional foundry capacity as required, our relationships with our customers would be harmed and our future sales would be adversely impacted. In order to secure foundry capacity, we have entered into in the past, and may enter into in the future, various arrangements with suppliers, which could include:
• purchases of equity or debt securities in foundries;
• joint ventures;
• process development relationships with foundries;
• contracts that commit us to purchase specified quantities of wafers over extended periods;
• increased price for wafers;
• option payments or other prepayments to foundries; and
• nonrefundable deposits with, or loans to, foundries in exchange for capacity commitments.
We may not be able to make any such arrangements in a timely fashion or at all, and such arrangements, if any, may not be on terms favorable to us. Once we make commitments to secure foundry capacity, we may incur significant financial penalties if we subsequently determine that we are not able to utilize all of that capacity. Such penalties may be substantial and could harm our financial results.
Our foundries may experience lower than expected yields which could adversely effect our business.
The manufacture of integrated circuits is a highly complex and technically demanding process. Production yields and device reliability can be affected by a large number of factors. As is typical in the semiconductor industry, our outside foundries have from time to time experienced lower than anticipated manufacturing yields and device reliability problems, particularly in connection with the introduction of new products and changes in such foundry’s processing steps. There can be no assurance that our foundries will not experience lower than expected manufacturing yields or device reliability problems in the future, which could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.
Any future downturn in the markets we serve would harm our business and financial results.
Substantially all of our products are incorporated into products for the digital consumer electronics, networking, mobile communications and automotive electronics markets. Historically, these markets have experienced cyclical depressed business conditions, often in connection with, or in anticipation of, a decline in general economic conditions or due to adverse supply and demand conditions in such markets. For example, our sales in the networking market declined significantly beginning in 2001 due to very depressed conditions in the overall networking and communications industry. These adverse conditions continued in 2002 and 2003 and we are unable to predict when or if the networking market will recover. Industry downturns have resulted in reduced demand and declining average selling prices for our products which adversely affected our business. We expect that industry downturns will occur again, but are unable to predict when any such downturn will occur or how long it will last.
Shifts in industry-wide capacity may cause our results to fluctuate. These shifts may occur quickly with little or no advance notice. In the past, such shifts have resulted in significant inventory write-downs.
The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical and is subject to significant downturns resulting from excess capacity, overproduction, reduced demand or technological obsolescence. Shifts in industry-wide capacity from shortages to oversupply or from oversupply to shortages may result in significant fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results. These shifts in industry conditions can occur quickly with little or no advance notice to us. Adverse changes in industry conditions are likely to result in a decline in average selling prices and the stated value of inventory. In fiscal 2001, fiscal 2002 and fiscal 2003, we recorded inventory write-downs of $38.3 million, $28.6 million and $4.1 million, respectively. The inventory write-downs were predominately for lower of cost or market accounting on our products, and to a lesser extent, excess inventory.
We write down to zero carrying value of inventory on hand in excess of six months’ estimated sales volumes to cover estimated excess and obsolete exposures, unless adjustments are made to the forecast based on management’s judgments for newer products, end of life products or planned inventory increases. In making such judgments to write down inventory, management takes into account the product life cycles which can range from six to 30 months, the stage in the life cycle of the product, the impact of competitors’ announcements and product introductions on our products.
We believe that six months is an appropriate period because it is difficult to accurately forecast for a specific product beyond this time frame due to the potential introduction of products by competitors, technology obsolescence or fluctuations in demand. Our policy regarding excess inventory resulted in inventory write-downs for excess inventory of approximately $5.7 million for fiscal 2001 and $10.4 million for fiscal 2002. Future additional inventory write-downs may occur due to lower of cost or market accounting, excess inventory or inventory obsolescence.
Strong competition in the semiconductor memory market may harm our business.
The semiconductor memory market is intensely competitive and has been characterized by an oversupply of product, price erosion, rapid technological change, short product life cycles, cyclical market patterns, and heightened foreign and domestic competition. Many of our competitors offer broader product lines and have greater financial, technical, marketing, distribution and other resources than us. In particular, a competitor with a materially smaller die size and lower cost could dramatically gain market share in a short period of time. We may not be able to compete successfully against any of these competitors. Our ability to compete successfully in the memory market depends on factors both within and outside of our control, including:
• the pricing of our products;
• the supply and cost of wafers;
• product design, functionality, performance and reliability;
• successful and timely product development;
• the performance of our competitors and their pricing policies;
• wafer manufacturing over or under capacity;
• real or perceived imbalances in supply and demand for our products;
• the rate at which OEM customers incorporate our products into their systems;
• the success of our customers’ products and end-user demand;
• access to advanced process technologies at competitive prices;
• achievement of acceptable yields of functional die;
• the capacity of our third-party contractors to assemble and test our products;
• the gain or loss of significant customers; and
• the nature of our competitors and general economic conditions.
In addition, we are vulnerable to technology advances utilized by competitors to manufacture higher performance or lower cost products. We may not be able to compete successfully in the future as to any of these factors. Our failure to compete successfully in these or other areas could harm our business and financial results.
Terrorist attacks, threats of further attacks, acts of war and threats of war may negatively impact all aspects of our operations, revenues, costs and stock price.
The September 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., as well as future events occurring in response or connection to them, including future terrorist attacks against U.S. targets, rumors or threats of war, actual conflicts involving the U.S. or its allies (such as the war in Iraq), conflict between China and Taiwan, or trade disruptions impacting our domestic or foreign suppliers or our customers, may impact our operations and may, among other things, cause delays or losses in the delivery of wafers or other products to us and decreased sales of our products. More generally, these events have affected, and are expected to continue to affect, the general economy and customer demand for products sold by our customers. Any of these occurrences could have a significant impact on our operating results, revenues and costs, which in turn may result in increased volatility in our common stock price and a decline in the price of our common stock.
Item 7a.
Item 7a. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Our financial market risk includes risks associated with international operations and related foreign currencies. We anticipate that international sales will continue to account for a significant portion of our consolidated revenue. Our international sales are largely denominated in U.S. dollars and therefore are not subject to material foreign currency exchange risk. We have operations in China, Europe, Taiwan, Hong Kong, India and Korea. Expenses of our international operations are denominated in each country’s local currency and therefore are subject to foreign currency exchange risk; however, through September 30, 2003 we have not experienced any significant negative impact on our operations as a result of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We do not currently engage in any hedging activities.
We had short-term investments of $38.5 million at September 30, 2003. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing yields without increasing risk. We invest primarily in high-quality, short-term debt instruments such as municipal auction rate certificates and instruments issued by high quality financial institutions and companies, including money market instruments. A hypothetical one percentage point decrease in interest rates would result in approximately a $0.4 million decrease in our interest income.
We own approximately 29% of ICSI, a public company listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange. We account for this investment on the equity basis and our total carrying value of this investment as of September 30, 2003 was approximately $18.4 million of which $13.9 million is included in other assets and $4.5 million is included in other comprehensive loss in the equity portion of our balance sheet. The market value of our investment in the common stock of ICSI at September 30, 2003 was approximately $25.6 million, based on quoted market prices. The share price of ICSI is subject to fluctuations. A significant decline in the stock price of ICSI may require us to record a loss related to this investment. In addition, we own approximately $2.9 million of ICSI convertible debentures. As a result of a decline in ICSI’s convertible debenture price, we recorded an unrealized loss of approximately $97,000 related to the ICSI convertible debentures. This loss was included in other comprehensive loss in the equity portion of our balance sheet. In addition, in fiscal 2003, we recorded a charge of approximately $0.3 million related to the decline in the fair value of an embedded derivative associated with the ICSI convertible debenture. The charge associated with the embedded derivative is included in other income (expense). Any future decline in ICSI’s debenture price would result in additional losses.
We have investments in equity securities of privately held companies for the promotion of business and strategic objectives of approximately $45.9 million at September 30, 2003, of which $42.0 million is invested in SMIC. These investments are generally in companies in the semiconductor industry. These investments are included in other assets and are accounted for using the cost method. For investments in which no public market exists, our policy is to review the operating performance, recent financing transactions and cash flow forecasts for such companies in assessing the net realizable values of the securities of these companies. Impairment losses on equity investments are recorded when events and circumstances indicate that such assets are impaired and the decline in value is other than temporary. In this regard, we recorded approximately a $1.3 million impairment loss on our investment in Signia Technologies in the three months ended June 30, 2003. In addition, we recorded approximately $0.4 million in impairment losses during fiscal 2002.
Item 8.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
INTEGRATED SILICON SOLUTION, INC.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
REPORT OF ERNST & YOUNG LLP, INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
The Board of Directors and Stockholders
Integrated Silicon Solution, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Integrated Silicon Solution, Inc. as of September 30, 2002 and 2003, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2003. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Integrated Silicon Solution, Inc. at September 30, 2002 and 2003, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2003, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP
San Jose, California
October 28, 2003
INTEGRATED SILICON SOLUTION, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
See the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
INTEGRATED SILICON SOLUTION, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
See the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
INTEGRATED SILICON SOLUTION, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
See the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
INTEGRATED SILICON SOLUTION, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
See the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
INTEGRATED SILICON SOLUTION, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies
Organization
Integrated Silicon Solution, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in California on October 27, 1988 and reincorporated in Delaware on August 9, 1993. The Company is a fabless semiconductor company that designs and markets high performance integrated circuits for the following key markets: (i) digital consumer electronics, (ii) networking, (iii) mobile communications and (iv) automotive electronics. The Company’s primary products are high speed and low power SRAM and low and medium density DRAM. The Company also designs and markets EEPROM, Pseudo SRAM and multi-chip packages, and is developing selected non-memory products focused on its key markets.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Integrated Silicon Solution, Inc. and its wholly and majority owned subsidiaries, after elimination of all significant intercompany accounts and transactions.
The Company’s financial results for fiscal 2001, fiscal 2002 and fiscal 2003 reflect accounting for ICSI on the equity basis and include its percentage share of the results of ICSI’s operations during those periods. The Company’s financial results for fiscal 2001, fiscal 2002 and fiscal 2003 through the period ended April 30, 2003 reflect accounting for E-CMOS on the equity basis and include its percentage share of the results of E-CMOS’s operations during those periods. Effective May 2003, the Company’s ownership of E-CMOS became less than 20% and the Company began accounting for E-CMOS on the cost basis. The Company’s financial results for fiscal 2001 reflect accounting for GetSilicon on the equity basis and include its percentage share of the results of GetSilicon’s operations. The Company financial results for fiscal 2001 through the period ended January 31, 2001 reflect accounting for NexFlash on the equity basis and include its percentage share of the results of NexFlash’s operations. Effective February 2001, the Company’s ownership of NexFlash became less than 20%, and the Company began accounting for NexFlash on the cost basis. The Company’s financial results for fiscal 2002 and fiscal 2003 reflect accounting for GetSilicon, NexFlash, Signia Technologies (“Signia”) and SMIC on the cost basis. At September 30, 2003, the Company owned approximately 29% of ICSI, approximately 11% of E-CMOS, approximately 17% of GetSilicon, approximately 14% of NexFlash, approximately 19% of Signia and less than 3% of SMIC.
In October 2001, the Company invested $3.0 million for a 95% interest in D2Code, a subsidiary that the Company established in Korea to focus on semiconductor design activities. Minority interest represents the minority stockholders’ proportionate share of the equity interest held by employees of D2Code. At September 30, 2003, the Company was in the process of winding down the operations of D2Code.
Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of money market funds and government securities.
Under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115, “Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities” all affected debt securities must be classified as held-to-maturity, trading, or available-for-sale and equity securities must be classified as trading or available-for-sale. Management determines the appropriate classification of debt and equity securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation as of each balance sheet date.
INTEGRATED SILICON SOLUTION, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(Continued)
At September 30, 2002 and 2003, all marketable debt and equity securities, other than long-term investments, were designated as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses, net of tax, reported in a separate component of stockholders’ equity. The amortized cost for available-for-sale debt securities is adjusted for the amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization is included in interest and other income. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary on available-for-sale securities are included in loss on investments. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on securities classified as available-for-sale are included in interest and other income. At September 30, 2002 and 2003, the cost of these securities approximated the fair value (quoted market price). Except for the gains (losses) recognized on the sales of equity securities of E-CMOS, ICSI, WaferTech and NexFlash (see Note 16), there were no gains or losses on the sale of securities for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2001, 2002 and 2003.
Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or market. The Company’s inventory valuation process is done on a part-by-part basis. Lower of cost or market adjustments, specifically identified on a part-by-part basis, reduce the carrying value of the related inventory and takes into consideration reductions in sales prices. The Company regularly monitors inventory quantities on hand and records a write-down for excess and obsolete inventories based primarily on the Company’s estimated forecast of product demand and production requirements. Once established, these adjustments are considered permanent.
Property, Equipment, and Leasehold Improvements
Property, equipment, and leasehold improvements are stated at cost. Equipment under capital leases is stated at the present value of minimum lease payments at the beginning of the lease term. Capital lease amortization is included with depreciation expense. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method, based upon the shorter of the estimated useful lives ranging from three to seven years, or the lease term of the respective assets, if applicable.
Acquisition-Related Intangibles
Purchased in-process research and development without alternative future use is expensed when acquired.
Valuation of Long-Lived Assets and Certain Identifiable Intangibles
Effective October 1, 2002, the Company evaluates the recoverability of property, plant and equipment and identifiable intangible assets in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144 (SFAS 144), “Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets.” The Company performs periodic reviews to determine whether facts and circumstances exist that would indicate that the carrying amounts of property, plant and equipment and identifiable intangible assets exceed their fair values. If facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment might not be fully recoverable, projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets over their estimated remaining useful life is compared against their respective carrying amounts. In the event that the projected undiscounted cash flows are not sufficient to recover the carrying value of the assets, the assets are written down to their estimated fair values based on the expected discounted future cash flows attributable to the assets.
INTEGRATED SILICON SOLUTION, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(Continued)
Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as other comprehensive income (loss). The Company’s other comprehensive income (loss) consists of changes in cumulative translation adjustment and unrealized gains and losses on investments.
Comprehensive loss, net of taxes, was as follows:
The accumulated comprehensive loss component within the stockholders’ equity section of the Balance Sheet is comprised of foreign currency translation adjustments and the unrealized loss on an investment.
The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, were as follows at September 30:
Revenue Recognition and Accounts Receivable Allowances
Revenue from product sales to the Company’s direct customers is recognized upon shipment provided that persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement exists, the price is fixed and determinable, title has transferred, collection of resulting receivables is reasonably assured, there are no customer acceptance requirements and there are no remaining significant obligations. The Company must make estimates of potential future product returns and sales allowances related to current period product revenue. Management analyzes historical returns, changes in customer demand, and acceptance of products when evaluating the adequacy of sales returns and allowances. Estimates made by the Company may differ from actual product returns and sales allowances. These differences may materially impact reported revenue and amounts ultimately collected on accounts receivable.
A portion of the Company’s sales is made to distributors under agreements that provide the possibility of certain sales price rebates and limited product return privileges. Given the uncertainties associated with the levels of returns and other credits that will be issued to these distributors, the Company defers recognition of such sales until the products are sold by the distributors to their end customers. Revenue from sales to distributors who do not have sales price rebates or product return privileges is recognized at the time the products are sold by the Company to the distributors. Accounts receivable from distributors are recognized and inventory is relieved upon shipment, as title to inventories generally transfers upon shipment, at which point the Company has a legally enforceable right to collection under normal terms.
INTEGRATED SILICON SOLUTION, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(Continued)
In addition, the Company monitors collectibility of accounts receivable primarily through review of the accounts receivable aging. When facts and circumstances indicate the collection of specific amounts or from specific customers is at risk, the Company assesses the impact on amounts recorded for bad debts and, if necessary, will record a charge in the period such determination is made.
The following describes activity in the accounts receivable allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended September 30, 2001, 2002 and 2003.
(1) Uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries
Shipping Costs
Shipping costs were immaterial for all periods presented and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.
Research and Development
Research and development expenditures are charged to operations as incurred.
Foreign Currency Translation
The Company uses the local currency as its functional currency for all foreign subsidiaries. Translation adjustments, which result from the process of translating foreign currency financial statements into U.S. dollars, are included in the accumulated comprehensive income (loss) component of stockholders’ equity.
Advertising Costs
The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred and includes these costs in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. Advertising costs totaled $195,000, $446,000 and $175,000 for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2001, 2002 and 2003, respectively.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109 (SFAS 109), “Accounting for Income Taxes”. Under SFAS 109, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The Company records a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized.
INTEGRATED SILICON SOLUTION, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS-(Continued)
Stock-Based Compensation
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 148, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation-Transition and Disclosure, an Amendment of FASB Statement No. 123,” amends the disclosure requirements of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation” (“SFAS 123”), to require more prominent disclosures in both annual and interim financial statements regarding the method of accounting for stock-based employee compensation and the effect of the method used on reported results.
The Company applies the intrinsic-value method prescribed in APB Opinion No. 25, “Accounting for Stock issued to Employees,” in accounting for employee stock options. Accordingly compensation expense is generally recognized only when options are granted with an exercise price less than fair value on the date of grant. Any resulting compensation expense would be recognized ratably over the associated service period, which is generally the option vesting term.
| 38,797 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogoran
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Bogoran
|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bogoran&action=history
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 15 | 54 |
Bogoran kan syfta på följande platser:
Indonesien
Bogoran, Wonosobo, by,
Bogoran, Trenggalek, by,
Robotskapade Indonesienförgreningar
| 16,909 |
https://github.com/AsyncVoid/Industrial-Foregoing/blob/master/src/main/java/com/buuz135/industrial/tile/block/SludgeRefinerBlock.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Industrial-Foregoing
|
AsyncVoid
|
Java
|
Code
| 129 | 713 |
package com.buuz135.industrial.tile.block;
import com.buuz135.industrial.api.book.IPage;
import com.buuz135.industrial.api.book.page.PageItemList;
import com.buuz135.industrial.api.recipe.SludgeEntry;
import com.buuz135.industrial.book.BookCategory;
import com.buuz135.industrial.proxy.ItemRegistry;
import com.buuz135.industrial.tile.agriculture.SludgeRefinerTile;
import com.buuz135.industrial.utils.ItemStackWeightedItem;
import com.buuz135.industrial.utils.RecipeUtils;
import net.minecraft.block.material.Material;
import net.minecraft.client.resources.I18n;
import net.minecraft.init.Blocks;
import net.minecraft.init.Items;
import net.minecraft.item.ItemStack;
import net.ndrei.teslacorelib.items.MachineCaseItem;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class SludgeRefinerBlock extends CustomOrientedBlock<SludgeRefinerTile> {
private static ArrayList<ItemStackWeightedItem> OUTPUTS;
public SludgeRefinerBlock() {
super("sludge_refiner", SludgeRefinerTile.class, Material.ROCK, 200, 10);
}
@Override
public void getMachineConfig() {
super.getMachineConfig();
}
public List<ItemStackWeightedItem> getItems() {
if (OUTPUTS == null) {
OUTPUTS = new ArrayList<>();
SludgeEntry.SLUDGE_RECIPES.forEach(entry -> OUTPUTS.add(new ItemStackWeightedItem(entry.getStack(), entry.getWeight())));
}
return OUTPUTS;
}
public void createRecipe() {
RecipeUtils.addShapedRecipe(new ItemStack(this), "pbp", "fmf", "igi",
'p', ItemRegistry.plastic,
'b', Items.BUCKET,
'f', Blocks.FURNACE,
'm', MachineCaseItem.INSTANCE,
'i', "gearIron",
'g', "gearGold");
}
@Override
public BookCategory getCategory() {
return BookCategory.AGRICULTURE;
}
@Override
public List<IPage> getBookDescriptionPages() {
List<IPage> pages = super.getBookDescriptionPages();
pages.addAll(PageItemList.generatePagesFromItemStacks(SludgeEntry.SLUDGE_RECIPES.stream().map(SludgeEntry::getStack).collect(Collectors.toList()), I18n.format("text.book.produced_items")));
return pages;
}
}
| 8,547 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125526771
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Siké Billé
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 187 | 351 |
Siké Billé
Sociologue, féministe camerounaise et militante contre le mariage précoce forcé
Siké Billé nature de l’élément être humain
Siké Billé sexe ou genre féminin
Siké Billé occupation militant ou militante
Siké Billé occupation directeur ou directrice, domaine d'activité droits des femmes
Siké Billé occupation fondateur ou fondatrice d'une organisation, date 1991
Siké Billé employé(e) par Association de Lutte contre les Violences faites aux Femmes
Siké Billé pays de nationalité Cameroun
Siké Billé scolarité université Paris-VIII, domaine d'études professionnelles sociologie
Siké Billé domaine d'activité droits des femmes
Siké Billé domaine d'activité sociologie
Siké Billé
Sociologist, Cameroonian feminist and activist against forced early marriage
Siké Billé instance of human
Siké Billé sex or gender female
Siké Billé occupation activist
Siké Billé occupation director, field of work women's rights
Siké Billé occupation organizational founder, point in time 1991
Siké Billé employer Girls Not Brides, position held director
Siké Billé employer Association de Lutte contre les Violences faites aux Femmes
Siké Billé country of citizenship Cameroon
Siké Billé educated at Paris 8 University, field of training sociology
Siké Billé field of work women's rights
Siké Billé field of work sociology
| 13,564 |
https://github.com/aloks98/webiny-js/blob/master/cypress/integration/admin/pageBuilder/pages/createPage.spec.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, MIT
| 2,020 |
webiny-js
|
aloks98
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 100 | 575 |
import uniqid from "uniqid";
context("Pages Creation", () => {
beforeEach(() => cy.login());
it("should be able to create, publish, create new revision, and immediately delete everything", () => {
const newPageTitle = `Test page ${uniqid()}`;
cy.visit("/page-builder/pages")
.findByTestId("new-record-button")
.click()
.findByTestId("pb-new-page-category-modal")
.within(() => {
cy.findByText("Static").click();
})
.findByTestId("pb-editor-page-title")
.click()
.get(`input[value="Untitled"]`)
.clear()
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| 10,678 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3047985
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Tangled Up in Blue
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 1,991 | 4,511 |
ブルーにこんがらがって
ブルーにこんがらがって 演者・演奏者・歌手 ボブ・ディラン
ブルーにこんがらがって レコードレーベル コロムビア・レコード
ブルーにこんがらがって 分類 シングル
ブルーにこんがらがって MusicBrainz作品ID 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
ブルーにこんがらがって Freebase識別子 /m/0bb83ff
ブルーにこんがらがって 作詞者 ボブ・ディラン
ブルーにこんがらがって ジャンル ロック
ブルーにこんがらがって ジャンル フォーク・ロック
ブルーにこんがらがって 本国 アメリカ合衆国
ブルーにこんがらがって 出版日 1975
ブルーにこんがらがって 以下の一部分 血の轍
ブルーにこんがらがって Quoraトピック識別子 Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
ブルーにこんがらがって YouTube動画識別子 YwSZvHqf9qM, 表記名 Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), 視聴者数 , 出版日 2009, 作品または名前の言語 英語, 継続時間 , 時点 2021
ブルーにこんがらがって Discogs master識別子 234525
Tangled Up in Blue
Tangled Up in Blue utøvar Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue plateselskap Columbia Records
Tangled Up in Blue førekomst av singel
Tangled Up in Blue MusicBrainz verk-ID 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
Tangled Up in Blue etterfølgt av Hurricane
Tangled Up in Blue Freebase-identifikator /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up in Blue sjanger rock
Tangled Up in Blue sjanger folkrock
Tangled Up in Blue opphavsland USA
Tangled Up in Blue utgjevingstidspunkt 1975
Tangled Up in Blue del av Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue Quora-emneidentifikator Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue
Tangled Up in Blue wykonawca Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue wydawnictwo muzyczne Columbia Records
Tangled Up in Blue jest to singel
Tangled Up in Blue identyfikator utworu w MusicBrainz 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
Tangled Up in Blue następca Hurricane
Tangled Up in Blue identyfikator Freebase /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up in Blue autor tekstu Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue gatunek rock
Tangled Up in Blue gatunek folk rock
Tangled Up in Blue kraj pochodzenia Stany Zjednoczone
Tangled Up in Blue data wydania 1975
Tangled Up in Blue część Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue identyfikator tematu w Quorze Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue identyfikator filmu w YouTube YwSZvHqf9qM, pod nazwą Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), oglądalność/słuchalność , data wydania 2009, język dzieła język angielski, czas trwania , data 2021
Tangled Up in Blue identyfikator w Discogs (master) 234525
Tangled Up in Blue
chanson de Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue interprète Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue label discographique Columbia Records
Tangled Up in Blue nature de l’élément single
Tangled Up in Blue identifiant MusicBrainz d'une œuvre 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
Tangled Up in Blue suivi par Hurricane
Tangled Up in Blue identifiant Freebase /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up in Blue parolier ou parolière Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue genre artistique rock
Tangled Up in Blue genre artistique folk rock
Tangled Up in Blue pays d'origine États-Unis
Tangled Up in Blue date de publication 1975
Tangled Up in Blue partie de Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue identifiant Quora d'un sujet Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue identifiant de la vidéo YouTube YwSZvHqf9qM, sous le nom Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), nombre de spectateurs ou d'auditeurs , date de publication 2009, langue de l'œuvre, du nom ou du terme anglais, durée , date 2021
Tangled Up in Blue identifiant Discogs d'une œuvre 234525
Tangled Up in Blue
Bob Dylan single
Tangled Up in Blue performer Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue record label Columbia Records
Tangled Up in Blue instance of single
Tangled Up in Blue MusicBrainz work ID 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
Tangled Up in Blue followed by Hurricane
Tangled Up in Blue Freebase ID /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up in Blue lyricist Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue genre rock music
Tangled Up in Blue genre folk rock
Tangled Up in Blue country of origin United States of America
Tangled Up in Blue publication date 1975
Tangled Up in Blue part of Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue Quora topic ID Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue YouTube video ID YwSZvHqf9qM, subject named as Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), number of viewers/listeners , publication date 2009, language of work or name English, duration , point in time 2021
Tangled Up in Blue Discogs master ID 234525
Tangled Up in Blue
canción del músico estadounidense Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue intérprete Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue sello discográfico Columbia Records
Tangled Up in Blue instancia de sencillo
Tangled Up in Blue identificador MusicBrainz de obra 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
Tangled Up in Blue sucedido por Hurricane
Tangled Up in Blue Identificador Freebase /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up in Blue letra de Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue género rock
Tangled Up in Blue género folk rock
Tangled Up in Blue país de origen Estados Unidos
Tangled Up in Blue fecha de publicación 1975
Tangled Up in Blue forma parte de Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue identificador de tema en Quora Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue identificador YouTube de video YwSZvHqf9qM, registrado como Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), número de espectadores u oyentes , fecha de publicación 2009, idioma de la obra o del nombre inglés, duración , fecha 2021
Tangled Up in Blue identificador maestro de Discogs 234525
Tangled Up In Blue
Tangled Up In Blue framförare Bob Dylan
Tangled Up In Blue skivmärke Columbia
Tangled Up In Blue instans av singel
Tangled Up In Blue MusicBrainz verk-ID 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
Tangled Up In Blue följs av Hurricane
Tangled Up In Blue Freebase-ID /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up In Blue text av Bob Dylan
Tangled Up In Blue genre rockmusik
Tangled Up In Blue genre folkrock
Tangled Up In Blue ursprungsland USA
Tangled Up In Blue utgivningsdatum 1975
Tangled Up In Blue del av Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up In Blue Quora ämnes-ID Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up In Blue YouTube-videoidentifikator YwSZvHqf9qM, omnämnd som Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), antal tittare/lyssnare , utgivningsdatum 2009, verkets eller namnets språk engelska, varaktighet , tidpunkt 2021
Tangled Up In Blue Discogs master-ID 234525
Tangled Up in Blue
single van Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue uitvoerend artiest Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue platenlabel Columbia Records
Tangled Up in Blue is een single
Tangled Up in Blue MusicBrainz-identificatiecode voor werk 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
Tangled Up in Blue volgende Hurricane
Tangled Up in Blue Freebase-identificatiecode /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up in Blue liedtekst van Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue genre rock
Tangled Up in Blue genre folkrock
Tangled Up in Blue land van herkomst Verenigde Staten van Amerika
Tangled Up in Blue datum van uitgave 1975
Tangled Up in Blue onderdeel van Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue Quora-identificatiecode voor onderwerp Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue YouTube-identificatiecode voor video YwSZvHqf9qM, genoemd als Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), aantal kijkers/luisteraars , datum van uitgave 2009, taal van werk of naam Engels, tijdsduur , tijdstip 2021
Tangled Up in Blue Discogs-identificatiecode voor master 234525
Tangled Up in Blue
Lied von Bob Dylan (1975)
Tangled Up in Blue Interpret Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue Plattenlabel Columbia Records
Tangled Up in Blue ist ein(e) Single
Tangled Up in Blue MusicBrainz-Werkkennung 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
Tangled Up in Blue Nachfolger Hurricane
Tangled Up in Blue Freebase-Kennung /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up in Blue Text von Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue Genre Rockmusik
Tangled Up in Blue Genre Folk-Rock
Tangled Up in Blue Ursprungsland Vereinigte Staaten
Tangled Up in Blue Veröffentlichungsdatum 1975
Tangled Up in Blue ist Teil von Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue Quora-Themenkennung Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue YouTube-Video-Kennung YwSZvHqf9qM, genannt als Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), Anzahl von Zuschauern/Zuhörern , Veröffentlichungsdatum 2009, Sprache des Werks, Namens oder Begriffes Englisch, Dauer , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2021
Tangled Up in Blue Discogs-Masterkennung 234525
Tangled Up in Blue
Tangled Up in Blue interprete Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue etichetta discografica Columbia Records
Tangled Up in Blue istanza di singolo discografico
Tangled Up in Blue identificativo MusicBrainz di un'opera 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
Tangled Up in Blue seguito da Hurricane
Tangled Up in Blue identificativo Freebase /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up in Blue autore dei testi Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue genere rock
Tangled Up in Blue genere folk rock
Tangled Up in Blue paese di origine Stati Uniti d'America
Tangled Up in Blue data di pubblicazione 1975
Tangled Up in Blue parte di Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue identificativo Quora di un argomento Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue identificativo YouTube di un video YwSZvHqf9qM, soggetto indicato come Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), audience audio/video , data di pubblicazione 2009, lingua dell'opera o del nome inglese, durata , data 2021
Tangled Up in Blue identificativo Discogs di un master 234525
Tangled Up in Blue
סינגל מאת בוב דילן
Tangled Up in Blue אמן מבצע בוב דילן
Tangled Up in Blue חברת תקליטים קולומביה רקורדס
Tangled Up in Blue מופע של סינגל
Tangled Up in Blue מזהה יצירה ב־MusicBrainz 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
Tangled Up in Blue הבא Hurricane
Tangled Up in Blue מזהה Freebase /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up in Blue מחבר המילים בוב דילן
Tangled Up in Blue סוגה רוק
Tangled Up in Blue סוגה פולק רוק
Tangled Up in Blue ארץ מקור ארצות הברית
Tangled Up in Blue תאריך הוצאה לאור 1975
Tangled Up in Blue חלק מתוך Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue מזהה נושא בקוורה Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue מזהה סרטון ביוטיוב YwSZvHqf9qM, מופיע תחת השם Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), מספר צופים/מאזינים , תאריך הוצאה לאור 2009, השפה של היצירה או של השם אנגלית, משך , נקודת זמן 2021
Tangled Up in Blue מזהה יצירה ב־Discogs 234525
Tangled Up in Blue
Tangled Up in Blue исполнитель Боб Дилан
Tangled Up in Blue лейбл звукозаписи Columbia Records
Tangled Up in Blue это частный случай понятия сингл
Tangled Up in Blue код композиции MusicBrainz 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
Tangled Up in Blue следующее по порядку Hurricane
Tangled Up in Blue код Freebase /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up in Blue автор слов Боб Дилан
Tangled Up in Blue жанр рок-музыка
Tangled Up in Blue жанр фолк-рок
Tangled Up in Blue страна происхождения США
Tangled Up in Blue дата публикации 1975
Tangled Up in Blue является частью Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue код темы Quora Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue идентификатор видео YouTube YwSZvHqf9qM, назван как Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), число просмотров/прослушиваний , дата публикации 2009, язык произведения или названия английский язык, продолжительность , момент времени 2021
Tangled Up in Blue код мастер-релиза Discogs 234525
Tangled Up in Blue
cantar de Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue intérprete Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue sellu discográficu Columbia Records
Tangled Up in Blue instancia de cenciellu
Tangled Up in Blue siguío por Hurricane
Tangled Up in Blue identificador en Freebase /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up in Blue xéneru rock
Tangled Up in Blue xéneru Folk rock
Tangled Up in Blue país d'orixe Estaos Xuníos
Tangled Up in Blue data d'espublización 1975
Tangled Up in Blue parte de Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue identificador de tema en Quora Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue
Tangled Up in Blue udøvende kunstner Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue pladeselskab Columbia Records
Tangled Up in Blue tilfælde af single
Tangled Up in Blue MusicBrainz værk-ID 8167aef3-d6e2-391d-8489-5af14bd33426
Tangled Up in Blue Freebase-ID /m/0bb83ff
Tangled Up in Blue tekst af Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue genre rock
Tangled Up in Blue genre folkrock
Tangled Up in Blue oprindelsesland USA
Tangled Up in Blue udgivelsesdato 1975
Tangled Up in Blue del af Blood On The Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue Quora emne-ID Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue YouTube video-ID YwSZvHqf9qM, subjekt anført som Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), antal seere/lyttere , udgivelsesdato 2009, værkets sprog engelsk, varighed , tidspunkt 2021
Tangled Up in Blue Discogs master ID 234525
Tangled Up in Blue
Tangled Up in Blue taibheoir Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue lipéad ceoil Columbia Records
Tangled Up in Blue sampla de singil
Tangled Up in Blue á leanúint ag Hurricane
Tangled Up in Blue liriceoir Bob Dylan
Tangled Up in Blue seánra rac-cheol
Tangled Up in Blue seánra rac-cheol tíre
Tangled Up in Blue tír bhunaidh Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá
Tangled Up in Blue dáta foilsithe 1975
Tangled Up in Blue cuid de Blood on the Tracks
Tangled Up in Blue ID na topaice ar Quora Tangled-Up-In-Blue-57
Tangled Up in Blue ID físeáin YouTube YwSZvHqf9qM, luaite mar Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue (Video), dáta foilsithe 2009, teanga an tsaothair nó an ainm Béarla, fad ama , am 2021
| 47,795 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31896063
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Noah Freitas, candlejack, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1370576, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1812622
|
English
|
Spoken
| 243 | 444 |
How to concatenate strings in JavaScript with tabs and carriage returns in Geany?
I'm making an app with dynamic content loader, it's load the content via ajax then change the DOM. I have a structure/schema, my question is how can I to concatenate the strings, I want to keep my code "indentated" for make it easly readable...
Example:
How can I achieve that? I need some special scape character or sort of?
You can escape the newline character at the end of each line with a \, though it's generally considered bad practice (because it's very easy to miss an escape in maintaining the code.)
var page = '\
<div class="row well">\
<div class="row info-block">\
<div class="col-xs-4 logo-container">\
' + logo + '\
</div>\
</div>\
</div>';
What you really want is ES6 template strings, though:
var page = `
<div class="row well">
<div class="row info-block">
<div class="col-xs-4 logo-container">
${logo}
</div>
</div>
</div>`;
Template strings allow multiline strings by default and support interpolation (the ${logo} above.)
Note: there is a difference between the two resulting strings. In the newline-escaped string, the newlines are actually not a part of the resulting string; whereas, they are in the template string example.
Nice, but I have a question, ES6 is compatible with mobile devices? Including some relatively old devices?
@alessadro, unfortunately template strings are not well supported yet on mobile: https://kangax.github.io/compat-table/es6/#template_strings.
Oh, well, I will use the escape solution for the moment, thanks for your help/time :-)
| 9,515 |
http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/951766f8-6a78-11ea-b735-01aa75ed71a1_461
|
Eurovoc
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,018 |
Ata da sessão de 12 de dezembro de 2018
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,832 | 24,188 |
88 Par 141 ALDE : Tremosa i Balcells ECR : Marias EFDD : Adinolfi, Agea, Aiuto, Beghin, Bergeron, Castaldo, Chauprade, Corrao, D'Amato, D'Ornano, Evi, Goddyn, Monot, Paksas, Pedicini, Philippot, Tamburrano, Valli, Zullo ENF : Annemans, Arnautu, Bay, Bizzotto, Borghezio, Boutonnet, Briois, Colombier, Jamet, Kappel, Lancini, Lebreton, Lechevalier, Loiseau, Martin Dominique, Mayer Georg, Mélin, Obermayr, Schaffhauser, Scottà, Troszczynski, Vilimsky, Zanni GUE/NGL : Albiol Guzmán, Anderson Martina, Benito Ziluaga, Björk, Carthy, Chountis, Couso Permuy, Eck, Ernst, Flanagan, Forenza, González Peñas, Hadjigeorgiou, Händel, Hazekamp, de Jong, Kari, Kohlíček, Konečná, Kouloglou, Kyllönen, Le Hyaric, López Bermejo, Lösing, Matias, Maurel, Ní Riada, Omarjee, Sakorafa, Schirdewan, Scholz, Senra Rodríguez, Spinelli, Sylikiotis, Urbán Crespo, Vallina, Vergiat, Viegas, Vieu NI : Balczó, Borrelli, Gollnisch, Montel, Sonneborn PPE : Pietikäinen S&D : Blanco López, Christensen, Cofferati, Kofod, Martin Edouard, Mizzi, Schaldemose, Schlein, Thomas Verts/ALE : Andersson, Auken, Bové, Bütikofer, Cramer, Dalunde, Delli, Durand, Evans, Franz, Giegold, Harms, Häusling, Hautala, Heubuch, Hudghton, Jávor, Joly, Keller Ska, Lambert, Lamberts, Lochbihler, Metz, Miranda, Mitrofanovs, Reda, Reimon, Reintke, Rivasi, Ropė, Sargentini, Scott Cato, Škrlec, Smith, Solé, Staes, Tarand, Taylor, Terricabras, Trüpel, Valero, Vana, Waitz Pret 480 ALDE : Ali, Arthuis, Bearder, Becerra Basterrechea, Bilbao Barandica, Calvet Chambon, Cavada, Charanzová, Dlabajová, Federley, Giménez Barbat, Goerens, Gräzin, Griesbeck, Grigule-Pēterse, Harkin, Hirsch, Huitema, Hyusmenova, in 't Veld, Jäätteenmäki, Jakovčić, Ježek, Katainen, Kyuchyuk, Marinho e Pinto, Mazuronis, Meissner, Michel, Mihaylova, van Miltenburg, Mlinar, Müller, Nagtegaal, Nart, Paet, Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz, Petersen, Punset, Ries, Riquet, Rochefort, Schaake, Selimovic, Telička, Toom, Torvalds, Vajgl, Vautmans, Vehkaperä, Verhofstadt, Weber Renate, Wierinck ECR : Bashir, Belder, Czarnecki, Czesak, Dalton, Demesmaeker, Deva, Dohrmann, Dzhambazki, Flack, Foster, Gericke, Gosiewska, Henkel, Hoc, Jurek, Kamall, Karim, Karski, Kłosowski, Kölmel, Krasnodębski, Krupa, Kuźmiuk, Lucke, Lundgren, McClarkin, McIntyre, Macovei, Matthews, Maullu, Messerschmidt, Mobarik, Nicholson, Packet, Piecha, Piotrowski, Poręba, Procter, Rebega, Ruohonen-Lerner, Sernagiotto, Škripek, Starbatty, Stevens, Sulík, Swinburne, Tannock, Theocharous, Tomaševski, Tomašić, Tošenovský, Trebesius, Van Bossuyt, Van Orden, Vistisen, Winberg, Zahradil, Złotowski EFDD : Agnew, Aker, Arnott, Bullock, Coburn, Collins, Etheridge, Finch, Gill Nathan, Parker, Payne, Reid, Seymour ENF : Elissen, Pretzell, Stuger, Zijlstra NI : Carver, Epitideios, Fountoulis, James, Saryusz-Wolski, Synadinos, Ujazdowski PPE : Ademov, Alliot-Marie, Andrikienė, Arimont, Ashworth, Ayuso, Bach, Becker, Bendtsen, Bocskor, Böge, Bogovič, Boni, Brok, Buda, Buzek, Cadec, van de Camp, Casa, Caspary, del Castillo Vera, Christoforou, Cicu, Cirio, Clune, Coelho, Collin-Langen, Csáky, Danjean, Delahaye, Deli, Deß, Deutsch, Díaz de Mera García Consuegra, Didier, Dorfmann, Ehler, Engel, Erdős, Estaràs Ferragut, Fernandes, Fjellner, Florenz, Gahler, Gambús, Gardini, Gehrold, Gieseke, González Pons, de Grandes Pascual, Gräßle, Grossetête, Grzyb, Guoga, Gyürk, Hansen, Hayes, Herranz García, Hetman, Hohlmeier, Hökmark, Hölvényi, Hortefeux, Hübner, Iturgaiz, Jahr, Járóka, Jazłowiecka, Jiménez-Becerril Barrio, Joulaud, Juvin, Kalinowski, Karas, Kefalogiannis, Kelam, Kelly, Koch, Kósa, Kovatchev, Kozłowska-Rajewicz, Kudrycka, Kuhn, Kukan, Kyrtsos, Lamassoure, de Lange, Langen, La Via, Lavrilleux, Lenaers, Leontini, Lewandowski, Lins, Lope Fontagné, López-Istúriz White, Łukacijewska, McAllister, Maletić, Malinov, Mandl, Mănescu, Marinescu, Matera, Mato, Maydell, Melo, Metsola, Mikolášik, Millán Mon, Morano, Morin-Chartier, Mureșan, Nagy, Niedermayer, van Nistelrooij, Novakov, Olbrycht, Peterle, Petir, Pieper, Pitera, Plura, Polčák, Ponga, Pospíšil, Preda, Proust, Quisthoudt-Rowohl, Radev, Radtke, Rangel, Ribeiro, Rolin, Rosati, Ruas, Rübig, Šadurskis, Saïfi, Salafranca Sánchez-Neyra, Salini, Sander, Sarvamaa, Saudargas, Schmidt, Schöpflin, Schreijer-Pierik, Schulze, Schwab, Sellström, Sógor, Šojdrová, Sommer, Sonik, Štefanec, Štětina, Stolojan, Šuica, Šulin, Svoboda, Szájer, Szejnfeld, Thun und Hohenstein, Tőkés, Tomc, Urutchev, Vaidere, Valcárcel Siso, Vandenkendelaere, Verheyen, Virkkunen, Voss, Vozemberg-Vrionidi, Wałęsa, Wieland, Winkler Hermann, Winkler Iuliu, Záborská, Zammit Dimech, Zdechovský, Zdrojewski, Zeller, Zovko, Zver, Zwiefka S&D : Aguilera García, Anderson Lucy, Andrieu, Androulakis, Arena, Assis, Ayala Sender, Balas, Bayet, Beňová, Berès, Bettini, Blinkevičiūtė, Bonafè, Borzan, Boștinaru, Brannen, Bresso, Briano, Bullmann, Cabezón Ruiz, Caputo, Chinnici, Corbett, Costa, Cozzolino, Cristea, Dalli, Dance, Danti, De Castro, Delvaux, De Monte, Detjen, Drăghici, Ertug, Fajon, Fernández, Ferrandino, Fleckenstein, Freund, Frunzulică, Gabelic, García Pérez, Gardiazabal Rubial, Gebhardt, Geier, Gentile, Geringer de Oedenberg, Gierek, Gill Neena, Giuffrida, Gloanec Maurin, Gomes, Grammatikakis, Grapini, Graswander-Hainz, Griffin, Gualtieri, Guerrero Salom, Guillaume, Gutiérrez Prieto, Hoffmann, Honeyball, Howarth, Jaakonsaari, Jáuregui Atondo, Jongerius, Kadenbach, Kaili, Kammerevert, Kaufmann, Keller Jan, Khan, Kirton-Darling, Kohn, Köster, Kouroumbashev, Krehl, Kumpula-Natri, Kyrkos, Lange, Liberadzki, López, López Aguilar, Ludvigsson, McAvan, Mamikins, Maňka, Manscour, Martin David, Mavrides, Mayer Alex, Melior, Molnár, Moody, Moraes, Morgano, Mosca, Nekov, Neuser, Nica, Niedermüller, Noichl, Padar, Palmer, Panzeri, Paolucci, Papadakis Demetris, Pargneaux, Pașcu, Pavel, Peillon, Picierno, Picula, Pirinski, Poc, Poche, Popa, Post, Preuß, Regner, Revault d'Allonnes Bonnefoy, Rodrigues Liliana, Rodrigues Maria João, Rodríguez-Piñero Fernández, Rodust, Rozière, Sant, dos Santos, Sassoli, Schuster, Sehnalová, Serrão Santos, Silva Pereira, Simon Peter, Simon Siôn, Sippel, Smolková, Stihler, Tănăsescu, Tang, Țapardel, Tarabella, Toia, Ujhelyi, Ulvskog, Van Brempt, Vaughan, Viotti, Ward, Weidenholzer, von Weizsäcker, Werner, Westphal, Wölken, Zanonato, Zemke, Zoffoli, Zorrinho Atturas 8 EFDD : Iwaszkiewicz, Meuthen, Moi ENF : Marusik NI : Papadakis Konstantinos, Sośnierz, Voigt, Zarianopoulos 285. A8-0409/2018 – Henna Virkkunen, Marian-Jean Marinescu un Pavel Telička – groz. Nr. 35 Par 357 ALDE : Ali, Arthuis, Bearder, Becerra Basterrechea, Bilbao Barandica, Calvet Chambon, Cavada, Charanzová, Dlabajová, Federley, Giménez Barbat, Goerens, Griesbeck, Grigule-Pēterse, Harkin, Hirsch, Huitema, Hyusmenova, in 't Veld, Jäätteenmäki, Jakovčić, Ježek, Katainen, Kyuchyuk, Løkkegaard, Marinho e Pinto, Mazuronis, Meissner, Michel, Mihaylova, van Miltenburg, Mlinar, Müller, Nagtegaal, Nart, Paet, Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz, Petersen, Punset, Radoš, Ries, Riquet, Rochefort, Schaake, Selimovic, Telička, Toom, Torvalds, Tremosa i Balcells, Vajgl, Vautmans, Vehkaperä, Verhofstadt, Weber Renate, Wierinck ECR : Demesmaeker, Marias, Packet, Stevens, Van Bossuyt EFDD : Paksas ENF : Annemans, Arnautu, Bay, Bizzotto, Borghezio, Boutonnet, Briois, Colombier, Jamet, Kappel, Lancini, Lebreton, Lechevalier, Loiseau, Martin Dominique, Mayer Georg, Mélin, Obermayr, Schaffhauser, Scottà, Troszczynski, Vilimsky, Zanni GUE/NGL : Albiol Guzmán, Anderson Martina, Benito Ziluaga, Björk, Carthy, Chountis, Couso Permuy, Eck, Ernst, Flanagan, Forenza, González Peñas, Hadjigeorgiou, Händel, Hazekamp, Kari, Kouloglou, Kyllönen, Le Hyaric, López Bermejo, Lösing, Matias, Maurel, Ní Riada, Omarjee, Sakorafa, Schirdewan, Scholz, Senra Rodríguez, Spinelli, Sylikiotis, Urbán Crespo, Vallina, Vergiat, Vieu NI : Epitideios, Fountoulis, Gollnisch, Montel, Sonneborn, Synadinos PPE : Alliot-Marie, Cadec, del Castillo Vera, Danjean, Delahaye, Didier, Grossetête, Joulaud, Juvin, Kelly, Lamassoure, Lavrilleux, Morano, Morin-Chartier, Pietikäinen, Ponga, Proust, Rangel, Saïfi, Sander S&D : Aguilera García, Anderson Lucy, Andrieu, Androulakis, Arena, Assis, Ayala Sender, Balas, Bayet, Beňová, Berès, Bettini, Blanco López, Blinkevičiūtė, Bonafè, Borzan, Boștinaru, Brannen, Bresso, Briano, Bullmann, Cabezón Ruiz, Caputo, Chinnici, Christensen, Cofferati, Corbett, Costa, Cozzolino, Cristea, Dalli, Dance, Danti, De Castro, Delvaux, De Monte, Detjen, Drăghici, Ertug, Fajon, Fernández, Ferrandino, Fleckenstein, Freund, Frunzulică, Gabelic, García Pérez, Gardiazabal Rubial, Gebhardt, Geier, Gentile, Geringer de Oedenberg, Gierek, Gill Neena, Giuffrida, Gloanec Maurin, Gomes, Grammatikakis, Grapini, Graswander-Hainz, Griffin, Gualtieri, Guerrero Salom, Guillaume, Gutiérrez Prieto, Hoffmann, Honeyball, Howarth, Jaakonsaari, Jáuregui Atondo, Jongerius, Kadenbach, Kaili, Kammerevert, Kaufmann, Keller Jan, Khan, Kirton-Darling, Kofod, Kohn, Köster, Kouroumbashev, Krehl, Kumpula-Natri, Kyrkos, Lange, Liberadzki, López, López Aguilar, Ludvigsson, McAvan, Mamikins, Maňka, Manscour, Martin David, Martin Edouard, Mavrides, Mayer Alex, Melior, Mizzi, Molnár, Moody, Moraes, Morgano, Mosca, Nekov, Neuser, Nica, Niedermüller, Noichl, Padar, Palmer, Panzeri, Paolucci, Papadakis Demetris, Pargneaux, Pașcu, Pavel, Peillon, Picierno, Picula, Pirinski, Poc, Poche, Popa, Post, Preuß, Regner, Revault d'Allonnes Bonnefoy, Rodrigues Liliana, Rodrigues Maria João, Rodríguez-Piñero Fernández, Rodust, Rozière, Sant, dos Santos, Sassoli, Schaldemose, Schlein, Schuster, Sehnalová, Serrão Santos, Silva Pereira, Simon Peter, Simon Siôn, Sippel, Smolková, Stihler, Tănăsescu, Tang, Țapardel, Tarabella, Thomas, Toia, Ujhelyi, Ulvskog, Van Brempt, Vaughan, Viotti, Ward, Weidenholzer, von Weizsäcker, Werner, Westphal, Wölken, Zanonato, Zemke, Zoffoli, Zorrinho Verts/ALE : Andersson, Auken, Bové, Bütikofer, Cramer, Dalunde, Delli, Durand, Evans, Franz, Giegold, Harms, Häusling, Hautala, Heubuch, Hudghton, Jávor, Joly, Keller Ska, Lambert, Lamberts, Lochbihler, Metz, Miranda, Mitrofanovs, Reda, Reimon, Reintke, Rivasi, Ropė, Sargentini, Scott Cato, Škrlec, Smith, Solé, Staes, Tarand, Taylor, Terricabras, Trüpel, Valero, Vana, Waitz Pret 267 ECR : Bashir, Belder, Czarnecki, Czesak, Dalton, Deva, Dohrmann, Dzhambazki, Flack, Foster, Gericke, Gosiewska, Henkel, Hoc, Jurek, Kamall, Karim, Karski, Kłosowski, Kölmel, Krasnodębski, Krupa, Kuźmiuk, Lucke, Lundgren, McClarkin, McIntyre, Macovei, Matthews, Maullu, Messerschmidt, Mobarik, Nicholson, Piecha, Piotrowski, Poręba, Procter, Rebega, Ruohonen-Lerner, Sernagiotto, Škripek, Starbatty, Sulík, Swinburne, Tannock, Theocharous, Tomaševski, Tomašić, Tošenovský, Trebesius, Van Orden, Vistisen, Winberg, Zahradil, Złotowski EFDD : Adinolfi, Agea, Agnew, Aiuto, Aker, Arnott, Beghin, Bergeron, Bullock, Castaldo, Chauprade, Coburn, Collins, Corrao, D'Amato, D'Ornano, Etheridge, Evi, Finch, Gill Nathan, Goddyn, Iwaszkiewicz, Monot, Parker, Payne, Pedicini, Philippot, Reid, Seymour, Tamburrano, Valli, Zullo ENF : Elissen, Marusik, Pretzell, Stuger, Zijlstra GUE/NGL : Kohlíček, Konečná, Viegas NI : Borrelli, Carver, James, Saryusz-Wolski, Sośnierz, Ujazdowski, Voigt PPE : Ademov, Andrikienė, Arimont, Ashworth, Ayuso, Bach, Becker, Bendtsen, Bocskor, Böge, Bogovič, Boni, Brok, Buda, Buzek, van de Camp, Casa, Caspary, Christoforou, Cicu, Cirio, Clune, Coelho, Collin-Langen, Csáky, Deli, Deß, Deutsch, Díaz de Mera García Consuegra, Dorfmann, Ehler, Engel, Erdős, Estaràs Ferragut, Fernandes, Fjellner, Florenz, Gahler, Gambús, Gardini, Gehrold, Gieseke, González Pons, de Grandes Pascual, Gräßle, Grzyb, Guoga, Gyürk, Hansen, Hayes, Herranz García, Hetman, Hohlmeier, Hökmark, Hölvényi, Hortefeux, Hübner, Iturgaiz, Jahr, Járóka, Jazłowiecka, Jiménez-Becerril Barrio, Kalinowski, Karas, Kefalogiannis, Kelam, Koch, Kósa, Kovatchev, Kozłowska-Rajewicz, Kudrycka, Kuhn, Kyrtsos, de Lange, Langen, La Via, Lenaers, Leontini, Lewandowski, Lins, Lope Fontagné, López-Istúriz White, Łukacijewska, McAllister, Maletić, Malinov, Mandl, Mănescu, Mann, Marinescu, Matera, Mato, Maydell, Melo, Metsola, Mikolášik, Millán Mon, Mureșan, Nagy, Niedermayer, van Nistelrooij, Novakov, Olbrycht, Peterle, Petir, Pieper, Pitera, Plura, Polčák, Pospíšil, Preda, Quisthoudt-Rowohl, Radev, Radtke, Ribeiro, Rolin, Rosati, Ruas, Rübig, Šadurskis, Salafranca Sánchez-Neyra, Salini, Sarvamaa, Saudargas, Schmidt, Schöpflin, Schreijer-Pierik, Schulze, Schwab, Sellström, Sógor, Šojdrová, Sommer, Sonik, Štefanec, Štětina, Stolojan, Šuica, Šulin, Svoboda, Szájer, Szejnfeld, Thun und Hohenstein, Tőkés, Tomc, Urutchev, Vaidere, Valcárcel Siso, Vandenkendelaere, Verheyen, Virkkunen, Voss, Vozemberg-Vrionidi, Wałęsa, Wieland, Winkler Hermann, Winkler Iuliu, Záborská, Zammit Dimech, Zdechovský, Zdrojewski, Zeller, Zovko, Zver, Zwiefka Atturas 6 EFDD : Meuthen, Moi GUE/NGL : de Jong NI : Balczó, Papadakis Konstantinos, Zarianopoulos 286. A8-0409/2018 – Henna Virkkunen, Marian-Jean Marinescu un Pavel Telička – groz. Nr. 98, 1. daļa Par 290 ALDE : Kyuchyuk ECR : Demesmaeker, Marias, Packet, Stevens, Theocharous, Van Bossuyt, Van Orden EFDD : Adinolfi, Agea, Aiuto, Beghin, Castaldo, Chauprade, Corrao, D'Amato, D'Ornano, Evi, Paksas, Philippot, Tamburrano, Valli, Zullo ENF : Bizzotto, Borghezio, Lancini, Scottà, Zanni GUE/NGL : Albiol Guzmán, Anderson Martina, Benito Ziluaga, Björk, Carthy, Chountis, Couso Permuy, Eck, Ernst, Flanagan, Forenza, González Peñas, Hadjigeorgiou, Händel, Hazekamp, de Jong, Kari, Kohlíček, Konečná, Kouloglou, Kyllönen, Le Hyaric, López Bermejo, Lösing, Matias, Maurel, Ní Riada, Omarjee, Sakorafa, Schirdewan, Scholz, Senra Rodríguez, Spinelli, Sylikiotis, Urbán Crespo, Vallina, Vergiat, Viegas, Vieu NI : Balczó, Borrelli, Epitideios, Fountoulis, Montel, Sonneborn, Synadinos PPE : Cicu, Cirio, Clune, Gardini, La Via, Leontini, Matera, Salini S&D : Aguilera García, Anderson Lucy, Andrieu, Androulakis, Ayala Sender, Balas, Bayet, Beňová, Berès, Bettini, Blanco López, Blinkevičiūtė, Bonafè, Borzan, Boștinaru, Brannen, Bresso, Briano, Bullmann, Cabezón Ruiz, Caputo, Chinnici, Christensen, Cofferati, Corbett, Costa, Cozzolino, Cristea, Dalli, Dance, Danti, De Castro, Delvaux, De Monte, Detjen, Drăghici, Ertug, Fajon, Fernández, Ferrandino, Fleckenstein, Freund, Frunzulică, García Pérez, Gardiazabal Rubial, Gebhardt, Geier, Gentile, Geringer de Oedenberg, Gierek, Gill Neena, Giuffrida, Gloanec Maurin, Gomes, Grammatikakis, Grapini, Graswander-Hainz, Griffin, Gualtieri, Guerrero Salom, Guillaume, Gutiérrez Prieto, Hoffmann, Honeyball, Howarth, Jaakonsaari, Jáuregui Atondo, Jongerius, Kadenbach, Kaili, Kammerevert, Kaufmann, Keller Jan, Khan, Kirton-Darling, Kofod, Kohn, Köster, Kouroumbashev, Krehl, Kumpula-Natri, Kyrkos, Lange, Liberadzki, López, López Aguilar, Ludvigsson, McAvan, Mamikins, Maňka, Manscour, Martin David, Martin Edouard, Mavrides, Mayer Alex, Melior, Mizzi, Molnár, Moody, Moraes, Morgano, Mosca, Nekov, Neuser, Nica, Niedermüller, Noichl, Padar, Palmer, Panzeri, Paolucci, Papadakis Demetris, Pargneaux, Pașcu, Pavel, Peillon, Picierno, Picula, Pirinski, Poc, Poche, Popa, Post, Preuß, Regner, Revault d'Allonnes Bonnefoy, Rodrigues Liliana, Rodrigues Maria João, Rodríguez-Piñero Fernández, Rodust, Rozière, Sant, dos Santos, Sassoli, Schaldemose, Schlein, Schuster, Sehnalová, Serrão Santos, Silva Pereira, Simon Peter, Simon Siôn, Sippel, Smolková, Stihler, Tănăsescu, Tang, Țapardel, Tarabella, Thomas, Toia, Ujhelyi, Van Brempt, Vaughan, Viotti, Ward, Weidenholzer, von Weizsäcker, Werner, Westphal, Wölken, Zanonato, Zemke, Zoffoli, Zorrinho Verts/ALE : Andersson, Auken, Bové, Bütikofer, Cramer, Dalunde, Delli, Durand, Evans, Franz, Giegold, Harms, Häusling, Hautala, Heubuch, Hudghton, Jávor, Joly, Keller Ska, Lambert, Lamberts, Lochbihler, Metz, Miranda, Mitrofanovs, Reda, Reimon, Reintke, Rivasi, Ropė, Sargentini, Scott Cato, Škrlec, Smith, Solé, Staes, Tarand, Taylor, Terricabras, Trüpel, Valero, Vana, Waitz Pret 328 ALDE : Ali, Arthuis, Bearder, Becerra Basterrechea, Bilbao Barandica, Calvet Chambon, Cavada, Charanzová, Dlabajová, Federley, Giménez Barbat, Goerens, Gräzin, Griesbeck, Grigule-Pēterse, Harkin, Hirsch, Huitema, Hyusmenova, in 't Veld, Jäätteenmäki, Jakovčić, Ježek, Katainen, Løkkegaard, Marinho e Pinto, Mazuronis, Meissner, Michel, Mihaylova, van Miltenburg, Mlinar, Müller, Nagtegaal, Nart, Paet, Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz, Petersen, Punset, Radoš, Ries, Riquet, Rochefort, Schaake, Selimovic, Telička, Toom, Torvalds, Vajgl, Vautmans, Vehkaperä, Verhofstadt, Weber Renate, Wierinck ECR : Bashir, Belder, Czarnecki, Czesak, Dalton, Deva, Dohrmann, Dzhambazki, Flack, Foster, Gericke, Gosiewska, Henkel, Hoc, Jurek, Kamall, Karim, Karski, Kłosowski, Kölmel, Krasnodębski, Krupa, Kuźmiuk, Lucke, Lundgren, McClarkin, McIntyre, Macovei, Matthews, Maullu, Messerschmidt, Mobarik, Nicholson, Piecha, Piotrowski, Poręba, Procter, Rebega, Ruohonen-Lerner, Sernagiotto, Škripek, Starbatty, Sulík, Swinburne, Tannock, Tomaševski, Tomašić, Tošenovský, Trebesius, Vistisen, Winberg, Zahradil, Złotowski EFDD : Agnew, Aker, Arnott, Bergeron, Bullock, Coburn, Collins, Etheridge, Finch, Gill Nathan, Goddyn, Iwaszkiewicz, Monot, Parker, Payne, Reid, Seymour ENF : Annemans, Arnautu, Bay, Bilde, Boutonnet, Briois, Colombier, Elissen, Jamet, Lebreton, Loiseau, Martin Dominique, Marusik, Mélin, Pretzell, Schaffhauser, Stuger, Troszczynski, Zijlstra NI : Carver, Gollnisch, James, Saryusz-Wolski, Sośnierz, Ujazdowski, Voigt PPE : Ademov, Alliot-Marie, Andrikienė, Arimont, Ashworth, Ayuso, Bach, Becker, Bendtsen, Bocskor, Böge, Bogovič, Boni, Brok, Buda, Buzek, Cadec, van de Camp, Casa, Caspary, del Castillo Vera, Christoforou, Coelho, Csáky, Danjean, Delahaye, Deli, Deß, Deutsch, Díaz de Mera García Consuegra, Didier, Dorfmann, Ehler, Engel, Erdős, Estaràs Ferragut, Fernandes, Fjellner, Florenz, Gahler, Gambús, Gehrold, Gieseke, González Pons, de Grandes Pascual, Gräßle, Grossetête, Grzyb, Guoga, Gyürk, Hansen, Hayes, Herranz García, Hetman, Hohlmeier, Hökmark, Hölvényi, Hortefeux, Hübner, Iturgaiz, Jahr, Járóka, Jazłowiecka, Jiménez-Becerril Barrio, Joulaud, Juvin, Kalinowski, Karas, Kefalogiannis, Kelam, Kelly, Koch, Kósa, Kovatchev, Kozłowska-Rajewicz, Kudrycka, Kuhn, Kukan, Kyrtsos, Lamassoure, de Lange, Langen, Lavrilleux, Lenaers, Lewandowski, Lins, Lope Fontagné, López-Istúriz White, Łukacijewska, McAllister, Maletić, Malinov, Mandl, Mănescu, Mann, Marinescu, Mato, Maydell, Melo, Metsola, Mikolášik, Millán Mon, Morano, Morin-Chartier, Mureșan, Nagy, Niedermayer, van Nistelrooij, Novakov, Olbrycht, Peterle, Petir, Pieper, Pietikäinen, Pitera, Plura, Polčák, Ponga, Pospíšil, Preda, Proust, Radev, Radtke, Rangel, Ribeiro, Rolin, Rosati, Ruas, Rübig, Šadurskis, Saïfi, Salafranca Sánchez-Neyra, Sander, Sarvamaa, Saudargas, Schmidt, Schöpflin, Schreijer-Pierik, Schulze, Schwab, Sellström, Sógor, Šojdrová, Sommer, Sonik, Štefanec, Štětina, Stolojan, Šuica, Šulin, Svoboda, Szájer, Szejnfeld, Thun und Hohenstein, Tőkés, Tomc, Urutchev, Vaidere, Valcárcel Siso, Vandenkendelaere, Verheyen, Virkkunen, Voss, Vozemberg-Vrionidi, Wałęsa, Wieland, Winkler Hermann, Winkler Iuliu, Záborská, Zammit Dimech, Zdechovský, Zdrojewski, Zeller, Zovko, Zver, Zwiefka S&D : Gabelic, Ulvskog Atturas 8 EFDD : Meuthen, Moi ENF : Kappel, Mayer Georg, Obermayr, Vilimsky NI : Papadakis Konstantinos, Zarianopoulos Balsojuma labojumi un nodomi balsot Par : Aleksander Gabelic, Marita Ulvskog Pret : Deirdre Clune, Geoffrey Van Orden 287. A8-0409/2018 – Henna Virkkunen, Marian-Jean Marinescu un Pavel Telička – groz. Nr. 98, 2. daļa Par 159 ECR : Demesmaeker, Marias, Packet, Stevens, Theocharous, Van Bossuyt EFDD : Adinolfi, Agea, Agnew, Aiuto, Aker, Arnott, Beghin, Bullock, Castaldo, Chauprade, Coburn, Collins, Corrao, D'Amato, D'Ornano, Etheridge, Evi, Finch, Gill Nathan, Paksas, Parker, Payne, Pedicini, Philippot, Reid, Seymour, Tamburrano, Valli, Zullo ENF : Annemans, Arnautu, Bay, Bilde, Bizzotto, Borghezio, Boutonnet, Colombier, Jamet, Lancini, Lebreton, Lechevalier, Martin Dominique, Mélin, Schaffhauser, Scottà, Troszczynski, Zanni GUE/NGL : Albiol Guzmán, Anderson Martina, Benito Ziluaga, Björk, Carthy, Chountis, Couso Permuy, Eck, Ernst, Flanagan, Forenza, González Peñas, Hadjigeorgiou, Händel, de Jong, Kari, Kohlíček, Konečná, Kouloglou, Le Hyaric, López Bermejo, Lösing, Matias, Maurel, Ní Riada, Omarjee, Sakorafa, Schirdewan, Scholz, Senra Rodríguez, Spinelli, Sylikiotis, Urbán Crespo, Vallina, Vergiat, Viegas, Vieu NI : Balczó, Borrelli, Carver, Gollnisch, James, Montel, Sonneborn PPE : Cicu, Gardini, La Via, Leontini, Matera, Salini S&D : Balas, Caputo, Danti, De Castro, De Monte, Martin Edouard, Morgano, Mosca, Picierno, Sant, Sassoli, Thomas, Zoffoli Verts/ALE : Andersson, Auken, Bové, Bütikofer, Cramer, Dalunde, Delli, Durand, Evans, Franz, Giegold, Harms, Häusling, Hautala, Heubuch, Hudghton, Jávor, Joly, Keller Ska, Lambert, Lamberts, Lochbihler, Metz, Miranda, Mitrofanovs, Reda, Reimon, Reintke, Rivasi, Ropė, Sargentini, Scott Cato, Škrlec, Smith, Solé, Staes, Tarand, Taylor, Terricabras, Trüpel, Valero, Vana, Waitz Pret 458 ALDE : Ali, Arthuis, Bearder, Becerra Basterrechea, Bilbao Barandica, Calvet Chambon, Cavada, Charanzová, Dlabajová, Federley, Giménez Barbat, Goerens, Gräzin, Griesbeck, Grigule-Pēterse, Harkin, Hirsch, Huitema, Hyusmenova, in 't Veld, Jäätteenmäki, Jakovčić, Ježek, Katainen, Kyuchyuk, Løkkegaard, Marinho e Pinto, Mazuronis, Meissner, Michel, Mihaylova, van Miltenburg, Mlinar, Müller, Nagtegaal, Nart, Paet, Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz, Petersen, Punset, Radoš, Ries, Riquet, Rochefort, Schaake, Selimovic, Telička, Toom, Torvalds, Tremosa i Balcells, Vajgl, Vautmans, Vehkaperä, Verhofstadt, Weber Renate, Wierinck ECR : Bashir, Belder, Czarnecki, Czesak, Dalton, Deva, Dohrmann, Dzhambazki, Flack, Foster, Gericke, Gosiewska, Henkel, Hoc, Jurek, Kamall, Karim, Karski, Kłosowski, Kölmel, Krasnodębski, Krupa, Kuźmiuk, Lucke, Lundgren, McClarkin, McIntyre, Macovei, Matthews, Maullu, Messerschmidt, Mobarik, Nicholson, Piecha, Piotrowski, Poręba, Procter, Rebega, Ruohonen-Lerner, Sernagiotto, Škripek, Starbatty, Sulík, Swinburne, Tannock, Tomaševski, Tomašić, Tošenovský, Trebesius, Van Orden, Vistisen, Winberg, Zahradil, Złotowski EFDD : Bergeron, Goddyn, Iwaszkiewicz, Monot ENF : Briois, Elissen, Loiseau, Marusik, Pretzell, Stuger, Zijlstra NI : Epitideios, Fountoulis, Saryusz-Wolski, Sośnierz, Synadinos, Ujazdowski, Voigt PPE : Ademov, Alliot-Marie, Andrikienė, Arimont, Ashworth, Ayuso, Bach, Becker, Bendtsen, Bocskor, Böge, Bogovič, Boni, Brok, Buda, Buzek, Cadec, van de Camp, Casa, Caspary, del Castillo Vera, Christoforou, Cirio, Clune, Coelho, Collin-Langen, Csáky, Danjean, Delahaye, Deli, Deß, Deutsch, Díaz de Mera García Consuegra, Didier, Dorfmann, Ehler, Engel, Erdős, Estaràs Ferragut, Fernandes, Fjellner, Gahler, Gambús, Gehrold, Gieseke, González Pons, de Grandes Pascual, Gräßle, Grossetête, Grzyb, Guoga, Gyürk, Hansen, Hayes, Herranz García, Hetman, Hohlmeier, Hökmark, Hölvényi, Iturgaiz, Jahr, Járóka, Jazłowiecka, Jiménez-Becerril Barrio, Joulaud, Juvin, Kalinowski, Karas, Kefalogiannis, Kelam, Kelly, Koch, Kósa, Kovatchev, Kozłowska-Rajewicz, Kudrycka, Kuhn, Kukan, Kyrtsos, Lamassoure, de Lange, Langen, Lavrilleux, Lenaers, Lewandowski, Lins, Lope Fontagné, López-Istúriz White, Łukacijewska, McAllister, Maletić, Malinov, Mandl, Mănescu, Mann, Marinescu, Mato, Maydell, Melo, Metsola, Mikolášik, Millán Mon, Morano, Morin-Chartier, Mureșan, Nagy, Niedermayer, van Nistelrooij, Novakov, Olbrycht, Peterle, Petir, Pieper, Pietikäinen, Pitera, Plura, Polčák, Ponga, Pospíšil, Preda, Proust, Radev, Radtke, Rangel, Ribeiro, Rolin, Rosati, Ruas, Rübig, Šadurskis, Saïfi, Salafranca Sánchez-Neyra, Sander, Sarvamaa, Saudargas, Schmidt, Schöpflin, Schreijer-Pierik, Schulze, Sellström, Sógor, Šojdrová, Sommer, Sonik, Štefanec, Štětina, Stolojan, Šuica, Šulin, Svoboda, Szájer, Szejnfeld, Thun und Hohenstein, Tőkés, Tomc, Urutchev, Vaidere, Valcárcel Siso, Vandenkendelaere, Verheyen, Virkkunen, Voss, Vozemberg-Vrionidi, Wałęsa, Wieland, Winkler Hermann, Winkler Iuliu, Záborská, Zammit Dimech, Zdechovský, Zdrojewski, Zeller, Zovko, Zver, Zwiefka S&D : Aguilera García, Anderson Lucy, Andrieu, Androulakis, Arena, Assis, Ayala Sender, Bayet, Beňová, Berès, Bettini, Blanco López, Blinkevičiūtė, Bonafè, Borzan, Boștinaru, Brannen, Bresso, Briano, Bullmann, Cabezón Ruiz, Chinnici, Christensen, Cofferati, Corbett, Costa, Cozzolino, Cristea, Dalli, Dance, Delvaux, Detjen, Drăghici, Ertug, Fajon, Fernández, Ferrandino, Fleckenstein, Freund, Frunzulică, Gabelic, García Pérez, Gardiazabal Rubial, Gebhardt, Geier, Geringer de Oedenberg, Gierek, Gill Neena, Giuffrida, Gloanec Maurin, Gomes, Grammatikakis, Grapini, Graswander-Hainz, Griffin, Gualtieri, Guerrero Salom, Guillaume, Gutiérrez Prieto, Hoffmann, Honeyball, Howarth, Jaakonsaari, Jáuregui Atondo, Jongerius, Kadenbach, Kaili, Kammerevert, Kaufmann, Keller Jan, Khan, Kirton-Darling, Kofod, Kohn, Köster, Kouroumbashev, Krehl, Kumpula-Natri, Kyrkos, Lange, Liberadzki, López, López Aguilar, Ludvigsson, McAvan, Mamikins, Maňka, Manscour, Martin David, Mavrides, Mayer Alex, Melior, Mizzi, Molnár, Moody, Moraes, Nekov, Neuser, Nica, Niedermüller, Noichl, Padar, Palmer, Panzeri, Paolucci, Papadakis Demetris, Pargneaux, Pașcu, Pavel, Peillon, Picula, Pirinski, Poc, Poche, Popa, Post, Preuß, Regner, Revault d'Allonnes Bonnefoy, Rodrigues Liliana, Rodrigues Maria João, Rodríguez-Piñero Fernández, Rodust, Rozière, dos Santos, Schaldemose, Schlein, Schuster, Sehnalová, Serrão Santos, Silva Pereira, Simon Peter, Simon Siôn, Sippel, Smolková, Stihler, Tănăsescu, Tang, Țapardel, Tarabella, Toia, Ujhelyi, Ulvskog, Van Brempt, Vaughan, Viotti, Ward, Weidenholzer, von Weizsäcker, Werner, Westphal, Wölken, Zanonato, Zemke, Zorrinho Atturas 9 EFDD : Meuthen, Moi ENF : Kappel, Mayer Georg, Obermayr, Vilimsky GUE/NGL : Hazekamp NI : Papadakis Konstantinos, Zarianopoulos Balsojuma labojumi un nodomi balsot Par : Alberto Cirio 288. A8-0409/2018 – Henna Virkkunen, Marian-Jean Marinescu un Pavel Telička – groz. Nr. 99 Par 149 ECR : Marias EFDD : Adinolfi, Agea, Aiuto, Beghin, Bergeron, Castaldo, Chauprade, Corrao, D'Amato, D'Ornano, Evi, Goddyn, Iwaszkiewicz, Monot, Paksas, Pedicini, Philippot, Tamburrano, Valli, Zullo ENF : Annemans, Arnautu, Bay, Bilde, Boutonnet, Briois, Colombier, Jamet, Lebreton, Lechevalier, Loiseau, Martin Dominique, Marusik, Mélin, Schaffhauser, Troszczynski GUE/NGL : Albiol Guzmán, Benito Ziluaga, Björk, Carthy, Chountis, Couso Permuy, Eck, Ernst, Flanagan, Forenza, Hadjigeorgiou, Händel, Hazekamp, de Jong, Kari, Kohlíček, Konečná, Kouloglou, Kyllönen, Le Hyaric, López Bermejo, Lösing, Matias, Maurel, Ní Riada, Omarjee, Sakorafa, Schirdewan, Scholz, Senra Rodríguez, Spinelli, Sylikiotis, Vallina, Vergiat, Viegas, Vieu NI : Balczó, Borrelli, Gollnisch, Montel, Sonneborn, Sośnierz PPE : Cicu, Cirio, Gardini, La Via, Leontini, Matera, Salini S&D : Balas, Bettini, Briano, Caputo, Cofferati, Danti, De Castro, De Monte, Gardiazabal Rubial, Gentile, Martin Edouard, Morgano, Mosca, Picierno, Sassoli, Schlein, Thomas, Toia, Viotti, Zoffoli Verts/ALE : Andersson, Auken, Bové, Bütikofer, Cramer, Dalunde, Delli, Durand, Evans, Franz, Giegold, Harms, Häusling, Hautala, Heubuch, Hudghton, Jávor, Joly, Keller Ska, Lambert, Lamberts, Lochbihler, Metz, Miranda, Mitrofanovs, Reda, Reimon, Reintke, Rivasi, Ropė, Sargentini, Scott Cato, Škrlec, Smith, Solé, Staes, Tarand, Taylor, Terricabras, Trüpel, Valero, Vana, Waitz Pret 465 ALDE : Ali, Arthuis, Bearder, Becerra Basterrechea, Bilbao Barandica, Calvet Chambon, Cavada, Charanzová, Dlabajová, Federley, Giménez Barbat, Goerens, Gräzin, Griesbeck, Grigule-Pēterse, Hirsch, Huitema, Hyusmenova, in 't Veld, Jäätteenmäki, Jakovčić, Ježek, Katainen, Kyuchyuk, Løkkegaard, Marinho e Pinto, Mazuronis, Meissner, Michel, Mihaylova, van Miltenburg, Mlinar, Müller, Nagtegaal, Nart, Paet, Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz, Petersen, Punset, Radoš, Ries, Riquet, Rochefort, Schaake, Selimovic, Telička, Toom, Torvalds, Tremosa i Balcells, Vajgl, Vautmans, Vehkaperä, Verhofstadt, Weber Renate, Wierinck ECR : Bashir, Belder, Czarnecki, Czesak, Dalton, Demesmaeker, Deva, Dohrmann, Dzhambazki, Flack, Foster, Gericke, Gosiewska, Henkel, Hoc, Jurek, Kamall, Karim, Karski, Kłosowski, Kölmel, Krasnodębski, Krupa, Kuźmiuk, Lucke, Lundgren, McClarkin, McIntyre, Macovei, Matthews, Maullu, Messerschmidt, Mobarik, Nicholson, Packet, Piecha, Piotrowski, Poręba, Procter, Ruohonen-Lerner, Sernagiotto, Škripek, Starbatty, Stevens, Sulík, Swinburne, Tannock, Theocharous, Tomaševski, Tomašić, Tošenovský, Trebesius, Van Bossuyt, Van Orden, Vistisen, Winberg, Zahradil, Złotowski EFDD : Agnew, Aker, Arnott, Bullock, Coburn, Collins, Etheridge, Finch, Gill Nathan, Parker, Payne, Reid, Seymour ENF : Elissen, Kappel, Mayer Georg, Obermayr, Pretzell, Stuger, Vilimsky, Zijlstra NI : Carver, Epitideios, Fountoulis, James, Saryusz-Wolski, Synadinos, Ujazdowski PPE : Ademov, Alliot-Marie, Andrikienė, Arimont, Ashworth, Ayuso, Bach, Becker, Bendtsen, Bocskor, Böge, Bogovič, Boni, Brok, Buda, Buzek, Cadec, van de Camp, Casa, Caspary, del Castillo Vera, Christoforou, Clune, Collin-Langen, Csáky, Danjean, Delahaye, Deli, Deß, Deutsch, Díaz de Mera García Consuegra, Didier, Dorfmann, Ehler, Engel, Erdős, Estaràs Ferragut, Fernandes, Florenz, Gahler, Gambús, Gehrold, Gieseke, González Pons, de Grandes Pascual, Gräßle, Grossetête, Grzyb, Guoga, Gyürk, Hansen, Hayes, Herranz García, Hetman, Hohlmeier, Hökmark, Hölvényi, Hortefeux, Hübner, Iturgaiz, Jahr, Járóka, Jazłowiecka, Jiménez-Becerril Barrio, Joulaud, Juvin, Kalinowski, Karas, Kefalogiannis, Kelam, Kelly, Koch, Kósa, Kovatchev, Kozłowska-Rajewicz, Kudrycka, Kuhn, Kukan, Kyrtsos, Lamassoure, de Lange, Langen, Lavrilleux, Lenaers, Lewandowski, Lins, Lope Fontagné, López-Istúriz White, Łukacijewska, McAllister, Maletić, Malinov, Mandl, Mănescu, Mann, Marinescu, Mato, Maydell, Melo, Metsola, Mikolášik, Millán Mon, Morano, Morin-Chartier, Mureșan, Nagy, Niedermayer, van Nistelrooij, Novakov, Olbrycht, Peterle, Petir, Pieper, Pietikäinen, Pitera, Plura, Polčák, Ponga, Pospíšil, Preda, Proust, Radev, Radtke, Rangel, Ribeiro, Rolin, Rosati, Ruas, Rübig, Šadurskis, Saïfi, Salafranca Sánchez-Neyra, Sander, Sarvamaa, Saudargas, Schmidt, Schöpflin, Schreijer-Pierik, Schulze, Schwab, Sellström, Sógor, Šojdrová, Sommer, Sonik, Štefanec, Štětina, Stolojan, Šuica, Šulin, Svoboda, Szájer, Szejnfeld, Thun und Hohenstein, Tőkés, Tomc, Urutchev, Vaidere, Valcárcel Siso, Vandenkendelaere, Verheyen, Virkkunen, Voss, Vozemberg-Vrionidi, Wałęsa, Wieland, Winkler Hermann, Winkler Iuliu, Záborská, Zammit Dimech, Zdechovský, Zdrojewski, Zeller, Zovko, Zver, Zwiefka S&D : Aguilera García, Anderson Lucy, Andrieu, Androulakis, Arena, Assis, Ayala Sender, Bayet, Beňová, Berès, Blanco López, Blinkevičiūtė, Bonafè, Borzan, Boștinaru, Brannen, Bresso, Bullmann, Cabezón Ruiz, Chinnici, Christensen, Corbett, Costa, Cozzolino, Cristea, Dalli, Dance, Delvaux, Detjen, Drăghici, Ertug, Fajon, Fernández, Ferrandino, Fleckenstein, Freund, Frunzulică, Gabelic, García Pérez, Gebhardt, Geier, Geringer de Oedenberg, Gierek, Gill Neena, Giuffrida, Gloanec Maurin, Gomes, Grammatikakis, Grapini, Graswander-Hainz, Griffin, Gualtieri, Guerrero Salom, Guillaume, Gutiérrez Prieto, Hoffmann, Honeyball, Howarth, Jaakonsaari, Jáuregui Atondo, Jongerius, Kadenbach, Kaili, Kammerevert, Kaufmann, Keller Jan, Khan, Kirton-Darling, Kofod, Kohn, Köster, Kouroumbashev, Krehl, Kumpula-Natri, Kyrkos, Lange, Liberadzki, López, López Aguilar, Ludvigsson, McAvan, Mamikins, Maňka, Manscour, Martin David, Mavrides, Mayer Alex, Melior, Mizzi, Molnár, Moody, Moraes, Nekov, Neuser, Nica, Niedermüller, Noichl, Padar, Palmer, Paolucci, Papadakis Demetris, Pargneaux, Pașcu, Pavel, Peillon, Picula, Pirinski, Poc, Poche, Popa, Post, Preuß, Regner, Revault d'Allonnes Bonnefoy, Rodrigues Liliana, Rodrigues Maria João, Rodríguez-Piñero Fernández, Rodust, Rozière, Sant, dos Santos, Schaldemose, Schuster, Sehnalová, Serrão Santos, Silva Pereira, Simon Peter, Simon Siôn, Sippel, Smolková, Stihler, Tănăsescu, Tang, Țapardel, Tarabella, Ujhelyi, Ulvskog, Van Brempt, Vaughan, Ward, Weidenholzer, von Weizsäcker, Werner, Westphal, Wölken, Zanonato, Zemke, Zorrinho Atturas 8 EFDD : Meuthen, Moi ENF : Bizzotto, Borghezio, Lancini, Scottà, Zanni NI : Voigt 289. A8-0409/2018 – Henna Virkkunen, Marian-Jean Marinescu un Pavel Telička – groz. Nr. 28, 1. daļa Par 281 ALDE : Jakovčić, Kyuchyuk, Tremosa i Balcells ECR : Demesmaeker, Marias, Packet, Stevens, Van Bossuyt EFDD : Adinolfi, Agea, Aiuto, Beghin, Bergeron, Castaldo, Corrao, D'Amato, Evi, Goddyn, Monot, Paksas, Pedicini, Tamburrano, Valli, Zullo GUE/NGL : Albiol Guzmán, Anderson Martina, Benito Ziluaga, Björk, Carthy, Chountis, Couso Permuy, Eck, Ernst, Flanagan, Forenza, González Peñas, Hadjigeorgiou, Händel, Hazekamp, de Jong, Kari, Kohlíček, Konečná, Kouloglou, Kyllönen, Le Hyaric, López Bermejo, Lösing, Matias, Maurel, Ní Riada, Omarjee, Sakorafa, Schirdewan, Scholz, Senra Rodríguez, Spinelli, Sylikiotis, Urbán Crespo, Vallina, Vergiat, Viegas, Vieu NI : Borrelli, Sonneborn PPE : Casa, Christoforou, Kefalogiannis, Kyrtsos, Metsola, Rolin, Sarvamaa, Vozemberg-Vrionidi, Zammit Dimech S&D : Aguilera García, Anderson Lucy, Andrieu, Androulakis, Arena, Assis, Ayala Sender, Balas, Bayet, Beňová, Berès, Bettini, Blanco López, Blinkevičiūtė, Bonafè, Borzan, Boștinaru, Brannen, Bresso, Briano, Bullmann, Cabezón Ruiz, Caputo, Chinnici, Christensen, Cofferati, Corbett, Costa, Cozzolino, Cristea, Dalli, Dance, Danti, De Castro, Delvaux, De Monte, Detjen, Drăghici, Ertug, Fajon, Fernández, Ferrandino, Fleckenstein, Freund, Gabelic, García Pérez, Gardiazabal Rubial, Gebhardt, Geier, Gentile, Geringer de Oedenberg, Gierek, Gill Neena, Giuffrida, Gloanec Maurin, Gomes, Grammatikakis, Grapini, Graswander-Hainz, Griffin, Gualtieri, Guerrero Salom, Guillaume, Gutiérrez Prieto, Hoffmann, Honeyball, Howarth, Jaakonsaari, Jáuregui Atondo, Jongerius, Kadenbach, Kaili, Kammerevert, Kaufmann, Keller Jan, Khan, Kirton-Darling, Kofod, Kohn, Köster, Kouroumbashev, Krehl, Kumpula-Natri, Kyrkos, Lange, Liberadzki, López, López Aguilar, McAvan, Mamikins, Maňka, Manscour, Martin David, Martin Edouard, Mavrides, Mayer Alex, Melior, Mizzi, Molnár, Moody, Moraes, Morgano, Mosca, Neuser, Nica, Niedermüller, Noichl, Padar, Palmer, Panzeri, Paolucci, Papadakis Demetris, Pargneaux, Pașcu, Pavel, Peillon, Picierno, Picula, Poc, Poche, Popa, Post, Preuß, Regner, Revault d'Allonnes Bonnefoy, Rodrigues Liliana, Rodrigues Maria João, Rodríguez-Piñero Fernández, Rodust, Rozière, Sant, dos Santos, Sassoli, Schaldemose, Schlein, Schuster, Sehnalová, Silva Pereira, Simon Peter, Simon Siôn, Sippel, Smolková, Stihler, Tănăsescu, Tang, Țapardel, Tarabella, Thomas, Toia, Ujhelyi, Ulvskog, Van Brempt, Vaughan, Viotti, Ward, Weidenholzer, von Weizsäcker, Werner, Westphal, Wölken, Zanonato, Zemke, Zoffoli, Zorrinho Verts/ALE : Andersson, Auken, Bové, Bütikofer, Cramer, Dalunde, Delli, Durand, Evans, Franz, Giegold, Harms, Häusling, Hautala, Heubuch, Hudghton, Jávor, Joly, Keller Ska, Lambert, Lamberts, Lochbihler, Metz, Miranda, Mitrofanovs, Reda, Reimon, Reintke, Rivasi, Ropė, Sargentini, Scott Cato, Škrlec, Smith, Solé, Staes, Tarand, Taylor, Terricabras, Trüpel, Valero, Vana, Waitz Pret 333 ALDE : Ali, Arthuis, Bearder, Becerra Basterrechea, Bilbao Barandica, Calvet Chambon, Cavada, Charanzová, Dlabajová, Federley, Giménez Barbat, Goerens, Gräzin, Griesbeck, Grigule-Pēterse, Harkin, Hirsch, Huitema, Hyusmenova, in 't Veld, Jäätteenmäki, Ježek, Katainen, Løkkegaard, Marinho e Pinto, Mazuronis, Meissner, Michel, Mihaylova, van Miltenburg, Mlinar, Müller, Nagtegaal, Nart, Paet, Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz, Petersen, Punset, Radoš, Ries, Riquet, Rochefort, Schaake, Selimovic, Telička, Toom, Torvalds, Vajgl, Vautmans, Vehkaperä, Verhofstadt, Weber Renate, Wierinck ECR : Bashir, Belder, Czarnecki, Czesak, Dalton, Deva, Dohrmann, Dzhambazki, Flack, Foster, Gericke, Gosiewska, Henkel, Hoc, Jurek, Kamall, Karim, Karski, Kłosowski, Kölmel, Krasnodębski, Krupa, Kuźmiuk, Lucke, Lundgren, McClarkin, McIntyre, Macovei, Matthews, Maullu, Messerschmidt, Mobarik, Nicholson, Piecha, Piotrowski, Poręba, Procter, Rebega, Ruohonen-Lerner, Sernagiotto, Škripek, Starbatty, Sulík, Swinburne, Tannock, Theocharous, Tomaševski, Tomašić, Tošenovský, Trebesius, Van Orden, Vistisen, Winberg, Zahradil, Złotowski EFDD : Agnew, Aker, Arnott, Bullock, Chauprade, Coburn, Collins, D'Ornano, Etheridge, Finch, Gill Nathan, Meuthen, Parker, Payne, Philippot, Reid, Seymour ENF : Annemans, Arnautu, Bay, Bilde, Boutonnet, Briois, Colombier, Elissen, Jamet, Kappel, Lebreton, Lechevalier, Loiseau, Martin Dominique, Mayer Georg, Obermayr, Pretzell, Schaffhauser, Stuger, Troszczynski, Vilimsky, Zijlstra NI : Carver, Epitideios, Fountoulis, Gollnisch, James, Papadakis Konstantinos, Saryusz-Wolski, Synadinos, Ujazdowski, Voigt, Zarianopoulos PPE : Ademov, Alliot-Marie, Andrikienė, Arimont, Ashworth, Ayuso, Bach, Becker, Bendtsen, Bocskor, Böge, Bogovič, Boni, Brok, Buda, Buzek, Cadec, van de Camp, Caspary, del Castillo Vera, Cicu, Cirio, Clune, Coelho, Collin-Langen, Csáky, Danjean, Delahaye, Deli, Deß, Deutsch, Díaz de Mera García Consuegra, Didier, Dorfmann, Ehler, Engel, Erdős, Estaràs Ferragut, Fernandes, Fjellner, Florenz, Gahler, Gambús, Gardini, Gehrold, Gieseke, González Pons, de Grandes Pascual, Gräßle, Grossetête, Grzyb, Guoga, Gyürk, Hansen, Hayes, Herranz García, Hetman, Hohlmeier, Hökmark, Hölvényi, Hortefeux, Hübner, Iturgaiz, Jahr, Járóka, Jazłowiecka, Jiménez-Becerril Barrio, Joulaud, Juvin, Kalinowski, Karas, Kelam, Kelly, Koch, Kósa, Kovatchev, Kozłowska-Rajewicz, Kudrycka, Kuhn, Kukan, Lamassoure, de Lange, Langen, La Via, Lavrilleux, Lenaers, Leontini, Lewandowski, Lins, Lope Fontagné, López-Istúriz White, Łukacijewska, McAllister, Maletić, Malinov, Mandl, Mănescu, Mann, Marinescu, Matera, Mato, Maydell, Melo, Mikolášik, Millán Mon, Morano, Morin-Chartier, Mureșan, Nagy, Niedermayer, van Nistelrooij, Novakov, Olbrycht, Peterle, Petir, Pieper, Pietikäinen, Pitera, Plura, Polčák, Ponga, Pospíšil, Preda, Proust, Radev, Radtke, Rangel, Ribeiro, Rosati, Ruas, Rübig, Šadurskis, Saïfi, Salafranca Sánchez-Neyra, Salini, Sander, Saudargas, Schmidt, Schöpflin, Schreijer-Pierik, Schulze, Schwab, Sellström, Sógor, Šojdrová, Sommer, Sonik, Štefanec, Stolojan, Šuica, Šulin, Svoboda, Szájer, Szejnfeld, Thun und Hohenstein, Tőkés, Tomc, Urutchev, Vaidere, Valcárcel Siso, Vandenkendelaere, Verheyen, Virkkunen, Voss, Wałęsa, Wieland, Winkler Hermann, Winkler Iuliu, Záborská, Zdechovský, Zdrojewski, Zeller, Zovko, Zver, Zwiefka Atturas 12 EFDD : Iwaszkiewicz, Moi ENF : Bizzotto, Borghezio, Lancini, Marusik, Scottà, Zanni NI : Balczó, Montel, Sośnierz S&D : Pirinski Balsojuma labojumi un nodomi balsot Par : Doru-Claudian Frunzulică 290. A8-0409/2018 – Henna Virkkunen, Marian-Jean Marinescu un Pavel Telička – groz. Nr. 28, 2. daļa Par 120 ALDE : Jakovčić, Tremosa i Balcells ECR : Marias EFDD : Adinolfi, Agea, Aiuto, Beghin, Bergeron, Castaldo, Corrao, D'Amato, D'Ornano, Evi, Goddyn, Monot, Paksas, Pedicini, Philippot, Tamburrano, Valli, Zullo GUE/NGL : Albiol Guzmán, Anderson Martina, Benito Ziluaga, Björk, Carthy, Chountis, Couso Permuy, Eck, Ernst, Flanagan, Forenza, González Peñas, Hadjigeorgiou, Händel, Hazekamp, de Jong, Kari, Kohlíček, Konečná, Kouloglou, Kyllönen, Le Hyaric, López Bermejo, Lösing, Matias, Maurel, Ní Riada, Omarjee, Sakorafa, Schirdewan, Scholz, Senra Rodríguez, Spinelli, Sylikiotis, Urbán Crespo, Vallina, Vergiat, Viegas NI : Borrelli, Sonneborn PPE : Pietikäinen, Rolin S&D : Balas, Cofferati, Cozzolino, Dalli, Jáuregui Atondo, Martin Edouard, Molnár, Morgano, Niedermüller, Post, Regner, Schlein, Thomas, Vaughan Verts/ALE : Andersson, Auken, Bové, Bütikofer, Cramer, Dalunde, Delli, Durand, Evans, Franz, Giegold, Harms, Häusling, Hautala, Heubuch, Hudghton, Jávor, Joly, Keller Ska, Lambert, Lamberts, Lochbihler, Metz, Miranda, Mitrofanovs, Reda, Reimon, Reintke, Rivasi, Ropė, Sargentini, Scott Cato, Škrlec, Smith, Solé, Staes, Tarand, Taylor, Terricabras, Trüpel, Valero, Vana, Waitz Pret 478 ALDE : Ali, Arthuis, Bearder, Becerra Basterrechea, Bilbao Barandica, Calvet Chambon, Cavada, Charanzová, Dlabajová, Federley, Giménez Barbat, Goerens, Gräzin, Griesbeck, Grigule-Pēterse, Harkin, Hirsch, Huitema, Hyusmenova, in 't Veld, Jäätteenmäki, Ježek, Katainen, Kyuchyuk, Løkkegaard, Marinho e Pinto, Mazuronis, Michel, Mihaylova, van Miltenburg, Mlinar, Müller, Nagtegaal, Nart, Paet, Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz, Petersen, Punset, Radoš, Ries, Riquet, Rochefort, Schaake, Selimovic, Telička, Toom, Torvalds, Vajgl, Vautmans, Vehkaperä, Verhofstadt, Weber Renate, Wierinck ECR : Bashir, Belder, Czarnecki, Czesak, Dalton, Deva, Dohrmann, Dzhambazki, Flack, Foster, Gericke, Gosiewska, Henkel, Hoc, Jurek, Kamall, Karim, Karski, Kłosowski, Kölmel, Krasnodębski, Krupa, Kuźmiuk, Lucke, Lundgren, McClarkin, McIntyre, Macovei, Matthews, Maullu, Messerschmidt, Mobarik, Nicholson, Piecha, Piotrowski, Poręba, Procter, Rebega, Ruohonen-Lerner, Sernagiotto, Škripek, Starbatty, Sulík, Swinburne, Tannock, Theocharous, Tomaševski, Tomašić, Tošenovský, Trebesius, Van Orden, Vistisen, Winberg, Zahradil, Złotowski EFDD : Agnew, Aker, Arnott, Bullock, Chauprade, Coburn, Collins, Etheridge, Finch, Gill Nathan, Meuthen, Parker, Payne, Reid, Seymour ENF : Annemans, Arnautu, Bay, Bilde, Boutonnet, Briois, Colombier, Elissen, Jamet, Lebreton, Lechevalier, Loiseau, Martin Dominique, Mélin, Pretzell, Schaffhauser, Stuger, Zijlstra NI : Carver, Epitideios, Fountoulis, Gollnisch, James, Saryusz-Wolski, Synadinos, Ujazdowski, Voigt PPE : Ademov, Alliot-Marie, Andrikienė, Arimont, Ashworth, Ayuso, Bach, Becker, Bendtsen, Bocskor, Böge, Bogovič, Boni, Brok, Buda, Buzek, Cadec, van de Camp, Casa, Caspary, del Castillo Vera, Christoforou, Cicu, Cirio, Clune, Coelho, Collin-Langen, Csáky, Danjean, Delahaye, Deli, Deß, Deutsch, Díaz de Mera García Consuegra, Didier, Dorfmann, Ehler, Engel, Erdős, Estaràs Ferragut, Fernandes, Fjellner, Florenz, Gahler, Gambús, Gardini, Gehrold, Gieseke, González Pons, de Grandes Pascual, Grossetête, Grzyb, Guoga, Gyürk, Hansen, Hayes, Herranz García, Hetman, Hohlmeier, Hökmark, Hölvényi, Hortefeux, Hübner, Jahr, Járóka, Jazłowiecka, Jiménez-Becerril Barrio, Joulaud, Juvin, Kalinowski, Karas, Kefalogiannis, Kelam, Kelly, Koch, Kósa, Kovatchev, Kozłowska-Rajewicz, Kudrycka, Kuhn, Kukan, Kyrtsos, Lamassoure, de Lange, Langen, La Via, Lavrilleux, Lenaers, Leontini, Lewandowski, Lins, Lope Fontagné, López-Istúriz White, Łukacijewska, McAllister, Maletić, Malinov, Mandl, Mănescu, Mann, Marinescu, Matera, Mato, Maydell, Melo, Metsola, Mikolášik, Morano, Morin-Chartier, Mureșan, Nagy, Niedermayer, van Nistelrooij, Novakov, Olbrycht, Peterle, Petir, Pieper, Pitera, Plura, Polčák, Ponga, Pospíšil, Preda, Proust, Radev, Radtke, Rangel, Ribeiro, Rosati, Ruas, Rübig, Šadurskis, Saïfi, Salafranca Sánchez-Neyra, Salini, Sander, Sarvamaa, Saudargas, Schmidt, Schöpflin, Schreijer-Pierik, Schulze, Schwab, Sellström, Sógor, Šojdrová, Sommer, Sonik, Štefanec, Stolojan, Šuica, Šulin, Svoboda, Szájer, Szejnfeld, Thun und Hohenstein, Tőkés, Tomc, Urutchev, Vaidere, Valcárcel Siso, Vandenkendelaere, Verheyen, Virkkunen, Voss, Vozemberg-Vrionidi, Wałęsa, Wieland, Winkler Hermann, Winkler Iuliu, Záborská, Zammit Dimech, Zdechovský, Zdrojewski, Zeller, Zver, Zwiefka S&D : Aguilera García, Anderson Lucy, Andrieu, Androulakis, Arena, Ayala Sender, Bayet, Beňová, Berès, Bettini, Blanco López, Blinkevičiūtė, Bonafè, Borzan, Boștinaru, Brannen, Bresso, Briano, Bullmann, Cabezón Ruiz, Caputo, Chinnici, Christensen, Corbett, Costa, Cristea, Dance, Danti, De Castro, Delvaux, De Monte, Detjen, Drăghici, Ertug, Fajon, Fernández, Ferrandino, Freund, Gabelic, García Pérez, Gardiazabal Rubial, Gebhardt, Geier, Gentile, Geringer de Oedenberg, Gierek, Gill Neena, Giuffrida, Gloanec Maurin, Grammatikakis, Grapini, Graswander-Hainz, Griffin, Gualtieri, Guerrero Salom, Guillaume, Gutiérrez Prieto, Hoffmann, Honeyball, Howarth, Jaakonsaari, Jongerius, Kadenbach, Kaili, Kammerevert, Kaufmann, Keller Jan, Khan, Kirton-Darling, Kofod, Kohn, Köster, Kouroumbashev, Krehl, Kumpula-Natri, Kyrkos, Lange, Liberadzki, López, López Aguilar, Ludvigsson, McAvan, Mamikins, Maňka, Manscour, Martin David, Mavrides, Mayer Alex, Melior, Mizzi, Moody, Moraes, Nekov, Neuser, Nica, Noichl, Padar, Palmer, Panzeri, Paolucci, Papadakis Demetris, Pargneaux, Pașcu, Pavel, Peillon, Picierno, Picula, Pirinski, Poc, Poche, Popa, Preuß, Revault d'Allonnes Bonnefoy, Rodrigues Liliana, Rodrigues Maria João, Rodríguez-Piñero Fernández, Rodust, Rozière, Sant, dos Santos, Sassoli, Schaldemose, Schuster, Sehnalová, Serrão Santos, Silva Pereira, Simon Peter, Simon Siôn, Sippel, Smolková, Stihler, Tănăsescu, Tang, Țapardel, Tarabella, Toia, Ujhelyi, Ulvskog, Van Brempt, Viotti, Ward, Weidenholzer, von Weizsäcker, Werner, Westphal, Wölken, Zanonato, Zemke, Zoffoli, Zorrinho Atturas 21 ECR : Demesmaeker, Packet, Stevens, Van Bossuyt EFDD : Iwaszkiewicz, Moi ENF : Bizzotto, Borghezio, Kappel, Lancini, Marusik, Mayer Georg, Obermayr, Scottà, Vilimsky, Zanni NI : Balczó, Montel, Papadakis Konstantinos, Sośnierz, Zarianopoulos Balsojuma labojumi un nodomi balsot Pret : Doru-Claudian Frunzulică 291. A8-0409/2018 – Henna Virkkunen, Marian-Jean Marinescu un Pavel Telička – groz. Nr. 100 Par 29 EFDD : Adinolfi, Agea, Aiuto, Beghin, Bergeron, Castaldo, Chauprade, Corrao, D'Amato, D'Ornano, Evi, Goddyn, Monot, Pedicini, Philippot, Tamburrano, Valli, Zullo ENF : Borghezio, Lancini, Scottà, Zanni GUE/NGL : Benito Ziluaga, Urbán Crespo NI : Balczó, Borrelli S&D : Cofferati, Sant Verts/ALE : Tarand Pret 593 ALDE : Ali, Arthuis, Bearder, Becerra Basterrechea, Bilbao Barandica, Calvet Chambon, Cavada, Charanzová, Dlabajová, Federley, Giménez Barbat, Goerens, Gräzin, Griesbeck, Grigule-Pēterse, Harkin, Hirsch, Huitema, Hyusmenova, in 't Veld, Jäätteenmäki, Jakovčić, Ježek, Katainen, Kyuchyuk, Løkkegaard, Marinho e Pinto, Mazuronis, Meissner, Michel, Mihaylova, van Miltenburg, Mlinar, Müller, Nagtegaal, Nart, Paet, Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz, Petersen, Punset, Radoš, Ries, Riquet, Rochefort, Schaake, Selimovic, Telička, Toom, Torvalds, Tremosa i Balcells, Vajgl, Vautmans, Vehkaperä, Verhofstadt, Weber Renate, Wierinck ECR : Bashir, Belder, Czarnecki, Czesak, Dalton, Demesmaeker, Deva, Dohrmann, Dzhambazki, Flack, Foster, Gericke, Gosiewska, Henkel, Hoc, Jurek, Kamall, Karim, Karski, Kłosowski, Kölmel, Krasnodębski, Krupa, Kuźmiuk, Lucke, Lundgren, McClarkin, McIntyre, Macovei, Marias, Matthews, Maullu, Messerschmidt, Mobarik, Nicholson, Packet, Piecha, Piotrowski, Poręba, Procter, Rebega, Ruohonen-Lerner, Sernagiotto, Škripek, Starbatty, Stevens, Sulík, Swinburne, Tannock, Theocharous, Tomaševski, Tomašić, Tošenovský, Trebesius, Van Bossuyt, Van Orden, Vistisen, Winberg, Zahradil, Złotowski EFDD : Agnew, Aker, Arnott, Bullock, Coburn, Collins, Etheridge, Finch, Gill Nathan, Iwaszkiewicz, Paksas, Parker, Payne, Reid, Seymour ENF : Annemans, Arnautu, Bay, Bilde, Bizzotto, Boutonnet, Briois, Colombier, Elissen, Jamet, Kappel, Lebreton, Lechevalier, Loiseau, Martin Dominique, Marusik, Mayer Georg, Mélin, Obermayr, Pretzell, Schaffhauser, Stuger, Troszczynski, Vilimsky, Zijlstra GUE/NGL : Albiol Guzmán, Anderson Martina, Björk, Carthy, Chountis, Couso Permuy, Eck, Ernst, Flanagan, Forenza, González Peñas, Hadjigeorgiou, Händel, Hazekamp, de Jong, Kohlíček, Konečná, Kouloglou, Kyllönen, Le Hyaric, López Bermejo, Lösing, Matias, Maurel, Ní Riada, Omarjee, Sakorafa, Schirdewan, Scholz, Senra Rodríguez, Spinelli, Sylikiotis, Vallina, Vergiat, Vieu NI : Carver, Epitideios, Fountoulis, Gollnisch, James, Saryusz-Wolski, Sonneborn, Sośnierz, Synadinos, Ujazdowski, Voigt PPE : Ademov, Alliot-Marie, Andrikienė, Arimont, Ashworth, Ayuso, Bach, Becker, Bendtsen, Bocskor, Böge, Bogovič, Boni, Brok, Buda, Buzek, Cadec, van de Camp, Casa, Caspary, del Castillo Vera, Christoforou, Cicu, Cirio, Clune, Coelho, Collin-Langen, Csáky, Danjean, Delahaye, Deli, Deß, Deutsch, Díaz de Mera García Consuegra, Didier, Dorfmann, Ehler, Engel, Erdős, Estaràs Ferragut, Fernandes, Fjellner, Florenz, Gahler, Gambús, Gardini, Gehrold, Gieseke, González Pons, de Grandes Pascual, Gräßle, Grossetête, Grzyb, Guoga, Gyürk, Hansen, Hayes, Herranz García, Hetman, Hohlmeier, Hökmark, Hölvényi, Hortefeux, Hübner, Iturgaiz, Jahr, Járóka, Jazłowiecka, Jiménez-Becerril Barrio, Joulaud, Juvin, Kalinowski, Karas, Kefalogiannis, Kelam, Kelly, Koch, Kósa, Kovatchev, Kozłowska-Rajewicz, Kudrycka, Kuhn, Kukan, Kyrtsos, Lamassoure, de Lange, Langen, La Via, Lavrilleux, Lenaers, Leontini, Lewandowski, Lins, Lope Fontagné, López-Istúriz White, Łukacijewska, McAllister, Maletić, Malinov, Mandl, Mănescu, Mann, Marinescu, Matera, Mato, Maydell, Melo, Metsola, Mikolášik, Millán Mon, Morano, Morin-Chartier, Mureșan, Nagy, Niedermayer, van Nistelrooij, Novakov, Olbrycht, Peterle, Petir, Pieper, Pietikäinen, Pitera, Plura, Polčák, Ponga, Pospíšil, Preda, Proust, Radev, Radtke, Rangel, Ribeiro, Rolin, Rosati, Ruas, Rübig, Šadurskis, Saïfi, Salafranca Sánchez-Neyra, Salini, Sander, Sarvamaa, Saudargas, Schmidt, Schöpflin, Schreijer-Pierik, Schulze, Schwab, Sellström, Sógor, Šojdrová, Sommer, Sonik, Štefanec, Štětina, Stolojan, Šuica, Šulin, Svoboda, Szájer, Szejnfeld, Thun und Hohenstein, Tőkés, Tomc, Urutchev, Valcárcel Siso, Vandenkendelaere, Verheyen, Virkkunen, Voss, Vozemberg-Vrionidi, Wałęsa, Wieland, Winkler Hermann, Winkler Iuliu, Záborská, Zammit Dimech, Zdechovský, Zdrojewski, Zeller, Zovko, Zver, Zwiefka S&D : Aguilera García, Anderson Lucy, Andrieu, Androulakis, Arena, Assis, Ayala Sender, Balas, Bayet, Beňová, Berès, Bettini, Blanco López, Blinkevičiūtė, Bonafè, Borzan, Boștinaru, Brannen, Bresso, Briano, Bullmann, Cabezón Ruiz, Caputo, Chinnici, Christensen, Corbett, Costa, Cozzolino, Cristea, Dalli, Dance, Danti, De Castro, Delvaux, De Monte, Detjen, Drăghici, Ertug, Fajon, Fernández, Ferrandino, Fleckenstein, Freund, Frunzulică, Gabelic, García Pérez, Gardiazabal Rubial, Gebhardt, Geier, Gentile, Geringer de Oedenberg, Gierek, Gill Neena, Giuffrida, Gloanec Maurin, Gomes, Grammatikakis, Grapini, Graswander-Hainz, Griffin, Gualtieri, Guerrero Salom, Guillaume, Gutiérrez Prieto, Hoffmann, Honeyball, Howarth, Jaakonsaari, Jáuregui Atondo, Jongerius, Kadenbach, Kaili, Kammerevert, Kaufmann, Keller Jan, Khan, Kirton-Darling, Kofod, Kohn, Köster, Kouroumbashev, Krehl, Kumpula-Natri, Kyrkos, Lange, Liberadzki, López, López Aguilar, Ludvigsson, McAvan, Mamikins, Maňka, Manscour, Martin David, Martin Edouard, Mavrides, Mayer Alex, Melior, Mizzi, Molnár, Moody, Moraes, Morgano, Mosca, Nekov, Neuser, Nica, Niedermüller, Noichl, Padar, Palmer, Panzeri, Paolucci, Papadakis Demetris, Pargneaux, Pașcu, Pavel, Peillon, Picierno, Picula, Pirinski, Poc, Poche, Popa, Post, Preuß, Regner, Revault d'Allonnes Bonnefoy, Rodrigues Liliana, Rodrigues Maria João, Rodríguez-Piñero Fernández, Rodust, Rozière, dos Santos, Schaldemose, Schlein, Schuster, Sehnalová, Serrão Santos, Silva Pereira, Simon Peter, Simon Siôn, Sippel, Smolková, Stihler, Tănăsescu, Tang, Țapardel, Tarabella, Thomas, Toia, Ujhelyi, Ulvskog, Van Brempt, Vaughan, Viotti, Ward, Weidenholzer, von Weizsäcker, Werner, Westphal, Wölken, Zanonato, Zemke, Zoffoli, Zorrinho Verts/ALE : Andersson, Auken, Bové, Bütikofer, Cramer, Dalunde, Delli, Durand, Evans, Franz, Giegold, Harms, Häusling, Hautala, Heubuch, Hudghton, Jávor, Joly, Keller Ska, Lambert, Lamberts, Lochbihler, Metz, Miranda, Mitrofanovs, Reda, Reimon, Reintke, Rivasi, Ropė, Sargentini, Scott Cato, Škrlec, Smith, Solé, Staes, Terricabras, Trüpel, Valero, Vana, Waitz Atturas 9 EFDD : Meuthen, Moi GUE/NGL : Kari, Viegas NI : Montel, Papadakis Konstantinos, Zarianopoulos PPE : Vaidere S&D : Sassoli Balsojuma labojumi un nodomi balsot Par : Mara Bizzotto, Tania González Peñas Pret : Xabier Benito Ziluaga 292. A8-0409/2018 – Henna Virkkunen, Marian-Jean Marinescu un Pavel Telička – groz. Nr. 34AD=50=70=91AD=92AD= Par 287 ALDE : Bearder, Federley, Griesbeck, Harkin, in 't Veld, Jäätteenmäki, Marinho e Pinto, Michel, van Miltenburg, Mlinar, Müller, Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz, Petersen, Punset, Ries, Rochefort, Schaake, Selimovic, Tremosa i Balcells, Vajgl, Vautmans, Wierinck EFDD : Adinolfi, Agea, Aiuto, Beghin, Bergeron, Castaldo, Corrao, D'Amato, D'Ornano, Evi, Goddyn, Monot, Paksas, Pedicini, Philippot, Tamburrano, Valli, Zullo GUE/NGL : Albiol Guzmán, Anderson Martina, Benito Ziluaga, Björk, Carthy, Chountis, Couso Permuy, Eck, Ernst, Flanagan, Forenza, González Peñas, Hadjigeorgiou, Händel, Hazekamp, de Jong, Kari, Kouloglou, Kyllönen, Le Hyaric, López Bermejo, Lösing, Matias, Maurel, Ní Riada, Sakorafa, Schirdewan, Scholz, Spinelli, Sylikiotis, Urbán Crespo, Vallina, Vergiat, Viegas, Vieu NI : Borrelli, Epitideios, Fountoulis, Sonneborn, Synadinos PPE : Pietikäinen S&D : Aguilera García, Anderson Lucy, Andrieu, Androulakis, Arena, Assis, Ayala Sender, Balas, Bayet, Beňová, Berès, Bettini, Blanco López, Blinkevičiūtė, Bonafè, Borzan, Boștinaru, Brannen, Bresso, Briano, Bullmann, Cabezón Ruiz, Caputo, Chinnici, Christensen, Cofferati, Corbett, Costa, Cozzolino, Cristea, Dalli, Dance, Danti, De Castro, Delvaux, De Monte, Detjen, Drăghici, Ertug, Fajon, Fernández, Ferrandino, Fleckenstein, Freund, Frunzulică, Gabelic, García Pérez, Gardiazabal Rubial, Gebhardt, Geier, Gentile, Gill Neena, Giuffrida, Gloanec Maurin, Gomes, Grammatikakis, Grapini, Graswander-Hainz, Griffin, Gualtieri, Guerrero Salom, Guillaume, Gutiérrez Prieto, Hoffmann, Honeyball, Howarth, Jaakonsaari, Jáuregui Atondo, Jongerius, Kadenbach, Kaili, Kammerevert, Kaufmann, Keller Jan, Khan, Kirton-Darling, Kofod, Kohn, Köster, Kouroumbashev, Krehl, Kumpula-Natri, Kyrkos, Lange, López, López Aguilar, Ludvigsson, McAvan, Mamikins, Maňka, Manscour, Martin David, Martin Edouard, Mavrides, Mayer Alex, Melior, Mizzi, Molnár, Moody, Moraes, Morgano, Mosca, Nekov, Neuser, Nica, Niedermüller, Noichl, Padar, Palmer, Panzeri, Paolucci, Papadakis Demetris, Pargneaux, Pașcu, Pavel, Peillon, Picierno, Picula, Pirinski, Poc, Poche, Popa, Post, Preuß, Regner, Revault d'Allonnes Bonnefoy, Rodrigues Liliana, Rodrigues Maria João, Rodríguez-Piñero Fernández, Rodust, Rozière, Sant, dos Santos, Sassoli, Schaldemose, Schlein, Schuster, Serrão Santos, Silva Pereira, Simon Peter, Simon Siôn, Sippel, Smolková, Stihler, Tănăsescu, Tang, Țapardel, Tarabella, Thomas, Toia, Ujhelyi, Ulvskog, Van Brempt, Vaughan, Viotti, Ward, Weidenholzer, von Weizsäcker, Werner, Westphal, Wölken, Zoffoli, Zorrinho Verts/ALE : Andersson, Auken, Bové, Bütikofer, Cramer, Dalunde, Delli, Durand, Evans, Franz, Giegold, Harms, Häusling, Hautala, Heubuch, Hudghton, Jávor, Joly, Keller Ska, Lambert, Lamberts, Lochbihler, Metz, Miranda, Mitrofanovs, Reda, Reimon, Reintke, Rivasi, Ropė, Sargentini, Scott Cato, Škrlec, Smith, Solé, Staes, Tarand, Taylor, Terricabras, Trüpel, Valero, Vana, Waitz Pret 327 ALDE : Ali, Arthuis, Becerra Basterrechea, Calvet Chambon, Cavada, Charanzová, Dlabajová, Giménez Barbat, Goerens, Gräzin, Grigule-Pēterse, Hirsch, Huitema, Hyusmenova, Jakovčić, Ježek, Katainen, Kyuchyuk, Løkkegaard, Mazuronis, Meissner, Mihaylova, Nagtegaal, Nart, Paet, Radoš, Riquet, Telička, Toom, Torvalds, Vehkaperä, Verhofstadt, Weber Renate ECR : Bashir, Belder, Czarnecki, Czesak, Dalton, Demesmaeker, Dohrmann, Dzhambazki, Flack, Gericke, Gosiewska, Henkel, Hoc, Jurek, Kamall, Karim, Karski, Kłosowski, Kölmel, Krasnodębski, Krupa, Kuźmiuk, Lucke, Lundgren, McClarkin, McIntyre, Macovei, Matthews, Maullu, Messerschmidt, Mobarik, Nicholson, Packet, Piecha, Piotrowski, Poręba, Procter, Rebega, Ruohonen-Lerner, Sernagiotto, Škripek, Starbatty, Stevens, Sulík, Swinburne, Tannock, Theocharous, Tomaševski, Tomašić, Tošenovský, Trebesius, Van Bossuyt, Van Orden, Vistisen, Winberg, Zahradil, Złotowski EFDD : Agnew, Aker, Arnott, Bullock, Chauprade, Coburn, Collins, Etheridge, Finch, Gill Nathan, Iwaszkiewicz, Meuthen, Parker, Payne, Reid, Seymour ENF : Annemans, Arnautu, Bay, Bilde, Boutonnet, Briois, Colombier, Elissen, Jamet, Kappel, Lebreton, Lechevalier, Loiseau, Martin Dominique, Marusik, Mayer Georg, Mélin, Obermayr, Pretzell, Schaffhauser, Stuger, Troszczynski, Vilimsky, Zijlstra GUE/NGL : Kohlíček, Konečná NI : Carver, Gollnisch, James, Saryusz-Wolski, Sośnierz, Ujazdowski, Voigt PPE : Ademov, Alliot-Marie, Andrikienė, Arimont, Ashworth, Ayuso, Bach, Becker, Bendtsen, Bocskor, Böge, Bogovič, Boni, Buzek, Cadec, van de Camp, Casa, Caspary, del Castillo Vera, Christoforou, Cicu, Cirio, Clune, Coelho, Collin-Langen, Csáky, Danjean, Delahaye, Deli, Deß, Deutsch, Díaz de Mera García Consuegra, Didier, Dorfmann, Ehler, Engel, Erdős, Estaràs Ferragut, Fernandes, Fjellner, Florenz, Gahler, Gambús, Gardini, Gehrold, Gieseke, González Pons, de Grandes Pascual, Gräßle, Grossetête, Grzyb, Guoga, Gyürk, Hansen, Hayes, Herranz García, Hetman, Hohlmeier, Hökmark, Hölvényi, Hortefeux, Hübner, Iturgaiz, Jahr, Járóka, Jazłowiecka, Jiménez-Becerril Barrio, Joulaud, Juvin, Kalinowski, Karas, Kefalogiannis, Kelam, Kelly, Koch, Kósa, Kovatchev, Kozłowska-Rajewicz, Kudrycka, Kuhn, Kukan, Kyrtsos, Lamassoure, de Lange, Langen, La Via, Lavrilleux, Lenaers, Leontini, Lewandowski, Lins, Lope Fontagné, López-Istúriz White, Łukacijewska, McAllister, Maletić, Malinov, Mandl, Mănescu, Mann, Marinescu, Matera, Mato, Maydell, Melo, Metsola, Mikolášik, Millán Mon, Morano, Morin-Chartier, Mureșan, Nagy, Niedermayer, van Nistelrooij, Novakov, Olbrycht, Peterle, Petir, Pieper, Pitera, Plura, Polčák, Ponga, Pospíšil, Preda, Proust, Radev, Radtke, Rangel, Ribeiro, Rolin, Rosati, Ruas, Rübig, Šadurskis, Saïfi, Salafranca Sánchez-Neyra, Salini, Sander, Sarvamaa, Saudargas, Schmidt, Schöpflin, Schreijer-Pierik, Schulze, Schwab, Sellström, Sógor, Šojdrová, Sommer, Sonik, Štefanec, Štětina, Stolojan, Šuica, Šulin, Svoboda, Szájer, Szejnfeld, Thun und Hohenstein, Tőkés, Tomc, Urutchev, Vaidere, Valcárcel Siso, Vandenkendelaere, Verheyen, Virkkunen, Voss, Vozemberg-Vrionidi, Wałęsa, Wieland, Winkler Hermann, Winkler Iuliu, Záborská, Zammit Dimech, Zdechovský, Zdrojewski, Zeller, Zovko, Zver, Zwiefka S&D : Geringer de Oedenberg, Gierek, Liberadzki, Sehnalová, Zanonato, Zemke Atturas 12 ECR : Marias EFDD : Moi ENF : Bizzotto, Borghezio, Lancini, Scottà, Zanni GUE/NGL : Senra Rodríguez NI : Balczó, Montel, Papadakis Konstantinos, Zarianopoulos 293. A8-0409/2018 – Henna Virkkunen, Marian-Jean Marinescu un Pavel Telička – groz. Nr. 34AD=92AD= Par 297 ALDE : Ali, Bearder, Becerra Basterrechea, Calvet Chambon, Federley, Griesbeck, Harkin, in 't Veld, Jäätteenmäki, Jakovčić, Marinho e Pinto, van Miltenburg, Mlinar, Müller, Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz, Petersen, Punset, Ries, Rochefort, Schaake, Selimovic, Tremosa i Balcells, Vajgl, Vautmans, Verhofstadt, Wierinck EFDD : Adinolfi, Agea, Aiuto, Bergeron, Castaldo, Corrao, D'Amato, D'Ornano, Evi, Goddyn, Monot, Paksas, Pedicini, Philippot, Tamburrano, Valli, Zullo ENF : Bizzotto, Borghezio, Kappel, Lancini, Mayer Georg, Obermayr, Scottà, Vilimsky, Zanni GUE/NGL : Albiol Guzmán, Anderson Martina, Benito Ziluaga, Björk, Carthy, Chountis, Couso Permuy, Eck, Ernst, Flanagan, Forenza, González Peñas, Hadjigeorgiou, Händel, Hazekamp, de Jong, Kari, Kouloglou, Kyllönen, Le Hyaric, López Bermejo, Lösing, Matias, Maurel, Ní Riada, Omarjee, Sakorafa, Schirdewan, Scholz, Spinelli, Sylikiotis, Urbán Crespo, Vallina, Vergiat, Viegas, Vieu NI : Borrelli, Epitideios, Fountoulis, Sonneborn, Synadinos S&D : Aguilera García, Anderson Lucy, Andrieu, Androulakis, Arena, Assis, Ayala Sender, Balas, Bayet, Beňová, Berès, Bettini, Blanco López, Blinkevičiūtė, Bonafè, Borzan, Boștinaru, Brannen, Bresso, Briano, Bullmann, Cabezón Ruiz, Caputo, Chinnici, Christensen, Cofferati, Corbett, Costa, Cozzolino, Cristea, Dance, Danti, De Castro, Delvaux, De Monte, Detjen, Drăghici, Ertug, Fajon, Fernández, Ferrandino, Fleckenstein, Freund, Frunzulică, Gabelic, García Pérez, Gardiazabal Rubial, Gebhardt, Geier, Gentile, Geringer de Oedenberg, Gill Neena, Giuffrida, Gloanec Maurin, Gomes, Grammatikakis, Grapini, Graswander-Hainz, Griffin, Gualtieri, Guerrero Salom, Guillaume, Gutiérrez Prieto, Hoffmann, Honeyball, Howarth, Jaakonsaari, Jáuregui Atondo, Jongerius, Kadenbach, Kaili, Kammerevert, Kaufmann, Keller Jan, Khan, Kirton-Darling, Kofod, Kohn, Köster, Kouroumbashev, Krehl, Kumpula-Natri, Kyrkos, Lange, López, López Aguilar, Ludvigsson, McAvan, Mamikins, Maňka, Manscour, Martin David, Martin Edouard, Mavrides, Mayer Alex, Melior, Mizzi, Molnár, Moody, Moraes, Morgano, Mosca, Nekov, Neuser, Nica, Niedermüller, Noichl, Padar, Palmer, Panzeri, Paolucci, Papadakis Demetris, Pargneaux, Pașcu, Pavel, Peillon, Picierno, Picula, Poc, Poche, Post, Preuß, Regner, Revault d'Allonnes Bonnefoy, Rodrigues Liliana, Rodrigues Maria João, Rodríguez-Piñero Fernández, Rodust, Rozière, Sant, dos Santos, Sassoli, Schaldemose, Schlein, Schuster, Sehnalová, Serrão Santos, Silva Pereira, Simon Peter, Simon Siôn, Sippel, Smolková, Stihler, Tănăsescu, Tang, Țapardel, Tarabella, Thomas, Toia, Ujhelyi, Ulvskog, Vaughan, Viotti, Ward, Weidenholzer, von Weizsäcker, Werner, Westphal, Wölken, Zoffoli, Zorrinho Verts/ALE : Andersson, Auken, Bové, Bütikofer, Cramer, Dalunde, Delli, Durand, Evans, Franz, Giegold, Harms, Häusling, Hautala, Heubuch, Hudghton, Jávor, Joly, Keller Ska, Lambert, Lamberts, Lochbihler, Metz, Miranda, Mitrofanovs, Reda, Reimon, Reintke, Rivasi, Ropė, Sargentini, Scott Cato, Škrlec, Smith, Solé, Staes, Tarand, Taylor, Terricabras, Trüpel, Valero, Vana, Waitz Pret 316 ALDE : Arthuis, Bilbao Barandica, Cavada, Charanzová, Dlabajová, Giménez Barbat, Goerens, Gräzin, Grigule-Pēterse, Hirsch, Huitema, Hyusmenova, Ježek, Kyuchyuk, Løkkegaard, Mazuronis, Meissner, Michel, Mihaylova, Nagtegaal, Nart, Paet, Radoš, Riquet, Telička, Toom, Torvalds, Vehkaperä, Weber Renate ECR : Bashir, Belder, Czarnecki, Czesak, Dalton, Demesmaeker, Deva, Dohrmann, Dzhambazki, Flack, Gericke, Gosiewska, Henkel, Hoc, Jurek, Kamall, Karim, Karski, Kłosowski, Kölmel, Krasnodębski, Krupa, Kuźmiuk, Lucke, Lundgren, McClarkin, McIntyre, Macovei, Matthews, Maullu, Messerschmidt, Mobarik, Nicholson, Packet, Piecha, Piotrowski, Poręba, Procter, Rebega, Ruohonen-Lerner, Sernagiotto, Škripek, Starbatty, Stevens, Sulík, Swinburne, Tannock, Theocharous, Tomaševski, Tomašić, Tošenovský, Trebesius, Van Bossuyt, Van Orden, Vistisen, Winberg, Zahradil, Złotowski EFDD : Agnew, Aker, Arnott, Bullock, Chauprade, Coburn, Collins, Etheridge, Finch, Gill Nathan, Iwaszkiewicz, Meuthen, Parker, Payne, Reid, Seymour ENF : Annemans, Arnautu, Bay, Bilde, Boutonnet, Briois, Colombier, Elissen, Jamet, Lebreton, Lechevalier, Loiseau, Martin Dominique, Marusik, Mélin, Pretzell, Schaffhauser, Stuger, Troszczynski, Zijlstra GUE/NGL : Kohlíček, Konečná NI : Carver, Gollnisch, James, Saryusz-Wolski, Sośnierz, Ujazdowski, Voigt PPE : Ademov, Alliot-Marie, Andrikienė, Arimont, Ashworth, Ayuso, Bach, Becker, Bendtsen, Bocskor, Böge, Bogovič, Boni, Buda, Buzek, Cadec, van de Camp, Casa, Caspary, del Castillo Vera, Christoforou, Cicu, Cirio, Clune, Coelho, Collin-Langen, Csáky, Danjean, Delahaye, Deli, Deß, Deutsch, Díaz de Mera García Consuegra, Didier, Dorfmann, Engel, Erdős, Estaràs Ferragut, Fernandes, Fjellner, Florenz, Gahler, Gambús, Gardini, Gehrold, Gieseke, González Pons, de Grandes Pascual, Gräßle, Grossetête, Grzyb, Guoga, Gyürk, Hansen, Hayes, Herranz García, Hetman, Hohlmeier, Hökmark, Hölvényi, Hortefeux, Hübner, Iturgaiz, Jahr, Járóka, Jazłowiecka, Jiménez-Becerril Barrio, Joulaud, Kalinowski, Karas, Kefalogiannis, Kelam, Kelly, Koch, Kósa, Kovatchev, Kozłowska-Rajewicz, Kudrycka, Kuhn, Kukan, Kyrtsos, Lamassoure, Langen, La Via, Lavrilleux, Lenaers, Leontini, Lewandowski, Lins, Lope Fontagné, López-Istúriz White, Łukacijewska, McAllister, Maletić, Malinov, Mandl, Mănescu, Mann, Marinescu, Matera, Mato, Maydell, Melo, Metsola, Mikolášik, Millán Mon, Morano, Morin-Chartier, Mureșan, Nagy, Niedermayer, van Nistelrooij, Novakov, Olbrycht, Peterle, Petir, Pieper, Pietikäinen, Pitera, Plura, Polčák, Ponga, Pospíšil, Preda, Proust, Radev, Radtke, Rangel, Ribeiro, Rolin, Rosati, Ruas, Rübig, Šadurskis, Saïfi, Salafranca Sánchez-Neyra, Salini, Sander, Sarvamaa, Saudargas, Schmidt, Schöpflin, Schreijer-Pierik, Schulze, Sellström, Sógor, Šojdrová, Sommer, Štefanec, Štětina, Stolojan, Šuica, Šulin, Svoboda, Szájer, Szejnfeld, Thun und Hohenstein, Tőkés, Tomc, Urutchev, Vaidere, Valcárcel Siso, Vandenkendelaere, Verheyen, Virkkunen, Voss, Vozemberg-Vrionidi, Wałęsa, Wieland, Winkler Hermann, Winkler Iuliu, Záborská, Zammit Dimech, Zdechovský, Zdrojewski, Zeller, Zver, Zwiefka S&D : Dalli, Gierek, Liberadzki, Pirinski, Zanonato, Zemke Atturas 7 ECR : Marias EFDD : Moi GUE/NGL : Senra Rodríguez NI : Balczó, Montel, Papadakis Konstantinos, Zarianopoulos 294. A8-0409/2018 – Henna Virkkunen, Marian-Jean Marinescu un Pavel Telička – groz. Nr.
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The background of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study
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Lorentz M. Irgens
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The background of the Norwegian Mother and Child
Cohort Study Lorentz M. Irgens
Professor of Preventive Medicine, University of Bergen, former Director of the Medical Birth Registry of Norway
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Lorentz M. Irgens
Professor of Preventive Medicine, University of Bergen, former Director of the Medical Birth Registry o Lorentz M. Irgens
Professor of Preventive Medicine, University of Bergen, former Director of the Medical Birth Registry of Norway
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The background why the Norwegian Mother and Child
Cohort Study (MoBa) was conceived and its aims are
complex and multifactorial, and the replies you get if
you ask for clarification of these issues will depend on
whom you ask. As an actor in the conception and initi-
ation of the study, I have been asked to account for my
personal view how it all started. The background why the Norwegian Mother and Child
Cohort Study (MoBa) was conceived and its aims are
complex and multifactorial, and the replies you get if
you ask for clarification of these issues will depend on
whom you ask. As an actor in the conception and initi-
ation of the study, I have been asked to account for my
personal view how it all started. gical research. To meet these aims, a comprehensive
infrastructure was established. However, in 1991, Cle-
aringhouse decided for various reasons, at its Annual
Meeting in Australia, to move ICBD to Rome. This was a heavy and unexpected blow to the MBRN
in Bergen and admittedly to me as well. However, I
decided to deal with the problems in what I thought was
a brave and constructive way. In part I gave a speech
at the table in Canberra in which I, to some partici-
pants’ surprise, cited (prophetically!) the Danish poet
Piet Hein: “The noble art of losing face/ may one day
save the human race/ and turn into eternal merit/ what
weaker minds would call disgrace”. (If not quite “eter-
nal” MoBa has turned out to be a true scientific merit). The background of the Norwegian Mother and Child
Cohort Study The MoBa has since its initiation been closely related
to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN)
comprising detailed medical data on all births after 16
weeks of gestation in the country. Established in the
wake of the thalidomide catastrophe, in 1970 by Tor
Bjerkedal, at that time professor of preventive medicine
and head of Institute for hygiene and social medicine,
University of Bergen, the MBRN came to represent the
first national medical birth registry worldwide. Other-
wise, perinatal epidemiological efforts had been based
on ad hoc or more permanent case control studies. An
ambitious cohort design, comprising all births in the
country identified by the national identification number,
opened up possibilities for epidemiological research
never envisaged before. The aims were to monitor and
shed light on causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes as
well as to study associations between various pregnan-
cy outcomes and subsequent health problems. In part, and much more important, I had a conversa-
tion onboard the plane back to Norway with the
director general of the Norwegian Institute of Public
Health, Dr. Bodolf Hareide, who had attended the
meeting in Australia as chair of the ICBD Board of
Directors. The following situation was on our agenda. The unit in Bergen was left with a strong analytical
infrastructure without any mission. However, at the
time, the MBRN had been confronted with important
challenges in epidemiological monitoring and research
related to increasing public concern with environmen-
tal pollution. Some years earlier, in 1986, the Cherno-
byl power plant disaster had raised questions whether
the radioactive fallout might cause adverse pregnancy
outcomes in Norway (1). At the same time, a potential
cluster of birth defects in the Royal Norwegian Navy
(2) attracted sustained attention in Norwegian media
and called for initiatives among politicians aiming at
clarification of this and similar clusters. Such incidents
demonstrated the lack of data on exposure and follow
up in our perinatal epidemiological research. Eventually, the MBRN came to collect substantial
amounts of data, and in the 1980s, when the number of
births reached a level at which more comprehensive
epidemiological analyses became feasible, the lack of
certain analytical variables was evident. First, data on
a number of potential risk factors for various adverse
outcomes of pregnancy were not registered. Second, in
spite of possibilities of linkage with other registers,
data on important health problems after birth were not
at hand. 7 7 Norsk Epidemiologi 2014; 24 (1-2): 7-8 The background of the Norwegian Mother and Child
Cohort Study As head of the MBRN at that time, I felt the
responsibility for filling these gaps in items of personal
data. Throughout the 1980s, the MBRN, in cooperation
with the Directorate of Health and the Norwegian
Institute of Public Health, had been involved in a radi-
cal revision of the registration of data related to preg-
nancy and delivery, including the pregnancy record
and the MBRN notification form. The pregnancy
record already included a number of items of data
representing potential risk factors important in epide-
miological studies, however routinely not forwarded to
the MBRN. MBRN had conducted a feasibility study
in a Norwegian county (Nordland), and it was evident
that the collection, registration and analysis of such
data would be of great value, but needed considerable
resources in terms of man power. The need of syste- With monitoring of birth defects as one of its two
main aims, MBRN became, in 1974, a founding mem-
ber of International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects
Monitoring Systems (Clearinghouse). In order to im-
prove its worldwide monitoring and research, Clearing-
house established, in 1989, its International Centre for
Birth Defects (ICBD) at MBRN in Bergen under the
auspices of the Norwegian Government. The initiative
represented an ambitious cooperation between the
MBRN and Clearinghouse as well as the Norwegian
Institute of Public Health. The aims were worldwide
monitoring of birth defects and etiologic epidemiolo- 8 L.M. IRGENS L.M. IRGENS having their first pregnancy consultation during one
calendar year (3). matic registration of this type of data during pregnancy
as well as data on follow up of the children was the
context in which the MoBa study was conceived. This was the slender beginning of the Norwegian
MoBa Study, which during the 1990s had its protocol
further developed into its recent ambitious scheme. This decade also saw the struggle for financial and
political support as well as professional controversies
with colleagues claiming that risk oriented research
was unethical. In the resolution of these challenges
Hareide became instrumental. Hareide realized the scientific potentials of such a
dataset. Furthermore, he consented to keep the person-
nel that had been affiliated with ICDB in Bergen in
order to utilize their qualifications in the new project. Already in the 1991 Annual Report of the MBRN, the
project was referred to as the “cohort project”, and its
ambitious aim was to include all women in the country 1. Irgens LM, Lie RT, Ulstein M, Skeie Jensen T, Skjærven R, Sivertsen E, Reitan JB, Strand P, Strand T,
Skjeldestad FE. Pregnancy outcome in Norway after Chernobyl. Biomed Pharmacoter 1991; (45): 233-241.
2. Kristensen P, Jacobsen K, Skyberg K. Birth defects among children of fathers with service onboard HNoMS
Kvikk (In Norwegian). STAMI Report No. 3/2000. Oslo, Statens arbeidsmiljøinstitutt, 2000.
3. Annual Report 1991, Medical Birth Registry of Norway (summary in English). Bergen, 1993. REFERENCES 1. Irgens LM, Lie RT, Ulstein M, Skeie Jensen T, Skjærven R, Sivertsen E, Reitan JB, Strand P, Strand T,
Skjeldestad FE. Pregnancy outcome in Norway after Chernobyl. Biomed Pharmacoter 1991; (45): 233-241. 2. Kristensen P, Jacobsen K, Skyberg K. Birth defects among children of fathers with service onboard HNoMS
Kvikk (In Norwegian). STAMI Report No. 3/2000. Oslo, Statens arbeidsmiljøinstitutt, 2000. 3. Annual Report 1991, Medical Birth Registry of Norway (summary in English). Bergen, 1993.
| 30,841 |
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Suure-Jaani alevivolinike loend 1934
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https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suure-Jaani alevivolinike loend 1934&action=history
|
Estonian
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Spoken
| 119 | 350 |
14. ja 15. jaanuaril 1934 valiti Suure-Jaani alevivolinikeks (RTL 1934, 14):
Kaupmeeskonna, töösturite ja nende pooldajate valimisliidu järgi
Karl Mikk, astus 17. märtsil 1934 tagasi, tems asemele kutsutud Edgar-Johannes Ottas (20. märts 1934, RTL 1934, 25)
Suure-Jaani maja- ja kruntplatsi omanikkude ning käsitööliste valimisliidu järgi
Jüri Soolo
August Pakassaar
Martin Vain
Johannes Ott
Tööliste, käsitööliste, üürnikkude ja väikemajaomanikkude valimisliidu järgi
Jaan Tiks
Georg Põdra
Jüri Käär
August Leppik
August Nurk
Robert Männik, astus tagasi, tema asemele kutsutud arvates 22. veebruarist 1934 Jaan Margus (RTL 1934, 19)
Vabadussõjalaste rahvaliikumise nimekirja valimisliidu järgi
(arvatud volikogust välja Kohtu- ja siseministri otsusega 22. märtsist 1934 nr. 2388; RTL 1934, 29)
Johan Matson
Jaak Nõmm
Theodor Kaasik
Mihail Pihlak
Suure-Jaani ajalugu
Eesti alevivolinike loendid
| 24,784 |
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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BSD-3-Clause
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metro-jax-ws-1
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monicadragomir
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Java
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Code
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/*
* Copyright (c) 1997, 2018 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
*
* This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
* terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v. 1.0, which is available at
* http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php.
*
* SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
*/
package com.sun.xml.ws.client.dispatch;
import com.sun.xml.bind.api.JAXBRIContext;
import com.sun.xml.ws.api.addressing.WSEndpointReference;
import com.sun.xml.ws.api.message.Header;
import com.sun.xml.ws.api.message.Headers;
import com.sun.xml.ws.api.message.Message;
import com.sun.xml.ws.api.message.Messages;
import com.sun.xml.ws.api.message.Packet;
import com.sun.xml.ws.api.pipe.Tube;
import com.sun.xml.ws.api.client.WSPortInfo;
import com.sun.xml.ws.binding.BindingImpl;
import com.sun.xml.ws.client.WSServiceDelegate;
import com.sun.xml.ws.message.jaxb.JAXBDispatchMessage;
import com.sun.xml.ws.spi.db.BindingContextFactory;
import javax.xml.bind.JAXBContext;
import javax.xml.bind.JAXBException;
import javax.xml.bind.Unmarshaller;
import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
import javax.xml.transform.Source;
import javax.xml.ws.Service;
import javax.xml.ws.WebServiceException;
/**
* The <code>JAXBDispatch</code> class provides support
* for the dynamic invocation of a service endpoint operation using
* JAXB objects. The <code>javax.xml.ws.Service</code>
* interface acts as a factory for the creation of <code>JAXBDispatch</code>
* instances.
*
* @author WS Development Team
* @version 1.0
*/
public class JAXBDispatch extends DispatchImpl<Object> {
private final JAXBContext jaxbcontext;
// We will support a JAXBContext parameter from an unknown JAXB
// implementation by marshaling and unmarshaling directly from the
// context object, as there is no Bond available.
private final boolean isContextSupported;
@Deprecated
public JAXBDispatch(QName port, JAXBContext jc, Service.Mode mode, WSServiceDelegate service, Tube pipe, BindingImpl binding, WSEndpointReference epr) {
super(port, mode, service, pipe, binding, epr);
this.jaxbcontext = jc;
this.isContextSupported = BindingContextFactory.isContextSupported(jc);
}
public JAXBDispatch(WSPortInfo portInfo, JAXBContext jc, Service.Mode mode, BindingImpl binding, WSEndpointReference epr) {
super(portInfo, mode, binding, epr);
this.jaxbcontext = jc;
this.isContextSupported = BindingContextFactory.isContextSupported(jc);
}
Object toReturnValue(Packet response) {
try {
Unmarshaller unmarshaller = jaxbcontext.createUnmarshaller();
Message msg = response.getMessage();
switch (mode) {
case PAYLOAD:
return msg.<Object>readPayloadAsJAXB(unmarshaller);
case MESSAGE:
Source result = msg.readEnvelopeAsSource();
return unmarshaller.unmarshal(result);
default:
throw new WebServiceException("Unrecognized dispatch mode");
}
} catch (JAXBException e) {
throw new WebServiceException(e);
}
}
Packet createPacket(Object msg) {
assert jaxbcontext != null;
Message message;
if (mode == Service.Mode.MESSAGE) {
message = isContextSupported ?
new JAXBDispatchMessage(BindingContextFactory.create(jaxbcontext), msg, soapVersion) :
new JAXBDispatchMessage(jaxbcontext, msg, soapVersion);
} else {
if (msg == null) {
message = Messages.createEmpty(soapVersion);
} else {
message = isContextSupported ?
Messages.create(jaxbcontext, msg, soapVersion) :
Messages.createRaw(jaxbcontext, msg, soapVersion);
}
}
return new Packet(message);
}
public void setOutboundHeaders(Object... headers) {
if (headers == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
Header[] hl = new Header[headers.length];
for (int i = 0; i < hl.length; i++) {
if (headers[i] == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
// TODO: handle any JAXBContext.
hl[i] = Headers.create((JAXBRIContext) jaxbcontext, headers[i]);
}
super.setOutboundHeaders(hl);
}
}
| 20,788 |
https://github.com/TopQuadrant/shacl/blob/master/src/main/java/org/topbraid/shacl/optimize/ClassPropertyMetadata.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
shacl
|
TopQuadrant
|
Java
|
Code
| 598 | 1,841 |
/*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*
* See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for additional
* information regarding copyright ownership.
*/
package org.topbraid.shacl.optimize;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import org.apache.jena.graph.Graph;
import org.apache.jena.graph.Node;
import org.apache.jena.graph.Triple;
import org.apache.jena.util.iterator.ExtendedIterator;
import org.topbraid.jenax.util.JenaDatatypes;
import org.topbraid.jenax.util.JenaNodeUtil;
import org.topbraid.shacl.util.SHACLUtil;
import org.topbraid.shacl.vocabulary.SH;
import org.topbraid.shacl.vocabulary.TOSH;
/**
* Metadata about a property at a given class, possibly in the inverse direction.
* Populated from SHACL constraints and plugins (currently including OWL restrictions
* and - within the TopBraid ecosystem - SPIN constraints).
*
* @author Holger Knublauch
*/
public class ClassPropertyMetadata {
private Node description;
private Node editWidget;
private boolean inverse;
private Node localRange;
private Integer maxCount;
private Node name;
private Node order;
private Node predicate;
private Node viewWidget;
ClassPropertyMetadata(Node classNode, Node predicate, boolean inverse, Graph graph) {
this.inverse = inverse;
this.predicate = predicate;
// Init from SHACL shapes
if(SHACLUtil.exists(graph)) {
if(JenaNodeUtil.isInstanceOf(classNode, SH.Shape.asNode(), graph)) {
initFromShape(classNode, graph);
}
ExtendedIterator<Triple> it = graph.find(null, SH.targetClass.asNode(), classNode);
while(it.hasNext()) {
Node shape = it.next().getSubject();
initFromShape(shape, graph);
}
}
if(!inverse) {
for(Plugin plugin : plugins) {
plugin.init(this, classNode, graph);
}
}
}
public Node getDescription() {
return description;
}
public Node getEditWidget() {
return editWidget;
}
// Currently not supported for inverse properties (not used yet)
public Node getLocalRange() {
return localRange;
}
public Integer getMaxCount() {
return maxCount;
}
public Node getName() {
return name;
}
public Node getOrder() {
return order;
}
public Node getPredicate() {
return predicate;
}
public Node getViewWidget() {
return viewWidget;
}
private void initFromShape(Node shape, Graph graph) {
if(!graph.contains(shape, SH.deactivated.asNode(), JenaDatatypes.TRUE.asNode())) {
initFromShape(shape, SH.property.asNode(), graph);
initFromShape(shape, SH.parameter.asNode(), graph);
}
}
private void initFromShape(Node shape, Node systemPredicate, Graph graph) {
ExtendedIterator<Triple> it = graph.find(shape, systemPredicate, Node.ANY);
while(it.hasNext()) {
Node propertyShape = it.next().getObject();
if(!propertyShape.isLiteral()) {
if(hasMatchingPath(propertyShape, graph)) {
if(!graph.contains(propertyShape, SH.deactivated.asNode(), JenaDatatypes.TRUE.asNode())) {
if(description == null) {
description = JenaNodeUtil.getObject(propertyShape, SH.description.asNode(), graph);
}
if(localRange == null) {
if(inverse) {
// Maybe: support inverse ranges
}
else {
localRange = SHACLUtil.walkPropertyShapesHelper(propertyShape, graph);
}
}
if(maxCount == null) {
Node maxCountNode = JenaNodeUtil.getObject(propertyShape, SH.maxCount.asNode(), graph);
if(maxCountNode != null && maxCountNode.isLiteral()) {
Object value = maxCountNode.getLiteralValue();
if(value instanceof Number) {
maxCount = ((Number) value).intValue();
}
}
}
if(name == null) {
name = JenaNodeUtil.getObject(propertyShape, SH.name.asNode(), graph);
}
if(order == null) {
order = JenaNodeUtil.getObject(propertyShape, SH.order.asNode(), graph);
}
if(viewWidget == null) {
viewWidget = JenaNodeUtil.getObject(propertyShape, TOSH.viewWidget.asNode(), graph);
}
}
}
}
}
}
public boolean hasMatchingPath(Node propertyShape, Graph graph) {
if(inverse) {
Node path = JenaNodeUtil.getObject(propertyShape, SH.path.asNode(), graph);
if(path != null && path.isBlank()) {
return predicate.equals(JenaNodeUtil.getObject(path, SH.inversePath.asNode(), graph));
}
else {
return false;
}
}
else {
return graph.contains(propertyShape, SH.path.asNode(), predicate);
}
}
public boolean isInverse() {
return inverse;
}
public void setLocalRange(Node value) {
this.localRange = value;
}
public void setMaxCount(int value) {
this.maxCount = value;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "ClassPropertyMetadata for " + (inverse ? "^" : "") + predicate;
}
// Abstraction layer for OWL and SPIN
private static List<Plugin> plugins = new LinkedList<>();
public static void register(Plugin plugin) {
plugins.add(plugin);
}
static {
register(new OWLClassPropertyMetadataPlugin());
}
public static interface Plugin {
void init(ClassPropertyMetadata cpm, Node classNode, Graph graph);
}
}
| 1,115 |
https://github.com/postLi/afaflc/blob/master/src/views/users/dataDetailsCar/actionTrail.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
afaflc
|
postLi
|
Vue
|
Code
| 396 | 2,162 |
<template>
<div class="actionTrail detailsArrange" v-loading="loading">
<!-- 交易行为 -->
<div class="zizhiInfo-collapse collapseInfo">
<h2>交易行为</h2>
<div class="topFive">
<div class="topFive_route">
<div class="topFive_route_title clearfix">
<h6 class="fl">TOP5交易线路</h6>
<ul class="fl clearfix classfyTitle">
<li v-for="(item,index) in dataType" :key="item.name" :class="{currentClick:item.iscur}" @click="setCur(index)">{{item.name}}</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="essentialInformation_table">
<el-table
:data="tableData"
border
style="width: 100%">
<el-table-column
prop="date"
label="序号"
width="180">
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column
prop="name"
label="始发片区"
width="180">
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column
prop="name"
label="次数">
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column
prop="name"
label="目的片区">
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column
prop="name"
label="次数">
</el-table-column>
</el-table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="topFive_shipper">
<div class="topFive_route_title clearfix">
<h6 class="fl">TOP5交易货主</h6>
<ul class="fl clearfix classfyTitle">
<li v-for="(item,index) in dataType" :key="item.name" :class="{currentClick:item.iscur}" @click="setCur(index)">{{item.name}}</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="essentialInformation_table">
<el-table
:data="tableData"
border
style="width: 100%">
<el-table-column
prop="date"
label="序号 "
width="180">
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column
prop="name"
label="姓名"
width="180">
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column
prop="name"
label="交易次数">
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column
prop="name"
label="付款方式">
</el-table-column>
</el-table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 交易概况 -->
<div class="detailsInfo-collapse collapseInfo">
<h2>交易概况</h2>
<div class="essentialInformation_table">
<el-table
:data="tableData"
border
style="width: 100%">
<el-table-column
prop="date"
label="付款方式"
width="180">
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column
prop="name"
label="抢单次数"
width="180">
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column
prop="name"
label="中单次数（转化率）">
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column
prop="name"
label="线上交易次数">
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column
prop="name"
label="线下交易次数">
</el-table-column>
</el-table>
</div>
</div>
<!-- 事实轨迹 -->
<div class="logInfo-collapse collapseInfo">
<h2>事实轨迹</h2>
<div class="Amap">
<DriverTrack></DriverTrack>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import { parseTime } from '@/utils/index.js'
import Pager from '@/components/Pagination/index'
import { closest } from '@/utils/index'
import DriverTrack from '@/components/baiduTrack/index'
export default {
name: 'actionTrail',
components: {
Pager,
DriverTrack
},
props: {
isvisible: {
type: Boolean,
default: false
}
},
data() {
return {
size:[20,30,50],
defaultImg:'/static/test.jpg',//默认第一张图片的url
defaultImg45:'/static/45du.png',
defaultImgCarCard:'/static/carcard.png',
defaultImgDriverCard:'/static/drivercard.png',
defaultImgIdCard:'/static/idcard.png',
defaultImgGeRen:'/static/geren.png',
listInformation: [],
dataType:[
{name:'全部',iscur:true},
{name:'近7天',iscur:false},
{name:'近30天',iscur:false},
{name:'近90天',iscur:false},
],
page:1,
pagesize:20,
totalCount:100,
loading: false,
dialogVisible: false,
currentOrderSerial: '',
tableData: [{
date: '2016-05-02',
name: '王小虎',
address: '上海市普陀区金沙江路 1518 弄'
}, {
date: '2016-05-04',
name: '王小虎',
address: '上海市普陀区金沙江路 1517 弄'
}, {
date: '2016-05-01',
name: '王小虎',
address: '上海市普陀区金沙江路 1519 弄'
}, {
date: '2016-05-03',
name: '王小虎',
address: '上海市普陀区金沙江路 1516 弄'
}]
}
},
watch: {
isvisible: {
handler(newVal, oldVal) {
if (newVal) {
this.init()
}
},
// 代表在wacth里声明了firstName这个方法之后立即先去执行handler方法
immediate: true
},
},
mounted() {
// console.log(this.$route)
},
methods: {
init() {
},
shuaxin() {
this.init()
},
handlerClick() {
this.currentOrderSerial = this.$route.query.orderSerial
this.dialogVisible = true
},
handleSizeChange(val) {
console.log(`每页 ${val} 条`);
},
handleCurrentChange(val) {
console.log(`当前页: ${val}`);
},
setCur(index){
console.log(index)
this.dataType.forEach((el,idx)=>{
console.log(idx)
idx == index ? el.iscur = true : el.iscur = false;
})
}
}
}
</script>
<style rel="stylesheet/scss" lang="scss" scoped>
.actionTrail{
.collapseInfo{
.topFive{
display: flex;
.topFive_route,.topFive_shipper{
flex: 1;
.topFive_route_title{
h6{
margin-right: 80px;
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 40px;
}
}
}
.topFive_route{
margin-right: 20px;
}
}
.Amap{
width: 100%;
height: 852px;
padding: 10px 0 20px;
}
}
}
</style>
| 23,680 |
https://github.com/timur9996/knife-oci/blob/master/spec/resources/example_user_data.txt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
UPL-1.0, LicenseRef-scancode-warranty-disclaimer, Apache-2.0, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,019 |
knife-oci
|
timur9996
|
Shell
|
Code
| 11 | 29 |
#!/bin/bash
echo "This was created by CloudInit user data." >> user_data_example_output.txt
| 26,263 |
https://github.com/AXErunners/axesync/blob/master/AxeSync/Libraries/AdvancedOperations/Operations/DSOperation.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
axesync
|
AXErunners
|
C
|
Code
| 292 | 853 |
//
// Created by Andrew Podkovyrin
// Copyright © 2019 Axe Core Group. All rights reserved.
// Copyright © 2015 Michal Zaborowski. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "DSOperationConditionProtocol.h"
#import "DSOperationObserverProtocol.h"
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_BEGIN
typedef NS_ENUM(NSUInteger, DSOperationState) {
/// The initial state of an `DSOperation`.
DSOperationStateInitialized,
/// The `DSOperation` is ready to begin evaluating conditions.
DSOperationStatePending,
/// The `DSOperation` is evaluating conditions.
DSOperationStateEvaluatingConditions,
/// The `DSOperation`'s conditions have all been satisfied, and it is ready to execute.
DSOperationStateReady,
/// The `DSOperation` is executing.
DSOperationStateExecuting,
/// Execution of the `DSOperation` has finished, but it has not yet notified the queue of this.
DSOperationStateFinishing,
/// The `DSOperation` has finished executing.
DSOperationStateFinished
};
@class DSOperationQueue;
@interface DSOperation : NSOperation
@property (readonly, getter=isCancelled) BOOL cancelled;
@property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL userInitiated;
@property (atomic, readonly) DSOperationState state;
@property (nonatomic, weak, readonly, nullable) DSOperationQueue *enqueuedOperationQueue;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSArray<NSObject<DSOperationConditionProtocol> *> *conditions;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSArray<NSObject<DSOperationObserverProtocol> *> *observers;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSArray<NSError *> *internalErrors;
- (void)addObserver:(NSObject<DSOperationObserverProtocol> *)observer;
- (void)addCondition:(NSObject<DSOperationConditionProtocol> *)condition;
- (void)willEnqueueInOperationQueue:(DSOperationQueue *)operationQueue NS_REQUIRES_SUPER;
- (void)finish;
- (void)finishWithErrors:(nullable NSArray<NSError *> *)errors NS_REQUIRES_SUPER;
- (void)finishWithError:(nullable NSError *)error;
- (void)finishedWithErrors:(NSArray<NSError *> *)errors;
- (void)cancel NS_REQUIRES_SUPER;
- (void)cancelWithError:(nullable NSError *)error;
- (void)cancelWithErrors:(nullable NSArray<NSError *> *)errors;
- (void)execute;
- (void)produceOperation:(NSOperation *)operation NS_REQUIRES_SUPER;
@end
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_END
| 799 |
202300191594
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,023 |
RÉVOLUTION RESPONSABLE
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 57 | 83 |
lutter contre les discriminations et créer du lien social, en particulier par la conception, l'animation et la production d'ateliers artistiques et culturels ; utiliser l'art, la culture et l'éducation comme leviers à l'insertion des personnes en situation de précarité sociale ; sensibiliser le grand public, les entreprises et leurs salariés à l'accès à la culture pour tous
| 14,284 |
https://github.com/kaitoso/emedic-codeigniter/blob/master/admin/application/views/inc/lateral.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT, LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference
| 2,020 |
emedic-codeigniter
|
kaitoso
|
PHP
|
Code
| 385 | 2,035 |
<!-- ================== BEGIN PAGE CSS STYLE ================== -->
<link href="<?php echo base_url() ?>plantilla2/assets/plugins/simple-line-icons/css/simple-line-icons.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="<?php echo base_url() ?>plantilla2/assets/css/icons_medic.css" rel="stylesheet">
<!--[if lte IE 7]><script src="../assets/plugins/simple-line-icons/icons-lte-ie7.js"></script><![endif]-->
<!-- ================== BEGIN PAGE CSS STYLE ================== -->
<!-- begin #sidebar -->
<div id="sidebar" class="sidebar">
<!-- begin sidebar scrollbar -->
<div data-scrollbar="true" data-height="100%">
<!-- begin sidebar user -->
<ul class="nav">
<li class="nav-profile" style="overflow:hidden">
<div class="image">
<a href="javascript:;"><img src="<?php echo base_url().RUTA_USUARIOS.$perfil->foto ?>" alt="" /></a>
</div>
<div class="info truncate-text" title="<?php echo $perfil->nombre.' '.$perfil->apellido_paterno.' '.$perfil->apellido_materno; ?>">
<small>Bienvenido</small>
<?php echo $perfil->nombre.' '.$perfil->apellido_paterno.' '.$perfil->apellido_materno; ?>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- end sidebar user -->
<!-- begin sidebar nav -->
<ul class="nav">
<li class="nav-header">Menú principal</li>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('agenda/#inicio') ?>" data-toggle="ajax" onclick="obtener_hash('inicio')"><i class="icon-home"></i> <span>Inicio</span></a></li>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('agenda/#pacientes') ?>" data-toggle="ajax" onclick="obtener_hash('pacientes')"><i class="medicon-paciente"></i> <span>Pacientes</span></a></li>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('agenda/#citas') ?>" onclick="obtener_hash('citas')"><i class="icon-calendar"></i> <span>Agenda</span></a></li>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('agenda/#citas_del_dia') ?>" onclick="obtener_hash('citas_del_dia')"><i class="medicon-agenda-hora"></i> <span>Citas del día</span></a></li>
<!--li><a href="<?php echo base_url('agenda/#consultas_del_dia') ?>" onclick="obtener_hash('consultas_del_dia')" data-toggle="ajax"><i class="medicon-medical-2"></i> <span>Consultas médicas</span></a></li-->
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('agenda/#medicinas') ?>" onclick="obtener_hash('medicinas')" data-toggle="ajax"><i class="medicon-pill"></i> <span>Medicamentos</span></a></li>
<li class="has-sub">
<a href="javascript:;">
<b class="caret pull-right"></b>
<i class="medicon-pulse"></i>
<span>Reportes</span>
</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
<li><a href="#" data-toggle="ajax">Historial del paciente</a></li>
<li><a href="#" data-toggle="ajax">Pagos del paciente</a></li>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('agenda/#citas_medico') ?>" onclick="obtener_hash('citas_medico')" data-toggle="ajax">Citas del día</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<?php if ($info['id_grupo']>=3) {
?>
<li class="has-sub">
<a href="javascript:;">
<b class="caret pull-right"></b>
<i class="medicon-pulse"></i>
<span>Migración</span>
</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('Usuario/migra_pacientes') ?>" data-toggle="ajax">Pacientes</a></li>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('Usuario/migra_medicinas') ?>" data-toggle="ajax">Medicamentos </a></li>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('Usuario/migra_medicos') ?>" data-togle="ajax">Personal</a></li>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('Usuario/migra_citas') ?>" data-togle="ajax">Citas Historicas</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<?php } ?>
<?php if ($info['id_grupo']==3 || $info['id_grupo']==4 || $info['id_grupo']==2) {
# code...
?>
<li class="has-sub">
<a href="javascript:;">
<b class="caret pull-right"></b>
<i class="icon-settings"></i>
<span>Configuración</span>
</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
<?php if ($info['id_grupo']==4) {
?>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('Usuario/adm_clinicas') ?>" data-toggle="ajax">Administrar Clinicas</a></li>
<?php } ?>
<?php if ($info['id_grupo']==4 || $info['id_grupo']==3 || $info['id_grupo']==2) { ?>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('Usuario/horarios') ?>" data-toggle="ajax">Horarios de medicos</a></li>
<?php } ?>
<?php if ($info['id_grupo']==4 || $info['id_grupo']==3 ) { ?>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('Usuario/informa_clinica') ?>" data-toggle="ajax">Clínica</a></li>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('Usuario/permisos') ?>" data-toggle="ajax">Grupos de usuarios</a></li>
<li><a href="<?php echo base_url('usuarios/#usuarios') ?>" onclick="obtener_hash('usuarios')" data-toggle="ajax"><span>Usuarios</span></a></li>
<?php } ?>
</ul>
</li>
<?php } ?>
<!-- begin sidebar minify button -->
<li><a href="javascript:;" class="sidebar-minify-btn" data-click="sidebar-minify"><i class="fa fa-angle-double-left"></i></a></li>
<!-- end sidebar minify button -->
</ul>
<!-- end sidebar nav -->
</div>
<!-- end sidebar scrollbar -->
</div>
<div class="sidebar-bg"></div>
<!-- end #sidebar -->
<!-- begin #ajax-content -->
<div id="ajax-content"></div>
<!-- end #ajax-content -->
| 6,014 |
https://github.com/arwright3/wtgpipeline/blob/master/run_ml_cc_comp.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
wtgpipeline
|
arwright3
|
Python
|
Code
| 95 | 407 |
#!/usr/bin/env python
####################
import sys
import numpy as np
import compare_masses as cm, intrinsicscatter2 as isc2
from dappleutils import readtxtfile
import pymc
outfile = sys.argv[1]
nsamples = int(sys.argv[2])
items = readtxtfile('worklist')
clusters = clusters = [ x[0] for x in items]
mlbootstraps, mlmasks = cm.readMLBootstraps('/u/ki/dapple/ki06/bootstrap_2011-12-14/', items)
ccbootstraps, ccbootmask = cm.readCCSummary('/u/ki/dapple/ki06/bootstrap_2011-12-14/', clusters, 100)
reducedML = {}
reducedCC = {}
for cluster in clusters:
totalmask = np.logical_and(mlmasks[cluster] == 1, ccbootmask[cluster] == 1)
reducedML[cluster] = mlbootstraps[cluster][totalmask]
reducedCC[cluster] = ccbootstraps[cluster][totalmask]
calibmodel = isc2.IntrinsicScatter2(reducedML, reducedCC)
calibMCMC = calibmodel.buildMCMC(outfile)
#calibMCMC.use_step_method(pymc.Metropolis, calibMCMC.m_angle, proposal_sd = 0.1)
#calibMCMC.use_step_method(pymc.Metropolis, calibMCMC.log10_intrinsic_scatter, proposal_sd = 0.8)
calibMCMC.sample(nsamples)
calibMCMC.db.close()
| 39,415 |
https://github.com/doutorhj/comvex-socs/blob/master/app/Providers/AppServiceProvider.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
comvex-socs
|
doutorhj
|
PHP
|
Code
| 101 | 490 |
<?php
namespace App\Providers;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
use Carbon\Carbon;
use Validator;
class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
/**
* Bootstrap any application services.
*
* @return void
*/
public function boot()
{
app('view')->composer("*", function ($view) {
if(app("request")->route() && !empty(app("request")->route()->controller)) {
$action = app("request")->route()->getAction();
$controller = class_basename($action["controller"]);
} else {
$controller = '@';
}
list($controller_name, $action_name) = explode("@", $controller);
$view->with(compact("controller_name", "action_name"));
});
Validator::extend('money', function($attribute, $value, $parameters) {
return preg_match("/^(?:[1-9](?:[\d]{0,2}(?:\.[\d]{3})*|[\d]+)|0)(?:,[\d]{0,2})?$/", $value);
});
}
/**
* Register any application services.
*
* @return void
*/
public function register()
{
setlocale(LC_TIME, 'pt_BR', 'pt_BR.utf-8', 'pt_BR.utf-8', 'portuguese');
Carbon::setLocale(config('app.locale'));
Carbon::setToStringFormat('d/m/Y H:i:s');
if ($this->app->environment() !== 'production') {
$this->app->register(\Way\Generators\GeneratorsServiceProvider::class);
$this->app->register(\Xethron\MigrationsGenerator\MigrationsGeneratorServiceProvider::class);
}
}
}
| 33,813 |
sn83045462_1958-10-10_1_76_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,958 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 306 | 523 |
The Evening Star, Washington, D.C. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1916 OPENING SATURDAY Y® V / H-m. iu 5111PLEY PARK •V I \ lU '' '' l 2901 SO. CUBE RD. In Arlington, Sundays and Holidays 8:45 to 10:00 PM. This coupon is available for a limited time only. Dr. J. M. Smith's, renowned for his expertise in treating various ailments, has been praised for his expertise in treating various ailments. Men's, women's, and children's clothing are now available at the store. These include a variety of fabrics, including wool, cotton, and wool. For those in need of a new spring suit, the store offers a wide range of quality suits, including suits, dresses, and dresses. In addition to clothing, the store also offers a range of other items such as bedding, bedding, and bedding. For those in need of a new spring suit, the store offers a range of other items such as bedding, bedding, and bedding. This is a limited-time offer, so act fast to secure your next purchase. Don't miss out on this opportunity to stock up on quality clothing at an for 70c prices... in the celebrated pump, filter, charcoal, glass P bra ted, lovely lilac fragrance. wool, tubing. MESE FIRMS CONGRATULATE DRUG FAIR ON THE OPENING OF ITS 29th Crown Photo Services, Supply' Inc. Hermsdorf Store Fixture Mfg. Co. Joseph M. Zamoiski Co. * District Wholesale Drug Corp. Instontwhip Distributor of Mercury Records Murry's Stocks Diefrie Kl.wo C, n.i,J C..J, Food Purveyors for Hotels, Restaurants and Institutions wwtwt rnewi vu. Joy Bros. roods Magazines, Newspapers and Pocket Size Books J. & F. Distributing Co. an _f J. A,T Conditioning, Heating and Roofing London FER Records. p errjn & Mar# j„ Arlington, Vfl. 8 Roctinn Riatcinn Co. wholesale Mean Standard Linen Service Bastion-Blessing Co. Ho M#rki(| Ce Western Exterminating Co., Inc. insurance consultants JRE^SAYDRUGIFI^^^mjERP^^^.
| 44,663 |
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/259022
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 168 | 230 |
When would it make sense to use a Heckman selection model along with a multilevel regression?
For instance, suppose I'm using a national data set which includes a measure of subjective life satisfaction for children (I'm just making this up).
Model 1: I have variables that theory and prior research have found
to be associated with life satisfaction.
Model 2: I restrict the model to only children whose parents are
homeowners, and add a categorical variable for home size relative to
their local market (e.g., large, medium, small)
Model 3: I restrict the model to only children whose parents are
owners of a large home, and add a categorical variable for time that
parents spend with their children (e.g., high, medium, low)
In what cases, if any, would it make sense to use the Heckman correction when evaluating a multilevel regression model like this? (Note: The example above was only intended to outline the "structure" of a research question--i.e., successively smaller sample sizes from the same initial sample.)
| 8,493 |
|
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31910750
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Die Bottlenek
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 46 | 84 |
Die Bottlenek
Die Bottlenek coordinate location
Die Bottlenek instance of gap
Die Bottlenek elevation above sea level
Die Bottlenek GeoNames ID 1010458
Die Bottlenek country South Africa
Die Bottlenek GNS Unique Feature ID -1221286
Die Bottlenek located in the administrative territorial entity Northern Cape
Die Bottlenek
| 42,808 |
https://github.com/purang-fintech/seppb/blob/master/src/main/java/com/pr/sepp/sep/build/model/constants/JenkinsBuildStatus.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
seppb
|
purang-fintech
|
Java
|
Code
| 101 | 449 |
package com.pr.sepp.sep.build.model.constants;
import com.offbytwo.jenkins.model.BuildWithDetails;
import java.util.Objects;
public enum JenkinsBuildStatus {
//成功
START("构建开始", "#8c919a", "el-icon-star-on"),
SUCCESS("构建成功", "#6bbd6b", "el-icon-success"),
BUILDING("构建中", "unknown", "el-icon-star-on"),
QUEUE("排队中", "black", "el-icon-star-on"),
FAILURE("构建失败", "#EE6F6F", "el-icon-error"),
UNSTABLE("构建不稳定", "#E6A23C", "el-icon-warning"),
ABORTED("被取消", "#8c919a", "el-icon-circle-close");
public String statusCh;
public String color;
public String badge;
JenkinsBuildStatus(String statusCh, String color, String badge) {
this.statusCh = statusCh;
this.color = color;
this.badge = badge;
}
public static JenkinsBuildStatus buildToBuildStatus(BuildWithDetails details) {
// BuildWithDetails details = build.details();
// BuildResult result = details.getResult();
JenkinsBuildStatus status;
if (details.isBuilding()) {
status = JenkinsBuildStatus.BUILDING;
} else if (Objects.isNull(details.getResult())) {
status = QUEUE;
} else {
status = JenkinsBuildStatus.valueOf(details.getResult().name());
}
return status;
}
}
| 44,745 |
https://github.com/sunlu/ng-nest/blob/master/lib/ng-nest/ui/pattern/pattern.property.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
ng-nest
|
sunlu
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 15 | 33 |
/**
* Pattern
* @selector x-pattern
* @decorator component
*/
export const PatternPrefix = 'x-pattern';
| 11,521 |
https://github.com/umutatmaca/imagegram/blob/master/src/Application/Imagegram.Application/Requests/CreateAccountRequest.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
imagegram
|
umutatmaca
|
C#
|
Code
| 55 | 154 |
using Imagegram.Application.Responses;
using MediatR;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
namespace Imagegram.Application.Requests
{
/// <summary>
/// account creation command
/// </summary>
public class CreateAccountRequest : IRequest<CreateAccountResponse>
{
/// <summary>
/// name of the account
/// </summary>
[Required]
[Description("name of the account")]
public string Name { get; }
public CreateAccountRequest(string name)
{
Name = name;
}
}
}
| 34,532 |
bsb00008027_10
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Das helden buch mit synen figuren
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,120 | 16,687 |
Ein zur fachmangarwerte APIsch für die andern an So heterby feiner 3er "Wihaubergestecker an Also heter die zinnen Aktie voll befacht Er hetin feinen finnen Tausent in seiner acht in greßen waren mit Feins Fürwarfdwijent Jas Ditfeifen vnd marmefein Er widersetzetwas &Ottgaffe was fürworte Burg vndgrabe überzogen Es nocht nicht zwanzüntore Sein in Fieburg geflogen. Sonün wolfdietheriche Sieburggarwoßbefach So rechtfertigentliche Er zit “ sprach Jchgefach in meinem mitte Yeburg sows getan Aichwößtegst Fergüte Söltfysi konstantinoppelkistan Saswstich an den steten Gargern erwunschethan Sassy zü kriechen Fetten Oeyn eyeffizientman - So sprach der held behende So wößt ichgerenßeßen "Oidhein Fennelende Bonkeyfer Dtnit vnd Eberich Serbringt eich mein schwert Serfolgarvnuersprochen "Von eichhie fein gewert Soch getoßent mir hießalde Sasjrnement kein man Er habe dann in dem walde Senwürmengefgen an. Sasthet die frawe reine Als wir das hörensagen Sassy nennymmer keine Erhetzen die wirm erschlagen Seredefürste reiche Sichwafnen 38 began Ergiengigartigentliche SSfür Fiekeyserinstan Er sprach achfrawereine lümland mich volöhan Garheyffesy do weine Sie fairve obefan - Sysprach mit traurigem müte Ich müßeichorlos geben '' gute Bei 'Leben. Ergefegnetfygemeine Scr ä 114:11 "Wind auch die Feyferin reine "Vnd fürs in Bentan Erreyt auch gar geschwinde Sofür Pen holtenberg Z“ Ende Ssfäßelberich der zwerg In empfienggemeyte Serk eine elberich Warum hast du dich bereyte Ss rechte ritterlich Sureytest zornigkeiche Wer hat Birnüngetan, So sprach Berkeyfer reiche Ich will die wir im Bestan Elberich Bersprach für ware So thüft“Pures on meinrat Er ist werklich ein tote Ond. Wer die wir im Bestatt Otmut sprach traut gefehlt Jch an mich angemummen - Es gang mir recht wie gotwelle Süfchaden oder frummen. artzugib mir dein feire "Ond eingetreienrot - "Ondas Pervingeheire "Vor mir geftigerodt Sumifesattes Pulde Was Bürgot hat beschert Es ist on all mein schulde “ widerfert. gang mir wie got wöche chwitzte würnbestan Sybandmirgroßvngeföke "In meinem Cand getan." Erfpachfo ' int der Saskleine fingert ein Sendtichanngotherwilder So ist es aber Bein Seredefürste reine Serwarffes in Zenke Ploß namo Zerkleine Sicangstierherjmwe Dtnitreytan Werferte So Basgebirghinein Alsjnfeinmanheytterte Pnd auch der wie sein Sofüchtergargenste Senfimmer langentag Bißanden abentifpate Saser keiner rüwenpflag Seredefürst.balde Einfüero aufgeschlüg So in dem fünfterin walde Robolzer Bartzütrüg. F"neher mit mein handeln ann jr noch handgetan Er sprach Butaußercristen Z" adet So find mit zauber lästen (Deinmeier überladen Sonneyne Verfeyfer reiche Auch sicherwesen# Socßbäcktwolfdietherich, (Oürfpinden augen Har Hürdes günckenaugen Suheydennifcherman Ses rechtenfuß onlaugen Sereinsmüßlich dochhan. Sofpachzüden stunden Serheyden außgroßfernst F" Sobyn ich oben todt Atch nach met Bieber here Sufst mürbey gefan '' michymnermore “ ' # - Olfdietherichia arctoße Auch werfen Is # h Erhüß"Wie handgar hohe # obefan Er ließ sie augenblicken Sonyder auf das Band Einfüßgunder“ Ss “ fülzühand. Ich bin sprachwolfdietherich Einvngeferterman "Ondwen ich sicherliche Sich recht getroffenhan Wittumrnün entrinnen "Wie soll ich Fan bewaren (Oür ist in meinen Sinnen Serfüßmüßmit Firfarett 2. - So zuckt der hielt eilende Sas andermeffer scharf (Oüt feiner freyen hende Er durchfeinfeyten warf Ich weyß wie Würgeschicht ' heydennicher man Sein messerschont Wein nicht Sas Lupffen hat, gelan. So sprach der Heydenreiche Seingeyden das ist groß “ In aller weit gefeiche Findtmannürdeingensis Sag mir doch eigentliche Washerren '' Ich heyßwolfdietherich A3500 lfoie Pnosynen Dienstmannen ke gekicßenteiieren ließ F ' je Sir Sekeyse Fürcheich sprach das weiß Ich mag eich mit entwencken Ondliebe ich jr noch Frey. - - Wie ich an recht gedencken - So müßicheichwomen Sey Saswillich für sie klare Aneiergenade an Eünander gab zware - - Sie müßich von eichhan Sasjrmteierhande Eiterbilder lassen Leben Ondas jrjnzütande Surch mich einfrden geben - Er sprach szü Werftindt Jrföchentgewcretfein Gdt Zerspare ich gefunde - Pedcke Feyferein ' an die kicken kamen Seydrsßond auch die man OskySaldnamen Ond für ents von den Inzweynzigtagway Kament fand ich als Osn constantinopeleinmeyße Traten Bücherren ab - Ss Eament auch die herren - AlfrößtchauffRastandt - Sy gren anniterrett rstehefin gewandt F" fyisten streyten Sywüstent wann das Fann - "Dnd 'feynden reyten Aksesjn wolSetzen, „ - - F" schnell gleiche rekt aufgeschlagen hat F sprach von weiterreiche Sergraffeharrman Sassinen itgütern Edeker für geschlacht Wurdzian hievnferinne Syüßerfekten ons Beynacht Serienreisen walde - Die wie gehanenzügen - - - » Soßeit ein weyterpfari - So föckenwirbergen balde - Sievnferen dienstman Bißwir werden zürate Wie wir es fahen an Sasvogten sygenate "Wißmangwerderman. "Oo: Henselbenwalde So stünde in weyterplan Ss schlügenry auffalde F" arauffeinfanen schöne Sarcineinadelear - So warentfyon gedöne Sasjrnyemant ward gewar “ reiten - F: wolffherr Rietherich - Sassygand schnelligklich Sassy Lernen weytespringen - Sie sich über standen han - Wann es gang an ein Hügen - Saisfyonszüfattenfan. Tranckonndgütefpcife Gar schon bereitet wart Sie trügman Zarnachpreise - F“ - Wie man es Fund befinnen Sasfürstenfolitbehagen - - Sasward in gantzen mintett - - Sofür die herren tragen. - - Ssnün Wie speise reiche Von Dannenwart getragen. - - Auffstündwolfdietherich - - Als wir es hören sagen - - Ergiegserie besten Aftbey einander fant Sie doin Pennstfesten Sie künften waren erfant. - Sofpachwolfdietherliche - Serfürstcßoßefän - Münratentall gefeiche Jr werden Dienstman annesgang an einfreyrer zwiebelburg nach prem kynde fraget Geteifft das Ende ein Syspachmitfenfften fünfte - - Wer sind die genatter mein Würfen das kindlein keine. Ich windziejunckfrawreine Sassy waren blind "Dnd auch die müterF - Savon genaß das Eünde Tünßeyen wolffen hie Ulin hörendatgemeine Wie es der künigin gie Syrwinckte den wachtere Zür jrohynein Syspach außgroßer schwere "Wo ist mein Eindet ein Serwachter gar behende In den Burggraben gie Hynzüßenfelsen ende Ss er das Eind ab Die Ereundes myndert finde Es was hyn weggetragen Erdacht gar geschwinde Was microfichnünftigen Sasherz in seinem tybe Ingroffen sagen fach "Ich will recht hie Bekeyße T5edacht er Hisenacht Bß an den liechten morgen SS sag ich der klingeln - Dirhänd heimlich verborgen - Gereift das Ende ein So bekeybetes verschwigen - Ombdas Hynde ein - Oir würde andertfegen Sie edelking ein Wann sage ich je Fiemere Sind das es wer werden - Ss für 8 von großer chwere - Sicking in hochgeboten - Sarmäch am andern morgen Ss es tagen began So kann mit grossen folgen Serwacterzürgan Ss sprach außgroßer schwere Sie edel. Einige in - Acherautkleberwachtere Fasthür mein kindlein So hab ich küniginne SOind die mein herrebat Serpsttner hat alleine - Gehüt an meiner stat- - zwar einer ammen reiche - F" befolßenhan ie seichtes tugentreiche Es wirt auch wohl getan Ich hießjrfechßmarckgoldes eredeten künig ein Sy “fürwardesfoldes Soffy gewertet sein Ses morgens wollte iage Serkünfgaserpflag Erfach wo in dem hage Serwolff saßer La Sich und die wurden balde Ssauffen wolff getan Ssflocher hynzüwalde Serienf haden hergetaut. Erfischgarschneitägkäche Soziden jungen sein So sprachwalg und Zerreiche Einer Zerschlieffhinein Sowas nyemand fokine Seriesdo:ftfahen an - So in Rennwalde grüne Aßsich's vernünnen Han Furrer wird auch Enechte Sie müstenferegraben Sichhübein großgebechte Sagen ons die Buchstaben Biß man die wolffgemeine So in dem Gocherfach Hnd auch das Ende ein kleine Ditzingen anefach 35 dem kleinen Rosengarten - es geschicktes Oerdiefet mich synkfeine - - - Heidenacht vndaucht jrganizer ist reine Hieerfcblabenrol 3Den fürst Her Berner wonnd Wyttich-Bieguldin psten/vnd Bierofen Feeling Lauringegen vndgemachter Sssprachwyittich Fertigen Syfaffennyder in Fasgraß Entwäätanzierteüfeepflegen Year" an Hilfengarteneyt Er was Eurüngen ande - WE Erßeyffent Herrces ist Zeyr Einsperfürterin Berhandt P Sserkeyfe Der held küne Bewunden wolle mit golde Es FyderzüJergrüne Als es ein fürst ' folde V Hytrich derweygart So wohnen an den spere syn S Festserzierssen allesamt So schwebeteinfamfeydin CD Onden myningklich garten Saran zwem winde 14 Hnd Fieguldimporten Recht als Feeffengeschwürde Sy HOurden getreten in Henplan einem wildenwalde Es - - Ssmütenfir “ an. acßschneiten ' Balde Es ZEs wirhand getötet Systünden assosycßten Dß Sie wunneward ' E E" '' “- Es Fassreideanzengarten nroß was an einer Yiten Was freilidEa g E TRecht als ein wildesrech # Y- - 3. irenate 114 Sie essen verstäjrenge SDarauf ein Beckenguldin Süden wummigkeichenschin - -- - - - - Ses äney ' pein Sie gab in Bewald Elechtesten Wievolfdietberichbarber Lieber befandenhan. - Wenneryeßeydgethete Sertkamfyndrich genüg Es hat recht als ein bedte Was er so auffy schlüg So half nichtzändenfeten - Sybrachtenjninnst Siejn befanden hetten Sie fo:chten mit den todt. Sastryßwolfdietherliche Garwoß ein halbenacht So rechte Freftigkeiche - (IOit manchengeyfrierfacht - Syhetten jnbetäubet F" chachtschnyes we ashar auf seinem Zauber Wardweyßteht als erste Hyekamär die mu mich als syzimetten wolltent gä wildfunden. Wolfdietherich Egen als 08er todt were. Wannn jne was geschwunden, F-Z] F R SS sie mitnich Zinnerten Ses morgens wsfeengan Sie todtengeyffherten Alter erst davongefan - Wolfdietherich was geschwinden Erfagaßswerertod - Soji Fiemünchfunden - Syerschacken als Fernst. Sysprachen alt geketche "Wie ist es hiegefären - Sysprachentarif der reiche Serwölzliefelbewaren Er lag 30 von den schlegen Rechtaßsertodtwere So geriet er sich erfregen Infynergroffen schwere. Syrichtenjn auffgütlichen Onndgundentjn Fotaben "Wir obentgot Wen reichen Sasjrvwer findbüffet haben: Er kam widerzüEreffen SassagicFeich für war Anndwas in den Süderschaften Sarnacßwsechzehenjar. Sie engetan feinende Fürten fifthyn Fan für gston mit jewende - Alfosses vns auch ganz Sprecheint anmengereiche Saswerdvns allen war Sasvnsgst von hymmcßreiche Helff an der enger schar Hieendet sich wslfdietherichs eßen. - - C üj 33 seler Dimitronofendienstmann Osmyner Burggeschehen Sarnach am vierden morgen Screamparter Bereit Firgartens verborgen Zuffein awe Bett Sensgensternfölächelt Surch sie wolckenbach Semschein auch gar gezeiche Synkiechtes Baubeträch Ss Seyter Banzpartere In einem grienen Fag NEr Fach wogegen im Fere Festrichen am Herrig Sselieferfürste reine In der urgegraben Fiskerzie Furg alleine Gestürmer wollte haben Ssrüfft einer aßen zyntett Jr tragen fürin für Foic fast jrnün Binnen Ss Lafferman eilich miteit Semir sprach vor festen Tüschieffent auffiets: Ganghyn vnd sagen Besten Scherressos Ss rüfft eronuerborgen "Was “e-Fict Es ist der vierde morgen Sas myniherr von schier YWer mir HerredgeLauber Ss hielt ein freißich man Hsinfüßenbiß an Hashauber Ist er gezündeten Er spricht er fy mynßere Sashad icßwse vermummen Er ist auffallen" Her außer Fecken Emmen Ssricht sich von dem Fedte Sie Ackemüter Yit Syfach auch an der sterte Senwungküchen schein- Mikichnün für saßfüge Syspachzüßergeschicht Hünessins stnitesringe Erwergefch waren so flechtenicht Sywurden akkenmunder Beidefrawen vnd auch man Sygängen durch ein wunder Finanziezynnenstan Ser Furggrafffragt Hermere Nüfagen wer jrft Ssspacher Lampartere Ich bin zinherrstmir Spergaß ich dann von gesteine Senfestenhelm fliecht E" auch den schattforeine enfürtteryn Herre nicht SSverkerte er Hensymme Sunrede Rieward groß Ergewanvörechtergrimme Ein omgefügen Iss Erfpacßntréaß Fürs Beidet Ich wie sie warheit sagen chön ein “ ind Sabin herren erschlagen Tihstichjn auch sprechen Osn zwenwindsüben zigman Yosälend je das afterrechen Sasicheich hab getan - Ssbereitendeichzüfreite Sprachzer küne hielt Scheithie auf der werte Hßfresrechen welt: ,, Ssonenfürsten reiche AZü8 sich gar groffenot Syncinnati gefeiche Lagen tot Die manchem junge Finge TFet-Zs Perfchadewe Sykegten an jrringe Waren weiß als der schne Dnd die Finiröckennbaren Ses was es allen Geld Hnd Hiejmnithold waren Sie wurden wie gemeir Sie all'infreidenfan Onkatrinen künfgher Sepflags keiner freidemmer Serwyrtpflagfynergefe wo Als #ein wytt “ Erfhüffingütgena “ geschach Ss was freilidomid wumme will Endmanager handfürstenfeld Ditfreid die Zeit ward ertribert Sytag die Herren 30 Betten Sirnach schiedensy von Ban Herr Bietherich wird syn man Für den herren erzogic - Berr Rietherich 30 mit enßte Er sprach Frwerden ritter güt Seidjr-v8:teidfeld behüt So käfentons Zü Bande farm (Hot müßeich teils vier bewarnt Sicherren 30 mit enger Bütten Heintzüßandesys ritten Sind Ferkkeine laurin Sermüt auf der ferten Hittbant ond herr Bietherich Rament Feingar fröhlich Wittich ond herrwolfhart Marent auch auf Herfart Garf sich syheim kommen Er trauren was jn benommen Sy wurden schon empfangen SHörstemündEvi Elechte wägen Hillenmangemaget wolgetan Sachmanjin entgegen. Sein Höflächgrüßensgefchach Fähübscherfavemands fach Sie gegen den recken gingen Siff würdigkeich empfcngen Osn freilinden wird von mir geht Sie sich einmichelfragen Wie es ergangen were Sy sagten wieder mere Hsin nangerhande fachen Sybigundenfäßchen Lachen Sysprachenafgekei F “ che - zeyßvnde eer hand jr bej (Blickwind Fä So sprach manigerrecke güt Zerr Bietherich ward ws gemüt Egangen was syn schwere Asie endentfichisenere Von fimität der künigin Ond von dem Elf einen laurin Windv5 her dietherich vn syn mit KOanfächsyatt unfreidenstan lihat Wißbücheinende Gstvns syn Hilffelsende Saswürzüaten stünden In freüden werden finden So magwnswo gelingen A-Henrich von Ofterdingen Sie abenteiür gesungen hat Sassys meisterlichen statt Scs wären in die fürsten hold Sy gaben jmfilber ondgold Pfennig vnd reiche wat Lieni Füßbücheinende hat Osnzen außerwelten regen Gotgebvns allen synen fegen Asie endet sich das Lesen von Dem kleinen Laurin B36 volff die viermongestalten riefen Ingroffesvingemach 3 Er hetzüfengezcyten Einkolben in Berhant - Sanitkunderwolfreyten Servingeftig fotant Sen ritter hochgebo:ne Liefferzofeynttich an Sußist auch der versche Ich will ich züfpeisehan Er wollten ritter werde Somit wir groffen has AP angeschlagen züßererde Fürwarjowtsentzas Serrütterfelden bere - Baldhünder sich Hofpanck Er forchte seine schwere Sarauffstünd fein gedanck, Ancrist von hymmclreiche Gedacht der werde man "Und effsritterkeiche i Senffarckenryßen an Serryß-Zertieß falle Senkolben hören wir sagen - L Und effjman mit schalle " nach dem Frage. er farckeyß vnreine Woltjn 3s mit erschaffen Er tauchte jetzür kleine Er wolltjn lieber waren "Ond wollten heldeckende Sarnacher wir gethan Abschlügjmbeyde Hende Serfürste oßesan Serongeteiüffte vokant - Vicenyder in den Ele Sie flympf an Berhant Sie rhetenjmgarwe Er stießf älte Beyde In feinen weyten mund Sestachet auf der Heyde Wolfdieterich an der stünde Saslachen mit befinder Sen ryßen gemeich Erfieffan Furcheinwunder - Senheld wolffdietherich Ein stumpff er jm FS bot Andgab im einen stieß Sasjm Fasblüt fS rot Sein antizgar begoß. So ward von herzengrade 50:niger werden tat "Dnd Liefs an der stunde Senffarckenryßen an "Don ganzes Herzen geläufe Gaberin einen schlag " - Sony den Beyerbufe Sasertod vsjmeg. Sogunder sics haben HynzüRemschiff zühland Sder Henmarnerknaben Alleine darinnefandt So sprachwolfdietherlche Lün gib mir einen rat Wann es mir sicherliche Garßummerlichen gar Serkt einfachücßerhere # rat #“ schlage ich auf meinere Sasich eilich nur ein Fan Weder mit liebenscheide Gehelffen von dem faden So wurden falle beyde (Ottfolgen über Baden Garmit betrübtenherzen Stünd 30 wolfdietherich - Er was mir fendenfähimertzeit "Onbfangen sicherlich - So sprach außtraurigen mit Serfürstets befan Z te Ach herrgot Fergüte Berarmetneylff dienstnam. Erforschach traut gefeie Lastzugesehenye WDienmanierierten feste Sasbefheyden mich hye Er sprach ja fieber here Völlentjrgefeilig wesen Somigen wir auf ein mste 0 ) Ssant wurtjmgarfchone F ch Ayunctraw hoch gemeyt Tirrent wir miteich hin Fürnfürsten mitgeteyte Farredete Hertzsgün Eichwirt eingüter one Auf die treite mein Dämir wimynmannenfichone Sie hiermit mir syr Ich fireich für den heren SS sprach sie wolgemüt Saiser mit syneneren Tätwyder frawen thüt S0Jancktejrmit züchtet Serherzsg. von Sabant So “ pflichtet Onundbotjes fein Fant Syfürtijn sicherliche g>s für Fesberneral Siefürsten abgefeiche Füßrers überall Er grüßt mitgroffeneren Siege indonnd die Zienstman Hund auch die ' heren Sie waren two-SE “ändigen Serherzog one 30 - Fä wsk gelingen Jrherren hoch geboten Serbernerßobefam Dieser bislich solltrhone Onndjmas wollgetzam Woltjrnün holten gerne wasant wurde geschach Ss sprach der von berne Ich hab's für ein große fach und das jrher sind kummen Derwapnet in mein Landt Esßingteich keinen frummen B'' von Befandt. ich nymmetgroe wunDer Warum 6jr '' H In mein Landhiebefinder SOerwapnetreytent in Dß ich in mynenzeyten ye widereich hab getan Sarunßjr mich mit streyten ZLeicht waltenthiebe Ich Bekenntsprach der bernere (Oeinreytentmüffentes jehen Sases myrauffmeinere Ulyemeist geschehen So antwurt jm miteren Serherzog von Sabant Sswarentons züberen Sie wegen schon bekannt YOennissten wir hangeben Onfer ringe fehelyn Ons hat gekeytgareben Ein schönes megetin Schatwinszügefeyt - Onnd auch getröstet woß Ein sicherfrey gefeyt Sasmanvns halten soll Syspach achfürstehere Laßtify genießen mein Surch aller' CE Eicrzürnenkaffentyn Hund hörent die Botschafte Sienaneiichthütbekant Er hat herzsges krafte Hund ist geben auß8aßant 3snwolfdietrichrono grafberman reagierte Bewolk wolle Sulicße Früder mein - Farmsystem verlieren Fein ratternderseits hät Fasteseite "dümgefändewsner Er ist doch außerkoren Eyserin mit einem falcken Ein Feld für alleman Segreffer ein 30 zent Es ist mbH ich getan. Freyßns wov0:3eyren "Was züferfis gefchach Sshüßer mir ein reyten - Sasydermanwskiach "Hosn meinem stiche - Ficenyderauffen plan chrat. Für sicherliche ' sticsein erfan Graff Fartmä sprach forware Hintenreinem mit - Brüder wolle achtjare Sas seuwsleverstal Serbaren vßbgeben Serßelerwolfdiethericße Fiecht in dem fünfte", '' an der 3eyt Er dachte sicherliche Semich meiner freiw" cßen Sie sich bestanmitstreit Tysesymtronen Fan Syspach zu werde ritter F“ flucht bereien Fest seinen 48 merkic Fiegarcßen Fünnymen falcken mütter Seemüßer Syne treicht S0 “ - - Serieren ließ neben Sick Hender schgebsten Sesgrafen erwir weite Ssverstatter sich garws Erspen te-Furchenthan Sind Kasernen" Erster Hengrafen 5arte Ge eneichreyren". Sas Leben genümen han Z" präch dergraffreiche Sserin kam so nahe Es müß erwagerfeu: Ernam des vsges war - Einfackenwin" eiche Er “ Fämiekeyse" - Ser '' 4L- - So man erwäss Salde, Moslffdieterich sprach Schäde Ondschyed säcßvstatt was wstics angetan Ss fand er in dem walde Peer feges eilende Ferien werden" Sichtarnyemant an Hich an - Bistu Hes grafenreich C Sermirnrecht sein Fest enßst Seeresgar Soßleiche # ich sich Stachtünnst 35 der irgt: Dénelsen Vizvolfdieterich Serreiffelfchaffkey Für Einsfölichen rauhen weyßes Ich werflich wslembär So nanny aber ein 3außer Ond warffin auf den man Ondas er fast wardt außer Wannfjm vo:hat getan Ond das Perfürstenkte Ward schaffenszühand "Und mit feinem schickte SancEnyder auf das Band. Obwendig seiensten Syjm Fas # abschneyt Symacht außjm ein tszeit Alsons Hasbüchhiefeyt Ergiengalfownweise Einhalbjahr in dem tan Ond das ernün die Speise Ss von Per erdgewän Auffspläging sie schmerzen Herzogbechtung zühland YVater erschack von herzen Ss erwolfdietherich mit fand Er sprach vs ist nur kummen Serie beherrennein AchgOtjin hat genuinnten Sierau Heels-Bohyn Als wir es hörensagen Erweckt die füncfein ' vns Etagen Jr Eieben finde mein "Wann wir hand von fern herren Gargemerklich werden Er sprach wsjskickeren Nach dem Feld hochgeboren Sysprungen aufgetrate Omdsprachentwatter mein Surchgstonsfelderrate Ondwas Passestmig sein Serake sprach traurig kliche KOeinrat der ist getan - Crist in dem Himmelreiche Serwölkonsbey gestan- - - Wir müssen wie Harnachker: Recht als Ziezwinget inst Bißdas wir von fern herren Sehentließend der todt Ultlandeich das befangen ReytätigencStantinopel Fair Ondgebendeichsgefangen Senkünig obefan Semschwözent allgemeine Sichtheber arbeytvik? Sie eyd hattentjrwoßreine Aßsicheich sagen will Wannjrfechtwolffdiethereiche T- ' fline ' - s Ir'Wann attackiert Sereyde Ledig ' che - Bechtung sogar geschwände Legt einen kotzen an Erspachjr Eießen Eünde Münlandmilchweißhan KOit weynensnemassen Geschachjm mangfegenna SSwardjmauff## “ Sein herrenzüfüchengach Soreyter Burch die wilde Erbat sich got bewaren Seredefürste milde Wolt über mözefaren Er kann hyn an Biehalde Ondant Hesmözestran Ssfürt man über Balde Senonuierzagten matt Erreyt mit groffenfolgen Ss von dem mörzühand Er kam an einem morgen Gentry in das Band Erfach die rauhecße SS vor Berpsten stan Auf einem hohenfelße Bechtung der kineman. Serwasünfteüden schweben LEr #frawking ein Ich bit“Fasjrmürgeben ' ließen herren mein Senjrmürbystigkßlichen oder Bon Denn kleinen Kunig Laurin Senwil ich das gesehen kalt Er fößt mich lieber Laffengan ABelm wilharmafhhör wir sagen Sas-Pievierfotten tragen Sie schwert vnd die # Breit Sienander regen vnuerzeit Ond brachtessengesellen syn Sasfacher kein Raurin Sietlieb synen gesehen rief Sswasser kercker als tieff Sasjin keiner vernan Sietliebthetalsingezam. Er warf den harnaschhützitat Sas es alles laut erhalt Ss es in das gewellbfic Sühandhübschein herres spüß Sofpachmeister Hiltebrant Jrherrenvnferstreit gewarnt Estons herein gegeben Oäwil Zas wir noch enger ebe (Danfach Bierliebe jungen mä Onderjynen helnmefan Walfing heter in der handt "Ond einengüten schüttes randt Senerzüfreitfölttragen SS begunde mißhagen Saurin. Auff eine grüne Feyde Rament f'sgerant Syßeystentake Seyde Sonyder auf das kant Sy"warentone sorgen Sie stolzen regen Sie Biß an Ben Elechten morgen "Osschaden woßbehüt A35Dem kleynen Rosengarten Ssancker jrher Rietherich Sy ' fyn geselléal gelich Ssy bestemischte Hindjreneren wol"Fochte jenbüdersyschon empfiens KOitarmen syjnvmöfeng Sysprachlieberbrüdermyn Sujolt mirgotwilkumfyn Sy"Fucktjnzüßer beiste Syjn 30 halßtomdküste Imrechterliche Fasgeschach F" züchtigküchen sprach U lüfagmir fiebeschwestermyn Wittur auch enger hinnen syn '' holtenberg 5ylaurin dem gezwerg WiltuFirnoch helfen an Sir wirtinschwoll ein Siderman Syspach will Eieberbrüdermyn YWas zumirratest. 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Sofy Foundemwalde Siegroffenfähig vernamen Gar schließend auch gar 8alde Syzüger warten kamen Erwoßtehan betrogen Ditfalsch Hickeyfreut Erfägtemer gegen Sehentjrdiener meine Yasnötemangfaßte F" erfädtenhan int das ist Beratte Serheyfftfchadefan Seronismann kegeliche Senedeken keyser Herr Jr cdcßenritter reiche jczmaneicheierer - Sasjrmiralgemeine (WDittreicnßey ' - Sommag ich die F" Hürreironmdkron wsfbart Ondschwörentafenach, wone Ss vs: Berkeyferein Sswirt mir Freizvnd krone "Windmüffentje Herren sein: Yann jrnün alle schwören gDa sich die würniß aber schlage Sonntag nur nyemant wöten F“ Fronen tragen F" was zweyengrafen 30ten Graffhartmanvnd herman g" jn verloren FHsem Handzeyffs man Sie sprachen gar Wehende -“ erfan Ssssteinritzereiende Sickicht hieschuldig an Ssgand mit von den augen Jrzwem Sofen zeigen Tünwissentone augen Manichficeron wird tragen Ond mich gelobtzüm heren Sie edekeyferein So müffentjrmitvneren F meiner achte syn sprachen siegrafenreiche Sasstand züeich also Würsentwirfsbößliche YWir wurden tnymmer fro Saswirtschwierentzweyde Sassnyewer geschehen "Wir wendecake bevde LEün vßoßhieverjehen Ss für Verkünetgen Eins wurmeshaubt Barwatt Sofundens vnder wegen Senckentreichen man Wolfdietherich der mitte "Onder einem Baume stünd Erkent auf seinem fehlte Alles noch Ziereckenthünd Sojnherzoggerwarte Süm ersten anefach Ergrüft Benfürsten zarte Tünhörent wie er sprach Isteiichie in dem walde Kein abenteir widerfaren Sesamt wurt jmgar balde Serckentreiche baren Ich han hieritter ziere in abenteiür gesehen Erwoßtjm mit so schiere Osn ä '' 3 effhie nachgemachte So spach der hoch geboten "Windfoichnün erwache So hab ich meinroßverloren Sarum sind mitvngemüte Wößtjrmir ' Roßvnd Ekeydergüte Sötjrhie von mir han Meyn sprachwolffdietherich - Ichiene im andern man - AOankünigye fürtis Fälscheichfürste klare Seit ganze jar Seng Ich gleich auch züfteire DIEF einzigtaufentman Sie fieren he geheire Fynauffdesmözesten Bedünsten gede Farmeister Eich gewesen Hechin mynem solide - - Holzweinzigtausentheid gebe Ssspracher Lamparter“ Soferich auf den See Wie sich vernym Biemere Achtzigtaufen- - bei 10 Fäch mir myner reisen Fürosn hinnenfaren Ssmüßgetwitwenvi weysen In mynenland Bewaren jedeltenfürsten reine Sürchgst müsind genau Schnym-Zschower Feine FE-Fälsdann sturmgewant Als ein ritter geschne deraßer syngenioß Föis Hasich keinen nenne Ist ein einfüge bloß Ekgasspeaconchande Ich fer-Fir auf den fee Fünftausent kürzer wer ande Sie sind weiß als der chnee Sie nanoskalige Reinen bloß anesicht - FJenfanen Fing Ss entweicht mir keiner nicht Heßnst spa onu erholen Besten von rustikan Herrjehandmir empfoten So mange Festes an Fünffauent Felde here Sas was myn erster grüß Serweyßtmirs miner“ Sehen je einen bisssenfüß. 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Onndfolich heißere Perferen mynenßeyß 3cmacs vßwyrwengerne oder Bon dem kleinenkung Laurin Jrfümdent Bokurzweiß wie "Vogelgesang vnd fettenspit? Für war ich als sprechen mag Eich ist einjarats eintag Saranfölent jrnit verzagen Ich möchteichs halben mit figen "Wie wieder kurzweilift (Oerckent Jassin argen ist Sasmache ich eich vndertan Truwentjreich an mich züßan APHerr hietherich vnd syn man Fürtenhiltbant hyndan Syfragten jngartigentlich Obfytöfen geaffen sich An den kleinen Paurin “Ondan Fiefhönenredefyn Wir wisten gern Fiemere Ob es die wahrheit were Sesamt wurt in der weife tatt Sarzischwolf geraten. Ein Yann ich hab wolgehölerfigen Wielaurin byfinen tagen "Ober alle keine zwergetin Wolgewaltig möchte syn Sesföchten wir mit jmünzenberg So fehlen wir die wunderwerg Sie föllen wir schwengern Edelerfürst von Bern Sößtent wirs durch folge an Zwar Jasfünd vns übel an SYas wir sie kleinen zwerge Scheichten in dem berge Saswerwnsymmer schande Womanes in den ande "Von fünff werden reckenfeyt Sas wer ein groffe zagtheit Scs antwurf jmherzietherich Von Bern. Beredelfürste reich Servins finnvndwitz hat geben Serbehiitvins (eiß vnd leben An Benföllen wir vns an So kam es vns mitmiffgatt "Ich will sie abenteiür bestehen iwas mir darüb soß gescheheit # ' “ Unmuffeyn verteufeltpflegten Seronshte wißbetrigen pf 3. 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Scßbyn ein armerwattman "Dnd hat mich in achte getan Einkünig helfeteaurum Serwilvitegar ein herrefyn Erpfliget großer fiercke Sas ich es an jmwoß mercke Er befind alleine hundert man Es möchtjmnymmermisegan Sasicßeichfig das ist war Er hat wo zweyvnddreißigjar - Perrevnd Fannisch anger Getzterer einen anger Soby ein schönes gerte für Sarumbeinfadenfeydin Sasbügt mangëmaninnor Sas er vergeüßt synßlüterst Fierporten an demgarten sind - Wann man die Beschlossen find So gefäße ich nie so kineman Ernüste Bierofen Baffenfan Sieposten sind von golde Werfyzer stolzen wolde "Ondienfäden breche Serküniges an jmrechte Er müsste sich taffen pfenden Anfüßen vnd anhenden Alsoßesitzeterfinant Sofpachmeister hättestant Wo wometer in den Lande Seraldmichelfchande Begatan.fd mangem Bildern aus H“ türoßtheyffer der Fan Swsnet er mit haufe Er hat vilmangeckäufe AHßtbant von Finnen reit Wasjmderwyschetgefeyr Saswolterniennant wifenfant Surch groffen ist was das geti Asöoeingebugdieteriebondbilbär "Von ftaub wird auch von meine Inteydes genüggeschach Gargroffefchtegfywieten Saisfy will manchen Leyb (Oitten entzwey spielten Sesweyntenangweyb. 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Sie küngüt gar geschwinde Gundmcrckenwind spielen - Bßf 30 an dem Ende Reinzeychenkunde sehen Sofyes vmbwante Syfand ein Freize für Sabeyfy wolle erkante Sas die künigin reine Je keinestünde ein Eins schönes fins genas- So münastkind fein kleine - - . . Wardaußdem Badbereyt Hype ift: Die Runigin Infeydine ticher reine züfaßneckonnd ist fast traurig, “ vnd reifer jrharc außwan fy an (Dan vmb. Was Eind 30 wandt Augdieterich gedeckt. N § # N d ASZ W) E W Sas was an einem morgen Ee dann die finnauffgie So hettefy verbogen Jrsfuns genesen hie Sy "äre Süjr 30 hinein Serbacher jr. sne schwere Ein schönes mageren Einfeydengürtel reiche Sas was fein wiegen bindt. Liebegart die alte #“ an Oür freidenmanigfaßte Syzüjr '' Sybatzenpsztiere Erfoltfy Paffen ein - Er sprach außgroßer schwere Bergentas kündet ein Ich fürchte Bases weyne Wann es ist erst geboten Somiß wir alle gemeyne Saislebenhain verloren Syspach Fertigst erreiche Sernicher schaffen hat Serhelfonsgehedgkicße Pidgeons seinen rat. Serwachterzüßen stunden Sprachhabend güten mit habeüßysthie finden '' eiichgüt So ward das kündfein kleine Wür wöllen das Hindern keine Gewefchen vnd auch gezwagen Sy hieß die junckfraw reine Esin Jasministertragen Sieweyke sk Zahlen in der burgegraben ß"Was wir Fann alleine Eine Lt 235 keyser MDtnit Pnd Eligas Ondin Jerwalhenland Sie dienentgewaltigereichen Ferrywerfreyenhände Sssprachen alle schwere Osnreüffeneges Ser nach dem Campartere Serafiercirste was Ich weiß ' Lobefan Ein maget hoch geboten Hmbiegefaenye man Er Fersen Leis Hero:ein Sykicht für andere weyße Recht wie das rotegold Sylt schön an dem Leibe Sumirgeltauben soll Sykeüchtet für die roten Recht als Ziefinne thüt Ond für die zeitlosen. Sy ist auch vsnadelgür Seredekampartere Sprachzücßgas Sservern an Ziemere Sagen mir füreßaß Hs wem ist die junckfrawe Fisches Herreninag syfyn Dschicht mit anschawe Sie edeking in Irenvatterich Birnenne Serheifft nachahs SDen ich gar wSt erkenne Syneeißitms desws Hiener meder ande ' cristenheit Er ist Hersnestände Scheidenischeksnerreit züfuders Hsinfrren Sseitsynhaubestat „. Feriesunckfraw wößt irren Dudwmößyye gebar Sernist Hasleben wagen Surch die künigin YDas wirft nach jrfragen Sywürschnymmersyn Ssprach mit senffensine Serkünig Otnie Tübingen mich desinne Sasjrmürgerreuwe fit. Fannich wie es genießen Sasich ein künstyn Es soll mich mit verdriefen Ich far nach der künigin Gotwendwnsvngefert Spracherkünig ornit Föermürnühelffenwöhe Ser Bereit sich an Herzit F" auchanefcharwert Sie edlen Fünigin - Ickermaintraven Schwag das lesen myn Rumsfugen muntebure Sofichie zinnen an Sofichtu auffWermure Yilmanghaubetstan Sie durch der megtewitten Sind Botten abgeschlagen Sasich Bich mit mag stillen Saswillich got klagen Otnitspach an den Zeiten Ses acht ich alles nicht Ich wie vor munt Surftreten FOas mir Zarumbgeschicht Ich will die Burg zerbrechen SOndwagen mynenßeyß Hudwisch helffen recher Saiskeiserleiche weiß Sen wir zügroßem Leiden Pic auferstanden sind Hicktes Femargen Helden Seyenü das Eind Ssfößter Fachgeben Einenedeken künigreich Bei dem syfoteleben (Diterentigentlich - Ekgasfach der beiden Pat Finnscheinen mür Sas wie ich sich bescheiden YDarunßeler Rasthüt Fachschandener auch wir seit - - - 35 dem Rosengarten zu voms gDs wurden tieffe wurden Osnzen zweien geschlagen - Surchheim wird Liechteringe Schlügen die zwei frummen Sythetengroffeffinge Ss in Fersen was kummen Ss gedachtinstinem sinne Sergetruwceckart YWie erhagen gewinne Er sich nur engerspart Erschlüg mit groffenfreyche Ssauffengrimmen man Sswärdhagenwychen Doneckarthyndan Crimhits bald was jagen Ssfy erfachenstreit Oderlößt den tyßenhagen "Wann es was an der 5cit Aufffetzt sy eckarten Einrsen Frenzel in Sowseeküssenden zarten Er sprach es ist nur in Ichrhüneich Ficzüwiffen Es were mir sicherheit Sasmichfößteküffen Ein ongetruwe meit: Gstbehiitonsvs: Wer schwere Sas"Zyn will mit ergce "Wan Fasgeschehen were Ons were geschehen wec Eckart mit großen erent Gieng von dem rofen plant Ssempfing in der von Seren Fließlant wird allein man Er wmf engjn mit arm. Er warf im gegen den -- Sas Hritte “ - s Sogar mit großem schmerzen Sein “ matt Er warfjm in dem keybe Sasße zmitten entzwey - Recht als ein man sein weiße Schmidt ein gebrateney Sie pberliefen wolfdietherichs des Feyden. Bei ans dieneraßs er jn mit den meist fern erwseffen hier wund schlüsse vßzütode- - SDs Ferkünig kßgefäche. - - Sowas gelegentodt - - Erst kann wolfdiethericße - F" wird in St. San Benfürsten reine Lieffentfünfhundert man Verwaffentalgemeine Ein schwer er bald gewan Sogunde frefreyten Ser Feldwslfdietherich Erschlügzüßeydenfeyten Ssrechte 30 nigkßlich Erfekt mit heldes müte Oangen wilden Feydentod Santjörgen hemmad Hasgüte DJökeyser Denic vnd dem beyden d - - Önd auch mit dem geteilte So es mir wirt bekannt Ich wartjrfpatrond früge "In einer feineswant y werden dmgefüge Sasthünich eilich bekant. So sprach der arge Heydent Wiler zu zie würnmetragen Sasst zu mich bescheyden Ondimir Wein namenfagen Sasich Pich ken gesellte Serjegerspachzühandt ' Syngeheyffen wette ütz ist mein weyb genandt Kunnenf außnen Ebande In rhützerhungerwee Schneynas in dem ande Garnichzvorjn gestee So in Rennwalde grüne Es müßgefgenrodt Serkeyferistsokine Saiser die wirm befot So mag er sich erwereit Gar kaum Weseinen woß Er fanfichulternieren Syziehenjninjrholt Siefart die müßjneydet Ermüß verlieren sein lebent So sprach er argeheyden Sarum will ich dir geben - Yas ZuwiftzüEwirnent Sas"Juzentegen starck Herderbestünden stürment F" Fürttaufentmarck er jeger sprach bescheidet Sasfolgern fein getan Sarum auch sicherheydet Garfere freien began So spach Derweise jeger Seydas es also statt - Sasich fdfin Ben Beger Sowerewojn ein rar Heyffenzwenfömner kleine Tinnmitgeschneidenden Helffen mir an den faden. (Ditibaumwolle vnd mit feide Füttent mir einen scheint Ssföckensmelleiden Sie würmejnne für Sarjinnich bercyte Sassy verderben nicht Jchweyß der cristenheyte Großschad ausngeschichte Was der jeger wollte Serheyden in Bestüt Von' wind von golde Swiburden mich ergüt Sufft auch Brieffefende Seriesentochter Wein Saisfy biß an Beinende Sein freilindinföll fett "Ondfendjrfür jrleyde Sein silbervind Feingold Sonneynentfyake beyde “ # kommerzirzütrsfe indjnen zügroffen schadet Sie enckerf#'' Ondfluffen von Feinstaden Hye fcbickt der ar geheyden in eine Schiffe über mö re'Wie wylden wir in die Berage jegerin dem sie erzogen her. Für ing Petitzüfchaden DJonzvolfdierberich vnd marpalp II Saswermürwerflicheyt Ich geßaub angst-Zenheren ' mich geschaffen hat Am Freitz mit groffeneren Wilder sowirt mein rat. Sindjr-Jermynneßere So zwingicheich Zen Beyß Ssbachrinjn Fieschwere Sashoffert geweyb Sygundefchendecken Sie junckfraw überall Syließ denßeyßenpecken Sie hüften waren je schmaß Jrfeyten waren treine o" auch jr büffeln Erfach zwey wijfebeine "Was möchte Besser# Erfachjr zwischen die Beine Einflecken wollgetan Soward Werfürste reine Garteiflichen stan. , Erfach ein rotes mündete in Zwey schwarze eigefin klar S antyzondjr wengel ein ic warent '' Erkund Joan Penn weyße Kein wandlung mit gespehen Osnjrem stolzen Beyße Gundjngarwegeschehen.
| 831 |
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunungidia%20decolorata
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Gunungidia decolorata
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https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunungidia decolorata&action=history
|
Waray
|
Spoken
| 35 | 62 |
An Gunungidia decolorata in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Young hadton 1986. An Gunungidia decolorata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gunungidia, ngan familia nga Cicadellidae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Gunungidia
| 36,673 |
https://github.com/fieldkit/firmware/blob/master/fk/hal/lora.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,021 |
firmware
|
fieldkit
|
C++
|
Code
| 34 | 145 |
#include "hal/lora.h"
#if defined(FK_HARDWARE_FULL)
#include "hal/metal/metal_lora.h"
#endif
namespace fk {
#if defined(FK_HARDWARE_FULL)
static TheThingsLoraNetwork lora_network;
// static Rn2903LoraNetwork lora_network;
#else
static NoopLoraNetwork lora_network;
#endif
LoraNetwork *get_lora_network() {
return &lora_network;
}
} // namespace fk
| 18,833 |
US-201615280922-A_2
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USPTO
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Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,016 |
None
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None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,707 | 9,469 |
In some embodiments, the various techniques for adaptive ambient services are performed (e.g., at least in part) on the device (e.g., device 100) and/or on an intermediate networking device (e.g., using a service processor 115 and an ambient service profile). For example, the various techniques for adaptive ambient services can be performed on a processor of the device, and the ambient service profile can be securely stored locally on the device using various techniques for secure execution and storage.
In some embodiments, the various techniques for adaptive ambient services are performed on the device or on the intermediate networking device with assistance or verification from the network (e.g., a service controller 122 executed on any network element, in which the service controller 122 is in secure communication with the device/intermediate networking device, including the service processor 115 executed on the device/intermediate networking device). In some embodiments, adaptive ambient services are performed on the device or on the intermediate networking device with assistance or verification from the network (e.g., using a service controller for maintaining a centralized set of ambient service allowed access rules and/or ambient service disallowed access rules, and a superset of all ambient service monitored access rules, working cross device population). In some embodiments, the service controller 122 or other network element(s) assist the device for implementing these techniques for adaptive ambient services (e.g., cross device, cross URL/domain usage patterns/monitoring, publishing centralized set of ambient service allowed access rules, ambient service monitored access rules, and/or ambient service disallowed access rules, including, for example, compromised and/or hacked URLs). In some embodiments, the service controller 122 or other network element(s) assist the device for implementing these techniques for adaptive ambient services by verifying the device maintained set of ambient service allowed access rules, ambient service monitored access rules, and/or ambient service disallowed access rules. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 or other network element(s) assist the device for implementing these techniques for adaptive ambient services by verifying the device monitored service usage with CDR service usage using various techniques, for example, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 or other network element(s) assist the device for implementing these techniques for adaptive ambient services by verifying the device monitored service usage by IP address (e.g., using CDR by traffic destination).
In some embodiments the various techniques for adaptive ambient services are performed on the network (e.g., a gateway, router or any other network element using, for example, deep packet inspection (DPI) on the monitored (non-encrypted) network traffic).
As shown in FIG. 1, a CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (e.g., service usage 118, including a billing aggregation data store and rules engine) is a functional descriptor for, in some embodiments, a device/network level service usage information collection, aggregation, mediation, and reporting function located in one or more of the networking equipment boxes attached to one or more of the sub-networks shown in FIG. 1 (e.g., central provider access network 109 and/or central provider core network 110), which is in communication with the service controller 122, and a central billing interface 127. As shown in FIG. 1, service usage 118 is shown as a function in communication with the central provider core network 110. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 function is located elsewhere in the network or partially located in elsewhere or integrated with/as part of other network elements. In some embodiments, CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 functionality is located or partially located in the AAA server 121 and/or the mobile wireless center/Home Location Register (HLR) 132 (as shown, in communication with a DNS/DHCP server 126). In some embodiments, service usage 118 functionality is located or partially located in the base station, base station controller and/or base station aggregator, collectively referred to as base station 125 in FIG. 1. In some embodiments, CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 functionality is located or partially located in a networking component in the central provider access network 109, a networking component in the core network 110, the central billing system 123, the central billing interface 127, and/or in another network component or function. This discussion on the possible locations for the network based and device based service usage information collection, aggregation, mediation, and reporting function (e.g., CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118) can be generalized as described herein and as shown in the other figures described herein as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Also as shown in FIG. 1, the service controller 122 is in communication with the central billing interface 123 (also sometimes referred to as the external billing management interface or billing communication interface) 127, which is in communication with the central billing system 123. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) provides a device/network level service usage information collection, aggregation, mediation, and reporting function. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) collects device generated usage information for one or more devices on the wireless network (e.g., devices 100); and provides the device generated usage information in a syntax and a communication protocol that can be used by the wireless network to augment or replace network generated usage information for the one or more devices on the wireless network. In some embodiments, the syntax is a charging data record (CDR), and the communication protocol is selected from one or more of the following: 3GPP, 3GPP2, or other communication protocols. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) includes a service usage data store (e.g., a billing aggregator) and a rules engine for aggregating the collected device generated usage information. In some embodiments, the syntax is a charging data record (CDR), and the network device is a CDR feed aggregator, and the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) also aggregates CDRs for the one or more devices on the wireless network; applies a set of rules to the aggregated CDRs using a rules engine (e.g., bill by account, transactional billing, and/or any other billing or other rules for service usage information collection, aggregation, mediation, and reporting), and communicates a new set of CDRs for the one or more devices on the wireless network to a billing interface or a billing system (e.g., providing a CDR with a billing offset by account/service). In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) communicates a new set of CDRs for the one or more devices on the wireless network to a billing interface or a billing system. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) communicates with a service controller to collect the device generated usage information for the one or more devices on the wireless network. In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) performs rules for performing a bill by account aggregation and mediation function. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 in communication with the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) performs a rules engine for aggregating and mediating the device generated usage information. In some embodiments, a rules engine device in communication with the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (and/or other network elements or combinations of network elements) performs a rules engine for aggregating and mediating the device generated usage information.
In some embodiments, the rules engine is included in (e.g., integrated with/part of) the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118. In some embodiments, the rules engine and associated functions, as discussed herein, is a separate function/device. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 performs some or all of these rules engine based functions, as discussed herein, and communicates with the central billing interface 127. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 performs some or all of these rules engine based functions, as discussed herein, and communicates with the central billing system 123.
In some embodiments, duplicate CDRs are sent from the network equipment to the billing system 123 that is used for generating service billing. In some embodiments, duplicate CDRs are filtered to send only those CDRs/records for devices controlled by the service controller and/or service processor (e.g., the managed devices). For example, this approach can provide for the same level of reporting, lower level of reporting, and/or higher level of reporting as compared to the reporting required by the central billing system 123.
In some embodiments, a bill-by-account billing offset is provided. For example, bill-by-account billing offset information can be informed to the central billing system 123 by providing a CDR aggregator feed that aggregates the device based service usage data feed to provide a new set of CDRs for the managed devices to the central billing interface 127 and/or the central billing system 123. In some embodiments, transaction billing is provided using similar techniques. For example, transaction billing log information can be provided to the central billing interface 127 and/or the central billing system 123.
In some embodiments, the rules engine (e.g., performed by the service usage 118 or another network element, as described herein) provides a bill-by-account billing offset. For example, device generated service usage information (e.g., device assisted charging data records (CDRs)) includes a transaction type field (e.g., indicating a type of service for the associated service usage information). The rules engine can apply a rule or a set of rules based on the identified service associated with the device generated usage information to determine a bill-by-account billing offset (e.g., a new CDR can be generated to provide the determined bill-by-account billing offset). For example, the determined bill-by-account billing offset can be provided as a credit to the user's service usage account (e.g., a new CDR can be generated with a negative offset for the user's service usage account, such as for network chatter service usage, or transactional service usage, or for any other purposes based on one or more rules performed by the rules engine).
As another example, for a transactional service, a first new CDR can be generated with a negative offset for the user's service usage account for that transactional service related usage, and a second new CDR can be generated with a positive service usage value to charge that same service usage to the transactional service provider (e.g., Amazon, eBay, or another transactional service provider). In some embodiments, the service controller 122 generates these two new CDRs, and the service usage 118 stores, aggregates, and communicates these two new CDRs to the central billing interface 127. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 generates these two new CDRs, and the service usage 118 stores, aggregates, and communicates these two new CDRs to the central billing interface 127, in which the central billing interface 127 applies rules (e.g., performs the rules engine for determining the bill-by-account billing offset).
In some embodiments, the service controller 122 sends the device generated CDRs to the rules engine (e.g., service usage 118), and the rules engine applies one or more rules, such as those described herein and/or any other billing/service usage related rules as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the service controller 122 generates CDRs similar to other network elements, and the rules (e.g., bill-by-account) are performed in the central billing interface 127. For example, for the service controller 122 to generate CDRs similar to other network elements, in some embodiments, the service controller 122 is provisioned on the wireless network and behaves substantially similar to other CDR generators on the network) as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
In some embodiments, the service controller 122 is provisioned as a new type of networking function that is recognized as a valid and secure source for CDRs by the other necessary elements in the network (e.g., the Service Usage History/CDR Aggregation and Mediation Server 118). In some embodiments, where the network necessary apparatus will only recognize CDRs from certain types of networking equipment (e.g. RAN Gateway 410 or Transport Gateway 420), then the Service Controller 122 can provide authentication credentials to the other networking equipment that indicate it is one of the approved types of equipment. In some embodiments, the link between the Service Controller 122 and the necessary CDR aggregation and mediation equipment is secured, authenticated, encrypted and/or signed.
In some embodiments, the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 discards the network based service usage information (e.g., network based CDRs) received from one or more network elements. In these embodiments, the service controller 122 can provide the device based service usage information (e.g., device assisted/based CDRs) to the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 (e.g., the CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 can just provide a store, aggregate, and communication function(s)), and the device based service usage information is provided to the central billing interface 127 or the central billing system 123.
In some embodiments, the device assisted/based CDRs and/or new CDRs generated based on execution of a rules engine as described herein is provided only for devices that are managed and/or based on device group, service plan, or any other criteria, categorization, and/or grouping, such as based on ambient service or ambient service provider.
FIG. 2 illustrates a wireless network architecture for providing adaptive ambient service including a proxy server in accordance with some embodiments. As shown, FIG. 2 includes a proxy server 270 in communication with a 4G/3G/2G wireless network operated by, for example, a central provider. In some embodiments, each of the wireless devices 100 includes a service processor 115 (as shown), and each service processor connects through a secure control plane link to a service controller 122. In some embodiments, the network based service usage information (e.g., CDRs) is obtained from Radio Access Network (RAN) gateway(s) 410 and/or transport gateway(s) 420.
Referring now to the 4G/3G/2G access network as shown in FIG. 2, the 4G/3G and 3G/2G base stations/nodes 125 are in communication with a 4G/3G/2G Radio Access Network (RAN) gateway 410 via a radio access network 405, which are in communication with a 4G/3G/2G transport gateway 420 via an access transport network 415. The central provider core network 110 is in network communication with the access transport network 415 (e.g., via a dedicated/leased line, and as shown, via a firewall 124). The Internet 120 is available via a firewall 124 and the transport gateway(s) 420, as shown. Also, as shown, a network apparatus provisioning system 160, order management 180, and subscriber management 182 are in communication with the central provider core network 110. As shown, a AAA server 121, a mobile wireless center/Home Location Register (HLR) 132, a DNS/DHCP 126, and CDR storage, aggregation, mediation, feed 118 are also in communication with the access transport network 415. The central billing system 123 and the central billing interface 127 are shown in communication with the central provider core network 110.
In some embodiments, the various techniques for adaptive ambient services are performed using the proxy server 270. For example, the ambient service provider can provide the proxy server 270, and the ambient service provider monitors, accounts, controls, and/or optimizes the service usage through the proxy server 270 (e.g., using the adaptive ambient service profile and/or any of the techniques described herein). In some embodiments, the central service provider provides the proxy server 270, and the ambient service provider is provided access to monitor, account, control, and/or optimize the service usage through the proxy server 270 (e.g., using the adaptive ambient service profile and/or any of the techniques described herein).
FIG. 3 illustrates a flow diagram for providing adaptive ambient service in accordance with some embodiments. At 302, the process for an adaptive ambient service begins. At 304, whether a requested access is within the ambient service profile, such as within the ambient service allowed access rules, the ambient service monitoring access rules, and/or ambient service disallowed access rules, is determined. At 306, if the requested access is within the ambient service profile, then the appropriate rule is applied, such as the appropriate ambient service allowed access rule, ambient service monitoring access rule, and/or ambient service disallowed access rule. At 308, if not (e.g., the requested access is not within the ambient service profile, such as not categorized within any of the ambient service profile rules), then categorize the requested access as a monitored access. In some embodiments, a requested access that is not otherwise known or categorized in the ambient service profile, is allowed and then monitored (e.g., trusted and then verified through monitoring and other techniques, such as the various other techniques described herein). At 310, if the requested access is categorized as monitored access, then allow the requested access and monitor the requested access. At 312, determine whether the requested access can now be added or blocked based on the monitored access. At 314, if the requested access can now be blocked, then block the requested access and update the ambient service profile accordingly (e.g., add the requested access to the ambient service blocked access rules). Similarly, if the requested access can now be added, then continue to allow the requested access and update the ambient service profile accordingly (e.g., add the requested access to the ambient service allowed access rules). At 316, determine whether to continue to monitor the requested access (e.g., if the requested access is still in progress, and the requested access has not been otherwise categorized as allowed or blocked ambient service access, then continue to monitor), and if so, continue to monitor the requested access at 318 (e.g., if and until a determination of whether to allow and/or block such access using the various techniques described herein). At 320, the process is repeated for the next requested access. At 322, the process is completed.
FIG. 4 illustrates another flow diagram for providing adaptive ambient service in accordance with some embodiments. At 402, the process for an adaptive ambient service begins. At 404, whether a requested access is associated with the ambient service is determined. As described herein with respect to FIG. 4, there are various techniques for testing the association of the requested access with the ambient service. For example, at 406, whether the requested access is within the ambient service profile, such as within the ambient service allowed access rules, the ambient service monitoring access rules (also sometimes referred to herein as monitored access rules), and/or ambient service disallowed access rules, is determined. At 408, whether the requested access to an application is tested to determine whether the application is associated with the ambient service and whether the application is currently executing. At 410, whether the requested access is within the same traffic flow as other ambient services traffic is determined (e.g., using various device based, device assisted and/or network based (such as DPI) traffic monitoring techniques). Various other techniques can also be employed for testing the association of the requested access with the ambient service. For example, incoming traffic can be tagged (e.g., using a referred URL or an HREF or an IMAGE HTML tag); and/or the domain object management (DOM) tree can be analyzed to determine a links model of a requested web page or other techniques can be utilized to determine the links model of the requested web page. As another example, the content of the requested access (e.g., web page content) can be analyzed to determine if it is associated with the ambient service (e.g., using various content relevancy techniques). As another example, a reverse lookup to the requested network destination (e.g., URL, associated domain, sub-domain, ad server domain, or other destination or source) can be determined to test the association of the requested access with the ambient service. At 412, based on the above testing of the association of the requested access with the ambient service, determine whether the requested access can now be added or blocked based on the monitored access. At 414, if the requested access can now be blocked, then block the requested access and update the ambient service profile accordingly (e.g., add the requested access to the ambient service blocked access rules). FIG. 5 illustrates another flow diagram for providing adaptive ambient service in accordance with some embodiments. At 502, the process for an adaptive ambient service begins. At 504, traffic patterns of ambient service usage are analyzed. As described herein with respect to FIG. 5, there are various techniques for testing and analyzing the ambient service usage traffic patterns to determine whether the access should be allowed, blocked, or is otherwise deemed suspicious or otherwise not known/categorized, and thus, should be monitored (e.g., using the monitoring access rules). For example, at 506, expected ambient service usage is compared with the actual ambient service usage (e.g., using various ambient service usage monitoring techniques, as described herein and/or using other techniques). In some embodiments, the expected versus actual ambient service usage is analyzed and can be further categorized as described below. At 508, the ambient service traffic usage is analyzed and categorized. In some embodiments, the ambient service traffic usage is categorized by one or more of the following: total traffic, by application, by destination (e.g., URL, domain, sub-domain, or other unique identifier), by traffic flow, by network socket, by time of day, by ambient service profile categorization (e.g., ambient service allowed access, ambient service monitored access, and/or ambient service blocked/disallowed access rules), by web browsing traffic patterns, by content download patterns, and/or using any other categorizations or patterns. In some embodiments, the ambient service traffic usage is aggregated (e.g., across user or user group), and statistical analysis techniques are used to identify categories of allowable or suspect or should be disallowed access service usage requests/patterns (e.g., very infrequently requested access for high data bandwidth ambient service usage can be deemed suspect or automatically categorized as disallowed). At 510, the ambient service traffic usage is correlated with various ambient traffic profiles. For example, buying patterns can be correlated with content download patterns (e.g., a power use categorization versus a seldom/never purchases user categorization can be used to provide different ambient service profiles and/or throttling techniques based on such categorizations for the various ambient service users).
Various other techniques can also be employed for testing the ambient service usage traffic to provide adaptive ambient services as will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the embodiments and examples described herein. At 512, based on the above testing of the association of the requested access with the ambient service, determine whether the requested access can now be added or blocked based on the monitored access. At 514, if the requested access can now be blocked, then block the requested access and update the ambient service profile accordingly (e.g., add the requested access to the ambient service blocked access rules). Similarly, if the requested access can now be added, then continue to allow the requested access and update the ambient service profile accordingly (e.g., add the requested access to the ambient service allowed access rules). At 516, determine whether to continue to monitor/test the association of the requested access with the ambient service (e.g., if the requested access is still in progress, and the requested access has not been otherwise categorized as allowed or blocked ambient service access, then continue to perform the testing analysis), and if so, continue to perform the monitor/testing analysis of the requested access at 518. At 520, the process is repeated for the next requested access. At 522, the process is completed.
FIG. 6 illustrates another flow diagram for providing adaptive ambient service in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, a combination of various techniques are used for providing adaptive ambient services, such as those described below with respect to FIG. 6. In some embodiments, a subset of these various techniques are employed using various combinations of such techniques or individual techniques. At 602, the process for an adaptive ambient service begins. At 604, whether a requested access is associated with the ambient service is determined (e.g., as similarly described above with respect to FIG. 4). At 606, the ambient service usage is analyzed (e.g., as similarly described above with respect to FIG. 5). At 608, the ambient service is queried to verify the requested access (e.g., if the requested access is not in the ambient service profile or otherwise suspicious or covered by a monitored access rule, then the ambient service can be queried for more information as to whether this requested access is associated with the ambient service usage or should otherwise be allowed). In some embodiments, various requested accesses can be allowed for certain users or for certain requests to allow for monitoring or testing but denied for other users/requests. In some embodiments, the device or intermediate networking device based ambient service profile settings (e.g., local ambient service profile rules, categorizations, settings, and/or other data) are provided to the ambient service provider for further analysis and to correlate various access requests with the ambient service (e.g., monitored access requests can be confirmed as approved or not, that is associated with the ambient service or otherwise permissible, or not, as deemed by the ambient service provider using various techniques). At 610, the source of the requested access is analyzed. In some embodiments, the source of the requested access is itself tested using various techniques (e.g., search engine/web crawler techniques or DOM techniques to determine whether certain web based requests are associated with the ambient service; or to verify with a secondary source such as an ad server; or to verify ownership of certain network domains by the ambient service provider or associated advertiser).
Various other techniques can also be employed for providing adaptive ambient services as will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the embodiments and examples described herein. At 612, based on the above testing of the association of the requested access with the ambient service, determine whether the requested access can now be added or blocked based on the monitored access. At 614, if the requested access can now be blocked, then block the requested access and update the ambient service profile accordingly (e.g., add the requested access to the ambient service blocked access rules). Similarly, if the requested access can now be added, then continue to allow the requested access and update the ambient service profile accordingly (e.g., add the requested access to the ambient service allowed access rules). At 616, determine whether to continue to monitor/test the association of the requested access with the ambient service (e.g., if the requested access is still in progress, and the requested access has not been otherwise categorized as allowed or blocked ambient service access, then continue to perform the testing analysis), and if so, continue to perform the monitor/testing analysis of the requested access at 618. At 620, the process is repeated for the next requested access. At 622, the process is completed.
FIG. 7 illustrates a flow diagram for providing adaptive ambient service for a surf-out option in accordance with some embodiments. At 702, the process for an adaptive ambient service begins. At 704, whether a requested access is associated with the ambient service is determined. As described herein with respect to FIG. 7, there are various techniques for testing the association of the requested access with the ambient service. For example, at 706, whether the requested access is within the ambient service profile, such as within the ambient service allowed access rules, the ambient service monitored access rules, and/or ambient service disallowed access rules, is determined. At 708, whether the requested access to an application is tested to determine whether the application is associated with the ambient service and whether the application is currently executing. At 710, whether the requested access is within a surf-out option is determined (e.g., using various surf-out option based techniques as described herein). At 712, based on the determination of the association of the requested access with the ambient service (e.g., using various association techniques, as described herein), determine whether the requested access can now be added or blocked based on the monitored access. At 714, if the requested access can now be blocked, then block the requested access and update the ambient service profile accordingly (e.g., add the requested access to the ambient service blocked access rules). Similarly, if the requested access can now be added, then continue to allow the requested access and update the ambient service profile accordingly (e.g., add the requested access to the ambient service allowed access rules). At 716, determine whether to continue to monitor/test the association of the requested access with the ambient service (e.g., if the requested access is still in progress, and the requested access has not been otherwise categorized as allowed or blocked ambient service access, then continue to perform the testing analysis), and if so, continue to perform the monitor/testing analysis of the requested access at 718. At 720, the process is repeated for the next requested access. At 722, the process is completed.
In some embodiments, it may not be possible to accurately identify every network service access attempt or service usage (e.g., or traffic access) as belonging to a given service usage partition (e.g., a given ambient service usage, background network chatter usage, user service plan usage, emergency service usage, and/or other type of service usage). As used herein, the terms service usage partition, service usage recording partition, service charging bucket, and micro-CDRs are used interchangeably. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a service charging bucket for traffic that is allowed and not definitively identified as belonging to a known service charging bucket. This allows for techniques to employ an “allow but verify” approach to traffic that is likely to be legitimately associated with an ambient service or a user service or a network service that is intended to be allowed, but is not definitively identified as being associated with an allowed service.
As an example, there may be a web site access associated with an ambient service that does not have a reference identifier or other traffic parameter that allows the service processor to associate it with the correct ambient service. In this case, a set of rules can be applied to determine if it is likely that the web site access is a legitimate access given the access control policies that are in place, and if it is the access can be allowed and the traffic usage either recorded in the ambient service charging bucket that it is suspected to be associated with, or the traffic usage can be charged to a network chatter service usage bucket, or the traffic usage can be charged to the user service usage bucket, or the traffic usage may be recorded in a “not classified but allowed” service charging bucket. In some embodiments, in which such traffic is charged to the “not classified but allowed” service usage charging bucket, additional verification measures are employed to ensure that the amount of traffic that is not classified but allowed does not grow too large or become a back-door for service usage errors. For example, the access control policy rules for allowing unclassified traffic can be relatively loose as long as the amount of service usage charges accumulating in the not classified charging bucket remains within certain bounds, and/or the rate of service usage charged to the not classified bucket remains within certain bounds, but if the not classified traffic becomes large or the rate of not classified traffic growth becomes large then the rules governing when to allow not classified traffic can be tightened.
As another example, a browser application can access a web site that is known to be an ambient service website, and that web site might serve back a series of traffic flows, some of which are associated with the ambient service website through URL identifiers that are known to be part of the website, and other traffic can be associated with the ambient service website by virtue of a referring website tag or header, and some traffic can be returned to the same application with a relatively close time proximity to the other traffic as being identified as ambient traffic. In this example, as long as the not classified traffic service charging bucket does not exceed a given pre-set policy limit on its size, and/or does not grow faster than a given pre-set policy rate, and/or is received within a certain pre-set policy period of time difference from the time that other ambient service charging bucket traffic is received, then the not classified traffic is continued to be allowed. However, if the not classified traffic amount or rate of growth exceeds the pre-set policy limits, or if the period of time between when verified ambient service traffic is received and the not classified traffic is received exceeds policy limits, then the not classified traffic can be blocked or other action can be taken to further analyze the not classified traffic.
In some embodiments, it is important to provide a hierarchy of service usage charging rules for the various service usage partitions on a device. As an example, for a given service plan there can be two ambient service charging buckets, a network chatter (e.g., or network overhead) service charging bucket, and a user service plan service charging bucket and it is desirable to make sure that no ambient services or network overhead service or unclassified service is charged to the user service plan, and it is also desirable to ensure that all known ambient service traffic is charged to the appropriate ambient service partner, and it is desirable to ensure that no network overhead service or unclassified service is charged to ambient service partners. In such situations, a service charging bucket hierarchy can be provided as follows: determine if a traffic flow (e.g., or socket) is associated with network overhead, and if so allow it and charge that service bucket, then determine if a traffic flow (or socket) is associated with ambient service #1, and if so allow it and charge that service bucket, then determine if a traffic flow (or socket) is associated with ambient service #2, and if so allow it and charge that service bucket, then determine if a traffic flow (or socket) is associated with not classified traffic, and if so allow it and charge that service bucket, then if the traffic is not associated with any of the above service charging buckets allow it and charge it to the user service plan charging bucket. In another example, if the user has not yet chosen to pay for a user service plan, then the same hierarchical access control and service charging policy can be used except the final step would be: then if the traffic is not associated with any of the above service charging buckets block the traffic. Hierarchical service charging bucket identification such as depicted in these examples can be a crucial aspect of a robust access control policy and/or service charging policy system. Many other access control policy hierarchies and service charging bucket policy hierarchies will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
In some embodiments, the not classified traffic is charged according to service charging rules that rely on the most likely candidate service charging bucket for the traffic. As another example, if the not classified traffic is being delivered to the same application as other known ambient service traffic and the time difference between delivery of the known ambient service traffic and the not classified traffic is small, then the not classified traffic can be charged to the ambient service in accordance with a pre-set charging policy rule specifying these conditions. Other embodiments that will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, another charging rule for not classified traffic could be to perform a pro-rata allocation of the not classified traffic to all of the other service charging buckets with the pro-rata allocation being based on the percentage of the total traffic used by the device for each service charging bucket. As another example, the not classified traffic can be charged to a subset of the service charging buckets for the device (e.g., all ambient services plus the network overhead service) in accordance with the pro-rata share for each service included in the pro-rata split.
In some embodiments, the user service plan agreement is structured so that the user acknowledges that ambient services in which the access connection to the service is sponsored, paid for, and/or partially subsidized by an entity other than the user are a benefit to the user, and/or the user acknowledges that there is no inherent right to free ambient services, and that the service usage accounting system may not always properly characterize usage for a sponsored or subsidized ambient service (e.g., or some other specialized service) in the correct accounting service charging bucket, and, thus, the user service plan account can be charged and/or billed with some of this traffic. By having the user acknowledge a service use agreement of this form then some ambient traffic can be charged to the user service plan account, including, for example, allowed but not classified traffic, excess ambient service usage beyond pre-set policy limits, ambient service usage during busy network periods or on congested network resources, and/or other criteria/measures. In some embodiments, the user might be notified that they are being charged for service activities that are sometimes subsidized or free to the user. As discussed above, it is important to ensure that a not classified service charging bucket does not become a back door for service charging errors or hacking. It will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the not classified service usage charges can be verified in a variety of manners, including, for example, observing the size of the not classified service charging bucket as compared to other service usage charges on the device (e.g., total device service usage, ambient service usage, user bucket service usage, and/or other criteria/measures), capping the not classified bucket, and/or capping the rate of growth of the not classified bucket.
In some embodiments, it is important to verify not only that the total device service usage amount is correct, but that the service usage is being reported in the proper service charging buckets. For example, if the service processor software can be hacked so that it correctly reports the total service usage, but reports user service plan traffic under one or more ambient service buckets, then simply verifying that the total amount of service usage is correct will not be sufficient to prevent the device from obtaining free user service that can be charged to ambient service partners. There are a variety of direct and indirect embodiments to accomplish this verification of service charging bucket divisions. For example, in direct verification embodiments, one or more alternative measures of service usage are employed to cross-check the accuracy of the service charging bucket divisions. In indirect embodiments one of two classes of verification are employed: the size and rate of growth for service charging buckets is analyzed and compared to a pre-set group of policies to detect and/or modify service charging bucket growth that is out of policy; and/or the proper operation of the service processor elements involved in service charging bucket partitioning is verified.
Various embodiments involving direct verification of service charging bucket usage and/or accounting include the use of network based service usage measures such as CDRs, IPDRs, flow data records (e.g., FDRs—detailed reports of service usage for each service flow, such as network socket connection, opened and used to transmit data to or from the device), accounting records, interim accounting records or other similar usage records to verify that the device is within service policy and/or the device based service usage reports are accurate. Use of such network generated service usage records to directly verify service charging and/or proper service usage policy adherence are described herein. When network address destination and/or source information is available in these records, as described herein, this can be used in some embodiments to verify the service charging bucket accounting provided by the device service processor. In some embodiments, some types of service usage records include real-time data but not necessarily all of the useful information needed to help verify service charging bucket accounting, while other types of service usage records provide more detail (e.g., IP address for destination and source) but do not always arrive in real-time. For example, in some embodiments, FDRs are created each time a new service flow (e.g., network socket connection) is opened and then closed. At the time the service flow is closed, a (e.g., possibly time stamped) data usage record indicating source address, destination address and amount of data transmitted is created and sent to a charging aggregation function in the network. The charging aggregation function can then forward the FDRs to the service controller for verification or direct accounting of service charging bucket accounting. By comparing the FDR addresses with known ambient service traffic address associations, the partitioning of service charging buckets between one or more ambient services and other services such as a user service plan service charging bucket may be verified. However, in some cases it can be a long period of time for an FDR to be generated when a device service flow (e.g., socket) remains open for a long period of time, as in the case for example with a long file download, a peer to peer connection with a socket keep alive, or a proxy server service with a socket keep alive. As another example showing how multiple types of network generated service usage accounting records may be used to complement each other and strengthen the verification of service charging bucket accounting partitions, interim data records can be used with FDRs. Interim data records are available in accordance with some embodiments, in which the interim data records are generated on a regularly scheduled basis by a network element (e.g., gateway, base station, HLR, AAA, and/or other network element/function). Interim data records are typically near real time records that report the aggregate traffic usage for the device as of a point in time, but often do not include traffic address information or other traffic details. In embodiments in which both interim accounting records and FDRs are available, when the interim accounting records are indicating service usage that is not being reported in the FDR stream this is evidence that a device has one or more long term socket connections that are open and are not terminating. In this case, the service controller can verify that the device based usage reports are properly accounting for the total amount of service usage reported by the interim accounting records, and/or the service controller can force an FDR report for the open sockets by issuing a stop-resume service command as similarly discussed above.
As described herein, other embodiments involving direct verification of service charging bucket accounting can be provided. One example is to route ambient service traffic to a proxy server or router programmed to support only the network access allowed for the ambient service and to account for the ambient service usage. Additional proxy servers or routers can be similarly programmed for each ambient service that is part of the device service plan, and in some embodiments, another proxy server or router is programmed to support traffic control and account for the user service plan service access. By comparing the service usage accounting for each of these proxy servers or routers, the device generated service charging bucket accounting can be directly verified. In some embodiments, the usage accounting provided by the proxy servers or routers is used directly for service usage accounting.
In some embodiments, ambient service partner feedback is used to verify service charging bucket accounting. For example, web servers used by ambient service partners to provide ambient services can identify a user device based on header information embedded in the HTML traffic, and then account for either the service used by the device during the ambient service sessions or account for the number of transactions the user completes. If service usage is recorded, then it can be reported to the service controller and be used directly to verify ambient service charging bucket accounting. If transactions are all that are recorded, then this can be reported to the service controller and the amount of ambient service used by the device can be compared with the number of transactions completed to determine if the ambient service usage is reasonable or should be throttled or blocked. It will now be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments can be provided that employ more than one type of network generated service usage records to verify service usage accounting and/or verify service charging bucket accounting.
Other embodiments involving indirect methods for verifying or controlling service charging bucket accounting include monitoring the size and/or growth rate of ambient service usage. In some embodiments, the access control policy rules call for restricting a given ambient service access when the amount of service usage charges accumulating in the ambient service charging bucket exceed a pre-set policy limit, and/or when the rate of service usage for the ambient service exceeds a pre-set policy limit. For example, once these limits are reached, the ambient service can be throttled back for a period of time, blocked for a period of time, or charged to the user service plan charging bucket. In some embodiments, before these actions are taken the user UI can be used to notify the user of the service policy enforcement action. In some embodiments, indirect verification of service charging bucket accounting includes the various techniques described herein for verifying proper operation of the service processor agent software and/or protecting the service processor agent software from errors, manipulation, or hacking.
| 15,553 |
https://github.com/xmfan/buck/blob/master/src/com/facebook/buck/core/cell/exception/UnknownCellException.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
buck
|
xmfan
|
Java
|
Code
| 223 | 595 |
/*
* Copyright 2018-present Facebook, Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
* not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
* a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
* License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package com.facebook.buck.core.cell.exception;
import com.facebook.buck.core.exceptions.HumanReadableException;
import com.facebook.buck.util.string.MoreStrings;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
/** Exception that represents a build target attempting to use a cell which doesn't exist. */
public class UnknownCellException extends HumanReadableException {
private static final String generateErrorMessage(
Optional<String> cellName, ImmutableSet<String> validCellNames) {
if (!cellName.isPresent()) {
return "Cannot determine path of the root cell";
} else {
List<String> suggestions = generateSuggestions(cellName, validCellNames);
return String.format(
"Unknown cell: %s. Did you mean one of %s instead?",
cellName.get(), suggestions.isEmpty() ? validCellNames : suggestions);
}
}
private static final ImmutableList<String> generateSuggestions(
Optional<String> cellName, ImmutableSet<String> validCellNames) {
if (!cellName.isPresent()) {
return ImmutableList.of();
}
List<String> suggestions =
MoreStrings.getSpellingSuggestions(cellName.get(), validCellNames, 2);
if (!suggestions.isEmpty()) {
return ImmutableList.copyOf(suggestions);
}
return validCellNames.stream().sorted().collect(ImmutableList.toImmutableList());
}
public UnknownCellException(Optional<String> cellName, ImmutableSet<String> validCellNames) {
super(generateErrorMessage(cellName, validCellNames));
}
}
| 16,887 |
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%28%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Демирһан (Султанһисар)
|
https://tt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Демирһан (Султанһисар)&action=history
|
Tatar
|
Spoken
| 58 | 220 |
Демирһан () — Төркия Җөмһүриятенең Эгей бүлгесе Айдын иле Султанһисар илчесенә караган бер мәхәллә ().
Географиясе
Халык саны
Искәрмәләр
Сылтамалар
Турция // Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т. / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2004—2017.]
Mahalle Nedir?
Kısaltmalar Dizini
Султанһисар илчесе мәхәлләләре
Әлифба буенча торак пунктлар
Төркия торак пунктлары
Төркия мәхәлләләре
| 37,790 |
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%20%28%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BF%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Дураклы (Низип)
|
https://tt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Дураклы (Низип)&action=history
|
Tatar
|
Spoken
| 59 | 227 |
Дураклы () — Төркия Җөмһүриятенең Көньяк-Көнчыгыш Анатолия бүлгесе Газиантеп иле Низип илчесенә караган бер мәхәллә ().
Географиясе
Халык саны
Искәрмәләр
Сылтамалар
Турция // Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т. / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2004—2017.]
Mahalle Nedir?
Kısaltmalar Dizini
Низип илчесе мәхәлләләре
Әлифба буенча торак пунктлар
Төркия торак пунктлары
Төркия мәхәлләләре
| 28,859 |
https://github.com/Slider7/laravel/blob/master/resources/js/components/Selector.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
laravel
|
Slider7
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 127 | 464 |
import React from 'react';
import './filter.css';
class Selector extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.selRef = React.createRef();
}
fillOptions = list => {
const sel = this.selRef.current;
const option = document.createElement('option');
option.value = 'none';
option.text = 'Любое значение';
sel.add(option);
list.forEach(item => {
const opt = document.createElement('option');
opt.value = item;
opt.text = item;
sel.add(opt);
});
if (this.props.name === 'period') {
sel.options[1].value = 0;
sel.options[2].value = 7;
sel.options[3].value = 30;
sel.options[4].value = 91;
sel.options[5].value = 182;
sel.options[6].value = 365;
}
};
componentDidMount() {
/* fetch API */
fetch(`${this.props.selectorApi}`)
.then(response => {
return response.json();
})
.then(list => {
this.fillOptions(list);
});
}
render() {
return (
<div className="form-group filter-item mx-2 my-0">
<label className="my-0" hmtlfor="selector">
{this.props.caption}
</label>
<select
className="form-control px-2 py-0"
id={this.props.name}
ref={this.selRef}
onChange={this.props.filterChange}
></select>
</div>
);
}
}
export default Selector;
| 24,661 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2384153
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Amaurobioides maritima
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 2,627 | 8,804 |
Amaurobioides maritima
soort uit het geslacht Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima taxonomische rang soort
Amaurobioides maritima wetenschappelijke naam Amaurobioides maritima, taxonauteur Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, datum van taxonomische publicatie 1883
Amaurobioides maritima is een taxon
Amaurobioides maritima ITIS-identificatiecode 873869
Amaurobioides maritima moedertaxon Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima EOL-identificatiecode 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima GBIF-identificatiecode 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima NCBI-identificatiecode 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima NZOR-identificatiecode 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima WSC-identificatiecode urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:023638
Amaurobioides maritima IRMNG-identificatiecode 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima iNaturalist-identificatiecode voor taxon 408371
Amaurobioides maritima BioLib-identificatiecode 648918
Amaurobioides maritima BOLD Systems-identificatiecode voor taxon 811050
Amaurobioides maritima Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endemisch in Nieuw-Zeeland
Amaurobioides maritima NZTCS-conservatiestatus van nature ongewoon
Amaurobioides maritima NZTCS-identificatiecode 26656
Amaurobioides maritima Catalogue of Life-identificatiecode CJGN
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI-identificatiecode C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima verkorte naam
Amaurobioides maritima Open Tree of Life-identificatiecode 3552331
Amaurobioides maritima Biota of New Zealand-identificatiecode 7ab050dd-a138-42ca-a130-6e1ba0e77193
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima cấp bậc phân loại loài
Amaurobioides maritima tên phân loại Amaurobioides maritima, ngày được miêu tả trong tài liệu khoa học 1883
Amaurobioides maritima là một đơn vị phân loại
Amaurobioides maritima TSN ITIS 873869
Amaurobioides maritima đơn vị phân loại mẹ Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima ID Bách khoa toàn thư Sự sống 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima định danh GBIF 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima mã số phân loại NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima ID Sổ đăng ký Sinh vật New Zealand 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima ID Danh mục Nhện Thế giới urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:023638
Amaurobioides maritima ID IRMNG 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima ID ĐVPL iNaturalist 408371
Amaurobioides maritima ID BioLib 648918
Amaurobioides maritima ID ĐVPL BOLD Systems 811050
Amaurobioides maritima ID trong sơ đồ tri thức của Google /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima tên ngắn
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima taxonomisk rang art
Amaurobioides maritima vetenskapligt namn Amaurobioides maritima, auktor Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, år för publikation av taxonomiskt namn 1883
Amaurobioides maritima instans av taxon
Amaurobioides maritima ITIS-TSN 873869
Amaurobioides maritima nästa högre taxon Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima Encyclopedia of Life-ID 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima Global Biodiversity Information Facility-ID 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima NCBI-ID 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima IRMNG-ID 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima iNaturalist taxon-ID 408371
Amaurobioides maritima BioLib-ID 648918
Amaurobioides maritima Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endemisk i Nya Zeeland
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima kort namn
Amaurobioides maritima Open Tree of Life-ID 3552331
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima
species of arachnid
Amaurobioides maritima taxon rank species
Amaurobioides maritima taxon name Amaurobioides maritima, taxon author Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, year of publication of scientific name for taxon 1883
Amaurobioides maritima instance of taxon
Amaurobioides maritima ITIS TSN 873869
Amaurobioides maritima parent taxon Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima Encyclopedia of Life ID 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima GBIF taxon ID 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima NCBI taxonomy ID 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima New Zealand Organisms Register ID 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima World Spider Catalog ID urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:023638
Amaurobioides maritima IRMNG ID 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima iNaturalist taxon ID 408371
Amaurobioides maritima BioLib taxon ID 648918
Amaurobioides maritima BOLD Systems taxon ID 811050
Amaurobioides maritima Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endemic to New Zealand
Amaurobioides maritima NZTCS conservation status naturally uncommon
Amaurobioides maritima NZTCS ID 26656
Amaurobioides maritima Catalogue of Life ID CJGN
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima short name
Amaurobioides maritima Open Tree of Life ID 3552331
Amaurobioides maritima Biota of New Zealand ID 7ab050dd-a138-42ca-a130-6e1ba0e77193
Amaurobioides maritima
specie di aracnidi
Amaurobioides maritima livello tassonomico specie
Amaurobioides maritima nome scientifico Amaurobioides maritima, autore tassonomico Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, data di descrizione scientifica 1883
Amaurobioides maritima istanza di taxon
Amaurobioides maritima identificativo ITIS 873869
Amaurobioides maritima taxon di livello superiore Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima identificativo EOL 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima identificativo GBIF 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima identificativo NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima identificativo IRMNG 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima identificativo iNaturalist taxon 408371
Amaurobioides maritima identificativo BioLib 648918
Amaurobioides maritima identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endemico in Nuova Zelanda
Amaurobioides maritima identificativo Catalogue of Life CJGN
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima nome in breve
Amaurobioides maritima
especie de arácnido
Amaurobioides maritima categoría taxonómica especie
Amaurobioides maritima nombre del taxón Amaurobioides maritima, autor del taxón Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, fecha de descripción científica 1883
Amaurobioides maritima instancia de taxón
Amaurobioides maritima identificador ITIS 873869
Amaurobioides maritima taxón superior inmediato Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima identificador EOL 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima identificador de taxón en GBIF 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima identificador NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima identificador New Zealand Organisms Register 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima identificador IRMNG 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima código de taxón en iNaturalist 408371
Amaurobioides maritima identificador BioLib 648918
Amaurobioides maritima identificador BOLD Systems de taxón 811050
Amaurobioides maritima identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endémico en Nueva Zelanda
Amaurobioides maritima identificador Catalogue of Life CJGN
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima nombre corto
Amaurobioides maritima identificador Open Tree of Life 3552331
Amaurobioides maritima
espèce d'arachnides
Amaurobioides maritima rang taxonomique espèce
Amaurobioides maritima nom scientifique du taxon Amaurobioides maritima, auteur taxonomique Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, date de description scientifique 1883
Amaurobioides maritima nature de l’élément taxon
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant Système d'information taxinomique intégré 873869
Amaurobioides maritima taxon supérieur Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant Encyclopédie de la Vie 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima Identifiant NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant New Zealand Organisms Register 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant World Spider Catalog urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:023638
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant iNaturalist d'un taxon 408371
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant BioLib 648918
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant BOLD Systems 811050
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endémique de Nouvelle-Zélande
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant New Zealand Threat Classification System 26656
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant Catalogue of Life CJGN
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima nom court
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant Open Tree of Life 3552331
Amaurobioides maritima identifiant Biota of New Zealand 7ab050dd-a138-42ca-a130-6e1ba0e77193
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima ordo species
Amaurobioides maritima taxon nomen Amaurobioides maritima, annus descriptionis 1883
Amaurobioides maritima est taxon
Amaurobioides maritima parens Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima nomen breve
Amaurobioides maritima
Art der Gattung Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima taxonomischer Rang Art
Amaurobioides maritima wissenschaftlicher Name Amaurobioides maritima, Autor(en) des Taxons Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, veröffentlicht im Jahr 1883
Amaurobioides maritima ist ein(e) Taxon
Amaurobioides maritima ITIS-TSN 873869
Amaurobioides maritima übergeordnetes Taxon Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima EOL-ID 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima GBIF-ID 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima NCBI-ID 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima NZOR-ID 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima WSC-LSID urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:023638
Amaurobioides maritima IRMNG-ID 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima iNaturalist-Taxon-ID 408371
Amaurobioides maritima BioLib-ID 648918
Amaurobioides maritima BOLD-ID 811050
Amaurobioides maritima Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endemisch in Neuseeland
Amaurobioides maritima NZTCS-ID 26656
Amaurobioides maritima CoL-ID CJGN
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima Kurzname
Amaurobioides maritima OTT-ID 3552331
Amaurobioides maritima
вид паякообразно
Amaurobioides maritima ранг на таксон вид
Amaurobioides maritima име на таксон Amaurobioides maritima, автор на таксон Октавиъс Пикард-Кембридж, дата на публикуване на таксон 1883
Amaurobioides maritima екземпляр на таксон
Amaurobioides maritima ITIS TSN 873869
Amaurobioides maritima родителски таксон Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima IRMNG ID 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima ендемит в Нова Зеландия
Amaurobioides maritima кратко име
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima таксономический ранг вид
Amaurobioides maritima международное научное название Amaurobioides maritima, автор названия таксона Пикард-Кембридж, Октавиус, дата публикации названия 1883
Amaurobioides maritima это частный случай понятия таксон
Amaurobioides maritima код ITIS TSN 873869
Amaurobioides maritima ближайший таксон уровнем выше Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima идентификатор EOL 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima идентификатор GBIF 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima идентификатор NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima код Реестра организмов Новой Зеландии 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima код World Spider Catalog urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:023638
Amaurobioides maritima идентификатор IRMNG 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima код таксона iNaturalist 408371
Amaurobioides maritima идентификатор BioLib 648918
Amaurobioides maritima код таксона в BOLD Systems 811050
Amaurobioides maritima код в Google Knowledge Graph /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima является эндемиком в Новая Зеландия
Amaurobioides maritima код NZTCS 26656
Amaurobioides maritima код Catalogue of Life CJGN
Amaurobioides maritima код UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima краткое имя или название
Amaurobioides maritima код Open Tree of Life 3552331
Amaurobioides maritima код Biota of New Zealand 7ab050dd-a138-42ca-a130-6e1ba0e77193
Amaurobioides maritima
вид павукоподібних
Amaurobioides maritima таксономічний ранг вид
Amaurobioides maritima наукова назва таксона Amaurobioides maritima, дата наукового опису 1883
Amaurobioides maritima є одним із таксон
Amaurobioides maritima номер у ITIS 873869
Amaurobioides maritima батьківський таксон Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima ідентифікатор EOL 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima ідентифікатор у GBIF 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima ідентифікатор NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima ідентифікатор Новозеландського реєстру організмів 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima ідентифікатор World Spider Catalog urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:023638
Amaurobioides maritima ідентифікатор IRMNG 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima ідентифікатор таксона iNaturalist 408371
Amaurobioides maritima ідентифікатор BioLib 648918
Amaurobioides maritima ідентифікатор таксона BOLD 811050
Amaurobioides maritima Google Knowledge Graph /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima є ендеміком у Нова Зеландія
Amaurobioides maritima ідентифікатор NZTCS 26656
Amaurobioides maritima ідентифікатор Catalogue of Life CJGN
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima коротка назва
Amaurobioides maritima ідентифікатор Open Tree of Life 3552331
Amaurobioides maritima
specie de arahnide
Amaurobioides maritima rang taxonomic specie
Amaurobioides maritima nume științific Amaurobioides maritima, anul publicării taxonului 1883
Amaurobioides maritima este un/o taxon
Amaurobioides maritima taxon superior Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima identificator EOL 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima identificator Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endemic în Noua Zeelandă
Amaurobioides maritima nume scurt
Amaurobioides maritima
especie d'arácnidu
Amaurobioides maritima categoría taxonómica especie
Amaurobioides maritima nome del taxón Amaurobioides maritima, autor del taxón Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, data de publicación del nome de taxón 1883
Amaurobioides maritima instancia de taxón
Amaurobioides maritima identificador ITIS 873869
Amaurobioides maritima taxón inmediatamente superior Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima identificador EOL 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima identificador taxonómicu NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima nome curtiu
Amaurobioides maritima
speiceas araicnidí
Amaurobioides maritima rang an tacsóin speiceas
Amaurobioides maritima ainm an tacsóin Amaurobioides maritima, bliain inar foilsíodh ainm eolaíoch an tacsóin 1883
Amaurobioides maritima sampla de tacsón
Amaurobioides maritima máthairthacsón Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima ceantair eindéimeacha an Nua-Shéalainn
Amaurobioides maritima ainm gearr
Amaurobioides maritima
espécie de aracnídeo
Amaurobioides maritima categoria taxonómica espécie
Amaurobioides maritima nome do táxon Amaurobioides maritima, autor do táxon Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, data de descrição científica 1883
Amaurobioides maritima instância de táxon
Amaurobioides maritima número de série taxonômico do ITIS 873869
Amaurobioides maritima táxon imediatamente superior Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima identificador Encyclopedia of Life 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima identificador Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima identificador taxonomia NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima IRMNG ID 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima identificador BioLib 648918
Amaurobioides maritima identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endémico de Nova Zelândia
Amaurobioides maritima nome curto
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima kategoria systematyczna gatunek
Amaurobioides maritima naukowa nazwa taksonu Amaurobioides maritima, data opisania naukowego 1883
Amaurobioides maritima jest to takson
Amaurobioides maritima ITIS TSN 873869
Amaurobioides maritima takson nadrzędny Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima identyfikator EOL 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima identyfikator GBIF 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima identyfikator NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima identyfikator New Zealand Organisms Register 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima identyfikator World Spider Catalog urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:023638
Amaurobioides maritima identyfikator IRMNG 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima identyfikator iNaturalist 408371
Amaurobioides maritima identyfikator BioLib 648918
Amaurobioides maritima identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endemiczny w Nowa Zelandia
Amaurobioides maritima identyfikator NZTCS 26656
Amaurobioides maritima identyfikator pojęcia w UMLS C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima nazwa skrócona
Amaurobioides maritima identyfikator Open Tree of Life 3552331
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima emri shkencor Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima instancë e takson
Amaurobioides maritima ITIS-TSN 873869
Amaurobioides maritima endemike në Zelanda e Re
Amaurobioides maritima emër i shkurtër
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima taksonitaso laji
Amaurobioides maritima tieteellinen nimi Amaurobioides maritima, tieteellisen kuvauksen päivämäärä 1883
Amaurobioides maritima esiintymä kohteesta taksoni
Amaurobioides maritima ITIS-tunnistenumero 873869
Amaurobioides maritima osa taksonia Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima Encyclopedia of Life -tunniste 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima Global Biodiversity Information Facility -tunniste 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima NCBI-tunniste 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima NZOR-tunniste 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima World Spider Catalog -tunniste urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:023638
Amaurobioides maritima IRMNG-tunniste 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima iNaturalist-tunniste 408371
Amaurobioides maritima BioLib-tunniste 648918
Amaurobioides maritima BOLD Systems -taksonitunniste 811050
Amaurobioides maritima Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima kotoperäisyysalue Uusi-Seelanti
Amaurobioides maritima Catalogue of Life -tunniste CJGN
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima lyhyt nimi
Amaurobioides maritima Open Tree of Life -tunniste 3552331
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima instancia de Taxón
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima reng taxonomic espècia
Amaurobioides maritima nom scientific Amaurobioides maritima, data de descripcion scientifica 1883
Amaurobioides maritima natura de l'element taxon
Amaurobioides maritima identificant ITIS 873869
Amaurobioides maritima taxon superior Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima identificant Encyclopedia of Life 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima identificant GBIF 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima identificant NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima identificant New Zealand Organisms Register 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima identificant de taxon iNaturalist 408371
Amaurobioides maritima BioLib ID 648918
Amaurobioides maritima endemic a Aotearoa
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima nom cort
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima categoria taxonômica espécie
Amaurobioides maritima nome taxológico Amaurobioides maritima, autor do táxon Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, data de descrição científica 1883
Amaurobioides maritima instância de táxon
Amaurobioides maritima identificador ITIS 873869
Amaurobioides maritima táxon imediatamente superior Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima identificador EOL 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima identificador GBIF 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima identificador NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endêmico em Nova Zelândia
Amaurobioides maritima nome curto
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima rango taxonomic specie
Amaurobioides maritima nomine del taxon Amaurobioides maritima, data de description scientific 1883
Amaurobioides maritima instantia de taxon
Amaurobioides maritima taxon superior immediate Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima ID EOL 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima ID NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima endemic in Nove Zelanda
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima maila taxonomikoa espezie
Amaurobioides maritima izen zientifikoa Amaurobioides maritima, deskribapen zientifikoaren data 1883
Amaurobioides maritima honako hau da taxon
Amaurobioides maritima ITIS-en identifikadorea 873869
Amaurobioides maritima goiko maila taxonomikoa Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima EOL-en identifikatzailea 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima GBIFen identifikatzailea 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima NCBI-ren identifikatzailea 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima New Zealand Organisms Register identifikatzailea 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima IRMNG identifikatzailea 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima iNaturalist identifikatzailea 408371
Amaurobioides maritima BioLib identifikatzailea 648918
Amaurobioides maritima Google Knowledge Graph identifikatzailea /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima Catalogue of Life identifikatzailea CJGN
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima izen laburra
Amaurobioides maritima Open Tree of Life identifikatzailea 3552331
Amaurobioides maritima Biota of New Zealand identifikatzailea 7ab050dd-a138-42ca-a130-6e1ba0e77193
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima nem brefik
Amaurobioides maritima
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Amaurobioides maritima identifikilo che Google Knowledge Graph /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima kurta nomo
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima taksonomia rango specio
Amaurobioides maritima taksonomia nomo Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima estas taksono
Amaurobioides maritima ITIS-TSN 873869
Amaurobioides maritima supera taksono Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima identigilo laŭ Enciklopedio de Vivo 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima taksonomia identigilo NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima numero en iNaturalist 408371
Amaurobioides maritima numero en BioLib 648918
Amaurobioides maritima identigilo en Scio-Grafo de Google /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endemia en Nov-Zelando
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima mallonga nomo
Amaurobioides maritima
espècie d'aràcnid
Amaurobioides maritima categoria taxonòmica espècie
Amaurobioides maritima nom científic Amaurobioides maritima, autor taxonòmic Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, data de descripció científica 1883
Amaurobioides maritima instància de tàxon
Amaurobioides maritima identificador ITIS 873869
Amaurobioides maritima tàxon superior immediat Amaurobioides
Amaurobioides maritima identificador Encyclopedia of Life 1202398
Amaurobioides maritima identificador GBIF 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima identificador NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima identificaro New Zealand Organisms Register 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima identificador World Spider Catalog urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:023638
Amaurobioides maritima identificador IRMNG de tàxon 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima identificador iNaturalist de tàxon 408371
Amaurobioides maritima identificador BioLib 648918
Amaurobioides maritima identificador BOLD Systems de tàxon 811050
Amaurobioides maritima identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endèmic de Nova Zelanda
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Amaurobioides maritima identificador NZTCS 26656
Amaurobioides maritima identificador Catalogue of Life CJGN
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima nom curt
Amaurobioides maritima identificador Open Tree of Life 3552331
Amaurobioides maritima identificador Biota of New Zealand 7ab050dd-a138-42ca-a130-6e1ba0e77193
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima
Amaurobioides maritima categoría taxonómica especie
Amaurobioides maritima nome do taxon Amaurobioides maritima, data de descrición científica 1883
Amaurobioides maritima instancia de taxon
Amaurobioides maritima identificador ITIS 873869
Amaurobioides maritima taxon superior inmediato Amaurobioides
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Amaurobioides maritima identificador GBIF 2154944
Amaurobioides maritima identificador NCBI 1742463
Amaurobioides maritima identificador New Zealand Organisms Register 22912fbb-f790-4b17-8ca8-4bab1d5e0724
Amaurobioides maritima identificador World Spider Catalog urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:023638
Amaurobioides maritima identificador IRMNG de taxon 11254543
Amaurobioides maritima identificador iNaturalist dun taxon 408371
Amaurobioides maritima identificador BioLib 648918
Amaurobioides maritima identificador BOLD Systems de taxon 811050
Amaurobioides maritima identificador de Google Knowledge Graph /g/1218749c
Amaurobioides maritima endémico en Nova Zelandia
Amaurobioides maritima identificador NZTCS 26656
Amaurobioides maritima identificador Catalogue of Life CJGN
Amaurobioides maritima UMLS CUI C4092890
Amaurobioides maritima nome curto
Amaurobioides maritima identificador Open Tree of Life 3552331
| 41,370 |
worksofrobertgin00inge_27
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,900 |
The works of Robert G. Ingersoll
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Ingersoll, Robert Green, 1833-1899 | Farrell, Clinton P
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English
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Spoken
| 7,288 | 9,191 |
Question. How can society be so reconstructed that all this horrible suffering, resultant from poverty and its natural associate, crime, may be abolished, or at least re- duced to a minimum ? Answer. In the first place we should stop supporting the useless. The burden of superstition should be taken from INTERVIEWS. 537 the shoulders of industry. In the next place men should stop bowing to wealth instead of worth. Men should be Judged by what they do, by what they are, instead of by the property they have. Only those able to raise and educate children should have them. Children should be better born — better educated. The process of regeneration will be slow, but it will be sure. The religion of our day is supported by the worst, by the most dangerous people in society, I do not allude to murderers or burglars, or even to the little thieves. I mean those who debauch courts and legislatures and elections — those who make millions by legal fraud. Question. What do you think of the Theosophists ? Are they sincere — have they any real basis for their psychologi- cal theories? Answer. The Theosophists may be sincere. I do not know. But I am perfectly satisfied that their theories are without any foundation in fact — that their doctrines are as unreal as their " astral bodies," and as absurd as a contra- diction in mathematics. We have had vagaries and theories enough. We need the religion of the real, the faith that rests on fact. Let us turn our attention to this world — • the world in which we live. — New York Herald, September, 1893. CLEVELAND'S HAWAIIAN POLICY. Qtiestion. Colonel, what do you think about Mr. Cleve- land's Hawaiian policy ? Answer. I think it exceedingly laughable and a little dishonest — with the further fault that it is wholly uncon- stitutional. This is not a one-man Government, and while Liliuckalani may be Queen, Cleveland is certainly not a king. The worst thing about the whole matter, as it appears to me, is the bad faith that was shown by Mr. Cleveland — the double-dealing.. He sent Mr. Willis as Minister to the Provisional Government and by that act 538 INTERVIEWS. admitted the existence, and the rightful existence, of the Provisional Government of the Sandwich Islands, When Mr. Willis started he gave him two letters. One was addressed to Dole, President of the Provisional Govern- ment, in which he addressed Dole as " Great and good friend," and at the close, being a devout Christian, he asked "God to take care of Dole." This was the first letter. The letter of one President to another; of one friend to another. The second letter was addressed to Mr. Willis, in which Mr. Willis was told to upset Dole at the first opportunity and put the deposed Queen back on her throne. This may be diplomacy, but it is no kin to honesty. In my judgment, it is the worst thing connected with the Hawaiian affair. What must "the great and good" Dole think of our great and bad President ? What must other nations think when they read the two letters and mentally exclaim, " Look upon this and then upon that"? I think Mr. Cleveland has acted arrogantly, foolishly, and unfairly. I am in favor of obtaining the Sandwich Islands — of course by fair means. I favor this policy because I want my country to become a power in the Pacific. All my life I have wanted this country to own the West Indies, the Bermudas, the Bahamas and Barbadoes. They are our islands. They belong to this continent, and for any other nation to take them or claim them was, and is, a piece of impertinence and impudence. So I would like to see the Sandwich Islands annexed to the United States. They are a good way from San Fran- cisco and our Western shore, but they are nearer to us than they are to any other nation. I think they would be of ^eat importance. They would tend to increase the Asiatic trade, and they certainly would be important in case of war. ■?/e should have fortifications on those islands that no naval :?ower could take. INTERVIEWS. 539 Some objection has been made on the ground that under our system the people of those islands would have to be represented in Congress. I say yes, represented by a delegate until the islands become a real part of the country, and by that time, there would be several hundred thousand Americans living there, capable of sending over respectable members of Congress. Now, I think that Mr. Cleveland has made a very great mistake. First, I think he was mistaken as to the facts in the Sandwich Islands ; secondly, as to the Constitution of the United States, and thirdly, as to the powers of the President of the United States. Question. In your experience as a lawyer what was the most unique case in which you were ever engaged ? Ayiswer. The Star Route trial. Every paper in the country, but one, was against the defence, and that one was a little sheet owned by one of the defendants. I received a note from a man living in a little town in Ohio criticising me for defending the accused. In reply I wrote that I supposed he was a sensible man and that he, of course, knew what he was talking about when he said the accused were guilty ; that the Government needed just such men as he, and that he should come to the trial at once and testify. The man wrote back: ** Dear Colonel: I am a fool." Question. Will the church and the stage ever work together for the betterment of the w^orld, and what is the province of each ? Answer. The church and stage will never work together. The pulpit pretends that fiction is fact. The stage pretends that fiction is fact. The pulpit pretence is dishonest — that of the stage is sincere. The actor is true to art, and honestly pretends to be what he is not. The actor is natural, if he is great, and in this naturalness is his truth and his sincerity. The pulpit is unnatural, and for thai 540 INTERVIEWS. reason untrue. The pulpit is for another world, the stage for this. The stage is good because it is natural, because it portrays real and actual life; because "it holds the mirror up to nature." The pulpit is weak because it too often belittles and bemeans this life; because it slanders and calumniates the natural and is the enemy of joy, — Theim^r- Ocean ^ Chicago, February 2, 1894. ORATORS AND ORATORY.* Question. I should be glad if you would tell me what yoti think the difEerences are between English and American oratory ? Answer. There is no difference between the real English and the real American orator. Oratory is the same the world overo The man who thinks on his feet, who has the pose of passion, the face that thought illumines, a voice in harmony with the ideals expressed, who has logic like a column and poetry like a vine, who transfigures the com- mon, dresses the ideals of the people in purple and fine linen, who has the art of finding the best and noblest in his hearers, and who in a thousand wa^'^s creates the climate in which the best grows and flourishes and bursts into blossom — that man is an orator, no matter of what time or what country. Question. If j^ou were to compare individual English and American orators — recent or living orators in particular— what would you say ? * It was at his own law-oflSce in New York City that I had my taIR with that very no- table American, Col, Robert G. Ingersoll. •' Bob"Ingersoll,Americanscallhimaflfec- tionately ; in a company of friends it is " The Colonel."''' A more interesting personality it would be hard to find, and those who know even a little of him will tell you that a bigger-hearted man probably does not live. Suppose a well-knit frame, grown stouter than it once was, and a fine, strong face, with a vivid gleam in tne eyes, a deep, uncommonly musical voice, clear cut, decisive, and a manner entirely delightful, yet tinged with a certain reserve. Introduce a smokiug cigar, the smoke rising in little curia and billows, then imagine a rugged sort of picturesqneness in dress, and you get, not by any means the man, but, still, some notion of " Bob" Ingersoll. Colonel Ingersoll stands at the front of American orators. The natural thing, there- fore, was that I should ask him— a master in the art— about oratory. What he said I shah give in his own words precisely as I took them dowTi from his lips, for in the case of such a good commander of the old English tongue that is of some importance. But the wonder- ful limpidness, the charming pellncidness of Ingersoll can only be adequately understoed Wlien you also have the finishing touch of his facile voice. INTERVIEWS. 541 Answer. I have never heard any of the great English speakers, and consequently can pass no judgment as to their merfts, except such as depends on reading. I think, however, the finest paragraph ever uttered in Great Britain was b}^ Curran in his defence of Rowan. I have never read one of Mr. Gladstone's speeches, only fragments. I think he lacks logic. Bright was a great speaker, but he lacked imagination and the creative faculty. Disraeli spoke for the clubs, and his speeches were artificial. We have had several fine speakers in America. I think that Thomas Corw^n stands at the top of the natural orators. Sergeant S. PrentisSj the lawyer, was a very great talker ; Henry Ward Beecher was the greatest orator that the pulpit has produced. Theodore Parker was a great orator. In this country, however, probably Daniel Webster occupies the highest place in general esteem. Question. Which would you say are the better orators, speaking generally, the American people or the English people ? Answer. I think Americans are, on the average, better talkers than the English. I think England has produced the greatest literature of the world; but I do not think England has produced the greatest orators of the world. I know of no English orator equal to Webster or Corwin or Beecher, Question, Would you mind telling me how it was you came to be a public speaker, a lecturer, an orator? Answer, We call this America of ours free, and yet I found it was ver}^ far from free. Our writers and our speakers declared that here in America church and state were divorced. I found this to be untrue. I found that the church was supported by the state in many ways, that people who failed to believe certain portions of the creeds were not allowed to testify in courts or to hold office. It occurred to me that some one ought to do something 542 INTERVIEWS. toward making this country intellectually free, and after a while I thought that I might as well endeavor to do this as wait for another. This is the way in which I came to make speeches ; it was an action in favor of libert3^ I have said things because I wanted to say them, and because I thought they ought to be said. Question. Perhaps you will tell me your methods as a speaker, for I'm sure it would be interesting to know them ? Answer. Sometimes, and frequently, I deliver a lecture several times before it is written. I have it taken by a shorthand writer, and afterward written out. At other times I have dictated a lecture, and delivered it from man- uscript. The course pursued depends on how I happen to feel at the time. Sometimes I read a lecture, and some- times I deliver lectures without any notes — this, again, depending much on how I happen to feel. So far as methods are concerned, everything should depend on feel- ing. Attitude, gesture, voice, emphasis, should all be in ac- cord with and spring from feeling, from the inside. Question. Is there any possibility of your coming to England, and, I need hardly add, of your coming to speak? Answer. I have thought of going over to England, and I may do so. There is an England in England for which I have the highest possible admiration, the England of cu! • ture, of art, and of principle. — TJie Sketch, London, Eng„ March 21, 1894. CATHOLICISM AND PROTESTANTISM. THE POPE, THE A. P. A., AGNOSTICISM AND THE CHURCH. Question. Which do you regard as the better, Catholicism or Protestantism ? Answer. Protestantism is better than Catholicism because there is less of it. Protestantism does not teach that a monk is better than a husband and father, that a nun is holier than a mother. Protestants do not believe in the confessional. Neither do they pretend that priests can for- INTERVIEWS. 543 give sins. Protestantism has fewer ceremonies and less opera bouffe, clothes, caps, tiaras, mitres, crooks and holy toys. Catholics have an infallible man — an old Italian. Protestants have an infallible book, written by Hebrews before they were civilized. The infallible man is generally wrong, and the infallible book is filled with mistakes and contradictions. Catholics and Protestants are both enemies of intellectual freedom — of real education, but both are opposed to education enough to make free men and women. Between the Catholics and Protestants there has been cLbout as much difference as there is between crocodiles and alngators. Both have done the worst they could, both are as bad as they can be, and the world is getting tired of both. The world is not going to choose either — both are to be re- jected. Question. Are you willing to give your opinion of the Pope? Answer. It may be that the Pope thinks he is infallible, but I doubt it. He may think that he is the agent of God, but I guess not. He may know more than other people, but if he does he has kept it to himself. He does not seem sat- isfied with standing in the place and stead of God in spirit- ual matters, but desires temporal power. He wishes to be Pope and King. He imagines that he has the right to con- trol the belief of all the world ; that he is the shepherd of all " sheep " and that the fleeces belong to him. He thinks that in his keeping is the conscience of mankind. So he im- agines that his blessing is a great benefit to the faithful and that his prayers can change the course of natural events. He is a strange mixture of the serious and comical. He claims to represent God, and admits that he is almost a prisoner. There is something pathetic in the condition of this pontiff. When I think of him, I think of Lear on the heath, old, broken, touched with insanity, and yet, in his own opinion, " every inch a king." 544 INTERVIEWS. The Pope is a fragment, a remnant, a siired, a patch of ancient power and glory. He is a survival of the unfittest, a souvenir of theocracy, a relic of the supernatural. Of course he will have a few successors, and they will become more and more comical, more and more helpless and im- potent as the world grows wise and free. I am not blam- ing the Pope. He was poisoned at the breast of his mother. Superstition was mingled with her milk. He was poisoned at school — taught to distrust his reason and to live by faith. And so it may be that his mind was so twisted and tor- tured out of shape that he now really believes that he is the infallible agent of an infinite God. Question. Are you in favor of the A. P. A. ? Answer. In this country I see no need of secret political societies. I think it better to fight in the open field. I am a believer in religious liberty, in allowing all sects to preach their doctrines and to make as many converts as they can. As long as we have free speech and a free press I think there is no danger of the country being ruled by any church. The Catholics are much better than their creed, and the same can be said of nearly all members of orthodox churches. A majority of American Catholics think a great deal more of this country than they do of their church. When they are in good health they are on our side. It is only when they are very sick that they turn their eyes toward Rome. If they were in the majority, of course, they would destroy all other churches and imprison, torture and kill all Infidels. But they will never be in the majority. They increase now only because Catholics come from other countries. In a few years that supply will cease, and then the Catholic Church will grow weaker every day. The free secular school is the enemy of priestcraft and superstition, and the people of this country will never consent to the destruction of that institution. I want no man persecuted on account of his religion. INTERVIEWS. 545 Question. If there is no beatitude, or heaven, how do you account for the continual struggle in every natural heart for its own betterment ? Answer. Man has many wants, and all his efforts are the children of wants. If he wanted nothing he would do nothing. We civilize the savage by increasing his wants, by cultivating his fancy, his appetites, his desires. He is then willing to work to satisfy these new wants. Man always tries to do things in the easiest way. His constant effort is to accomplish more with less work. He invents a machine; then he improves it, his idea being to make it perfect. He wishes to produce the best. So in every de- partment of effort and knowledge he seeks the highest suc- cess, and he seeks it because it is for his own good here in this world. So he finds that there is a relation between happiness and conduct, and he tries to find out what he must do to produce the greatest enjoyment. This is the basis of morality, of law and ethics. We are so constitu- ted that we love proportion, color, harmony. This is the artistic man. Morality is the harmony and proportion of conduct — the music of life. Man continually seeks to better his condition — not because he is immortal — but be- cause he is capable of grief and pain, because he seeks for happiness. Man wishes to respect himself and to gain the respect of others. The brain wants light, the heart wants love. Growth is natural. The struggle to overcome temptation, to be good and noble, brave and sincere, to reach, if possible, the perfect, is no evidence of the immor- tality of the soul or of the existence of other worlds. Men live to excel, to become distinguished, to enjoy, and so they strive, each in his own way, to gain the ends de- sired. Question. Do you believe that the race is growing moral or immoral? Answer. The world is growing better. There is more 546 INTERVIEWS. real liberty, more thought, more intelligence than ever be- fore. The world was never so charitable or generous as now. We do not put honest debtors in prison, we no longer believe in torture. Punishments are less severe. We place a higher value on human life. We are far kinder to animals. To this, however, there is one terrible exception. The vivisectors, those who cut, torture and mutilate in the name of science, disgrace our age. They excite the horror and indignation of all good people. Leave out the actions of those wretches, and animals are better treated than ever be- fore. So there is less beating of wives and whipping of children. The whip is no longer found in the civilized home. Intelligent parents now govern by kindness, love and reason. The standard of honor is higher than ever. Contracts are more sacred, and men do nearer as they agree. Man has more confidence in his fellow-man, and in the goodness of human nature. Yes, the world is getting better, nobler and grander every da3^ We are moving along the highway of progress on our way to the Eden of the future. Question. Are the doctrines of Agnosticism gaining ground, and what, in your opinion, will be the future of the church ? Answer. The Agnostic is intellectually honest. He knows the limitations of his mind. He is convinced that the questions of origin and destiny cannot be answered by man. He knows that he cannot answer these questions, and he is candid enough to say so. The Agnostic has good mental manners. He does not call belief or hope or wish, a demonstration. He knows the difference between hope and belief— between belief and knowledge— and he keeps these distinctions in his mind. He does not say that a certain theory is true because he wishes it to be true. He tries to go according to evidence, in harmony with facts, without regard to his own desires or the wish of the public. He has INTERVIEWS. 547 the courage of his convictions and the modesty of his ig- norance. The theologian is his opposite. He is certain and sure of the existence of things and beings and worlds of which there is, and can be, no evidence. He relies on assertion, and in all debate attacks the motive of his oppo- nent instead of answering his arguments. All savages know the origin and destiny of man. About other things they know but little. The theologian is much the same. The Agnostic has given up the hope of ascertaining the nature of the" First Cause" — the hope of ascertaining whether or not there was a "First Cause." He admits that he does not know whether or not there is an infinite Being. He admits that these questions cannot be answered, and so he refuses to answer. He refuses also to pretend. He knows that the theologian does not know, and he has the courage to say so. He knows that the religious creeds rest on assumption, supposition, assertion — on myth and legend, on ignorance and superstition, and that there is no evidence of their truth. The Agnostic bends his energies in the opposite direction. He occupies himself with this world, with things that can be ascertained and understood. He turns his at- tention to the sciences, to the solution of questions that touch the well-being of man. He wishes to prevent and to cure diseases ; to lengthen life ; to provide homes and raiment and food for man ; to supply the wants of the body. He also cultivates the arts. He believes in painting and sculpture, in music and the drama — the needs of the soul. The Agnostic believes in developing the brain, in cultivat- ing the affections, the tastes, the conscience, the judgment, to the end that man may be happy in this world. He seeks to find the relation of things, the condition of happiness. He wishes to enslave the forces of nature to the end that they may perform the work of the world. Back of all progress 548 INTERVIEWS. are the real thinkers ; the finders of facts, those who turn their attention to the world in which we live. The theolo- gian has never been a help, always a hindrance. He has always kept his back to the sunrise. With him all wisdom was in the past. He appealed to the dead. He was and is the enemy of reason, of investigation, of thought and progress. The church has never given "sanctuary" to a persecuted truth. There can be no doubt that the ideas of the Agnostic are gaining ground. The scientific spirit has taken possession of the intellectual world. Theological methods are unpop- ular to-day, even in theological schools. The attention of men everywhere is being directed to the affairs of this world, this life. The gods are growing indistinct, and, like the shapes of clouds, they are changing as they fade. The idea of special providence has been substantially abandoned. People are losing, and intelligent people have lost, confi- dence in prayer. To-day no intelligent person believes in miracles — in a violation of the facts in nature. They may believe that there used to be miracles a good while ago, but not now. The "supernatural" is losing its power, its in- fluence, and the church is growing weaker every day. The church is supported by the people, and in order to gain the support of the people it must reflect their ideas, their hopes and fears. As the people advance, the creeds will be changed, either by changing the words or giving new meanings to the old words. The church, in order to live, must agree substanially with those who support it, and consequently it will change to any extent that may be necessarj^ If the church remains true to the old standards then it will lose the support cf progressive people, and if the people generall}^ advance the church will die. But my opinion is that it will slowly change, that the minister will preach what the members want to hear, and that the creed will be controlled by the contribution box. One of these INTERVIEWS. 549 txtLys the preachers may become teachers, and when that happens the church will be of use. Question. What do you regard as the greatest of all themes in poetry and song ? Answer. Love and Death. The same is true of the great- est music. In " Tristan and Isolde" is the greatest music of love and death. In Shakespeare the greatest themes are love and death. In all real poetry, in all real music, the domi- nant, the triumphant tone, is love, and the minor, the sad refrain, the shadow, the background, the mj^stery, is death. Questio7i, What would be your advice to an intelligent 5'oung man just starting out in life? Answer. I would say to him : "Be true to your ideal. Cultivate your heart and brain. Follow the light of your reason. Get all the happiness out of life that you possibly can. Do not care for power, but strive to be useful. First of all, support yourself so that you may not be a burden to others. If you are successful, if you gain a surplus, use it for the good of others. Own yourself and live and die a free man. Make your home a heaven, love your wife and govern your children by kindness. Be good natured, cheer- ful, forgiving and generous. Find out the conditions of happiness, and then be wise enough to live in accordance with them. Cultivate intellectual hospitality, express your honest thoughts, love your friends and be just to your enemies." — ^'ew York Herald^ September 16, 1894. WOMAN AND HER DOMAIN. Question. What is your opinion of the effect of the mul- tiplicity of women's clubs as regards the intellectual, moral and domestic status of their members ? Answer. I think that women should have clubs and societies, that they should get together and exchange ideas. Women, as a rule, are provincial and conservative. They keep alive all the sentimental mistakes and superstitions. 550 INTERVIEWS. Now, if they can only get away from these, and get abreast with the tide of the times, and think as well as feel, it will be better for them and their children. You know St. Paul tells women that if they want to know anything they must ask their husbands. For many centuries they have followed this orthodox advice, and of course they have not learned a great deal, because their husbands could not answer their questions. Husbands, as a rule, do not know a great deal, and it will not do for every wife to depend on the ignorance of her worst half. The women of to-day are the great readers, and no book is a great success unless it pleases the women. As a result of this, all the literature of the world has changed, so that now in all departments the thoughts of women are taken into consideration, and women have thoughts, because they are the intellectual equals of men. There are no statesmen in this country the equals of Harriet Martineau; probably no novelists the equals of George Eliot or George Sand, and I think Ouida the greatest living novelist. I think her "Ariadne " is one of the greatest novels in the English language. There are few novels better than '' Consuelo," few poems better than •"Mother and Poet" So in all departments women are advancing ; some of them have taken the highest honors at medical colleges ; others are prominent in the sciences, some are great artists, and there are several very fine sculptors, &c., &c. So 3^ou can readily see what my opinion is on that point. I am in favor of giving woman all the domain she con- quers, and as the world becomes civilized the domain that she can conquer will steadily increase. Question. But, Colonel, is there no danger of greatly inter- fering with a woman's duties as wife and mother ? Answer. I do not think that it is dangerous to think, or that thought interferes with love or the duties of wife or INTERVIEWS. 551 mother. I think the contrary is the truth ; the greater the brain the greater the power to love, the greater the power to discharge all duties and obligations, so I have no fear for the future. About women voting I don't care ; whatever they want to do they have my consent. — The Democrat, Grs^nd. lUpidfl, Michigan, 1894. PROFESSOR SWING. Qtiesiion. Since you were last in this city, Colonel, a dis- tinguished man has passed away in the person of Professor Swing. The public will be interested to have your opinion of him. Answer. I think Professor Swing did a great amount of good. He helped to civilize the church and to humanize the people. His influence was in the right direction — toward the light. In his youth he was acquainted with toil, poverty, and hardship ; his road was filled with thorns, and yet he lived and scattered flowers in the paths of many people. At first his soul was in the dungeon of a savage creed, where the windows were very small and closely grated, and through which struggled only a few rays of light. He longed for more light and for more liberty, and at last his fellow-prisoners drove him forth, and from that time until his death he did what he could to give light and liberty to the souls of men. He was a lover of nature, poetic in his temperament, charitable and merciful. As an orator he may have lacked presence, pose and voice, but he did not lack force of statement or beauty of expression. He was a man of wide learning, of great admiration of the heroic and tender. He did what he could to raise the standard of character, to make his fellow-men just and noble. He lost the provincialism of his youth and became in a very noble sense a citizen of the world. He under- stood that all the good is not in our race or in our religion — that in every land there are good and noble men, self- 552 INTERVIEWS. denying and lovely women, and that in most respects other religions are as good as ours, and in many respects better. This gave him breadth of intellectual horizon and enlarged his sympathy for the failures of the world. I regard his death as a great loss, and his life as a lesson and inspira- tion.— Inter-Ocean, Chicago, October 13, 1894. SENATOR SHERMAN AND HIS BOOK.* Qtcestion. What do 3"OU think of Senator Sherman's book — especially the part about Garfield ? Answer, Of course, I have only read a few extracts from Mr. Sherman's reminiscences, but I am perfectly satisfied that the Senator is mistaken about Garfield's course. The truth is that Garfield captured the convention by his course from day to day, and especially by the speech he made for Sherman. After that speech, and it was a good one, the best that Garfield ever made, the convention said, "Speak for yourself, John," It was perfectly apparent that if the Blaine and Sherman forces should try to unite. Grant would be nominated. It had to be Grant or a new man, and that man was Garfield. It all came about without Garfield's help, except in the way I have said. Garfield even went so far as to declare that under no circumstances could he accept, because he was for Sherman, and honestly for him. He told me that he would not allow his name to go before the convention. Just before he was nominated I wrote him a note in which * No one is better qualified than Robert G. Ingersoll to talk about Senator Sherman's book and the questions it raises in political history. Mr. Ingersoll was for years a resi- dent of Washington and a next-door neighbor to Mr. Sherman; he was for an even longer period the intimate personal friend of James G. Blaine ; he knew Garfield from almost daily contact, and of the Republican National Conventions concerning which Senator Sherman has raised points of controversy Mr. Ingersoll can say, as the North Carolinian said of the Confederacy, " Part of whom I am which.*' He placed Blaine's name before the convention at Cincinnati in 1876. He made the first of the three great nomixiating speeches in convention history, Coukling and Garfield making the others in 1880. The figure of the Plumed Ejiight which Mr. Ingersoll created to characterize Mr. Blaine is part of the latt«r's memory. At Chicago, four years later, when Garfield, dazed by the irresistible doubt of the convention, was on the point of refusing that in the acceptance of which he had no voluntary part, Ingersoll was the adviser who showed him that duty to Sherman required no such action. INTERVIEWS. 553 T said he was about to be nominated, and that be must not decline. I am perfectly satisfied that he acted with perfect honor, and that he did his best for Sherman. Question. Mr. Sherman expresses the opinion that if he had had the *' moral strength " of the Ohio delegation in his support he would have been nominated? Answer. We all know that while Senator Sherman had many friends, and that while many thought he would make an excellent President, still there was but little enthusiasm among his followers. Sherman had the respect of the party, but hardly the love. Question. In his book the Senator expresses the opinion that he was quite close to the nomination in 1888, when Mr. Quay was for him. Do you think that is so, Mr. Ingersoll ? Answer. I think Mr. Sherman had a much better chance in 1888 than in 1880, but as a matter of fact, he never came within hailing distance of success at any time. He is not of the nature to sway great bodies of men. He lacks the power to impress himself upon others to such an extent as to make friends of enemies and devotees of friends. Mr. Sherman has had a remarkable career, and I think that he ought to be satisfied with what he has achieved. Q-uestion. Mr. Ingersoll, what do you think defeated Blaine for the nomination in 1876? Answer. On the first day of the convention at Cincin- nati it was known that Blaine was the leading candidate. All of the enthusiasm was for him. It was soon known that Conkling, Bristow or Morton could not be nominated, and that in all probability Blaine would succeed. The fact that Blaine had been attacked by vertigo, or had suffered from a stroke of apoplexy, gave an argument to those who opposed him, and this was used with great effect. After Blaine was put in nomination, and before any vote was taken, the convention adjourned, and during the night a 554 INTERVIEWS. great deal of work was done. The Michigan delegation was turned inside out and the Blaine forces raided in several States. Hayes, the dark horse, suddenly developed speed, and the scattered forces rallied to his support. I have always thought that if a ballot could have been taken on the day Blaine was put in nomination he would have succeeded, and yet he might have been defeated for the lomination anyway. Blaine had the warmest friends and the bitterest enemies of any man in the party. People either loved or hated him. He had no milk-and-water friends and no milk-and-water enemies. Question. If Blaine had been nominated at Cincinnati in 1876 would he have made a stronger candidate than Hayes did? Answer. If he had been nominated then, I believe that he would have been triumphantly elected. Mr. Blaine's worst enemies would not have supported Tilden, and thousands of moderate Democrats would have given their votes to Blaine. Question. Mr. Ingersoll, do you think that Mr. Blaine wanted the nomination in 1884, when he got it? Answer. In 1883, Mr. Blaine told me that he did not want the nomination. I said to him: ** Is that honest?" He replied that he did not want it, that he was tired of the whole business. I said: "If you do not want it; if you have really reached that conclusion, then I think you will get it." He laughed, and again said : " I do not want it." I believe that he spoke exactly as he then felt. Question. What do you think defeated Mr. Blaine at the polls in 1884? Answer. Blaine was a splendid manager for another maa, a great natural organizer, and when acting for others made no mistake ; but he did not manage his own campaign with ability. He made a succession of mistakes. His suit INTERVIEWS. 555 against tlie Indianapolis editor ; his letter about the owner- ship of certain stocks; his reply to Burchard and the preachers, in which he said that history showed the church could get along without the state, but the state could not get along without the church, and this in reply to the "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion" nonsense; and last, but not least, his speech to the millionaires in New York — all of these things weakened him. As a matter of fact many Catholics were going to support Blaine, but when they saw him fooling with the Protestant clergy, and accepting the speech of Burchard, they instantly turned against him. If he had never met Burchard, 1 think he would have been elected. His career was vSomething like that of Mr. Clay ; he was the most popular man of his party and yet Question. How do you account for Mr. Blaine's action in allowing his name to go before the convention at Minneapolis in 1892? Answer. In 1892, Mr. Blaine was a sick man, almost worn out ; he was not his former self, and he was influenced by others. He seemed to have lost his intuition ; he was misled, yet in spite of all defeats, no name will create among Republicans greater enthusiasm than that of James G. Blaine. Millions are still his devoted, unselfish and enthusiastic friends and defenders. — The Globe-Democrat, s^t-ijoms, October 27, 1895. REPLY TO THE CHRISTIAN ENDEAVORERS. Question. How were you affected by the announcement that the united prayers of the Salvationists and Christian Endeavorers were to be offered for your conversion ? Answer. The announcement did not affect me to any great extent. I take it for granted that the people praying for me are sincere and that they have a real interest in my welfare. Of course, I thank them one and all. At the same time I can hardly account for what they did. Cer- tainly they would not ask God to convert me unless they 556 INTERVIEWS. thought the praj^er could be answered. And if their God can convert me of course he can convert everybody. Then the question arises why does he not do it. Why does he let millions go to hell when he can convert them all. Why did he not convert them all before the flood and take them all to heaven instead of drowning them and sending them all to hell. Of course these questions can be answered by saying that God's ways are not our ways. I am greatly obliged to these people. Still, I feel about the same, so that it would be impossible to get up a striking picture of "before and after." It was good-natured on their part to pray for me, and that act alone leads me to believe that there is still hope for them. The trouble with the Chris- tian Endeavorers is that they don't give my arguments con- sideration. If they did they would agree with me. It seemed curious that they would advise divine wisdom what to do, or that they would ask infinite mercy to treat me with kindness. If there be a God, of course he knows what ought to be done, and will do it without any hints from ignorant human beings. Still, the Endeavorers and the Salvation people may know more about God than I do. For all I know, this God may need a little urging. He may be powerful but a little slow ; intelligent but some- times a little drowsy, and it may do good now and then to call his attention to the facts. The prayers did not, so far as I know, do me the least injury or the least good. I was glad to see that the Christians are getting civilized. A few years ago they would have burned me. Now they pray for me. Suppose God should answer the prayers and convert me, how would he bring the conversion about? In the first place, he would have to change my brain and give me more credulity — that is, he would be obliged to lessen my rea- soning power. Then I would believe not only without evidence, but in spite of evidence. All the miracles would INTERVIEWS. 557 appear perfectly natural. It would then seem as easy to raise the dead as to waken the sleeping. In addition to this, God would so change my mind that I would hold all reason in contempt and put entire confidence in faith. I would then regard science as the enemy of human happi- ness, and ignorance as the soil in which virtues grow. Then I would throw away Darwin and Humboldt, and relj^ on the sermons of orthodox preachers. In other words, I would become a little child and amuse myself with a relig- ious rattle and a Gabriel horn. Then I would rely on a man who has been dead for nearl}^ two thousand years to secure me a seat in Paradise.
| 13,697 |
https://github.com/Ezward/ImmutableJava/blob/master/src/main/java/com/lumpofcode/date/DateOfBirth.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
ImmutableJava
|
Ezward
|
Java
|
Code
| 449 | 1,026 |
package com.lumpofcode.date;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonCreator;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
import com.lumpofcode.annotation.Immutable;
import com.lumpofcode.lazy.Once;
/**
* Effectively immutable year/month/day class.
*
* This is only 'effectively' immutable because
* we do a lazy calculation within toString()
* and cache the result in a mutable field to
* avoid the calculation in the future calls.
*
* Created by emurphy on 6/9/17.
*/
@Immutable
public final class DateOfBirth
{
private final int year;
private final int month; // 1..12
private final int day; // 1..31
// depending on how Jackson is configured, you may want this marked @JsonIgnore
private final Once<String> string = new Once<String>();
/**
* Complete constructor takes values for all properties.
*
* This is annotated so that Jackson can use the constructor
* when deserializing. See Person and PersonBuilder for an
* example of how to use the builder pattern to avoid excessive
* annotations in the pojo.
*
* @param year
* @param month
* @param day
* @throws IllegalStateException is date is not valid
*/
@JsonCreator
public DateOfBirth(@JsonProperty("year") final int year, @JsonProperty("month") final int month, @JsonProperty("day") final int day)
{
if(!Dates.isDateValid(year, month, day)) throw new IllegalStateException("invalid date");
this.year = year;
this.month = month;
this.day = day;
}
/**
* NOTE: getters are java bean compliant.
*
* @return the year
*/
public int getYear()
{
return year;
}
public int getMonth()
{
return month;
}
public int getDay()
{
return day;
}
/**
* format the value as a String.
*
* NOTE: in this case, the calculation is expensive, so
* the result is cached in a Once.
*
* @return
*/
@Override
public String toString()
{
//
// Even though there is technically a race condition here,
// the result always calculates and sets same value (since the instance is immutable).
// We may very rarely make more than one call to string.set() in
// a multi-threaded execution environment, but the resulting values are the same
// (the call to string.set() is effectively idempotent).
//
if(!string.isSet())
{
string.set("{\"year\":{year},\"month\":{month},\"day\":{day}}"
.replace("{year}", String.valueOf(year))
.replace("{month}", String.valueOf(month))
.replace("{day}", String.valueOf(day)));
}
return string.get();
}
/**
* Calculate the hash code.
*
* NOTE: in this case, the calculation is not expensive, so we don't cache it in a Once.
*
* @return unique hash code for the date
*/
@Override
public int hashCode()
{
int result = year;
result = 31 * result + month;
result = 31 * result + day;
return result;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(final Object o)
{
if (this == o) return true;
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
final DateOfBirth that = (DateOfBirth) o;
if (year != that.year) return false;
if (month != that.month) return false;
return day == that.day;
}
}
| 19,560 |
US-59821122-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,922 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,329 | 1,802 |
Process for separating organic acids from aqueous solutions thereof
V Patented Dec. 11, 1923,.
n ol
UNITED s'raras EMIL PIRON, or NEW YDRK, 1v. Y., assreuon 'ro PIRON coaianrs'rrnna'rron me, prNEw YORK, N. Y A conronarron OFYDELAWARE;
1,427,076 Mram'r orFl PROCESS FORSEPARATING- ORGANIC ACIDS FROM AQUEQUS SOLUTIONS 'IHEREOI E.
No Drawing.
To all whom it my concern.
Be it'known that I, EMIL PIRON, a subject of the King of the Belgians, residing at New York city,'in the county of New York and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Processes for Separating Organic Acids from Aqueous Solutions Thereof, of which the following is a specification.
In certain commercial processes, mixtures of volatile organic acids and water are obtained, in'which the two liquids are soluble in each other in substantially all proportions. When the rectification of such aqueous solution is attempted, concentration of the acid may be obtained only after repeated distillings, because such a large proportion of the acid is carried over in the vapor into the distillate. This isparticularly true when the vapor pressure of the acid is near to and higher than that-of water.
To reduce the percentage of acid carried over in the Water vapor in the distilling process, it has been proposed to add some neutral substance to the mixture which will reduce the effective vapor pressure of the acid. This third component-is usually one which is miscible with the acid, but not with the water, and which preferably has a vapor pressure near that of the acid in the solution. After distillation, whatever quantity of the third component is carried over in the distillate, is separated therefrom by decantation and is available for reuse.
Examples of substances which have been used in this manner arexylol, petroleum distillates and chlor-benzol, and in general such substances maybe selected from the following accordin to the acid to be concentrated: hydrocar ons of the methane, methylene, acetylene and aromatic groups, nitrogen and halogen compounds of these bodies,
including carbon tetrachloride, or any of the ethers or esters.
.The action of these added materials may be described as producing an attraction or affinity for the acid component, whereby the effective vapor tension thereof is decreased.
In adopting this procedure forthe concentration of dilute aqueous solutions of the volatile acids, it has been found that the beneficial efi'ect of the third component is much diminished, or will be practically nil, at low concentrations of such volatile'acids. It is an object of the present invention,
Application filed October 31, 1922. Serial No. 598,211;
therefore, to provide a methodof procedure for efliciently concentrating solutions of volatile acids at very dilute concentration.
More specifically,the invention resides in adding a fourth. componentto the solution, which will have theeflect of further reducing the effective. vaportensionof the Volatile acids. In general,-thisfourthcomponent will be one which mixes with .or has a greater affinity for the third component (which latter maybe toluol, for example,) than the volatile acidshave for the third component. More specifically, thegfourth component may be a fattyuacid having a heag ier hydrocarbon radical than acetic aci i The following is a preferred example of carrying out the, improved method: To a dilute solution of vola'tile acids, ,such,, for
example, as the ,so calledlflgreen liquorl from the destructive distillation of wood, from which it is desired to concentrate acetic acid, is added approximately 20 percent of SYSTEMS,
tailings containing-approximately 50% of butyric acid (based on the weight of acetic acid present in the liquor) and, during distillation, the still is fed continuously with a Y stream of toluol at such a rate that thelvapor will contain approximately 50% of toluol and 50% of water.. vThetotal quantity of the added toluol willlbe carried over in the distillate. The ratio betweenthepro-portion of the volatile acid in the, distillate and in the liquor in the still issmallerthan it would be without the nsect toluol and butyric acid and the rate of ooncentration jof the acid in the residue of the still i largenjThe toluol maybe separated from the distillate by decantation. The concentrated solution of the acetic acid and the remaining quantities of butyric acid, are then separated according to the usual methods of fractional distillation.
In practice, it has been found that the addition of a slight quantity of a substance meeting the requirements of a third.component as has been outlined, but having a somewhat higher boiling point, such as cresol, is useful in aiding the action .of the toluol or equivalent third component.
While butyric acidrhas been mentioned in the preferred example, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto, as the use of other analogous substances will occur to those skilled in the art.
I claim:
1. In a process of concentrating solutions comprising a water component and a volatile acids component, in which a third component is added to reduce the effective vapor pressure of the volatile acids component, the steps which consist in adding a fourth component to reduce further the effective vapor pressure of the volatile acids component and concentrating the solution.
2. In a process of concentrating solutions ponent is added to reduce the efi'ective vapor pressure of the volatile acids component, the steps which consist in adding butyric acid, and concentrating the solution.
4. In a process of concentrating solutions comprising a water component and a volatile acids component, in which a third component is added which is miscible with the acid and not miscible with the water and which has a vaporpressure at or near that of the acid, the steps which consist in adding a fourth component which has a greater affinity for the third component than the vola-' tile acid has for the third component, and l concentrating the mixture.
5. A method 'of concentrating dilute aqueous solutions of volatile organic acids which comprises. adding approximately 10% of butyric acid, based on the weight of the volatile acid present in solution, and distilling and during distillation, adding toluol to the still in sufficient quantities to approximately equal the weight of the aqueous part of the distillate.
6. A method of concentrating dilute aqueous solutions of volatile organic acids which comprises adding approximately 10% of butyric acid, based on the weight of the volatile acid present in solution, and a small percentage of cresol, and distilling, and durin distillation, adding toluol to the still in sufiicient quantityto approximately equal the weight of the aqueous part of the distillate.
7. The process of concentrating an aqueous solution of a volatile acid which consists in adding to the solution a third component which is miscible with the acid and not miscible with the water and which has a vapor pressure at or near that of the acid, and also adding as a fourth component, a fatty acid having a higher boiling point than the acid and distilling the mixture.
8. The process of concentrating an aqueous solution of a volatile organic acid, which consists in adding to the solution a third component which is miscible with the acid.
and not miscible with the Water and which has a vapor .pressure at or near that of the acid, and also in adding as a fourth component butyric acid, and distilling the mixture.
9.- A method of concentrating dilute aqueous solutions of volatile organic acids which comprising adding thereto toluol and butyric acid, and concentrating the mixture.
10. A method of concentrating dilute aqueous solutions of volatile organic acids' which comprises adding thereto toluol, cresol and butyric acid, and concentrating the mixture.
aqueous solution of acetic acid which comprises adding thereto a third component, which is miscible with the acid and not miscible with the water and which. has a vapor pressure at or near that of the acid, and a fourth component, which has a greater aflinity for the third component than the acetic acid hasfor the third component, and then distilling the mixture.
EMIL PIRON.
11. A method of concentrating a dilute.
| 29,575 |
lcAGFPNnF8o_1
|
Youtube-Commons
|
Open Web
|
CC-By
| null |
NBA's Best Young Core? Fans Pick!
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 163 | 228 |
Who has the best young core in the NBA? I think it's gotta be OKC. I think Josh Giddy has a chance to be that kind of guy. And they already got Shay in check. Right now, Oklahoma City, for where they are, just because of how good Shay is. I think long term, I would probably take the Orlando Magic. I'm a big France Wagner guy. I think it's really under a young core as Indiana. They don't get mentioned a lot. And I think if you believe Halliburton's a star, they can be better than people expected to hear from now. If it's not OKC, it's probably the Orlando Magic. I mean, it's the Spurs. If Wemby's as good as everyone says he's gonna be, you have a future MVP, a future defensive player of the year. Adam Top, Jeremy Sohan, and everyone else they have out there. Devon Vasell, Keldon Johnson. That is the best young core in the NBA..
| 31,835 |
bub_gb_YLsUAAAAYAAJ_19
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,855 |
Fontes rerum austriacarum. Erste Abteilung, Scriptores = Österreichische Geschichtsquellen. Erste Abteilung, Scriptores
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,397 | 16,275 |
Eo dem Die der SxaTa Mihaly so mit dem Ali Passa anss dem tandt auff die Port ?erreisset war, yndt von dannen nach Wien zum R5mi9chen Keysser, ihm die walil des Fürsten Apafi anzukündigen, weUlie denn beide content gewesen, endtlif^ aber von Wien auss befehl der Port widerumb zum 7*ürekisehen Keysser verreissen mQssen, mit erzeblung, dass sieh der Römische Keysser, nachdem er mit der wähl dess Fürsten Apafi znfriden gewesen, sich entschul- diget, dass weill der F. Kemeny ihn allem falschen bericht gethan, er ihm zwar etli^e Hilf gegeben, wolte aber mit gele^enheit die- selbe von ihm nrliiiHn. aulV welche resolution, der ^'or* Mihaij Türekische Keysser durch gedachten Szava Mihaly l^*£,t^*J*^ schreiben schickket, solches Inhalts: dass weill er sein Mknikn n. Digitized by Google Czigalya, das ist .sein aulTgenuhinener .sühii were, vvulk er iiio, iliut pr.«ll er (tu der Port trey vndt bestendig seio würde, wider alle feyode schützen, Todt auch den Kemeiiy Janos (weil! er nocli von seinem Vnttergaog nichts gewust) su verfolgen genuehesmes Volek XU schicken, welches inhalU der Fö Vester dem Forsten eben-- mflsstg geschrieben, hoc addito» dsas weillen «offenbar were, dass einer seifics hüil.s, alss der liudai Petor Douk, bei allen l üi*>teü ein Prautic'us gewessen vndt noch jetzunder ühue Vntterlass schreiben »n die Port hin vndt wider schicket, fürchtete er sich, er mögte iha alss seinen söhn rerrahten» drnrab solte er ihn Kapput rndt kleiner machen. Alss gedachter Petter Deak solche dess Vessers schreiheB Derrc«veM«r vorgelcsen werden, bekennet er dass dem Pantotte, vtrliitM Jm jpj, Xalioueu Tülmetsch were, zwar Jess B«iaj Pelter De> ackbejdrmKär. Kcmony (ulschbeit riidt gantzen Handel geschrieben •u« Apafi. iiette, sintemali er von geburt ein Anglus were» vndt dem Römischen Keysser sehr woU gewogen vndt dess Kemeiiy Janos gntter Freandt, drumb sollte er sich Tor ihm Kemeny Janos woll f&rsehen« sintemail er ihn bei dem Fed Vesseren TeruDglimppfet vndt verbasst gemacht bette, vndt ihm pfall ess andorss Lcfuuden wurde, oder Jemanden Anders geschrieben bette, solte man ihm sein recht thun, welche entschuldigung sich auch künftig recht erfunden. Derweil! nun dass eliendt der Statt von tag su tag sieh heuffeat Tndt gleichssam ▼nertrftgUch wardt» Hess ein Bhrsamer ruht aber- mallt eine Supptieation an den Forsten tndt Landtherren gelaugea vmb beystandt der Proviant, oder vmb ahschaffung der Volcler, vndt bekamen zur aiilwort, dass wegen Vnbequemigkeit, anderer öbrter unmögiig scheine, die Türcken anderes wohin zu legen, doch aber weiten sie dahin gesinaet sein» ihndem die Legation,* so aaff Teroesvar solte geschickt werden, Tolbraebt were, vndt die ange* nobmene Adelleit auss dem Gdrgeny ankommen wOrden, woUen sie aut mittel dess abzuchs gedencken. Die 12 Febr. kommen von etligen Adelleuten schreiben, mit bericht, wie dass die in Ciausenburg ligende teutächeVölcker, noch xur Zeit sich sehr starck verschantxeten, vndt. keines willens weren absuiiehen, sondern von etligen der Vomembsten Adellenten deis landesbeimlig gestereket vndt getrOstet, welches kOnftig denTOrdtea grosse Yiii iihe inachen mögle, alss solche Post an den Passa gelan- get, wird er abermal ergrimmet, schicket den Gyuiai Aii liek zum Digitized by Google 1«62. Fürsten» mit befebi, selbige Adelleut, so ihm Tt*rdeehtig weren« auffmueben, indi ihm lor StnlT ihn sein« Hende tu stellen, anders mögte er wunderbahrlig proeediren, rn «* aiaiu ?ndt so ess nicht bsidt geschehen, oder die praesidis nicht aiiss den Schlössern abgesr hafl't wurden, solte der Fürst selber erfahren, wass ihm mögte hegegenen. Alss der Ali Bell vntter andern den Herrn Betthlen Janos ihm Vorhauss dess Fürsten vngi'fehr nntrifit, beisst er ihn einen 9ffentiigen Verrflhter, welcher beide FQrsten Rakocxi mdt Barcsai hette hinterbringen hilfen, vndt würde mit der Zeit, nach der TOrcken absueh, anch den firommen Apafi Ter- rahten vndt in?is Verderben brin<;en, diesses anhan- au Beek geiidt: nimm auu mit diessem frühestück verliebt, ich "** "1^.^ ^ ' dem Hrrra Sfitb» will dir baldt auch das abendtmali darreichen, aber vieU (•■j«>m. leicht sehr trObselig vndt ellendt. Alss sich nun der absach derTflrcken je Iftnger je mi*hr verzog, Tndt den beampten der Stadt grosse gefahr vndf Vnrnhe entstünde, liess dt i F. W . flerr Jojinnes Boht Consul den Raht vmlt ellif^e aus der Gemein berullV'ii vntit wäre gesinriet viidt »Mitschlossen, dass Officium an resigniren, vill andere ineommodiites vndt Vngeborsam der bnrger Torwendendt, welches sein anbringen aber der a.JoMoei soht Raht hart widersprachen, vndt auch dabei ernst einge- or7c7iL* m!^! redt, er selte seinen bernf ihn acht nehmen , vndt sich nicht von weibern lassen regieren, denn ess auss derplpichen an^tifHungeo gescheite; vndt seien re infecta von einander ge- scbeiden. Derweill demnach der FOr^t Apafi sampt seinem landtherren dess Passa Vnmufli vndt gefasten Zorn je mehr vndt mehr ihn aeht nahmen, dameben anch der Verderben selber sahen, Hessen sie den i4 Fehi iiru- (iass landt wie auch die Allisten W. Herren dess rahts besammeln, elwass von dess Landes bleiben vndt wtjiUahil, vndt wie zugleich dem Passa seines begehreus vodt Vnmuhts in , .. r „tom bsg^gnet solte werden, tu schliessen Tndt worden dem* ^"«^^VrmVta nach, nach villem disenrs, dem Passa t Puncta Torzu- f^MhiMm. geben, geschlossen. Alss Primo: Derweil! der Feynrlt nun so weit mit der hilf Gottes, geschlagen vndt erleget soi, solte man bei dem Passa mit hit anhalten, damit er, sobaldt ess sein künte, auss dem lande aieheo mdge. Digitized by Google tu «662. Secundo: Damit er sich mit denen Dörlfern so ihm zu meiner Vntterhalluiit? (lcp:itiret werden, las^e begnügen, vndt ausser denen nichts mehr begehre. Tertio: Damit der andern TOrekeii eingebrachte Eies nidt Speiss, sowoU yon den TOreken, alas von den Vngern gewaldtaaiDer weiss genehmen werde* wie daher geschehen. Quarto: Damit die Statt Tom Kuczuk Passa nicht von Neyem beschätzet werde, weil! diejenige dem Ali Passn die grosse schatxuog gegeben, welche sich damit auch begnflgen lassen. Quinte: Dass die von der Kemenyschen Part ankommende Adellent bei Terigen digniteten erhalten Tndt sowoll ron den Tflr- eken, wie auch Ton dem Hofigesindt dess Forsten nicht gesehmebet möge werden, wie daher geschehen, insonderheit wie dem H.Betthleo Janos vom Ali Bek geschehen. Sexto: Dass wenn der Gottesdienst gehalten wurde, die TOr- eken denselben nicht verhindern rndt zugleich listern mögen, Septime: Damit der Edellent Johbagyen so Rabben waren» Yndt bei den Tflrcken vorhanden, frei gelassen mögen werden. Albie ist tn wissen, dass alss gleich alhie erzelte Puncta dem Peui iftTtn f Ddt Pi^ssa vorgetragen worden, kompt post, dass der UurituMdi- Herr Petki Istvan vndt Lazar Istvan, die Szekelysefk i^fl ttit 4#r 9gii(» " hrij.fgh TO« Sur Huldigung nicht lassen wollen , vndt sie tob U-4L neyem an sich tu bringen gesinnet sein; alss der Pasm selcbes innen wirdt» vill die Pnncte nicht beantwerten, rndt wirdt gantK ergrimmet, ISsset sich hören, dass biss ihm landt nicht alle Viiiulie nicht gestillet wurde, woitt* er nicht abziehen. Vber welches die Stadt abermall helTtig belrubet \mdt, rndt schicket schreibeD au die Herrn Cibiniensis, damit doch Nomine Almae Universitaüs vmb erlOsung vndt lindemng bei dem Passa angehalten mftgte werden, welches auch geschehen, will aber nichts hilfen, sendem werden Till erger ; vntter welchen auch die Vnger nicht die letzten seien. Alss derowegen vnssere arme Staiil Schesspurg nun nirgendt s»(rFtrartnp,,ii- hcr einigen trost vndt hilf haben kuute, liessen doch rir*i «bermtii j^^j jj^gj Passa suppUcando nicht ab, vndt hieltea endtllg doch den Gyulai Ali Bek bei dem Passn nur vmb das an, damit doch nur die tägliche Proviant, ao seiaen Hofgesindt gegeben wurde, alss die Nr. 30 Taller ?or Reils, butter rnül honig, Ittem 500 brudt vndt iias.s körn so anstatt der ' Digilized by Google im. Haber gegeben worden, mogten gelindert, oder Tom landt gege- ben werden, vndt damit er ingleteh den Tflreken ihre gewaldt, so sie von den Vng^ern nunmehr gelernet, steuern möge: ess wolle aber ebeiKtiiiasseii mciits Hilfen, vndt hiess wie Cassiodorus gesagt: JejuniKs Kxercitus disciplinam servare non potest, vndt miisten der- gestalt, weili alle mittel Dicht helfeu weiten nur alles mit geduldt leiden Tndt ertragen. Eben zu die^ser Zeit, aUs den 16 Februar kamen eri tlig Nr. 63 Adelleut, sieh dem Apafi ergebendt zw Huldi- gung Tndt kam den tag ein aehreiben auss dem Schlosa Gdrgeny, welebea sieb, sampt dessjenigen praesidio snmahlen ergab, nach welches ergehung der Szurtey Geörgy Capitan so mit n,, ^ Adeii^pt 200 Meszei Katnern eine Zeit ilim Csik gelegen vndt ^•■■«»wh«!- •tii;«*f wi« aaeh tiein landt vill tnübe aeinaebt, aucl» ankoiiirnet vndt M«ro»«i<>k v.„u erlangen GiMtiam, wie auch baldt nach dem Uasomszek >>*r«u>»xek sampt 7üO Marosszekern so ihn speeie anlKamen, rndt alle zo gnaden •ngenobmen worden, naeh ergebung dess scblosses Gdrgeny rndt ernanter Zekkel, wurde alssbaldt auch das Scbioss Fogras cur Huldi- gung ermanety weiii die dariimen liegende proesidiarii, sampt dem Adell de98 Pürsten Kemeny thodt nicht glaubeteo , weifen sie sieb mil hicliten ergeben, welches dem V. Apafi vill gedancken macht, Yüdt den Tiircken lenger zu bleilien ^ndsse Vrsaeb ufab. Droben ist gesagt, wie oüt Ein Ehrs. W. Habt an den Fürsten Apafi sopplicciren lassen, wegen ahsebaffung der Turcken, vndt nie- malen niehts erlangen kennen, alss aber endtlig auff ersuchen die Herrn Cibinienses nomine Unl?ersitatls eben mb abscbaffang der fremden gest an F. 6. sehreiben gelangen lassen, wardt das landt so Torhanden abermall Tersammlet, supplicireten wegen dess abzuebs bei dem Passa mit Yorwetidiiiig, d.uss hei so [;utLen wctter auf der gefrost die reisse gefügliger gescbeben künte, alss wenn der Eiss aulTl)reche vndt die wasser flüchtig wurden, zudem sötte DemP..M -ir.it er zugleich die Beschaffenheit dess landes, wie auch •"ppI''''«!. radt den Hangel der Proviant ansehn, Tndt sich dess «.•^«■tM^tM armuts erbarmen, der Passa sänge aber stets nur «••k«' seinen alten gesang Tndt weite mit nichten abziehen, ess weren denn die teatsche Völcker auss Ciaussenburg rndt den sehl5ssem abgezogen, welches gntdeneken denn etlige Landtherrn annuirten, etliche üi»cr widerriehten, vorgebendt weill Wardem nicht weit von Clausenhurg were mögten, sie den VVaradj Passa zu Hilf ruäen. Diqiti^prf hv Google 2S6 1662* welcher stiiek mit sich brin{?en mögte, die Statt niebekommeo vndt vor sich behalten, ihn dem sie demnach nicht vbereinkoinnieD küuten wurde endtlig geschloseen , ihm Scbinker Stull Todt fiurtzeiandt siehen. Der Kaaaai Fereoz Uopmeater, welcher toh den Seheokcrt mit geldt vndt etllgen FQbren Haber beatoehen war, streit wider da«9 laodt» der Behluaa aber Terblieb in seinem esse. n..sMo ^(.or- Febr. ergibt ^ich dass Schloss Görgeny, tfoj *fKii.i .ich welches bei dem Pa^tsa freydt erwecket, iiesse dass iandt itm F. Ayl«. |^gg|^fj)|Qg)[| rahtscbiageD» wie auch die andern beset- xete scbiöaacff mdgten einbekommea werden. Der Ugron Andrai Wardt aaf Fogras, vndl andere EdeUeut ihn die Deva, liiwit, Sianai Ujvar rndt KOvar geschicktt wegen aui%ebuug der achUftaser» waHt aber nichts drauss. Die 18 Febr. werden durch den Sarosi Görgy dem Röuiiscbeü Keisser bitaehreibeu geschickt, die teutsche Yölcker auas dem Uuult xtt acbaffen. Der Kaaaai Ferens Hopmeater Todt Bareaai Mihaly werden mit 200 Katnern xa beaetsung Görgenys geaehiekt vndt zugleiefa ?aa den Nössnern die 10000 Imper. ao aie dem Ali Passa Rest Terbliebea waren abzuholleü. Alhie ist zu wissen dasa dem Kucauk Passa 3 seiner Huren rodt ein Vngriacber Jung entronnen waren, welche er Ton der Statt auf- aucben begehret, oder eine Sümmern geldt an erlegen, weichet wegen H. Geergiua Hirüngh Senater fngefthr aof der gaaaen ge- H 6,>orgio»iiir- ^^^^^ gefangen wirdt, der Fürst suppliciret neben tbs, iing «irdt g«^- weill mir keine Schuldt lietten , vndt den getaugeaeo Senatoren, kennen nichts erhalten. Alsa nach Tillem rabtschlagen der abzuch ?on Seheaapaig bewilliget worden, xoge der Kucauk Paaaa den 20 Febronr aanpl dem F. Apafi nach Groaa Schenk , alaa aber der gefangene Senatar wie gespüret würde, mitgeführet solte werden. Schicket ein Ehr- samer Kaht Georgiura Krauss Notarium Tndt Paulum Aurlig Sena- toren!, zum Fürsten ApaÜ neben vns vmb erledigung Herrn Uirimgiis anauhalten, welcher aacb seinen neyen Hopmeater Nalacai Istiaa D«r nm Apai aampt den beatimpten Legatia aum Kucxuk Paaaa oit- i.mpt dm K«. 5|»||ie](et alaa er gleich in praeeincto geweaaen, widt fcM Mff fro« derselbe noch mehr ergrimmet, vndt Icsset olTt gedachte s^utk MMtr. [^egatos, als miüh,b6scbreibern diesses Georgium Krauts Digitized by Google 1662. 257 ▼ndt Paulum Aui*li^ Senut. taugen vridt ihn eissen oeortia« i&raw* schlagen, wurden doch denselben tag (iiachilriu mir ein refers» die eaÜauffeoeBea aufzusuchen voo viis geben t«f«>r«ii. mOesea) TDsseres gefangnOss befreyet. Alse aber Deeh des Poesi •bMeh die entkemmene Rebben Miaig geeuebt Tiidt nicht lünden worden, aehreibet der Kneiok Pesaa ?ee Sebeiik» des Regiitm Jod. H. Andream Ketsser sQ aieb begebrendt. weleber aber niebl riebea wollte, baldt darauf begehret der Kuczuk vor die entlnuffcne Rabben 1000 Imper., woleheji bey vnss grossen \ ii willen gab, viidt iuüssen auea grosser furcht, weil! er sich bören iiesse, widerumb auf Sehess- pnrg M kehreD, ihm deeb durch 2 Senatores H. Paoluoi Aarlig Todt Tkemam Bolkee Nr. Imper. auf Sebeok aehibkea« Vinb dieaae Zeit kompt dem F. Apafi post» daaa die G. FVratia Cibhiio tu Agnetblen aogeianget sei, dahin der POrrt mit einem Zuch Türcken ziehet, vndt begrössendt mit sich aufF gross Schenk ninomt. Deru f'ill der ßethlen Gt'rgely vtidt Sz. Pali Janos, so dess F. Apafi Schwager war, volängst mit einer Compagaia Keysaerischeu teotacben Völckern ihn daaa Sebioaa Fogaraa eingezogen, Todt nicht •cgeben wollten, alaa wvrde der Ugren Andrea ?ndt ^^^^^^ Safpataki latvan 2 dario inaa aebloaa» so nur eine meili Sii^teki ton Sebenek Kgt, gesdiiekl, fenier anbaltendt, daas 8chlu:is aufzugeben, riL-hteteii aber nichts auss; aUs aber HtS^fm» dem Forstel) wie auch dem Passa an selben schloss yil! ••w**** gelegen war, rudt der Pas^a auss befahl dess Ali l^tssa vor ergebuog selben Scbleaaea nicht doriete aass dem landt ziehen, wardl der Pdldrari Fereni, Beer latvan ?ndt der Herr Pastor Sebenkeaaia Laarentina Gregorit ron neyen sor aafforderang deaa Scbleaaea geaeklekt, Tadt niebt mehr mit bit anbielten, aondern deanen Idolen Herren, sa ihm Schloss waren, nomine Kegni das eusserste Verder- ben dreueteii , welche endtiieh sieh etwass anders besonnen , vndt Tor auffgebuog dess Schlosses gewisse Cooditiones begehreten, weleber sie versichert werden , wie denn Gregoriiis Betthlen vndt Joannea Sa. Pali neben der Fograaeber teotacben Capitan Fraociace lUade Geaoenai Italo» so die auffgebnng glelebaeam lom ersten argiret, daaa Jurameet eo momento ahgeleget ?ndt daas r*(ra««b Schloss 23 Febr. dem laudt rbergeben. siafci^r.AHa. Nachdem nun der F. Ap.ili dess Schl«»sj»es Fogra» Vbergebung Versicberung gehabt» werden beide Adelleut liacs latvan vndt der 6. i r • ■ « •Mb* Ckronik. Mm. I, IV. B4. 17 Digitized by Google 2,H8 1662. Balpataki, eor beleitung der keysserischea teuUclieD Völkern Um auft'das Schloss liclllilen geschickt, dahin der Betthlen Gergely aoefa mit verreisset, vudt von daniien uuf Munkacs» seine bona übza* holien. AUs die Praesidiarii ihm Schloss Deva von auffgebung dess o«f»4M8cUm SchloMes Fogras Tndt Gdrgeny gewisse Post beknn- trgibt .ich Aem jj^^j^^ schreibeB sie dem F. Apafi Huldiguogsselireibear F. Apafi. ^^^^ ergeben aiek aueh , nach weleher aoffgebueg der Miko Miklos zur aufTorderung dess Schlosses Bettblen gesebiekt wirdt; weill abei koysserligff feutsche Volckcr (Irinnen waren, richtet er nichts auss, ziehet von dannen auf Szanios Ujvai-, mit de« Schlosses Capitan Herrn Ebeni Istvan, gleicberweiss zu tractireo, welcher endtlig» elss er sampt den Keysserligen Völckern reu auff- geboDg Fogras, Deva Tndt Görgeny TernehmeD» sieh mit den keysse- rischen berahteo, som Römischen Keysser tu schicken» daluit deoa des andern tages der Lientenamb sampt 30 Soldaten geschickt Eio Key.ieri.cbcr w urden; alss derjenige bei Kövar ai k i iipt, wirdt er bei LenteiiAuii .ampi jgj. Nacht VD Versehens von den vnibliegenden Walachen 10 S»ldatea wer- ieo bei R6rar vberfaüen, der Lenttennamb selb drit kompt darvoo, dis fberr.uea. aiidom werden erschlagen. Eben vmb diesse Zeit ihm Febr. liehet der Ssereoy Peter mit simligem Volek auss, ?erbrennet vmb Canischa etlige Dörfler. AIm dieTürcken ihn der Bozna solches innen werden, kompt ein grosses Volck auir den Szereiiy, welcber ihn eiuom sehr engen Pass von sttrtaj p«t«r den Tüfckeu vmbgebon wirdt, vndt geschlagen, dass auff TirvLa^Mcku' 6000 der Szerenyscben ihm sticli bleiben» welcher f«a. heupter aufT Temesvar gesehicket worden. Die 23 Febr. Ist Cibinii der bey der nacht genta feurig «r- schiennen zwei Heerer miteinander streitendt. Ultima Febr. kmfi BKoUni Miliua dcr Szolyoni Bfiklos sur ffuldigung gegen gfoss Scheock. kMpt tarHai- dahin des Andern taj^es alss Pnnia Martii, auch der Kercztessi l ei en/ , so ihn dem Schloss Deva CapiUa gewesen, ebenermassen aukonipt. Vutter diesser Zeit kompt dem Pörsten Apafi Zeitung^ dass die Keysserisehen Völker ihn Clausenburg mit auffallen den mbliges« den armen pauren grossen schaden zuf&geten» droroh er an Ihren Obersten Daniel A Retdan ein sehreiben sehickete mit einer höfligeo errinneruug, baieiiiii, dass weill sie alss keysserlige Voick nicht au/ Digitized by Güo^i 1602. MM ihres Kemers» sondern nur Tom Fflrsten Kemeny rmt »chi- Jftiios dabin geleget worden, aelte er doch» weill der^ lulik^cillle^ oelbe Fürst nun mehr nieht bei leben, dem landt so ^ t^notn. gro.s.sen schaden tbun, ia Till mehr auss erbarmung dess landes seiiica ab/iich thun, vndt ilin seines Keyssers devotion vül mehr begeben, viuit wenn er alsso gesiimet were, solle er mit sicherem geleit auss den) landt begleitet werden. Alss aber ernanten Obristen dass schreiben ankompt, bat er selbiges schreiben mit sehr Spott- scben vndt vnhöflichen worten dem Fürsten vndt lande beantwortet» welcbergleicben gleiehssaro einmallen so spötlig dem landt SQben* borgen augesehtcket worden, darauss denn das landt bewogeo worden, einen Laodttag an berroflen. Alhie aber ist la wissen, dass weill der FOrat Apa6 nicht langst die beydea Wayden der Holdaw ▼ndt Walacbei zu seines Neygeborenen sobnes biodttauf zu Gevattern beruflfen lassen, alss wurde vom Lande geschlossen, dass weill Cron Statt zunächst an beydeii iaadern gelegen wäre, solte der Laadtag dahin celeget werden, alda auch beydf Waiden dem _ • ~ ' • E*a Wirrtl nti landt Snbenbürgen ihre Juranienta gelügiich kunten Luduat Mff ablegen; alss aber die Herrn Corooenses, Ton etligen y(,,eitio„„ni^t Tom Adell solches Schlusses innen werden, wenden sie «irdi.iehudar- dnreh wnnderbabrlige Praektiken rndt rillen gesehencken aolebe last von sieb, vndt wurde der Laadtag ad 10 Martii naeb Si. Imre vatter dem Scbloss Gdrgeny ligendt, geordnet dabin denn der Forst Apafi sampt dem Kucznk Passa vndt seinen TQreken vom grossen Sebenek seinen auffbroeb nimpt, vndt kommen eben zur Z<»it seihigen auffbruchs der Herr BarlTy Dienes, dess Forsten leibligei* Schwager, so ihn sein Fürsten lliurnb lang nicht billigen wollen, sampt dem Mikts Kplrmen zur Huldigung an. Alss gleich d« i Fürst Apafi sampt dem landt nun ^.^ K.ppocii willenss, ihren auHbruch ihn die Comitias zu nehmen, p«*»« kompiLe. kompt den 29 Februar ein Kappuczi Passa Legations '^"^^'^n^ weiss von der Port an, bringt dem Forsten vmb erbal- 4«» f. n«,* tene Vietorie wider den Fürsten Kemeny Janos eine atatltge Faha, Buszgan, Szabgyeo vndt Kleider, wie aaeb dem Kucsak Mebemet Passa zugleich, welches ibro bindt grosses ansebn vndt freyde macht, vndt bekäme der KuLV.uk Passu /ugleieb befebl, dass er dess landes Söbenbiirgen scbonen, vndt niclit verderben sülte, Sölten auch die termini vndt Metae dess landes ihn ihrem 17 • Digitized by Google 260 alten esse verbleiben, 3*'* sotten dem landt an der nngeaeblage^en Tax Nr. 400 beut^el, daaa tat iweimallhandert tanaaent Taller* relaiirt werden 4** aoUe der Eoesuk Paaaa ehe nickt abiieken, biaa aieh nicht alle aehldsaer dem lande ergebeten» der Adell alcli ▼ereinigtei ▼ndt die tentachen Vdleicer nicht abgeschafft wfirden, rndt Ihm pfUI es von nohteii sein würde, wwUe er beyde Wayden ihnfi tum bey- staodt inss landt schicken. Ehen zw dicsser Zeit wurde vorn Ufmiischen Keyssfr seinen Pratudi- Völckcri» auÜ Clausenburg Kleider vndt wehren bracht. llllywc^ernM ^^^'^hcs denselben grosse freyde erweeliet, alss ihnen nr.mi«rh.nK.r<- ahcr dtc geldes besoldonj? aaasbleibt, gerahten aie ihn ''wArtTfl!*'' ««brgroaaen Vnwillen, vonderbahrtige reden von aieh MfciAi. hdren lasaendt, welchea aie denn aneh, wie mir Uren werden» im werck erfHlletett. Diease teuttehe V5tcker» ao mit den kleidern ankommen waren, reisseten ihm zorOckwege aufT KOrar zu, vndt bezahleten die alda Die K»yM«friteheD vmbliegende Wiiluchen, welche die 30 teutsche keys- ti7*il*»'m^'^'^ «erlige VSicker syinpt dem Lieutenamb, wie oben ^e- chftx. incidt, vbcrfiilleii vndt erniurdet hatten, mit gleicher münt/., Iiiehen vill Walachcn oider vodt trieben ihnen Till tauaaent atöck Viebe aoff Szakmar. Alaa demaaeb wie gemeldt» der Landtag ad 10 Hartn avff G5rgeny Sz. Imre bemtfon worden, werden Ton Tnaaerer Stalt dabin delegiret der F. W. H. Michael 65ldtner» Sedis Jodez, Stepbamia la loiiariiiwiHi Scbindler mdi Geergiua Hierlingh, ala aber die Comi* Mff sfrgtsy M> anirehen . schreibet das« landt dess andern tages, magna cum iiidipnatioue un alle Suiit vmit Stull, dahin ▼on Nej^em alle otfieiales sampt denen Altisien Si niiionhus beruffen werden, oh eertnm ro'ipeetiini, vom lileihen dess !iiiiili\s desto beque- mer abzureden, dahin mir zu den andern K. W. Herrn Andream Keisser Reg. Jud. vndt .loannem Schweiaeher schicken. Nachdem nun das landt aicb beisammen fanden» ist eratlig daaa Spotiache acbreiben deaa Obriaten Dandia A Reidan sq beantworten» vndt aehie Völcker abauföbren tor gut angeaeben worden» wie denn aiieb eo momento daaa acbreiben fortgeaebieket werden» weiches der Obriat ebenermaaten nicfata geachtet» aondeni aie mit geiHMb- samer Proviant zn versehen ermannt, ihm pfiiH daa landt Hire excui'äioueä verhütten wollte, andere wuUen sie iioeb vill luebre« 1602. Ui Hioii vndt wagen, w«leliQ post dem landt rfthtsebU|rens maebet. Derweill vuUer wehrendem Landtag viil viaeitige posten vndt zeitungeo ihm gesprech gitige, -dlsa brecbten die teutschen einen neuen Fflrsten. so nicht nahniküDdig were» schicket üass Iaodt2000 Kurtaner bei Clau«eaburg wacbt su balten, welcbe 0cME»m<>B7Sim*« de«a Kemeay Simao scbreiben, so er ahn die vor- J'^'^'^i'ii"^ nenbate Prooeret regni geacbribeo vndt anff Aranyos t^w. Megyes in einen eonventnin beriiffen lless^ intereipirten» vndt ibn den Landtag aebicfceten» welebe SlTeDllig verlesen wurden, aolebeatn* balts, dass desR. Keyaaera Legatut Franciacns Sa. Gedi gy, Episeupua Vaeiensia ae Praepoaitus Posonienais, ankommen solte , welches an- bringen dess Patris Martini Kaszoni schreiben, so er von wien vorlier geschickt, anzeigete» dess Cupey er zu mehrem glauben mitgeschickt bette, vndt wurde, wie »j^emeldt, zugleich auch selbiges schreiben, aampt dess Simons Kenieny schreiben, von dem landt gelesen, nach welchem ablesen gedachter Kemeny Simon bftnlig anssgelacbt vndt geapOttet worden» vndt aampt Nr. 20 peracbooen Landeaherrn alaa H. Betlblen Parkas, Ebeni latvaa, Sa. Pali Janos, die Tormaische Familie Teleki Mibaly» vndt Mikea Kelemen« so einmall gehnidtget battet vom landt proacribiret Albie ist weiter an wiasen, daas weill der 'danaaenburger keysseriachen Völcker aussfall wegen 2000 Kurtaner auff Ciaussen- burg geschicktit waren, wie mir geliui l, hat der Oberst d«? a Reidam» David A Reidan etwass fremde geduncken einer belage- ««WektiUt«!« , *r»*- rnii^ gewonnen, vndt seine Legaten zum Fürsten ge- schickt» dass wofern die Türckcn ihren abzuob auss dem landt nehmen wOrden. wolten aie die Stadt Claussenburg einräumen vndl abaiehent we niebt, ae waren aie geaehickt* daaa eusaerate zu wagen* alaa der Kueank Pasaa aolehes inne worden, hat er von atundt an die belagerong vorannebmen getrieben vndt auch geboten. Eaa ist droben gesagt, wie der Kemeny Simon, durch dess Patris Kasaoni schreiben, verursachet worden, die Proceres regni zu convociren, vom bleiben dess L.uules abzureden vndt zugleich in praeaentia Rüm. Keysserlijien Legaten, dess Episeopi \ K iensis von der Wahleines neyen Fürsten abzuhandelln , dahin der Alte Herr Petki Istvan, ao aieh damaia ihm Schlosse Hust berufieo ^" werden, welcher aber, aein bohea Alter bedenckendt, AmjM wtn- Digitized by Google ZaZ 1662. sehet hinter «ich sich ihii SO ein Kinder Spill, davor ers gehalten, vndt T»Jt will «le- yjj^^ f irKMi Alt Vatter zwischen solche JuL'cnt nicht ••■dt eompari- ^ rta. mischen wolleo Yodt directe ihn Sübenbürgen gereiaset» Todt nachdem er vernobmen , wie dess Heren Kemenj Simon eon* Toeatoriae sampt den paribas Patria Martini Kaaioni iotercipiret ▼ndt ihn den Comitiia publiee rerlessen worden » Tndt wnss vor Jodicia hiervon ergangen , hat er sieh in die Devotion dess Fürsten Apafi eingelassen vndt deposito Juramento zur Huldigung kommeo. Alss derowe^cn wciti r, wie uhen gcmeldt, der terminiis dess Tngewöhnlicbeii vudt vnnüthigen Landtages auff Aranyas Megye^» durch den Kemeny Simon beruflTcn» herbeikommen, ist zwar der Episeopns Vaciensis Herr Franeiscas 82. GyOrgy» alss Rdm. Kef sser- RrMehraa St. Kgef Logatus» ftlda SU Aranyos Hegyes ankommeat i^rirLjalZc. welchen die hinterlassene wittib dess Fflrsten Kemeny, r- sampt ihrem Stiefsohne Simone Kemeny, hononfiee ent- pfangen, weill aber von den Subenbiir^ischen berulTenen Proceribus, niemandt ersebieiieü, vndt der HerrKeineisy sf) grosse Hurtuuiig' zum Fürstentbunib getragen, ausserhalb drey Junger Adelleut niemaudeo vmb sich gebäht, ist ihm seine gantze Hoffnung an wasser worden, vndt nichts anders, alss der vnndhtigen eipensen wegen, grossen schaden, wie aneh höhn vndt Spot; alss aber der Legatus gesehn, dass er ihn den April gefQhret worden, ist er endtlig glelchwoll ihn den Hust verreisset, vndt den alten Herrn Redei Ferenz vndt seinen Siilin L;idislao, dass Fürstenthutnb vorgetragen, welche aber beide sich solches geeussert, vndt gntter ruhe, sieb nicht in Vnruhe machen wollen, dass alsso der Bischoff enttlig vnverricbter Sachen doch von Redei gut begabt seinen weg aaf Sakmar genommen, die* jenige Adelleut aber, so anff Aranyos Megyes beroffen worden, sampt dem Herrn Kemeny Simon selbst , sich dem Fflrsten Apafi vndt dem landt ergehen. , , „ Die 14 Martii vntter dem Göreenver landltug konpt mit iwo koni|it i]ry ,l;ikaj(leii(I CM l'assa mit naliiiicii, mit Tmi-;- Tirk«« IM inai. ^^^^j Türcken inss landt, vereiniget sich mit dem Kuczuk Passa zum Neyenmark vndt nach derselben ankuufft, urgiret der Kucsok noch harter der Claassenbnrger belagernng. Damit mir aber den Laoff vndt Processum jetst ernannten Landtages etwas berOhren mögen, ist alda von der Adelschaft, mehr von ihrem Private alss vom Poblico bono gehandelt worden, vndt Digitized by Google 1662. 263 wie ein jeder seine Herrschaft rndt Joszageti üH»ge erweitern, discuriret, da denn zugleich die Ltiiversitat mit aullegung inehrer Tax» voo dem landt nicht wenig infesliret wordeo, wider welches sie masciile gestritten, nidt ihn niehta einlassen wollen (ihre dem Ali Pnasa grosse Taxen vorwendend) ess sei denn, die andern Status worden ihnen gleich gemacht » dass alsso ihn erwehntem Landtag; •lies nur ein eonfosom ehaos gewesen, derweill aher vntter wehren« dem Landtag der Kucziik Passa seine gewisse, der Vngrischen Sprach kundige Türcken ;(llo7eit zukegen gehabt vndt Rucmnk Pa»«n r.^- TernoliiDen, dass das Landt, vurauss der Adeii, mit bint- s*'^" ^'">"»«'' ansetsQDg dess Landes heiti» wie oben gemeldt, nur ihr Primtam gesneht» hat er einen Passa Legations weiss dahin ge* 'sehiekt, rndt ihn grossem Vnmoht sagen lassen, dass weill er sehe, dass der Adell gesinnet were, ▼illmehr dass ihre, alss dess Landess bleiben, lu fördern, vndt mit YntterdrHckung der armen Saxen, dass Landt doch endth'g inss Verderben bringen werden, were er ent- schlossen, allen Processuni gehaltenen Landtages seinen Grossmäeh- tigen Keysser vorher su schreiben, vndt nachdem, sampt seinen KriegsTölckern auff Temesvar sn aiehen • alss dass landt solches angeblftret, ist jedermann ihn grosse füreht gerahten, vndt alssbaldt den Belogb Matlhae vndt Herrn Miehaelem Rukesch Senatorem Hediensem, den Passa su begntttgen Legation weiss saiufb M«uh«e geschickt; alss sie ankommen vmlt dci H.ilogli Mattliae •w««»Sii«»»k seine Oration vorznbi ingen , einen aritaiiL; macht, feit mdt wird hart ihm der Kuczuk Passa ihn grossem eifer ihn die rede, «»iferihren sagendt, du Verrnht«>i\ der du nun etlige deiner Fürsten verrahten hast, wie darffest dich anmessen, vntter meine äugen su kommen, oder wilt du deinen jetiigen- Herren vndt frommen mann den andern auch gleich machen, wendet sieh mit dem sum Herrn Rukesch seine Handt ihm aufT die Achssel schlagendt, vndt saget, diesse sein frotiiitji' ieut, die eihall< fi euch Verriihleni da^^ laiult, vndt werden auch bei meinem Keysser hoehgeaehtet, denen habt ihr tai dancken. auff welche reden der Halogh Matthae ihn grosse furcht gerähtet vndt mit scbracken vom Passa abscheidet, alss dass landt solche Verrichtung vernimmt, trachten sie von stnndt an, wie sie die bela- gerang Ciaussenburg vornehmen mOgten. Die 26 Martii kompl dess Walaehisehen Waida sobn selb 25 Legatiou weiss zum F. Apafi, was die Verrichtung gewesen, hat Digitized by Google 264 oei. w.iiteiii. man eigentlich nioht reroebmen kOnnpn. Vntter andern r.«i!ir4'.'J.t' tngeieig«t, wi« der Oiga Waida, dcaa w Pir> Luppvi Waida aohn* an der Peat geaterbeo, Tiidt were .i«.Afa. Thhiam btraH an seine stelle kommen. Die 2S Hartii kompt ein Kapncsi Paaaa aarapt Nr. 70 Tfireken Legition weita imn Knettik Passa, welches anbringen ebenennaaseB» niemandt innen kennen werden, nach abzuch desselben Legaten El« «ipnctiP.M« schicket der KucEuk nach vollendeten Fjündt.ig 2 Fahn fcoapt inst Undi. Türoken anfTTomesvar 7iim Ali Paf^sa, welche aber daas meiste theiii von den Waiachea ihm gebürg erschlagen worden. Nach verrichtetem Landttag Bricht der Kuczuk Passa rom o*rK«esakP.M« Ncycnmark atilf. Tndt aiebet sampt den Forsten Apafi briofcuo«, Ne.. ^^ff Ssamoa UiTtr an, ?ndt legen ateh bei demDerf- Mikela, weleher die 2000 Kurtaner, ae ▼ntter Gltna* eenburg gelegen, entkegen kommen; alas sie aber bei dem Sehlosa Betthlen anlangen, darin Keysaeriaehe tentaebe Vdleker lagen, stecketen bei der nacht dass mb dass Schloss eingesammelte Hey an, bei welchem der praesiiliai iurum ross vitdt diener ^a'Ici:en waren, Tndt die Kurtaner nicht eher gewahr worden, biss tim K«rtep«r sic nlcht durch geschrei gehöret , atss aber die ihm Bciihiw «M ^P^^l gesehen, haben sie alssbaldt auff die mUmi. Kurtaner fewer gegeben, tndt damit ihre Diener Tndt rosa ebne Yerlnat ins« aehloss bekommen, sein aber deaa andern tagea, nach absueb der Kurtaner, mit aack Tndt pack ihn daaa Scbloaa Saamea UjTar marschiret. Alhie ist tu wissen , dass weill der Daniel btmn neeb ihm Februar, wegen abscbaffung der teotseben Vftlcker. zam Rftmiaeben Keysser geschicket worden, w elches nr,<n tuglicli eiwüilct, derent« wegen der Fürst Apafi sampt dem Kuczuk seinen Zuch auff Szamos üjvar fein langsam genehmen, vndt 12 meiilen <'r8l ihn 20 tag'en verrichtet, noch alda ihm leger bei Mikola, eine gutte Zeit still gelegen, biss mitlerzeit gedachter Daniel Istvan an mOgte kommeiv der Fflrat Apafi schicket aber offl, seine Legationea wegen ergebimg Claoaaenbnrg vndt Saamoa Ujvar mit bedreyung, atQek auf sie tu bringen, rlehteten aber niebta aus, sondern Sellen die teutaeben oft DUKcfMerfwkH auaa Sxamos Ujvar, acharmAttireten mit den TQrekeni 4eB '^i7bi«»7s»* mandie Pnrt mit blutigen kdpffen davon kam, endt- ■M uijvar «to«B lig, am Karenfreitag ihn der Marterwochen, scharmflt» Digilized by G 1662. 265 sireteo aie iwei Stunden lang, hiss endtlig 7 teutsche reuter gefangen, eilige lom stich oliebeo« rodt die ▼brigen biss inss dess Schlosses thor gehawen worden. Die 17 April Würde der Sarpatoki Martoa, Szombatlifalvi btran Tndt Stepbanus Tatturlaki durch den Herrn Betthlen Janos naff die Port expediret, fobreten auss Eppeschdorf ^^^^^^ ^.„^ 9000 Imper. dabin, welehe von Nössen dahin gebracbt lar* fvti worden , eines theilss dess Kemeny Janos vndt Barcsai ••**•*•** geldt, so bei der alten ßichlei-n ihn Üeposito gelegen, eines theill 16 Addleut geldt so ihn Betthlen dem Schioss gelegen , vudt xu Nössen genuhmeii wurden. Nössen SHrapt ibi-em revier wird vnib diesse Zeit von den Turcken aulT elds gedrungen vndt werden auf etomaU %00 wagen beiadeo ihn den Tabor geführt. Die 28 Apffik ist su nacht, bei klarem weiter von Donner» Hagel Tndt Blita ein ersebreekligea wetterjaget den Kriegern grosse Furcht ein. Dess folgenden tages kompt post ihm leger ^^^^^ an» der Kemeny Simon kerne mit 10000 teutschen vndt «•■«■t sim* einer anzahl Vngerländer Katnern, Ciaussenburg zu entüetzeü. üdcv Milniciii ^unt Fürsten sich einzudringen, vndt gibt grosse furcht ihm landt. Der Kuczuk i*us^a schickt von Stimdt an,. hiitf aus der Moldow xu schicken, da sich der Waida ihn perschon einsustellen verspricht, mitlerweill langet der Sarosi G^örgy» so Legatioo weiss zum teutseben Keysser geschickt war» Stroai OjSrgj SO aber auch au keiner audiens gelangen können» an, ibiscbea K» jMW> aagendt: daaa an desa Kenieny Simon ankuoffl gnr nichts sei» Tndt wofern er kerne» wQrde er cur Huldigung kommen, ainte- mall ihm sein muht aller entfiillen were, su dem wOrde der Herr Daniel Istvan, tanquain primarius Legatus innerhalb wenigen tagen auch anlangen, so weitern bericht vom Römischen Keysser bringen mögte, aUs schickele der F. Apali alssbaidt ihn die Moldawe den Szinda Thamas, den Moldner Waida mit seiner tiüf vmbzukebreo» welches auch geschehen. Die 21 Apr. kam der Daniel Istran Ton teutseben o^^i i.i,.o Keysser an, mit bericht, dass der Keysser swar dem ko"pt'*">Bö«.. eusseriigen schein nach ein grosses mitleiden mit dem laadt helle, vndt wolle dasselbe nach möglichkeit gern in den Torigen stand bringen helfen, dass er aber sein Volk auss den 2M 1662- Schlössern nicht ausfübrete, geschehete 2U erhaituog dess iandes, Sübenbürgen, sobaldt aber das landt sur eim'gkeit gebracht vadt der feindt absieben wQrde, wolte er die Völ eker abfährea laaaea daa Datum dess sehreibens war der April 1662. Alss demnaeb Keysser M. resolutioa aiiff Sehrauben stbande, ▼ndt alles CoDditionaUter gesebebea, wurde der Kueaak PaaM gants Torichtig vndt nam den 23 April die belagerang Clanssenburg fQr, mt fc«Ug«rung vndt wurden, auff befehl dess Passa von Fograsch vir^rtgeMh- ^^^^^ Capitaii Fiiuicisciim Itaüanum 3 stöck sampt men. einem Morsch el itUm auss dem Gurgeny 3 sfOck dahin gebracht, vndt wurde die Studt täglich stark beschossen. Alss der Kuczuk Passa gehöret, dass der Convent ihm Aranyos Megyea binter sich gegangen, yndt die berufene Herren inss landt komroeo wereot acbickete er denselben, alss den Petki Istnn» Bettblen Parkas vndt Gergely Lasar Istvan» Beldi Pall, Mikes Kelemen vndt andern mehr aebr scharfe schreiben tum Apalt rufendt, welche sich auch der gestalt erklären an kommen, machen sieb auch anf den weg, terminiren aber eine lange Zeit Tntler den eilenden Saxen, fressen sie schier biss auff Mark vndt bein auss, auss mangel der Haber, müssen die arme leut den rossen das schönste Korn geben, alss sie demnach ihm zuch sein sampt der Szekelysegh, schicket der Fürst schreiben, den Daczo Janos vndt Mikes Kellemen Der KuciakPaitt ^efencklig zu nehmen, welches der Nemes Janos Ter^ berufet die Adel- hindert, doch den Mikes Kelemen ihn der sacben warnte^ welcher alsshaidt mit 30 Zeckeln sum Fflraten söge, der Hoffnung, esa werde ihm nlcbta widerfahren» wurde aber doch gefangen genehmen, vndt nach Fograsch geschickt. Ihn wehrender Belagerung kommen schreiben vom Ali Passa, dass der Fürst Apafi nicht nur mit ernst die Stadt Clansenbarg belegern solte, sondern zugleich auch einnehmen, wo nicht, so wolte er kommen einnehmen, vndt vor sich behalten, welche einmalcn kein Vdger melir hesitzen sollte, auff dieses p^ebot lie.ss der Fürst der Stück 3, den 28 April oberlialb Sz. Petter, auff cuiiwmiiwf b«- einen kleinen Hügel stellen, thet fünf schuss ihn die wbottcB. Statt, alss der Kucauk Passa ihn acht nähme, daaa die Stack auff die Heusser, vndt nicht auff mauren gerichtet waren, tOr- net er heffüg mit dem Forsten, will diePOchssen meister niderbnwen» ihm pfall sie die Mauren nicht ein schissen wOrden, dieselben schissen Digitized by Google 1002. ZOT auss furcht, thnn 86 schuss, fndl legen ein stflck der maoren nider, alss die keysscrischcu den ernst sehen, thuQ sie zum Abeiidt spät einen au>sla!!, bringen Vrehe mit sich, die Stück zu vberfallen, wer- den aber von den Tflrcken mit Verlust dri yop Soldaten zurückge- schlagen, dess andern Tages wird Fürstl. Gnaden dp« Puri^i^o iioir. HofTpredigcr Herrn Enyedi sanipt eiiieni Trometter p^*^'«" ^["- ihn die Statt geschickt, sie zur aufgebung zu ermanen, welche sie hiaa aoff den 3. Tag auffhieltea Tndt doch eotbot- scbaften, sieh biss auf einen mann tu wehren. Nach ankunfllt Herrn Bnyedi scIUcket die Statt eilige Taroehme Herrn inss leger, anhaltendt, der Statt anss erbamiiing sa sebonen, welche der POrst erstlig fragte : warumb sie die teutsehe VOlcker zum Verderben dess landess ein<;enohnien hettcn. g^ehen sie zur ant- wort, Fürst Kenieny hette sie durch den Mikt s Kelemen mit gewalt dahin gegeben; darauf!" der Fürst saget, helle ess ihnen also gefallen, sosolte es ihue^aucb jetzunder gefallen, vndt sein vnverrichter aachen, mit betrübtem muht, ihn die Statt zihen müssen, selbe di* TMkm Naebt Scbantseten die Türeken auff den Fridthoff kegen dem Thorlein der Heygassen« selbe nacht thun die auss KcyMerfadMa der Stadt vber 800 Schnss dem Schantzmacben so " ''"^ an«* dt>r Statt, wehren» dass Sebantzen ging aber doch fort» endtlig «« birrar aebi- wnrde ein TOrck,ein Edelmann, ein Katner, ein ross «kcAifgaiMtaa vndt ein Aleseber Stulssmann, durch einen Arm geschos- sen, sonst thetten mit den 300 schlissen nicht sonderligen schaden. Die 30 Ajtril. Schicken die Törcken einen posten 10.000 Tfir- cken von Ternesvar zu lioilen, baldt darauf wirdt ihm leger eine mehre spargiret, ess kernen 0000 TOrckeu von Warad mit 6 Stücken» geschähe aber den belegerten nur tum sebrecknOss, welcbes denn die ihn der Stadt auch verstunden« vndt aacb sugleicb Faiaebe uif»t ibn fbrcbt geriehten vndt zum schein Hesse sieb eine »ft^ tusabl Tflrcken auss, nahmen eine grosse anzabi Panrscbaflen bei sieb, sogen bei der nacht ibn einen Vmbweg oberhalb Monostor, kamen der Statt zn, alss wenn sie von Warad kSmen , vndt legerten sieh oberhalb der Statt, welches denn auch ihn der Statt ruchtbar Wardt, ess wolte aber doch nichts hiifeu, vndt achteten die belager- ten solcher Zeilufig gar nichts. Die 1. Maii kommen etlige Gdelleut auss Ciausenburg, welche sich von Obristen mit geldt abgekanfft, vndt ergehen sich dem Für- Digitized by Google 2QS 1662. «teo^ welchen tag fon Wand 900 Tndt tod TenesTir 700 Janeia- pen anlangen . vndt gibt ihm leger freydt. Ihn diessem Monat fangt Di« p«.i f»ogi die P* sl ;(bi i [iiall hin vntll wieder ihm landt stark zu *flTiJt*iT*grMir g**«*ssiren, dass alssu drei Jahr aneinander die Pest f». angewehret» ¥odt vill Junge mansehaft weg genohmeiL Nachdem nun auss dem SehaoU dees Fridtbofa die Statt tmt tag ernatlig besohoaaen ward, doch ohne T«B waraosdt ^|^^^^ belagerten» Heia der Kaexok Paaaa, gleich»* ■m»m uAnikm' 0g,g Vnmnht einen Scbante eberhalb dem Sehnei- derlhnrm, alUvu die Statt ulk h im stät ketten ist, auffricbten, vndt liess mit seinem Püehhseiiiiieister die Maueru cuai.fabur^ beschiessen, welche» aias voerfalireoe, die slück oiokt »ir4i «tarck I»«. £ß laden wüsten, yndt ihn karxer Zeit etlige xer- MMpriaff<«itti- aprengten» Todt gleiehwoU niohta aoaanchten kOntaa. et aM«k. Der oheni aber ihn der Statt Darid A Reidan, alas er den groaaen ernst deaa TnaofhOr Ilgen aehiasena aahe, Ueaa er iimbher- halb der Mauren etlige kleine heusser der Statt einreissen, liess Dirid A Rjidio doppelte graben autlrichten, vndt foriitieiret die Statt foriificiret die lonerüg Sehr woll, dass wenn gleich die Mauern gefalieu aUttaiittSarn- ... .. « l . . .. » , •uf ▼Ultra««*- wereo» die inoeruge Schanta abernali Mauren gegoKea betten. Alaa der Kocxak Paaaa aahe, dtia alle sein thon Tergebeni war, ?ndt mit aehiaaen nichts auasriohten kunte, fienge er mit dam Fürsten oft Zorn rndt Zanck an, beschuldiget den Fürsten, alss wenn ess ihm kein rechter erast were, eiitiüig Hesse er in seinem toben vndt wüttcn eine Fahn anffstecken vndt anssruffen, dass s%eU'he Ckiriateo den Türckischen glauben würden wiliigkligeo annebaea« Tntter seine fahn kommen, vndt dem groasmechtigen Keyaaer dieactt» denen wulle er monatligea Anf Imper. xur besoldung geben, wais geschähe, ess funden sieh innerhalb weniger Zeit, ihn die SS Laodt- lauffer« Tndt Tersweiffelte Mamelucken, so bestimpte Soldt empfingen, den Türckischen glauben auuahmen. vndt mit grosser Türckischer Soilenilat, mit Paucken viidl Trometten beschnitten wurden, die DrrKvonkpatM leget dcr Psssa , viitter einem gewissen Capitäu, so der mm«i ttte ▼ngrischen Sprach kundig war« ▼ntter den Schants, ihn raf«D Nr 3s einen Neyen gemachten graben, daas wenn ess oabt hn."*!».«! Jch li^^l®* heimligen aussfnil an thun, alaa derewegea die ktttkMUft,!««» belagerten nach aweien tagen, auff selbigen 8ebaiti Digitized by Google 1662. 269 so, eioen attsafilH fMeo , Tndt neben den graben. «Iwo die Naje Mamelaeliiche anaa Cbriaten gemaehte TQr- «'r<i«.iboei»»« eben lagen» yeritber zieben mflaaen , doeb Tnwiaaendt ii.w,!MapidV* derselben, aba sie aber ?ngefebr anff ale kommen Tndt cftrufa- ansichtig werden, sein sie, che ihnen Hiltf kommen kennen, vun den anfaliendeii teutschen vberfailen, vndt der meyneidigen Nr. 27 sampt dt in Capitän, erschlagen worden, deren fahn sie ihn die Stadt bracht, Tndt tnuniphiret» aUao pfleget Gott allen, so dergleichen thun, ablohnen. Derweill eaa den praesidiariia etwass geglöcket wagen sie de» andern tageas etwaa grteaerea, vndt fallen auff 400 Rentter auaa, dea Sebents bei dem Sebaeidertburm su vberfallen, ess bette aicb der Paaaa beaaer maaaen ibn aebt geaobmen, Yndl mit groaaer ansabl sich praepariret, die rosa geaattelt, atetigea ibn sftumen gebalten, •r aber batte aieb mit seinen Vernembaten Care an trineken geaetset, alss aber, der aussfallender we^en, dem Passa Zeitung kommeu» ist er selbst zu ross gesessen vniil sehi sUirck ihn die Keysserischen gesetzet» ihren Obristen sampt eiligen, alssbaidt erleget, e*. wtrdt ti* Tßdt die vbriffen alle zerstreiet, vntit dermassen Tntter- ^ »iiclt «Urck Lander vermischet, duss sie sich mit den Schwertern seii«rafuini. defendiren müssen, vndt endtlig der Statt zu geflohen, weleben die TOrekeo slarck nacbgesetset, derweill aber die teutaeben snm bin- terbalt» eine ansall Soldaten TndtMttaehqnetirer» neben dasa kleine tborlein geatellet, aber mit aehiaaen, weill aie ibn der fluebt Ter- miaeb^ geritten, ibnen gants nicbt biUTea kennen, beben diejenige« ebener massen die inebt nehmen mtaaen , daaa der meiste theill gleichwoll ihn die Statt kuinmen, vndt wenn tlucli ernannten Musque- tierer nicht (>:e\\ cs^ea n eren, m ort' kein Fuss ihivon kommen, derweill auch etlige Kätner den teutsclien vniternnischt gewessen, wirdt der Racz Gabor von einem vornehmen Türckea 2 Mall ihn r d«r fluebt ihn den rOekea gehawea, alaa er zum dritten mall l»eg5nBet sa bawen, feit dass ross mit dem Tür- Tdrck erb.«» eken» weleber ^00 dea tentacben gefangen arirdt». alas aber die TOreken ibnen anff den füaaen sein» wirdt der- MMft JentgeTornebmeTarek tob den teutscben nidergehaaren, ***** ohtn^n vndt bringen dasa roas mit seM&ner RQstuog ihn die Statt Desü andern tages schicket der Obriste David a Reidan, den Forsten biUig auhaitendt, damit doch die erschlagene Körper, deren Digilized by Google 270 ihn die 70 w&reu, ehrlig begraben mögen werden, der leib iber dess Obristen.^so sehr Toraehmes gesebleebt gewessen » soUe, we möglich, ihn die Statt tu fahren rcrgötinet werden, ihn welehe» pfall ihm grosse freundtschaft widerfahren würde, welches iwur der Fürst gerne gethan, solches aber mit niehten erhallen kennen, son- dern die erfichiagene sampt dess Christen leib, sein alle vor den Sehants geschlepfet, vndt zum Spectakel biss auf den 3. tag aldt D«r «rMMaftM ügendt gehalten worden , endtlig doch t allss sie not ^^laT '^V^ gleichssam stinkendt worden, sein sie auss antassong uehdrejeauf«* dcss Psssa vott den Vngem begraben worden» die 12 ff ra im. Vagen Leiber aber der Türcken, sein gleicher weiss, nadi begraiira. (Jer Törcken weiss, ihn ein dl» iideriiges Ohrt rerjS^- itumixTurok.n bcn wordcti, ess hatten abt'i die Tureken bey den leul- ib«»i"berib»M s*^hen, Forauss den Vornembsten. {»iite beulten fundeo, tkhU» voHcB. alss bei manchem 50, 60 vndt 70 Ducliaten» bei dem Obristen aber auf 200. Naeb diessem ScharmatEel Hess der Obriste von neyem die Statt, vorauss die Alte bürg vndt Marek ver- schantcen. Die 14 May kompt der Kettzelj Andnis, vndt Filstig Fetter, hei dem Fürsten Apafi inss leger, aherniiiil Ititten«! der St;iU zu scimneii, alss sie aber nichts erlangen, erklären sie sich ihn aiiem pfüll R&misch Keysserl. vorgebendt, dass sie die belagermig nock wall ausshalten kanten, vndt betten noek an pvlwer swei Gewftlber volL n«rc«aim«j»M andern tages nach ankunfit diesser 2 Herrea wbMMi «Im« Sebisset der Commandant einen Tattrtsehen pfeiH mit Tatriiehrn pfeiCI WM Tnrtkea la- cinem iiigohundencit l'iipier, so aul der einer selten sehlecht weiss, aufT der mdern selten mit bliit roht angestrichen gewessen » so den t'rideu vndt auch krieg gedeutet hat Vmb diesse Zeit, derweill die meiste Parteysche Adelleot, sich Di* fMetidJtrii ihm SchlossBetthlen auffgehalten, tbnn sie den Ndasnera IT. R^Mhi n thon ^^^^ ihrem revier mit aussfall vndt rauben, grosaea wthmitm. schaden, alss der Fürst solehes innen wirdt, schicket er ;iUU katner dahin. Nothwendig ist aliiie zu wissen, welches oben vntterlassen worden, dass als sich der Fürst, sampt dem Kuczuk Passa vor * Ssamosajw^r bei dem Dorfe Mikola, niedergelassen hatte, war der BsnfB Dienes, sampt dem Torma Istvan aufT glauben vndt aolassaig Digitized by Google 1662. 271 dm^Sfifst, anss dem SebloM Betthlen sam Forsten Herrii..fi Dic- kuiHiiKMi, da sie mancherlei miteinander geredet , der _ 7 I n üH» • r> 1 . rtx kommt« Fürst viitti t iüHiern den oanin senior öchwagerschallt, «ufgi.nbeu h^j 80 der Fürstin Schwester zwr ehe gehabt, erinnert viidt f*"«*« gebeten, sieb» sampt deo fiemeo oicht ioss Verderben zu bringen; •Im er aber Till aaderes ainnes geweaaeii, Todt selber daas FQratentbunnb» wie gesagel wurde« gehoffet, hat er auff deaa Forsten persvasiones niebt bOreo wollen > vndt widerumb ihn daas Seblosa marsehiret; alss sie aber gleieh in procinietu sein» kompt der Kuezuk i*assa ilin grossen Vnniulit, lielt sie mit W orten, alss er seinen wanekclmuht gesellen, lästerlig, ihnen beiden den tbodt dreyeudt, welche ihn grosse Furcht gerahteo, derweil! sie aber auff glauben* vndt dess Pstssa xulassung koramen waren» kommen aie ohne gefahr daTon. Naebdem aber, Tntter wehren- der belegerung, der Banlfi Dienea an aeinem GlOek iweiffelndt» Till schwere Gedaneken fUbret» acbieket er endtlig neben dem Forsten $^ich aufThaltenden seinen gutten Freunden schreiben, dass, ihni pfall der Fürst ihn güttigkiigca wtirde anhören, dess Kucj&uk Vngnadt wegen siehern, vndt zum 3. diejenige huua, so ihm Herr Kemeiiy Janos conferiret, sicherlig zu besitzen zulassen, wollte sich bei demselben einstellen Tndt ihm huldigen. Der Fürst, so aileseit ein Liebhaber des Fridena war, Hesa aolehea alles, was er begehret, au, achieket ihm auch aelber Versicherungsschreiben mit, baldt naeh dem kam er sum Forsten inss lager, b.«rfi oi«.«* wQndtschet ihm scuici» l üisteuthumbs allerlei reichli- gen segen, gluck vndt heill, mit erkJarung Tndt ofleri- ji^,,hieo. hui.ii- rung seiner Ireyen Diensten, iu ^umma er striche, sei- rier beredsamkeit nach, seine woll meinende trey weit- .ich l&offlg heraoas. Alaa er aber rber des Fürsten taffei Tom >• le»ea.
| 35,089 |
https://github.com/wushin/dungeon-revealer/blob/master/src/dm-area/components/note-link.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
0BSD
| 2,022 |
dungeon-revealer
|
wushin
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 116 | 362 |
import * as React from "react";
import { useNoteWindowActions } from "../token-info-aside";
import { useWindowContext } from "../token-info-aside/token-info-aside";
import styled from "@emotion/styled/macro";
import { lighten } from "polished";
const LINK_COLOR = "#044e54";
const LINK_COLOR_HOVER = lighten(0.1, LINK_COLOR);
const StyledNoteLink = styled.button`
all: unset;
cursor: pointer;
color: #044e54;
text-decoration: underline;
&:hover {
color: ${LINK_COLOR_HOVER};
}
`;
export const NoteLink: React.FC<{ id?: string }> = (props) => {
const windowId = useWindowContext();
const noteWindowActions = useNoteWindowActions();
const id = props.id ?? null;
if (id === null) {
return <>{props.children ?? null}</>;
}
return (
<StyledNoteLink
onClick={(ev) => {
if (ev.ctrlKey || ev.metaKey) {
noteWindowActions.showNoteInNewWindow(id);
} else {
noteWindowActions.showNoteInWindow(id, windowId);
}
}}
>
{props.children ?? id}
</StyledNoteLink>
);
};
| 34,335 |
congressionalrec137iunit_198
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,947 | 10,808 |
"(2) Action before a hearing.- "(A) In general —The Secretary may sus- pend or limit the certificate of the facility before holding a hearing required by para- graph (1) if the Secretary makes the finding described in paragraph (1) and determines that— "(i) the failure of a facility to comply with the standards established by the Secretary under subsection (f) presents an imminent and serious risk to human health: or "(11) a facility has engsiged in an action de- scribed In subparagraph (D) or (E) of para- graph (1). "(B) Hearing.- If the Secretary suspends or limits a certificate under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall provide an oppor- tunity for a hearing to the owner or operator of the facility not later than 60 days from the effective date of the suspension or limi- tation. The suspension or limitation shall re- main in effect until the decision of the Sec- retary made after the hearing. "(3) iNELiGiBiLrrr to own or operate fa- CiLrriES AFTER REVOCATION.— If the Secretary revokes the certificate of a facility on the basis of an act described in paragraph (1), no person who owned or operated the facility at the time of the act may, within 2 years of the revocation of the certificate, own or op- erate a facility that requires a certificate under this section. "(J) Injunctions.- If the Secretary deter- mines that continuation of any activity re- lated to the provision of mammography by a facility would constitute a significant hazard to the public health, the Secretary may bring suit In the district court of the United States for the district in which the facility is situated to enjoin continuation of the activ- ity. Upon a proper showing, the district court shall grant a temporary injunction or restraining order against continuation of the activity without requiring the Secretary to post a bond, pending Issuance of a final order under this subsection, "(k) Judicial Review.- "(1) PETmoN.— If the Secretary Imposes an intermediate sanction on a facility under subsection (h) or suspends, revokes, or limits the certificate of a facility under subsection (1), the owner or operator of the facility may, not later than 60 days after the date the ac- tion of the Secretary becomes final, file a pe- tition with the United States court of ap- peals for the circuit in which the facility is situated for judicial review of the action. As soon as practicable after receipt of the peti- tion, the clerk of the court shall transmit a copy of the petition to the Secretary or other officer designated by the Secretary. As soon as practicable after receipt of the copy, the Secretary shall file in the court the record on which the action of the Secretary is based, as provided in section 2112 of title 28, United States Code. "(2) ADomoNAL EVIDENCE.— If the peti- tioner applies to the court for leave to ad- duce additional evidence, and shows to the satisfaction of the court that the additional evidence is material and that there were rea- sonable grounds for the failure to adduce such evidence In the proceeding before the Secretary, the court may order the addi- tional evidence (and evidence in rebuttal of the additional evidence) to be taken before the Secretary, and to be adduced upon the hearing in such manner and upon such terms and conditions as the court may determine to be proper. The Secretary may modify the findings of the Secretary as to the facts, or make new findings, by reason of the addi- tional evidence so taken, and the Secretary shall file the modified or new findings, and the recommendations of the Secretary, if any. for the modification or setting aside of the original action of the Secretary with the return of the additional evidence. "(3) Judgment of court. — Upon the filing of the petition referred to in paragraph (1), the court shall have jurisdiction to affirm the action, or to set the action aside in whole or in part, temporarily or perma- nently. The findings of the Secretary as to the facts, if supported by substantial evi- dence, shall be conclusive. "(4) FlNALFTY OF JUDGMENT.— The judgment of the court affirming or setting aside, in whole or in part, any action of the Secretary shall be final, subject to review by the Su- preme Court of the United States upon cer- tiorari or certification, as provided in sec- tion 1254 of title 28, United States Code. "(1) Sanctions.- Any person who inten- tionally violates any requirement of this section or any regulation promulgated under this section- "(1) shall be imprisoned for not more than 1 year or fined in accordance with title 18, United States Code, or both; and "(2) for a second or subsequent offense shall be imprisoned for not more than 3 years or fined in accordance with title 18, United States Code, or both. "(m) Fees.— "(1) Certificate fees.- The Secretary shall require payment of fees for the issu- ance and renewal of certificates. "(2) ADorriONAL fees.- The Secretary shall require the payment of fees for inspections of facilities that were accredited by accredita- tion bodies from whom the Secretary with- drew approval under subsection (e)(3). "(3) Criteria.— "(A) Certificate fees.- Fees imposed under paragraph (1) shall be sufficient to cover the geneiral costs of administering this section except for costs described in subpara- graph (B), including— "(1) evaluating and monitoring quality as- surance and quality control progrrams; "(11) excluding and monitoring accredita- tion bodies; and "(ill) monitoring compliance with the re- quirements of this section. "(B) ADomoNAL fees.— Fees imposed under paragraph (2) shall be sufficient to cover the cost of the Secretary in carrying out the inspections, "(n) Information.— "(1) In general.— Not later than AttclX 1, 1994, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall compile and make available to physi- cians and the general public information that the Secretary determines is useful in evaluating the performance of a facility, in- cluding a list of facilities— "(A) that have been convicted under Fed- eral or State laws relating to fraud and abuse, false billings, or kickbacks; "(B) that have been subject to intermedi- ate sanctions under subsection (h), together with a statement of the reasons for the sanc- tions; "(C) that have had certificates revoked, suspended, or limited under subsection (i), together with a statement of the reasons for the revocation, suspension, or limitation; "(D) against which the Secretary has taken action under subsection (j), together with a statement of the reasons for the ac- tion: "(E) that have been the subject of a sanc- tion under subsection (1), together with a statement of the reasons for the sanction: and "(F) whose accreditation has been with- drawn or revoked, together with a statement of the reasons of the withdrawal or revoca- tion. "(2) Date.— The Information to be com- piled under paragraph (1) shall be informa- tion for the calendar year preceding the date the information Is to be made available to the public. "(3) Explanatory information.— The in- formation to be compiled under paragraph (1) shall be accompanied by such explanatory information as may be appropriate to assist in the interpretation of the information compiled under the paragraph. "(o) Delegation.— In carrying out this sec- tion, the Secretary may enter into an agree- ment with a Federal, State, or local public agency or nonprofit private organization, use the services or facilities of the agency or nonprofit private organization, and pay for the services or use of facilities in advance or by way of reimbursement, and in such in- stallments, as the Secretary may determine, "(p) State and Local Laws.— "(1) Consistent laws.- Except as provided in paragraph (2), nothing in this section shall be construed as affecting the power of any State or locality to enact and enforce laws relating to the matters covered by this sec- tion to the extent that the laws are not in- consistent with this section or with the reg- ulations issued under this section. "(2) More stringent laws.- If a State or locality enacts laws relating to matters cov- ered by this section that provide for require- ments equal to or more stringent than the requirements of this section or than the reg- ulations issued under this section, the Sec- retary may exempt facilities in that State or locality fi"om compliance with this section, "(q) Mammography Registry.— "(1) Research.— "(A) Establishment of grants.- The Sec- retary shall make grants to such entities as the Secretary may determine to be appro- priate to conduct research on new methods of establishing a Mammography Registry, in- cluding archiving and retrieval of mammog- raphy images, physician reports, and out- come and followup information. "(B) Use of funds.— Grants awarded under subparagraph (A) may be used— "(1) to study— "(I) improved methods of mammography film duplication, centralized digital 24758 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE October 1, 1991 - ji I J.. - ^ ^. ^»,^„ «nr thi« «»nt.tnn ts 000 000 for fiscal moHTaphy facilities, including quality of October 1, 1991 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE 24759 Grant recipients must report to the Sec- pol'.arv rpan)f.a nf nf.iidlAH A.nd tt^n^K alonir with will open the doors to better treat- women are living today who have had 24758 CONGRESSIONAL RECORI>— SENATE October 1, 1991 October 1, 1991 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE 24759 archiving, and individual patient archiving In a Mammography Registry; and "(11) mechanisms for limiting access and maintaining conHdentiallty of all stored data: and "(11) to conduct pilot testing of the meth- ods and mechanisms described In subclauses (I) and (11) of clause (1) on a limited basis. "(C) Grant application.— To be eligible to receive funds under this paragraph, an entity shall submit an application to tha Secretary at such time, in such manner, and contain- ing such information as the Secretary may require. "(D) Report.— A recipient of a grant under this paragraph shall submit a report to the Secretary containing the results of the study and testing conducted under clauses (i) and (li) of subparagraph (B). along with rec- ommendations for methods of establishing a Mammography Registry. "(2) Establishment.- The Secretary shall establish a Mammography Registry based on the recommendations contained in the re- port described in paragraph (1)(D). "(3) Standards and procedures.- The Secretary shall establish standards and pro- cedures for the operation of the Mammog- raphy Registry. Including procedures to maintain confidentiality of patient records. "(4) Information.— The Secretary may re- quire that facilities provide to the Mammog- raphy Registry relevant data that could help in the research of the causes, characteristics, and prevalance of. and potential treatments for. breast cancer and benign breast condi- tions, if the Information may be disclosed under section 552 of title 5. United States Code. The data may Include information on patients relating to age, race, geographic lo- cation, type of breast cancer and benign breast conditions, family history, occupa- tional hazards, other medical conditions, uses of mammographic images, estrogen re- placement, use of oral contraception, num- ber of conceptions or births, and age of the patient at each conception or birth. -SEC. S54A. BREAST CANCER MORTAUTY PRE- VENTION REGIONAL training CEN- TERS. "(a) Grants.- The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Dis- ease Control, may make grants to State health departments and other public and nonprofit entitles with similar capabilities to enhance the capacity of health personnel in the area of breast cancer mortality pre- vention. "(b) Use of Funds.- A department or en- tity may use a grant received under sub- section (a) to establish a breast cancer mor- tality prevention regional training center and develop a training curriculum, which shall include emphasis on the design, deliv- ery, and management of comprehensive breast cancer programs, including in particu- lar an emphasis on screening, follow-up, pub- lic education, professional education, quality assurance, and surveillance and evaluation. "(c) Appucation.— In order to be eligible to receive a grant under subsection (a), a de- partment or entity shall submit an applica- tion to the Secretary at such time, in such manner, and containing such Information as the Secretary shall require. "(d) Collaboration.— The Secretary shall encourage departments and entitles that re- ceive grants under subsection (a) to collabo- rate with academic institutions, comprehen- sive cancer centers, and other groupe in the design, formulation, and delivery of training programs. "(e) Authorization of appropriations.— There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $5.(X)0.000 for fiscal year 1993 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 1994 and 1996. '. SEC. a. APPUCATION OF STANDARDS TO MEDI- CARE PROGRAM. (a) In General.— Section 1834(c)(3) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395m(c)(3)). as added by section 4163 of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, is amended to read as follows: "(3) Quality standards.— Screening mam- mography performed under this part shall be performed— "(A) at a certified facility, as defined in section 354(a)(2) of the Public Health Service Act. that is in compliance with the require- ments described in clauses (i) through (ill) of section 354(d)(2)(B) of such Act: and "(B) in accordance with the standards es- tablished under section 354(0 of such Act.". (b) Conforming amendments.- (1) Section 1862(a)(1)(F) of the Social Secu- rity Act (42 U.S.C. 1395y(a)(l)(F)) is amended by striking "established under section 1834(c)(3)" and inserting "described in sec- tion 1834(c)(3)". (2) Section 1863 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395z) is amended by striking "es- tablished under section 1834(c)(3)" and in- serting "described in section 1834(c)(3)". (3) The first sentence of section 1864(a) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395aa(a)) is amended by striking "established under section 1834(c)(3)" and inserting "described in section 1834(c)(3)". ANALYSIS OF Breast Cancer Screening Safety Act of 1991 Title: The bill is entitled "Breast Cancer Screening Safety Act of 1991." Certificate: After December 31. 1993. no fa- cility may conduct a mammogram without a certificate issued by the Secretary of the De- partment of Health and Human Services. Each certificate is valid for a period of 2 years and is renewable. A facility must provide assurances that it meets the sUndards for quality in the areas of equipment, personnel, and quality control established by the Secretary in order to re- ceive a certificate. A facility may apply di- rectly to the Secretary for a certificate, or if the facility is accredited by an approved ac- creditation body, the accreditation body may submit the application on behalf of the facility to the Secretary. The Secretary will prescribe the manner of applying for a certificate for facilities. Examinations and Procedures: Certificates will be issued to facilities in order for facili- ties to operate equipment In performing mammography, interpretation of screenings, performance of needle localization, and for on-going quality control procedures. Accreditation: A mammography facility may receive accreditation ft-om an accredita- tion body that has been approved by the Sec- retary. The accreditation body may submit the application for certification on behalf of the facility. Accreditation bodies shall assist facilities in meeting— at a minimum— the quality standards established by the Sec- retary. AccrediUtion bodies may inspect facilities on behalf of the Secretary to determine if the facilities are in compliance with the standards set by the Secretary. The Secretary shall evaluate annually the performance of accreditation bodies. In the event that approval of an accreditation body is withdrawn, the certificate will remain In effect for 60 days following notice of with- drawal. Federal Standards: The Secretary shall es- tablish federal quality standards for mam- mography facilities, including quality of equipment and personnel. In developing standards, the Secretary shall consult with the American College of Radiology. Certification of Personnel: The Secretary, by regulation, shall identify the organiza- tions and boards that may certify Individ- uals to perform radiological procedures, to interpret screening mammograms, and to in- spect equipment. The Secretary will also es- tablish qualification standards. Inspections: The Secretary shall conduct inspections of certified facilities, announced or unannounced, at least once a year. Each facility shall mainuin records of Inspections for a minimum of 7 years. Intermediate Sanctions: If the Secretary determines that a facility has not complied with federal standards, or if the approval of an accreditation body is withdrawn or re- voked, the Secretary may impose intermedi- ate sanctions. Such sanctions will be im- posed not earlier than 90 days after notifica- tion of noncompliance with standards or withdrawal or revocation of accreditation approval. Intermediate sanctions include a directed plan or correction; civil damages not to ex- ceed SICOOO for each failure or each day of noncompliance; or payment for the cost of onsite monitoring. Suspension, Revocation, Limitation of Cer- tificate: The Secretary may suspend, revoke, or limit a certificate. If after reasonable no- tice and opportunity for a hearing, the facil- ity has misrepresented Information, failed to comply with standards, failed to comply with the Secretary's requests, or has refused a reasonable request of a federal officer or of the Secretary. Injunctions: If the Secretary determines that the activity of a facility constitutes a significant health hazard to the public, the Secretary may bring suit in federal district court to enjoin the continuation of that ac- tivity. Appeals: An owner or operator of a facility may file an appeal in U.S. Court of Appeals of judicial review of the imposition of an in- termediate sanction. Criminal Sanctions: It will be a criminal offense to intentionally violate any provi- sion of this Act or accompanying regula- tions. Sanctions will Include Imprisonment for not more than one year, or in the event of a second offense, for not more than 3 years. Fees: The Secretary shall require fees for certificates and inspection If they lead to a withdrawal of approval. Information: No later than April 1, 1994 and annually thereafter, the Secretary will com- pile and make available to physicians and the general public information for evaluat- ing facilities, including a list of facilities with revoked, suspended or limited certifi- cates, those subject to sanctions, withdrawn or revoked accreditation. State or local law: This Act shall not af- fect the power of any state or locality to enact and enforce laws consistent with this Act. If a State or locality enacts a more stringent law. the Secretary may exempt the facilities in that state or locality with com- pliance with this Act. Research Grants: The Secretary will make grants to entitles to conduct research on new methods of establishing a Mammog- raphy Registry, including mammography images, physician reports, outcome and fol- lowup Information. Grants may be used to improve methods of film duplication, archiving, access and confidentiality of data, and pilot testing. Grant recipients must report to the Sec- retary results of studies and tests along with recommendations for establishing a Mam- mography Registry. Information to Registry: The Secretary may require facilities to provide data to the Regristry that will assist research of the causes, characteristics, prevalence of, and potential treatments for breast cancer. Training Centers: The Secretary, acting through the Director of the Centers for Dis- ease Control, may make grants to state health departments and other public and nonprofit entities with similar capabilities to establish breast cancer mortality preven- tion regional training centers and to develop training curriculum. Grant recipients shall be encouraged to collaborate with academic Institutions, comprehensive c;ancer centers, and other groupe in the design, formulation, and delivery of training programs. Medicare: The Social Security Act will be amended so that screening mammography at a certified facility complies with this Act. • Ms. MIKULSKI. Mr. President, today I rise to add my support to the Breast Cancer Screening Safety Act of 1991. This is an important piece of legisla- tion to women and families all over America. Mr. President, women in America are getting the message that they should have regular mammograms to protect themselves from breast cancer, but women are dying when mammograms are misread and poorly performed by untrained i)er8onnel. Three years ago. Senators Adams, Levin, Cohen, and I set out to fix the abuse and neglect Americans were fac- ing with their clinical lab tests. These problems were serious. People were dying because of misread Pap smears and inadequate oversight of a money- making medical industry. Today, these same problems are showing up throughout the country in mammography facilities. Women are dying and disfigured because of poorly performed mammograms. We don't know how many of the 44,000 deaths ftom breast cancer could have been avoided by assuring that every mam- mogram is a quality mammogram, but even one is one too many. These trage- dies must be stopped. I am happy to report that medical in- surance coverage is more broadly available for mammograms than it used to be. In my State of Maryland, all State-regulated insurers, as well as Medicaid and Medicare, must pay for quality mammograms. I am also pleased that in 1990 the Breast and Cervical Cancer Mortality Prevention Act, a bill I introduced, was signed into law. This law provides States with grants to educate physi- cians and the public about breast and cervical cancer, how to treat them and how to detect them. It also provides money for States to set up breast and cervical cancer screening programs for women who do not have access to medi- cal services. Mr. President, we are on the way to success in getting more funds this year for breast cancer research. These funds will open the doors to better treat- ments and better screening. But we still need to be doing more to make women's headth care accurate, affordable, and accessible. We still have a lot of work to do to ensure that all mammograms are accurate. A bad mammogram is worse than none at all. It gives you a false sense of security, when in fact, serious, and even deadly, problems may go undetected. We must protect women and those who care about them from the horrors of a misread, poorly performed mam- mogram. Our bill would accomplish this for all women throughout the country. First, this legislation will set accept- able standards for equipment and per- sonnel. These standards are similar to those in place under Medicare, and those recommended by the American College of Radiology. Second, this legislation will establish an oversight system for outside ver- ification of mammography facilities. Outside verification is the best way to make sure that facilities are keeping up with the standards that are being set. We did pass Medicare mammogram standards last year as part of the 1990 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act. This was a good first step to getting a minimum standard of acceptable prac- tice throughout the country. But it only applies to facilities that want Medicare to pay for the mammogram. Some States, including Maryland, have also taken some steps in passing laws that make sure mammograms are safe and accurate. But why should women in all the other States go with- out these basic protections? Why should they suffer, and even die, be- cause the equipment or personnel that are used for the mammogram are not adequate? These gaps are unacceptable and this bill will fill these gaps. I am pleased to support this bill to protect women and urge my colleagues to join Senator ADAMS, Senator DUREN- BERGER, and me in cosponsoring this important improvement to women's health.* women are living today who have had breast cancer. Despite the improved survival rates, there is much more to be done. The American Cancer Society has esti- mated that 175,000 women will be diag- nosed with breast cancer this year. These women need a source of opti- mism and hope. And, these women need the assurance that the services avail- able to them are of the highest quality. When a woman's life is at stake, there is no acceptable margin of error. At present, the best method known to reduce breast cancer mortality is early detection. E:arly detection per- mits treatment that greatly increases the chance for survival. Mammog- raphy, an X ray of the breast, is the most effective method in the detection of early sta^e breast cancer. Where a service such as screening mammography has life saving poten- tial, I believe it is our responsibility to ensure that it is the highest quality possible. However, this is not the case for all mammographies. The General Accounting Office has found that where professional groups have established quality standards to eruide screening facilities, the stand- ards are not uniformly followed, and im&ge quality and dose vary widely in current mammography practice. That is why we are introducing this legisla- tion requiring the Secretary to develop national quality standards for all mammography facilities in the area of equipment, personnel, oversight, qual- ity control, and enforcement. BREAST CANCER SCREENING SAFETY ACT OF 1991 Mr. DURENBERGER. Mr. President, I am pleased to join my colleagues. Senators Adams and Mckulski in intro- ducing the Breast Cancer Screening Safety Act of 1991. This legislation will provide uniform standards for the per- formance of mammography services and should therefore improve the chances of survival for many women in America. Thanks to increased openness in dis- cussing the disease, Americans are more aware than ever that breast can- cer is a disease that^-with early detec- tion and proper treatment — can be sur- vived. In fact, millions of American WOMEN'S HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAM • Mr. DURENBERGER. Mr. President, in Minnesota and throughout the Na- tion, October has been declared Breast Cancer Awareness Month. In recogni- tion of this important declaration, I would like to take this opportunity to commend a wonderful program in my home State of Minnesota. The Min- neapolis YWCA ENCOREVWomen's Health Promotion Program is a model breast cancer information program de- signed to meet women's physical and emotional needs. In 1990, 100 women received ongoing program services and more than 800 participated in community outreach programs. The program includes activi- ties such as exercise sessions, group discussions, and outreach programs. Most importantly— the program is a source of information — and informa- tion is the key to recovery and early detection. Still today, far too many women who have had breast cancer remain isolated due to lack of information about exist- ing resources. Women need to know about this disease and to be encouraged to seek early diagnosis and women that have had breast cancer need to know about resources available to them. 24760 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE October 1, 1991 «. «.U.. *■ 1.^ v1 fVia T•arof-art/^a tr\ an ru>rvf QAii rplPRRP In RArMon October 1, 1991 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE 24761 served by imposing a duty. I submit, pleted within a year or two after being used 24 hours per day. Furthermore, 24760 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE October 1, 1991 October 1, 1991 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE 24761 The Minneapolis YWCA has planned a schedule of events that focus on early detection and support. One event, scheduled for October 1 is called "Cele- brating Life and Laughter: An Evening for Breast Cancer Survivors." I am grateful to know that there are survi- vors, and I am grateful to know that there is an opportunity to celebrate. Mr. President, it is my hope that every State will adopt a program simi- lar to that offered by the Minneapolis YWCA EINCOREAVomen's Health Pro- motion. Such programs enhance the quality of life for all women in this country.* By Mr. BIDEN: S. 1778. A bill to amend title 18. Unit- ed States Code, to require the Bureau of Prisons to notify local law enforce- ment agencies of the release of Federal prisoners; to the Committee on the Ju- diciary. NOTIFICATION OF RELEASE OF FEDERAL PRISONfiRS • Mr. BIDEN. Mr. President, today I am introducing legislation that will provide local law enforcement agencies with critical information they need to keep our streets and communities safe from dangerous criminals. This legislation will require Federal officials to notify local law enforce- ment officers when any prisoner con- victed of a violent crime is released from Federal prison on probation, pa- role, or supervised release. At the present time, notification regarding the release of violent criminals occurs sporadically and inconsistently. The U.S. Parole Commission has delegated the discretion to inform local authori- ties of the release of Federal offenders to the chief U.S. probation officer in the district where a prisoner is re- leased. This bill eliminates that discre- tion, requiring notification in all cases involving the release of violent crimi- nals. The need for mandatory release noti- fication came to my attention recently through the case of Mr. James Allen Red Dog. After serving 12 years in Fed- eral prison for armed robbery, Mr. Red Dog was paroled to Wilmington, DE, where he allegedly murdered a man, and kidnapped and repeatedly raped a woman. By his own admission, Mr. Red Dog shared involvement in four mur- ders before being released in Delaware. He had been cited twice for violating parole, including one firearm offense. Regardless of whether Mr. Red Dog conunitted the offenses for which he has been arrested — an issue that will be properly decided at trial— local au- thorities should have been notified of his release. Surprisingly, local authorities were never told that Mr. Red Dog had been released in Delaware. Despite the pat- tern of violence indicated in his record, despite the danger that his presence posed to public safety in Delaware, there was no requirement that local law enforcement officials be informed of Mr. Red Dog's release. This bill will change this. A greater degree of coordination be- tween Federal authorities and local law enforcement officials should help enhance the preventive capabilities of law enforcement. This legislation will provide a critical link between prison officials and law enforcement authori- ties, giving local police important in- formation about the location of poten- tially dangerous criminals. Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- sent that a copy of the legislation be printed in the Record. There being no objection, the bill was ordered to be printed in the Record, as follows: S. 1T78 Be It enacted by the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled.— SECTION J. NOTIFICATION OF RELEASE OF PRIS- ONERS. Section 4042 of tille 18. United States Code. is amended — (1) by striking •The Bureau" and Inserting "(a) In General.— The Bureau": (2) by striking "This section" and insert- ing "(c) Application of Section.— This sec- tion"; (3) in paragraph (4) of subsection (a), as designated by paragraph (1). by— (A) striking "Provide" and inserting "pro- vide": and (B) striking the period at the end thereof and inserting "; and"; (4) by inserting after paragraph (4) of sub- section (a), as designated by paragraph (1). the following new paragraph: "(5) provide notice of release of prisoners In accordance with subsection (b)."; and (5) by inserting after subsection (a), as des- ignated by paragraph (1). the following new subsection: "(b) Notice of Release of Prisoners.— ( 1 ) Except in the case of a prisoner being pro- tected under chapter 224. the Bureau of Pris- ons shall, at least 5 days prior to the date on which a prisoner described in paragraph (3) is to be released on supervised release, or. in the case of a prisoner on supervised release, at least 5 days prior to the date on which the prisoner changes residence to a new jurisdic- tion, cause written notice of the release or change of residence to be made to the chief law enforcement officer of the state and of the local jurisdiction in which the prisoner will reside. ■■(2) A notice under paragraph (1) shall dis- close— "(A) the prisoner's name; "(B) the prisoner's criminal history, in- cluding a description of the offense of which the prisoner was convicted; and "(C) any restrictions on conduct or other conditions to the release of the prisoner that are imposed by law, the sentencing court, or the Bureau of Prisons or any other Federal agency. "(3) A prisoner is described in this para- graph if the prisoner was convicted of— "(A) a drug trafficking crime, as that term is defined in section 924(c)(2); or "(B) a crime of violence, as that term is de- fined in section 924(c)(3).". SEC. 8. APPUCATION TO PRISONERS TO WHICH PRIOR LAW APPLIES. In the case of a prisoner convicted of an of- fense committed prior to November 1, 1967, the reference to supervised release in section 4042(b) of title 18, United Stotes Code, shall be deemed to be a reference to probation or parole. • By Mr. GLENN: S. 1779. A bill to suspend temporarily the duties on certain chemicals; to the Committee on Finance. S. 1780. A bill to amend the Har- monized Tariff Schedule of the United States to extend the suspension of the duties on certain bicycle parts, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Finance. S. 1781. A bill to extend until January 1, 1995, the existing suspension of duty on certain umbrella frames; to the Committee on Finance. S. 1782. A bill to extend until January 1, 1995, the existing suspension of duty on certain chemicals; to the Commit- tee on Finance. S. 1783. A bill to extend the existing suspension of duty on mixed ortho/ para-toluenesulfonamides; to the Com- mittee on Finance. S. 1784. A bill to extend until January 1. 1995, the existing temporary suspen- sion of duty on umbrella frames: to the Committee on Finance. S. 1785. A bill to suspend temporarily the duty on Diaphone V; to the Com- mittee on Finance. suspension of certain dlties • Mr. GLENN. Mr. President, I rise today to introduce a series of bills which either suspend the duty imposed on certain items or extend previously enacted duty suspensions, where there are no U.S. manufacturers for those items. Specifically, two bills create new duty suspensions, one for Diaphone V, a catalyst used in plating tin, the other for four chemicals used as drug ingredi- ents. The remaining bills extend exist- ing duty suspensions, which would oth- erwise expire in 1992, for certain bicy- cle parts, hand-held umbrella frames, self-folding telescopic-shaft collapsible umbrellas, several chemicals used as drug ingredients, and mixed ortho/ para-toluene-sulfonomide, a substance used mostly in florescent pigments and decorative laminates. While this might appear to be an odd collection of products, they share a fundamental characteristic: There is no U.S. manufacturer for any of these products. The absence of U.S. manufac- turers makes the imposition of duties on these products not only unnecessary because there are no U.S. industries to protect, but it also makes these items and any end products incorporating these items more expensive. Moreover, that extra cost is likely passed along to consumers in the form of higher prices. As a result, imposing a duty on these items does not make sense. Duty suspensions are specifically de- signed to eliminate this unnecessary cost and its ensuing deleterious effect on competitiveness where no legiti- mate industry protection purpose Is served by imposing a duty. I submit, Mr. President, that no purpose is served by making these items dutiable. Furthermore, these bills should be con- sidered noncontroversial because no U.S. manufacturers would be affected by these suspensions. Consequently, I ask my colleagues to join me in supporting the duty suspen- sions for the products named in these bills.* By Mr. BAUCUS (for himself, Mr. Packwood, Mr. McCain, Mr. Symms, Mr. Hatfield, Mr. CRANSTON, Mr. BINGAMAN, Mr. Mack, Mr. Durenberger, Mr. Graham, Mr. Seymour, Mr. Burns, Mr. Domenici, Mr. San- FORD, and Mr. Craig): S. 1786. A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to more accu- rately codify the depreciable life of semiconductor manufacturing equip- ment; to the Committee on Finance. semiconductor investment act of 1991 * Mr. BAUCUS. Mr. President, today I am introducing the Semiconductor In- vestment Act of 1991— legislation which would enhance the international com- petitiveness of the U.S. semiconductor industry. This bill would shorten the depreciable life of semiconductor man- ufacturing equipment to more realisti- cally reflect the rapid pace of techno- logical change in this industry. This seemingly simple change would make it much easier for U.S. semiconductor manufacturers to make the capital in- vestment needed to maintain state-of- the-art facilities, and to keep the Unit- ed States competitive in this critical technology. Let there be no doubt about the im- portance of a vibrant American semi- conductor industry. Semiconductors have appeared on every list of critical technologies, whether the list is draft- ed in Washington, Brussels, or Tokyo. It is easy to understand why. They are the brains behind most modern equip- ment. Furthermore, the industry is as fast paced as it is Important. The rate of technological progress has been and will continue to be, with the aid of this legislation, outstanding. The new gen- eration of process technology is cur- rently a 3-year cycle. The semiconduc- tor equipment needed to realize this technology is a corresponding 3-year cycle. By the year 2000, with the reduc- tion in size dimension that the fore- going equipment can provide, semi- conductors may have up to 10 billion transistors, and have all the processing power of one of today's leading-edge supercomputers on a single chip. In this Industry, what is cutting-edge equipment and manufacturing proc- esses one day may be obsolete within months. The economic value of semi- conductor manufacturing equipment, whether it is optical wafer steppers,, diffusion furnaces, or chemical vapor deposition equipment, is typically de- pleted within a year or two after being introduced. We need tax laws that re- flect this reality, so that the American industry can invest in the latest gen- eration equipment and take full advan- tage of the improvements in semi- conductor technology. Mr. President, this legislation makes sense from both a tax and a public pol- icy perspective. Under the current tax law. semi- conductor manufacturing equipment is depreciated over 5 years. Special rules allow this 5-year depreciation both for the regular income tax and the alter- native minimum tax. This legislation would grant 3-year depreciation to this equipment to more accurately reflect the lost economic value that results from the industry's rapid technological change. This 3-year depreciation would apply to both regular tax and alter- native minimum tax purposes. This legislation would help U.S. semiconductor companies regain lost market share. In the last 9 years, our share of this important market de- clined from 57 percent to 40 percent, while Japan's increased from 32 percent to 47 percent. Unless we change course, it is likely that this trend will con- tinue. Between 1990 and 1995, the Japa- nese industry is expected to invest $15 billion more than the U.S. semiconduc- tor industry in capital formation. If we do nothing to close this gap, the U.S. semiconductor industry is projected to lose another five points of market share. We can't afford to let this happen. The Defense Science Board, an advi- sory committee to the Pentagon, has concluded that a further erosion of the U.S. position in semiconductors would endanger America's national security. Semiconductors are essential to mod- ern defense capabilities, from smart munitions, electronic countermeasure and target recognition to advanced avi- onics. Three-year depreciation also is one of the principal recommendations of the National Advisory Committee on Semi- conductors. The NACS, comprised of both Government and industry offi- cials, was established by Congress in 1988 to develop a national semiconduc- tor strategy. The committee concluded this year that the gap between United States and Japanese capital spending was one of the most serious problems facing the industry, and that 3-year de- preciation would help to close this gap. The bill also would help level the playing field between the U.S. industry and its foreign competitors. Japan, for example, has a wide range of tax incen- tives for its semiconductor industry. In addition to their already accelerated depreciation system. Japanese compa- nies qualify for additional depreciation if they operate their facilities for more than 8 hours a day. This is a significant advantage, given that most semi- conductor manufacturing facilities are used 24 hours per day. Furthermore, Japanese semiconductor companies also benefit from incentives for invest- ment in specific regions. If we fail to act. a lot more is at stake than the health of the U.S. semi- conductor industry. As the National Advisory Committee on Semiconduc- tors has noted, "the $50 billion world chip industry leverages a $750-billion global market in electronics and 2.6 million jobs in the United States." Mr. President, I am joined by 14 of my colleagues in introtlucing this leg- islation. I urge other Members to join us in supporting this legislation, which will increase investment in one of the key technologies of the 21st century and provide the foundation of well-pay- ing jobs for years to come.* * Mr. PACKWOOD. Mr. Prei|dent. I am pleased to join my distinguished col- league, Senator Baucus. and our origi- nal cosponsors, in introducing legisla- tion to reduce the depreciable life of semiconductor manufacturing equip- ment from 5 years to 3 years. I believe that a world class semi- conductor industry is vital to the eco- nomic and national security of the United States. Semiconductors are the building blocks of the information age — the brains and memory of com- puters, telecommunications equip- ment, consumer electronics products, and advanced weapons systems. Under current law. semiconductor manufacturing equipment is assigned a depreciable life of 5 years. The rapid pace of technological advances in the semiconductor industry is nothing less than mind-boggling. The equipment used to manufacture semiconductors often becomes technologically and eco- nomically obsolete within 3 years after being placed in service. Reducing the depreciable life of semi- conductor manufacturing equipment to 3 years will help U.S. semiconductor manufacturers keep pace with these rapid technological changes and strengthen their international com- petitiveness. Mr. President. I urge our colleagues to join Senator Baucus and me in co- sponsoring this bill.* * Mr. BINGAMAN. Mr. President. I rise today in support of the Semiconductor Investment Act of 1991. introduced by my esteemed colleague from Montana. Mr. President, success in the semi- conductor industry depends on the ability to design and manufacture the quickest and smallest chip. Although the United States remains relatively strong in semiconductor design, we are falling behind in the manufacture of semiconductors. In 1982. the United States share of the world semiconduc- tor market was approximately 57 per- cent, while the Japanese share was 32.5 percent. By 1990, however, our share had dropped to approximately 40 per- cent, while the Japanese share rose above 47 percent. 24762 CONGRESSIONAL RECORI>— SENATE October 1, 1991 TT_i»-^ Qfofoc v<oc iriaf a larcp nronor- industrv Is (rrowing in my State, but October 1, 1991 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE 24763 We must plan ahead and allow Amer- conductor manufacturing equipment reaching. Not only will the semi- 24762 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE October 1, 1991 October 1, 1991 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— SENATE 24763 Mr. President, manufacturing: tech- nology Is constantly improving, and those in the semiconductor industry must continuously upgrade their man- ufacturing equipment to keep up with this changing technology. In fact, semiconductor manufacturing equip- ment is often obsolete soon after it is Installed in the factory. The United States' alarming loss in market share is at least partly due to our capital markets and tax policy, which tend to discourage investments in equipment needed to keep our semiconductor in- dustry on the cutting edge. In 1986, Congress authorized the de- preciation of semiconductor manufac- turing equipment over 5 years. Mr. President, the fact is that the eco- nomic life of most semiconductor man- ufacturing equipment is shorter than 5 years. This imbalance between the real economic life of equipment and its de- preciable life has the unfortunate ef- fect of providing a disincentive for the timely investment in manufacturing equipment. It is therefore both logical and desirable for us to shorten the de- preciable life of this equipment to more closely track its useful economic life. Senator Baucus" bill will decrease the depreciable life of semiconductor manufacturing equipment from 5 to 3 years. The National Advisory Commit- tee on Semiconductors recently con- cluded that such a change would in- crease Investment in manufacturing equipment by 11 percent. This change will help American semiconductor manufacturers compete with foreign manufacturers, who have greater ac- cess to patent capital for Investment. Mr. President, the Senator from Montana's legislation is an important part of a strategy to make our high technology industry more competitive. Maintaining competitiveness in this field is imperative both to our national security and our economic vitality. I am therefore proud to be an original cosponsor of the Semiconductor Invest- ment Act of 1991.» • Mr. DOMENICI. Mr. President. I am pleased to Join Senator Baucus as a co- sponsor of the Semiconductor Invest- ment Act of 1991. This bill is a compan- ion measure to H.R. 3273. which was in- troduced in the House by Congressman Pickle and 28 others on August 2. 1991. Many people, when they hear the word "semiconductor," think of Japa- nese high technology. But, in fact, the technology was Invented here in the United States. In 1982, the United States held a 56.7-percent share of the semiconductor market compared to Ja- pan's 32.5-percent share. Unfortu- nately, that market share shifted dras- tically through the remainder of the 1980'8. In 1990, the United States held a 39.8-percent share compared to Japans 47.1 percent. There are several reasons behind the decline in U.S. market share: The United States has lost a large propor- tion of industries which use semi- conductors, such as consumer elec- tronics; the U.S. semiconductor indus- try has been injured by unfair trading practices, such as dumping and denial of market access: other governments have made the development of the semiconductor industry a national pri- ority by funding R&D consortia, ex- tending low-interest loans, and provid- ing favorable tax depreciation treat- ment and other tax incentives: and be- tween 1984 and 1989, Japanese firms outinvested United States firms in plant and equipment and R&D by $12 billion, a gap that will grow to $15 bil- lion between 1990 and 1995. Mr. President, the National Advisory Committee on Semiconductors [NACS], established by Congress and comprised of government and Industry officials, determined that the gap in capital spending was one of the most serious problems facing the industry. The com- mittee reviewed several tax policy op- tions to increase capital spending— a reduction In the capital gains tax rate, a more effective R&D tax credit, per- sonal savings incentives, and a change in depreciation rules. The NACS con- cluded that shortening the depreciable life of semiconductor manufacturing equipment from 5 years to 3 years was the most effective way to address this problem. That is what this legislation would do. It is an appropriate tax policy change. The present law 5-year depre- ciable life of semiconductor manufac- turing equipment no longer accurately reflects the life of the property. The rapid pace of technological change in the semiconductor industry worldwide often makes equipment technologically and economically obsolete soon after being place in service. Prior to 1988. Treasury had the administrative au- thority to adjust class lives. Congress repealed that authority in 1988. so this legislation is necessary to accomplish this change. The semiconductor industry is vital to America's economic and national se- curity. The United States must reduce the growing gap between United States and Japanese capital spending in the semiconductor industry in order to stay at the cutting edge of technology. The NACS determined that reducing the depreciable life would have the ef- fect of increasing the annual rate of capital investment in semiconductors in the United States by 11 percent. This would significantly reduce, though not eliminate, the gap between United States and Japanese capital spending.
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________
No. 03-1875
ATHANASIOS SEMBOS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
PHILIPS COMPONENTS,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 00 C 4651—Blanche M. Manning, Judge.
____________
ARGUED OCTOBER 30, 2003—DECIDED JULY 19, 2004
____________
Before RIPPLE, MANION, and DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit
Judges.
MANION, Circuit Judge. Athanasios Sembos sued his
former employer, Philips Components, for age discrimina-
tion after Philips fired him. Sembos also alleged state law
claims for breach of contract and promissory estoppel. The
district court granted Philips summary judgment. Sembos
appeals. We affirm.
I.
2 No. 03-1875
Athanasios Sembos began working for Philips
Components, a division of Philips Electronics North Amer-
1
ica Corporation, in 1978. In September 1998, Philips
notified Sembos that it was selling a substantial portion of
the Philips Components division to Beyerschlag Centralab
Components (“BCC”). Many jobs at Philips were lost due to
this sale, although many of the former Philips employees
were hired by BCC, including Sembos’ former supervisor,
Guiseppe Corti. After Philips announced the sale to BCC,
Corti and another executive, Nigel Blakeway, approached
Sembos and offered him a position at BCC. Sembos told
them that he would accept the position at BCC only if his
pension benefits with BCC would be the same as they were
under Philips’ pension plan. Sembos claims that the two
men promised him equivalent pension benefits, or alterna-
tively that, if BCC’s pension plan did not provide him the
same benefits, he could remain employed at Philips.
1
Philips Components is a division of Philips Electronics North
America Corporation. Sembos wrongly named the unincorpo-
rated division, Philips Components, as a defendant, as opposed
to the corporate entity. See Spearing v. National Iron Co., 770 F.2d
87, 88-89 (7th Cir. 1985) (stating that an unincorporated division
of a corporation is not suable in its own right). However, Philips
Electronics North America Corporation received actual notice of
the suit and defended the case up to this point without seeking
dismissal based on Sembos’ failure to name the proper defendant.
Given that we are affirming, dismissing this case because Sembos
named the corporate division and not the corporate entity would
only unnecessarily prolong the proceedings. Therefore, we
address the merits of the claims as if Philips Electronics had been
properly named, and we refer to the defendant as Philips
throughout. See, e.g., Continental Ins. Co. v. Illinois Dept. of Transp.,
709 F.2d 471, 473 (7th Cir. 1983) (reaching merits of case where
plaintiff apparently named wrong governmental defendant).
No. 03-1875 3
On December 13, 1998, Sembos learned that BCC’s pension
plan did not offer benefits equal to those he had through his
pension plan with Philips. Apparently, the problem from
Sembos’ perspective was that Philips’ pension plan adopted
the “Rule of 85,” which allowed employees to retire with full
pension and medical benefits when the employee’s age plus
years of service equaled 85, whereas BCC’s plan did not
adopt this rule. (At that time, Sembos was about six years
away from eligibility under the Rule of 85.)
After learning that BCC’s pension plan did not provide
him the benefits of the Rule of 85, Sembos rejected BCC’s
offer and decided to continue his employment with Philips.
Shortly thereafter, Philips and BCC agreed that Sembos
would work for BCC for six months as a loaned employee
but would remain on Philips’ payroll. Sembos was informed
of this arrangement in a February 1, 1999 email:
Effective immediately, your services will be contracted
out to BC Components. You will remain a Philips em-
ployee, and you will be paid by Philips. As you are per-
forming work for BC Components, Philips will bill your
cost back to BC Components. Philips and BC
Components have agreed to this temporary work
arrangement for a period of up to six months. During
this time, Philips will actively look for other employ-
ment opportunities for you within Philips. If you find a
suitable employment opportunity, you will be fully
supported in a quick transition. If, at the end of six
months (August 1, 1999), you have been unable to find
a suitable employment opportunity, Philips reserves the
right to terminate your employment with the Company.
Over the next six months, Sembos expressed an interest in
eight positions at Philips, but he was not hired for any of
those positions. Philips claims that Sembos never actually
applied for the jobs and that is why it did not hire him;
4 No. 03-1875
Sembos claims that because Philips’ Human Resource de-
partment had his resume, his expression of interest was
enough. In the end, however, Sembos did not find another
job with Philips and, on August 21, 1999, Philips fired him.
At that time, Sembos was 51.
Sembos responded by suing Philips for age discrimi-
nation. He later amended his complaint to add breach of
contract and promissory estoppel claims. Philips moved
for summary judgment. The district court granted Philips
summary judgment on Sembos’ age discrimination claim,
concluding that Sembos failed to establish that he was qua-
lified for any open position at Philips. The district court also
granted Philips summary judgment on Sembos’ breach of
contract and promissory estoppel claims, holding that those
claims were preempted by the Employment Retirement
Income Security Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001, et seq. (“ERISA”).
Sembos appeals.
II.
On appeal, Sembos argues that the district court erred in
granting Philips summary judgment on his age discrimi-
nation claim. Sembos also challenges the district court’s rul-
ing that ERISA preempted his breach of contract and
promissory estoppel claims. We consider each issue in turn.
A. Age Discrimination
Sembos sued Philips under the Age Discrimination in
Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621, et seq. (“ADEA”), alleging
that Philips refused to hire him for any of the vacancies
within the company due to his age. Sembos attempted to
prove his age discrimination claim solely under the indirect
method of McDonnell-Douglas. Under the indirect method,
No. 03-1875 5
Sembos must first present a prima facie case of discrimina-
tion by establishing that he (1) was a member of the pro-
tected group; (2) sought a position or a transfer for which he
was qualified; (3) was not hired; and (4) a substantially
younger person who was similarly situated was hired.
Zaccagnini v. Charles Levy Circ. Co., 338 F.3d 672, 675 (7th Cir.
2003).
The district court concluded that Sembos failed to es-
tablish the second and fourth prongs of the prima facie case,
namely that he was qualified but denied another position
within Philips, while substantially younger applicants were
hired for those positions. On appeal, Sembos claims that he
presented sufficient evidence to satisfy these prongs. First,
Sembos points to eight positions with Philips for which he
2
submitted his resume, but for which he was not hired.
However, as the district court noted, Sembos failed to
present any evidence that he was qualified for those jobs,
beyond his own subjective opinion that he “may” have been
qualified. Conversely, Philips presented evidence that
Sembos was not qualified for these positions, pointing to the
deposition testimony of Bob Akers, the recruiter who
worked with Sembos in regard to these eight openings.
Akers stated that those jobs “required very highly qualified
people with certain skill sets, and those skill sets involved
2
Philips argues that Sembos did not apply for these jobs and
therefore Sembos cannot claim he was discriminatorily denied
those positions. However, as the district court noted, Philips’ po-
licy allowed current employees to apply for openings by sub-
mitting their resumes to the Human Resource department and
Sembos had submitted his resume to Human Resources and then
inquired about those eight openings. Viewing the facts in the
light most favorable to Sembos, we conclude that Sembos applied
for those eight jobs.
6 No. 03-1875
either knowing the flat display world or having some
reasonable technical experience with embedded software or
ACIX design. [Plaintiff] didn’t have those.”
Sembos responds by claiming that Akers had in fact stated
that he was qualified for those positions. In support of this
claim, Sembos cites his own deposition testimony, wherein
he stated that Akers’ “general response was, you don’t want
to consider this job. You’re qualified for this job. This job is
not good. You’re overqualified for—under qualified for this
job. I don’t remember job by job the response, but the
general response that he left me with is overqualified or
underqualified, don’t want any of these jobs, there will be
other stuff down the road.”
In context, then, what Akers said was not that Sembos was
qualified, but that he was overqualified. Of course, if he
were overqualified, then, at a minimum, he would have also
been qualified for the positions. The problem for Sembos,
however, is that this testimony fails to establish which of the
eight positions Akers believed Sembos was overqualified
for. That is significant because of those eight jobs, Philips
3
hired younger individuals to fill only two openings. Thus,
Akers’ testimony that Sembos was overqualified for some
jobs and underqualified for others is insufficient to establish
that he was qualified for the two positions which Philips
4
filled with younger applicants. Therefore, Sembos failed to
3
Five of the other positions were never filled because of down-
sizing or restructuring, and the sixth position was actually filled
before Sembos expressed an interest in the position.
4
Furthermore, even if Akers’ testimony established that Sembos
was qualified for the two positions filled by younger individuals,
the testimony was actually that he was overqualified. Although
that means Sembos was qualified for purposes of the prima facie
(continued...)
No. 03-1875 7
establish a prima facie case of discrimination based on those
eight positions.
Moreover, the hiring managers for those two positions
stated in their sworn affidavits that Sembos was not well-
qualified for the jobs and that “they would not have con-
sidered him to be a viable candidate.” Accordingly, even if
we were to assume that Sembos was, in fact, qualified for
those positions, and thus established a prima facie case of
discrimination, Philips presented evidence of a legitimate
non-discriminatory reason for its refusal to hire Sembos,
namely the hiring managers’ belief that Sembos was not a
viable candidate given his credentials and work experience.
Sembos failed to present any evidence that those asserted
reasons were pretextual. Therefore, even assuming Sembos
established a prima facie case for these job openings, Philips
is nonetheless entitled to summary judgment. See Helland v.
South Bend Comm. Sch. Corp., 93 F.3d 327, 330 (7th Cir. 1996)
(“Because a Title VII claim requires intentional discrimina-
tion, the pretext inquiry focuses on whether the employer’s
stated reason was honest, not whether it was accurate.”). See
also Mills v. Health Care Serv. Corp., 171 F.3d 450, 458-59 (7th
Cir. 1999) (stating that plaintiff must present evidence that
employer did not honestly believe that he was unqualified
for the position).
4
(...continued)
case, once the burden shifts to Philips, Sembos’ over-qualification
constitutes a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for rejecting
him for the open positions. Coleman v. Quaker Oats Co., 232 F.3d
1271, 1290 (9th Cir. 2000). Therefore, even if Sembos established
a prima facie case of discrimination, Philips was nonetheless
entitled to summary judgment because he was overqualified for
the job. Id. (holding employer is entitled to summary judgment
on a plaintiff’s ADEA claim where the plaintiff was rejected for
a position because he was overqualified).
8 No. 03-1875
Sembos contends that in addition to the eight positions in
which he indicated an interest, he also applied for ten other
jobs that he learned about on the Philips Electronics internet
site. Philips maintains that, because those positions were
with other divisions, Philips Components had no authority
to make hiring decisions and thus is not responsible for any
alleged discrimination. However, as noted earlier, the
appropriate defendant is Philips Electronics, the corporate
entity, and not the individual divisions. Just as Philips
Components’ actions may create liability for Philips Elec-
tronics, so too may the actions of another division.
But Sembos once again failed to present evidence to
support his allegation that he was qualified for those ten
positions. Although Sembos claims in his brief, “[i]n regard
to those positions, Sembos testified that he was qualified
and Philips did not and cannot refute his qualification,” the
record to which Sembos cites does not support this asser-
tion. In fact, in support of this proposition, Sembos cites
paragraph 160 of record item 50, which is Philips’ response
to Sembos’ Rule 56.1(B)(3) statement, and in that paragraph,
Philips denies Sembos’ assertion that he was qualified for
the open positions. Nonetheless, for the sake
of completeness, we have looked to the record citations
underlying Sembos’ Rule 56.1(B)(3) statement, and those
portions of the record also fail to support Sembos’ conten-
tion that he was qualified for the ten positions at issue.
Rather, throughout his deposition testimony, when asked
whether he was qualified for those open positions, Sembos
responded along the lines of “In my mind, I could be,” and
when further questioned about his background and how he
could be qualified for positions unrelated to his experience,
Sembos answered to the effect that the skill “was something
that could be achieved.” Similarly, in other portions of his
deposition, Sembos stated that “I thought that it may be
something that I could do,” and that “based on the limited
No. 03-1875 9
knowledge I had, I could be considered for” the open
positions. The remaining deposition testimony cited by
Sembos followed in a similar vein. In short, Sembos’ tes-
timony failed to establish that he was qualified for the open
positions, only that he may be, or that he could do some of
the jobs after receiving additional training. Sembos’ sub-
jective belief that he “may” be able to perform the job is
insufficient to establish that he is qualified for the position,
especially in light of Sembos’ own admission that he would
need additional training for some of the positions. There-
fore, Sembos’ claims premised on the ten positions in other
divisions also fail.
Finally, Sembos claims that he should be treated as if he
applied for 89 other positions within Philips which were
filled in 1999, during the time period in which he was
searching for a new position—even though he never applied
for any of those jobs. We reject this argument. An employer
cannot be liable for failing to hire a person who does not
5
apply for a job. See Konowitz v. Schnadig Corp., 965 F.2d 230,
234 (7th Cir. 1992) (concluding that an employer’s failure to
consider the plaintiff for other openings with the company
after a reduction in force “does not lead to an inference of
discrimination, since nothing in the record suggests that he
5
Sembos also complains that Philips did not notify him of the
vacancies. However, Sembos does not claim that this lack of
notice was motivated by his age or that younger employees were
informed of the other job openings while he was not. Therefore,
even if Philips had an obligation to inform Sembos of all available
positions, its failure to do so does not support an age discrimina-
tion claim. See Radue v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 219 F.3d 612, 615 (7th
Cir. 2000) (holding that during a reduction in force, an em-
ployer’s obligation under the ADEA is limited to providing older
employees with the same job placement opportunities it offers
younger employees).
10 No. 03-1875
applied for any jobs or informed the company of his
interest”). Accordingly, Sembos’ reliance on those 89
positions filled by other people as proof of the second
element of the prima facie case is misplaced. See Box v.
A & P Tea Co., 772 F.2d 1372, 1377 (7th Cir. 1985) (holding
that a plaintiff’s failure to express more than a “vague
interest” in an open position prevented her from establish-
ing a prima facie case of discrimination). Therefore, Philips
was entitled to summary judgment on Sembos’ age discrim-
6
ination claim.
B. Breach of Contract & Promissory Estoppel Claims
In addition to suing for age discrimination, Sembos also
alleged breach of contract and promissory estoppel claims.
Specifically, Sembos contends that he had two contracts
with Philips, the first being the September agreement in
which Corti promised him that his pension benefits would
remain the same if he accepted a position with BCC, or that
if the benefits were not the same, he could continue his em-
6
On appeal, Sembos also points to three age-based statements
allegedly made by Philips employees, including one purportedly
made by the former CEO that Philips wanted to hire “young and
angry men”; that a co-worker referred to him as an “old man”;
and that Akers told Sembos to delete dates from his resume to
remove details indicating his age. But Sembos does not attempt
to prove discrimination through the direct method, so these
statements are irrelevant as to whether Sembos established a
prima facie case of age discrimination. And although Sembos
points to them as evidence of pretext, without establishing a
prima facie case the question of pretext never arises. Moreover,
none of these comments can be attributed to the decisionmakers,
so they are irrelevant in any event. See Rogers v. City of Chicago,
320 F.3d 748, 754 (7th Cir. 2003).
No. 03-1875 11
ployment with Philips. Sembos also contends that Philips’
email of February 1, 1999, constituted a contract in that
Philips promised to actively look for other employment
opportunities for Sembos. Alternatively, Sembos claims he
relied on these promises to his detriment and thus has
stated a promissory estoppel claim.
The district court granted Philips summary judgment on
these claims, concluding that they were preempted by
ERISA. Section 514(a) of ERISA preempts “any and all State
laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any
employee benefit plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a). A state law
claim “relates” to an employee benefit plan if it has a con-
nection with or reference to such a plan. Ingersoll-Rand, Co.
v. McClendon, 498 U.S. 133, 139 (1990).
Whether Sembos’ breach of contract and promissory
estoppel claims are preempted by Section 514(a) is a diffi-
cult question. Compare Dranchak v. Akzo Nobel Inc., 88 F.3d
457, 459 (7th Cir. 1996) (concluding § 514(a) preempts
breach of contract claim because the alleged contract prom-
ised the plaintiff extra pension credits and the continuation
of health benefits under the firm’s welfare plan) and Cefalu
v. B.F. Goodrich Co., 871 F.2d 1290, 1294 (5th Cir. 1989)
(holding that, because to evaluate the plaintiffs’ breach of
contract claims the court would have no choice but to refer
to the ERISA plans, those claims had a “connection with
or reference to” employee benefit plans and were thus
preempted by ERISA); with Pizlo v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 884
F.2d 116, 120 (4th Cir. 1989) (holding that the plaintiffs’
breach of contract and promissory estoppel claims were
not preempted by ERISA even though the plaintiffs were
seeking pension benefits because “[t]he claims do not bring
into question whether Plaintiffs are eligible for plan ben-
efits, but whether they were wrongfully terminated from
employment after an alleged oral contract of employment
12 No. 03-1875
for a term”); Rozzell v. Security Services, Inc., 38 F.3d 819, 822
(5th Cir. 1994) (stating that it cannot be that “any lawsuit in
which reference to a benefit plan is necessary to compute
plaintiff’s damages is preempted by ERISA” and that the
plaintiff’s state law claim alleging that he was wrongfully
fired for filing a worker’s compensation claim is not pre-
empted). However, because, as discussed below, Sembos’
state law claims fail on the merits and because we can affirm
on any basis in the record, Ortloff v. United States, 335 F.3d
652, 661 (7th Cir. 2003) (citing Rothner v. City of Chicago, 929
F.2d 297, 303 n.9 (7th Cir. 1991)), we need not delve into the
intricacies of ERISA preemption in this case.
1. Breach of Contract
As noted above, Sembos claims that Philips breached two
separate contracts. First, Sembos claims that he had a
contract with Philips formed in September 1998 when Corti
and Blakeway promised that Sembos would either obtain a
position at BCC with the same pension benefits, or that
Philips would continue to employ him. Sembos claims that
Philips breached this contract by subsequently stating in a
February 1, 1999, email that his employment with Philips
would end if he did not find suitable employment within six
months, and then later by firing him. Sembos also claims
that the February 1, 1999, email constituted a second
contract and that, in this contract, Philips committed that it
would “actively look for other employment opportunities
for [Sembos] . . . within Philips.” Sembos claims that Philips
also breached this contract by failing to actively seek other
employment opportunities for him.
Under Illinois law, for a binding contract of employment
to exist, the employer must make a clear and definite prom-
ise and there must be valid consideration. See Kalush v.
Deluxe Corp., 171 F.3d 489, 492 (7th Cir. 1999); Tolmie v.
No. 03-1875 13
United Parcel Service, Inc., 930 F.2d 579, 580 (7th Cir. 1991).
In this case, in the two alleged contracts Sembos identifies,
Philips did not provide any definite assurance of continued
employment. The alleged promises did not state a position,
a salary, or the duration of any employment. The second
alleged promise is also not sufficiently definite to create
contractual liability. It is impossible to know what “ac-
tively” means for purposes of determining a breach.
Therefore, under Illinois law, Sembos’ breach of contract
claims fail.
2. Promissory Estoppel
Alternatively, Sembos argues that Philips’ two promises
form the basis of a suit based on the theory of promissory
estoppel. Under Illinois law, promissory estoppel requires
proof of the existence of an unambiguous promise; reliance
on that promise; that the reliance be reasonable and fore-
seeable; and that the promisee actually rely on the promise
to his detriment. Vajda v. Arthur Anderson & Co., 624 N.E.2d
1343, 1350 (Ill. App. Ct. 1993).
Here, Sembos’ case falters again because the alleged
promises were too indefinite, as a matter of law, to consti-
tute unambiguous promises supporting liability on the
theory of promissory estoppel. See Demos v. National Bank of
Greece, 567 N.E.2d 1083, 1088 (Ill. App. Ct. 1991) (holding
that because alleged promise to enter into a loan agreement
failed to contain the interest, duration, or terms of repay-
ment, it was too indefinite to be enforceable, and the doc-
trine of promissory estoppel was inapplicable as a matter of
law). Because Philips did not promise Sembos any specific
position, salary, or other terms of employment, it was
unreasonable for Sembos to rely on Philips’ alleged promise
of employment. See M.T. Bonk Co. v. Milton Bradley Co., 945
14 No. 03-1875
F.2d 1404, 1408 (7th Cir. 1991) (affirming judgment on jury
verdict and holding that reliance on a promise with uncer-
tain terms that could be cancelled at any time was not
reasonable); Demos, 567 N.E.2d at 1087 (holding that reliance
on a promise to lend money at an indefinite interest rate
was not reasonable). Additionally, even assuming the
alleged promises were sufficiently definite, it was unreason-
able for Sembos to believe that Philips would employ him
indefinitely. Morever, Sembos failed to present any evidence
indicating that he detrimentally relied on Philips’ alleged
promises: Sembos does not claim that he would have
accepted the position with BCC but did not because of
Philips’ alleged promise that it would continue to employ
him. Rather, Sembos stated unequivocally that if BCC’s
pension plan was not equivalent to the one offered by
Philips, he would not have accepted the position with BCC.
Sembos also does not claim that the alleged promises
prompted him to refuse other job offers. Under these
circumstances, Philips was entitled to summary judgment
on Sembos’ promissory estoppel claim as well.
III.
Sembos failed to present sufficient evidence to establish a
prima facie case of age discrimination. Therefore, the district
court properly granted Philips summary judgment on his
ADEA claim. Sembos’ state law breach of contract and
promissory estoppel claims, even if not preempted by
ERISA, also fail, and the district court properly granted
Philips summary judgment on those claims because the
alleged promises were too vague and indefinite to support
relief. For these and the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
No. 03-1875 15
A true Copy:
Teste:
_____________________________
Clerk of the United States Court of
Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
USCA-02-C-0072—7-19-04.
| 31,615 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%20%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
هربرت ويلسون
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=هربرت ويلسون&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 35 | 106 |
هربرت ويلسون كان صحفى و مؤرخ.
حياته
هربرت ويلسون من مواليد سنة 1866.
الدراسه
درس فى Durham School و ترينيتى كوليدچ اوكسفورد.
وفاته
هربرت ويلسون مات يوم 12 يوليه سنة 1940.
لينكات برانيه
مصادر
مؤرخين
| 21,216 |
https://github.com/Meddle74/jpatricklloyd/blob/master/src/component/Skill/CounterItem.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
jpatricklloyd
|
Meddle74
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 41 | 169 |
import React, {Component} from 'react';
class CounterItem extends Component{
render(){
let {col, CText, pdescription,icon} = this.props;
return(
<div className={`col-md-3 col-sm-6 ${col}`}>
<div className="counter_item text-center wow fadeInUp" data-wow-delay="0.1s">
<i className={`icon-${icon}`}></i>
<h3 className="t_color" data-countup>{CText}</h3>
<p>{pdescription}</p>
</div>
</div>
)
}
}
export default CounterItem;
| 6,091 |
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6neberg
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Schöneberg
|
https://nn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schöneberg&action=history
|
Norwegian Nynorsk
|
Spoken
| 28 | 68 |
Schöneberg er ein tidlegare bydel i Berlin. I 2001 blei han slått saman med Tempelhof, og dei utgjer no bydelen Tempelhof-Schöneberg. Heinrich-von-Kleist-Park ligg her.
Tidlegare bydelar i Berlin
| 44,958 |
US-201514841550-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,466 | 7,691 |
Dynamic mechanism for fault injection for testing distributed systems
ABSTRACT
A distributed system and method for error handling testing of a target component in the distributed system uses a proxy gateway in the target component that can intercept communications to and from remote components of the distributed system. When a proxy mode of the proxy gateway in the target component is enabled, at least one of the communications at the proxy gateway is modified to introduce an error. When the proxy mode of the proxy gateway in the target component is disabled, the communications to and from the remote components of the distributed system are transmitted via the proxy gateway without modification.
BACKGROUND
Error handling is an important aspect in the implementation of a distributed system in which various interdependent components operate. When a fault occurs in one component running in the distributed system, the other remote components running in the distributed system that depend on the faulty component should not crash due to the faulty component. Rather, the other remote components should be able to handle the errors from the faulty component gracefully, for example, by releasing any impacted resources and properly reporting the errors.
However, testing error handling in a component of a distributed system is usually difficult because the other remote components may be either not open or not suitable to modification for testing. A solution for testing error handling in such a situation is using a fault injection technique that does not require modifying the remote components. One possible approach to fault injection is to introduce some form of a network proxy component that is capable of injecting faults into the network calls. Unfortunately, such a proxy can introduce unnecessary delays and complicate the way components are registered with each other. What is more important, a network proxy can simulate only very simplistic failure scenarios, such as dropped network packets and failed calls. More sophisticated failure scenarios, such as returning incorrect/unexpected results or failing tasks produced by asynchronous calls, are usually not possible to simulate through a network proxy.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a distributed system with multiple components in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of an operation of a testing module in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a computer infrastructure in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a host computer in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a method for error handling testing of a target component in a distributed system with multiple components in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
Throughout the description, similar reference numbers may be used to identify similar elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 depicts a distributed system 100 with multiple components 102 and 104 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is shown. These components may be any processing entities, such as physical application specific devices, computer systems or software applications running on computer systems. In the illustrated embodiment, the component 102 is a target component that can be tested for error handling using a testing device 106. The target component is dependent on the other “remote” or external components 104 for its operation. The other components are considered as being “remote” because these components may not reside with the target component and communications between the target component and the remote components are typically accomplished through one or more computer networks. In addition, in the illustrated embodiment, the remote components will be considered to be unmodifiable. This may be due to the fact that the remote components are not open or accessible for modification or are not suitable for modification for various reasons. Thus, the remote components can be viewed as a black box for the purpose of testing the target component for error handling.
Conventional error handling testing methods may involve using a network proxy situated between a target component and a remote component to inject faults to see how the target component handles the injected faults. However, as previously noted, a network proxy can introduce unnecessary delays and complicate the way components are registered with each other. Also, a network proxy can simulate only very simplistic failure scenarios, such as dropped networks packets and failed calls, because the network proxy operates at the network layer and will not know all the application layer protocol details. Furthermore, communication channel between the target component and the remote components may be encrypted and authenticated, which makes it very hard for the network proxy to inspect the transmitted data and make modifications. Thus, a network proxy cannot simulate more sophisticated failure scenarios, such as returning incorrect/unexpected results or failing tasks produced by asynchronous calls.
Other conventional error handling testing methods may involve modifying the remote component to inject faults to see how the target component handles the injected faults. One such method is Apache Fault Injection Framework. This solution uses Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) technique, which requires modifying the remote component (the one being called). This modification is done by the AOP compiler. However, this solution is often not possible to implement, especially if the remote component is already deployed in a distributed system. Furthermore, if there is no access to the remote component's source code (or byte code for Java), it is not possible to recompile the remote component using AOP.
Another conventional method is JBoss Byteman. This solution requires a Byteman agent to be installed at the same machine where the remote component is installed. The Byteman agent injects special byte code into the remote component for fault injection. However, this solution requires modifying the remote component, which may not be possible or practical.
Other conventional methods that require remote component modification include Java Software Fault Injection Tool (J-Swift), JACA and Fault Injection Language-FAIL Cluster Implementation (FAIL-FCI). However, these methods also suffer from the disadvantages explained above.
As described in more detail below, the fault injection solution used in the distributed system 100 does not involve modifying any of the remote components 104 or using a network proxy situated between the target component 102 and the remote components. Rather, the distributed system 100 uses a proxy gateway 108 in the target component to inject faults and overwrite interactions with external components for testing fault handling. This solution does not require modification of any of the remote components. Consequently, the remote components can be considered as a set of black boxes, and thus, the solution does not need any intimate knowledge regarding the operations of the remote components. In addition, this solution allows for simulation of sophisticated failure scenarios, such as returning incorrect/unexpected results or failing tasks produced by asynchronous calls.
As shown in FIG. 1, the target component 102 of the distributed system 100 includes a processing logic module 110, a gateway 112, and the proxy gateway 108. The target component may be implemented in any combination of software, hardware and firmware. In one embodiment, the target component is implemented as one or more software programs running on a physical computer system with one or more processors, memory and other computer components commonly found in a personal computer or a physical server.
The processing logic device 110 of the target component 102 operates to execute tasks to accomplish one or more operations. These operations can be any type of operations that require communications with one or more remote components 104. These operations may require synchronous and/or asynchronous operations. A synchronous operation involving one or more remote components requires a requested task to a remote component to be finished before handling another task. Thus, a synchronous operation requires a synchronous outgoing communication or call to be made to a remote component and then waiting for a response indicating that the requested task or process is finished before moving to the next task or process. An asynchronous operation involving one or more remote components does not requires a requested task to a remote component to be finished before handling another task. An asynchronous operation only requires the initiation of a task. Thus, an asynchronous operation only requires an asynchronous outgoing communication or call to be made to a remote component. There is no need to wait for the completion of the requested task before moving on to another task or process. As an example, the operations performed by the processing logic device may involve orchestrating disaster recovery workflows from an on-premise datacenter to a cloud computer environment and back, which may include planned failover, forced failover, test failover, or other disaster recovery processes. These operations may include both synchronous and asynchronous operations. As described in more detail below, the error handling ability of the processing logic device can be tested via dynamic fault injection using the proxy gateway 108.
The gateway 112 of the target component 102 operates to facilitate making or sending remote communications or calls to the remote components 104 and receiving remote communications, calls or results from the remote components. In an embodiment, the gateway is a thin layer responsible for assembling network requests in the proper format according to the remote call being sent or for disassembling network requests in any incoming remote calls. This type of gateway is sometimes known as a “stub layer”. The gateway includes an interface to communicate with the remote components. The interface of the gateway is configured to communicate with similar interfaces in the remote components. In some embodiments, the interface of the gateway is written in the programming language native to the target component. As an example, if the target component is written in Java, the interface of the gateway may be a Java interface. In operation, when the target component, i.e., the process logic module 110, calls the gateway to make a remote call, the gateway will take the parameters from the target component and convert them into the appropriate network request. As an example, for REST API, the gateway would convert it to an HTTP/HTTPS request to provide data security and prevent an attacker from modifying the transmitted data. As another example, for a SOAP call, the gateway would convert it to an XML request and then send it over a HTTP/HTTPS channel. Thus, the gateway can be viewed as a converter of a network communication message from one type of network call or communication to another type of network call or communication, which may vary in communication protocol.
The proxy gateway 108 of the target component 102 operates to intercept communications or calls being sent from or to the target component so that error handling testing can be performed on the target component. The proxy gateway can be designed so that the processing logic module 110 and the gateway 112 of the target component do not have to be modified to accommodate the proxy gateway. The proxy gateway is configured so that outgoing communications from the processing logic module and incoming communications from the remote components 104 are first received by the proxy gateway. During non-proxy mode or normal mode, i.e., when a proxy mode of the proxy gateway is disabled, all communications from the processing logic module and from the remote components are transmitted via the proxy gateway without modifications. Thus, in this mode, the target component operates in a normal mode of operation. However, during proxy mode or testing mode, i.e., when the proxy mode of the proxy gateway is enabled, the communications from the processing logic module or from the remote components can be modified to introduce errors to see how the processing logic module handles or responds to these errors.
In an embodiment, the proxy gateway 108 is implemented as a piece of code in the form of a small wrapper that wraps the gateway 112 and provides the same Application-Programming Interface (API) interface as the gateway. From the perspective of the component being tested, i.e., the target component 102, the proxy gateway is the only interface to communicate with any of the remote components 104. Thus, all API calls to the remote components have to go through the proxy gateway. In some embodiments, a call to the proxy gateway's API may either be delegated to the original gateway, which will forward the request to the corresponding external component (unmodified behavior), or be served entirely by the proxy gateway to emulate the external component. Since the proxy gateway has exactly the same API as the gateway it wraps, the code of the target component does not need to be changed to use the proxy gateway.
If the programming language supports run time code injection (for example, Aspect Oriented Programming in Java), the proxy gateway 108 can be injected into the target component 102 by simply changing a configuration file and restarting the target component. However, if the programming language does not support run time code injection (for example, C++), the proxy gateway can be compiled into the target component based on the compilation settings. Either way, the proxy gateway can be designed in such a way that the proxy gateway would be present only in the testing environment but not in the production code running in the user environment.
In order to control the behavior of the proxy gateway 108, the proxy gateway includes a backdoor mechanism to allow the testing module 106 access to the proxy gateway. The backdoor mechanism allows the testing module to enable or disable the proxy mode of the proxy gateway. The backdoor mechanism also allows the testing module to modify communications to the remote components 104 before the communications are sent or to inject fake or modified communications that appear to be from the remote components in order to create or induce faults.
In an embodiment, the proxy gateway 108 has several backdoor APIs that are used to enable or disable the proxy mode and specify how some APIs should be modified. In the proxy or testing mode, all calls to the APIs are supervised by the proxy gateway. For example, a configurable fault can be injected if certain criteria for the API input parameters are met, or the input or output of the API can be modified based on rules that have been passed to the proxy gateway through the backdoor APIs by the testing module 106. In the non-proxy or normal mode, all calls to the APIs will be delegated from the proxy gateway to the original gateway 112 without any modification. Since all API calls to the remote components 104 go through the proxy gateway, the proxy gateway can emulate any error condition that could have been exhibited by the remote components without the need to modify the remote components. Thus, different faults can be easily induced using the proxy gateway. For example, a “not-found” fault can be induced by instructing the proxy gateway to modify the API call input parameter before sending the modified call to a remote component and then let the remote component fail the call. As another example, a “timed-out” fault can be induced by adding an artificial delay in the proxy gateway API call, wherein the artificial delay exceeds the time out duration for receiving a response.
An advantage of using backdoor APIs to control the proxy gateway's behavior is that there is no need to change the target component's logic or any logic of the remote components. Only a test code running in the testing module 106 needs to be changed to make the appropriate calls to the proxy gateway backdoor APIs prior to making any public API calls to the target component being tested. Furthermore, the test code does not need to know how exactly the remote components would fail in a particular situation. The test code can simply instruct the proxy gateway to modify the input parameters, for example, change the value of an input parameter of a call (e.g., an identification (ID) of some object) to be performed by a remote component in a predefined manner (e.g., random), and let the remote components generate the necessary faults in response to the calls.
The testing module 106 of the distributed system 100 operates to control the proxy gateway 108 to control fault injection into the target component 102. The testing module is configured to execute a testing process by accessing the proxy gateway via the backdoor mechanism of the proxy gateway. As explained above, the testing module may instruct the proxy gateway to modify communications between the target component 102 and the remote components 104 to induce errors. The testing module may also inject artificial or fake error communications into the target component, where the communications appear to have originated from the remote components.
The testing module 106 may provide a user interface, such as a graphical user interface, that allows a user to initiate the testing process. The user interface may also allow the user to change any parameters, settings or rules of the testing process and may also allow the user to modify the testing process.
The testing module 106 may be implemented in any combination of software, hardware and firmware. In one embodiment, the testing module is implemented as one or more software programs running on a physical computer system with one or more processors, memory and other computer components commonly found on a personal computer or a physical server.
The operation of the testing module 106 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is now described with a flow diagram of FIG. 2. At block 202, a testing process is initiated by the testing module to test the target component 102 for error handling. The initiation of the testing process may be in response to user input via the user interface of the testing module or in response to some automated control signal. At block 204, the proxy gateway 108 in the target component 102 is activated by the testing module. This step may be language specific. For Java, this step may involve changing the configuration file of the target component to enable the runtime code injection and restarting the component.
Next, at block 206, a call is made by the testing module 106 to the proxy gateway backdoor API to enable the proxy mode. Next, at block 208, the proxy gateway configuration parameters, which dynamically control the proxy gateway runtime behavior, are passed to the proxy gateway 108 from the testing module. Next, at block 210, a negative testing procedure is initiated by the testing module. This step may involve instructing the target component 102 to make a call to one or more remote components 104, which causes a failure that the testing module has configured to occur.
Next, at block 212, a determination is made by the testing module 106 if an additional failure is needed for the testing. If so, then the operation proceeds back to block 208, so that additional proxy configuration parameters can be passed to the proxy gateway and another negative testing procedure can be initiated to cause another failure, which may be a different failure. However, if an additional failure is not needed for the testing, the operation proceeds to block 214.
At block 214, a call is made by the testing module 106 to the proxy gateway backdoor API to disable the proxy mode to exit the testing operation. This will cause the proxy gateway to operate in the non-proxy mode, which means that API calls will now be delegated to the real gateway 110 without modification.
In an embodiment, the proxy gateway 108 may be configured by the testing module 106 with, but not limited to, the following configurations or parameters:
- - Which API to be supervised, e.g. class name and method name; - Which fault to be injected, which includes the error code and the error message; - Whether the fault should occur synchronously or asynchronously; - Whether the input, the output, or both, needs to be modified and what values need to be used; - What are the criteria to match for API call supervision, e.g. entity ID, name, etc.; and - Fine grained control of the proxy gateway's behavior, e.g., how many times the API supervision should be skipped before the test mode is enabled and how many times the API supervision should occur once the supervision has started.
Using these configurations and others, dynamic faults can be injected into the target component 102 using the proxy gateway 108 to test the error handling performance of the target component.
An advantage of using the proxy gateway 108 in the target component 102 is that this design supports fault injection for both synchronous and asynchronous calls. As an example, in an embodiment, when the target component calls an API in the proxy gateway, which is supposed to result in an asynchronous call to the external component, the proxy gateway itself may create a task object and add it to the task table managed by the proxy gateway. The proxy gateway then returns the task to the caller without making the corresponding call to the external component. At the same time, the proxy gateway sets up an internal timer, which updates the progress on the task object and eventually fails the task with the given fault. In another example, when the target component calls an API in the proxy gateway, which is supposed to result in a synchronous call to the external component, the proxy gateway either fails the call immediately with the given fault without calling the external component, or first calls the external component (possibly with modified input parameters) and then modifies the result to induce the given fault or make the result invalid or inconsistent in some manner.
Another advantage of using the proxy gateway 108 in the target component 102 is that the proxy gateway resides in the component being tested and has access to the input and output parameters of any API call in their native form in some embodiments. This allows the proxy gateway to perform intelligent analysis of the context of the API call and inject faults or modify the API's behavior in a very particular and subtle way. Furthermore, the fact that the proxy gateway operates before any network calls are made makes it easy to intercept secure communication channels, for example, SSL encrypted SOAP or HTTP. If the fault injection were to be done between components at the network layer, the proxy would have to be able to decrypt and re-encrypt SSL traffic, which is usually very difficult, especially if both components verify the identity of the peer component.
In summary, the dynamic fault injection technique utilized in the distributed system 100 does not require any network proxy between the target component 102 and the remote components 104. A network proxy would have limited the type of errors that can be used for the testing. In addition, this technique does not require any modification of the remote components, and allows the remote components to be treated as a black box for the purposes of the error handling testing of the target component.
As described above, the remote components 104 of the distributed system 100 are the components on which the target component 102 depends to execute its operations. The remote components can be any processing entities that are designed to perform any operations, depending on the applications for which the remote components were designed to perform.
In an embodiment, the remote components 104 may be components in a cloud computing environment that provide a cloud-based disaster recovery. In this embodiment, the target component 102 is a cloud disaster recovery management application, such as VMware Cloud Availability Manger (CAM), that orchestrates disaster recovery workflows from an on-premise datacenter to a cloud computer environment and back. Some of the remote components may be cloud management applications, such as VMware vCloud Air DR2C nodes and VMware® vCloud Director® (VCD) nodes that communicate directly with the target component to execute various disaster recovery operations, such as replication of virtual machines running on one or more datacenters. Some of the other remote components may be cluster management applications, such as VMware® vCenter™ (VC) Servers, that manage clusters of processing entities (e.g., virtual machines) and hosts, such as VMware® ESX® servers, that host the processing entities. Other remote components may be replication servers, such as VMware Host Based Replication (HBR) servers, and replication management servers, such as VMware Host Based Replication Management Service (HMS) servers.
Error handling testing of a cloud disaster recovery management application that interacts with these types of remote components is challenging because of the various communications made between the cloud disaster recovery management application and the remote components. In describing these challenges, the VMware CAM is used as an example.
Before using the CAM, a user or an administrator is expected to configure Disaster Recovery to Cloud (DR2C) replication for a number of virtual machines (VMs) that need disaster recovery protection. The user then can configure recovery plans in the CAM. A recovery plan is a collection of VMs replicated in the same direction. The user can configure dependencies between the VMs, specify network customization parameters to be used during a failover for each VM, assign guest OS customization scripts to each VM and so on. Once the recovery plan is configured, the user can run various recovery workflows for the recovery plan (planned failover, forced failover, test failover, etc). During the execution of a workflow for a recovery plan, the CAM performs all the necessary steps for each VM with as much parallelism as allowed by the constraints configured by the user (VM dependencies and priority tiers). Executing a workflow typically involves making multiple REST API calls to the vCD and the HCS.
During the workflow execution, the CAM makes multiple calls to the vCD and the HCS. Each of these components typically makes multiple nested calls to the underlying components (vCD to VC and ESX, HCS to HMS, vCD and VC) to achieve the required result. Testing the happy path (e.g. the path with no faults) in the workflow execution in the CAM can be achieved by setting up the environment in a particular way and then triggering the workflow through CAM REST API. However, negative testing is not as straightforward as positive testing. The CAM code needs to react to failures both in the CAM code and in all components it interacts directly with (i.e., vCD and HCS) and even in the components below those (i.e., VC, ESX, HMS etc). Some failure scenarios could be achieved by manipulating the environment in a particular way but most of the failure scenarios could not be achieved only by talking to components through their respective public APIs. Furthermore, some failure scenarios are triggered not by a component returning an explicit error but by returning either an unexpected or an incorrect result.
Another challenge is the presence of synchronous and asynchronous calls. Some APIs are implemented as synchronous calls—the caller is blocked while the server is processing the call. Synchronous calls are typically processed by the server relatively quickly. APIs that require a substantial processing time are implemented as asynchronous calls. For such APIs, when the client makes the call, the server first creates a temporary tracking object usually called a task, then starts processing the call. However, the server completes the call without waiting for the processing to complete. Instead, the server returns the task back to the client. The client starts polling on the task properties, such as progress and completion status, while the server is processing the request and updates these properties. Once the server completes processing the request, it marks the task as completed and assigns the results of the processing to the task. When the client notices that the task has been marked as completed, it retrieves the results of the operation from the task object.
Testing the CAM for error handling with the above challenges is impractical using a network proxy or some modifications of the remote components. However, the use of a proxy gateway, as described above, in the CAM is an effective and efficient solution for error handling testing of the CAM.
In an embodiment, the components 102 and 104 of the distributed system may be implemented as applications running in a physical computing infrastructure. Turning now to FIG. 3, a computing infrastructure 300 that can support the components 102 and 104 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the computing infrastructure includes a network 302, a number of host computer clusters C-1, C-2 . . . , and storage 304. The exact number of host computer clusters included in the distributed computer system can be any number of clusters from one to tens of clusters or more. The host computers of the different clusters and the storage are connected to the network. Thus, each of the host computers in the clusters is able to access the storage via the network and may share the resources provided by the storage. Consequently, any process running on any of the host computers may also access the storage via the network.
In the illustrated embodiment, each of the clusters C-1, C-2 . . . includes a number of host computers H-1, H-2 . . . H-M (where M is a positive integer). The host computers can be assigned to the host computer clusters based on predefined criteria, which may include geographical and/or logical relationships between the host computers. The number of host computers included in each of the clusters can be any number from one to several hundred or more. In addition, the number of host computers included in each of the clusters can vary so that different clusters can have different number of host computers. The host computers are physical computer systems that host or support one or more processing entities so that the processing entities are executing on the physical computer systems. As used herein, the term “processing entities” refer to any software entities that can run on a computer system, such as software applications, software processes, virtual machines (VMs) and “containers” that provide system-level process isolation. The host computers may be servers that are commonly found in datacenters. As an example, the host computers may be servers installed in one or more server racks. Typically, the host computers of a cluster are located within the same server rack.
Turning now to FIG. 4, components of a host computer 400 that is representative of the host computers H-1, H-2 . . . H-M in accordance with an embodiment of the invention are shown. In FIG. 4, the physical connections between the various components of the host computer are not illustrated. In the illustrated embodiment, the host computer is configured to support a number of processing entities 420A, 420B . . . 420L (where L is a positive integer), which are VMs. The number of VMs supported by the host computer can be anywhere from one to more than one hundred. The exact number of VMs supported by the host computer is only limited by the physical resources of the host computer. The VMs share at least some of the hardware resources of the host computer, which include one or more system memories 422, one or more processors 424, a storage interface 426, and a network interface 428. Each system memory 422, which may be random access memory (RAM), is the volatile memory of the host computer. Each processor 424 can be any type of a processor, such as a central processing unit (CPU) commonly found in a server. In some embodiments, each processor may be a multi-core processor, and thus, includes multiple independent processing units or cores. The storage interface 426 is an interface that allows that host computer to communicate with the storage 304. As an example, the storage interface may be a host bus adapter or a network file system interface. The network interface 428 is an interface that allows the host computer to communicate with other devices connected to the network 302. As an example, the network interface may be a network adapter.
In the illustrated embodiment, the VMs 420A, 420B . . . 420L run on “top” of a hypervisor 430, which is a software interface layer that, using virtualization technology, enables sharing of the hardware resources of the host computer 400 by the VMs. However, in other embodiments, one or more of the VMs can be nested, i.e., a VM running in another VM. Any computer virtualization architecture can be implemented. For example, the hypervisor may run on top of the host computer's operating system or directly on hardware of the host computer. With the support of the hypervisor, the VMs provide isolated execution spaces for guest software. Each VM may include a guest operating system 432 and one or more guest applications 434. The guest operating system manages virtual system resources made available to the corresponding VM by the hypervisor, and, among other things, the guest operating system forms a software platform on top of which the guest applications run.
Similar to any other computer system connected to the network 302, the VMs 420A, 420B . . . 420L are able to communicate with other computer systems connected to the network using the network interface 428 of the host computer 400. In addition, the VMs are able to access the storage 304 using the storage interface 426 of the host computer.
Turning back to FIG. 3, the network 302 can be any type of computer network or a combination of networks that allows communications between devices connected to the network. The network 302 may include the Internet, a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a storage area network (SAN), a fibre channel network and/or other networks. The network 302 may be configured to support protocols suited for communications with storage arrays, such as Fibre Channel, Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI), Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) and HyperSCSI.
The storage 304 is used to store data for the host computers H-1, H-2 . . . H-M, which can be accessed like any other storage device connected to computer systems. In an embodiment, the storage can be accessed by entities, such as clients running on the host computers, using any file system, e.g., virtual machine file system (VMFS) or network file system (NFS). The storage includes one or more computer data storage devices 310, which can be any type of storage devices, such as solid-state devices (SSDs), hard disks or a combination of the two. At least some of these storage devices may be local storage devices of the host computers, e.g., locally attached disks or SSDs within the host computers. The storage devices may operate as components of a network-attached storage (NAS) and/or a storage area network (SAN). The storage includes a storage managing module 312, which manages the operation of the storage. In an embodiment, the storage managing module is a computer program executing on one or more computer systems (not shown) of the storage. The storage supports multiple datastores DS-1, DS-2 . . . DS-X (where X is a positive integer), which may be identified using logical unit numbers (LUNs). In an embodiment, the datastores are virtualized representations of storage facilities. Thus, each datastore may use the storage resource from more than one storage device included in the storage. The datastores are used to store data associated with the clients supported by the host computers H-1, H-2 . . . H-M. For virtual machines, the datastores may be used to store virtual storage, e.g., virtual disks, used by each of the virtual machines, as well as other files needed to support the virtual machines. One or more datastores may be associated with one or more clusters. The same datastore may be associated with more than one cluster.
The components 102 and 104 of the distributed system 100 may be implemented in any of the host computers H-1, H-2 . . . H-M in the clusters C-1, C-2 . . . as applications running on those host computers. In some embodiments, one or more of the components may be running in the processing entities, e.g., VMs, being hosted in the host computers.
A method for error handling testing of a target component in a distributed system with multiple components in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is now described with reference to the process flow diagram of FIG. 5. At block 502, a proxy mode of a proxy gateway in the target component is enabled. At block 504, when the proxy mode is enabled, at least one communication between the target component and remote components of the distributed system is intercepted at the proxy gateway in the target component, the intercepted communication is modified to introduce an error, and the modified, intercepted communication is transmitted to the distributed system. At block 506, the proxy mode of the proxy gateway in the target component is disabled. At block 508, when the proxy mode is disabled, communications between the target component and the remote components of the distributed system are transmitted via the proxy gateway without modification.
Although the operations of the method(s) herein are shown and described in a particular order, the order of the operations of each method may be altered so that certain operations may be performed in an inverse order or so that certain operations may be performed, at least in part, concurrently with other operations. In another embodiment, instructions or sub-operations of distinct operations may be implemented in an intermittent and/or alternating manner. Also, some of the steps can be repeated multiple times. For example, a testing process may choose to enable the proxy mode, disable the proxy mode, and re-enable the proxy mode, depending on which part of the workflow being tested is in need of a pre-determined fault.
It should also be noted that at least some of the operations for the methods may be implemented using software instructions stored on a computer useable storage medium for execution by a computer. As an example, an embodiment of a computer program product includes a computer useable storage medium to store a computer readable program that, when executed on a computer, causes the computer to perform operations, as described herein.
Furthermore, embodiments of at least portions of the invention can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system. For the purposes of this description, a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any apparatus that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
| 660 |
327776b40d452302678b720d56d72e87
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| null |
Arrêté du 17 juin 2021, article 2
|
LEGI
|
French
|
Spoken
| 13 | 18 |
A modifié les dispositions suivantes :- Arrêté du 12 août 2010 Art. 2
| 30,334 |
https://github.com/minheq/ant-theme-editor/blob/master/src/stories/mentions-async.stories.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
ant-theme-editor
|
minheq
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 159 | 512 |
import React from "react";
import { storiesOf } from "@storybook/react";
const stories = storiesOf("antDesign.mentions", module);
import { Mentions } from "antd";
import debounce from "lodash/debounce";
const { Option } = Mentions;
class AsyncMention extends React.Component {
constructor() {
super();
this.loadGithubUsers = debounce(this.loadGithubUsers, 800);
}
state = {
search: "",
loading: false,
users: []
};
onSearch = search => {
this.setState({ search, loading: !!search, users: [] });
console.log("Search:", search);
this.loadGithubUsers(search);
};
loadGithubUsers(key) {
if (!key) {
this.setState({
users: []
});
return;
}
fetch(`https://api.github.com/search/users?q=${key}`)
.then(res => res.json())
.then(({ items = [] }) => {
const { search } = this.state;
if (search !== key) return;
this.setState({
users: items.slice(0, 10),
loading: false
});
});
}
render() {
const { users, loading } = this.state;
return (
<Mentions
style={{ width: "100%" }}
loading={loading}
onSearch={this.onSearch}
>
{users.map(({ login, avatar_url: avatar }) => (
<Option
key={login}
value={login}
className="antd-demo-dynamic-option"
>
<img src={avatar} alt={login} />
<span>{login}</span>
</Option>
))}
</Mentions>
);
}
}
stories.addWithJSX("async", () => <AsyncMention />);
| 37,412 |
https://github.com/cr-labs/IMOperator/blob/master/com/challengeandresponse/imoperator/test/Smoig2Example.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
IMOperator
|
cr-labs
|
Java
|
Code
| 276 | 932 |
package com.challengeandresponse.imoperator.test;
import org.jivesoftware.smack.PacketCollector;
import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.IQ;
import org.jivesoftware.smack.packet.Packet;
import com.challengeandresponse.appstack.AppStackException;
import com.challengeandresponse.eventlogger.*;
import com.challengeandresponse.imoperator.agent.BaseAgent;
import com.challengeandresponse.imoperator.comm.SimpleXMPPConnection;
import com.challengeandresponse.imoperator.comm.SimpleXMPPException;
import com.challengeandresponse.imoperator.m2mobjects.MMObject;
import com.challengeandresponse.utils.ChatUtils;
/**
* A class just for testing - this is a bot that can send messages to the other bots.
* This is a BaseAgent-based version of the simpler SmoigExample.
* username: smoig, password: smoig
*
* @author jim
*/
public class Smoig2Example extends BaseAgent {
private static final String USERNAME = "smoig";
private static final String PASSWORD = "smoig";
private static final String RESOURCE = "smoig";
private static final String XMPP_SERVER = "localhost";
public Smoig2Example(EventLoggerI el, String hostname, int portNum, String servicename, String username, String password, String resource)
throws AppStackException {
super(el, hostname, portNum, servicename, username, password, resource);
}
private boolean oneshot = true;
@Override
public void init() {
addPCRecognizedClass(MMObject.class);
}
@Override
public void destroy(PacketCollector pc) {
// just make one more pass over the PacketCollector at shutdown
processIQ(pc);
}
@Override
public void processIQ(PacketCollector pc) {
// the test code
if (oneshot) {
System.out.println("Sending the whois thingy 1");
MMObject mmObject = new MMObject(new Integer("12"));
try {
getXmppConnection().sendIQ("example@localhost/example",mmObject,true);
}
catch (SimpleXMPPException sxe) {
System.out.println("Exception sending: "+sxe.getMessage());
}
oneshot = false;
}
Packet p = pc.pollResult();
while (p != null) {
IQ iq = (IQ) p;
System.out.println("processIQ processing packet from: "+iq.getFrom());
if (iq instanceof MMObject) {
System.out.println("MMObject: "+ChatUtils.objectToString( ((MMObject) iq).getObject(),"\n") );
}
p = pc.pollResult();
}
}
/**
* For testing
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
EventLoggerI el = new StdoutEventLogger();
Smoig2Example sm = new Smoig2Example(el,XMPP_SERVER,SimpleXMPPConnection.XMPP_CLIENT_DEFAULT_PORT, null,USERNAME,PASSWORD,RESOURCE);
ThreadGroup tg = new ThreadGroup("test");
Thread t = new Thread(tg,sm);
t.start();
}
catch (AppStackException ase) {
System.out.println("AppStackException: "+ase.getMessage());
}
}
}
| 31,095 |
2801817_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,964 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 30 | 40 |
PER CURIAM:
Ordered that petitioner be and he is hereby allowed free process herein.
Further ordered that the petition for writ of mandamus be and the same is hereby denied..
| 8,285 |
https://github.com/mccubbin/TaskApp/blob/master/app/Http/Controllers/TaskController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
TaskApp
|
mccubbin
|
PHP
|
Code
| 252 | 797 |
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use App\Models\Task;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
class TaskController extends Controller
{
/**
* Display a listing of the resource.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function index()
{
$tasks = Task::orderBy('priority', 'asc')
->orderBy('created_at', 'asc')
->get();
return view('task.index')->with('tasks', $tasks);
}
/**
* Show the form for creating a new resource.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function create()
{
return view('task.create');
}
/**
* Store a newly created resource in storage.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function store(Request $request)
{
$request->validate([
'name' => 'required',
'priority' => 'required',
]);
Task::create($request->all());
return redirect()
->route('tasks.index')
->with('message', 'Task created successfully');
}
/**
* Display the specified resource.
*
* @param \App\Models\Task $task
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function show(Task $task)
{
return view('task.show')->with('task', $task);
}
/**
* Show the form for editing the specified resource.
*
* @param \App\Models\Task $task
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function edit(Task $task)
{
return view('task.edit')->with('task', $task);
}
/**
* Update the specified resource in storage.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @param \App\Models\Task $task
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function update(Request $request, Task $task)
{
$request->validate([
'name' => 'required',
'priority' => 'required',
]);
$task->update($request->all());
return redirect()
->route('tasks.index')
->with('message', 'Task edited successfully');
}
/**
* Remove the specified resource from storage.
*
* @param \App\Models\Task $task
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function destroy(Task $task)
{
$task->delete();
return redirect()
->route('tasks.index')
->with('message', 'Task has been deleted.');
}
public function updatePriorities(Request $request)
{
foreach($request->priorityList as $priority) {
$task = Task::find($priority['id']);
$task->priority = $priority['priority'];
$task->save();
}
return 'success';
}
}
| 2,827 |
https://github.com/tianaiyouqing/spring-framework/blob/master/spring-beans/src/test/java/test/BeanTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
spring-framework
|
tianaiyouqing
|
Java
|
Code
| 48 | 137 |
package test;
public class BeanTest {
private BeanTestB beanTestB;
public BeanTestB getBeanTestB() {
return beanTestB;
}
public void setBeanTestB(BeanTestB beanTestB) {
this.beanTestB = beanTestB;
}
private String str = "hello spring";
public String getStr() {
return str;
}
public void setStr(String str) {
this.str = str;
}
}
| 1,654 |
https://github.com/AyemunHossain/Test-Driven-Django-Development/blob/master/TestDrivenDev/user/test/test_user_endpoint.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Test-Driven-Django-Development
|
AyemunHossain
|
Python
|
Code
| 123 | 554 |
from django.test import TestCase
from rest_framework.test import APIClient
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from django.urls import reverse
from rest_framework import status
USER_ME = reverse('user:me')
def create_user(**payload):
user = get_user_model().objects.create_user(**payload)
return user
class PrivateUserEndpoints(TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.user = create_user(
email = "testashik@ashik.com",
password = "ashikashikashik"
)
self.client = APIClient()
self.client.force_authenticate(user=self.user)
def test_retrive_user_info_success(self):
"""Test retrive user info for logged in user"""
response = self.client.get(USER_ME)
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
self.assertEqual({'id':self.user.id,'email':self.user.email}, response.data)
def test_retrive_user_info_success_2(self):
"""Test retrive user info for logged in user"""
USER_DETAIL = reverse('user:account-detail', args=[self.user.id])
response = self.client.get(USER_DETAIL)
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_200_OK)
self.assertEqual({'id':self.user.id,'email':self.user.email}, response.data)
def test_post_not_allowed(self):
"""Test that post method is failed in USER_ME url"""
response = self.client.post(USER_ME, {})
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, status.HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)
def test_update_user_info(self):
"""Test that user inof is updated successfully"""
payload = {'email': 'ayemunhossain@gmail.com'}
response = self.client.patch(USER_ME, payload)
self.user.refresh_from_db()
self.assertEqual(self.user.email, payload['email'])
| 39,972 |
https://github.com/RichardP932/mod-uk-design-system/blob/master/packages/react-component-library/src/components/Drawer/partials/StyledDrawerContent.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
mod-uk-design-system
|
RichardP932
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 35 | 98 |
import styled from 'styled-components'
import { selectors } from '@defencedigital/design-tokens'
const { spacing } = selectors
export const StyledDrawerContent = styled.div`
height: 100%;
overflow-y: scroll;
padding: ${spacing('4')};
& > h1 {
margin-top: 0;
}
`
| 30,465 |
https://github.com/Fundacio-i2CAT/ai4.0-tenor/blob/master/ns-monitoring/routes/monitoring.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
curl, Vim, Ruby, Apache-2.0
| null |
ai4.0-tenor
|
Fundacio-i2CAT
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 709 | 2,234 |
#
# TeNOR - NS Monitoring
#
# Copyright 2014-2016 i2CAT Foundation, Portugal Telecom Inovação
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
# @see NSMonitoring
class NSMonitoring < Sinatra::Application
# definition metric should be monitoring, received from NSProvisioning
# {
# "nsi_id": "1",
# "vnf_instances": [
# { "id": "1", "parameters": [
# { "id": "1", "name": "availability", "unit": "percentage", "value": "string"},
# { "id": "2", "name": "num_sessions", "unit": "integer", "value": "string"} ]
# },
# { "id": "2", "parameters": [
# { "id": "1", "name": "availability", "unit": "percentage", "value": "string"},
# { "id": "2", "name": "num_sessions", "unit": "integer", "value": "string"} ]
# }
# ],
# "parameters": [
# { "uid": "ap_id", "id": "1", "name": "availability", "formula": "min(vnf_instance[1].availability, vnf_instance[2].availability)"},
# { "uid": "ap_id2", "id": "2", "name": "num_sessions", "formula": "vnf_instances[1].num_sessions+vnf_instances[2].num_sessions"}
# ]
# }
# @method post_monitoring_parameters
# @overload post '/network-services/:external_vnf_id'
# Post monitoring parameters
# @param [Integer] external_ns_id NS external ID
post '/ns-monitoring/monitoring-parameters' do
return 415 unless request.content_type == 'application/json'
# Validate JSON format
monitoring, errors = parse_json(request.body.read)
return 400, errors.to_json if errors
logger.debug monitoring
# logger.error threads
logger.error @@testThreads
nsi_id = monitoring['nsi_id'].to_s
# Create SLA object
sla = Sla.new(nsi_id: nsi_id)
return 422, "Could not create SLA from #{monitoring}.\n" unless sla
monitoring['parameters'].each do |parameter|
sla.parameters << Parameter.new(parameter_id: parameter['uid'], name: parameter['name'], threshold: parameter['value'])
end
sla.save!
NsMonitoringParameter.new(monitoring).save!
logger.info 'Sending subscription monitoring to VNF Manager.'
monitoring['vnf_instances'].each do |vnf_instance|
logger.debug 'VNFD: ' + vnf_instance['id'] # vnf_id
logger.debug 'VNFr: ' + vnf_instance['vnfr_id']
object = {}
# object = {
# :parameter_id => parameter['id'],
# :name => parameter['name']
# #:vnfr_id => @ns_instance['vnfrs'][0]['vnfr_id']
# #,:unit => parameter['unit']
# }
# logger.debug object
begin
response = RestClient.post settings.vnf_manager + '/vnf-monitoring/' + vnf_instance['vnfr_id'] + '/monitoring-parameters', object.to_json, content_type: :json, accept: :json
rescue => e
logger.error 'ERROR'
logger.error e
halt 400, 'VNF Manager not available'
end
end
Thread.new do
Thread.current['name'] = nsi_id
MonitoringHelper.subcriptionThread(monitoring)
Thread.stop
end
return 200, 'Subscription correct.'
end
# @method post_monitoring_data_unsubcribe
# @overload post '/monitoring-data/unsubscribe:nsi_id'
# Unsubcribe ns instance
# @param [Integer] external_ns_id NS external ID
post '/monitoring-data/unsubscribe/:nsi_id' do |nsi_id|
logger.info 'Unsubcribe ' + nsi_id
begin
monMetrics = NsMonitoringParameter.find_by('nsi_id' => nsi_id)
rescue Mongoid::Errors::DocumentNotFound => e
halt 400, 'Monitoring Metric instance no exists'
end
# for each vnf_instance, cancel the subscription and remove the threads
monMetrics['vnf_instances'].each do |monitoring_vnf|
logger.debug monitoring_vnf
logger.debug monitoring_vnf['id']
logger.info 'Removing threads...'
@@testThreads.delete_if do |thr|
puts thr[:vnfi_id]
puts monitoring_vnf['vnfr_id']
if thr[:vnfi_id] == monitoring_vnf['vnfr_id']
thr[:queue].cancel
true
end
end
end
begin
sla = Sla.find_by('nsi_id' => nsi_id)
rescue Mongoid::Errors::DocumentNotFound => e
halt 400, 'Sla no exists'
end
destroy_monitoring_data(nsi_id)
monMetrics.destroy
sla.destroy
halt 200, 'Correct unsubcription.'
end
# This interface is with the VNF Monitoring micro-service, upon successfully receiving a monitoring parameter reading for a given VNF instance.
# {
# "parameter_id": "1",
# "value": "99.99",
# "timestamp": "2015-06-18T09:42:10Z"
# }
# @method post_ns_monitoring_vnf_instance_readings
# @overload post '/ # @method post_ns_monitoring_vnf_instance-readings'
# Receive the monitoring data from the VNF manager
# @param [Integer] vnfr_id VNFR id
post '/ns-monitoring/vnf-instance-readings/:vnfr_id' do |vnfr_id|
return 415 unless request.content_type == 'application/json'
# Validate JSON format
measurements, errors = parse_json(request.body.read)
return 400, errors.to_json if errors
logger.debug measurements
begin
monMetrics = NsMonitoringParameter.find_by('vnf_instances.vnfr_id' => vnfr_id)
rescue Mongoid::Errors::DocumentNotFound => e
# halt 400, "Monitoring Metric instance no exists"
end
logger.debug monMetrics
conn = Bunny.new
conn.start
ch = conn.create_channel
q = ch.queue(vnfr_id)
logger.error 'Publishing the values...'
q.publish(measurements.to_json, persistent: true)
conn.close
return
end
# @method get_monitoring_data
# @overload get '/ns-monitoring/:instance_id/monitoring-data'
# Get monitoring data
# @param [Integer] instance_id
get '/ns-monitoring/:instance_id/monitoring-data/' do
begin
response = RestClient.get settings.ns_monitoring_repo + request.fullpath, content_type: :json
rescue => e
logger.error e.response
# return e.response.code, e.response.body
end
return response
end
# @method get_monitoring_data_100
# @overload delete '/ns-monitoring/:instance_id/monitoring-data/last100'
# Get monitoring data, last 100 values
# @param [Integer] instance_id
get '/ns-monitoring/:instance_id/monitoring-data/last100/' do
begin
response = RestClient.get settings.ns_monitoring_repo + request.fullpath, content_type: :json
rescue => e
logger.error e.response
# return e.response.code, e.response.body
end
return response
end
end
| 28,956 |
https://github.com/vishwesh-vishwesh/HiWi-job/blob/master/sfs/array.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
HiWi-job
|
vishwesh-vishwesh
|
Python
|
Code
| 1,844 | 5,045 |
"""Compute positions of various secondary source distributions.
.. plot::
:context: reset
import sfs
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = 8, 4.5 # inch
plt.rcParams['axes.grid'] = True
.. autoclass:: ArrayData
:members: take
"""
from __future__ import division # for Python 2.x
from collections import namedtuple
import numpy as np
from . import util
class ArrayData(namedtuple('ArrayData', 'x n a')):
"""Named tuple returned by array functions.
See `collections.namedtuple`.
Attributes
----------
x : (N, 3) numpy.ndarray
Positions of secondary sources
n : (N, 3) numpy.ndarray
Orientations (normal vectors) of secondary sources
a : (N,) numpy.ndarray
Weights of secondary sources
"""
__slots__ = ()
def __repr__(self):
return 'ArrayData(\n' + ',\n'.join(
' {0}={1}'.format(name, repr(data).replace('\n', '\n '))
for name, data in zip('xna', self)) + ')'
def take(self, indices):
"""Return a sub-array given by *indices*."""
return ArrayData(self.x[indices], self.n[indices], self.a[indices])
def linear(N, spacing, center=[0, 0, 0], orientation=[1, 0, 0]):
"""Linear secondary source distribution.
Parameters
----------
N : int
Number of secondary sources.
spacing : float
Distance (in metres) between secondary sources.
center : (3,) array_like, optional
Coordinates of array center.
orientation : (3,) array_like, optional
Orientation of the array. By default, the loudspeakers have
their main axis pointing into positive x-direction.
Returns
-------
`ArrayData`
Positions, orientations and weights of secondary sources.
Examples
--------
.. plot::
:context: close-figs
x0, n0, a0 = sfs.array.linear(16, 0.2, orientation=[0, -1, 0])
sfs.plot.loudspeaker_2d(x0, n0, a0)
plt.axis('equal')
"""
return _linear_helper(np.arange(N) * spacing, center, orientation)
def linear_diff(distances, center=[0, 0, 0], orientation=[1, 0, 0]):
"""Linear secondary source distribution from a list of distances.
Parameters
----------
distances : (N-1,) array_like
Sequence of secondary sources distances in metres.
center, orientation
See `linear()`.
Returns
-------
`ArrayData`
Positions, orientations and weights of secondary sources.
Examples
--------
.. plot::
:context: close-figs
x0, n0, a0 = sfs.array.linear_diff(4 * [0.3] + 6 * [0.15] + 4 * [0.3],
orientation=[0, -1, 0])
sfs.plot.loudspeaker_2d(x0, n0, a0)
plt.axis('equal')
"""
distances = util.asarray_1d(distances)
ycoordinates = np.concatenate(([0], np.cumsum(distances)))
return _linear_helper(ycoordinates, center, orientation)
def linear_random(N, min_spacing, max_spacing, center=[0, 0, 0],
orientation=[1, 0, 0], seed=None):
"""Randomly sampled linear array.
Parameters
----------
N : int
Number of secondary sources.
min_spacing, max_spacing : float
Minimal and maximal distance (in metres) between secondary
sources.
center, orientation
See `linear()`.
seed : {None, int, array_like}, optional
Random seed. See `numpy.random.RandomState`.
Returns
-------
`ArrayData`
Positions, orientations and weights of secondary sources.
Examples
--------
.. plot::
:context: close-figs
x0, n0, a0 = sfs.array.linear_random(12, 0.15, 0.4, orientation=[0, -1, 0])
sfs.plot.loudspeaker_2d(x0, n0, a0)
plt.axis('equal')
"""
r = np.random.RandomState(seed)
distances = r.uniform(min_spacing, max_spacing, size=N-1)
return linear_diff(distances, center, orientation)
def circular(N, R, center=[0, 0, 0]):
"""Circular secondary source distribution parallel to the xy-plane.
Parameters
----------
N : int
Number of secondary sources.
R : float
Radius in metres.
center
See `linear()`.
Returns
-------
`ArrayData`
Positions, orientations and weights of secondary sources.
Examples
--------
.. plot::
:context: close-figs
x0, n0, a0 = sfs.array.circular(16, 1)
sfs.plot.loudspeaker_2d(x0, n0, a0, size=0.2, show_numbers=True)
plt.axis('equal')
"""
center = util.asarray_1d(center)
alpha = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, N, endpoint=False)
positions = np.zeros((N, len(center)))
positions[:, 0] = R * np.cos(alpha)
positions[:, 1] = R * np.sin(alpha)
positions += center
normals = np.zeros_like(positions)
normals[:, 0] = np.cos(alpha + np.pi)
normals[:, 1] = np.sin(alpha + np.pi)
weights = np.ones(N) * 2 * np.pi * R / N
return ArrayData(positions, normals, weights)
def rectangular(N, spacing, center=[0, 0, 0], orientation=[1, 0, 0]):
"""Rectangular secondary source distribution.
Parameters
----------
N : int or pair of int
Number of secondary sources on each side of the rectangle.
If a pair of numbers is given, the first one specifies the first
and third segment, the second number specifies the second and
fourth segment.
spacing : float
Distance (in metres) between secondary sources.
center, orientation
See `linear()`. The *orientation* corresponds to the first
linear segment.
Returns
-------
`ArrayData`
Positions, orientations and weights of secondary sources.
Examples
--------
.. plot::
:context: close-figs
x0, n0, a0 = sfs.array.rectangular((4, 8), 0.2)
sfs.plot.loudspeaker_2d(x0, n0, a0, show_numbers=True)
plt.axis('equal')
"""
N1, N2 = (N, N) if np.isscalar(N) else N
offset1 = spacing * (N2 - 1) / 2 + spacing / np.sqrt(2)
offset2 = spacing * (N1 - 1) / 2 + spacing / np.sqrt(2)
positions, normals, weights = concatenate(
linear(N1, spacing, [-offset1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]), # left
linear(N2, spacing, [0, offset2, 0], [0, -1, 0]), # upper
linear(N1, spacing, [offset1, 0, 0], [-1, 0, 0]), # right
linear(N2, spacing, [0, -offset2, 0], [0, 1, 0]), # lower
)
positions, normals = _rotate_array(positions, normals,
[1, 0, 0], orientation)
positions += center
return ArrayData(positions, normals, weights)
def rounded_edge(Nxy, Nr, dx, center=[0, 0, 0], orientation=[1, 0, 0]):
"""Array along the xy-axis with rounded edge at the origin.
Parameters
----------
Nxy : int
Number of secondary sources along x- and y-axis.
Nr : int
Number of secondary sources in rounded edge. Radius of edge is
adjusted to equdistant sampling along entire array.
center : (3,) array_like, optional
Position of edge.
orientation : (3,) array_like, optional
Normal vector of array. Default orientation is along xy-axis.
Returns
-------
`ArrayData`
Positions, orientations and weights of secondary sources.
Examples
--------
.. plot::
:context: close-figs
x0, n0, a0 = sfs.array.rounded_edge(8, 5, 0.2)
sfs.plot.loudspeaker_2d(x0, n0, a0)
plt.axis('equal')
"""
# radius of rounded edge
Nr += 1
R = 2/np.pi * Nr * dx
# array along y-axis
x00, n00, a00 = linear(Nxy, dx, center=[0, Nxy//2*dx+dx/2+R, 0])
x00 = np.flipud(x00)
positions = x00
directions = n00
weights = a00
# round part
x00 = np.zeros((Nr, 3))
n00 = np.zeros((Nr, 3))
a00 = np.zeros(Nr)
for n in range(0, Nr):
alpha = np.pi/2 * n/Nr
x00[n, 0] = R * (1-np.cos(alpha))
x00[n, 1] = R * (1-np.sin(alpha))
n00[n, 0] = np.cos(alpha)
n00[n, 1] = np.sin(alpha)
a00[n] = dx
positions = np.concatenate((positions, x00))
directions = np.concatenate((directions, n00))
weights = np.concatenate((weights, a00))
# array along x-axis
x00, n00, a00 = linear(Nxy, dx, center=[Nxy//2*dx-dx/2+R, 0, 0],
orientation=[0, 1, 0])
x00 = np.flipud(x00)
positions = np.concatenate((positions, x00))
directions = np.concatenate((directions, n00))
weights = np.concatenate((weights, a00))
# rotate array
positions, directions = _rotate_array(positions, directions,
[1, 0, 0], orientation)
# shift array to desired position
positions += center
return ArrayData(positions, directions, weights)
def edge(Nxy, dx, center=[0, 0, 0], orientation=[1, 0, 0]):
"""Array along the xy-axis with edge at the origin.
Parameters
----------
Nxy : int
Number of secondary sources along x- and y-axis.
center : (3,) array_like, optional
Position of edge.
orientation : (3,) array_like, optional
Normal vector of array. Default orientation is along xy-axis.
Returns
-------
`ArrayData`
Positions, orientations and weights of secondary sources.
Examples
--------
.. plot::
:context: close-figs
x0, n0, a0 = sfs.array.edge(8, 0.2)
sfs.plot.loudspeaker_2d(x0, n0, a0)
plt.axis('equal')
"""
# array along y-axis
x00, n00, a00 = linear(Nxy, dx, center=[0, Nxy//2*dx+dx/2, 0])
x00 = np.flipud(x00)
positions = x00
directions = n00
weights = a00
# array along x-axis
x00, n00, a00 = linear(Nxy, dx, center=[Nxy//2*dx-dx/2, 0, 0],
orientation=[0, 1, 0])
x00 = np.flipud(x00)
positions = np.concatenate((positions, x00))
directions = np.concatenate((directions, n00))
weights = np.concatenate((weights, a00))
# rotate array
positions, directions = _rotate_array(positions, directions,
[1, 0, 0], orientation)
# shift array to desired position
positions += center
return ArrayData(positions, directions, weights)
def planar(N, spacing, center=[0, 0, 0], orientation=[1, 0, 0]):
"""Planar secondary source distribtion.
Parameters
----------
N : int or pair of int
Number of secondary sources along each edge.
If a pair of numbers is given, the first one specifies the
number on the horizontal edge, the second one specifies the
number on the vertical edge.
spacing : float
Distance (in metres) between secondary sources.
center, orientation
See `linear()`.
Returns
-------
`ArrayData`
Positions, orientations and weights of secondary sources.
"""
N1, N2 = (N, N) if np.isscalar(N) else N
zcoordinates = np.arange(N2) * spacing
zcoordinates -= np.mean(zcoordinates[[0, -1]]) # move center to origin
subarrays = [linear(N1, spacing, center=[0, 0, z]) for z in zcoordinates]
positions, normals, weights = concatenate(*subarrays)
weights *= spacing
positions, normals = _rotate_array(positions, normals,
[1, 0, 0], orientation)
positions += center
return ArrayData(positions, normals, weights)
def cube(N, spacing, center=[0, 0, 0], orientation=[1, 0, 0]):
"""Cube-shaped secondary source distribtion.
Parameters
----------
N : int or triple of int
Number of secondary sources along each edge. If a triple of
numbers is given, the first two specify the edges like in
`rectangular()`, the last one specifies the vertical edge.
spacing : float
Distance (in metres) between secondary sources.
center, orientation
See `linear()`. The *orientation* corresponds to the first
planar segment.
Returns
-------
`ArrayData`
Positions, orientations and weights of secondary sources.
"""
N1, N2, N3 = (N, N, N) if np.isscalar(N) else N
offset1 = spacing * (N2 - 1) / 2 + spacing / np.sqrt(2)
offset2 = spacing * (N1 - 1) / 2 + spacing / np.sqrt(2)
offset3 = spacing * (N3 - 1) / 2 + spacing / np.sqrt(2)
positions, directions, weights = concatenate(
planar((N1, N3), spacing, [-offset1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0]), # west
planar((N2, N3), spacing, [0, offset2, 0], [0, -1, 0]), # north
planar((N1, N3), spacing, [offset1, 0, 0], [-1, 0, 0]), # east
planar((N2, N3), spacing, [0, -offset2, 0], [0, 1, 0]), # south
planar((N2, N1), spacing, [0, 0, -offset3], [0, 0, 1]), # bottom
planar((N2, N1), spacing, [0, 0, offset3], [0, 0, -1]), # top
)
positions, directions = _rotate_array(positions, directions,
[1, 0, 0], orientation)
positions += center
return ArrayData(positions, directions, weights)
def sphere_load(fname, radius, center=[0, 0, 0]):
"""Spherical secondary source distribution loaded from datafile.
ASCII Format (see MATLAB SFS Toolbox) with 4 numbers (3 position, 1
weight) per secondary source located on the unit circle.
Returns
-------
`ArrayData`
Positions, orientations and weights of secondary sources.
"""
data = np.loadtxt(fname)
positions, weights = data[:, :3], data[:, 3]
normals = -positions
positions *= radius
positions += center
return ArrayData(positions, normals, weights)
def load(fname, center=[0, 0, 0], orientation=[1, 0, 0]):
"""Load secondary source positions from datafile.
Comma Seperated Values (CSV) format with 7 values
(3 positions, 3 normal vectors, 1 weight) per secondary source.
Returns
-------
`ArrayData`
Positions, orientations and weights of secondary sources.
"""
data = np.loadtxt(fname, delimiter=',')
positions, normals, weights = data[:, :3], data[:, 3:6], data[:, 6]
positions, normals = _rotate_array(positions, normals,
[1, 0, 0], orientation)
positions += center
return ArrayData(positions, normals, weights)
def weights_midpoint(positions, closed):
"""Calculate loudspeaker weights for a simply connected array.
The weights are calculated according to the midpoint rule.
Parameters
----------
positions : (N, 3) array_like
Sequence of secondary source positions.
.. note:: The loudspeaker positions have to be ordered on the
contour!
closed : bool
``True`` if the loudspeaker contour is closed.
Returns
-------
(N,) numpy.ndarray
Weights of secondary sources.
"""
positions = util.asarray_of_rows(positions)
if closed:
before, after = -1, 0 # cyclic
else:
before, after = 1, -2 # mirrored
positions = np.row_stack((positions[before], positions, positions[after]))
distances = np.linalg.norm(np.diff(positions, axis=0), axis=1)
return (distances[:-1] + distances[1:]) / 2
def _rotate_array(positions, normals, n1, n2):
"""Rotate secondary sources from n1 to n2."""
R = util.rotation_matrix(n1, n2)
positions = np.inner(positions, R)
normals = np.inner(normals, R)
return positions, normals
def _linear_helper(ycoordinates, center, orientation):
"""Create a full linear array from an array of y-coordinates."""
N = len(ycoordinates)
positions = np.zeros((N, 3))
positions[:, 1] = ycoordinates - np.mean(ycoordinates[[0, -1]])
positions, normals = _rotate_array(positions, [1, 0, 0],
[1, 0, 0], orientation)
positions += center
normals = np.tile(normals, (N, 1))
weights = weights_midpoint(positions, closed=False)
return ArrayData(positions, normals, weights)
def concatenate(*arrays):
"""Concatenate `ArrayData` objects."""
return ArrayData._make(np.concatenate(i) for i in zip(*arrays))
| 20,758 |
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%84ki
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Mońki
|
https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mońki&action=history
|
Slovak
|
Spoken
| 29 | 81 |
Mońki je mesto v Poľsku v Podleskom vojvodstve v okrese Powiat moniecki v rovnomennej gmine.
Žije tu 10 410 obyvateľov (30.6.2007).
Iné projekty
Mestá v Podleskom vojvodstve
Powiat moniecki
| 2,549 |
https://github.com/RSol/shop/blob/master/frontend/themes/stoyka/widgets/views/slider.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
| 2,021 |
shop
|
RSol
|
PHP
|
Code
| 90 | 323 |
<?php
use common\models\Slider;
use yii\helpers\Html;
use yii\web\View;
use frontend\assets\SliderAsset;
/**
* @var $this View
* @var $sliders Slider[]
*/
SliderAsset::register($this);
?>
<?php if (!empty($sliders)){ ?>
<div class="slider slider1">
<div class="sliderContent">
<?php foreach($sliders as $slider): ?>
<div class="item">
<?php if($slider->url != null){
$slide_url = $slider->url;
$target = '_blank';
} else {
$slide_url = '/';
$target = '_self';
} ?>
<a href="<?= $slide_url ?>" target="<?= $target ?>">
<?= Html::img($slider->getThumbFileUrl('image', 'thumb'), [
'alt' => 'Акция',
'class' => 'img-slider',
'style' => 'width:100%',
]) ?>
</a>
</div>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</div>
</div>
<?php } ?>
| 25,529 |
|
https://github.com/Alaharon123/mouseable/blob/master/ts/src/components/KeyHolder.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
mouseable
|
Alaharon123
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 80 | 262 |
import React from "react";
import { FunctionKey } from "../gobind";
import MyContext from "../MyContext";
import { functionKeyToText } from "../util/function";
interface Props {
name: string;
functionKey: FunctionKey;
}
export default function KeyHolder(props: Props): JSX.Element {
return (
<MyContext.Consumer>
{(v) => (
<div
style={{
cursor: "pointer",
backgroundColor: "#f8f8f8",
border: "1px solid #ccc",
fontSize: 10,
margin: "0 2px",
padding: "0 2px",
height: "14px",
display: "flex",
flexDirection: "row",
alignItems: "center",
}}
onClick={() => {
v.requestChangeFunctionKey(props.name);
}}
>
{functionKeyToText(props.functionKey)}
</div>
)}
</MyContext.Consumer>
);
}
| 47,189 |
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%9C%A8%E7%90%B4%E7%BE%8E
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
青木琴美
|
https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=青木琴美&action=history
|
Chinese
|
Spoken
| 28 | 539 |
青木琴美（）是日本漫畫家。愛媛縣松山市出身，血型為B型。
略歷
出道作為1998年的作品『99的眼淚』。
2003年、開始連載「妹妹戀人」，此作也成為她的代表作。2005年發行OVA。2006年翻拍成電影，由松本潤、榮倉奈奈主演。
2005年、連載「我的初戀情人」。2009年拍成電影，由井上真央、岡田將生主演。
2008年、「我的初戀情人」獲得第53回小學館漫畫賞少女向部門獎項。
2009年、結束「我的初戀情人」連載，離開「Sho-Comi」並於官方網站表示移往同為小學館的「Cheese!」月刊。同年、在「Cheese!」5月號開始「她愛上了我的謊」的連載。
漫畫作品
單行本
戀情NO心情（）
朝思慕想的愛（）（全2冊）
驕陽戀人（）（全1冊）
俏皮佳偶（）（全1冊）
我的壞王子（）（全2冊）
一夜戀情（）（全1冊）
不懂你的愛（）（全1冊）
妹妹戀人（）（全10冊）
我的初戀情人/我的初戀（）（全12冊）
她愛上了我的謊（）（全22冊）
彩虹的憐惜（）（全9冊）
合集
LOVE&TEARS
相關連結
青木琴美日本官方網站（日文）
參考來源
少女漫畫家
松山市出身人物
日本女性漫畫家
| 38,448 |
http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000095241929 http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/NLP/Izraelita/1891/11/27/0001_01403_main.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/NLP/Izraelita/1891/11/27/0002_01404_main.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/NLP/Izraelita/1891/11/27/0003_01405_main.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/NLP/Izraelita/1891/11/27/0004_01406_main.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/NLP/Izraelita/1891/11/27/0005_01407_main.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/NLP/Izraelita/1891/11/27/0006_01408_main.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/NLP/Izraelita/1891/11/27/0007_01409_main.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/NLP/Izraelita/1891/11/27/0008_01410_main.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/NLP/Izraelita/1891/11/27/0009_01411_main.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/NLP/Izraelita/1891/11/27/0010_01412_main.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/NLP/Izraelita/1891/11/27/0011_01413_main.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-1/image/NLP/Izraelita/1891/11/27/0012_01414_main.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000095241929 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000095241929_2
|
Europeana
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Izraelita
|
None
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 5,354 | 12,680 |
— Fakt bankructwa kilku firm bankierskich w Ber linie, z nicli 3-ck z szefami żydami, jak łatwo było do przewidzeniu, klika antysemicka starała się hojnie wyzyskać, sadzając, wedle zwyczaju, na ławie oska rżonych, za bezprawie jednostek, cały ogół żydów. Oto, co o zajściach z powodu tej afery, piszą z Berli na do jednego z większych dzienników tutejszych: „...Rozprawy w izbie deputowanych wnet po swem otwarcia przybrały-charakter gwałtowny. Przyszło bowiem do ostrego starcia pomiędzy przeciwnikami żydów i ich obrońcami. Antysemityzm^osłabł cokol wiek w ostatnich czasach w Niemczech, a zwłaszcza w Berlinie. Dopiero ostatnie skandale giełdowe, Jma- uewra zwyżkowców na giełdzie zbożowej, a przede- wszystkiem^.bankructwo kilka firm bankierskich, do starczyły świeżego jjpokarmu agitacji antyżydowskiej. Naturalnie, że p. Stocker.pierwszy skorzystał.fz tak świetnej sposobności. Wiadomość, że b. kaznodzieja nadworny wygłosi mowę na]tematj„Hirschteldi Woltf"' wywołała formalne rozruchy. Już na kilka ^godzin przed rozpoczęciem posiedzenia olbrzymia>'sala „Ton- halli", mogąca pomieścić kilka tysięcy osób, zapełniła się po brzegi, a ciągle jeszcze napływały tłumy, sta czające rzeczywistą .walkę z policją, wzbraniającą wstępu do przepełnionej sali; nawet członkowie obra dującego obecnie w Berlinie generalnego synodu, któ rzy otrzymali specjalne zaproszenie, nie zdołali się przedostać do miejsca zebrania. Powitany grzmiące- mi oklaskami, wódz autysemitów niemieckich wstąpił na estradę i w dwugodzinnej blisko mowie rozwodził się nad morahiem zepsuciem, toczącem wszystkie warstwy społeczeństwa niemieckiego. Winę tego ze psucia, jak zwykle, ^.przypisywał żydom, prasie ży dowskiej i gorszym jeszcze dziennikom chrześcjań- skim, popierającym żydów. W ogóle jednak mowa Stockera odznaczała się tym razem umiarkowaniem, i dla tego nie wywarła na słuchaczów, przywykłych do strawy pieprzniejszej, zbyt silnego wra żenią. W zu pełności zaś rozczarował zebranych następny mówca, znany profesor Wagner. Zamiast bowiem, jak się spodziewano, piorunować na żydów, mówca dokonał szczegółowego, wcale nie ciekawego rachunku sumie nia swych ziomków, w dosadnych wyrazach potępiał szerzącą się coraz groźniej w społeczeństwie niemiec- kiem chęć łatwego zysku, loterję państwową stawiał na równi, a poniekąd nawet niżej, niż spekulację gieł dową, i całę winę ostatnich wypadków zwalał na zło instynkta ogromnej większości dzisiejszego społe czeństwa. „Laury wodza antysemitów nie pozwoliły zasnąć głównemu jego adjntantowi, p. Libermanowi von So- nenburg. W pierwszym więc dniu obrad parlamen- tarnychj wystąpił z gwałtowną filipiką przeciwko ich wie żydo wskiej. Nie zadawalając się przepisaną przez prawo karą za lichwę, domagał się zwrotu strat, wyrządzonych przez lichwę pojedynczym jednostkom, a oprócz tego, energicznych środków prawodawczych, mających lia celu zapobieżenie obchodzeniu prawa, praktykowanemu jakoby przez lichwiarzy żydowskich. Wiadomości bibljograficzne. —sa— Ostatnie N-ra „Tygodnika Ilustrowanego 1 ' świadczą o nieustannych zabiegach i staraniach redak cji w kierunku coraz większego udoskonalenia tego wydawnictwa. Dobór pysznych, znakomicie wykona nych ilustracyj z rysunków najprzedniejszych artys tów, oraz artykułów i rozpraw, pod któremi czytamy nazwiska najwięcej w literaturze krajowej znaue, N-ra te zalecają. Dlc zwolenników nietuzinkowych, z po ważną myślą i w powabnej nader formie pisanych po wieści, „Tygodnik" zamieszcza powieść Jeża: jaskółki, rozgrywającą się na jednej z wszechnic europejskich, do których wstęp mają kobiety, które też są bohater kami tego opowiadania, oraz kończącą się już powieść z życia ludu, skreśloną współczującem życiu ternu piórem p. Marji Konopnickiej. — aa — Pani Marja Gałecka, znana nauczycielka kroju sukien i okryć, wydala: „Metodę kroju, szycia i praktyczzego wykończania sukien, okryć damskich i dziecinnych 11 , oraz „Wzory" do tejże metody. — na — Księgarnia krajowa K. Prószyńskiego, wyda ła książeczkę p. t. „Uprawa kartofli, oraz wybór ich go sadzenia' - . Napisał „rolnik uczony", Marjan Prawdzie. — Dentysta-lekarz L. Szymański, Krakow skie-Przedmieście 13. ró gNowo-Miodowej , wsta wia zęby sztuczne; leczy, plombuje, przy operacjach znieczula ból. (251) — W zeszycie ,,Ateneum", za m. Listopad, oprócz zwykłych rubryk, znajdujemy następne celniejsze pra ce: „Pesymizm literacki", przez Boi. Lutomskiego, „Eksploatacja złota w Syberji wschodniej", Rzyszczew- skiego; „Świetny los", przez Ostoję; „Prądy w najnow szej literaturze niem.", przez Kocha ; „Niema wojny", przez J. Kenig a J „Rerman Ilelmholz", przez Flauma; „Z beletrystyki Zachodu", przez T. N., i t. d. — (Ofiary). Dla wdowy i sierot po Trajma nie nadesłali w dalszym ciągu: dr. Hołoiunia rs. 1, W. Zukotuski rs. 1, Mięcia Grossman rs. 3, ra zem rs. 5; wraz z poprzedniemi rs. 105 i 100 fr. Na tein lista oliar się zamyka. Zarząd Głównego Domu Schronienia star ców i sierot starozakonnych w Warszawie Podaje do wiadomości, że w Piątek, dnia 4-jjo Grudnia r. b., o godz. 1 z południa, jako w rocz nicę śmierci b. p. Doroty z Konitzów Lande, niegdyś Opiekunki Ochrony I Gminy Starozakon nych, odprawionem będzie w miejscowej Synagodze tegoż Zakładu nabożeństwo żałobne, na które za prasza się krewnych, przyjaciół i znajomych nie boszczki. — Instytut leczniczo-gimnastyczny i Szko ła fechtunku Braci GrafF, Leszno 18. Lek cje rozpoczęte. (246) — Warsztat szeweki Teodora Ceniner- szwera, Orla 10. Obuwie gotowe męzkie i damskie. Obstalunki i reperacje. (281) — Lekarz-Dentysta A. Rosensahł, Mar- jańslca 10, przyjmuje chorych od 10 do 6-ej. Wyjmowanie zębów przy stosowaniu chlorku etylu (chlorethyl). Ludwik Rosenbach, buchalter Banku Dyskontowego, z zezwolenia Okręgu Nauko wego, udziela lekcyj buchalterji podwójnej i rachunkowości handlowej. Senatorska 28/30, m. 5. (36)—10—1 Wychodzi codziennie, nie wy łączając niedzieli. Istniejący rok setny dziewiętnasty Dziennik Poliiyczno-Społeczno-Literacki O O © cd * j*. o o o E t_ rt •o 'O 03 5 O -a 5 W ii ii fju/lUJJlil II illlkJLil II Ullll f z bezpłatnym dodatkiem tygodniowym p. t, „KORESPONDENT ROLNICZY, HANDLOWY 1 PRZEMYSŁOWY". Jedyny więltszy dziennik:, -wychodzą" oy codziennie z raiif\ i -wysyłany na pocztę przed południem — jest -więc pismem najwcześniej doohodzącem na prowincję i z wielkich gazet war szawskich najtańszem. TREŚĆ PISMA: Artykuły wstępne, poświęcone sprawom krajo wym i zagranicznym.—Artykuły luźne z dzie dziny objawów życia społecznego, ekonomicz nego rozwoju kraju, rolnictwa i t. p. — Kores pondencje z różnych strou Króiestwa Polskiego i Cesarstwa, korespondencje stałe z Krakowa, Lwowa, Pragi. Wiednia, Berlina, Paryża, Kzy- mu, Londynu i t. p.—Feljeton poświęcony spra wom teatru, muzyce, sprawozdaniom ze sztuk pięknych.—Kroniki miesięczne z Paryża i Wied nia.—Sprawozdania z ruchu książkowego i lite rackiego w kraju i za grauieą. — Notatki lite rackie, jako wskazówki dla chcących się zapoz nać z ruchem literackim.—W feljetoiiie powie ści i nowelle oryginalne i tłumaczone.—Kroni ka sądowa.—Telegramy: własne i Ageucji Pół nocnej. — Sprawozdania z ruchu handlowego i przemysłowego.—Ceny zboża i produktów rol niczych na rozmaitych rynkach Królestwa, Ce sarstwa (Odesa, Libawa, Eygaj i zagranicy. WarunKi prenumeraty „GAZETY WARSZAWSKIEJ": W Warszawie: rocznie 9 rubli, półrocznie rs. 4 kop. 50, kwartalnie rs. 2 kop. 25, miesięcznie kop. 75. Za odnoszenie do domu 5 kop. mie sięcznie. to N- flL "O -1 CD S3 e 2 CD -I o -J 3 w Sg o ■< 03 3 o X* s p» -J «-ł- fij o co o" os M CD j3 # 3* O .g o os o * o" co IM O C5 SF W cip roku wycMzi 343 razy. Wychodzi codziennie, nie wy łączając niedzieli. KALENDARZ TYGODNIOWY. Chrześcjański. Żydowski. Dnie tygod. Data Miesiąca ci c3 Uliesiące i Święta. S. S. n. a. Piątek 15 27 Listopada. 26 Mca Cheszwon. Sobota IG 28 )> *27 dz. tyg. Chaje Sara. Niedz. 17 29 28 Po u. 18 30 29 W tor. 19 1 (Listop.Grud.i ,30 Roszchodosz Kitlew. Środa 20 2 1 2-gi ditto Czwar. 31 3 P •_> Nr. 46. Warszawa, dnia 15 (27) Listopada 1891 roku. Rok 26. Pismo tygodniowe. Wychodzi co piątek. Warunki prenumeraty. W Warszawie, w Redakcji: rocznie rs. 6, półrocz nie rs. 3, kwartalnie rs. I kop. 50. Za odnoszenie do domu, dopłaca się kwartalnie kop. 10. Ogłoszenia zamieszczają się za opłatą kop. 12 od wier sza drobnym drukiem. Reklamy po kop. 20. REDAKCJA przy ulicy Twardej N-r 27. W Cesarstwie i Królestwie, z przesyłką pod opaską rocznie rs. 8, półrocznie rs. 4, kwartalnie rs. 2. Cena pojedynczego Numeru kop. 15. TREŚĆ: Kwestje synagogalne, przez S—w.—Za Możnowładca żydowski w XVI wieku. ("Karta Hozajka, przez Nakuma. —Kronika: Z Cesarstwa.—Z miasta i kraju. ... . rzyk tygodniowy.—Ogłoszenia.—W odcinku: Odkupienie. (Studjum psychologiczne). Z galicyjskich opowiadań K.Fr. (Dalszy ciąg). Kwestje synagogalne. I. Wszędzie, gdzie tylko zwrócimy wzrok, dostrzeżemy stwierdzenie ogólnego prawidła: ruch — to życie, śmierć — to zastój. Gdzie tętni szczere uczucie, gdzie kiełkuje myśl ży wotna, tam niema zdrętwiałości i spoczynku, tam prawo rozwoju wszechwładnie panuje, przeobraża, przeistacza, zmienia i ulepsza. Jeżeli w skutek przeszkód ta tendencja ży cia nie objawia się w czynach, to przynaj mniej występuje w natchnieniach, dążno ściach, usiłowaniach. Gdzie ani czynów, ani inicjatywy nie ma, gdzie wszystko skrzepło i zlodowaciało, tam o prawdziwem życiu i rozwoju mowy być nie może. Zdawałoby się, że synagoga, jako przyby tek rzeczy wiecznych, nie może być widow nią, ciągłego rozwoju, a przeciwnie, nierucho mość i stałość powinny tu być regułą. Rze czywiście, co do wewnętrznej treści — tak jest, ale co do form i urządzeń, ogólne prawo ruchu rządzi i w tej dziedzinie. Synagoga ściśle prawowierna, na granitowych podsta wach wiary oparta, bardzo mało się zmieni ła. Lecz przedmiotem naszej rozprawy jest synagoga postępowa, mająca dla oświeconej klasy żydowskiej nierównie donioślejsze zna czenie. Podczas bowiem, gdy w obozie za chowawczym religja ogarnia całe życie, to warzyszy nieodstępnie na każdym kroku, dla stronnictwa postępowego koncentruje się ona prawie wyłącznie w murach synagogi. Nic dziwnego więc, że każde pęknięcie, każdy wyłom w tych murach, jest widmem złowro- giem, pobudzaj ącem do poważnych rozmy ślań. Każdy zrozumie, że nie mamy na myśli murów z cegieł i gliny. Te mogą imponować swą potęgą, mogą urągać burzom, albo roz sypać się w gruzy. Nie w nich tkwi siła, lecz w instytucji samej. W pałacu, czy w chacie, wśród kwiatów, czy wśród łach manów, to co ma w sobie życie—żyje, a co obumarło, nie zostanie wskrzeszonem przez piękne barwy, wdzięki i wonie. Niezawod nie, piękno, szyk nowoczesny, ład, są akce- sorjami potrzebnemi, ale tylko akcesorjami. Jeżeli odwrócimy uwagę od istoty rzeczy, a skupimy ją wyłącznie na tych przydatkach, staniemy się mimowoli formalistami, czyli popadniemy z drobiazgowego formalizmu or todoksyjnego, w bezduszny formalizm postę powy. Uznawając użyteczność zaprowadzenia form wytworniejszych, powinniśmy mieć wzrok zwrócony na treść i cel tych wszystkich form. Powinniśmy dążyć do tego, aby sy nagoga była rzeczywistą karmicielką nasze go ducha, aby rozgrzewała i roztaczała świa tłość, aby nauczała, pokrzepiała i pocieszała. Przyszłość judaizmu nie może być szczepio ną na suchym pniu rutyny, na bezwładnym mechanizmie zewnętrznego ustroju, lecz na soczystych gałęziach wiedzy i przekonania. Zrozumieli to dobrze nasi współwyznawcy na zachodzie, a odblask tej świadomości do strzegamy w ciągłym rozwoju urządzeń i ulepszeń, w żywym pochodzie naprzód, w czynnej inicjatywie, w projektach, których część już urzeczywistnioną została, część zaś jeszcze ulega roztrząsaniu. Otóż, celem szeregu artykułów, który dziś rozpoczynamy, jest—zapoznać naszych czy telników z wybitniej szemi momentami tego ruchu. Sądzimy, że po szczęśliwem naślado waniu współwyznawców zachodnich pod względem wystawienia wspaniałego przybyt ku dla kultu, powinniśmy po tej samej dro dze postępować naprzód i zaprowadzać wszystko to, co ci pionierowie postępu zapro wadzili i wciąż zaprowadzają. Nie powin niśmy być sobowtórami, mechanicznie naśla- dującemi wszystko, bez względu na różnicę warunków miejscowych; ale przyzna każdy, że dumnie odrzucając naśladownictwo, a nie posiadając twórczości własnej, żeby samo dzielnie coś stworzyć, do niczego nie doj dziemy. Pomiędzy temi dwiema ostateczno- ściami jest droga pośrednia: wybierać to, co jest potrzebnem i możliwem do przeprowa dzenia. Nie mówimy jeszcze o czynach. Musi je poprzedzić poczucie potrzeby, rozwaga, dys kusja. U nas niema jeszcze śladu tych wstępnych znamion, co jest stanowczo obja wem smutnym. Absolutne zadowolenie jest cechą obojętności; brak dyskusji roztacza mrok, w którym wygodnie się wylęga indy- ferentyzm, martwy, senny i apatyczny. Nie zaszkodzi więc przedstawić ruch, jaki się od bywa gdzieindziej; nie polecamy go jeszcze do naśladowania, przyjrzyjmy mu się prze- dew«zystkiem! Ramy kilku artykułów dziennikarskich byłyby zbyt szczupłemi dla przedstawienia ruchu rozwoju synagogalnego we wszystkich krajach zachodnich, gdzie żydom przyświeca jasna, promienna gwiazda postępu, i z dłuż szego okresu... Musieliśmy przeto wybrać jedną widownię, t. j. jeden kraj, i minimalny perjod czasu, t. j. rok. Inną razą dotkniemy może piórem sprawozdawczem innych krajów i okresów. Tymczasem zadowolnimy się mi niaturowym obrazkiem,fktóry, p2'zy uwzględ nieniu odpowiedniej skali, może dać wyobra żenie o całości. "Wybraliśmy na ten raz judaizm postępo wy angielski, z dwóch następujących wzglę dów: Judaizm postępowy w Anglji trzyma się, o ile można, tradycji; pełen pietyzmu dla sta rożytnych obrządków, nie jest pochopnym do fabrykowania nowego, wątpliwej wartości, ceremonjału. Stoi on nie tylko „na gruncie Szulchan-Aruch'u", ale i na gruncie prawi dłowej, wzorowo uorganizowanej hierarchji, kierowanej umiejętnie, samowładnie i kon sekwentnie przez nadrabina (Chief rabbi), używającego wielkiej powagi wśród wszyst kich stronnictw żydowskich, zarówno zacho wawczych, jak i postępowych. Juryzdykcja tego nadrabina rozciąga się na wszystkie sy nagogi; nic bez jego aprobaty nie daje się znieść, ani też zaprowadzić. Dla nas, nie będących zwolennikami dążności wdzierania się na strome wyżyny reform, nie chcących odgradzać się od większości współwyznaw ców odmiennemi formami, które pogłębiłyby jeszcze bardziej przepaść, dzielącą, niestety, postępowych żydów od ogółu zachowawcze go, eksperymenta niemiecko-żydowskie, po suwające się czasami do ostateczności, nie mogą być w tym stopniu miarodajnemi, co powolne, zgodne z tradycją, zbiorowe i jed- * O" 7 4 a o mienie zewnętrzne i o to, jak się innym ukazują,-- mato dbają. Są znowu tacy, z tych składa się większość, którzy z ubożuclinem wnątrzem, posiadania tylko łakną, dla jego osiągnięcia poniewierają wszystkiem, co czło wiekowi ideałem winno przyświecać, a znaj dują po największej części niepokój, troski i zabójcze nudy. Są wreszcie tacy, co nie dbając ni o jedno ni o drugie, gonią za marą tylko, za tern, co inni o nich myśleć i mówić mogą, a znajdują u celu—czczośći gorzkie rozczarowanie... Przez takie szkło patrząc na korowód ludzki, potrzebaby istotnie latarni z bardzo silnym rewerberem, by odszukać ludzi do pierwszej z opisanych kategoryj należących. Z małemi bardzo wyjątkami, wedle podziału filozofa-pesymisty, wszystko tonie w nurtach żądzy posiadania, przy nędzy wewnętrznej. To ruda czarna, w której ani źdźbła złota cha rakteru, dzielności ducha niema. Ztąd tyle egoizmu, tyle trywialności, tyle zmateriali zowania, tyle braku spółczucia w zasobnych, dla wszystkiego pozbawionych... Przesadny to bezwątpienia obraz, z którego znana mi- zantropja frankfurckiego odludka wieje. Ale są charakterystyczne objawy nie odosobnio ne, mogące nawet być zwane prądami zdroż- nemi, które sąd powyższy w zupełności uza sadniają. Wskazała na jedno z tego ro dzaju zboczeń autorka-niemka, pani Naliida Remy, w wyszłem swem niedawno interesu- jącern dziełku „Das judische Weib". Pani Remy, chrześcjanka, zapoznaje tu czytelni ków z całym szeregiem niewiast izraelskich z zeszłego i bieżącego wieku, słynnych z cnót, z dążeń Avysoce idealnych, z gorącego przy wiązania do wiary rodowej, jasno pojmowa nej, z wielkiej dobroczynności, dzielności charakteru, niepospolitych uzdolnień pisar skich i artystycznych i t. d. W osobnym zaś rozdziale poddaje skalpelowi swej kry tyki żydówki z wyższych i średnich sfer spo- ! łecznych, w których modna dziś judeofobja j znalazła gorące orędowniczki. Autorkamówi tu w szczególności o latoroślach tego rodzaju ; na błotnistym gruncie nadsprejskiego hige lifu, 1 prawdopodobnie dla tego tylko, że pokrewne im myślą, a raczej bezmyślnością, siostrzyce gdzieindziej, są jej nieznane. lub przynajmniej znacznie ścieśnioną. My zwłaszcza, żydzi, możemy tylko przyklaski wać podobnej inicjatywie, gdyż wydartą zo stanie wrogom naszym broń ostra, którą za winy jednostek, przeciw całemu naszemu ogółowi wojują. Wątpliwem jest tylko, czy uchwalić sią mające prawa przeciw rozwiel- możnionemu złu poradzą, i czy w razie za parcia drzwi merkurowego przybytku dla hazardu, większe jeszcze szwindle i naduży cia nie będą się dokonywać w ukryciu, po za wrotami owej światuicy... Elkan. ZZA MORZA. — Do bardziej sensacyjnych zajśćkończące- się tygodnia w dziedzinie realnej, zaliczyć należy popłoch, rzucony na świat giełdziar- ski, zapowiedzeuiem w Berlinie projektu do praw przeciw grze giełdowej. Do przed sięwzięcia odnośnych rygorów dały powód ostatnie znane bankructwa berlińskie (ob. po niżej „Kronikę")- Nie sprowadzi to pewnie katastrofy w ludzkim świecie, jeżeli arena dla szwindlów giełdziarskich zostanie zamkniętą, (Dokończenie). Zwracając się w szczególności do imigran tów, pragnących zająć się rolą, gazeta argen tyńska pisze dalej: ,,Można nabyć ziemię u rządu i u prywat nych osób, za gotówkę, czy na spłatę. Bez płatnie rząd gruntów nie udziela, ale cena ziemi jest nadzwyczaj nizką, a czas rozpłaty bardzo długi. Daje to możność osobom nie zamożnym wypłacać się owocami własnego trudu i stać się właścicielami ziemi, która przynosi zawsze dochód, odpowiadający sta ranności w jej uprawie. Ziemię można ku pić i dzierżawić, pojedynczo, lub zbiorowo (stowarzyszenia). Gatunek ziemi — przewyboruy. Są nie zmierzone obszary żyznego gruntu, dokąd zaczynają już napływać emigranci ze wszech stron, dla zakładania kolonij. Można zna leźć i doświadczonych robotników, ale liczba ich mała, a brak ich dotkliwie daje się uczu- wać. Tym, co tu przyjeżdżają, można za pewnić byt dostatni, wzamian za pracę, ło żoną dla dobra kraju. Co się tyczy emigrantów, dotychczas tu osiadłych, można powiedzieć, że liczebnie Pan Bołwiński wciąż prawił jej komplemen- ta i dowcipy, a nie odbierając odpowiedzi, mawiał:—,,Ho, ho! jam mimo to w pani za kochany',—a pan Negrusz, równie jak daw niej, przechodził mimo niej z milczącym ukłonem... Dla czego? Dlatego, że jeśli kto chce oszukać sam siebie, udaje mu się to zawsze.— „Nie będę z nią mówił,—myślał sobie,—aby nie dać staremu gadule powodu do uwag, lub nowej obmowy".—Czuł atoli, aż zbyt dobrze, że to nie jest istotną przyczyną. Dochodziło do tego, że gniewał się niekiedy na piękną kobietę za to, że z uczciwem swem dotąd sercem zaczynał być w niezgodzie. Obraz pięknej kobiety, która w niezadowoleniu swem i gniewie wydała mu się podwójnie piękną, zrobił na nim głębsze nierównie wra żenie, niżby tego sobie był życzył. Znale zienie się pana Florjana w dziwnem wzglę dem niej postawiło go położeniu, i aby zna leźć przyzwoity ton dla stosunków, musiał by być zupełnie swobodnym. Ale tej swo body brakło mu, i jakbądź zapewniał o tem sam siebie i powtarzał sobie: — Nie mówię do niej, aby nie dać tej złośliwej starej ba bie w czamarze powodu do nowych plotek, a zresztą, o czem z nią mam mówić, i czyż to konieczne, abym z nią mówił?.. — czuł, że oszukuje sam siebie, i że to nieprzyzwoicie z jego strony, iż nigdy nie przemówi do niej ani słowa. I gdy tak mijał tydzień za ty godniem, a nie było sposobu poprawienia tej omyłki, te codzienne nieme spotkania stały się dlań męczącemi,—wyrzec się ich atoli nie był w stanie! I wiele dałby za to, aby wie dzieć, co ona o tem myśli, lub mówi. Co ona o tem mówi? W obec drugich—-nic, stanowczo nic... Na tanowi nawet nie powiedziała o tem ani sło wa. Aż do ostatniej sceny mogłaby mówić 0 tem nawet przy obcych, teraz już nie była w stanie. Zataiła nawet przed nim boha terski postępek pana Florjana, gdy mąż po miesięcznej nieobecności wrócił nareszcie do domu.—„Po co go mam gniewać?"— tłuma czyła samą siebie, ale czuła w duszy, iż dla tego tylko nie mówi o tem, aby nie wspom- nąć o sędzi okręgowym. Niewytłumaczona jakaś obawa wstrzymywała ją od tego. Tak wiele zmuszoną była myśleć o nim i jego za chowaniu się, że już dla tego samego mówić nie mogła. I w istocie, często przychodziły jej o nim różne myśli do głowy. — „To bar dzo z jego strony nieładnie, że ani razu nie rzekł do mnie ani słowa, teraz nawet, kiedy śmy już znajomi 1 '.—Albo: ,,A może dumny ten chrześcjanin serjo myśli, że jestem w nim zakochana, i chce mi pokazać, że niczem dlań jestem? I tak jest, a on dla mnie również jest niczem". — A potem: — „Nie, to dobry człowiek. Jak gorąco ujął się za mną!" — Ale najczęściej myślała tak: — „To, co mó wią o miłości jego dla umarłej, musi być prawdą. Tak ją kocha, że nie chce nawet rozmawiać z żyjącą kobietą. Nie mówi wszak nigdy nawet z żoną sekretarza sądo wego. Ale pojąć nie mogę, jak to można kochać umarła? I co to w ogóle jest mi łość?.." Los, kierując życiem ludzi, dziwnych nie raz używa sposobów. W tym razie, zbliżała do siebie tych dwoje okoliczność, że nigdy do siebie nie mówili. Nastąpił wrzesień. Był piękny, jasny, słoneczny dzień jesienny. W sklepie zajętą była pani Hanna, a w „kasynie" zasiadali już pan Bołwinski i naczelnik izby podatko wej, rozprawiając o liberalizmie. Słowem, wszystko szło zwykłym trybem. Zwykłym trybem wszedł także i pan Negrusz. W mil czeniu zdjął kapelusz, ona w milczeniu kiw nęła mu głową,—poczem zamierzał iść dalej. Okazało się to atoli niemożliwem; drogę bo wiem zagradzała ogromna beczka. — Będziesz pan zmuszony przejść tędy,— rzekła mu gospodyni, ukazując mu miejsce po za bufetem. — Dziękuję pani,—odrzekł cicho, i zaczął przechodzić koło niej, ale zatrzymał się. — Urządza się tu pani na nowo?—zapytał, aby powiedzieć cośkolwiek. — Tak, trzeba miejsce przygotować na jesień, gdy nadejdą owoce... — Tego roku, dzięki Bogu, dobry uro dzaj... — Tak, szczególniej obrodziły jabłka... — Mówią, że i wina w obfitości. Gdzie znajduje się obecnie pan Natan? — Prawdopodobnie w Węgrzech, — ale gdzie, nie wiem. Niema on w drodze czasu pisać. Sądzę tylko, że już był w Tokaju.— Tu, duma kupiecka przemogła jej uieśmia- nolite ulepszenia żydowsko-angielskie, mają ce powagę wielkiego rabinatu, szanowanego i w kołach ortodoksyjnych. Ten ruch angielski posiada jeszcze stronę nader sympatyczną, która zasługuje na naj szersze rozpowszechnienie, a mianowicie: dyskusję publiczną, szeroką, szczerą i bez stronną. Na łamach organów żydowskich roztrząsanym bywa każdy projekt przez przedstawicieli wszystkich sfer żydowskich; zwierzchności danych instytucyj nie otaczają się tajemniczością, nie posługują się nigdy nasrożoną powagą, lecz owszem, przyjmują udział w polemice. Dyskusja tego rodzaju budzi mocne zajęcie, rzuca światło na różne kwestje religijne i społeczne, naucza i prze konywa. Przez tę publiczną wymianę zdań, sączą się w szerszą publiczność, niby kro pla po kropli, świadomość zasad i potrzeb ju daizmu, samowiedza i poczucie godności reli gijnej. Wreszcie, dla obserwatora dyskusja podobna posiada nieocenioną wartość, gdyż ona wtajemnicza go w pobudki i motywa każ dej reformy. Uwzględniając te piękne strony ruchu sy- nagogałnego w Anglji, obraliśmy go za przedmiot obecnej rozprawy. Wyjaśniwszy jej cele w tem „ słowie ivstępnem tl , przystąpi my w następujących artykułach do właściwe go sprawozdania. S—iv. ODKUPIENIE. (Studjum psychologiczne). Z GALICYJSKICH OPOWIADAŃ K. Fr. (idalszy dag). Pan Florjan nie posiadał się z gniewu. Dziwny ten człowiek nie wierzy mu i psuje tak dobrze obmyśloną zabawę. Ale to jesz cze mniejsza, — pan Florjan do tego przy zwyczajony, — bo i inni zwykli mu nie wie rzyć. Ale ten sędzia, przyjmując taką drob nostkę nie tylko poważnie, ale tragicznie, za daleko się posunął i obszedł się z nim jak z chłopczykiem. Tego znieść niepodobna, to już poprostu dotyka honoru. To też, wypro stowawszy się całą postacią, pan Florjan odezwał się tonem, jakim zwykł był tylko do wierzycieli swych przemawiać: — Zapytuję pana, z kim pan mówisz, rozumiesz pan, — z kim pan mówisz? Mówisz pan ze mną, Florjanem Bołwińskim! Proszę więc nie zapominać, że wymagam szacunku! Słysza- na-ż to rzecz? Kłamcą jestem, zwodzicie- lem? Ho, ho! Pozostań sobie cnotliwym, jeśli tak ci się podoba, ale to, com powie dział, jest prawdą! Ta Hanna w wysokim stopniu kochliwa, lekkomyślna kobieta... — Tss! Nagły ten dźwięk, niby strzała raptem wypuszczona, przerwała imponującą tę mo wę. Pan Florjan odwrócił głowę i wnet ZA TYDZIEŃ. Zakaz wywozu pszenicy.—Drożyzna i opłakany stan biedny cli.—Działalność kół dobroczynnych.—Szopen- liauerowski podział ludzi na trzy kategorje.—Dziełko pani Nahidy Remy „Das judische Weil) 1 '. —Popłoch w świecie giełdziar.-.kim. - Wątpię, czy świat ludzki weźmie sobie tak bardzo do serca fakt, że germańscy kon sumenci będą musieli w tym roku pożywać bułki, wypieczone z pszenicy, niekoniecznie z naszych łanów zżętej. Ale to pewna, żei Ukaz Najwyższy, rozciągający zakaz wywo zu zboża i na pszenicę, jest dla ludności dot kniętej nieurodzajem u nas, wielce dobro czynnym. Wprawdzie, drożyzna wiktuałów, a za niemi i innych przedmiotów do życia, nietylko nie zmniejsza się, ale wzrasta... Wszelako, ów zakaz zapobiega spotęgowa niu zła, które, przy wywozie miernego także u nas urodzaju pszenicy, w ciągu 9-iu mie sięcy, do przyszłych zbiorów, niechybnie nastąpić musiało. Żyto i pszenica mogą w potrzebie wzajem się zastępować, a gdzie jednego brak, tam umniejszenia zasobów dru giej dopuszczać nie należy. Z wielu miast w Cesarstwie i Królestwie donoszą, że zarządy gmin i prywatne dobro czynne stowarzyszenia zbierają składki i urządzają wyprzedaż artykułów żywności biednym, po zniżonych cenach, a między naj uboższych rozdzielają je bezpłatnie. Świeżo opowiedział mi jeden z nabożnych braci po wierze, że uczestnicy pewnej modlitewni (chasydzkiej) w Warszawie, zebrali między sobą kilkaset rubli, za które nabyli artykuły żywności, i rozdawają takowe bezpłatnie ubogim. Część zebranego funduszu przezna czyli dla piekarza, z którym zawarli umowę 0 wydawanie za ich kartkami chleba ubogim, po zniżonej cenie, lub zupełnie darmo. Inicja tywa to ze strony ludzi zacofanych umysłem, ale serc spółczujących, ze wszechmiar szla chetna i pochwały godna. Byłoby bardzo do opuścił ją na piersi, zbladł, gdy twarz Ne - grusza ogniem zapłonęła. — Milczeć! — odezwała się stojąca we drzwiach piękna Hanna, ręką wskazując na drżącego niegodziwca. Wyprostowana całą postacią, stoi ona w pół-otwartych drzwiach, śmiertelnie blada, ale królewsko wspaniała 1 królewsko piękna... Pan Florjan niżej jeszcze spuścił głowę i otworzył usta, jak baran przed burzą. Han na zamyka za sobą drzwi i podchodzi ku obu panom. — Pani... zdaje się... podsłuchiwałaś... — bełkocze stary grzesznik, usiłując uśmiech nąć się. — Nie, nie podsłuchiwałam, — odpowiada ona stanowczo. — Bóg mi świadkiem, że nie jest moim zwyczajem podsłuchiwać, gdy panowie tu z sobą rozmawiają o rzeczach, które mnie nie obchodzą. Ale, jak raz mia łam tu zajęcie, nieopodal drzwi, koło prze kładania korzeni, i słyszałam każde sło wo. Przykro mi było, a jeszcze mi nieprzy- jemniej,—dodała, i spłonęła jasnym rumień cem, — że sama zmuszoną jestem się wmię- szać... Natana mojego nie ma w domu, i dla tego sama powiedzieć ci muszę w oczy, panie Bołwiński, że brzydki z ciebie kłamca... Odezwałam się tylko wczoraj do mojego mę ża, że... pan sędzia okręgowy jest prawdopo dobnie... bardzo dumnym, gdyż nigdy do mnie nie mówi, jak wszyscy inni panowie. Nie myślałam przytem nie złego, nic złego... I dla tego, panie Bołwiński, wstydź się pan!.. Pan Bołwiński czyni, co mu każą,—wsty dzi się. Bardziej jeszcze otwiera usta i nie śmie podnieść oczu. Ale za to pan Negrusz wpatruje się w żydówkę, nie mogąc z niej oczu spuścić. Być może, że źle czyni, przej- życzenia, aby, w tej ciężkiej dla biednych do bie, początkowanie owych maluczkich posłu żyło za zachętę i przykład wyżej w kultu rze i zamożności stojącym sferom spółwyz- nawczym naszej gminy. Nie wątpimy też, że i Zarząd gminy, w zakr-esie przysługu jącej mu atrybucji, przedsięweźmie działal ność w tym kierunku ogólniejszą, a pew nym być można, że zamożniejsza część gminy, na niesienie pomocy setkom rodzin, srogim niedostatkiem nękanych, gdy o to zawezwaną zostanie — środków nie po skąpi... — O człowieku, jego naturze, przymiotach, wadach, skłonnościach, stosy napisano ksiąg, odkąd stał się 011 przedmiotem psychicznych dociekań. Lecz myśl badawcza odkrywa wciąż coś nowego w tym arcydziele natury, lub też to, co od dawna już o nim jest znane, pod nową uwidomia postacią. Czyż nie jest np. interesującym szopenhauerowski opis czło wieka pod trojakim względem: tego, czem jest w sobie, tego. co posiada, i tego, jak się innym ukazuje? W podziale tym nie ma nic nowego: ale zajmującym i pouczającem jest zestawienie cech każdej poszczególe z wy mienionych grup. Tak np. twierdzi słynny myśliciel, że istotną i nieznikomą wartość człowieka, ognisko jego zadowoleń i nieza dowoleń, radości i smutków, doli i niedoli, stanowi tylko treść jego ducha, Charakter, temperament, usposobienia, zdolności, wro dzona pogoda lub niepogoda umysłu. Tu mieści się cała miarajego szczęścia we wsze lakich okolicznościach życia. To zaś, co człowiek zewnąt.iz swego ducha posiada: bo gactwo, honory, zaszczyty i t. p. i to co zys kuje z opinji o nim innych ludzi, pozorną tyl ko ma wartość, względną i znikomą, w każ dym razie o tyle tylko, o ile umożliwia mu roz wijanie duchowej swej treści: poznania, uczuć moralnych i estetycznych. 446 CENNIK HERBATY Nadwornych Dostawców BiZYLGGO FEBŁDfA IS 1. Połutorna Sansińska „ Familijna „ Kraśnieńka „ Famil. Chunmy Czarna Lansińska „ lepsza „ Seofajun wysoka rs. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1.40 1.60 1.80 2 — 2.20 2.50 2.80 Kwiatowa Famil. lepsza rs „ Lansińska „ „ „ wysoka „ ( „ ( Zielona Żółta 3.— 4.— 5.— 5.— ło s io.— Herbata w blaszanych pudełkach 1 fun. i ł /2 f un> Kraśnieńka Sinszenchu rs. 2.— 2.20 Lansińska rs. 2.50 wysoka „ 3.— Przesyłkę herbaty pocztą przyjmujemy na swój koszt. Przy kupnie 50-iu funtów herbaty za gotówkę, lub za zaliczeniem (nachna- me) przy zadatkowaniu 10% całkowitej sumy, udzielamy następujący rabat: Od cen nars. 1.40 i 1.60 /2%; od ceny na rs. 1.80 i wyższej 15% odrubia. Od herbaty w blaszanych pudełkach: Kraśnieńkiej 25, Sinszenchu 30, Lan- sińskiej 35 i wyższej 40 kop. od funta. Odstępując rabat, kosztów przesyłki na siebie nie przyjmujemy. Herbatę wypuszczamy z rządową banderolą, rozważaną w Moskwie w 1, 1 /. 2 , t / i i'/» funta paczkach pod osobistym nadzorem i kontrolą rządowego inspektora. Własne składy nasze znajdują się: w Warszawie: 1) Nalewki 12 2) Nowy-Swiat 33 3) Leszno róg Kymar. M 15 4) Marszałkowska Jiy 130 5) Elektoralna ~Ni 10 6) Stare Miasto 8/10 7) Praga, Targowa Jfe 7 W Moskwie: 1) Mieszczańska dom własny 2) Warwarka J\y 37/38 3) Twerska Jia 190 4) Kałużski rynek Ji« 479 5) Niemiecki Jfj 8 6) Gruziński plac Ni — 7) Przeczysteńskie wrota N j 6 8) Kitajski Przejazd Mi 7/8 9) Piętrowsk. linija 457 10) Smoleński rynek I 11) Piatnicka N j 163 12) Daniłowa słoboda W Petersburgu: l)Zagorodny prosp. Jiy 26 2) Sadowa Jiu 16 3) Newska 90 4) Sadowa 44 5) Czerniszew. most 64 <5)Litiejna Au 25 7) Wielki prosp. 38 W Kijowie: Dom zarządu miejsk. Jia — 2) Kreszczatik Aa 44 3) Aleksandrowska £ 8? 4) Halicki bazar _ g 8 w Charkowie: 1) Targowa d. Kuźuiecowa, 2) Moskiewska Au 28 w Kursku: 1) Moskiewska 2) Chersońska w Niźnym Nowg. 1) Sofroński plac w Odesie, Ryszeliewska w Tyflisie, Puszkińska w Rydze, Kupiecka w Orle, Bełchowska w Saratowie, Aleksandrowska w Woroneżu, Szlachecka w Taganrogu, Piotrowska w Wilnie, Wielka w Nowoczerkasku, Platowski prz. w Kremienczugu, Chersońska w Białymstoku, Lipowa w Elizawetgradzie, Perspektywna w Władykaukazie Aleksandr.prosp. w Dynaburgu, Peterburska w Tambowie, Bazarna w Pskowie, Wielkolucka w Ostrowie, Połocka w Mińsku. Soborna w Witebsku, Zamkowa w Libawie, Nowobazarna w Dorpacie, Wielki rynek w Rewlu, „ w Rostowie nad Donem. Moskiew. JVi 53 Na Niźrio Nowgorodzkim jarmarku, Owocowa linja Jte 27/28 Na Urupińskim jarmarku, dom iit.E 4/9 w Wiedniu, Kaertnerring A« 15 w Berliuie, Mohrenstrasse Nr. 63/64 w Paryżu, rue S-te Honoró Nr. w Moskwie, 1-a Mieszczańska, dom własny. (290) li PATENTOWANE I UPRZYWILEJOWANE w Rosji i za granica LESIE PASTYLKI (krążki) TATRA 300 godzin za 1 rs. stałego balsamicznego zapa chu lasów iglastych w jednym pokoju, zapewnia zużycie za wartości jednego pudełka kosztującego rs. 1. Najwygod niejszy i najtańszy sposób, wy rugo wuj ący z użycia wsz el- kiego rodzaju rozpylacze. WYŁĄCZNA WŁASNOŚĆ laraaisiiep Laboratorium Chemicznego. DOSTAĆ MOŻNA: (237) 1) 2) 3) 4) róg Miodowej i Senatorskiej, Krakowskie-Przedm. Nr. 1, róg Granicznej i Królewskiej, Nalewki Nr. 31. s k: ł .a. d -5T Domu Handlowego TSIN-ŁUN w Warszawie, Krakowskie-Przedmieście 67, Marszałkowska 117, POLECAJĄ: lEierto-itę karawanową od rs. 1.40 do rs. 7 za funt. ZEUawę wyborową od kop. 50 do rs. I za funt. O "U. 1 e r r ą/to a n. 3^ najlepszych w kraju marek „IKen-ig-a, I Hermanów". (241) FABRYKA WYROBÓW PLATEROWANYCH T. I1II0SZK0WSKI I K. 1,(1 II HU (282) w Warszawie, żabia 9, Poleca wyroby gotowe i przyjmuje obstaluuki. Komplety wyprawowe od rs. 50. SKŁAD NAJWYŻEJ zatwierdzonego Towarzystwa fabryki wyrobów porcelanowych i fajiiiisowycH M. S. KUZNIECOWA, z dniem I Stycznia roku 1892, przeniesionym zostaje z Nalewek na róg ulicy Senatorskiej i placu Resursy Kupieckiej. 'łomu Ilalporta Nr. .Ji2, na wprost Bardeta, w Warszawie. (2y 4) B. R E D E L, 16, NALEWKI 16, '2-ie piętro w bramie, zaopatrzony został we wszelkie gatunki futer, tak w skórkach, jak i w błamach. -W) Ceny bardzo umiarkowane. 5 —2 Druk J. Filipowicza, (dawniej J. Bergera), Złota 3. ilo3BOJieiio Il<iH3ypoio.—Bapwaiw. 15 IłonOpa 1891 roja. W W: nic rs, ?, domu, d«. TRESC: ski w sta i krt iiedaktor i Wydawca S. H. Peltyn 8zei w spr;i| londyi - ' r. b., v dziei, gji w z apeli na d( liście rn żi/l bodzo zdani Pięcii t (} (1 Szczt ■ i i • ■ v wiek to kw sji. 1 jęcz celu powi ba ]'( nasz ni a i tru nie klas; trze sieli ludu szku nie ( śeie pani to n slov cza:- w (ł nie slov w ż jesi żad jęti i zic;: \ A.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qairat%20I%C5%9F%C3%A7anov
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Wikipedia
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CC-By-SA
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Qairat Işçanov
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qairat Işçanov&action=history
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Spoken
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Qairat Qydyrbaiūly İşanov (; 28 September 1950 – 24 November 2022) was a Kazakh politician who served as a Senator for Atyrau Region from 2005 to 2017 and was its Deputy Chair from 24 November 2011.
Biography
Early life and education
Işçanov was born in the town of Guryev (now Atyrau). In 1980, he graduated from the Satbayev University with a degree in mechanical engineering.
Career
In 1968, Işçanov became a fisherman of the collective farm Kyzyl Balyk. From 1972 to 1983, he was ship mechanic, civil engineer of the farm until he became an instructor of the Balykshinsky District Committee of the CPC. From 1984, Işçanov was a Chief Engineer of the Qyzyl Balyq until he became the Chairman of the Board of the Kurmangazy collective farm. In 1988, he became the Chairman of the Board of the collective farms 70 years of October and Qyzyl Balyq, and from 1991 to 1994, Işçanov was the Chairman of the Balyksha District Executive Committee, First Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee, Head of the Balyksha District Administration until he became the Chairman of the Board of the Jambyl Collective Farm, Production Cooperative.
From 1999 to 2000, Işçanov served as a Secretary of Atyrau Region Mäslihat. He then again became the Chairman of Jambyl Collective Farm, Production Cooperative where he worked shortly until he was appointed Deputy Äkim of Atyrau Region in 2001.
On 19 August 2005, he was elected as member of the Senate of Kazakhstan from Atyrau Region where he served as Chairman of the Finance and Budget Committee and from 2007 served as Chairman of the Committee on Agrarian Issues and Environmental Protection. On 24 November 2011, Işçanov was elected as Deputy Chair of the Senate until he was replaced by Sergey Gromov on 14 January 2016. He continued serving as a Senator until he was succeeded by Gumar Duisembaev on 28 June 2017. Since 20 September 2019, he has been serving as member of the Council of Senators of Kazakhstan.
References
1950 births
2022 deaths
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Nur Otan politicians
Members of the Senate of Kazakhstan
Recipients of the Order of Parasat
Recipients of the Order of Kurmet
People from Atyrau
21st-century Kazakhstani politicians
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https://github.com/AndrewMichaelPierce/Codewars/blob/master/JavaScript/7kyu/0070londonCityHacker/lch.js
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AndrewMichaelPierce
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Code
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function londonCityHacker(journey) {
let cost = 0;
if (journey.length == 0) {
return "£0.00";
}
let consecutiveBusTrips = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < journey.length; i++) {
if (journey[i] % .01 || journey[i] == 0) {
consecutiveBusTrips += 1;
if (consecutiveBusTrips % 2 != 0) {
cost += 1.5;
}
} else {
cost += 2.4;
consecutiveBusTrips = 0;
}
}
return "£" + cost.toFixed(2);
}
/*
Status: Solved
*/
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US-202117399528-A_1
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Public Domain
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| 7,874 | 9,908 |
Non-volatile memory device, controller for controlling the same, storage device having the same, and reading method thereof
ABSTRACT
A controller including a non-volatile memory interface circuit connected to at least one non-volatile memory device and configured to control the at least one non-volatile memory device; an error correction circuit configured to perform an error correction operation on a codeword received from the non-volatile memory interface circuit according to an error correction decoding level from among a plurality of error correction decoding levels, wherein the non-volatile memory interface circuit is further configured to: receive side information from the at least one non-volatile memory device; predict a distribution of memory cells based on the side information; and select the error correction decoding level from among the plurality of error correction decoding levels according to the predicted distribution.
CROSS TO REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
This application is based on and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0005211 filed on Jan. 14, 2021 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
BACKGROUND 1. Field
The disclosure relate to a non-volatile memory device, a controller for controlling the same, a storage device having the same, and a reading method thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
Generally, a storage device may generate an error correction code using an error correction code (ECC) circuit in a write operation, and the storage device may correct an error in data by referring to the error correction code in a read operation. However, it may be impossible to perform the correction using an ECC circuit when the degree of deterioration of the memory cells is severe. In this case, a read retry operation using a sensing technique different from that of a normal read operation may be performed.
SUMMARY
Provided is a non-volatile memory device which may reduce a latency of a defense code, a controller for controlling the same, a storage device having the same, and a reading method thereof.
Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments.
In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure a controller includes a non-volatile memory interface circuit connected to at least one non-volatile memory device and configured to control the at least one non-volatile memory device; an error correction circuit configured to perform an error correction operation on a codeword received from the non-volatile memory interface circuit according to an error correction decoding level from among a plurality of error correction decoding levels, wherein the non-volatile memory interface circuit is further configured to: receive side information from the at least one non-volatile memory device; predict a distribution of memory cells based on the side information; and select the error correction decoding level from among the plurality of error correction decoding levels according to the predicted distribution.
In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, an operation method of a controller includes receiving side information from at least one non-volatile memory device through at least one pin; determining an error correction decoding level from among a plurality of error correction decoding levels based on the side information; and performing an error correction operation according to the: determined error correction decoding level.
In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, a non-volatile memory device includes a plurality of memory blocks including at least two strings between respective bitlines and a common source line, wherein each string of the at least two strings includes at least one string selection transistor, a plurality of memory cells, and at least one ground transistor connected in series between a bitline of the bitlines and the common source line, wherein a gate of the at least one string selection transistor is connected to a string selection line, wherein each memory cell of the plurality of memory cells is configured to receive a wordline voltage from a corresponding wordline, and wherein a gate of the at least one ground transistor is connected to a ground selection line; and a control logic configured to perform at least one on-chip valley search (OVS) read operation with respect to memory cells connected to a wordline of a memory block selected from among the plurality of memory blocks based on a first read command, and to output detection information of the at least one OVS read operation to an external device based on a specific command, wherein the detection information includes information about whether a search for an optimal valley is successful, or about a height value of the optimal valley.
In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, a storage device includes at least one non-volatile memory device; and a controller configured to control the at least one non-volatile memory device, and including: control pins configured to provide control signals to the at least one non-volatile memory device; a buffer memory configured to store tables for executing a plurality of defense codes; an error correction circuit configured to correct an error of first read data of a first page read from the at least one non-volatile memory device based on a first read command; and at least one processor configured to drive a defense code management unit based on an error of the first read data being uncorrectable, wherein the defense code management unit is configured to: receive side information from the at least one non-volatile memory device through at least one control pin of the control pins, and select a defense code of the plurality of defense codes, or a defense code flow from among a plurality of defense code flows, based on the side information.
In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, a reading method of a storage device includes performing a normal read operation based on a default read level; determining whether data read in the normal read operation is error-correctable; performing an on-chip valley search (OVS) read operation based on determining that the read data is not error-correctable; and performing an adaptive defense code according to detection information of the OVS read operation based on a result of the OVS read operation being a read-failure, wherein the adaptive defense code corresponds to one of a hard decision read operation, a soft decision read operation, and a valley search read operation according to the detection information.
In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, a non-volatile memory device includes a memory cell area having a first metal pad; a peripheral circuit area having a second metal pad and being vertically connected through the first metal pad and the second metal pad; a memory cell array including a plurality of memory blocks having a plurality of memory cells connected to a plurality of wordlines and a plurality of bitlines in the memory cell area; a row decoder configured to select one of the plurality of wordlines in the peripheral circuit area; a page buffer circuit having a plurality of page buffers connected to the plurality of bitlines in the peripheral circuit area; and a control logic configured to receive a command latch enable (CLE) signal, an address latch enable (ALE) signal, a chip enable signal, a write enable (WE) signal, a read enable signal, and a data strobe signal through control pins, and to perform an on-chip valley search (OVS) read operation by latching a command or an address on an edge of the WE signal in response to the CLE signal and the ALE signal, in the peripheral circuit area, wherein the control logic is configured to output detection information of the OVS read operation to an external device based on a specific command, and wherein the detection information includes information about whether a search for an optimal valley is successful, or about a valley height value of the optimal valley. In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, a method of controlling a storage device includes performing a read operation to obtain read data; detecting an error in the read data; determining whether the error in the read data is correctable; based on determining that the error in the read data is not correctable, performing an on-chip valley search (OVS) read operation; obtaining detection information corresponding to the OVS read operation; selecting a data recovery procedure from among a plurality of data recovery procedures based on the detection information; and performing the selected data recovery procedure.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the present disclosure will be more apparent from the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a storage device 10 according to an embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a non-volatile memory device 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 , according to an embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a circuit diagram illustrating one memory block BLKi among memory blocks illustrated in FIG. 1 , according to an embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a controller 200 according to an embodiment;
FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C are diagrams illustrating an error correction circuit 230 of a controller 200 according to an embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a defect code flow of a general storage device, according to an embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an adaptive defense code operation of a storage device according to an embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an adaptive defense code of a storage device according to an embodiment;
FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating operation S130 illustrated in FIG. 8 , according to an embodiment;
FIGS. 10A and 10B are diagrams illustrating an OVS read operation according to an embodiment;
FIGS. 11A to 11E are diagrams illustrating an adaptive defense code depending on a valley height of a storage device 10 according to an embodiment;
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of selecting an ECC decoding mode of an adaptive defense code according to distribution according to an embodiment;
FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating a storage device 20 according to an embodiment;
FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a controller 400 having an adaptive ECC scheduler 462 according to an embodiment;
FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a controller according to another embodiment;
FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating a reading method of a storage device 10 according to an embodiment;
FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a reading method of a storage device according to another embodiment;
FIG. 18 is a ladder diagram illustrating an adaptive defense code process of a storage device according to another embodiment;
FIG. 19 is a ladder diagram illustrating an adaptive defense code process of a storage device 10 according to another embodiment;
FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described as follows with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As is traditional in the field, embodiments may be described and illustrated in terms of blocks which carry out a described function or functions. These blocks, which may be referred to herein as units or modules or the like, or by names such as driver, controller, device, or the like, may be physically implemented by analog or digital circuits such as logic gates, integrated circuits, microprocessors, microcontrollers, memory circuits, passive electronic components, active electronic components, optical components, hardwired circuits, or the like, and may be driven by firmware and software. The circuits may, for example, be embodied in one or more semiconductor chips, or on substrate supports such as printed circuit boards and the like. Circuits included in a block may be implemented by dedicated hardware, or by a processor (e.g., one or more programmed microprocessors and associated circuitry), or by a combination of dedicated hardware to perform some functions of the block and a processor to perform other functions of the block. Each block of the embodiments may be physically separated into two or more interacting and discrete blocks. Likewise, the blocks of the embodiments may be physically combined into more complex blocks.
Generally, NAND flash memory-based solution products such as a solid state drive (SSD) or a universal flash storage (UFS) may include various techniques which may extend a lifespan of a product by delaying deterioration of the NAND flash memory caused by user usage, and the techniques may be collectively referred to as a defense code. The deterioration of the NAND flash memory may be caused by process fragmentation and various external environmental factors. The deterioration of the NAND flash memory may increase the number of errors in read data, which may cause a difficulty in data recovery by an error correction code (ECC), such that reliability of the product may degrade. The defense code may contribute to data recovery of the FCC by inhibiting an increase of errors caused by deterioration of the NAND flash memory.
The term “defense code” may also refer to a software recovery algorithm in a narrow sense. The defense code may be implemented through firmware in a solution. Also, the term “defense code” may also refer to an algorithm for improving characteristics within a single NAND flash memory unit, and an ECC hardware IP within a controller in a broader sense. In the description below, the term “defense code” may be used to refer to a software recovery algorithm defined in a narrower sense, although the disclosure is not limited thereto.
Generally, a defense code algorithm for preventing deterioration of the NAND flash memory may be largely divided into a prevention technique and a recovery technique. The prevention technique may preemptively protect the NAND flash memory from deterioration, and may include a garbage collection, for example block management, wear leveling, for example pursuing uniform deterioration, and read reclaim, for example predicting the degree of deterioration in advance and preventing defects in advance by transcribing the degree. The technique of extending lifespan using a variable parameter according to a program-erase (PE) cycle may also be classified into a prevention defense code in a broader range.
The recovery defense code may refer to all techniques which, when the ECC circuit fails to correct errors, for example when an excessive number of errors are present, may reduce errors to correct the errors or may allow the ECC circuit to correct errors. A representative recovery defense code may be a technique of reducing the number of errors by moving a read level to an optimal position when the number of errors increases due to an incorrect read level.
Also, there may be various methods for finding a read level having the least number of distribution errors. Generally, there may be a method of swiftly finding an optimal read level by sacrificing accuracy, and a method of finding the most accurate read level by making a considerable effort. A pre-defined table (PDT) may be a representative example of the former. The defense code using the PDT may continue to make an attempt until an error is corrected by the ECC circuit using predetermined read level sets. Although read level accuracy is not 100%, the attempts may be made multiple times swiftly, such that the defense code may be deployed in an early stage.
Also, differently from the table approach method, there may be an algorithm for finding an optimal valley using a mathematical algorithm by estimating a shape near a valley of distribution. For example, a less read estimation (LRE) defense may fall into this method. Because many resources may be used to find a valley, the algorithm may be strategically deployed in a late stage of the defense code.
Also, advanced ECC circuits, which may for example use a low density parity check (LDPC) code, may maximize error correction ability using information of whether read data is ‘0’ or ‘1’, and also information about whether the information is reliable. Generally, a hard-decision read may be a reading method of extracting information of whether data is ‘0’ or ‘1’ by reading the area near the valley only once. Also, a soft decision read may be a reading method of additionally extracting information of how much the 0/1 information is reliable by reading the area near the valley several times using different read levels.
Generally, performing ECC decoding, or correction, using only a hard decision read result may be referred to as HID decoding, and ECC decoding also using a soft decision read result may be referred to as SD decoding. The correction ability of soft decision decoding may be much better than that of the hard decision decoding. However, because the soft-decision read has a larger number of reads, the soft-decision read may cause a burden on product performance. Therefore, basically, the hard decision decoding may performed first by performing the hard decision read, and when the hard decision decoding fails, the soft decision read having more powerful collection ability may be performed, and the soft decision decoding may be performed, which may be effective.
The hard decision decoding may fail because the read level is found incorrectly. When the hard decision decoding fails even though the read level is found correctly, it may be effective to perform the soft decision read/decoding. When errors increase by finding the read level incorrectly, it may be more efficient to perform the hard decision decoding after finding the read level swiftly again.
As for a non-volatile memory device in an example embodiment, a controller for controlling the same, a storage device having the same, and a reading method thereof, when an error is not correctable in a default read, an operation of searching for an optimal valley of the non-volatile memory device may be performed, read data and optimal valley detection information, for example an indication of whether optimal valley search is successful, or an optimum valley height, may be transferred to the controller, and an optimal defense code may be selected or an optimal defense code flow may be selected using the optimal valley detection information. In other words, the controller may determine an error level or a distribution shape of the read data using the read data and the received detection information, and may select an optimal defense code or an optimal defense code flow. For example, the controller may select a basic defense code flow when it is determined that the read data is normal, and the controller may select the defense code flow which may directly enter the soft decision read/decoding rather than the hard decision when it is determined that the number of errors is high. Also, when it is determined that the read level is incorrect, the controller may select a defense code flow which may send a re-read request to the NAND flash memory without performing the ECC decoding.
As for the non-volatile memory device, the controller for controlling the same, the storage device having the same, and the reading method thereof in an example embodiment, by performing the defense code operation according to the optimal defense code or the optimal defense code flow using the detection information according to the optimal valley searching operation, reliability of the read operation may be swiftly secured.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a storage device 10 according to an example embodiment. Referring to FIG. 1 , the storage device 10 may include at least one non-volatile memory device 100 (NVM) and a controller 200 (CNTL).
The at least one non-volatile memory device 100 may be implemented to store data. The non-volatile memory device 100 may be implemented as a NAND flash memory, a vertical NAND flash memory, a NOR flash memory, a resistive random access memory (RRAM), and a phase-change memory (PRAM), a magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), a ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM), a spin transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM), and the like. Also, the non-volatile memory device 100 may be implemented in a three-dimensional array structure. The example embodiment may be applicable to a flash memory device in which a charge storage layer is formed of a conductive floating gate, and also to a charge trap flash (CTF) in which the charge storage layer is formed of an insulating layer. In the description below, the non-volatile memory device 100 may be implemented as a vertical NAND flash memory device (VNAND) for ease of description.
Also, the non-volatile memory device 100 may be implemented to include a plurality of memory blocks BLK1-BLKz (where z is an integer equal to or greater than 2) and a control logic 150. Each of the plurality of memory blocks BLK1-BLKz may include a plurality of pages Page 1-Page m (where m is an integer equal to or greater than 2). Each of the plurality of pages Page 1-Page m may include a plurality of memory cells. Each of the plurality of memory cells may store at least one bit.
The control logic 150 may receive a command and an address from the controller 200, and may perform an operation, for example a program operation, a read operation, an erase operation, or the like, corresponding to the received command on the memory cells corresponding to the address.
Also, the control logic 150 may include an OVS circuit 155. The OVS circuit 155 may be implemented to perform an on-chip valley search (OVS) operation. Generally, the OVS operation may include an operation of acquiring a cell count according to various develop times, an operation of determining an OVS detection case based on the acquired cell count, and a main sensing operation of sensing by changing an actual develop e according to the determined OVS detection case. The OVS circuit 155 may be implemented to store detection information (OVSDI), which may be for example detection case information, or cell count information, corresponding to a result of the OVS operation. The detection information OVSDI may include information, for example develop time information, indicating an optimal distribution valley corresponding to a state.
The controller 200 may be connected to at least one non-volatile memory device 100 through a plurality of control pins for transmitting control signals, for example CLE, ALE, CE(s), WE, RE, or the like, and may also be implemented to control the non-volatile memory device 100 using the control signals. For example, the non-volatile memory device 100 may perform a program operation/read operation/erasing operation by latching a command (CMD) or an address (ADD) on an edge of a write enable (WE) signal according to a command latch enable (CLE) signal and an address latch enable (ALE) signal.
Also, the controller 200 may include at least one processor, for example central processing unit (CPU) 210, a buffer memory 220, and an error correction circuit 230, which may be for example an ECC circuit.
The CPU 210 may be implemented to control overall operation of the storage device 10. The CPU 210 may perform various management operations such as cache/buffer management, firmware management, garbage collection management, wear leveling management, data duplication removal management, read refresh/reclaim management, bad block management, multi-stream management, mapping of host data and non-volatile memory management, quality of service (QoS) management, system resource allocation management, non-volatile memory queue management, read level management, erase/program management, hot/cold data management, power loss protection management, dynamic thermal management, initialization management, redundant array of inexpensive disk (RAID) management.
Also, the CPU 210 may be implemented to drive an adaptive defense code unit 211. The adaptive defense code unit 211 may select an optimal defense code or may select an optimal defense code series using detection information OVSDI according to the OVS operation. In an example embodiment, the adaptive defense code unit 211 may be implemented in firmware or software, or any combination thereof.
In an example embodiment, the adaptive defense code unit 211 may select one of a performance reliability defense code, a life reliability defense code, and a machine learning defense code using the detection information OVSDI. The reliability defense code may include a temperature compensation defense code, an address compensation defense code, a history defense code, an on-chip valley search (OVS) defense code, an RPF, a pre-defined table (PDT) defense code, and the like. Also, the lifetime defense code may include Least Read Estimation (LRE), DRR, SWING, and soft decision offset tracking (SDOT).
In another example embodiment, the adaptive defense code unit 211 may select a defense code series using the detection information OVSDI. The defense code series may refer to a continuous operation of at least two different defense codes.
The adaptive defense code unit 211 illustrated in FIG. 1 may be performed in the controller 200. However, an example embodiment thereof is not limited thereto. The adaptive defense code unit may also be executed in the non-volatile memory device 100.
The buffer memory 220 may be implemented as a volatile memory, for example static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous RAM (SDRAM), or the like, or a non-volatile memory, for example a flash memory, PRAM, MRAM, resistive RAM (ReRAM), FRAM, or the like. The buffer memory 220 may include at least one pre-defined table (PDT), OVS table (OVST), and history read level table (HRT).
The PDT may include first read level offset information. In an example embodiment, the PDT may include first read level offset information corresponding to the program elapsed time. In an example embodiment, the PDT may include first read level offset information corresponding to various deterioration information, for example temperature, program/erase cycle, read cycle, open wordline case, wordline position information, or the like, in addition to the program elapsed time.
The OVST may include second read level offset information corresponding to the detection information OVSDI. Here, the detection information OVSDI may be configured as develop time information corresponding to an optimal distribution valley. In other words, the second read level offset information may include read level offset information corresponding to develop time information in which the OVS operation is performed. Accordingly, the OVST may be a table obtained by converting the detection information OVSDI to the read level offset information.
The HRT may include third read level offset information related to a history read operation. In an example embodiment, the third read level offset information may include information obtained by accumulating the second read level offset information. In another example embodiment, the third read level offset information may be determined using the first read level offset information and the second read level offset information. The third read level offset information may include an optimal read level for performing a history read operation. Examples of a history read operation are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,120,589, and 10,373,693, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
The error correction circuit 230 may be implemented to generate an error correction code during a program operation and to recover data using the error correction code during a read operation. In other words, the error correction circuit 230 may generate an error correction code for correcting a fail bit or an error bit of the data received from the non-volatile memory device 100. The error correction circuit 230 may form data to which a parity bit is added by performing error correction encoding of data provided to the non-volatile memory device 100. The parity bit may be stored in the non-volatile memory device 100.
Also, the error correction circuit 230 may perform error correction decoding on the data output by the non-volatile memory device 100. The error correction circuit 230 may correct an error using parity. The error correction circuit 230 may correct an error using an LDPC code, a BCH code, a turbo code, a Reed-Solomon code, a convolution code, a recursive systematic code (RSC), and coded modulation such as trellis-coded modulation (TCM) and block coded modulation (BCM).
When error correction is impossible in the error correction circuit 230, a read retry operation may be performed. In an example embodiment, the read retry operation may include the OVS operation.
The storage device 10 in an example embodiment may include an adaptive defense code unit 211 which may select/perform an optimal defense code or an optimal defense code series using the detection information OVSDI according to the OVS operation after an uncorrectable error correction code (UECC) is generated, such that performance improvement such as reduction of a latency of the ECC decoder and the defense code may be expected.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a non-volatile memory device 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 . Referring to FIG. 2 , the non-volatile memory device 100 may include a memory cell array 110, a row decoder 120 (Row DEC), a page buffer circuit 130, an input/output buffer circuit 140, a control logic 150, a voltage generator 160, and a cell counter 170.
The memory cell array 110 may be connected to the row decoder 120 through wordlines WLs or selection lines SSL and GSL. The memory cell array 110 may be connected to the page buffer circuit 130 through bitlines BLs. The memory cell array 110 may include a plurality of cell strings. Each channel of the cell strings may be formed in a vertical or horizontal direction. Each of the cell strings may include a plurality of memory cells. The plurality of memory cells may be programmed, erased, or read by a voltage provided to the bitlines BLs or the wordlines WLs. Generally, a program operation may be performed by a page unit, and an erase operation may be performed by a block unit. Examples of such memory cells are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,679,133, 8,553,466, 8,654,587, 8,559,235, and 9,536,970), the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In an example embodiment, the memory cell array 330 may include a two-dimensional memory cell array, and the two-dimensional memory cell array may include a plurality of NAND strings arranged in a row direction and a column direction.
The row decoder 120 may be implemented to select one of the memory blocks BLK1-BLKz of the memory cell array 110 in response to an address ADD. The row decoder 120 may select one of the wordlines of the selected memory block in response to the address ADD. The row decoder 120 may transfer a wordline voltage VWL corresponding to an operation mode to the wordline of the selected memory block. During the program operation, the row decoder 120 may apply a program voltage and a verify voltage to the selected wordline, and may apply a pass voltage to the non-selected wordline. During a read operation, the row decoder 120 may apply a read voltage to a selected wordline and a read pass voltage to an unselected wordline.
The page buffer circuit 130 may be implemented to operate as a write driver or a sense amplifier. During the program operation, the page buffer circuit 130 may apply a bitline voltage corresponding to data to be programmed to the bitlines of the memory cell array 110. During a read operation or a verify read operation, the page buffer circuit 130 may detect data stored in the selected memory cell through the bitline BL. Each of the plurality of page buffers PB1-PBn (wherein n is an integer equal to or greater than 2) included in the page buffer circuit 130 may be connected to at least one bitline.
Each of the plurality of page buffers PB1-PBn may be implemented to perform sensing and latching for performing the OVS operation. In other words, each of the plurality of page buffers PB1-PBn may perform a plurality of sensing operations to identify one of states stored in the selected memory cells under the control of the control logic 150. Also, each of the plurality of page buffers PB1-PBn may store each data sensed through a plurality of sensing operations, and may select one of data under the control of the control logic 150. In other words, each of the plurality of page buffers PB1-PBn may perform sensing a plurality of times to identify one of the states. Also, each of the plurality of page buffers PB1-PBn may select or output optimal data from among a plurality of pieces of data sensed under the control of the control logic 150.
The input/output buffer circuit 140 may provide data provided from an external entity to the page buffer circuit 130. The input/output buffer circuit 140 may provide a command CMD provided from an external entity to the control logic 150. The input/output buffer circuit 140 may provide an address ADD provided from an external entity to the control logic 150 or the row decoder 120. Also, the input/output buffer circuit 140 may output data sensed and latched by the page buffer circuit 130 to an external entity.
The control logic 150 may be implemented to control the row decoder 120 and the page buffer circuit 130 in response to a command CMD transmitted from an external entity. Further, the control logic 150 may include an OVS circuit 155 to perform the OVS operation.
The OVS circuit 155 may control the page buffer circuit 130 and the voltage generator 160 for the OVS operation. The OVS circuit 155 may control the page buffer circuit 130 to perform a plurality of sensing operations to identify specific states of the selected memory cells. Also, the OVS circuit 155 may control the plurality of page buffers PB1-PBn to store the sensed data corresponding to each of the plurality of sensing results in a plurality of latch sets provided in each of the plurality of page buffers PB1-PBn. Also, the OVS circuit 155 may perform processing for selecting optimal data from among the plurality of sensed data. To select optimal data, the OVS circuit 155 may refer to a count result nC provided from the cell counter 170. In other words, the OVS circuit 155 may control the page buffer circuit 130 to select and output a read result closest to the distribution valley from among the plurality of sensing results.
Also, the OVS circuit 155 may store develop time information corresponding to the OVS operation. The OVS circuit 155 may output the stored develop time information to the controller 200 as the detection information OVSDI. In an example embodiment, the detection information OVSDI may be output using UIB out or may be output in response to a specific command, for example a get feature command, a status read command, or the like.
The voltage generator 160 may be implemented to generate various types of wordline voltages to be applied to respective wordlines and a well voltage to be supplied to a bulk, for example a well region, in which the memory cells are formed, under the control of the control logic 150. The wordline voltages applied to the respective wordlines may include a program voltage, a pass voltage, a read voltage, a read pass voltage, and the like.
The cell counter 170 may be implemented to count memory cells corresponding to a specific threshold voltage range from data sensed by the page buffer circuit 130. For example, the cell counter 170 may count the number of memory cells having a threshold voltage within a specific threshold voltage range by processing the data sensed in each of the plurality of page buffers PB1-PBn.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a circuit diagram illustrating a memory block BLKi (where i is an integer equal to or greater than 2). A plurality of memory NAND strings included in the memory block BLKi may be formed in a direction perpendicular to the substrate.
Referring to FIG. 3 , a memory block BLKi may include a plurality of memory NAND strings NS11-NS33 connected between bitlines BL1, BL2, and BL3 and a common source line CSL. Each of the plurality of memory NAND strings NS11-NS33 may include a string selection transistor SST, a plurality of memory cells MC1, MC2, . . . , MC8, and a ground selection transistor GST. In FIG. 3 , each of the plurality of memory NAND strings NS11-NS33 may include eight memory cells MC1, MC2, . . . , MC8, but an example embodiment thereof is not limited thereto.
The string selection transistor SST may be connected to corresponding string selection lines SSL1, SSL2, and SSL3. The plurality of memory cells MC1, MC2, . . . , MC8 may be connected to corresponding gate lines GTL1, GTL2, . . . , GTL8, respectively. The gate lines GTL1, GTL2, . . . , GTL8 may be wordlines, and a portion of the gate lines GTL1, GTL2, . . . , GTL8 may be dummy wordlines. The ground selection transistor GST may be connected to corresponding ground selection lines GSL1, GSL2, and GSL3. The string selection transistor SST may be connected to corresponding bitlines BL1, BL2, and BL3, and the ground selection transistor GST may be connected to the common source line CSL.
Wordlines, for example wordline WL1, having the same height may be connected in common, and ground selection lines GSL1, GSL2, and GSL3 may be separated from string selection lines SSL1, SSL2, and SSL3, respectively. In FIG. 3 , the memory block BLK may be connected to the eight gate lines GTL1, GTL2, . . . , GTL8, but embodiments are not limited thereto.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a controller 200 according to an example embodiment. Referring to FIG. 4 , the controller 200 may include a host interface 201, a memory interface 202 (NVM I/F), at least one CPU 210, a buffer memory 220, an error correction circuit 230, and a flash translation layer manager 240 (FTL), which may be for example a flash conversion layer manager, a packet manager 250, and an encryption device 260 (AES).
The host interface 201 may be implemented to transmit a packet to, and receive a packet from, a host. A packet transmitted from the host to the host interface 201 may include a command or data to be written in the non-volatile memory device 100. A packet transmitted from the host interface 201 to the host may include a response to a command or data read from the non-volatile memory device 100. The memory interface 202 may transmit data to be written in the non-volatile memory device 100 to the non-volatile memory device 100 or may receive data read from the non-volatile memory device 100. The memory interface 202 may be implemented to comply with standards s as Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) Toggle or Open NAND Flash Interface (ONFI) standards.
The flash translation layer manager 240 may perform various functions such as address mapping, wear-leveling, and garbage collection. The address mapping operation may be an operation of converting a logical address received from a host into a physical address used to actually store data in the non-volatile memory device 100. The wear-leveling may be a technique for preventing excessive deterioration of a specific block by allowing blocks in the non-volatile memory device 100 to be used evenly. For example, the wear-leveling may be implemented through a firmware technique for balancing erase counts of physical blocks. The garbage collection may be a technique for securing usable capacity in the non-volatile memory device 100 by copying valid data of a block to a new block and erasing an existing block.
The packet manager 250 may generate a packet according to a protocol of an interface negotiated with a host, or may parse various information from a packet received from the host. Also, the buffer memory 220 may temporarily store data to be written to the non-volatile memory device 100 or data read from the non-volatile memory device 100. In an example embodiment, the buffer memory 220 may be included in the controller 200. In another example embodiment, the buffer memory 220 may be disposed externally from the controller 200.
The encryption device 260 may perform at least one of an encryption operation and a decryption operation for data input to the CPU 210 using a symmetric-key algorithm. The encryption device 260 may encrypt and decrypt data using an advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm. The encryption device 260 may include an encryption module and a decryption module.
FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C are diagrams illustrating an error correction circuit 230 of a controller 200 according to an example embodiment.
Referring to FIG. 5A, the error correction circuit 230 may include an ECC encoding circuit 231 and an ECC decoding circuit 232. The ECC encoding circuit 231 may generate parity bits ECCP[0:7] for data WData[0:63] to be written in memory cells of a memory cell array 111 in response to an ECC control signal ECC_CON. The parity bits ECCP[0:7] may be stored in the ECC cell array 112. In an example embodiment, the ECC encoding circuit 231 generate parity bits ECCP[0:7] for data WData[0:63] to be written in memory cells including defective cells in response to the ECC control signal ECC_CON.
The ECC decoding circuit 232 may correct error bit data using data RData[0:63] read from the memory cells of the memory cell array 111 and parity bits ECCP[0:7] read from the ECC cell array 112, in response to the ECC control signal ECC_CON, and may output error-corrected data[0:63]. In an example embodiment, the ECC decoding circuit 232 may correct error bit data using data RData[0:63] read from the memory cells including defective cells and parity bits ECCP[0:7] read from the ECC cell array 112, in response to the ECC control signal ECC_CON, and may output error-corrected data[0:63].
Referring to FIG. 5B, the ECC encoding circuit 231 may include a syndrome generator 231-1 configured to receive 64-bit write data WData[0:63] and a basis bit B[0:7] in response to the ECC control signal ECC_CON and to generate parity bits ECCP[0:7], that is, a syndrome, using an XOR array computation. The basis bits B[0:7] may be bits for generating parity bits ECCP[0:7] for 64-bit write data WData[0:63], and may include b′00000000 bits, for example. The basis bit B[0:7] may use other bits instead of b′00000000 bits.
Referring to FIG. 5C, the ECC decoding circuit 232 may include a syndrome generator 232-1, a coefficient calculator 232-2, a 1-bit error position detector 232-3, and an error corrector 232-4, The syndrome generator 232-1 may receive 64-bit read data and 8-bit parity bits ECCP[0:7] in response to the ECC control signal ECC_CON, and may generate syndrome data (S[0:7] using the XOR array computation. The coefficient calculator 232-2 may calculate a coefficient of an error position equation using syndrome data S[0:7]. In the error position equation, a reciprocal of the error bit may be a root. The 1-bit error position detector 232-3 may calculate a position of a 1-bit error using the calculated error position equation. The error corrector 232-4 may determine a 1-bit error position based on a detection result of the 1-bit error position detector 232-3, The error corrector 232-4 may correct an error by inverting a logic value of the bit in which an error occurred in 64-bit read data RData[0:63] according to the determined 1-bit error position information, and may output the error-corrected 64-bit read data RData[0:63].
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a process corresponding to a defect code flow of a general storage device.
A general storage device may recover an NVM error through a combination of an ECC operation and a read level searching algorithm. Referring to FIG. 6 , according to a general defense code flow, at operation S610 HD read/decoding may be performed, and when the operation fails at operation S620, the decoding may be performed again at a new read level using a pre-defined table (PDT) at operation S630. The PDT defense code may store a read level value which may be recovered through profiling in advance for each situation in which an error may occur, and may attempt to recover swiftly using the values when an error occurs.
When the HD decoding fails at operation S640, an accurate valley finding algorithm such as least read estimation (LRE) may be used at operation S650, and if the HD decoding fails at operation S660, SD read/decoding may be performed at operation S670. The LRE defense code may search for an optimal read level by modeling cell distribution two-dimensionally or three-dimensionally using cell count information.
When the SD decoding fails at operation S680, correction may be attempted at operation S690 by changing a soft decision offset compared to a default of less read estimation (SDOT, soft decision offset tracking). Also, error recovery may be attempted by moving the read level searched in the less read estimation to the left/right (a swing defense code).
A general defense code flow may be performed according to a predetermined procedure, for example a fixed flow, regardless of what state an NVM is in. When the deterioration of the NVM is severe, frequency of performing the defense code flow may increase. Therefore, serious performance deterioration may be caused to the extent that a user may recognize the deterioration due to an increase in the defense code latency.
The storage device and the reading method thereof in an example embodiment may accurately monitor the state of the NVM and may change the defense code flow according to the situation in accordance with the monitoring result. As a result, the storage device and the reading method in the example embodiment may address the latency problem of the defense code flow.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an adaptive defense code operation of a storage device according to an example embodiment. Referring to FIG. 7 , an adaptive defense code unit 211 may select one of a plurality of defense code flows, or a defense code series, using detection information OVSDI, and a defense code operation may be performed according to the selected defense code flow. In FIG. 7 , only three defense code flows are illustrated for ease of description, however embodiments are not limited thereto.
The storage device 10 in an example embodiment may predict distribution of an non-volatile memory device 100 using side information generated during a read operation of the non-volatile memory device 100, as shown for example in FIG. 1 , may select an optimal defense code flow based on the predicted distribution, and may perform a defense code. In an example embodiment, the side information may include information about whether a valley search, or a search for an optimum valley, is successful according to an OVS operation or a height of the optimum valley.
When the non-volatile memory device 100 transfers the OVS information OVSDI to a controller 200, as shown for example in FIG. 1 , in addition to read data, the controller 200 may select one of three defense code flows using the OVS information OVSDI and may perform the defense code.
First, when it is determined that the read data is normal, the defense code operation may be performed according to a basic defense code flow. In an example embodiment, the first defense code flow may perform in order a hard decision read operation by a first predefined table PDT1, a hard decision read operation by a second predefined table PDT2, a 2-bit soft decision read operation after performing a valley search by least read estimation (LRE), a 3-bit soft decision read operation after performing a valley search by LRE, and a 3-bit soft decision read operation and a SDOT read operation after a valley search by LRE.
| 2,313 |
https://github.com/nicksp1/nhs111-online/blob/master/NHS111/NHS111.Business.Glossary.Api/IoC/GlossaryBusinessApiRegistry.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
nhs111-online
|
nicksp1
|
C#
|
Code
| 44 | 207 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using NHS111.Business.Glossary.Api.Services;
using NHS111.Domain.Glossary;
using NHS111.Domain.Glossary.IoC;
using NHS111.Utils.IoC;
using StructureMap;
using StructureMap.Graph;
namespace NHS111.Business.Glossary.Api.IoC
{
public class GlossaryBusinessApiRegistry : Registry
{
public GlossaryBusinessApiRegistry()
{
IncludeRegistry<GlossaryDomainRegistry>();
IncludeRegistry<UtilsRegistry>();
For<ITermsService>().Use<TermsService>().Singleton();
Scan(scan =>
{
scan.TheCallingAssembly();
scan.WithDefaultConventions();
});
}
}
}
| 12,755 |
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezni%C5%A1ko%20postajali%C5%A1%C4%8De%20Bo%C5%A1tanj
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Železniško postajališče Boštanj
|
https://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Železniško postajališče Boštanj&action=history
|
Slovenian
|
Spoken
| 34 | 98 |
Železniško postajališče Boštanj je eno izmed železniških postajališč v Sloveniji, ki oskrbuje bližnji naselji Boštanj in Dolenji Boštanj, kjer se pravzaprav nahaja.
Glej tudi
Seznam železniških postaj in železniških postajališč v Sloveniji
Boštanj
Boštanj
| 4,577 |
https://github.com/pkallos/snowplow/blob/master/5-analytics/looker-analytics/lookml/source_original.lookml
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
snowplow
|
pkallos
|
LookML
|
Code
| 473 | 1,367 |
# Copyright (c) 2013-2014 Snowplow Analytics Ltd. All rights reserved.
#
# This program is licensed to you under the Apache License Version 2.0,
# and you may not use this file except in compliance with the Apache License Version 2.0.
# You may obtain a copy of the Apache License Version 2.0 at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
# software distributed under the Apache License Version 2.0 is distributed on an
# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the Apache License Version 2.0 for the specific language governing permissions and limitations there under.
#
# Version: 0.1.0
#
# Author(s): Yali Sassoon
# Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013-2014 Snowplow Analytics Ltd
# License: Apache License Version 2.0
- view: source_original
derived_table:
sql: |
SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT
domain_userid,
domain_sessionidx,
mkt_source,
mkt_medium,
mkt_campaign,
mkt_term,
refr_source,
refr_medium,
refr_term,
refr_urlhost,
refr_urlpath,
dvce_tstamp,
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY domain_userid, domain_sessionidx ORDER BY dvce_tstamp) AS "rank"
FROM
atomic.events
WHERE
refr_medium != 'internal' -- Not an internal referer
AND (
NOT(refr_medium IS NULL OR refr_medium = '') OR
NOT ((mkt_campaign IS NULL AND mkt_content IS NULL AND mkt_medium IS NULL AND mkt_source IS NULL AND mkt_term IS NULL)
OR (mkt_campaign = '' AND mkt_content = '' AND mkt_medium = '' AND mkt_source = '' AND mkt_term = '')
)
) -- Either the refr or mkt fields are set (not blank)
AND domain_sessionidx = 1 -- Only log referers for first visits
GROUP BY 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12) AS t
WHERE "rank" = 1 -- Only pull the first referer for each visit
persist_for: 3 hour
fields:
# DIMENSIONS #
# Basic dimensions #
- dimension: domain_userid
sql: ${TABLE}.domain_userid
primary_key: true
hidden: true
- dimension: domain_sessionidx
type: int
sql: ${TABLE}.domain_sessionidx
hidden: true
# REFR fields (all acquisition channels) #
- dimension: refr_medium
sql_case:
email: ${TABLE}.refr_medium = 'email'
search: ${TABLE}.refr_medium = 'search'
social: ${TABLE}.refr_medium = 'social'
other_website: ${TABLE}.refr_medium = 'unknown'
else: 'direct'
- dimension: refr_source
sql: ${TABLE}.refr_source
- dimension: refr_term
sql: ${TABLE}.refr_term
- dimension: refr_urlhost
sql: ${TABLE}.refr_urlhost
- dimension: refr_urlpath
sql: ${TABLE}.refr_urlpath
# MKT fields (paid acquisition channels)
- dimension: mkt_medium
sql: ${TABLE}.mkt_medium
- dimension: mkt_source
sql: ${TABLE}.mkt_source
- dimension: mkt_term
sql: ${TABLE}.mkt_term
- dimension: mkt_campaign
sql: ${TABLE}.mkt_campaign
# MEASURES #
- measure: mkt_medium_count
type: count_distinct
sql: ${mkt_medium}
detail:
- mkt_medium
- mkt_source_count
- detail*
- measure: mkt_source_count
type: count_distinct
sql: ${mkt_source}
detail:
- mkt_source
- mkt_term_count
- detail*
- measure: mkt_term_count
type: count_distinct
sql: ${mkt_term}
detail:
- mkt_term
- detail*
- measure: refr_medium_count
type: count_distinct
sql: ${refr_medium}
detail:
- refr_medium
- refr_source_count
- detail*
- measure: refr_source_count
type: count_distinct
sql: ${refr_source}
detail:
- refr_source
- refr_term_count
- detail*
- measure: refr_term_count
type: count_distinct
sql: ${refr_term}
detail:
- refr_term
- detail*
sets:
detail:
- landing_page.landing_page_count
- visits.visits_count
- visits.bounce_rate
- events.approx_usage_per_visit_in_minutes
- events.events_per_visit
- visits.bounce_rate
| 5,786 |
2013/62011CJ0282_SUM/62011CJ0282_SUM_IT.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,013 |
None
|
None
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 832 | 1,495 |
Causa C-282/11
Concepción Salgado González
contro
Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social (INSS) e Tesorería General de la Seguridad Social (TGSS)
(domanda di pronuncia pregiudiziale proposta dal Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Galicia)
«Articolo 48 TFUE — Previdenza sociale dei lavoratori migranti — Regolamenti (CEE) n. 1408/71 e (CE) n. 883/2004 — Assicurazione vecchiaia e morte — Modalità particolari di applicazione della normativa nazionale relativa all’assicurazione vecchiaia — Calcolo delle prestazioni»
Massime — Sentenza della Corte (Prima Sezione) del 21 febbraio 2013
Previdenza sociale dei lavoratori migranti – Assicurazione vecchiaia e morte – Calcolo delle prestazioni – Determinazione dell’importo teorico – Normativa nazionale che fissa l’importo teorico di una pensione di vecchiaia a partire da una base contributiva media per un periodo di riferimento fisso – Calcolo di tale importo, per un lavoratore autonomo, migrante o meno, invariabilmente a partire dalle basi contributive pagate per tale periodo immediatamente precedente il versamento dell’ultima contribuzione nello Stato membro di cui trattasi, senza possibilità di adeguamento per tener conto del fatto che il lavoratore abbia esercitato il suo diritto alla libera circolazione – Inammissibilità
[Art. 48 TFUE; regolamento del Consiglio n. 1408/71, artt. 3, 46, § 2, a), e 47, § 1, g), e allegato VI, sezione H, punto 4]
Gli articoli 48 TFUE, 3, 46, paragrafo 2, lettera a), e 47, paragrafo 1, lettera g), del regolamento n. 1408/71, relativo all’applicazione dei regimi di sicurezza sociale ai lavoratori subordinati, ai lavoratori autonomi e ai loro familiari che si spostano all’interno della Comunità, nonché il punto 4 della sezione H dell’allegato VI a detto regolamento devono essere interpretati nel senso che essi ostano alla normativa di uno Stato membro in forza della quale l’importo teorico della pensione di vecchiaia del lavoratore autonomo, emigrante o meno, è sempre calcolato a partire dalle basi contributive di detto lavoratore per un periodo di riferimento fisso che precede il versamento della sua ultima contribuzione in tale Stato, alle quali viene applicato un divisore fisso, senza che né la durata di tale periodo né detto divisore possano essere adeguati per tener conto del fatto che il lavoratore interessato abbia esercitato il suo diritto alla libera circolazione.
Gli articoli 46, paragrafo 2, e 47, paragrafo 1, del regolamento n. 1408/71 devono essere interpretati alla luce dell’obiettivo perseguito dall’articolo 48 TFUE, che comporta in particolare che i lavoratori emigranti non debbano subire una riduzione dell’importo delle prestazioni previdenziali per il fatto di aver esercitato il loro diritto alla libera circolazione.
(v. punti 43, 52 e dispositivo)
Causa C-282/11
Concepción Salgado González
contro
Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social (INSS) e Tesorería General de la Seguridad Social (TGSS)
(domanda di pronuncia pregiudiziale proposta dal Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Galicia)
«Articolo 48 TFUE — Previdenza sociale dei lavoratori migranti — Regolamenti (CEE) n. 1408/71 e (CE) n. 883/2004 — Assicurazione vecchiaia e morte — Modalità particolari di applicazione della normativa nazionale relativa all’assicurazione vecchiaia — Calcolo delle prestazioni»
Massime — Sentenza della Corte (Prima Sezione) del 21 febbraio 2013
Previdenza sociale dei lavoratori migranti – Assicurazione vecchiaia e morte – Calcolo delle prestazioni – Determinazione dell’importo teorico – Normativa nazionale che fissa l’importo teorico di una pensione di vecchiaia a partire da una base contributiva media per un periodo di riferimento fisso – Calcolo di tale importo, per un lavoratore autonomo, migrante o meno, invariabilmente a partire dalle basi contributive pagate per tale periodo immediatamente precedente il versamento dell’ultima contribuzione nello Stato membro di cui trattasi, senza possibilità di adeguamento per tener conto del fatto che il lavoratore abbia esercitato il suo diritto alla libera circolazione – Inammissibilità
[Art. 48 TFUE; regolamento del Consiglio n. 1408/71, artt. 3, 46, § 2, a), e 47, § 1, g), e allegato VI, sezione H, punto 4]
Gli articoli 48 TFUE, 3, 46, paragrafo 2, lettera a), e 47, paragrafo 1, lettera g), del regolamento n. 1408/71, relativo all’applicazione dei regimi di sicurezza sociale ai lavoratori subordinati, ai lavoratori autonomi e ai loro familiari che si spostano all’interno della Comunità, nonché il punto 4 della sezione H dell’allegato VI a detto regolamento devono essere interpretati nel senso che essi ostano alla normativa di uno Stato membro in forza della quale l’importo teorico della pensione di vecchiaia del lavoratore autonomo, emigrante o meno, è sempre calcolato a partire dalle basi contributive di detto lavoratore per un periodo di riferimento fisso che precede il versamento della sua ultima contribuzione in tale Stato, alle quali viene applicato un divisore fisso, senza che né la durata di tale periodo né detto divisore possano essere adeguati per tener conto del fatto che il lavoratore interessato abbia esercitato il suo diritto alla libera circolazione.
Gli articoli 46, paragrafo 2, e 47, paragrafo 1, del regolamento n. 1408/71 devono essere interpretati alla luce dell’obiettivo perseguito dall’articolo 48 TFUE, che comporta in particolare che i lavoratori emigranti non debbano subire una riduzione dell’importo delle prestazioni previdenziali per il fatto di aver esercitato il loro diritto alla libera circolazione.
(v. punti 43, 52 e dispositivo).
| 48,442 |
https://github.com/Yortw/TimeyWimey/blob/master/src/TimeyWimey.NetStandard10/NumberToTimespanExtensions.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
TimeyWimey
|
Yortw
|
C#
|
Code
| 834 | 2,382 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace TimeyWimey
{
/// <summary>
/// Provides extensions to numeric types (such as int, long, double) to convert to a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> value.
/// </summary>
public static class NumberToTimespanExtensions
{
#region Integer
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of milliseconds.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="milliseconds">The number of milliseconds in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Milliseconds(this int milliseconds)
{
return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(milliseconds);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of seconds.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="seconds">The number of seconds in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Seconds(this int seconds)
{
return TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of minutes.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="minutes">The number of minutes in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Minutes(this int minutes)
{
return TimeSpan.FromMinutes(minutes);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of hours.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="hours">The number of hours in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Hours(this int hours)
{
return TimeSpan.FromHours(hours);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of days.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="days">The number of days in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Days(this int days)
{
return TimeSpan.FromDays(days);
}
#endregion
#region Long
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of milliseconds.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="milliseconds">The number of milliseconds in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Milliseconds(this long milliseconds)
{
return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(milliseconds);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of seconds.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="seconds">The number of seconds in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Seconds(this long seconds)
{
return TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of minutes.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="minutes">The number of minutes in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Minutes(this long minutes)
{
return TimeSpan.FromMinutes(minutes);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of hours.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="hours">The number of hours in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Hours(this long hours)
{
return TimeSpan.FromHours(hours);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of days.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="days">The number of days in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Days(this long days)
{
return TimeSpan.FromDays(days);
}
#endregion
#region Double
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of milliseconds.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="milliseconds">The number of milliseconds in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Milliseconds(this double milliseconds)
{
return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(milliseconds);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of seconds.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="seconds">The number of seconds in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Seconds(this double seconds)
{
return TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of minutes.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="minutes">The number of minutes in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Minutes(this double minutes)
{
return TimeSpan.FromMinutes(minutes);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of hours.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="hours">The number of hours in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Hours(this double hours)
{
return TimeSpan.FromHours(hours);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of days.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="days">The number of days in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Days(this double days)
{
return TimeSpan.FromDays(days);
}
#endregion
#region Float
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of milliseconds.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="milliseconds">The number of milliseconds in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Milliseconds(this float milliseconds)
{
return TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(milliseconds);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of seconds.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="seconds">The number of seconds in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Seconds(this float seconds)
{
return TimeSpan.FromSeconds(seconds);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of minutes.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="minutes">The number of minutes in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Minutes(this float minutes)
{
return TimeSpan.FromMinutes(minutes);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of hours.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="hours">The number of hours in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Hours(this float hours)
{
return TimeSpan.FromHours(hours);
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a <see cref="TimeSpan"/> representing the specified number of days.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="days">The number of days in the time span.</param>
/// <returns>A <see cref="TimeSpan"/>.</returns>
public static TimeSpan Days(this float days)
{
return TimeSpan.FromDays(days);
}
#endregion
}
}
| 41,449 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3180753
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 2,650 | 6,711 |
Johannes Gumpp
peintre autrichien
Johannes Gumpp catégorie Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp identifiant VIAF 80544623
Johannes Gumpp nature de l’élément être humain
Johannes Gumpp sexe ou genre masculin
Johannes Gumpp image Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp date de naissance 1626
Johannes Gumpp date de mort 1728
Johannes Gumpp palette de créateur Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp prénom Johannes
Johannes Gumpp identifiant RKDartists 125979
Johannes Gumpp occupation artiste peintre
Johannes Gumpp lieu de naissance Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp pays de nationalité Autriche
Johannes Gumpp identifiant GND (DNB) 136151000
Johannes Gumpp lieu de mort Florence
Johannes Gumpp identifiant Bridgeman Art Library 14594
Johannes Gumpp identifiant Artnet johannes-gumpp
Johannes Gumpp identifiant Consortium of European Research Libraries cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp réputé identique à Johann Baptist Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp identifiant abART d'une personne 117771
Johannes Gumpp identifiant du Google Knowledge Graph /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp statut des droits d'auteur du créateur droits d'auteurs ne pouvant plus être enfreints, ressort territorial mondial
Johannes Gumpp collection comprenant une œuvre de la personne galerie des Offices
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
Austrian painter (1626-1728)
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Commons category Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto VIAF ID 80544623
Johannes Gumpp Roberto instance of human
Johannes Gumpp Roberto sex or gender male
Johannes Gumpp Roberto image Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp Roberto date of birth 1626
Johannes Gumpp Roberto date of death 1728
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Commons Creator page Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto given name Johannes
Johannes Gumpp Roberto RKDartists ID 125979
Johannes Gumpp Roberto occupation painter
Johannes Gumpp Roberto place of birth Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp Roberto country of citizenship Austria
Johannes Gumpp Roberto GND ID 136151000
Johannes Gumpp Roberto place of death Florence
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Bridgeman artist ID 14594
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Artnet artist ID johannes-gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto CERL Thesaurus ID cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp Roberto said to be the same as Johann Baptist Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto abART person ID 117771
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp Roberto copyright status as a creator copyrights on works have expired, applies to jurisdiction worldwide
Johannes Gumpp Roberto has works in the collection Uffizi Gallery
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
österreichischer Maler
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Commons-Kategorie Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto VIAF-Kennung 80544623
Johannes Gumpp Roberto ist ein(e) Mensch
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Geschlecht männlich
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Bild Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Geburtsdatum 1626
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Sterbedatum 1728
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Commons-Creator-Vorlage Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Vorname Johannes
Johannes Gumpp Roberto RKD-Künstlerkennung 125979
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Tätigkeit Maler
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Geburtsort Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Land der Staatsangehörigkeit Österreich
Johannes Gumpp Roberto GND-Kennung 136151000
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Sterbeort Florenz
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Bridgeman-Künstler-ID 14594
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Artnet-Künstlerkennung johannes-gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto CERL-Kennung cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp Roberto eventuell gleichwertig Johann Baptist Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto abART-Personenkennung 117771
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Google-Knowledge-Graph-Kennung /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp Roberto allgemeiner Urheberrechtsstatus der Werke Urheberrechte sind abgelaufen, gehört zum Zuständigkeitsbereich weltweit
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Sammlung mit Werk(en) dieser Person Uffizien
Johannes Gumpp
pittore austriaco
Johannes Gumpp categoria su Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp identificativo VIAF 80544623
Johannes Gumpp istanza di umano
Johannes Gumpp sesso o genere maschio
Johannes Gumpp immagine Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp data di nascita 1626
Johannes Gumpp data di morte 1728
Johannes Gumpp pagina Creator su Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp prenome Johannes
Johannes Gumpp identificativo RKD di un artista 125979
Johannes Gumpp occupazione pittore
Johannes Gumpp luogo di nascita Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp paese di cittadinanza Austria
Johannes Gumpp identificativo GND 136151000
Johannes Gumpp luogo di morte Firenze
Johannes Gumpp identificativo Bridgeman di un artista 14594
Johannes Gumpp identificativo Artnet di un artista johannes-gumpp
Johannes Gumpp identificativo CERL cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp considerato essere uguale a Johann Baptist Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp identificativo abART di una persona 117771
Johannes Gumpp identificativo Google Knowledge Graph /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp stato del diritto d'autore come creatore d'opere opera fuori dal diritto d'autore, appartiene alla giurisdizione mondiale
Johannes Gumpp ha opere nella collezione Palazzo degli Uffizi
Johannes Gumpp
kunstschilder uit Oostenrijk (1626-1728)
Johannes Gumpp Commonscategorie Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp VIAF-identificatiecode 80544623
Johannes Gumpp is een mens
Johannes Gumpp sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Johannes Gumpp afbeelding Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp geboortedatum 1626
Johannes Gumpp overlijdensdatum 1728
Johannes Gumpp Commonscreatorpagina Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp voornaam Johannes
Johannes Gumpp RKDartists-identificatiecode 125979
Johannes Gumpp beroep kunstschilder
Johannes Gumpp geboorteplaats Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp land van nationaliteit Oostenrijk
Johannes Gumpp GND-identificatiecode 136151000
Johannes Gumpp overlijdensplaats Florence
Johannes Gumpp Bridgeman-identificatiecode voor kunstenaar 14594
Johannes Gumpp Artnet-identificatiecode voor kunstenaar johannes-gumpp
Johannes Gumpp CERL-identificatiecode cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp naar verluidt hetzelfde als Johann Baptist Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp abART-identificatiecode voor persoon 117771
Johannes Gumpp Google Knowledge Graph-identificatiecode /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp auteursrechtenstatus van maker auteursrechten op oeuvre verlopen, jurisdictie wereldwijd
Johannes Gumpp werken in collectie Uffizi
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
Johannes Gumpp Roberto kategorija v Zbirki Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto VIAF 80544623
Johannes Gumpp Roberto primerek od človek
Johannes Gumpp Roberto spol moški
Johannes Gumpp Roberto slika Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp Roberto datum rojstva 1626
Johannes Gumpp Roberto datum smrti 1728
Johannes Gumpp Roberto stran ustvarjalca v Zbirki Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto ime Johannes
Johannes Gumpp Roberto oznaka RKDartists 125979
Johannes Gumpp Roberto poklic slikar
Johannes Gumpp Roberto kraj rojstva Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp Roberto država državljanstva Avstrija
Johannes Gumpp Roberto GND 136151000
Johannes Gumpp Roberto kraj smrti Firence
Johannes Gumpp Roberto oznaka umetnika Artnet johannes-gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto CERL cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp Roberto oznaka osebe abART 117771
Johannes Gumpp Roberto oznaka Google Knowledge Graph /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp Roberto avtorskopravni status del ustvarjalca avtorske pravice na delih so potekle, spada pod upravo po vsem svetu
Johannes Gumpp Roberto ima dela v zbirki Galerija Uffizi
یوهانس گامپ
یوهانس گامپ ردهٔ ویکیانبار Johannes Gumpp
یوهانس گامپ شناسه بم بم 80544623
یوهانس گامپ نمونهای از انسان
یوهانس گامپ جنسیت مذکر
یوهانس گامپ نگاره Johannes gumpp.jpg
یوهانس گامپ زادروز 1626
یوهانس گامپ زمان مرگ 1728
یوهانس گامپ الگوی ایجادکننده در ویکیانبار Johannes Gumpp
یوهانس گامپ آرکادیآرتیستز 125979
یوهانس گامپ پیشه نقاش
یوهانس گامپ زادگاه اینسبروک
یوهانس گامپ تبعۀ اتریش
یوهانس گامپ شناسهٔ جامع پرونده (GND) 136151000
یوهانس گامپ محل مرگ فلورانس
یوهانس گامپ شناسۀ آرتنت هنرمند johannes-gumpp
یوهانس گامپ شناسۀ گنجواژ سرل cnp01150481
یوهانس گامپ شناسه abART برای اشخاص 117771
یوهانس گامپ شناسۀ نمودار قاب دانش گوگل /g/122z_q6t
یوهانس گامپ کلکسیونهای جمعکنندۀ اثرها اوفیتزی
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
pintor austríaco
Johannes Gumpp Roberto categoría en Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador VIAF 80544623
Johannes Gumpp Roberto instancia de ser humano
Johannes Gumpp Roberto sexo o género masculino
Johannes Gumpp Roberto imagen Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp Roberto fecha de nacimiento 1626
Johannes Gumpp Roberto fecha de fallecimiento 1728
Johannes Gumpp Roberto plantilla de Creador en Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto nombre de pila Johannes
Johannes Gumpp Roberto RKDartists 125979
Johannes Gumpp Roberto ocupación pintor
Johannes Gumpp Roberto lugar de nacimiento Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp Roberto país de nacionalidad Austria
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador GND (DNB) 136151000
Johannes Gumpp Roberto lugar de fallecimiento Florencia
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador Bridgeman de artista 14594
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador Artnet de artista johannes-gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador CERL cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp Roberto se dice que es lo mismo que Johann Baptist Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador abART de persona 117771
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp Roberto estado de los derechos de autor como creador derechos de autor han expirado, aplica a la jurisdicción mundial
Johannes Gumpp Roberto tiene obras en la colección Galería Uffizi
Johannes Gumpp
pintor austríac
Johannes Gumpp categoria de Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp identificador VIAF 80544623
Johannes Gumpp instància de ésser humà
Johannes Gumpp sexe o gènere masculí
Johannes Gumpp imatge Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp data de naixement 1626
Johannes Gumpp data de defunció 1728
Johannes Gumpp plantilla de Creador a Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp prenom Johannes
Johannes Gumpp identificador RKDartists 125979
Johannes Gumpp ocupació pintor
Johannes Gumpp lloc de naixement Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp ciutadania Àustria
Johannes Gumpp identificador GND (DNB-Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) 136151000
Johannes Gumpp lloc de defunció Florència
Johannes Gumpp identificador d'artista Bridgeman 14594
Johannes Gumpp identificador Artnet d'artista johannes-gumpp
Johannes Gumpp identificador CERL cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp es diu que és el mateix que Johann Baptist Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp identificador abART de persona 117771
Johannes Gumpp identificador Google Knowledge Graph /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp estatus dels drets d'autor com a creador els drets d'autor han expirat, jurisdicció mundial
Johannes Gumpp obres en la col·lecció Galleria degli Uffizi
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
piktor austriak
Johannes Gumpp Roberto kategoria në Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto VIAF ID 80544623
Johannes Gumpp Roberto instancë e njeri
Johannes Gumpp Roberto gjinia mashkull
Johannes Gumpp Roberto imazh Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp Roberto data e lindjes 1626
Johannes Gumpp Roberto data e vdekjes 1728
Johannes Gumpp Roberto emri Johannes
Johannes Gumpp Roberto profesioni piktor
Johannes Gumpp Roberto vendi i lindjes Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp Roberto shtetësia Austria
Johannes Gumpp Roberto GND ID 136151000
Johannes Gumpp Roberto vendi i vdekjes Firenca
Johannes Gumpp Roberto thuhet njëjtë si Johann Baptist Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto ka vepra në koleksionin Uffizi
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
péintéir Ostarach
Johannes Gumpp Roberto catagóir Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto VIAF 80544623
Johannes Gumpp Roberto sampla de duine
Johannes Gumpp Roberto gnéas nó inscne fireann
Johannes Gumpp Roberto íomhá Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp Roberto dáta breithe 1626
Johannes Gumpp Roberto dáta báis 1728
Johannes Gumpp Roberto leathanach 'Commons Creator' Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto céadainm Johannes
Johannes Gumpp Roberto gairm péintéir
Johannes Gumpp Roberto áit bhreithe Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp Roberto tír shaoránachta an Ostair
Johannes Gumpp Roberto ID GND 136151000
Johannes Gumpp Roberto áit bháis Flórans
Johannes Gumpp Roberto stádas cóipchirt mar chruthaitheoir cóipcheart as feidhm, baint le limistéar údaráis domhanda
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
pintor austríaco
Johannes Gumpp Roberto categoria da Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador VIAF 80544623
Johannes Gumpp Roberto instância de ser humano
Johannes Gumpp Roberto sexo ou género masculino
Johannes Gumpp Roberto imagem Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp Roberto data de nascimento 1626
Johannes Gumpp Roberto data de morte 1728
Johannes Gumpp Roberto página de criador no Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto primeiro nome Johannes
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador RKDartists 125979
Johannes Gumpp Roberto ocupação pintor
Johannes Gumpp Roberto local de nascimento Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp Roberto país de nacionalidade Áustria
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador GND 136151000
Johannes Gumpp Roberto local de morte Florença
Johannes Gumpp Roberto CERL ID cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp Roberto diz-se ser o mesmo que Johann Baptist Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp Roberto situação dos direitos de autor do autor direitos de autor caducados, pertencente à jurisdição mundialmente
Johannes Gumpp Roberto coleção com obra da pessoa Galleria degli Uffizi
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Commons-kategori Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto VIAF 80544623
Johannes Gumpp Roberto tilfælde af menneske
Johannes Gumpp Roberto køn mand
Johannes Gumpp Roberto billede Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp Roberto fødselsdato 1626
Johannes Gumpp Roberto dødsdato 1728
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Commons Creator-skabelon Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto fornavn Johannes
Johannes Gumpp Roberto RKDartists 125979
Johannes Gumpp Roberto beskæftigelse kunstmaler
Johannes Gumpp Roberto fødested Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp Roberto statsborgerskab Østrig
Johannes Gumpp Roberto GND-identifikator 136151000
Johannes Gumpp Roberto dødssted Firenze
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Bridgeman kunstnersidentifikationskode 14594
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Artnet kunstner ID johannes-gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto siges at være det samme som Johann Baptist Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Google Knowledge Graph /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp Roberto ophavsretsstatus som skaber ophavsretten er udløbet, gælder for område verdensplan
Johannes Gumpp Roberto samling med værker af denne kunstner Galleria degli Uffizi
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Commons-luokka Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto VIAF-tunniste 80544623
Johannes Gumpp Roberto esiintymä kohteesta ihminen
Johannes Gumpp Roberto sukupuoli mies
Johannes Gumpp Roberto kuva Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp Roberto syntymäaika 1626
Johannes Gumpp Roberto kuolinaika 1728
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Creator-tekijämalline Commonsissa Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto etunimi Johannes
Johannes Gumpp Roberto RKDartists-tunniste 125979
Johannes Gumpp Roberto ammatti taidemaalari
Johannes Gumpp Roberto syntymäpaikka Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp Roberto kansalaisuus Itävalta
Johannes Gumpp Roberto GND-tunniste 136151000
Johannes Gumpp Roberto kuolinpaikka Firenze
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Bridgeman Art Library -tunniste 14594
Johannes Gumpp Roberto CERL-tunniste cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Google Knowledge Graph -tunniste /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp Roberto tekijän teosten tekijänoikeuden tila teosten tekijänoikeuden suoja on päättynyt, kuuluu lainkäyttöalueeseen maailmanlaajuinen
Johannes Gumpp Roberto teoksia kokoelmassa Uffizi
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Commons-kategori Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto VIAF-ID 80544623
Johannes Gumpp Roberto forekomst av menneske
Johannes Gumpp Roberto kjønn mann
Johannes Gumpp Roberto bilde Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp Roberto fødselsdato 1626
Johannes Gumpp Roberto dødsdato 1728
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Commons-opphavsmal Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto fornavn Johannes
Johannes Gumpp Roberto RKD kunstner-ID 125979
Johannes Gumpp Roberto beskjeftigelse kunstmaler
Johannes Gumpp Roberto fødested Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp Roberto statsborgerskap Østerrike
Johannes Gumpp Roberto GND-ID 136151000
Johannes Gumpp Roberto dødssted Firenze
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Artnet artist ID johannes-gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto CERL-ID cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp Roberto abART person-ID 117771
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp Roberto opphavsrettsstatus som skaper opphavsretten til verket har utløpt, jurisdiksjon globalt
Johannes Gumpp Roberto samlinger med verk av denne kunstner Uffizi
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Commons-kategori Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto VIAF-ID 80544623
Johannes Gumpp Roberto instans av människa
Johannes Gumpp Roberto kön man
Johannes Gumpp Roberto bild Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp Roberto födelsedatum 1626
Johannes Gumpp Roberto dödsdatum 1728
Johannes Gumpp Roberto skaparmall på Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto förnamn Johannes
Johannes Gumpp Roberto RKDartists-ID 125979
Johannes Gumpp Roberto sysselsättning målare
Johannes Gumpp Roberto födelseplats Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp Roberto medborgare i Österrike
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Deutsche Nationalbibliotheks katalog-id-nummer 136151000
Johannes Gumpp Roberto dödsplats Florens
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Bridgeman konstnärs-id 14594
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Artnet konstnärs-ID johannes-gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto CERL cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp Roberto anses vara samma som Johann Baptist Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto abART person-ID 117771
Johannes Gumpp Roberto Google Knowledge Graph-ID /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp Roberto upphovsrättsstatus som skapare upphovsrätten har löpt ut, tillhör jurisdiktion världsomspännande
Johannes Gumpp Roberto har verk i samlingen Uffizierna
Johannes Gumpp Roberto
Johannes Gumpp Roberto categoria na Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador VIAF 80544623
Johannes Gumpp Roberto instância de ser humano
Johannes Gumpp Roberto sexo ou gênero masculino
Johannes Gumpp Roberto imagem Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp Roberto data de nascimento 1626
Johannes Gumpp Roberto data de morte 1728
Johannes Gumpp Roberto página de criador no Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto primeiro nome Johannes
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador RKDartists 125979
Johannes Gumpp Roberto ocupação pintor
Johannes Gumpp Roberto país de cidadania Áustria
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador GND 136151000
Johannes Gumpp Roberto local de morte Florença
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador CERL cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp Roberto diz-se ser o mesmo que Johann Baptist Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Roberto identificador do painel de informações do Google /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp Roberto coleção com obra do/a artista Galleria degli Uffizi
Johannes Gumpp
pintor oustriako
Johannes Gumpp kategoria di Commons Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp identifikashon VIAF 80544623
Johannes Gumpp ta un hende
Johannes Gumpp sekso o género maskulino
Johannes Gumpp imágen Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp fecha di nasementu 1626
Johannes Gumpp fecha di fayesimentu 1728
Johannes Gumpp nòmber di dilanti Johannes
Johannes Gumpp okupashon pintor
Johannes Gumpp lugá di nasementu Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp pais di nashonalidat Austria
Johannes Gumpp lugá di fayesimentu Florenza
Johannes Gumpp status pa derecho di autor como creador derecho di autor pa obra a caduca, hurisdikshon rònt mundu
Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp Commons kategorisi Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp VIAF kimliği 80544623
Johannes Gumpp nedir insan
Johannes Gumpp cinsiyeti erkek
Johannes Gumpp görsel Johannes gumpp.jpg
Johannes Gumpp doğum tarihi 1626
Johannes Gumpp ölüm tarihi 1728
Johannes Gumpp Commons Creator sayfası Johannes Gumpp
Johannes Gumpp ön adı Johannes
Johannes Gumpp RKDartists kimliği 125979
Johannes Gumpp mesleği ressam
Johannes Gumpp doğum yeri Innsbruck
Johannes Gumpp vatandaşlığı Avusturya
Johannes Gumpp GND kimliği 136151000
Johannes Gumpp ölüm yeri Firenze
Johannes Gumpp Bridgeman sanatçı kimliği 14594
Johannes Gumpp Artnet sanatçı kimliği johannes-gumpp
Johannes Gumpp CERL kimliği cnp01150481
Johannes Gumpp abART kişi kimliği 117771
Johannes Gumpp Google Bilgi Grafiği kimliği /g/122z_q6t
Johannes Gumpp eserlerin telif hakkı durumu telif hakkı sona ermiş eser, geçerlilik alanı dünya çapında
Johannes Gumpp eserin bulunduğu koleksiyon Uffizi
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Красцьянка
вёска ў Віцебскім раёне Віцебскай вобласці Беларусі
Красцьянка краіна Беларусь
Красцьянка гэта вёска ў Беларусі
Красцьянка геаграфічныя каардынаты
Красцьянка асноўная катэгорыя Катэгорыя:Красцьянка
Красцьянка раманізацыя беларускай мовы Krasćjanka
Красцьянка знаходзіцца ў адміністрацыйнай адзінцы Ноўкінскі сельсавет
Красцьянка колькасць насельніцтва , дата 1999
Красцьянка колькасць насельніцтва , дата 2009, метад вызначэння Перапіс насельніцтва Беларусі 2009 года
Красцьянка СААТА 2212870091
Красцьянка старонка на сайце Дзяржкартгеацэнтра viewate/4155
Крестьянка
деревня в Витебском районе Белоруссии
Крестьянка государство Белоруссия
Крестьянка это частный случай понятия деревня в Белоруссии
Крестьянка географические координаты
Крестьянка основная категория по теме Катэгорыя:Красцьянка
Крестьянка латинизация белорусского языка (система 2007 года) Krasćjanka
Крестьянка административно-территориальная единица Новкинский сельсовет
Крестьянка численность населения , момент времени 1999, метод определения Перепись населения Белоруссии (1999)
Крестьянка численность населения , момент времени 2009, метод определения Перепись населения Белоруссии 2009 года
Крестьянка код СОАТО 2212870091
Крестьянка страница на сайте Госкартгеоцентра Белоруссии viewate/4155
Krasćjanka
Krasćjanka country Belarus
Krasćjanka instance of village in Belarus
Krasćjanka coordinate location
Krasćjanka topic's main category Катэгорыя:Красцьянка
Krasćjanka romanization of Belarusian (2007 system) Krasćjanka
Krasćjanka located in the administrative territorial entity Noŭkinski Sieĺsaviet
Krasćjanka population , point in time 1999, determination method 1999 Belarus Census
Krasćjanka population , point in time 2009, determination method Belarus Census (2009)
Krasćjanka SOATO ID 2212870091
Krasćjanka page at website of Belarus Geocenter viewate/4155
Krasćjanka
Krasćjanka country Belarus
Krasćjanka coordinate location
Krasćjanka topic's main category Катэгорыя:Красцьянка
Krasćjanka romanisation of Belarusian (2007 system) Krasćjanka
Krasćjanka population , point in time 1999
Krasćjanka population , point in time 2009
Красьцьянка
вёска ў Віцебскім раёне Віцебскай вобласьці Беларусі
Красьцьянка краіна Беларусь
Красьцьянка асобны выпадак панятку вёска ў Беларусі
Красьцьянка геаграфічныя каардынаты
Красьцьянка асноўная катэгорыя тэмы Катэгорыя:Красцьянка
Красьцьянка раманізацыя беларускай мовы (стандарт 2007 году) Krasćjanka
Красьцьянка адміністрацыйная адзінка Ноўкінскі сельсавет
Красьцьянка колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 1999, мэтад вызначэньня перапіс насельніцтва Беларусі 1999 году
Красьцьянка колькасьць насельніцтва , дата 2009, мэтад вызначэньня перапіс насельніцтва Беларусі 2009 году
Красьцьянка код СААТА 2212870091
Красьцьянка старонка на сайце Дзяржкартгеацэнтру Беларусі viewate/4155
Krasćjanka
Weiler in Belarus
Krasćjanka Staat Belarus
Krasćjanka ist ein(e) Siedlung in Belarus
Krasćjanka geographische Koordinaten
Krasćjanka Hauptkategorie des Themas Катэгорыя:Красцьянка
Krasćjanka liegt in der Verwaltungseinheit Selsawet Noŭka
Krasćjanka Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 1999
Krasćjanka Einwohnerzahl , Zeitpunkt/Stand 2009
Krasćjanka SOATO-ID 2212870091
Крастьянка
Крастьянка пачхьалкх Белорусси
Крастьянка географин координаташ
Крастьянка хӀокху темин коьрта категори Катэгорыя:Красцьянка
Крастьянка бахархой , хенан момент 1999
Крастьянка бахархой , хенан момент 2009
Krasćjanka
abúlé ní orílẹ̀-ẹ̀dè Belarus
Krasćjanka orílè-èdè Bẹ̀lárùs
Krasćjanka ẹ̀ka gbòógì àkólé yìí Катэгорыя:Красцьянка
Krasćjanka iye èrò , ọ̀gangan àkókò 1999
Krasćjanka iye èrò , ọ̀gangan àkókò 2009
Красцьянка
Красцьянка дәүләт Беларусь
Красцьянка географик координатлар
Красцьянка мәкаләнең төп төркеме Катэгорыя:Красцьянка
Красцьянка белорус телен латинлаштыру (2007 елгы система) Krasćjanka
Красцьянка халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 1999
Красцьянка халык саны , вакыт мизгеле 2009
Krascianka
Krascianka lando Bielorusia
Krascianka precipua kategorio di la temo Катэгорыя:Красцьянка
Krasćjanka
Belarus'ta köy
Krasćjanka ülkesi Beyaz Rusya
Krasćjanka nedir village in Belarus
Krasćjanka konum koordinatları
Krasćjanka başlığın ana kategorisi Катэгорыя:Красцьянка
Krasćjanka Belarusça romanizasyonu (2007 sistemi) Krasćjanka
Krasćjanka nüfus , tarihi 1999
Krasćjanka nüfus , tarihi 2009
Krasćjanka SOATO kimliği 2212870091
Krasćjanka Belarus Geocenter web sitesi sayfa kimliği viewate/4155
| 45,472 |
US-202016843832-A_2
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,020 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 8,920 | 17,958 |
FIG. 30A-F. Benztropine does not suppress T-cell dependent and independent immune responses. (A-F) Mice were injected with Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin protein conjugated to 2,4,6, trinitrophenylhapten (TNP-KLH), lipopolysaccharide conjugated to 2,4,6, trinitrophenylhapten (TNP-LPS), or TNP (2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl)-FICOLL conjugate (TNP-Ficoll) in appropriate adjuvants and treated with vehicle or benztropine (10 mg/kg). Serum was isolated at various time points and IgG and IgM levels were measured by ELISA. (A, B) Benztropine showed no effect on TNP-LPS induced T-cell independent B-cell responses measured as serum IgM and IgG levels. (C, D) Benztropine showed no effect on TNP-Ficoll induced T-cell independent B-cell responses measured as serum IgM and IgG levels. (E, F) Benztropine showed no effect on TNP-KLH induced T-cell dependent B-cell responses measured as serum IgM and IgG levels. Error bars represent standard deviations from 3 replicate ELISAs performed on samples from 5 mice in each treatment group.
FIG. 31A-D. Quantification of myelination staining in the cuprizone model. (A) Luxol Fast Blue staining was performed on sections from the corpus callosum region of the brains isolated from mice treated either with benztropine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle control after 7 weeks of exposure to cuprizone. (B) Images were converted to a 256 shade grey scale. (C) The 256 shades of grey were divided into 5 bins of 50 shades each. Number of objects in the corpus callosum region in each bin were counted using Image-Pro plus. (D) Representative images of Image-Pro rendering of the quantification of objects in each bin.
FIG. 32. Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase activity in differentiated OPCs. OPCs were plated in basal differentiation media and treated with benztropine [1.5 uM], thyroid hormone [1 uM] or DMSO [<0.1%] for 6 days. Total protein was isolated and analyzed by Western blot using a specific antibody for the expression of caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 3. No expression of cleaved caspase 3 was detected in the compound treated cells or in untreated OPCs.
FIG. 33A-F. Combination with benztropine improves efficacy and allows for a reduction in the dose of FTY720 and interferon-D. (A-F) EAE was induced in mice using PLP and pertussis toxin. Benztropine (2.5 mg/kg) and FTY720 (various doses) and interferon (various does) were injected via intraperitoneal injections in the therapeutic mode at the start of EAE symptoms. (A) Clinical EAE scores for mice treated with FTY720 at doses of 1 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg show a dose dependent activity for FTY720. (B) Clinical EAE scores for mice treated with interferon-β at doses of 10,000 U, 3000 U and 1000 U per mouse shows a dose dependent activity for interferon-β. (C) Combinations of benztropine (2.5 mg/kg) with FTY720 (1 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg). (D) Combinations of benztropine (2.5 mg/kg) with interferon-β (10,000 U, 3000 U and 1000 U per mouse). (E) Clinical EAE scores for mice treated with FTY720 (0.01 mg/kg) in combination with benztropine (BA; 2.5 mg/kg) does not show a significantly decreased clinical severity as compared to mice treated with FTY720 (0.01 mg/kg) or benztropine (2.5 mg/kg) alone. (F) Clinical EAE scores for mice treated with interferon-β (IFN; 1000 U/mouse) in combination with benztropine (BA, 2.5 mg/kg) does not show a significantly decreased clinical severity as compared to mice treated with interferon-β (IFN; 1000 U/mouse) or benztropine (2.5 mg/kg) alone. Error bars indicate standard deviation of the mean within each group of 8 mice.
FIG. 34A-F. Identified compounds decrease clinical severity in the EAE model. (A-F) EAE was induced in mice by injecting PLP in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and pertussis toxin, and the animals were scored daily for clinical severity of disease on a scale of 0-5. (A) Clinical EAE scores for mice treated with benztropine (10 mg/kg) in the therapeutic mode (injections starting at the first appearance of EAE symptoms on day 8-10) showed a significantly decreased clinical severity in the relapse phase of the disease as compared to vehicle treated mice. (B) Clinical EAE scores for mice treated with benztropine (10 mg/kg) in the prophylactic mode (injections starting on day 0) showed a significantly decreased clinical severity in both acute and relapse phase of the disease as compared to vehicle treated mice. (C) Benztropine showed a dose dependent efficacy in decreasing clinical severity scores in the EAE model, with 12.5 mg/kg being the most effective dose and 0.1 mg/kg showing no effect. Clinical EAE scores for mice treated with (D) trifluoperazine (10 mg/kg), (E) clemastine (10 mg/kg), or (F) salbutamol (10 mg/kg) in the therapeutic mode showed a significantly decreased clinical severity in the relapse phase of the disease as compared to vehicle treated mice. Error bars indicate standard deviation of the mean within each group of 8-10 mice.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Introduction
The present invention is based, in part, on the discovery that compounds that modulate various classes of neurotransmitter receptors, such as muscarinic receptor antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists, histamine receptor antagonists, beta adrenergic receptor antagonists, and opioid receptor modulators, promote the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into a mature myelinating cell fate (e.g., myelinating oligodendrocytes). Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides for methods of inducing OPC differentiation to myelinating oligodendrocytes.
Without being bound by a particular theory, it is believed that in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, OPCs are present and able to migrate to demyelinated regions, suggesting that the progressive decrease in remyelination in these diseases is not due to defects in OPC population or recruitment, but rather is due to impaired differentiation of OPCs (reviewed in Chong and Chan, J Cell Biol. 188:305-312 (2010)). Accordingly, the present invention further provides for methods of stimulating increased myelination of nerves in a subject in need thereof by administering to a subject a neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent, such as a muscarinic receptor antagonist, a dopamine receptor antagonist, a histamine receptor antagonist, a beta adrenergic receptor antagonist, or an opioid receptor modulator. The present invention also provides methods of treating a subject having a demyelinating disease by administering to a subject a neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent.
II. Agents that Stimulate Increased Myelination of Nerves
A. Neurotransmitter Receptor Modulating Agents
A neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is an agent that induces oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation to a mature myelinating cell fate (e.g., myelinating oligodendrocytes) and/or stimulates increased myelination. In some embodiments, a neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is selected from a muscarinic receptor antagonist, a dopamine receptor antagonist, a histamine receptor antagonist, a beta adrenergic receptor modulator, and an opioid receptor modulator. As shown in the Examples section below, exemplary members of each of these classes of compounds has been shown to induce OPC differentiation to a myelinating oligodendrocyte cell fate, and thus stimulate increased myelination. Based on the data showing this activity of exemplary muscarinic receptor antagonists, dopamine receptor antagonists, histamine receptor antagonists, beta adrenergic receptor antagonists, and opioid receptor modulators, other compounds in each of these classes and having similar pharmacological mechanisms to the exemplified compounds, such as the compounds listed in Table 1, are also predicted to be useful for inducing OPC differentiation to a mature myelinating cell fate (e.g., myelinating oligodendrocytes) and/or stimulating increased myelination.
In some embodiments, a compound that is identified as an agent that stimulates increased myelination has “selective” activity for one of these classes of neurotransmitter receptors (i.e., has an agonistic or antagonistic effect against one of a muscarinic receptor, a dopamine receptor, a histamine receptor, a beta adrenergic receptor, or an opioid receptor, or a subtype of any of these receptors, and has a weaker effect or substantially no effect against the other receptors). In some embodiments, a compound that is identified as an agent that stimulates increased myelination has activity against two or more of these classes of neurotransmitter receptors or subtypes of neurotransmitter receptors.
TABLE 1 Neurotransmitter receptor modulating agents Neurotransmitter Receptor(s) Modulated Low Molecular Weight Compound Muscarinic Dopaminergic Histaminergic Adrenergic Opioid Antitussive Serotonergic (−)-Norephedrine ● (−)-Quinpirole hydrochloride ● (−)-Terbuclomine ● (+)-Butaclamol ● (+)-BUTACLAMOL HYDROCHLORIDE ● (+−)-Ethylketazocine ● (+)-Lappaconitine ● (+)-Scopolamine ● (+−)-Trimethoquinol ● (+/−)-Epibatidine ● (1r,2r)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid ● (3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline ● .DELTA.9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ● [11C]MNPA ● ● 1-((6,7-Dimethoxy-3-methyl-2- ● benzofuranyl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine monohydrochloride 1-(3-bromo-5-isoxazolyl)-2-(tert- ● butylamino)ethanol hydrochloride 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine ● 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine dihydrochloride ● 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine hydrochloride ● 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol ● 1,2,9,10-tetramethoxyaporphine ● ● 1,4-bis{2-[(4-methoxynaphthalen-1- ● yl)methylidene]hydrazinyl}phthalazine 1,5-Trimethylenetetrazole ● 1-[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine ● 121524-08-1 ● 125-71-3 (Parent) ● 127-35-5 ● 17-Hydroxy-2,3-cyclopropanoandrostane ● 19-Propylorvinol ● 1-Benzylimidazole ● 1-M-Thiq ● 1-PHENYLPIPERAZINE ● 1-Propanamine, 3-dibenzo[b,e]thiepin-11(6H)- ● ylidene-N,N-dimethyl- 2-((2-Ethoxyphenoxy)phenylmethyl)morpholine ● methanesulfonate 2-(1-Piperazinyl)pyrimidine ● 2-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridine ● 2-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridine dihydrochloride ● 2-Detpq ● 2-Methoxyidazoxan ● 2-METHYL-1,3-DIOXOLANE ● 2-Thiazoleethanamine ● 3-iodopindolol ● 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate ● 4-DAMP ● 4-Damp methiodide ● 4-DOI ● 4-NMPB ● 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine ● 5,7-DIHYDROXYTRYPTAMINE ● 5-Carboxamidotryptamine ● 5-Fhdpat ● 5-Hmdptme ● 5-Hydroxypropafenone ● 5-Methylfurmethide ● 5-Methylurapidil ● 6-Dtaf ● 6-Hydroxydopamine hydrobromide ● 6-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride ● 6-nitroquipazine ● 76-57-3 ● ● 7-Ohdpat ● 87-00-3 ● 8-Artp ● 8-OH-Dpat ● A-38503 ● A-77636 hydrochloride ● ● acebutolol ● Acebutolol hydrochloride ● aceclidine ● Aceclidine hydrochloride ● Acepromazine maleate ● Aceroxatidine ● acetaminophen ● Acetylpromazine ● Acide tolfenamique [INN-French] ● ACRIVASTINE ● Actifed ● ACTINOQUINOL SODIUM ● Adobiol ● ADRAFINIL ● Adrenaline bitartrate ● ADTN ● Aerolone ● Aerovent ● Afdx 384 ● AJ 76 ● Aktamin hydrochloride ● Alaproclate ● Alaproclate hydrochloride ● Alesion ● Aleudrin ● Alfenta ● ALFENTANIL ● Alfentanil hydrochloride ● alfuzosin ● Alginor ● Algolysin ● ● Alimezine (TN) ● Allegra ● Allergival ● Allococaine ● Almotriptan ● Alnespiron ● ● Alnespirone [INN] ● ● Alomide (TN) ● ALOSETRON HYDROCHLORIDE ● Aloxi ● Aloxi (TN) ● alpha-Ergocryptine ● alpha-Methyldopa ● alpha-Methylhistamine ● alpha-Methyl-L-dopa ● alpha-Methylserotonin ● Alphaprodin ● alprenolol ● Alprenolol hydrochloride ● alrestatin ● Altat ● amantadine ● ● ● Amantadine hydrochloride ● ● ● Ambenonium chloride ● Amerge ● Amfebutamone ● amfebutamonum ● Amibegron hydrochloride ● amidephrine ● amisulpride ● amitriptyline ● ● Amitriptyline hydrochloride ● ● Amosulalol ● amosulalol hydrochloride ● amoxapine ● ● ● Amperozide ● Amperozide hydrochloride ● AMPHETAMINE ● ● AMPHETAMINE SULFATE ● ● Amsulosin ● Anatran ● Andantol ● Anemet ● anisodamine ● ● anisodine ● Anplag ● antazoline ● Antazoline hydrochloride ● Antazoline phosphate ● Antergan ● ● Antussan ● Anzemet ● apomorphine ● ● Apomorphine HCl ● ● apraclonidine ● APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● a-prodine ● Aprofen hydrochloride ● Aprofene ● Ara-putp ● Arbutamina ● ARBUTAMINE ● Arbutamine hydrochloride ● Arc 239 ● arecoline ● Arformoterol ● Arotinolol ● arotinolol hydrochloride ● Artane ● Arterenol bitartrate ● Artex ● Astelin ● astemizole ● Astomin ● Astramorph ● Atarax ● atenolol ● Atipamezole ● Atomoxetine ● ATROPINE ● Atropine iodomethylate ● Atropine methyl nitrate ● Atropine sulfate ● Atrovent ● Auteral ● Avacan ● Avapyrazone ● Avinza ● Axert ● Azaperone ● AZATADINE ● azelastine ● Azepexole ● Azepexole hydrochloride ● Bamipine ● Banistyl ● Banthine ● Batebulast ● Batebulast hydrochloride ● BD1047 ● BE 2254 ● Beforal ● ● Befunolol ● Beldavrin ● Bemesetron ● ● ● BENACTYZINE ● Benactyzine hydrochloride ● benalfocin ● Benextramine ● Benfuran ● Benoxathian ● Benoxathian hydrochloride ● BENPERIDOL ● benserazide ● ● Bentanidol ● Benzetimide ● BENZETIMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Benzfetamine ● ● Benzhexol ● Benzonatate ● benzphetamine ● ● benztropine ● ● Benztropinum ● ● Berachin ● beta-Cft ● beta-ENDORPHIN ● beta-Endorphin (1-31) ● beta-Flupenthixol ● betahistine ● Betahistine dihydrochloride ● Betahistine mesilate ● betaxolol ● Betaxolol hydrochloride ● BETAZOLE ● Betazole hydrochloride ● bethanechol ● Bethanechol chloride ● Bethanidine ● BINOSPIRONE MESYLATE ● biperiden ● Biperiden hydrochloride ● Bisguanidinium phosphate ● BISOPROLOL ● Bisoprolol fumarate ● Bitolterol ● Bladderon ● Bmy-7378 ● Bonamine ● BOPINDOLOL ● Bornaprine ● BrAAM ● Bretylium tosylate ● brimonidine ● Brl 15572 ● Brl 26830 ● Brl 37344A ● Brl 48553 ● Brl-15572 ● Brl35135A ● Brocadisipal ● Brolamfetamine ● bromocriptine ● ● bromopride ● Bromopride hydrochloride ● BROMPHENIRAMINE ● Brompheniramine maleate ● Broncaspin ● Bronitin Mist ● Bronkometer ● Broxaterol ● BTCP ● Buccastem ● ● Bucindolol ● Bucindolol hydrochloride ● Buclizine ● Buclodin ● Budipine ● Budipine hydrochloride ● Bufetolol ● Bufotenine ● Bufuralol ● Bunazosin ● Bunolol ● Bunolol hydrochloride ● BUPRANOLOL ● bupranolol hydrochloride ● Buprenorfina [INN-Spanish] ● buprenorphine ● BUPRENORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Buprenorphine hydrochloride solution ● bupropion ● Bupropion hydrochloride ● BURIMAMIDE ● Buscapine ● buspirone ● Buspirone hydrochloride ● BUTACLAMOL HYDROCHLORIDE ● butanoic acid ● Butaxamina ● Butofilolol ● butorphanol ● ● Butorphanol tartrate ● ● Butoxamine [INN] ● BUTOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Butylhyoscine ● Butylscopolamine ● C11796 ● C12H19NO2•HCl ● C16H22C1NO ● C19H25NO•HCl ● C19H27C1N2O4•HCl ● C20H27NO3•HCl ● ● C50H81N15O9 ● C5976_SIGMA ● cabergoline ● ● Caffeine benzoate ● Calcium fusarate ● Camylofin ● Carazolol ● carbachol ● ● carbamazepine ● Carbamazepine dihydrate ● Carbamylcholine ● ● carbetapentane ● ● Carbetapentane citrate ● ● carbidopa ● ● Carbidopa hydrate ● ● Carbidopa Monohydrate ● ● Carbidopa, (S)-Isomer ● ● Carbidopa-levodopa ● ● carbinoxamine ● CARBINOXAMINE MALEATE ● Carebastine ● CARFENTANIL ● CARTEOLOL ● carteolol hydrochloride ● carvedilol ● CCRIS 3490 ● CEC dihydrochloride ● celiprolol ● Centralvet ● ● Cerocral ● cetirizine ● Cevimeline ● CGP 20712A ● CGP 20712A methanesulfonate ● CGS 12066B ● CGS 12066B dimaleate ● CH 38083 ● CHEBI:104181 ● CHEBI:117275 ● CHEBI:124645 ● CHEBI:126213 ● CHEBI:136626 ● CHEBI:142179 ● CHEBI:148898 ● CHEBI:159721 ● ● CHEBI:161127 ● CHEBI:178303 ● CHEBI:201827 ● CHEBI:238638 ● CHEBI:268876 ● CHEBI:334862 ● CHEBI:350546 ● CHEBI:36796 ● ● ● CHEBI:399928 ● CHEBI:40751 ● CHEBI:431080 ● CHEBI:471632 ● CHEBI:48295 ● CHEBI:517861 ● CHEBI:583615 ● CHEBI:584626 ● CHEBI:623294 ● CHEBI:648957 ● CHEBI:702837 ● CHEMBL446167 ● CHEMBL93361 ● CHLORAZINE ● Chlorethylclonidine ● Chloropyramine ● Chloropyramine hydrochloride ● chlorpheniramine ● Chlorpheniramine maleate ● chlorpromazine ● Chlorpromazine hydrochloride ● chlorprothixene ● CIANOPRAMINE ● Cid 105105 ● CID5122 ● CID517557 ● ● cimaterol ● cimetidine ● Cimetidine hydrochloride ● CINANSERIN ● Cinanserin hydrochloride ● cinnarizine ● ciproxifan ● cirazoline ● cisapride ● Cisapride monohydrate ● citalopram ● citalopram hydrobromide ● CL 316,243 ● CL 316243 ● Cl-Apb ● Clearnal ● clemastine ● ● Clemastine (USAN) ● ● CLEMASTINE FUMARATE ● ● clenbuterol ● Clenbuterol hydrochloride ● clidinium ● CLIDINIUM BROMIDE ● clobenpropit ● Clobutinol ● clomipramine ● Clomipramine hydrochloride ● clonidine ● CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● CLOPENTHIXOL ● Clopixol ● Cloranolol ● Clovoxamine ● Clovoxamine fumarate ● clozapine ● cocaethylene ● Cocaethyline ● Cocain-chlorhydrat [German] ● cocaine ● COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Cocaine muriate ● codeine ● ● Cogentin ● ● Cogentin mesylate ● ● Cognex ● Compazine ● Concerta ● Concordin ● Congesteze ● Contristamine ● ● Corindolan ● Corlopam ● Corynanthin ● corynanthine ● Corynanthine hydrochloride ● CP 93129 ● Crispin ● Cromakalim ● CV 705 ● Cyanopindolol ● ● CYCLAZOCINE ● CYCLIZINE ● Cyclizine hydrochloride ● Cyclogyl ● cyclopentolate ● CYPROHEPTADINE ● ● cyproheptadine hydrochloride ● ● Cystospaz ● d1-hyoscyamine ● DAGO ● Daipin ● Dalcipran ● ● Dalgan ● Dalmee ● DAMGO ● Dapiprazole ● Dapiprazole hydrochloride ● Darifenacin ● Darifenacin hydrobromide ● Darvon ● D-Chlorpheniramine ● D-Dopa ● ● Debridat ● DEBRISOQUIN SULFATE ● Debrisoquine ● deisopropyldisopyramide ● Deltorphin C ● Deltorphin I ● Denopamine ● Deprenalin ● Deprenil ● Deptropine ● Deptropine citrate ● Deramciclane [INN] ● Deramciclane fumarate ● Dermorphin ● desipramine ● ● Desipramine hydrochloride ● ● Desloratadine ● Desoxedrine ● ● Detrol ● Dexbrompheniramine ● DEXBROMPHENIRAMINE MALEATE ● Dexchlorpheniramine maleate ● DEXETIMIDE ● Dexfenfluramine ● DEXMEDETOMIDINE ● Dexmedetomidinum [INN-Latin] ● ● Dexmethylphenidate ● DEXPROPRANOLOL ● Dexpropranolol hydrochloride ● dextroamphetamine ● dextromethorphan ● Dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate ● DEXTROMORAMIDE ● Dextropropoxyphene ● Dextrostat ● DEZOCINE ● Diacetylmonoxime ● Diacetylmorphine ● Diamaprit-2HCl ● Dicetel ● Dicodethal ● ● dicyclomine ● Dicyclomine hydrochloride ● Difril ● DIHYDREXIDINE ● Dihydro-alpha-ergocryptine mesylate ● DIHYDROALPRENOLOL ● DIHYDROCODEINE ● Dihydrocodeine bitartrate ● Dihydroergocornine ● Dihydroergocristine ● DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE MESYLATE ● Dihydroergocryptine ● dihydroergotamine ● ● ● Dihydroergotamine mesilate ● ● ● Dihydroetorphine ● Dihydromorphine ● Dihydroquinidine ● Dihydroquinine ● dihydroxyphenylalanine ● Dilaudid ● Dilevalol ● Dilevalol hydrochloride ● Dimaprit ● Dimemorfan ● Dimemorfan (INN) ● Dimepheptanol ● Dimethindene maleate ● DIMETHYLTRYPTAMINE ● Dimetindene ● Diphemanil ● diphenhydramine ● Diphenhydramine citrate ● DIPHENHYDRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● DIPHENOXYLATE ● Diphenoxylate HCl ● dipivefrin ● Dipivefrin hydrochloride ● Dironyl ● Ditropan ● Dixyrazine ● DL-Adrenaline ● dl-Desoxyephedrine ● ● DL-DOPA ● dl-Narcotine ● DL-Oxyfedrine ● DL-threo-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylserine ● DL-threo-DOPS ● dobutamine ● Dobutamine hydrochloride ● docarpamine ● dolasetron ● DOLASETRON MESYLATE ● Dolasetronum [INN-Latin] ● Domin ● ● domperidone ● Domperidone Maleate ● Dopabain ● ● dopamine ● Dopamine hydrochloride ● dopazinol ● Dopexamine ● ● DOPEXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● ● dosulepin hydrochloride ● Dotarizine [INN] ● Dothiepin ● doxazosin ● Doxazosin mesylate ● doxepin ● Doxepin Hydrochloride ● Doxepine ● DOXOFYLLINE ● doxylamine ● Doxylamine succinate ● DPDPE ● Dramamine ● Drixoral ● Dronabinol ● droperidol ● dropropizine ● drotaverine ● droxidopa ● DSP 4 ● DSP-4 hydrochloride ● DU-29373 ● duloxetine ● ● ● DULOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● ● ● DuP 734 ● Duremesin ● Dynorphin 1-13 ● ebastine ● Ebrotidine ● Ecopipam ● Edronax ● EEDQ ● ● ● Efaroxan ● Efaroxan hydrochloride ● Effexor ● Effortilvet ● Eldoral ● Eletriptan ● Eletriptan hydrobromide ● Eltoprazine ● Eltoprazine hydrochloride ● Emadine ● emedastine ● Emepronum ● Emergil ● Enantio-PAF C-16 ● Endomorphin 1 ● Endomorphin 2 ● Endovalpin ● ENTACAPONE ● Epanolol ● eperisone ● Ephedrine ● Ephedrine hydrochloride ● EPHEDRINE SULFATE ● Ephetonine ● Epibatidine ● epinastine ● epinephrine ● Epinephrine hydrochloride ● Eplivanserin fumarate ● Ergocryptine ● Ergocryptine mesylate ● Ergocryptine-alpha ● Ergoloid mesylate ● Ergomar ● ● Ergotamin ● ● ERGOTAMINE ● ● ● ergotamine tartrate ● Esbuphon ● ● Escitalopram ● Escitalopram oxalate ● Eseroline ● ESMOLOL ● Esmolol hydrochloride ● ethaverine ● Ethaverine hydrochloride ● ethopropazine ● ● ● Ethopropazine hydrochloride ● ● ● ETHYLKETOCYCLAZOCINE ● Ethylmorphine ● ● Eticlopride ● Eticlopride hydrochloride ● Etilefrine ● etilefrine hydrochloride ● Etintidine ● Etintidine hydrochloride ● Etorphine ● EU-0100372 ● Eupaverina ● Euspirol ● Evoxac ● exaprolol ● Exaprolol hydrochloride ● Falipamil ● Famotidina ● famotidine ● Famotidine HCl ● Fananserin ● ● Fastin ● Femoxetine ● Femoxetinum [INN-Latin] ● Fencarbamide hydrochloride ● Fencarol ● Fenclonine ● fenfluramine ● Fenistil ● fenoldopam ● Fenoldopam bromide ● fenoterol ● Fenoterol hydrobromide ● Fenoverine ● fentanyl ● Fentora ● fexofenadine ● FG 4963 ● Finaten ● Finibron ● flavoxate ● Flavoxate hydrochloride ● Flb 457 ● Flesinoxan ● Flesinoxan hydrochloride ● FLESTOLOL ● FLESTOLOL SULFATE ● Fluanxol depot (TN) ● flunarizine ● flunarizine hydrochloride ● Fluorofen ● fluoxetine ● FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE ● Flupentixol ● FLUPHENAZINE ● Fluphenazine hydrochloride ● Fluspirilene ● fluvoxamine ● FLUVOXAMINE MALEATE ● Focalin ● FOMINOBEN ● FONAZINE ● formoterol ● Frovatriptan ● Frovatriptan succinate ● fusaric acid ● gabapentin ● Galantamin ● Galantamine ● Galantamine hydrobromide ● Ganglefene ● Ganglerone ● Gastrozepin ● Gbr 12783 ● GBR12935 ● Geodon ● ● Gepirone ● GEPIRONE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Gevatran ● glafenine ● Glaucine ● ● Glauconex ● Glaxo Wellcome brand of acrivastine ● GLYCOPYRROLATE ● Gnoscopine ● Gotensin ● GR 113808 ● GR-127935 ● granisetron ● Granisetron hydrochloride ● guanabenz ● Guanabenz acetate ● GUANETHIDINE ● guanethidine sulfate ● GUANFACINE ● guanfacine hydrochloride ● guanidine ● Guanidine bromide ● Guanidine hydrochloride ● Guanidine nitrate ● GUANIDINIUM ● Gynergen ● ● Hag-PC ● haloperidol ● Haymine ● HEAT ● Hemicholinium ● Hemicholinium-3 ● Heroin hydrochloride ● Hhsi-difenidol ● Higenamine ● Himbacine ● histamine ● Histamine dihydrochloride ● Histamine diphosphate ● Histamine hydrochloride ● Histantin ● Hoe-893d ● HOMATROPINE ● Homatropine hydrobromide (R,S) ● Homocodeine ● Hycodan ● ● Hydergine ● ● Hydriatine ● Hydroaminacrine ● HYDROCODONE ● ● hydromorphone ● Hydromorphone hydrochloride ● hydroquinidine ● Hydroquinidine hydrochloride ● HYDROQUININE ● hydroxyzine ● Hydroxyzine pamoate ● Hyoscine hydrobromide ● Hyoscine Methobromide ● hyoscyamine ● Hyoscyamine (D)- ● Hyoscyamine sulfate ● Hyoscyamine sulfate (USP) ● Hypostamine ● Hysco ● Ibopamine ● ibuprofen ● IBZM ● Icatibant ● Icatibant acetate ● Ici 118551 ● ICI-89406 ● IDAZOXAN ● IDAZOXAN HYDROCHLORIDE ● Ifenprodil ● ifenprodil tartrate ● IHEAT ● Ildamen ● imetit ● Imetit dihydrobromide ● Imidacloprid ● imipramine ● Imipramine hydrochloride ● IMPROMIDINE ● Impromidine hydrochloride ● Inapetyl ● ● INDALPINE ● indanidine ● Indenolol ● Inderal ● Indolophenanthridine ● ● INDORAMIN ● Indorenate Hydrochloride ● Inopamil ● Insidon ● intropin ● Iodocyanopindolol ● ipratropium ● ipratropium bromide ● Ipratropium bromide monohydrate ● Iprazochrome ● Ips-339 ● IPSAPIRONE ● Ipsapirone hydrochloride ● Ismelin ● Isoaminile ● Isocodeine ● ● isoetharine ● isoproterenol ● ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE ● Isoproterenol sulfate ● Isospaglumic acid ● Isothipendyl ● isoxsuprine ● Isoxsuprine hydrochloride ● Itrop ● Janimine ● Jetrium tartrate ● Kadian ● Kerlone ● Ketanserin ● Ketanserin tartrate ● Ketobemidone ● Ketogan ● ketotifen ● KETOTIFEN FUMARATE ● Kinichron ● ● Kytril ● L 657743 ● L-741,626 ● labetalol ● Labetalol hydrochloride ● lafutidine ● L-alpha-Acetyl-N-normethadol ● Landiolol ● lappaconitine ● Lazabemide ● Legatrin ● Leoplexamin ● l-Ephedrine ● Lethidrone ● Levacetylmethadol ● Levallorphan ● Levamfetamine ● ● Levcromakalim ● Levetimide ● LEVOBUNOLOL ● Levobunolol•HCl ● levocabastine ● LEVOCABASTINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Levocetirizine ● levodopa ● ● Levodropropizine ● Levomeprazine ● ● Levomepromazine ● ● Levomethorphan ● Levomethorphan hydrobromide ● levorphanol ● Levosalbutamol ● Levospasme ● Levsinex ● LIDAMIDINE ● LIDAMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Lilly 53857 ● l-Isoprenaline chloride ● LISURIDE ● ● ● lisuride maleate ● ● ● L-Noradrenaline bitartrate ● LODOXAMIDE TROMETHAMINE ● Lofentanil ● Lofentanil oxalate ● Longifene ● Lopac0_000714 ● Lopac-A-164 ● Lopac-C-130 ● Lopressor ● loratadine ● Lorcet ● Lotronex ● loxapine ● Loxapine hydrochloride ● Loxapine succinate ● Loxtidine ● L-pentazocine ● LSD tartrate ● LUPITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● LY 235959 ● LY 277359 maleate ● Ly-165163 ● Lysergide ● Lysivane ● ● ● Mabuterol ● madopar ● Malexil ● maprotiline ● Maprotiline hydrochloride ● Marzine ● Maxolon ● mazindol ● ● Mci 9042 ● Mcn 5652 ● McN-A-343 ● mCPBG ● m-CPBG hydrochloride ● MDL-100907 ● MDMA ● ● mebeverine ● MEBEVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Meclastine ● meclizine ● Meclizine hydrochloride ● Meclizine Mixture With Niacin ● Mecloprodine ● Medetomidine ● ● Medetomidine hydrochloride ● ● MEDROXALOL ● Medroxalol hydrochloride ● Melevodopa ● memantine ● ● MEMANTINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● ● meperidine ● Mepindolol ● Meptazinol ● MEPTAZINOL HYDROCHLORIDE ● mequitazine ● Merital ● mescaline ● Mescomine ● mesoridazine ● Mesulergine ● ● ● Mesulergine hydrochloride ● ● ● Metabolites (street) ● ● metaproterenol ● Metaproterenol hemisulfate ● Metaraminol bitartrate ● Metatsin ● metergoline ● ● methacholine ● Methacholine chloride ● methadone ● ● Methadyl acetate ● METHAMPHETAMINE ● ● Methamphetamine hydrochloride ● ● methantheline ● methapyrilene ● METHAPYRILENE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Metharsinat ● methiothepin ● Methiothepin maleate ● Methoctramine ● Metholes ● Methorphan ● methoxamine ● METHOXAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Methylatropine ● methyldopa ● METHYLDOPA SESQUIHYDRATE ● Methylfurmetide ● methyloctatropine bromide ● methylphenidate ● Methylscopolamine ● methysergide ● Methysergide maleate ● METIAMIDE ● Metipranolol ● metoclopramide ● Metoclopramide dihydrochloride ● metoprolol ● Metoprolol fumarate ● mianserin ● ● ● Mianserin hydrochloride ● ● ● Mictonorm ● Midaglizole ● Midaglizole hydrochloride ● midodrine ● MIDODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Mifentidine ● Milnacipran ● ● Minipress ● Mintussin ● Minusine ● Mirapex ● ● mirtazapine ● ● Mivazerol ● Mizolastine ● MK-212 ● MK-912 ● M-Mptp ● Mofegiline ● Mofegiline hydrochloride ● MONATEPIL MALEATE ● morphine ● Morphine hydrochloride ● MORPHINE SULFATE ● morphinesulfate ● Mosapride ● Mosapride citrate ● Moxaverine ● Moxisylyte ● moxisylyte hydrochloride ● MPTP ● Muscarin ● Myonal ● Myophedrine ● N,3-Dimethylmorphinan ● Naaxia ● N-acetylaspartylglutamate ● N-Acetyl-Asp-Glu ● nadolol ● Nafadotride ● nafronyl ● Nafronyl oxalate ● naftopidil ● nalbuphine ● Nalorphine ● Nalorphine hydrochloride ● naloxone ● Naloxone hydrochloride ● NAN-190 hydrobromide ● naphazoline ● NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Naphazoline nitrate ● Naphthisen ● naratriptan ● Nargoline ● Narphen ● Navaron ● Nazasetron ● NCGC00015261-01 ● nchembio873-comp43 ● nchembio873-comp53 ● nchembio873-comp67 ● Ncq 298 ● Nebivolol ● Nebracetam ● Nebracetam fumarate ● Nedeltran ● nefopam ● Nefopam hydrochloride ● nemonapride ● NEOSTIGMINE ● neostigmine bromide ● Neostigmine methyl sulfate ● nicergoline ● NIH-8805 ● Nipradilol ● Nisentil ● nitrous oxide ● nizatidine ● N-Methylspiroperidol ● Noleptan ● Nomifensine ● Norephedrine ● norepinephrine ● Norfenefrine ● Norfenfloramine ● Norflex ● Norprolac ● nortriptyline ● Nortriptyline hydrochloride ● Norzine Ampuls ● Noscapalin ● noscapine ● Novopropoxyn ● n-Propylapomorphine ● ● NSC10004 ● ● ● NSC114335 ● NSC289336 ● NSC61391 ● NSC61806 ● ● NSC69886 ● NSC79303 ● Nubain ● nylidrin ● Nylidrin hydrochloride ● Octatropine ● octopamine ● Oils, peppermint ● olanzapine ● Olopatadine ● ondansetron ● ONDANSETRON HYDROCHLORIDE ● Opana ● Opcon ● Opipramol ● Opreal_021650 ● Optimine ● Orlaam ● orphenadrine ● Orphenadrine hydrochloride ● Otenzepad ● Otilonium Bromide ● oxatomide ● Oxeladin ● oxidopamine ● Oxifedrinum ● oxitropium bromide ● OXMETIDINE ● Oxmetidine hydrochloride ● Oxolamine ● Oxolamine citrate ● Oxotremorine ● oxotremorine methiodide ● oxprenolol ● Oxprenolol hydrochloride ● oxybutynin ● Oxybutynin chloride ● oxycodone ● Oxycodone hydrochloride ● oxymetazoline ● oxymorphone ● oxyphenonium ● OXYPHENONIUM BROMIDE ● ozagrel ● ozagrel hydrochloride ● Palfadonna ● Palladone ● Palonosetron ● Palonosetron hydrochloride ● Papaveretum ● ● PAPP ● Paracodin ● Paracymethadol ● Parasan ● Parlodel ● ● paroxetine ● Paroxetine hydrochloride ● Paroxetine maleate ● Pataday ● Paxil ● PBPO ● p-Chloramphetamine ● Pemilaston ● Pemirolast ● penbutolol ● PENFLURIDOL ● Pentalgine ● pentazocine ● Peracon ● Perazine maleate ● pergolide ● PERGOLIDE MESYLATE ● Perhydrohistrionicotoxin ● Periactin ● ● Pernazine ● Pernovine ● perphenazine ● Pethidine hydrochloride ● pFHHSiD ● phenacetin ● PHENAZOCINE ● Phencarbamide ● Phenindamine ● pheniramine ● PHENIRAMINE MALEATE ● PHENOPERIDINE ● Phenoperidine hydrochloride ● Phenopropamine ● Phenoxene ● ● phenoxybenzamine ● Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride ● phentermine ● phentolamine ● Phentolamine mesylate ● phenylbiguanide ● phenylephrine ● PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● phenylpropanolamine ● PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE ● HYDROCHLORIDE PHOLCODINE ● Phospholine iodide ● Picumast ● Picumast dihydrochloride ● pilocarpine ● Pilocarpine- ● Pilocarpine hydrochloride ● Pilocarpine nitrate ● Pilocarpine nitrate salt ● pimozide ● Pinaverium ● pindolol ● ● Pipamperone ● Pipazethate ● Piperoxan ● PIRBUTEROL ● pirenzepine ● Pirenzepine dihydrochloride ● piribedil ● ● Piribedil hydrochloride ● ● Piribedil mesylate ● ● Piritramide ● PIZOTYLINE ● ● Plegine ● p-MPPI ● Pnu 99194A ● Pondimin ● practolol ● Pramipexol [Spanish] ● ● pramipexole ● ● prazosin ● Prazosin hydrochloride ● PRBCM ● Precedex ● Preclamol ● ● Preclamolum [Latin] ● ● Prednisolone 21-pivalate ● Prenalterol ● PRENYLAMINE ● Prestwick_144 ● Prialt ● Privine ● Prizidilol ● PROCATEROL ● procaterol hydrochloride ● prochlorperazine ● Prochlorperazine dimaleate ● Prochlorperazine edisylate ● Prochlorperazine maleate ● procyclidine ● Procyclidine hydrochloride ● Progabide ● Prolixin ● promazine ● PROMAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Promedol ● promethazine ● PROMETHAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● propantheline ● PROPANTHELINE BROMIDE ● Propitan ● Propiverine ● propiverine hydrochloride ● propranolol ● Propranolol hydrochloride ● Proroxan [INN] ● Proscomide ● Prothiaden ● protopine ● ● PROTOPINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● ● protriptyline ● Protriptyline hydrochloride ● Proxicromil ● Prozac ● Psxeladine ● Psychostyl ● pyrilamine ● PYRILAMINE MALEATE ● Pyrroxane ● Quadramet ● Quifenadine ● Quinagolide ● Quinelorane ● Quinidex ● ● quinidine ● ● ● Quinidine sulfate ● ● Quinine ● Quinine hydrochloride ● quinine sulfate ● QUININE SULFATE DIHYDRATE ● QUINPIROLE ● quipazine ● QUIPAZINE MALEATE ● R(−)-Denopamine ● R-50547 ● RACLOPRIDE ● Raclopride C11 ● Raclopridum [Latin] ● RACTOPAMINE ● Ractopamine hydrochloride ● Ramosetron ● Ramosetron hydrochloride ● ranitidine ● Ranitidine bismuth citrate ● ranitidine hydrochloride ● Rapimine ● Rauwolscine ● Reboxetine ● Reboxetine mesylate ● Reboxetine mesylate hydrate ● Redux ● Reglan ● Relaspium ● REMIFENTANIL ● REMIFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE ● Remoxipride ● REMOXIPRIDE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Renzapride ● Renzapride hydrochloride ● repirinast ● Reproterol ● REPROTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE ● reserpine ● Respilene ● Restenacht ● Rexigen ● Rexolate ● Rilmenidine ● Rilmenidine phosphate ● Rimiterol ● Rimiterol Hydrobromide ● risperidone ● ● ritanserin ● ritodrine ● Ritodrine hydrochloride ● rizatriptan ● Rizatriptan benzoate ● Ro 363 ● Robinal ● Robinul ● Rociverine ● ropinirole ● ● Ropinirole hydrochloride ● ● Rotenolone ● Rotigotine ● RS 86, hydrobromide ● RS 86HB ● RS-25259-197 ● RU 24969 ● RU-24213 ● S(−)Eticlopride hydrochloride ● S-20500 ● ● Salbutamol ● Saligren ● Salmeterol ● salmeterol xinafoate ● Samarium Sm 153 lexidronam ● Sarpogrelate ● Savella ● ● SB 206553 ● Sch 23982 ● Sch-23982 ● scopolamine ● scopolamine butylbromide ● Scopolamine hydrobromide ● Sdz 205,557 ● Secoverine ● SECOVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Selecal ● selegiline ● Selegiline hydrochloride ● Selozok ● Serc ● Serotone ● serotonin ● sertraline ● Sertraline hydrochloride ● Setoperone ● Sgd 101-75 ● Silomat ● Sinemet ● ● SKF 38393 ● SKF 38393 hydrochloride ● SKF 81297 ● Skf83566 ● SKF 91488 ● SKF 91488 dihydrochloride ● Sm-Edtmp ● SMR000449272 ● Snc80 ● Solifenacin ● Solifenacin succinate ● Sordinol ● sotalol ● Sotalol hydrochloride ● Soventol ● Soventol (TN) ● Soventol hydrochloride ● Spasril ● Spectrum_001815 ● spiperone ● Spiriva ● Spiriva Handihaler ● Spiroxatrine ● SQ 10643 ● SR 59230A ● ST 91 ● ● Stadol ● ● Stelazine ● stepholidine ● STP (hallucinogen) ● Strattera ● subecholine ● Suberyldicholine ● SUFENTANIL ● Sufentanil citrate ● sulpiride ● Sultopride ● sultopride hydrochloride ● sumatriptan ● SUMATRIPTAN SUCCINATE ● Suplatast Tosilate ● Sympatholytin ● Synephrine ● T123_SIGMA ● Tacrine ● Tacrine hydrochloride ● Tacrine hydrochloride hydrate ● tageflar ● Talacen ● Talinolol ● Talipexole ● ● Talwin ● Talwin 50 ● TAMSULOSIN ● tandospirone citrate ● Tbhpbo ● TCMDC-125509 ● Tegaserod maleate ● Telenzepine ● Teletux ● TEMELASTINE ● Tempium ● Tenamfetamine ● ● terazosin ● Terazosin hydrochloride ● terbutaline ● TERBUTALINE HEMISULFATE ● Terbutaline sulfate ● terfenadine ● terguride ● Terodiline ● TERODILINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Tersigat ● TERTATOLOL ● Tesmilifene ● TETRABENAZINE ● TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL ● tetrahydropalmatine ● ● ● Tetraspasmin-Lefa ● TFMPP ● Thecodinum ● Thephorin hydrochloride ● Theratuss ● thiethylperazine ● Thiethylperazine maleate ● Thioperamide ● thioridazine ● Thioridazine hydrochloride ● thiothixene ● thonzylamine ● THONZYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● tiapride ● TILIDINE ● Tilisolol ● timolol ● Timolol hemihydrate ● Timolol maleate ● TIOTIDINE ● Tiotixene ● Tiotropium ● TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE ● TIPP ● Tiropramide ● tizanidine ● ● Tizanidine hydrochloride ● ● Tobanum ● Tocodilydrin ● tolazoline ● Tolazoline hydrochloride ● Tolcapone ● tolfenamic acid ● tolterodine ● Tolterodine tartrate ● Torecan ● Tramadol ● tramadol hydrochloride ● tranilast ● Traxanox ● Traxanox sodium ● trazodone ● Trazodone hydrochloride ● Tremblex ● Tretoquinol ● Tricodein ● ● trifluoperazine ● Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride ● Trifluperidol ● triflupromazine ● Triflupromazine hydrochloride ● TRIMAZOSIN ● trimebutine ● Trimebutine maleate ● Trimeperidine ● Trimethoquinol ● trimipramine ● Trimipramine maleate ● tripelennamine ● Tripelennamine citrate ● Tripelennamine hydrochloride ● triprolidine ● Triprolidine hydrochloride ● tropicamide ● Tropine tropate ● tropisetron ● TROPISETRON HCl ● Tropyl 3,5-dichlorobenzoate ● trospium chloride ● tulobuterol ● Tulobuterol hydrochloride ● Tuscodin ● tyramine ● Tyr-D- Ala-Gly-N-Methyl-Phe-Gly-ol ● Tyr-tic-phe-phe-OH ● UNII-7LG286J8GV ● urapidil ● ● Uroxatral ● Valoron ● Vanoxeamine ● Vanoxerine ● venlafaxine ● Ventipulmin ● Ventolin ● Verton ● viloxazine ● Viloxazine hydrochloride ● Vistaril ● Volinanserin ● Vuf 9153 ● Way 100635 ● Way-100135 ● Win-35428 ● wortmannin ● Wyamine sulfate ● Xamoterol ● Xamoterol hemifumarate ● XANOMELINE ● Xanomeline tartrate ● xylamidine ● Xylamidine tosylate ● xylazine ● Xylazine hydrochloride ● Xyzall ● Yohimbine ● YOHIMBINE HYDROCHLORIDE ● Zacopride ● ZACOPRIDE HYDROCHLORIDE ● ZATOSETRON ● ZATOSETRON MALEATE ● Zebeta ● Zelmac ● Zelnorm ● Zeneca ZD7114 ● Zetidoline ● Zimeldine ● Zimeldine hydrochloride ● Zimelidine ● Zimelidine dihydrochloride ● ZINTEROL ● ZINTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE ● Zipeprol ● Ziprasidone ● ● Ziprasidone hydrochloride ● ● Ziprasidone mesylate ● ● Zofran ● Zolantidine ● zolmitriptan ● Zuclopenthixol ● Zyrtec ● 1. In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is benztropine or a salt thereof (e.g., benztropine mesylate). In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is clemastine or a salt thereof (e.g., clemastine fumarate).
2. Dopamine Receptor Antagonists
A dopamine receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor, for which the neurotransmitter dopamine is the primary endogenous ligand. There are five known subtypes of dopamine receptors: D₁ and D₅ receptors, the D₁-like receptors, activate adenylyl cyclase, while the D₂, D₃, and D₄ receptors, the D₂-like receptors, inhibit adenylyl cyclase and activate K⁺ channels. A dopamine receptor antagonist is an agent able to inhibit one or more characteristic responses of a dopamine receptor or receptor subtype. As a non-limiting example, an antagonist may competitively or non-competitively bind to (1) a dopamine receptor, (2) an agonist or partial agonist (or other ligand) of the dopamine receptor, and/or (3) a downstream signaling molecule to inhibit the dopamine receptor's function. As shown in the Examples, benztropine, GBR12935, and trifluoperazine have been shown to antagonize the function of a dopamine receptor and/or are known antagonists of a dopamine receptor. Therefore, in some embodiments, the dopamine receptor antagonist is a compound selected from benztropine, GBR12935, trifluoperazine, and salts, prodrugs, racemic mixtures, conformational and/or optical isomers, crystalline polymorphs, and isotopic variants thereof. Alternatively, any of the dopamine receptor modulators listed in Table 1 can be used to antagonize a dopamine receptor. Thus, in some embodiments, the dopamine receptor antagonist is a dopamine receptor modulator compound listed in Table 1. The compounds described in Table 1 are readily available.
In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is benztropine or a salt thereof (e.g., benztropine mesylate). In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is trifluoperazine or a salt thereof (e.g., trifluoperazine hydrochloride).
3. Histamine Receptor Antagonists
A histamine receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor, for which the neurotransmitter histamine is the primary endogenous ligand. There are four known subtypes of histamine receptors: H₁ receptors, H₂ receptors, H₃ receptors, and H₄ receptors. A histamine receptor antagonist is an agent able to inhibit one or more characteristic responses of a histamine receptor or receptor subtype. As a non-limiting example, an antagonist may competitively or non-competitively bind to (1) a histamine receptor, (2) an agonist or partial agonist (or other ligand) of the histamine receptor, and/or (3) a downstream signaling molecule to inhibit the histamine receptor's function. As shown in the Examples, clemastine has been shown to antagonize the function of a histamine receptor. Therefore, in some embodiments, the histamine receptor antagonist is clemastine or a salt, prodrug, racemic mixture, conformational and/or optical isomer, crystalline polymorph, or isotopic variant thereof. Alternatively, any of the histamine receptor modulators listed in Table 1 can be used to antagonize a histamine receptor. Thus, in some embodiments, the histamine receptor antagonist is a histamine receptor modulator compound listed in Table 1. The compounds described in Table 1 are readily available.
In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is clemastine or a salt thereof (e.g., clemastine fumarate).
4. Beta Adrenergic Receptor Modulators
A beta adrenergic receptor is a subtype of the adrenergic receptor, a G-protein coupled receptor, for which catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine) are the primary endogenous ligand. There are three known subtypes of beta adrenergic receptors: β₁ receptors, β₂ receptors, and β₃ receptors. A beta adrenergic receptor antagonist is an agent able to inhibit one or more characteristic responses of a beta adrenergic receptor or receptor subtype. As a non-limiting example, an antagonist may competitively or non-competitively bind to (1) a beta adrenergic receptor, (2) an agonist or partial agonist (or other ligand) of the beta adrenergic receptor, and/or (3) a downstream signaling molecule to inhibit the beta adrenergic receptor's function. As a non-limiting example, pindolol is able to antagonize the function of a beta adrenergic receptor. A beta adrenergic receptor agonist is an agent able to induce or stimulate one or more characteristic responses of a beta adrenergic receptor or receptor subtype. As shown in the Examples, pindolol, salmeterol, salbutamol, and albuterol have been shown to agonize the function of a beta adrenergic receptor and/or are known agonists of a beta adrenergic receptor. Therefore, in some embodiments, the beta adrenergic receptor modulator is a compound selected from pindolol, salmeterol, salbutamol, albuterol, and salts, prodrugs, racemic mixtures, conformational and/or optical isomers, crystalline polymorphs, and isotopic variants thereof. Alternatively, any of the beta adrenergic receptor modulators listed in Table 1 can be used to modulate a beta adrenergic receptor. Thus, in some embodiments, the beta adrenergic receptor modulator is a beta adrenergic receptor modulator compound listed in Table 1. The compounds described in Table 1 are readily available.
In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is salmeterol or a salt thereof (e.g., salmeterol xinfoate). In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is salbutamol or a salt thereof (e.g., salbutamol hemi sulfate).
5. Opioid Receptor Modulators
An opioid receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor, for which opioids are the primary endogenous ligand. An opioid receptor antagonist is an agent able to inhibit one or more characteristic responses of an opioid receptor or receptor subtype. As a non-limiting example, an antagonist may competitively or non-competitively bind to (1) an opioid receptor, (2) an agonist or partial agonist (or other ligand) of a receptor, and/or (3) a downstream signaling molecule to inhibit a receptor's function. An opioid receptor agonist is an agent able to induce or stimulate one or more characteristic responses of an opioid receptor or receptor subtype. For example, an agonist may activate an opioid receptor. As shown in the Examples, carbetapentane, Snc-80, and BD-1047 have been shown to modulate the function of an opioid receptor. Therefore, in some embodiments, the opioid receptor antagonist is a compound selected from carbetapentane, Snc-80, BD-1047, and salts, prodrugs, racemic mixtures, conformational and/or optical isomers, crystalline polymorphs, and isotopic variants thereof. Alternatively, any of the opioid receptor modulators listed in Table 1 can be used to modulate an opioid receptor. Thus, in some embodiments, the opioid receptor modulator is an opioid receptor modulator compound listed in Table 1. The compounds described in Table 1 are readily available.
B. Identification of Modulating Agents
A number of different screening protocols can be utilized to identify agents that stimulate increased myelination of nerves. In general terms, the screening methods involve screening a plurality of agents to identify an agent that increases the number of cells in a sample having a differentiated, myelinating cell fate (e.g., mature myelinating oligodendrocyte). In some embodiments, an agent promotes or increases OPC differentiation when it increases the percentage of OPCs (e.g., in a sample comprising a plurality of OPCs) that differentiate to a mature myelinating cell fate by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or more as compared to the percentage of OPCs that differentiate to a mature myelinating cell fate in the absence of the agent.
1. Marker Assays
In some embodiments, agents that stimulate increased myelination of nerves are identified by screening for induction of markers of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. In some embodiments, samples comprising a plurality of OPCs are contacted with a candidate agent, incubated under conditions suitable for the differentiation of OPCs, and evaluated for the presence or absence of one or more markers of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Examples of markers of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes include, but are not limited to, myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), 2′3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′ phosphodiesterase (CNP), GalC, O1, or O4.
Markers of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes can be detected using any number of established analytical techniques. For example, detection can be accomplished by detecting nucleic acid (e.g., by in situ hybridization or RT-PCR) or protein (e.g., by immunoassay or Western blot analysis) levels, followed by visualization and/or quanitification using any one of a variety of methods known in the art. In some embodiments, a marker of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes is detected by in situ hybridization. In situ hybridization techniques are generally described in In Situ Hybridization: A Practical Approach (Wilkinson, D. G., ed.), Oxford University Press, 1992. In some embodiments, a marker of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes is detected by immunoassay. Immunoassay techniques and protocols are generally described in Price and Newman, “Principles and Practice of Immunoassay,” 2nd Edition, Grove's Dictionaries, 1997; and Gosling, “Immunoassays: A Practical Approach,” Oxford University Press, 2000. In some embodiments, the immunoassay is an immunofluorescence assay.
A detectable moiety can be used in the assays described herein. A wide variety of detectable moieties can be used, with the choice of label depending on the sensitivity required, ease of conjugation with the antibody, stability requirements, and available instrumentation and disposal provisions. Suitable detectable moieties include, but are not limited to, radionuclides, fluorescent dyes (e.g., fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), Oregon Green™, rhodamine, Texas red, tetrarhodimine isothiocynate (TRITC), Cy3, Cy5, etc.), fluorescent markers (e.g., green fluorescent protein (GFP), phycoerythrin, etc.), autoquenched fluorescent compounds that are activated by tumor-associated proteases, enzymes (e.g., luciferase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, etc.), nanoparticles, biotin, digoxigenin, and the like.
2. Cells and Reagents
The primary screens for identifying agents that induce OPC differentiation and/or stimulate increased myelination of nerves can be performed in cell-based assays using cultured OPC cell lines or OPCs derived from a subject (e.g., from a mammal).
OPCs can be derived from any of a variety of sources. In some embodiments, OPCs are harvested from a tissue, for example, brain tissue, spinal cord tissue, or optic nerve tissue. The tissue can be from a rodent (e.g., rat or mouse), chicken, dog, cat, rabbit, cow, sheep, goat, or primate (e.g., a monkey, a chimpanzee, or a human). In some embodiments, OPCs are derived from fetal tissue. In some embodiments, OPCs are derived from adult tissue. Alternatively, OPCs can be derived from culturing stem cells (e.g., neural stem cells or embryonic stem cells) or from other cells that can be induced to give rise to OPCs (e.g., bone marrow stromal cells).
Examples of conditions suitable for OPC differentiation are described in the Examples section below. Cell culture conditions are described in more detail, e.g., in Picot, Human Cell Culture Protocols (Methods in Molecular Medicine) 2010 ed., and in Davis, Basic Cell Culture 2002 ed. OPCs are cultured with growth factor, for example, PDGFαα. As a non-limiting example, OPCs are proliferated in culture on poly-D-Lysine coated cell culture dishes using OPC media (Neurobasal media, B27 supplement without vitamin A, non-essential amino acids) containing 30 ng/mL PDGFαα. For differentiation, OPCs are seeded on poly-D-Lysine coated cell culture dishes using OPC media containing 2 ng/mL PDGFαα and treated with compounds dissolved in DMSO (<1% final concentration). Differentiating OPCs are incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 6 days. At the end of 6 days, cells are fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for immunofluorescence analysis or are harvested for biochemical analysis.
3. Candidate Agents
The agents that are screened for the ability to promote OPC differentiation can be any small chemical compound, or a biological entity, such as a polypeptide, sugar, nucleic acid or lipid. Typically, test compounds will be small chemical molecules and peptides. Essentially any chemical compound can be used as a potential modulator or ligand in the assays of the invention, although most often compounds that can be dissolved in aqueous or organic (especially DMSO-based) solutions are used. The assays are designed to screen large chemical libraries by automating the assay steps and providing compounds from any convenient source to assays, which are typically run in parallel (e.g., in microtiter formats on microtiter plates in robotic assays). It will be appreciated that there are many suppliers of chemical compounds, including Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.), Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.), Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.), Fluka Chemika-Biochemica Analytika (Buchs, Switzerland) and the like.
In some embodiments, the agents have a molecular weight of less than 1,500 daltons, and in some cases less than 1,000, 800, 600, 500, or 400 daltons. The relatively small size of the agents can be desirable because smaller molecules have a higher likelihood of having physiochemical properties compatible with good pharmacokinetic characteristics, including oral absorption than agents with higher molecular weight. For example, agents less likely to be successful as drugs based on permeability and solubility were described by Lipinski et al. as follows: having more than 5 H-bond donors (expressed as the sum of OHs and NHs); having a molecular weight over 500; having a Log P over 5 (or M Log P over 4.15); and/or having more than 10 H-bond acceptors (expressed as the sum of Ns and Os). See, e.g., Lipinski et al., Adv Drug Delivery Res 23:3-25 (1997). Compound classes that are substrates for biological transporters are typically exceptions to the rule.
In some embodiments, the agents are from a combinatorial chemical or peptide library containing a large number of potential therapeutic compounds (potential modulator or ligand compounds). Such “combinatorial chemical libraries” or “ligand libraries” are then screened in one or more assays, as described herein, to identify those library members (particular chemical species or subclasses) that display a desired characteristic activity. The compounds thus identified can serve as conventional “lead compounds” or can themselves be used as potential or actual therapeutics.
A combinatorial chemical library is a collection of diverse chemical compounds generated by either chemical synthesis or biological synthesis, by combining a number of chemical “building blocks.” For example, a linear combinatorial chemical library such as a polypeptide library is formed by combining a set of chemical building blocks (amino acids) in every possible way for a given compound length (i.e., the number of amino acids in a polypeptide compound). Millions of chemical compounds can be synthesized through such combinatorial mixing of chemical building blocks.
Preparation and screening of combinatorial chemical libraries is well known to those of skill in the art. Such combinatorial chemical libraries include, but are not limited to, peptide libraries (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,175, Furka, Int. J. Pept. Prot. Res. 37:487-493 (1991) and Houghton et al., Nature 354:84-88 (1991)). Other chemistries for generating chemical diversity libraries can also be used. Such chemistries include, but are not limited to: peptoids (e.g., PCT Publication No. WO 91/19735), encoded peptides (e.g., PCT Publication WO 93/20242), random bio-oligomers (e.g., PCT Publication No. WO 92/00091), benzodiazepines (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,514), diversomers such as hydantoins, benzodiazepines and dipeptides (Hobbs et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6909-6913 (1993)), vinylogous polypeptides (Hagihara et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 114:6568 (1992)), nonpeptidal peptidomimetics with glucose scaffolding (Hirschmann et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 114:9217-9218 (1992)), analogous organic syntheses of small compound libraries (Chen et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 116:2661 (1994)), oligocarbamates (Cho et al., Science 261:1303 (1993)), and/or peptidyl phosphonates (Campbell et al., J. Org. Chem. 59:658 (1994)), nucleic acid libraries (see Ausubel, Berger and Sambrook, all supra), peptide nucleic acid libraries (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,539,083), antibody libraries (see, e.g., Vaughn et al., Nature Biotechnology, 14(3):309-314 1522 (1996) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,853), small organic molecule libraries (see, e.g., benzodiazepines, Baum C&EN, Jan 18, page 33 (1993); isoprenoids, U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,588; thiazolidinones and metathiazanones, U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,974; pyrrolidines, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,525,735 and 5,519,134; morpholino compounds, U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,337; benzodiazepines, U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,514, and the like).
Devices for the preparation of combinatorial libraries are commercially available (see, e.g., 357 MPS, 390 MPS, Advanced Chem Tech, Louisville Ky., Symphony, Rainin, Woburn, Mass., 433A Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., 9050 Plus, Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). In addition, numerous combinatorial libraries are themselves commercially available (see, e.g., ComGenex, Princeton, N.J., Tripos, Inc., St. Louis, Mo., 3D Pharmaceuticals, Exton, Pa., Martek Biosciences, Columbia, Md., etc.).
In some embodiments, candidate agents are able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. In some embodiments, candidate agents have a low molecular weight (i.e., a molecular weight of no more than 800 kDa). In some embodiments, candidate agents are screened for one or more other criteria, such as toxicity or brain pharmacokinetics.
4. Validation
Agents that are initially identified by any of the foregoing screening methods can be further tested to validate the apparent activity. In some embodiments, validation assays are in vitro assays. In some embodiments, such studies are conducted with suitable animal models. The basic format of such methods involves administering a lead compound identified during an initial screen to an animal that serves as a disease model for humans and then determining if the disease (e.g., a demyelinating disease) is in fact modulated and/or the disease or condition is ameliorated. The animal models utilized in validation studies generally are mammals of any kind. Specific examples of suitable animals include, but are not limited to, primates, mice, rats and zebrafish.
III. Methods Using Neurotransmitter Receptor Modulating Agents
The neurotransmitter receptor modulating agents described herein can be used in various therapeutic and/or prophylactic methods. In one aspect, the present invention provides methods of inducing oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation to a mature myelinating cell fate (e.g., myelinating oligodendrocytes). In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the OPC with a neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent as described herein and culturing the OPC under conditions suitable for OPC differentiation. In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is selected from a muscarinic receptor antagonist, a dopamine receptor antagonist, a histamine receptor antagonist, a beta adrenergic receptor modulator, and an opioid receptor modulator. In some embodiments, the OPC is cultured in the presence of the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent for at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 4 days, at least 5 days, at least 6 days or longer under conditions suitable for OPC differentiation. Differentiation to a mature myelinating cell fate can be determined by detecting the presence of one or more biological markers of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Marker assays for detecting the presence or level of myelinating oligodendrocytes are described herein, for example in Section II(B) above.
In another aspect, the present invention provides methods of stimulating increased myelination of nerves in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject a neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent as described herein; thereby stimulating increased myelination of nerves in the subject. In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is a compound selected from a muscarinic receptor antagonist, a dopamine receptor antagonist, a histamine receptor antagonist, a beta adrenergic receptor modulator, and an opioid receptor modulator.
In some embodiments, a subject in need of a method of stimulating increased myelination of nerves is a subject having a demyelinating disease. Thus, in yet another aspect, the present invention provides methods of treating and/or ameliorating a subject having a demyelinating disease. In some embodiments, a subject in need of a method of stimulating increased myelination of nerves is a subject at risk of having a demyelinating disease. Thus, in yet another aspect, the present invention provides methods of preventing a demyelinating disease or delaying the occurrence of a demyelinating disease.
In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject a neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent selected from a muscarinic receptor antagonist, a dopamine receptor antagonist, a histamine receptor antagonist, a beta adrenergic receptor modulator, and an opioid receptor modulator. In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is a compound listed in Table 1 (e.g., a muscarinic receptor modulator compound, dopamine receptor modulator compound, histamine receptor modulator compound, beta adrenergic receptor modulator compound, or opioid receptor modulator compound listed in Table 1). In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is benztropine, cerbetapentane, clemastine, pindolol, ipratropium, atropine, GBR12935, Snc-80, BD-1047, salmeterol, albuterol, or trifluoperazine, or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is benztropine, clemastine, salmeterol, salbutamol, trifluoperazine, or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent is benztropine or a salt thereof (e.g., benztropine mesylate).
In some embodiments, the demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis, idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disease, transverse myelitis, Devic's disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, optic neuritis, leukodystrophy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, autoimmune peripheral neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, adrenoleukodystrophy, adrenomyeloneuropathy, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, or human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-associated myelopathy.
In some embodiments, the demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis (MS). There are several subtypes of MS, including relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), and progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS). In some embodiments, the subject has RRMS. In some embodiments, the subject has SPMS. In some embodiments, the subject has PPMS. In some embodiments, the subject has PRMS. A subject may initially be diagnosed as having one subtype of MS (e.g., RRMS), and subsequently the subtype of MS afflicting the subject may convert to another subtype of MS (e.g., from RRMS to SPMS). It is contemplated that the methods of the present invention can be applied to treat a subject whose subtype of MS converts to another subtype of MS.
In some embodiments, a subject in need thereof (e.g., a subject having a demyelinating disease or at risk for having a demyelinating disease) is administered a neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent in combination with at least one other therapy. In some embodiments, the at least one other therapy is an immunomodulatory agent. As used herein, an “immunomodulatory agent” refers to a disease-modifying drug which alters the course of a demyelinating disease (e.g., multiple sclerosis, idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disease, transverse myelitis, Devic's disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, optic neuritis, leukodystrophy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, autoimmune peripheral neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, adrenoleukodystrophy, adrenomyeloneuropathy, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, or HTLV-associated myelopathy).
In some embodiments, an immunomodulatory agent is a disease-modifying drug that alters the course of multiple sclerosis (e.g., RRMS, SPMS, PPMS, or PRMS). For example, a disease-modifying drug can reduce the frequency or severity of an MS relapse and/or reduce development of lesions or scars at regions of demyelination. In some embodiments, an immunomodulatory agent is an immunosuppressant (i.e., an agent that suppresses or prevents an immune response). In some embodiments, an immunomodulatory agent is an agent that modulates an immune response (e.g., by stimulating the induction of suppressor T cells). Examples of immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of MS include, but are not limited to, interferons (e.g., interferon-β, e.g., interferon beta-1a or interferon beta-1b), glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, fingolimod (FTY720), or monoclonal antibodies (e.g., natalizumab, rituximab, daclizumab, or alemtuzumab). Thus, in some embodiments, the method of the present invention comprises administering to a subject having MS a neurotransmitter receptor modulating agent (e.g., a compound selected from a muscarinic receptor antagonist, a dopamine receptor antagonist, a histamine receptor antagonist, a beta adrenergic receptor antagonist, and an opioid receptor modulator) in combination with fingolimod (FTY720), interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, rituximab, daclizumab, or alemtuzumab.
| 1,901 |
https://github.com/hjuinj/docker_fpocket/blob/master/fpocket2/headers/fparams.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
docker_fpocket
|
hjuinj
|
C
|
Code
| 1,100 | 2,652 |
/*
COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER
Vincent Le Guilloux, Peter Schmidtke and Pierre Tuffery, hereby
disclaim all copyright interest in the program “fpocket” (which
performs protein cavity detection) written by Vincent Le Guilloux and Peter
Schmidtke.
Vincent Le Guilloux 28 November 2008
Peter Schmidtke 28 November 2008
Pierre Tuffery 28 November 2008
GNU GPL
This file is part of the fpocket package.
fpocket is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
fpocket is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with fpocket. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
**/
#ifndef DH_FPARAMS
#define DH_FPARAMS
/* ------------------------------- INCLUDES ----------------------------------*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include "utils.h"
#include "memhandler.h"
/* ----------------------------- PUBLIC MACROS ------------------------------ */
/* Options of the pocket finder program */
/* standard parameters */
#define M_MIN_ASHAPE_SIZE_DEFAULT 3.0/**< Use min alpha sphere radius of : 3.0 */
#define M_MAX_ASHAPE_SIZE_DEFAULT 6.0/**< Use max alpha sphere radius of : 6.0 */
#define M_CLUST_MAX_DIST 1.73/**< Use first connection distance (see report) : 2.0 */
#define M_REFINE_DIST 4.5/**< use second connection distance (see report) : 4.5 */
#define M_REFINE_MIN_PROP_APOL_AS 0.0/**< At least a proportion of M_REFINE_MIN_NAPOL_AS apolar alpha spheres in the pocket 0.0 */
#define M_SLCLUST_MAX_DIST 2.5/**< Single linkage clustering connection distance 2.5 */
#define M_SLCLUST_MIN_NUM_NEIGH 2/**< Minimum number of common neighbours for single linkage clustering 5 */
#define M_MC_ITER 3000/**< Number of iterations for the Monte Carlo volume calculation 3000 */
#define M_BASIC_VOL_DIVISION -1/**< Precision for "exact" volume integration, set to -1 if not used -1 */
#define M_MIN_POCK_NB_ASPH 36/**< Minimum number of alpha spheres for a pocket to be kept */
#define M__MIN_APOL_NEIGH_DEFAULT 3/**< Minimum number of atoms having a low electronegativity in order to declare an alpha sphere to be apolar 3 */
#define M_DB_RUN 0 /**< default value for running fpocket for populating a database, 0 default*/
#define M_PAR_PDB_FILE 'f' /**< flag to give a single pdb input file*/
#define M_PAR_PDB_LIST 'F' /**< flag to give a txt file containing paths to multiple pdb files*/
#define M_PAR_MAX_ASHAPE_SIZE 'M' /**< flag for the maximum alpha sphere size*/
#define M_PAR_MIN_ASHAPE_SIZE 'm' /**< flag for the minimum alpha sphere size*/
#define M_PAR_MIN_APOL_NEIGH 'A' /**< flag for the minimum number of apolar neighbours for an alpha sphere to be considered as apolar*/
#define M_PAR_CLUST_MAX_DIST 'D' /**< flag for the first clustering distance*/
#define M_PAR_SL_MAX_DIST 's' /**< flag for the distance crit. of the multiple linkage clustering algorithm*/
#define M_PAR_SL_MIN_NUM_NEIGH 'n' /**< flag for the single linkage min neighbours*/
#define M_PAR_MC_ITER 'v' /**< flag for how many iterations for the monte carlo volume calculation algorithm*/
#define M_PAR_BASIC_VOL_DIVISION 'b'/**< flag for the space approximation of the MC*/
#define M_PAR_MIN_POCK_NB_ASPH 'i' /**< flag for the min number of alpha spheres in the pocket*/
#define M_PAR_REFINE_DIST 'r' /**< flag for the refining distance*/
#define M_PAR_REFINE_MIN_NAPOL_AS 'p'/**< flag for minimum proportion of apolar alpha spheres*/
#define M_PAR_DB_RUN 'd' /**<flag for running fpocket as database run, more silent and special output is produced for automatic grabbing of results using other programs*/
#define M_FP_USAGE "\n\
***** USAGE (fpocket) *****\n\
\n\
Pocket finding on a pdb - list of pdb - file(s): \n\
\t./bin/fpocket -f pdb \n\
\t./bin/fpocket -F pdb_list \n\
\nOPTIONS (find standard parameters in brackets) \n\n\
\t-m (float) : Minimum radius of an alpha-sphere. (3.0)\n\
\t-M (float) : Maximum radius of an alpha-sphere. (6.0)\n\
\t-A (int) : Minimum number of apolar neighbor for \n\
\t an a-sphere to be considered as apolar. (3)\n\
\t-i (int) : Minimum number of a-sphere per pocket. (30)\n\
\t-D (float) : Maximum distance for first clustering \n\
\t algorithm. (1.73)\n\
\t-s (float) : Maximum distance for single linkage \n\
\t clustering (2.5)\n\
\t-n (integer): Minimum number of neighbor close from \n\
\t each other (not merged otherwise). (3)\n\
\t-r (float) : Maximum distance between two pockets \n\
\t barycenter (merged otherwise). (4.5)\n\
\t-p (float) : Minimum proportion of apolar sphere in \n\
\t a pocket (remove otherwise) (0.0)\n\
\t-v (integer): Number of Monte-Carlo iteration for the \n\
\t calculation of each pocket volume. (2500)\n\
\t-b (integer): Space approximation for the basic method \n\
\t of the volume calculation. Not used by \n\
\t default (Monte Carlo approximation is) \n\
\t-d flag : Put this flag if you want to run fpocket for \n\
\t database creation \n\
\nSee the manual (man fpocket), or the full documentation for\n\
more information.\n\
***************************\n" /**< the usage print content*/
/* --------------------------- PUBLIC STRUCTURES ---------------------------- */
/**
Structure containing all necessary parameters that can be changed by the user.
This structure is commun to both programs (validation and pocket finding),
even if the pocked finding programm doesn't need some parameters.
*/
typedef struct s_fparams
{
char pdb_path[M_MAX_PDB_NAME_LEN] ; /**< The pdb file */
char **pdb_lst ;
int npdb ; /**< number of pdb files*/
int flag_do_asa_and_volume_calculations; /**<if 1, asa and volume calculations are performed(slower), if 0, not*/
int min_apol_neigh, /**< Min number of apolar neighbours for an a-sphere
to be an apolar a-sphere */
sl_clust_min_nneigh, /**< Min number of neighbours for single linkage
clustering */
nb_mcv_iter, /**< Number of iteration for the Monte Carlo volume
calculation */
basic_volume_div, /**< Box division factor for basic volume calculation */
min_pock_nb_asph, /**< Minimump number of alpha spheres per pocket */
db_run; /**< flag for running fpocket for db population*/
float clust_max_dist, /**< First clustering distance criteria */
refine_min_apolar_asphere_prop, /**< Min proportion of apolar alpha
spheres for each pocket */
sl_clust_max_dist, /**< Single linkage clusturing distance criteria */
refine_clust_dist, /**< Refine clustering distance criteria */
asph_min_size, /**< Minimum size of alpha spheres to keep */
asph_max_size ; /**< Maximum size of alpha spheres to keep */
} s_fparams ;
/* ------------------------------- PROTOTYPES ------------------------------- */
s_fparams* init_def_fparams(void) ;
s_fparams* get_fpocket_args(int nargs, char **args) ;
int parse_clust_max_dist(char *str, s_fparams *p) ;
int parse_sclust_max_dist(char *str, s_fparams *p) ;
int parse_sclust_min_nneigh(char *str, s_fparams *p) ;
int parse_min_apol_neigh(char *str, s_fparams *p) ;
int parse_asph_min_size(char *str, s_fparams *p) ;
int parse_asph_max_size(char *str, s_fparams *p) ;
int parse_mc_niter(char *str, s_fparams *p) ;
int parse_basic_vol_div(char *str, s_fparams *p) ;
int parse_refine_dist(char *str, s_fparams *p) ;
int parse_refine_minaap(char *str, s_fparams *p) ;
int parse_min_pock_nb_asph(char *str, s_fparams *p) ;
int is_fpocket_opt(const char opt) ;
void free_fparams(s_fparams *p) ;
void print_pocket_usage(FILE *f) ;
void print_fparams(s_fparams *p, FILE *f) ;
#endif
| 32,740 |
https://github.com/wangbow/developer-center/blob/master/src/pages/dashboard/api/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
developer-center
|
wangbow
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 239 | 778 |
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import axios from 'axios';
import { Message } from 'tinper-bee';
import { splitParam } from '../../../components/util'
const serveUrl = {
getResStatus: '/app-manage/v1/resources',
getNewAppInfo: '/ycm-yyy/web/v1/dataquery/query',
getAletInfo: '/res-alarm-center/v1/alarm/latest'
}
export function getAletInfo(param = 5) {
return axios.get(serveUrl.getAletInfo + `?limit=${param}`)
.then(res => res.data)
.then(res => {
if (!res || !res.length) {
return [];
}
if(res.error_code){
Message.create({
content: '获取失败',
color: 'danger',
duration: 1
})
return [];
}
return res;
})
}
export function getResStatus(callback) {
return axios.get(serveUrl.getResStatus)
.then(function (response) {
if (callback) {
callback(response);
}
return response.data;
})
.catch(function (err) {
Message.create({ content: '获取资源信息失败', color: 'danger', duration: 1 })
console.log("error");
});
}
export function getNewAppInfo() {
return axios.post(serveUrl.getNewAppInfo, {})
.then(function (response) {
return response.data;
})
.catch(function (err) {
Message.create({ content: '获取应用信息失败', color: 'danger', duration: 1 })
console.log(err.message);
return {
detailMsg: {
data: {
graph: [],
data: []
}
}
}
})
.then(function (data) {
let ret = {
graph: [],
data: []
};
if (data['error_code']) {
return ret;
}
try {
ret = data['detailMsg']['data'];
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.message);
}
return ret;
})
.then(function ({ graph = [], data = [] }) {
let appInfo = [];
let graphInfo = [];
let accountInfo = [];
try {
data.forEach(function (item, index) {
let appId = item['appId'];
accountInfo.push(item['appName']);
appInfo.push(item['appDatas']);
graphInfo.push(graph[index][`pv${index}`][appId]['detail'])
});
} catch (e) {
// appInfo = [];
// graphInfo = [];
// accountInfo = [];
// console.log(e.message);
}
return {
appInfo,
graphInfo,
accountInfo
};
})
}
| 27,878 |
https://github.com/fferflo/template_tensors/blob/master/include/template_tensors/numeric/FixedFloatingPoint.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
template_tensors
|
fferflo
|
C
|
Code
| 547 | 2,312 |
#pragma once
namespace numeric {
template <typename TInteger, size_t TShifts>
class FixedFloatingPoint
{
public:
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint()
: m_int(0)
{
}
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other)
: m_int(other.m_int)
{
}
template <size_t TShifts2, ENABLE_IF(TShifts != TShifts2)>
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts2>& other)
: m_int(math::rshift(other.m_int, TShifts2 - TShifts))
{
}
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint(FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>&& other)
: m_int(std::move(other.m_int))
{
}
template <typename TScalar, ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<TScalar>::value)>
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint(TScalar in)
: m_int(in << TShifts)
{
}
template <typename TScalar, bool TDummy = true, ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<TScalar>::value)>
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint(TScalar in)
: m_int(static_cast<TInteger>(in * (1 << TShifts)))
{
}
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& operator=(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other)
{
this->m_int = other.m_int;
return *this;
}
template <size_t TShifts2, ENABLE_IF(TShifts != TShifts2)>
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& operator=(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts2>& other)
{
this->m_int = math::rshift(other.m_int, TShifts2 - TShifts);
return *this;
}
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& operator=(FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>&& other)
{
this->m_int = std::move(other.m_int);
return *this;
}
template <typename T>
__host__ __device__
explicit operator T() const
{
return static_cast<T>(m_int) / (1 << TShifts);
}
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts> operator+(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other)
{
return FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>(this->m_int + other.m_int, 0);
}
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts> operator+=(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other)
{
this->m_int += other.m_int;
return *this;
}
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts> operator-(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other)
{
return FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>(this->m_int - other.m_int, 0);
}
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts> operator-=(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other)
{
this->m_int -= other.m_int;
return *this;
}
template <size_t TShifts2>
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts + TShifts2> operator*(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts2>& other)
{
return FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts + TShifts2>(this->m_int * other.m_int, 0);
}
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts + TShifts> operator*(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other)
{
return FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts + TShifts>(this->m_int * other.m_int, 0);
}
template <size_t TShifts2>
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& operator*=(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts2>& other)
{
this->m_int = math::rshift(this->m_int * other.m_int, TShifts2);
return *this;
}
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& operator*=(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other)
{
this->m_int = math::rshift(this->m_int * other.m_int, TShifts);
return *this;
}
template <size_t TShifts2>
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts + TShifts2> operator/(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts2>& other)
{
return FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts - TShifts2>(this->m_int / other.m_int, 0);
}
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts + TShifts> operator/(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other)
{
return FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts - TShifts>(this->m_int / other.m_int, 0);
}
template <size_t TShifts2>
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& operator/=(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts2>& other)
{
this->m_int = math::lshift(this->m_int, TShifts2) / other.m_int;
return *this;
}
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& operator/=(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other)
{
this->m_int = math::lshift(this->m_int, TShifts) / other.m_int;
return *this;
}
__host__ __device__
bool operator==(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other) const
{
return this->m_int == other.m_int;
}
__host__ __device__
bool operator!=(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other) const
{
return this->m_int != other.m_int;
}
__host__ __device__
bool operator<(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other) const
{
return this->m_int < other.m_int;
}
__host__ __device__
bool operator>(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other) const
{
return this->m_int > other.m_int;
}
__host__ __device__
bool operator<=(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other) const
{
return this->m_int <= other.m_int;
}
__host__ __device__
bool operator>=(const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& other) const
{
return this->m_int >= other.m_int;
}
template <typename TInteger2, size_t TShifts2>
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger2, TShifts2>& p);
template <typename TInteger2, size_t TShifts2>
friend class FixedFloatingPoint;
private:
TInteger m_int;
__host__ __device__
FixedFloatingPoint(TInteger i, int dummy)
: m_int(i)
{
}
};
template <typename TInteger, size_t TShifts>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const FixedFloatingPoint<TInteger, TShifts>& f)
{
return stream << "FixedFloatingPoint(v=" << static_cast<double>(f) << ", v * 2^" << TShifts << "=" << f.m_int << ")";
}
} // end of ns numeric
| 31,038 |
in.ernet.dli.2015.208664_114
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,701 | 10,344 |
{Kdmtz, ii. 295.) (170.) The great length of time in which the efficient causes are acting in one direction, to produce the annual oscillation in question, admits of a very considerable fraction of the atmosphere to be transferred from hemi- sphere to hemisphere, and to allow a range in the values of P, for instance, to the large extent ■'(as we have seen in the case of Benares) of nearly an inch and a quarter of mercury, partially neutralized by a fluctuation of more than half an inch of aqueous vapour. Thus the effects are brought out into prominence, in both elements, by the long-continued action of the causes; and thus, by the study in the first instance of the annual oscillation, we are led to an easy understanding of -the perfectly analogous phenomena in the diurnal oscillations (or, as they have sometimes though very improperly been called, ^‘atmospheric tides”) which have a good deal perplexed meteorolo^sts, but whose analysis, into what we have for convenience called wet and dry pressure, has happily been suggested by M, Dove as affording ' a -rational explanation. (171.) To simplify our conception of the diurnal oscil- lation, we will suppose the sun to have no declination, but to reniain constantly vertical over the equator. The sur- face of the globe will then be divided into a day and a night hemisphere, separated by a great circle passing through the Meteoro^ poles, coincident with the momentary horizon, and revol- ving with the sun from east to west in twenty-four hours. The contrast of the two hemispheres, both in respect of heat and evaporation, in this case will evidently be much greater than in that of art. 165, and therefore the dynamical cause, the motive force, transferring both air and vapour from the one to the other will be much greater. But on the other hand, much less time is afforded for this power to work out its full effect, and long before this can be accomplished for any locality, the circumstances are reversed, and a contrary action commences. The causes, then, and the mode of their agency, are perfectly analo- gous, in the production, whether of the annual or diurnal oscillation ; but in the former, the feebler acting cause is aided by the very much greater length of the period ; in the latter, its superior intensity is in great measure neu- tralized by the frequency of its reversal. There is another consideration, moreover, which cannot be without its effect in establishing a distinction between the two cases. By far the larger portion of the land is distributed over the northern hemisphere, and of the 'water over the southern. The former is more uniformly terrene, the latter more uniformly aquatic ; and as, under the circumstances nowconsidered, the transfer of air does not take place in the direction of meridians, but at right angles (mainly) to their direction, we should be led to expect that the amount of counteraction in the diurnal fluctuations of the dry pres- sure P by those of the wet y>, would be, generally speak- ing, very different in the two hemispheres, and that therefore the .extent of fluctuation in the gross pressure P +p would, generally speaking, present a corresponding difference. A sufficient amount of observation has not yet been accumulated to bring this conclusion to the test of experience ; but we cannot help remarking that the very same cause (the excess of water in the southern hemisphere), acting according to the difference of condi- tions in the case of the annual oscillation, ought to result in an average uncompensated action on the dry air, urging it towards the northern hemisphere, and to its replacement, bulk for bulk, by vapour, which being lighter than air, ma^ be one of the causes of the gene- rally lower atmospheric pressure over the Southern Ocean — a certain percentage of the due proportion of dry air being permanently driven out and prevented from return- ing by the constant outflow of vapour. (172.) It ought to be observed, that the oscillations in question are only in appearance analogous to those of the oceanic tides. In the latter, the tide wave is merely a circulating form without any lateral transfer. The sun’s heating action on the atmosphere is not one which, destroying a portion of its gravity, tends to alter its. form of equilibrium, but one which, leaving its gravity unal- tered, tends to throw its strata by their dilatation, and by the introduction of vapour from below, into forms incompatible with equilibrium, and therefore necessarily productive of lateral movements. When anemometry is further perfected, we may expect to trace the influence of this chain of causation into a morning and even- ing tendency of the wind (on a long average of obser- vation), to draw towards the points of sunrise and sunset, to compensate the overflow from off the heated hemisphere, which takes place aloft in the contrary direction. (173.) 2%e diurnal oscillation of the barometer a pheno- menon which invariably makes its appearance in every part of the world where the alternation of day and night exists^ on reducing any considerable series of hourly observations, though iii extra-tropical latitudes it is for the most part so overlaid by casual variations as not to METEOROLOGY. 669 Meteoro- be remarked in a single day. Oir the other hand, between . the tropics, and especially in the equatorial regions, its regularity of progress is most striking. Thus Col. Sykes remarks {Phil, Trans, 1850) that, among many thousand observations taken personally by himself on the plateau of the Deccan (1825-30), there was not a solitary instance in which the barometer was not higher at 9-10 a.m. than at sunrise, and lower at 4-5 p.m. than at 9-10 A.M., whatever the state of the weather, &c., might be. Hum- boldt also observes (tom. i. p, 308) : — “ This regularity is such that, in the daytime especially, we may infer the hour from the height of the column of mercury without being in error on an average more than 15 or 17 min. In the torrid zone of the New Continent I have found the regularity of this ebb and flow of the aerial ocean undisturbed either by storm, tempest, rain, or earthquake, both on the coasts and at elevations of nearly 13000 English feet above the level of the sea. The amount of horary oscillation decreases from the equator to 70° N. lat., where we have very accurate observations made by Bravais at Bosekop, from 0*117 in. to 0*016 in.” Within the Arctic Circle, however, the diurnal, for very obvious reasons, dies out, or rather merges in the annual oscillation. (174.) Generally speaking, the diurnal oscillation presents the phenomenon of a double maximum. The epochs of the maxima are about 9 h. or 9:J: h. A.M., and 10^ h. or lOf h. P.M., and the minima at 4 h. or 4J h. p.m. and 4 h. a.m. The fact that the barometer frequently, both in summer and in winter, stands higher in the cold mornings and evenings than in the warmer midday,” seems to have been first made matter of remark by Dr Beale in 1666. In 1682, Messrs Des Hayes and De Glos observed, that at Goree the barometer was usually lowest when the thermometer was highest, that it stood higher by night than by day, and that the daily depres- sion (between the morning and evening maxima) ex- ceeded the nightly. At Surinam the same phenomenon was noticed by an anonymous observer, and distinctly described in 1722. Towards the middle of the last century (1735-61), its existence at Quito, in the Antilles, in India, and at Sta. Fe de Bagota, was severally estab- lished by Godin. The observations of Humboldt as to the extreme regularity of its progression in equatorial America are corroborated by those of Colonel Wright in Ceylon. That the double maximum and minimum of its march really originates in almost all cases in the manner above explained, by the approximate destruction of the second term in the series (A + a) + (B — 1) , sin. (^ + C) + ^ . sin. (2 ^ + 7) + &c. owing to the opposite march of the dry and wet elements of the total pressure, has been put out of doubt by the calculations of Dove. Yet there are localities, as for instance at Bombay, in which even, in the expression of P, the co-efiicient of the second term is so sm^l in com- parison with the others, as to give rise to the appearance of a double maximum in the dry pressure itself, and the mode in which this is accomplished is evidently referable to the more complicated local relations which arise from the juxta-position of land and sea under exaggerated circumstances of temperature and radiation, giving rise to alternating sea and land breezes — one minimum of the dry pressure being found to coincide with the greatest strength of the sea breeze, the other with that of the land breeze, and the maxima with the minima of force of the wind. (175.) If we ^ regard only the gross pressure P -Hj?, the following table will exhibit the amount of its daily fluctuations above and below the mean value, as deduced from the calculations of Kamtz Meteoro- (ii. 264, &o.)— PXACE. Latitude. Morning Min. Forenoon Max. Afternoon Min. Evening Max. Atlantic Ocean 00 0^ in —0.056 +(r669 in. —0.045 in. +0.045 Pacific Ocean 0 0 —0.032 0.040 0.045 0.028 Payta . . , 5 6 S. +0.004 0.051 0.082 0.050 Sierra Leone 8 30 N. —0.022 0.032 0.038 0.031 Cum ana .. 10 28 N. 0.022 0.043 0.050 0.037 La Guayra. 10 36 N. 0.023 0.054 0.048 0.029 Callao . ,. 12 3 S. 0.038 0.045 0.044 0.035 Lima . ,. 12 3 S. 0.071 0.065 0.067 0.050 Pacific Ocean 16 0 S. 0.021 0.040 0.040 0.028 Otaheite .. 17 29 s. 0.035 0.052 0.030 0.018 Pacific Ocean 18 0 0.020 0.034 0.044 0.027 Calcutta .. 22 35 N. 0.017 0.062 0.038 0.018 Rio Janeiro. 22 54 S. 0.036 0.040 0 040 0.030 Cairo , .. 30 2 N. 0.008 0.035 0.055 0.030 Padua . .. 45 24 N.: 0.004 0.012 1 0.014 0.007 Munich .. 48 8 N. 0.011 0.011 0.008 0.009 Halle . .. 51 29 N. 0.006 0.013 0.012 0.005 Abo . .. 60 57 N. 0.009 0.002 0.005 0.008 (176.) As examples of the application of the general form of expression in cosines of the sun’s hour angle from noon, we shall subjoin only the values obtained by Kamtz by the method of least squares from the whole series of observations recorded for three of the above localities, viz., Payta, Callao, and Padua. For Payta. P -H p = 29^^* *840 + 0^^ '050 . sin. (^ + 203® 20 + 0i“**087 . sin. (2 ^ + 153^ 430- For Callao. p + p = 29“ *824 + 0“*-099 . sin. -+• 180®. 590 + 0“**036 . sin. (2 6 -f 171® 60- For Padua. P + p == 29i^-*797 + 0“-*005 . sin. (Q + 183® 460 0^- *010 . sin. (2 d + 135® 590 (177.) The stations in the foregoing table are (except in the cases of Munich, Halle, and Abo) at the sea level. On mountain stations, or at least on such as rise abruptly from that level, or from an extensive plain, there exists a cause of diurnal oscillation in the barometric pressure of quite a different nature from that above considered. The whole vertical column of air, from the sea level to the top of the atmosphere, being dilated by the increase of diurnal temperature, it is evident that in the hotter portion of the twenty-four hours, a certain portion of the air below the cistern of the barometer must be lifted above it, and vice versd for the colder. The actual weight of air incumbent on the mercury must thus be alternately varied in excess and defect of its mean amount, and the mercurial column balancing it must rise and fall accord- ingly. The effect of this cause (which runs counter to the law of oscillation of the dry air at the sea level, though forming part and parcel of the mechanism by which that law is determined), is easily calculable for any given elevation and diurnal change of temperature. Sup- posing that of the whole aerial column between the sea and the station uniform, and equal to the mean of the upper and lower, it is easily shown that the effect in question will attain its maximum value at an altitude where the barometric pressure is one 2*71 82818th of that at the sea level, i, e, 11^“* *03, corresponding to about 26100 feet, and at this height the total diurnal fluctuation due to a change of temperature of 30® Fahr. would amount to the very considerable quantity Oin. •672. The effect at inferior elevations for 10® of 670 METEOROLOGY. Meteoro- diurnal oscillation of temperature following table : — is calculated in the m,bx Feet. UiTirnal Oscillatioa for 10« F. Alt. in Feet. Diuraal Oscillation forlO'^F. Alt. in Feet. Diurnal Oscillation for 10® F. 1000 inches. 0 022 6000 inches. 0.111 11.000 inches. 0.168 2000 0.043 7000 0,125 12.000 0.176 3000 0.062 8000 0.137 ! 13.000 0.184 4000 0.080 9000 0.148 14.000 0.191 5000 0.096 10000 0.169 15.000 0.197 These quantities, when increased in the ratio of the actual diurnal changes of temperature, are quite large enough at any considerable elevation to overlay and mask the real diurnal oscillation, and ought therefore to he applied as a reduction to the sea level, whenever local circumstances are such as to render such reduction safe and possible, which is not often the case. (178.) Diurnal and annual fluctuations of temperature^ and climatological distribution of heat, — ^We have seen (arts. 11, 107) that moisture in the form of visible clouds, or even in that excessively divided^ yet unevaporated state which is sufficient to injure the transparency of the atmosphere, and which must be confessed to belong to the yet unre- solved problems of meteorology, produces absorption of the sun’s rays, and the conversion of sensible into latent heat. The diurnal march of temperature, then, in the general atmosphere is intimately connected with its hygro- metric state, and especially with its degree of relative dry- ness, **.0., its more or less near approximation to a state of saturation ; and for the same reason that the heat of the day is mitigated by the evaporation of the diffused mois- ture, so is also the cold of night by its deposition, and hence arises a phenomenon of very general prevalence, viz., that the difference between the daily and nightly extremes of temperature, or the extent of its diurnal fluc- tuations, is greater in summer than in the winter, or rather to speak more generally, and in language applicable alike to inter and extra tropical localities, in those sea- sons where the air is relatively drier or moister. In fact, it is evident that when the air is relatively dry, evapora- tion during the day is more active and a larger portion of the incident heat becomes latent ; and on the other hand, that as it is necessarily the dew-point which limits (at least approximately) the temperature of the lowest stratum of air at night (see art. 45), since in the act of condensation the vapour gives out its latent heat, and therefore so long' as the supply is continued prevents its further depression, the farther removed from satura- tion the air is, the greater depression can be effected by radiation before that limit is reached. The near coincidence of the dew-point with the lowest nightly temperature, at every season of the year, has been shown by Anderson from observations made at Kinfauns Castle during the year 1815, and the calculations of Kamtz showthat the difference between the daily extremes of temperature is universally greatest in those months of the year when the relative dryness of the air is the greatest. (179.) In India, again, where, properly speaking, there cannot he said to exist a winter, the moist and cloudy sea- son is that in which the least diurnal fluctuation of tem- perature occurs — a circumstance sufficient of itself to show that it is not to the difference in the lengths of day and night, or to the low altitude of the sun in winter that the phenomenon in higher latitudes must be attributed, since between the tropics these causes can have hut little influence. The east and west coasts of Ceylon exhibit in this respect a pointed contrast. At Colombo, on the western side of the island, the least diurnal change of Meteoro- temperature takes place in July, and the greatest in January, the rainy season being that of the SW. mon- soon, when the sun is north of the equator ; while at Trincomalee, on the eastern side, the reversed conditions as to moisture obtain, accompanied with a corresponding reversal in the extremes of temperature. (180.) The uniformity of temperature which prevails at sea, and the greater general uniformity of an insular as contrasted with a continental climate, has already been noticed (art. 40), and is at least partly referable to the same cause, viz., the alternate conversion of sensible into latent heat, and vice versa^ by the evaporation and condensation of moisture disseminated through the atmo- sphere during day and night, in addition to the causes there enumerated. In consequence, in the neighbourhood of the sea, on an average of the whole year, the twenty- four hours are unequally divided into the hotter and the colder portions ; that is to say, those in which the temperature is above, and in which below the mean— the compara- tive shortness of the hotter portion being compensated by a greater absolute elevation of temperature, and the length of the colder by a less^absolute depression. (181.) The foregoing considerations sufficiently show how vain would be any attempt to conclude even an average of the progression of daily temperature, a priori setting out with a knowledge of the declination of the sun and the latitude of the place, and thence calculating the amount of heat I’cceived even in a calm atmosphere. Ob- servation only can lead to any just conclusion, and the general process indicated in art. 150 must be resorted to, leaving to subsequent theoretical enquiry the difficult (indeed at present impracticable) task of assigning to direct solar and terrestrial radiation, moisture, and wind, their share in producing the final result. As instances, however, of the kind of results which are attainable in this direction, we shall here set down the formulae for the mean diurnal temperature, calculated by Kamtz from the hourly observations of Chiminello at Padua, and those instituted by Sir David Brewster, at Fort Leith, near Edinburgh, viz., for Padua — T== 56^75 + 40.79 sin. (^ + 510.47) + 1^00 sin. (2^ + 660.33) + 00.22 sin. (3 ^ + 233o) and for Fort Leith — T== 480.24 + 30.03 sin. (^ + 440.43) + 00,43 sin. (2 & + 440.43)+ 00.14 . sin. (3 tf + 175o.ll). (182.) It is a matter of much importance, in cases where a complete and continued series of meteorological observations cannot be obtained, and in sea voyages, where no lengthened stay is made at any one place, to ascertain the mean temperature approximately from the least possible number of observations. This may he accomplished in different ways, viz. — By taking care to observe at those hours, or one of them in which the temperature is habitually, exactly, or very near its mean through the twenty-four hours, or at such hours as shall have the mean of their temperatures very nearly coincident with that of the day. Such hours are 4 a.m. and 4 p.m., or more conveniently 10 a.m. and 10 p.m. If four observa- tions per diem can be made, these four epochs should be chosen in preference. 2dly^ By taking the mean of the maximum and minimum for the mean temperature. This, however, is a coarse and rude approximation, as is obvious on considering what has been abov stated, art. 180, as to the greater length of time during which, at stations near the sea, and still more at sea, the tem- perature ranges below the mean than above it. Kamtz recommends (from a discussion of the observations at ■M E T E O E 0 L O G t. Meteoro-' Padua and Fort Leith above mentioned) to employ the formula m-{ — (5 '076 4- os) where a? is a variable co- oo efficient, fluctuating from 0*366 in December to 0.560 in August ; and which may, for the purpose in question, be taken quite near enough at 0.44 . sin (©+ 120®), 0 being sun’s mean longitude. The mean temperature of the day may also be very approximately obtained from three temperatures t, Z', f, observed at 7 a.m :.3 2 p.m., and 9 p.m:., by the formula t-h^ + 2 f 4 or if observed at 8 A. M., 3 p. m., and 10 p. m., from the expression 7t+7f+10f 24 (183.) The annual fluctuation of temperature is derived from the consideration of the consecutive values of the 671 mean temperatures of each day, or of the constant co-effi- Meteoro- cient A in the expression of the diurnal temperatures, considered as a periodical function of 0, the sun’s mean longitude ; or, if we please, of d, the arc proportional to the time commencing from any given date. For sim- plicity we shall suppose, however, that the value ^ = 0 commences on the 1st of January, so that ^ = 15° cor- responds to the middle of January, 45° to that of Febru- ary, &c., or rather to the exact days nearest the middle of each month, which divide the year into 12 equal parts. The monthly mean of temperature being obtained by taking the arithmetical means of the daily ones for each month, the annual formula T= a + . sin. + c^) + . sin. (2 ^ + c^) -f- &c., will be obtained, as in art. 155. The following values for a series of stations in order of latitude calculated by Kamtz, will serve as examples for extra-tropical lati- tudes : — Place of Observation. Latifrade. Value of A deg. Pahr. Value of B. Value of C. Value of Value of C' Hottest Day. Coldest Day. Enontekies 26°.85 F. 23.93 266®69' 1.92 404021' July 26. Jan. 20. TJpsal, 59 48 N. 41 .70 19.77 266 23 1.07 420 16 July 21. Jan. 16. Cnristiania, 59 64 N. 41 .60 19.15 264 26 2.13 434 29 July 20. Jan. 17. Manchester, 53 29 N. 47 .66 12.09 264 46 0.98 372 32 July 27. Jan. 12. Paris, 48 60 N. 51 .44 14.48 266 13 1.39 344 31 July 28, Jan. 15. Padna, 45 25 N. 54 .21 21.03 260 52 1.15 381 17 July 26. Jan. 15. Turin, 46 5 N. 53 .00 20.08 267 41 1.81 343 41 July 27. Jan. 5. Fort Sullivan, 44 0 N. 41 .81 20.69 258 31 0.49 361 3 July 29. Jan. 24. Eome, 41 54 N. 59 .87 14.64 260 21 3.23 386 14 Aug. 1. Jan. 16. Fort Johnston, 34 0 N. 66 .60 15.19 265 31 0.49 408 20 j July 21. Jan. 18. Cape Town, 33 62 S. 66 .49 8.72 J 264 38 1 j 1.28 357 43 Jan. 6. Aug. 4. Abusheher, • 28 15 N. 77 .06 16.89 262 47 1.57 362 20 July 18. Jan. 12. To which, as a further exar&ple, we shall add the expres- sion of the annual variation of temperature at St. Peters- burg, from the Correspondance Meteorologique of M. Kupfler, 1848, where the terms beyond the 3d order, though given in the original, are suppressed as insignificant, viz. — T = 38®'73 + 2B®'32 , sin. (& + 263® 42') + 0®'89 , sin. (26 + 115® 27') + 0®'89 . sin. (3^ + 234® 31') (184.) The general coup-d^cml of the annual progres- sion of temperature afibrded by these results is not a little remarkable. The values of C, upon which the epochs of the maximum and minimum and mean temperature mainly depend, are very nearly alike, and have but little reference to the latitude of the place, and as we see the epochs set down (those for Cape Town, whose latitude is south being reversed), all agree in placing the extreme of heat and cold nearly about the 26th July and the 14th January. The epochs of the mean computed from the formula offer a similar agreement ; all fall within a very few days of the 24th April and 21st October. A general mean of the whole, which may be taken as a very near approximation to the law of annual temperature over at least the whole of the extra-tropical northern hemisphere, and probably also of the southern, may be expressed thus : — T=:A+i(M— m).sin, (^ + 263° 540 + — (2^ + 23^* 46') W here M and m are the maximum and minimum respec- tively of the mean diurnal temperatures {Kdmtz, i. 126). As the co-efficient of the second term is l-15th that of the first, which is the precise fraction by which the intensity of solar radiation fluctuates by reason of the change of the sun’s distance — this might almost lead to a surmise, that the semi-annual term has its origin in this cause (since it is obvious that it cannot have a purely local origin.) In effect, if we consider the simple expres- sion, T=A+ B . sin. {d + C), as varied by regarding A and B (which are evidently proportional, cceteris pandits, to the force of direct solar radiation) each to be variable by reason of the varying proximity of the sun, and to be represented respectively in general by A+a . sin. (^ + «) and B -f ^ . sin. (d + fS); A and 13 being still the mean values of these co-efficients in a whole revolution, the expression for T will become A-h a .sin. (^ 4- a) + B . sin. (^ 4- C) + 5 . sin. (9 4- jS), sin. (^4- C) which is reducible to the form M 4- N . sin. (^ 4 - «,) 4 - . sin. (2 0 4- j?), M, N, P, n,p, being constants. This cause, then, would in fact introduce a term depending on 2 or having a semi- annual period, into the ultimate effect of the sun, and pro- portional to the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit. We are quite ready to admit that this reasoning is not very strict, but the coincidence is a remarkable one, and it is rather thrown out as a surmise than as a demonstration. (185.) Between the tropics, however, other and power- ful causes, having obvious reference to geographical situation, tend to increase the semi-annual term, depending on 2 and by rendering it more nearly comparable to that depending on disturb the regular increase and decrease in a very marked manner. Not only does the sun between the tropics pass twice a year through the zenith of each station, but the interception of his beams by cloud during the afternoon at least of almost every day in the wet season, the descent of a large quantity of cold rain from the upper regions of the air, and its eva- poration from a heated soil, all go to disturb the simple law of increase and diminution of heat with the sun’s 672 METEOR Meteoro- xneridian altitude and the length of the days, which , moreover vary hut little in these regions. Owing to these causes, then, the heat in those regions near the tropics where a rainy monsoon prevails, instead of con- tinuing to increase as the sun becomes more nearly vertical, so as to produce a burning summer, remains nearly stationary, and even in some localities undergoes a slight depression, thus producing a double minimum with the progress of the rains, while in others, where this cause does not act, no such duplication takes place. (186.) To determine with precision the mean annual temperature of a place requires the accumulation of many years’ observation. This is abundantly shown hy com- paring the results obtained in successive years for a long period, wherever records exist of a dependable character, which can hardly he said to he the case, however, earlier than the year 1770, owing not only to absence of due care in ascertaining the zero points, and verifying the scales of thermometers, hut also to the want of su£Bl- cient attention to circumstances of exposure, &c. Where, however, such records do exist, it is found that differ- ences to the extent of two or three degrees of Fahrenheit in the means for individual years from a general mean of the whole occur. Thus in a series of annual tempera- tures deduced hy Mr Glaisher from the records kept at the E.oyal Observatory at Greenwich, during the 86 years elapsed from 1771 to 1855 (both included), we find the extremes of cold and hot years to be respectively 51®.3 and 45®. 1, differing by 6®. 2 inter se, and 3®.l each from the general average. So also in the series of mean temperatures for Manchester for 25 years from 1794 to 1818, derived hy Dalton, we find a variation of 5® F. in hot and cold years ; and in a similar series for Paris, as deduced by Bouvard from the records of the Observatory of that city for 21 years, nearly as much. Such differ- ences might be expected when we consider the exceed- ingly variable influence of winds and cloudy and rainy seasons ; and the diflPerences, moreover, from year to year, succeed each other with great irregularity, so that it becomes exceedingly difScult to form any judgment as to the existence of a law of periodicity in this respect. The observations of Mr Luke Howard, indeed, in the neighbourhood of London, have led him to suspect a decennial period of fluctuation ; and the records of the Greenwich Observatory above mentioned show a marked tendency to a regular increase and dimi- nution, with a period of 14 years from minimum to minimum ; hut these two results partly contradict each other, and, so far as other similar records have been examined, no distinct conclusion on the subject would appear to have been arrived at. (187.) As the mean annual temperature at any place is a very important element in its climatological relations, it is desirable to point out means by which it may be obtained with the least possible amount of observation and registry hy residents whose avocations will not allow them to perform a complete series of meteorological observation. From what has been said (art. 184), it will easily be collected that from observations of the daily temperature from a week before to a week after the 24th April and the 2ist October, in any part of the OL O G Y. world beyond the tropics, will afford a certain approxi- Meteoro^ mation to the temperature in question ; so will also a ^ mean between the extreme temperatures (similarly observed at about epochs of maximum and minimum, January 14 and July 26.) Another method consists in deadening and weakening the eflfect of casual diurnal fluc- tuation hy recording twice in the 24 hours, at 12 hours’ interval, the readings of a thermometer with a long stem, having the bulb and lower part of the stem packed in a tin box of dry sand or saw-dust, but otherwise fairly exposed. A few days’ attention to such a thermometer will show at what interval beyond the hottest and coldest times of the day its indications attain their maxima and minima, the means of which will give very nearly indeed the mean diurnal temperatures. The enclosure of a maximum and a minimum self-registering thermometer in a large cask of dry sand, which might be opened and read off* twice a year, would also probably afford a very accurate mean result. (188.) From what is said in art. 39, it is evident that the temperature of the soil at some considerable depth below the surface will never vary greatly from the mean annual temperature of the air, and that therefore the temperature of the last-drawn portions of large quantities of water, freshly drawn from deep, closed wells, or that of copious perennial springs which there is reason to believe do not rise from any very great depths (and so bring up the higher temperature of the interior of the earth), or descend from much higher land in the neighbourhood, will also afford a considerable approximation. At four feet deep, the mean temperature of the soil in extra-tropical regions may be considered as attained about the 10th of June and the 6th of December, at which times, therefore, its observation will give nearly the yearly mean tem- perature. Boussingault states that under the equator it is sufficient to observe the temperature of the soil at that' or even a less depth, at any time, to obtain a very near approximation to this element. (189.) As this element of all other meteorological data is that which it is desirable to obtain with the. greatest precision, it is necessary to be on our guard against receiving, as final, results so obtained. The tem- perature of the soil is necessarily influenced by that of copious rain, which brings with it the temperature of the upper strata of the atmosphere, and carries it rapidly down below the surface, in a very different manner from that of sunshine, nocturnal radiation, or aerial conduction. Where the rains are distributed with tolerable equality over the year, the aberration of the mean temperature of the soil from that of the air fi'om this cause is not likely to be material. But it is otherwise where the reverse of this condition prevails. Thus Smith found, in Congo, the temperature of a well 100 feet deep 73° F., being 5° below the mean temperature of the place of observation. Again, ■ when the earth is long covered with snow, which during its melting preserves a uniform temperature of 32®, and while unmelted, greatly impedes the free communication of heat between the air and the earth, it cannot be that the same law of the downward propagation of tempera- ture should be followed as if the same amount of water- had fallen in a liquid form. M. Kupffer has constructed a series of lines analogous to Humboldt’s isothermal lines, which he terms isogeothermal lines, and which connect the points at which the mean, temperature of the soil is constant, thus forming a series of curves for 0®, 5®, 10®, ... as far as 25® Cent. These are by no means coincident with the isothermal lines of the same tempera- tures. Thus, for instance, the two curves for 10® C., which coincide over the southern part of England, begin, to diverge where they enter on the continent of Europe,- ME^EOBOLaGY. MeteWo- — tte isogeothermal curve deviating northwards in its ^^S7* , eastern progress, until at a point in Asia, about half way between the Baikal Lake and the Caspian Sea (see the chart, PI. CLXXIII.) (or in lat. 50°, long. 80*^ E.) it meets the isotherm of 5® C., thus indicating a difference of 5® C = 9® F. between the air and soil ; and again, at a point north-east of Petersburg, in lat. about 63°, long. 40® E., a similar encounter between the isotherm of 0® f32® P.) and! ihe isogeotherm of 5®*(41® F.) takes place.' It is probable, however, that in most places where the soil is porous or gravelly, and where well-water is not found but at some considerable depth, the temperature of the soil at three or four feet deep under an area exten- sively rpofed over and well drained around, and where no artificial temperature is kept up (and in cities many such may be found), a very exact annual temperature might be obtained. (19b.) But it is rather to careful observations of the temperature of the equatorial seas (according to a sug- gestion of Arago) at a few feet below the surface that we should look for normal results, capable of being compared from year to year with a view to bring into view any secular or periodic change of mean annual temperature. There are vast regions of the Pacific where, over thou- sands of square miles, a wonderful uniformity of tempera- ture prevails,” and where both the diurnal and annual fluctuations are reduced within exceedingly narrow limits. In these, therefore, the accumulation of observations during voyages made with instruments really dependable^ and executed with really scientific precautions, would very soon put us in possession of some decisive conclusion oh this“:mbst interesting points (191.) The influence of the alternate annual approach and recqss of the sun, consequent on the eccentricity pf the earth’s orbit, to produce an annual fluctuation of the mean temperature of the whole earthy has been shown in art. 12 to be hiL But Prof. Dove has shown, by taking at all seasons the mean of the temperatures of points on its surface diametrically opposite to each other, that the average temperature of the whole eartk^s surface in June considerably exceeds that in December. This is owing to the great excess of land in the northern and of water in the southern hemisphere, which gives to the general climate of the former more the character of a continental, to the latter more that of an insular or oceanic one (art. 40). Suppose A and a to be the summer and winter average temperatures in the former, and B and h in the latter. Then the summer falling in June in the northern, and in December in the southern, the June temperatures in both will be A, 5, and their mean, or the Jhhp' tiemperature of the whole earth, Similarly the average December temperature will be and the difference, or (June — ^December) will be A — a B — h 2 A-f-5 .a-|-B A — u x> — o. ^ 2 — “ ' — 2 2 — ’ ^ positive quantity, because the fluctuation A — a is (for the reason assigned) greater than B — 5, (192.) The best general idea of the distribution of heat over the globe is to be gathered from a chart of the iso- thermal lines ; and as the limits of this article forbid our entering into any detailed account of a subject which properly belongs rather to the department of physical geography, we shall content oqrselves with referring to that given in Plate CLXXID., im which we find these lines already laid down on Mercator’s projection, and to that given with less precision and in less detail, but con- veying a clearer notion of their forms in high latitudes in the polar projection, Plate CLXXIV., and to the descrip- tion of them under the head of Climate, observing only that in the latter, one point only of maximum cold (3 J° F.), that namely in the neighbourhood of Melville Island, is laid down, whereas the existence of a second point of even lower mean temperature (2® F.) appears to be suffi- ciently well established somewhere about the 79th degree of north lat., long. 1 20® east (Which is accordingly duly projected on the other chart). The curves, accordingly, about the north pole bear no inapt resemblance (as remarked by Sir David Brewster) to' the isochi-omatic lines, or coloured $phaero-lemniscates Exhibited by polar- ized lights in a biaxal crystal, whose optic axes are inclined to each other about 30°, having the pole itself almost centrally situated between them, and their line of junction nearly coincident with that diameter of the polar basin which bisects it and passes through its two great outlets into the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans — a most remarkable feature, strongly indicative of the absence of land, and of the prevalence of a materially milder temperature (possibly not averaging below 15° F.) at the actual pole. Of the point or points of maximum cold in the southern hemisphere we know nothing. (193.) The general equation of the optical curves in question is, sin, ^ . sin. T. T being a number expressing what is called in optical language the order of the tint exhibited (and which varies in arithmetical progression, on passing from one curve to another in succession of the same colour) and ^ the distances of any point in one and the same curve from the two poles respectively. Thus in fig. 7, S and being the poles, P the middle point between them, A BCD the optic equator of the polarizing crystal, A P C, D P B meridians, the one passing through S S', the other at right angles to it, and M N any one of the isochromatic curves of the order T, we shall have S M = ^, S' M = There can be no doubt then, from the general resem- blance of the two sets of curves, that supposing a mean temperature thermometrically indicated by T to prevail at any point, M, in north latitude, a curve K L‘M N O traced by calculation from the equation a . sin. ^ . sin. =T — r (a being some certain numerical constant indepen- dent of t), would approximate at least in some rude andgen- eral way to the isothermal line corresponding toX- .Sup- pose this done for temperatures varying by equal dieuktlMr metric intervals and a series of curves so drawn. It is obvious, then, that these curves, in respect of their magni- tudes, distances from their foci and the pole P, as well as VOL. xir. ' We are bound to state what we find recorded, but we must confess that such results appear tb us incrediWc 4q 6T4 MET E 0 R Me(«oro- in their general gradations of flexure, will coincide, or lo gy* nearly so, with a series of isochromatic curves equid^tant in their orders of tint, Now, this latter series will divide the meridians B P D and A P C, in a succession of points distributed over them, not at equal differences of distance from the pole P, nor alike in the two meridians, but following a certain law of progression in each. Let us enquire what this law is ; and to begin with the meri- dian P D, passing through the poles: — ^Take X~A L, the latitude of L, then, for the values of & corres- ponding to the point L, we have ^«=90® — (c + and 90® — (c — X), and therefore T — r = sin. ^. sin. ^=cos. (c + X). cos. (c — X) cos. 2 c + cos. 2 x 1 - or, which comes to the same thing, putting y «= 90 — o 75 ®, since or thereabouts.) T — r— a(cos, X — cos. 7 ®) ... (1) Now it is remarkable that this is precisely the form in which Mayer endeavoured to express empirically the decrement of temperature in proceeding from the equator towards the pole, from such observations as could be ob- tained about the middle of the last century, and which has been adopted by Kirwan and most other meteoro- logists since his time with various more or less successful attempts to assign values to the constants a and a. cos. 7 (regarded as a single co-efficient). M. Kamtz, who has taken vast pains to combine by the method of least squares, the mean temperatures on different meridians, so as to afford the most probable value of the co-efficient of Mayer’s formula a. cos. X® + /5, assigns for the meridian now under discussion, running from Melville Island through the interior of the American continent, as the centigrade reading of the mean temperature T= 56®*77 X cos. X® — 21°.56, which it is obvious agrees with our equation ( 1 ) by a proper assumption of a and r. (194.) Let us next consider the meridian B D at right angles to the former. Here we have for the point N, and a . sin. f ^ T — t ; but we have also cos. ^ — sin. X . cos. 0 , X being now the latitude B N reckoned on this meridian ; so that our equation becomes in this case, T — cos, c® cos. X^ -j-tan. 02 . . , (2) which again agrees in its form with Mayer’s formula. Comparing this with the formula ( 1 ), it appears that the co- efficients of cos, X^ in the two meridians are to each^other in the proportion of 1 : cos. c 2 , or about 100:93. The mean of the results obtained by KS,mtz in the northern porUonsoitliQ Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, compared with that similarly derived for the opposite meridian, gives 100 : 69 for the same ratio, which at least is so far satis- factory in. the way of agreement, that the difference lies in the right direction. It will, of course, be understood that we have not the smallest intention of tracing any physical analogy between the two sets of curves, our only object being to point out the coincidence between them (which we do not remember to have seen before noticed), in respect of the arithmetical progression of temperature in the one series corresponding to that of chromatic sequence in the other, as something different from and additional to a mere general resemblance of form. water as regards their reception and retention of heat, is the general law which appears to prevail in respect of the (195.) Another consequence of the general causes pointed It in arts. 37, 38 of the different habitudes of land and OLOGY.
| 30,771 |
https://github.com/pwombwa/C_Sharp6.0_Examples/blob/master/C_Sharp6.0_Example/AbstractClass/LsitBox.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
C_Sharp6.0_Examples
|
pwombwa
|
C#
|
Code
| 49 | 141 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace AbstractClass
{
public class LsitBox: Control
{
private List<string> list = new List<string>();
public LsitBox(int xPos, int yPos, List<string> content) : base(xPos, yPos)
{
this.list = content;
}
public override void Draw()
{
Console.WriteLine("Drawing List.....");
}
}
}
| 26,284 |
https://github.com/reddavis/DVTColorTheme/blob/master/DVTColorThemeTests/Source/Extensions/XCTestCase+Extensions.swift
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
DVTColorTheme
|
reddavis
|
Swift
|
Code
| 127 | 322 |
//
// XCTestCase+Extensions.swift
// DVTColorTheme
//
// Created by Red Davis on 22/02/2018.
// Copyright © 2018 Red Davis. All rights reserved.
//
import XCTest
internal func XCTAssertEqualOptional<T: Any, Q: Any>(_ expectedValue: @autoclosure () -> T?, _ expression2: @autoclosure () -> Q?, _ message: String = "", file: StaticString = #file, line: UInt = #line) where T: Equatable
{
switch (expectedValue(), expression2())
{
case (nil, nil):
XCTAssert(true)
case (let a?, nil):
XCTFail("Expression1: \(a) - Expression2: nil", file: file, line: line)
case (nil, let b?):
XCTFail("Expression1: nil - Expression2: \(b)", file: file, line: line)
case (let a?, let b?):
guard let castB = b as? T else
{
XCTFail("Expression1: \(a) - Expression2: \(b)", file: file, line: line)
return
}
XCTAssertEqual(a, castB, message, file: file, line: line)
}
}
| 39,948 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11806212
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Parafia Trójcy Świętej w Pruszczu
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 92 | 261 |
Parafia Trójcy Świętej w Pruszczu
parafia rzymskokatolicka w diecezji pelplińskiej
Parafia Trójcy Świętej w Pruszczu jest to parafia
Parafia Trójcy Świętej w Pruszczu współrzędne geograficzne
Parafia Trójcy Świętej w Pruszczu państwo Polska
Parafia Trójcy Świętej w Pruszczu data utworzenia lub powstania 1929
Parafia Trójcy Świętej w Pruszczu ilustracja Pruszcz church.jpg
Parafia Trójcy Świętej w Pruszczu znajduje się w jednostce administracyjnej Pruszcz
Parafia Trójcy Świętej w Pruszczu diecezja Diecezja pelplińska
Parafia Trójcy Świętej w Pruszczu znajduje się w kościelnej jednostce administracyjnej Dekanat Koronowo
Parafia Trójcy Świętej w Pruszczu identyfikator Google Knowledge Graph /g/120j8l5p
| 42,771 |
in.ernet.dli.2015.37395_7
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,814 |
Voyages And Travels Vol.17
|
Pinkerton, John
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,533 | 14,105 |
Travels into Turkey, Egypt, Palestine, and Italy, begun in the year 1610. London, 1621, 1627, 1630, 1632, 1658, fol. — In Latin, London, 1635, 4to. Piml Strojburgii Relatio de Byzantino Itinerc, ac Negotiis in Ottomanica Aula peractis. 1633, 4to. Petri Gyllii de Conllantinopoleos Topographia Libri IV. Leyden, 632, 24mo. Ilifloirc du Scrail et de la Cour du Grand-Seigneur, par Baudier. Wechsels figures. Paris, 1631, 4to. Turcici Imperii Status. Leyden, et Elzevir, 1634, 121110. N. Schmid, Befekreibung einer fuenf-jehrigon Gefangenfchaft unter den Turken. (Défeription of n five-years' Captivity among the Turks.) Dresden, 1634, iimo. Letres envoyes du Levant. (Turquie Europienne.) Par le P, Louis le Crangier. Paris, 1635, 4to. J.B. Motiliis, De Moribus Turcarum. Rome, 1636, 8vo. Moyfe Almodino, Hebreo, Extremes y Grandeza de Conllantinopla: tradotto por Jacobo Canfmo, vafallo de Sa Maestra Catolica, interprete fuyo, y linguista en la plaza de Orin. (Extent and Grandeur of Constantinople, by the Jew Mofes Al. modo; translated by J. Canning, subject of His Catholic Majesty, and his interpreter in Oran. Madrid, 1638, 4to. Voyage au Levant. (Turqui Europienne.) Vw Dejhayes. 3meedit. Paris, 1645, 4°. S. Kufzewicz, Narratio Legationis Charafky in Imperium Ottoraanorum, in 1622% Dresden, 1645, t^mo.; 1653, 4°. C. Purer, Constantinopolitanische Reise. (Journey to Constantinopolitan.) Nuremberg, 4to. Itinerario de las Myfiones orientales. (Journeys of the Oriental Missions.) H^P.Mmirique, Rouen, 1647, h^- Viaggi de Pietro della Valle il Pellegrino, deferibed de lui medéfimo, en lettere familiari al suo amico Mario Schipano, &c. (The Travels of Pietro della Valle, the Pilgrim, deferibed by himself, in familiar letters to his friend M. Schipano; written in the years 1614 to 1626; divided into three parts, viz. Turkey, Russia, and India.) Rome, 1650, 1658, 1663. Venice, 1671, 4 vol. 4to. — In English; London, 1665, fol. — In French; Paris, 1664, 4 vol. 4to. Rouen, 1665, fol. VOL. XVII. Zec-en Landre, naer de Levante. (Voyages and Travels into the Levant; viz. Italy, Candia, Cyprus, Rhodes, the Archipelago, Turkey, Hungary, and Germany.) Januar. Amsterdam, 1647, 1661, 410. Le Voyage du Sieur Déjourn, enfant ce qui s'est pas la nuit du Sultan Murat dans le Serail, les ceremonies fes séculais, et celles de l'avenement à remplir. Sultan Ibrahim j ave la delation du fiege de Babylone, lait en 1639 par le Sultan Murat. Paris, 1654, 4to. The traveller, from 1639 to 1661, traversed European Turkey and Afia Minor, and his work contains much information relative to antiquities and the Mohammedan religion. Versehey de Vogagien gedaen na Constantinopel. (Travels to Constantinople.) Wy Jovis van Ddcs. 1652, lamo. Voyage de Quilk a Constantinople, par terre, en 1057. Paris, 1660; ib. 1664; ib, 1668, 121110. Voyage en Turquic en 1661, 1659, et 1661, par Tuscany. Paris, 1663, 12mo. Voyage de M. Dejlayes I'li Daneinarck, et ceux de M. Om/iti à Constantinople, en 1659; avee des annotations, Paris, 1664; ib. 1667, 121110. Paul Rycaut, History of the period, and other subjects of that Empire. By Henry B. B. London, 1634; 1669; 1669, 1670. J. von Ranlzou's Belkring om ein Reife der Kirchenführer, Cairo, og Constantinopel. (Journey to Jerusalem, Cairo, and Constantinople.) Copenhagen, 1609, 4to. — In German; 1609, Hamburg, 1704, 8vo. A. G. von Stammer, Morgeiilamclifche Reifebelleitung nach Constantinopel, Egypt, und Jerusalem. (Oriental Travels to Constantinople, Egypt, and Jerusalem.) Gera, 1675. Jena, 1610. Les Memoires du Voyage de M. le Marquis de Vilk au Levant, ou Ton trouve Thilleure curieuse del liege de Candie; contenant, en trois parties, tout ce qui s'était pas, &c.; le tout tire des Memoires de J. B. Rortagne, 'he. et des plufieurs autres très-lideles et tics-curieufes, par F. S. d'Alquie. Amsterdam, 1670 et 1671, 2 vol. 16mo. Relation nouvelle du 1 -evant, à Paris, 1671, 8vo. Relation nouvelle du Levant, par le P. CA/<i«. Paris, 1671, 12nKi. Journal du Voyage de la Porte, réfident à la Porte pour les États-Généraux : traduit du FUmaad par Vincent Vital. Paris, 1672, 12nKi. La Cour Ouonianc, ou Tinterprete de la Porte, Paris, 1673, i 21110. Stephan Gerlach, Tagebuch der von Maximilian II. und Rudolph n.‘iftn di^ Ottoma. nifche Pf^fte abgefertigten, und durcbHerrnjD^wVl^ipat/, Freyherrn zu Sejinegk uid Preyburgh gluecklich vollbrachten Gefandl'chaft. (Stephen Gerlach’s Journal of the Enibaffy font by Maximilian II. and Rodolphus II. to the Porte, executed by D.'Ungnad, Baron of Sennegk and Preyburgh, in J673 and 1674.) Frankfort, 1674, fol. Thomas Smith, F.piftolx de Moribus et Institutis Turcariim ; accessit brevis Constanti-uopolcos noritia. Oxon. 1674, 8vo. Heinrich von Pofer Lebens und I'odef gefchichte, worinnen das Tagbuch seinor Reise von Constantinopel durch Bulgarien, Armenien, Perfien, und Indien, von 1621 bis 1624 enriqueci. (Fife and Death of Henry de Pofer; containing the Journal of his Travels from Constantinopel through Bulgaria, Armenia, Perfia, and India, from 1621 to 1624.) Jena, 1675, 4to. La porte de la Turquie. Paris, 1675, 8vo. La porte de la Turquie, par Michel Lechner; avec réflexions et objets. Paris, 1675; 8vo. Le Miroir Ottoman; avec recit de ce qui s'est. passe pendant la guerre des Turques en Pologne, par le C. de la Magdalene. Basle, 1677, 8vo. Constantinopel, 1657 och 1658. (Journey to Constantinople in 1657 and 1658.) Cdas Ba/ain. Stockholm, 1679, 410. Relation de rétricieur du Serail, par J. B. Tavernier. Paris, 1680, 12mo. Relation nouvelle d’un Voyage de Constantinopole, enrichie de plans leves fur les lieux, et d'évêque de plus remarquable en cette ville, par Grec. Paris, 1680, 4to.; Ih. 121110. Voyage à Constantinople, by Grec. London, 1683,410. Acconling to Dallaway, this is an excellent description of this city, free from the exaggerations of Ipocopius and other writers. Lidgi Terd. Conte di Marigli, Observazioni intorno al Bosforo 'I’racio, ovvero Canal de Constantinopoli. (Observazioni on the Thracian Bofphorus, or Channel of Constantinopoli.) Rome, 1680, 410. Bd. Melton, 'See en Land reisen door Egypten, West-Indien, Persien, Turkeicn, Ooll-Indien. (Voyages and Travels to Egypt, the West-Indies, Persia, Turkey, the East-Indies, in 1660 to 1667.) Amsterdam, 1681, 4to. Histoire critique de la Creance et des Coituriers des Nations du Levant, publie par le Slum de Mont. Frankfurt, 1684, 12 mo. Memoires du Sieur Petit de la Croix, v, ci-devant secretaire d’ambassade à Constantinopoli. Conienant diverfes relations de l'empêche Ottoman. Paris, 1684, 2 vol. 12mo. Giovanni Benagita, Relatione del Viaggio fatto a Constantinopoli, e ritorno in regione Tudefca, del Conte Alberto Caprara, gentiluomo de camera del Imperatore, e da esta inandato como internunzio extraordinario e plenipotenziario, per tratare la continuaçõion de la tregua. (Relation of a Journey to Constantinople, and Return to Germany, by Count A. Caprara, as extraordinary and plenipotentiary anibaffador from the Emperor, to treat respecting a continuation of the truce.) Rome, 1684. Milan, 1684. Bologna, 1684. Venice, 1688, 12mo. Viaggio per la Turchia. (1 ravels through Turkey, in 1672 and 1673.) By Cornelia Magni. Bologna, 1685, 12mo. Béchrücken Türkey. (Defcription of Turkey.) Hamburg, 1 68^ fol. Aihbaflkdes du Comre de Guilkraguej et M. Girardiny aupres du Grand Seigneur. I^uris, 1667, i2mo.,>j ^ Vkggi a Constantmopoli, di GiovambatiJiai)onaiOy fpedito baylo a I4 Porta Ottomana j colta delle piu curiofe notitie dai Dottor jintonio Benediiti; e dati in luce da Dottor Maria Pezgaglia. gravels to Constantinople, of G. B. Donafoy fent thither as bailly to the Ottoman Porte, with a plétition of the most curious notices, by Dr. A. Beneditti; published by Dr. MafiaPezgagli.) Venice, 1688, lamo. Befchryving der eylanden in de Archipek (Defcription of the Islands in the Archipelago, Cyprus, Candia, Rhodes, Negropont, Pathmos.) By Olmier Dapper. Amsterdam, 1688, fol. Pefchryving van Morea en de eylanden in de Adriaticche Zee. (Defcription of the Morea, and the Isles in the Adriatic, or Gulf of Venice, Corfu, Cephalonia, Sta.-Maura, Zante.) By Olivier Dapper. Amsterdam, 1688, fol. Both these works were published in French, in 1703, fol. at Amsterdam. Voyage de Mehemet-Bey, aujour d’nui nomme Michel de Cigala, Prince di Sangue Imperiale, balta, et fangiac. do Chypi de Trébyfonde. Paris, 1688, 12 mo. Viaggio diLevante, con delcrizione di Constantinopoli, e d’ ogni altri accidenti. (Journey to the Levant, with a description of Constantinople, &c.) By Michael Benevenga, Bologna, 1688. Venice, 1688, 12 mo. Constantinopolis Chriftiana; five descriptio urbis Constantinopolitanie quails extit fub Imperatoribus, variis feriptoribus excerpta, nutorem D. Ducange. Paris, 1688, fol. Etat general de l’ Empire Ottoman, depuis fa fondation jusqu’à a present, et l'Abregé de la Vie des Empereurs, par un Solitaire Turc: traduits tie M. Petis de la Croix, avec une instruition, et recueil des mots et noms Turcs, très-utilites aux voyageurs. Paris, 1695, 3 vol. 12mo. Simperti Diarium, oder Reifebefehreibung Wolfgang Grafen zee Oettingen Kayferlicheu Grofsbotfehafters nach Constantinopel. (Fravels of W. Count of Oettingen, Imperial ambassador to Constantinople, from 1699 to 1701.) Augsburg, 1701, 8vo. Antonii Bandari Imperium Orientale. Paris, 1711, 8vo. F. Seydel, Denkwürdige Gefandfchaft andic Ottomanische Pforte, und Kreppoli II befehl, von Fr. von Kreckwitz verrichtet. (Remarkable Embassy to the Porte executed by Fr. de Kreckwitz, at the command of the Emperor Rodolphus II., by Fr. Seydel; with Observations by S. Hausdorf.) Gertrude, 1711. Leipzig, 1758; Ih. 1773, 8vo. Voyage d'Espagne a Bender, contenant ce qu'il y a de plus remarquable à Constantinople et dans les autres parties de Pempire Ottoman, par le Chevalier de Seiler ixe. Paris, 1713, fol. Recueil de cent Eftampes representant les differentes Modes d'État de l'Orient, des mains par ordre de M. de Feriol, ambassadeur de la cour de France, auprès du Grand-Seigneur; avec des explications historiques. Paris, 1715, fol. When complete, this will form a Very valuable and scarce work. Des Conigs in Schweden Carl XII. Reifebefehreibung, worrinner was fich nach der Pultavilchen Schlacht, aut der gefaehrlichen Reife nach Bender begeben hat, aufrichtig befchrieben wird. (Journey of Charles XII. King of Sweden, containing a true Account of what happened on his perilous Journey to Bender, after the Battle of Pultawa.) Stralfund, 1716, 8vo. Relation d’un Voyage fait par Orège du Roi, contenant l'histoire ancienne et modème des épouxes et travaux. Les épouxes et travaux des épouxes de l'Archipelago, des côtes de la Mémeine, des frontiers de l'Afrique, des français, de l'Afrique, ayant les prans villes et de l'heure, les prans villes et de l'heure confiderables; le général mœur, le commerce, et la religion différentes des mémoins et des figures et les habitants, et répétition des mémoins et des figures. Il est un grand nombre des plantes rares, et de plutées observatifs sur l'histoire naturelle. Paris, 7, 2 vol. 4to. En Hollande, 2 vol. 4to. Lyons, 1718, 3 vol. 8vo. Voyage à la Levant, &c. by Toumefort Translated into English, London, 3 vol. 8vo. The excellence of these travels has been long universally acknowledged, and the author displays a prodigious exemplification of erudition. Gerardi Cornelii Van den Driefrh, Historia néglige Legationis quam Caroli VI. Impereratos justi fuit. Cepit Comes Damiani Hugo Vinnondius ad Portam Ottomanania Vienna, 1721, 8vo. — A German translation Hamburgh, 1722, 8vo. Defcription de Constantinopéry ; et relation du voyage de l’ambassadeur de la Porte Ottomane, et son fejour à la cour de France. Paris, 1721, 12mo. Voyage de M. (Jean Thevenoi) en Europe, À la France, À l'Afrique, ou, entrèrent les étrangers, il est ligneusement haute des étrangers, les étrangers, religiones, les gouvernements politiques, langues et coutumes des habitants de ce grand empire, et souvent au fait sur un sur India; with his portrait. London, 1687, fol. This traveller, who is said to have first introduced coffee in France, began his journey 1655. The style is bad, but the description of the Turkish government, military force, manners, and customs, the first accurate one published. His accounts of other countries are very unsatisfactory. Porter, in his observations on the Turks, has mistakenly impeached the credit of these travels, in consequence of having confused the traveller with his relative Melchisesech I'hevenot, who published a collation of travels, but never any of his own. Voyage d’un Missionare de Jefus en Turquie. Paris, 1730. Joseph Gérantin de Rebus Constantinopolitanis Libri. Venice, 1733, fol. Just Account of the present State of the Ottoman Empire, in all the branches of the Government, Police, Religion, Customs, and way of living of the Turks in general; faithfully related from serious observations taken in many years' travels in those countries. By Jaron Hill, London, 1733, fol. Tollat, Voyage sait au Levant, contenant description d’Algers, Tunis, Tripoli, Alexandri, Palestine, Constantinople. Paris, 1742, 12mo. The Negociations of Thomas Roe, in an Embaly to the Ottoman Porte, from 1621 to 1623. 1628. London, 1740, fol. C. Perry, A View of the Levant, particularly of Constantinople, Syria, Egypt, and Greece. London, 1743, fol. ; 1770, 3 vol. 4to. L’Etat de la Romanie. Cologne, 1745, 8vo. Maurs et Ufages des Turcs, leur. Religion, leur Gouvernement civile et militaire, conclu de beaucoup des figures. Par Cuer. Paps, 1746, 2 vol. 4to. 3 Jra. Cl, CATALOGUE OF HOOKS Travelling Turkey, and Return back to England. By Chisholm. London, 1747, ibi. Voyage en Turquie et en Paris, avec une élignité des Expeditions de Thamas-Kouli-can, par M. O. O. Avec des cartes fréquentiques. Paris, 1748, folio. This work is in a geographie point of view, and the author has varied his route from that usually pursued by travellers. De la Roque. Memoires, contenant fes Voyages en Turquie. Hague, 1749, folio. Voyage d’un Millionaire. en Turquie, et en Annérie. Paris, 1750, folio. Reyfen door en Gedeeldc van Europa, ein Afia, verschieden einander y an Archipel, Syrien, Palestine, Egypt, etc. (travels through part of Europe, Afia-Minor, different illes in the Archipelago, S)^a, Palestine, Egypt, etc.) By Egmont van der Nyenborg. Leyden, 1757, 1758, folio. Tableau de l’Empire Ottoman. Frankfurt, 1757, folio. Lady Mary Worley Montague, Letters, written during her Travels in Europe, Afia. and Africa. London, 1763, 1767, 8vo.; with numerous other editions. Of the celebrated travels, there are translations into moll European languages; in French, no less than Tour to the East, in 1763 and 1764, with Remarks on the City of Constantinople and Turkey. By Lord Baltimore. London, 1767, 8vo. Observations on Religion, Laws, Government, and Manners of the Turks. By Porter. London, 1768, 2 vol. 121110. Ca. If. Befehreibung des Fürkischen Reichs. (Deferption of the Turkish Empire.) Leipzig, 1770, 8vo.; Ib. 1771, 1781, 3 vol. 8vo. One of the most excellent works of the kind. Demetri Kantemir, Hillore-geograpische und politische Befehreibung de Moldau. (Hiftoric, geographische, and politic Deserption of Moldavia.) Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1771, 8vo. Neueite Reilebelchreibung durch die vornehmlichen Provinzen der Ottomannischen Reichs. (Journey through the chief Provinces of the Ottoman Empire.) Hamburg, 1773, 8vo. Constantinople, ancient and modern; with an account of the Islands of the Archipelago and of Troy. By James Dallauy. London, 1776, 4to. This very excellent and circumstantial account of Constantinople has been reproached with a want of arrangement approaching to confusion. A great share of the work refers to African Turkey. P. Bujfanicllo, Historische Nachrichten von der Regierungs, Art, den Sitten, und Gewohnheiten der Ottornannifehen Monarchie. (Historical Account of the Government, the Manners, and Customs of the Ottoman Monarchy.) Leipzig, 1778, 8vo. Céise in the Levante. (Journey to the Levant.) By Kofricl. November, 1776, 1777, 2 vol. 8vo. Histoire de la Moldavia et de la Vallachie, avec l'état aduel de ces provinces, par Curra. Paris, 1778, 12mo. Memoires du Levante, par l'Abbé Broitier. Paris, 1780, 8vo. Lettre ferième della Sicilia e della Purkia. (Lettre from Sicily and Turkey.) By the Abbé Broitier. 1780, 3 vol. 8vo. Ver- Or VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 63 Norberg, Briefe aus Italien und Constantinople. (Letters From Italy and Constantinople. Leipzig and Rostock, 1783, 8vo. Franz Joseph Sulzer, Geschichte des Inscriptions in the Italian Parliament, viz. Wallachia, and Befarabia. Vienna, 1781. Present State of the Ottoman Empire, by Haberd: translated from the French manuscript. London, 1784, 8vo. The real name of the author who assumed the title of Count, was, according to Major Taylor, Gica. Vage a Constantinopla en el año 1784. (Jolley to Constantinople in 1784, published by order of Government.) By Morcna. Madrid, 1784, 4to. Vorena accompanied a squadron lent from Spain with presents for the Porte. Both the printing and the engraving are very magnificent. Another voyages to Cyprus and the coasts of Syria are received. Deféricion de l'Histoire de la Canale du Cionfantinople. (Description of the Shores of the Bosporus.) By In his Oftre, 1785, lamo. Baron won't Württemberg, Merkwurdige Gefand, Reire von Wicn nach Constantinopel. (Journey of an Entbassy from Vienna to Constantinople.) Leipzig, 1786, 8vo. Mickoczy, Obferwärts polity, nach Panftwa Turckiap. (Travels in Turkey, or observations on the constitution, religion, and miscellany of the Turks.) Warfaw, 1787, 2 vol. 8vo. Oftervazioni, natuiali, politiche, intorno la Valachia e Moldavia. (Historical, natural, and political Observations on Wallachia and Moldavia.) Naples, 1788, 12010. Tableau genua do l'Empire Ottoman, divisi en deux parties, dont l'une comprend la religion Mahomaine; rautre, l'histoire de l'émpire Ottoman; par l'S. de Mouradgea d'Olfe, écriture du Roi de Suede, et charge de fes affaires à Constantinople. Avec planches. Paris, 1787. 2 vol. fol. ; lb. 1788, 5 vol. 8vo. The author was born at Constantinople; and, as far as this work has been yet published, it exhibits one of the most authentic accounts of Turkey. The descriptions are of singular minutiae and authenticity, and the Muslim manners have never been illustrated with more care and precision. The religious institutions, the pictures of domestic life, the state of the arts and sciences, and many other topics, are treated in great detail, and receive much new light. In the practice of the moral virtues, and an establishment from gross vices and crimes, our author claims the Turks to be superior to most European nations. This work well deserves an English translation, if not from the following edition, at least from the reduced octavo copy. Befehreibung des Bannats, dor Wallichcy, Moldau, und der Konigreiche Servien, und Bofnien. (Description of the Januat, Moldavia, Servia, and Bofnia). Leipzig, 1790, 8vo. Erzoehlung einer Reife von Neapel nach verfehiedenen Hoefer der Levant. (An Account of a Voyage from Naples to different Countries of the Levant.) Infected in a German Journal, 1791. Viaggio di Constantinopoli a Bukaresti. (Journey from Constantinople to Bucharest.) Rome, 1794, 8vo. The author, though his accounts are authentic, is much too unfavorable to his subject. Letters sur Constantinopoli, par I’Abbe Sevm Merits pendant son sejour en cette ville au Comte de Cay lus. IVis, an x.-i^K8vo. These letters contain little new reflections that city, but in the Appendix some curious remarks on the customs, the Mainottes, by StephanophoU, occur. Idea del Imperio Ottomtjpo: parte historico del navigacion que en su viaje a Constantinopla. El año 1787 hizo el capitán de frigate D. Joseph Solano Ortyz. El Rofas, en qual per via de appendicencia de otro viaje que executo a Constantinopla, el anterio aho de 1786, y el qual postormente hizo a Napole, y Livonia, en el anno 1789 a 1793. (Skirch of the Ottoman Empire; being the historical part of the log-book of D. Joseph Solano, in his voyage to Constantinopla in 1787; with an Appendix, of his voyage to Constantinopla in the previous year 1786, and that which he subsequently persuaded to Naples and Leghorn, 1789 to 1793.) Madrid, 1801, 2 vol. 8vo. Voyage pittoresque de Constantinopla des rives de Bofphore d’après les deffins de M. Meltings deffinaleur et architecile de Haigge-Sultane, fure du Grand-Seigneur. Avec planches. Paris, 1807, 1812, fol. This magnificent work continues to be published. Voyages and Travels in the years 1810, and 1811; containing statistical, commercial, and miscellaneous observations on Gibraltar, Sardinia, Sicily, Cerigo, and Turkey. By John Galt, London, 1812, 4to. Mocurs, Ufages, Goutume des Ottomans, et Abrege de leur Hétoire, avec des éclaircités de l'étranger orientaux, communique par Langes, par Calleluia Planches. Paris, 1812, 6 vol. lamo. II. Travels into Greece, Albania, Macedonia, Turks Italy, the Morocco, et the Archipelago. Paris, Deferiptio accurata Grèce, Grèce et Lat., ex interpretatione Jac. Kuhnii, cum notis G. Nylandri, F. Sylburgii (et editoris). Leipzig, 1620, fol. This is the best edition of these travels of antiquity. Pierre Belons du Mans, Observations des pluissances Singularités, et Choses memorable trouves en Greece, À la, À la, &c. Paris, 1588, 4to. — In Latin, Antwerp; 1589, 4to. Jean Palerne, Peregrinations en Egypte, Arabic, Terre-Saintc, Syrie, Natolie, Greece, et le: Héses. Lyons, 1606, izmo. Deferizione delle Provincie che formano la tanto decantata peninfula della Morca. (De Description of the Provinces which form the peninfula of the Morea. By Antonius Paco. Venice, 1636; 1686, 12mo. Vaggio tutto di Candia, delineate e intagliato da Marco Bofehins. (Journey through the whole of Candia, described and engraved by M. Bofehini.) Venice, 1651, fol. Relation de ce qu'est passe de plus remarquable a Santorini, depuis l'etabliffement des Jefuites, avec la déféption des Turcs, ou les feux fouterrains quifortirent de la mer en 1650. Paris, 1657, 8vo. L'Archipelago, con tutte le fole, feogli, fecche, eballi fondi. (The Archipelago, with its islands, rocks, sandbanks, &c.) By Marco Bofehini, Venice, 1658, 4to. Abbe Viaggi or VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 65 Viaggi del Marchefe Ghiron, Francilco Villain Dalmazia, ed al Levante. (Travels of Francifco Villa, Marquis of Ghiron, Dalmatia and in the Levant.) Turin, 1668, 4toSP yL _ Pertinente Befchryvange der Gelegenheit Eyiand Candia, Exa£l Description of the Situation of the Isle of Candia. By m de Hues. Amsterdam, 1670, lamo. Le Voyage de Candia, fait par l'armée des l'ançais, en 1659, par Reaux de la Richelieu âre. Paris, 1671, 8vo. Breve Description et Selle Archipelago, con un ringaglio de tantaisie. (Brief Description of the Archipelago, with an account of its Stuites.) By Count Pa/cal de Rrienen. Leghorn, 1673, * Athene ancien et moderne, et l'État présent dift l'Enièvre Turc, par de la Guilletiere. Paris, 1675, 12mo. Defcription of the State of Samos, Nicaria, Patmos, and Mount Athos, by Georgière Archilhop of Samos, now living in London: translated from the vulgar Greek. London, 1678, 12mo. Etat de l'Archipelago. Cologne, 1678, 12mo. Voyage à l'Athène, par le P. Bailee. This work is mentioned by Spon, but it Havoc de Dalmatie, du Grece, et du Levant, fait aux annees 1675. Paris Jacob Sport et George Wheeler; avec le portrait de PAuteur, et plusieurs plans, gravures, et ils forty-two maps and engravings, are scarce and valuable. Vaggio e Navigazione di Sebajiano Fr. Giuseppe, in divers luogo di Grecia. (Travels and Voyages into different parts of Greece, by S. F. Giuseppe.) Rome, 1687, 4to. Descrizione del Regno e Ifola di Negreponte antico e moderno, di P.A. Pacifico ; Historica del Sello di San, del medefimo ; Notizia del Ducato d' Athene. (Description of the Kingdom and Isle of With plates. London, 1688, fol. This journey was made in company with Spon, but Wheeler continued the former had left him, and directed his attention to other objects besides antiquities, which his companion chiefly attended to. Lacdémne et nouvelle, par de Guilleière. Paris, 1689, fol. Faui Lettati Second Voyage, Paris 1704, fol. Athmie in Attica, describenda da suo principi alla anno 1687, &c. et flato presente della sua antichita rinomata. (Athens in Attica, described from its origin to the year 1687, &c. and present state of its renowned antimitics. By Fr. Fanelli, Venice, 1707, 410. Relation du Voyage du Sieur Pellegrini's la Morale. Marseilles, 1722, lamo. Voyage historique de la Grece; Amsterdam, 1733, 4 vol. 8vo. Description of Mount Athos, by John Obmmenius. (In modern Greek). Venice, 1745, Les Rues des plus beaux Monuments de la Grèce, confiderces du côte de l'Histoire et du côte de l'Architefture, par M. Le Rot. Avec cartes, plans, et deliques. Paris, 1758; /(&. 1770, fol. Besides the professed objects of these travels, they contain several particulars relative to the journey of the author. Ruins of Athens, by Robert Sayer, London, 1759, fol. The Antiquities of Athens, nieuralized and delineated, by James Stuart. London, 1761, &c, 3 vol. fol. Travels in Greece, by Richard Chandler, London, 1776, 4to. This is a very minute and accurate work. In the French translation of this and the other travels of the author in Asia Minor, published at Paris in 1806, 3 vol. 8vo., valuable notes are added by MM. Servais and Barbie de Boc. Voyage pittorefque de la Grece (p. M., de Chasseul-Gouffery, enrichi des cartes, des plaisons, des vues, des figures, et des culs-de-lampes. Paris, 1778, &c. fol. This magnificent work was interrupted by the Revolution. De Bauer, Hiftoire de la Moldavia et de la Valachie, avec une diflertation sur l'état adtuel décès provinces. Paris, 1778, 8vo. Demetrius Kantemir, Historische, geographische, und politische Befehreibung der Moldau. (Historical, geographical, and political Description of Moldavia, with a life of the author.) Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1778, 8vo. Voyage frère de la Grece, ou Lettres fur les Grecs anciennes et inodernes, avec un parallele de l'œurs mœurs, par A. Guy. Paris, 1783, 2 vol. 1 2mo. The present edition, which is the third, superseded the others by being much augmented and correded. The first appeared in 1771. Lettres sur la Grece, par Savory. Paris, 1788, 8vo. Savory’s work, of which an English translation appeared, contains the best account extant of Candia and Rhodes. Befehreibung, historische und geographische, des Archipels. (Historical and geographical Account of the Archipelagus.) By Friefemann. Neuwied, 1789, 5 vol. in 2, 8vo. Befehreibung van den Archipel. (Description of the Archipelagus.) By R. van Kins. Ansterdam, 8vo. — In German, 1802, 8vo. Reife durch die Infern des Archipelagens, mit neuen Anmerkungen. (Travels through the Isles of the Archipelagus, with new Observations.) Peterbüch, 1793, 8vo. Tableau du Commerce de la Grece, 5ème d'appréhension des années moyenne, depuis 1787 jusqu’en 1797, par jR Beaujour, Va., 1800, 2 vol. 8vo. This work is entitled to a place in this catalogue as containing the bed account of Macedonia in its present date. Mémoire sur l'État de la Civilisation dans la Grece; Notices sur les Grecs modernes, sur la langue, et sur quelques ouvrages Merits dans cet idioma, par M. Coray, Paris, 1801, 8vo. Voyage en Grèce et en Turquie, feit par ordre de Louis XVI., et avec l'autorifation de la Cour Ottomane, par C. S. P. Sonnini, Paris, avec 1801, 4to., with an atlas; ib. 2 vol. 8vo. and atlas in 4to. Travels in Greece and Turkey, by Sonnini. London, 2 vol. 4to. and atlas. The Sporades and Cyclades are particularly described in this work. Voyage de Dixo et Nicolo Stephanopoli en Gréci, pendant les années 1797 et 1798, d’après deux miffions, dont l’une du gouvernment Français, et i’autre du Gendral-en-chef Bonaparte, redige par im des pro£efleurs du Prédémie. Avec figures, plans, et vues leves sur les lieux. Londres, 1801, 2 vol. 8vo. Les fois de Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, ancienne, et particularly Laconia, sont les plus objets de l’État par J. F. Bianvilain. Paris, 1801, 3 vol. 8vo. Voyage en Grece de Xavier Scrofanit Sicilien, sont en 1794 et 1795 : traduit de l’Italien par J. F. Bianvilain. Paris, 1801, 3 vol. 8vo. Voyage en Moree, a Constantinople, en Albanie, et dans pluies sur autres contrees de l’Empire Ottoman, pendant les années 1798, 1801 ; contenant la déférence de ces pays, leurs produits, les mœurs, les ulages, les maladies, et le commerce de leurs habitants ; avec des réapprochemens entre l’etat actuel de la Gréce, et ce qu’elle fût dans Fantiquité, par F. C. H. L. Pouqueville ; enrichi d’un precis hillorique et geographique de l’ancienne Épire, et de Carta d'hôteles d'hôteles, par M. Barbe du Bocage ; accompagné des pieces juilificatives, et ome de figures et de vues. Paris, 1805, 3 vol. 8vo. The travels of this learned physician are peculiarly valuable for containing the best account we have of the Morea and of Albania, with much additional information respecting Constantinople. Bruchstück zur Kenntnis des heutigen Griechenlanas. (Fragments towards a Knowledge of modern Greece, colled during a journey in 1803 and 1804.) By S. Bartholdi. Berlin, 1805, 2 vol. 8vo. In French, Paris, 1807, 2 vol. 8vo. Lettres sur le Morée, et les Hôles de Cerigo, Hydra, et Zante, par Cajidlan. Planches. Paris, 1808, 8vo. HOLLAND. I. Travels in Holland and the Netherlands. DESCRIZIONE Ludovico Gmcciardini di tutti Paefi Baifi, altrimenti defl^Germania- Ii^eriore. (Deferipdon, of the whole Netherlands, otheru^e called Lower-Gerraany, with geographical maps and a natural delineation of the principal places, by L. Guicciar^i. Reviled anew, and amplified by more than one Iwilf, by the same K 2 jj|athor.) 6$ CATALOGUE OF BOOKS • author.) Antwerp, 1581, fol. — In Latin, Amsterdam, 1670, 2 vol. iStno. ~In French, translated by Bellefonte, 1576, i6mo. — In Dutch, Amsterdam, 1672, fol. The author, a nephew of the celebrated historian, travelled into the Netherlands to collect materials for this work: Lie/, Refpilblica Belgica. Leyden, 1633, 24to. Gothfredi Hagenetii m Frifiam Hollandicam Itinerarium, et Abrahami Ojielii Itinerarium GaHo-Brabantinum. Leyden, 1635, lamo. Defcription de tous les Pays-Bas, autrement appeles la Germanie-Inferieure, ou la Balfe-Allemagne, par Jean Verhift. Antwerp, 1638. Sir William Temple’s Observations upon the United Provinces and the Netherlands. London, 1673, 8vo. ^ Book of Travels in the United Provinces and the Netherlands. London, 1673, 8vo. ^ Book of Travels in the United Provinces and the Netherlands. London, 1673, 8vo. ^ Book of Travels in the United Provinces and the Netherlands. London, 1673, 8vo. ^ Book of Travels in the United Provinces and the Netherlands. London, 1673, 8vo. ^ Book of Travels in the United Provinces and the Netherlands. London, 1673, 8vo. ^ Book of Travels in the United Provinces and the Netherlands. London, 1673, 8vo. ^ Book of Travels in the United Provinces and the Netherlands. London, 1673, 8vo. ^ Book of Travels in the United Provinces and the Netherlands. London, 1673, 8vo. ^ Book of Travels in the United Provinces and the Netherlands. London, 1673, 8vo. ^ Book of Travels in the United Provinces and the (In Dutch.) Amsterdam, 1689, 8vo. Relation historique et theologique d’un Voyage de Hollande et d’autres Voyages Pays-Bas, par Guillot de Marcilly. Paris, 1719, larao. Histoire generale des Pays-Bas, contenant la Defcription des dix-sept Provinces. Nouvelle edition, avec planches. Bruxelles, 1720, 4 vol. Hague, 1766, 5 vol. Ib. 1785, 7 vol. 12mo. Travels through Flanders, Holland, Germany, Sweden, and Denmark; containing an account of what is most remarkable in those countries, particularly a description of the fortified towns in Flanders and Holland, with exact draughts of Dunkirk, Maeftricht, Charleroi, Gent, and Ath; together with necessary instructions for travellers. Fifth edition, much enlarged. Written by an English Gentleman, who resided many years in Holland in a public capacity. London, 1725, 8vo. Pidureque Tour in Holland, Brabant, and French-Flanders, by S. Ireland. London, 1778, 2 vol. 4to. Le Voyageur bienfaisant, ou Anecdotes du Voyage de Joseph II. dans les Pays-Bas et la Hollande. Liege, 1781. Paris, 1781, 12mo. Travels through the Low-Countries, Holland and Germany, by Dr. Burney. London, 1783, 8vo. The state of music is the chief object of these travels, as well as those of the same author in France and Italy. Travels through Holland and Brittany, by Pekham. London, 1788, 12mo. Travels in Flanders and Holland, in 1781, by Sar Jojhua Reynolds. Inferted in his works. A Tour through Flanders, Germany, and Holland. London, 1791, 8vo. Journey in the year 1793 through Flanders, Brabant, and Germany, to Switzerland. London, 1794; 12mo. Travels in the United Provinces. Z. Boxbornii Epistola ad Gabnelura Oxenstiernium de Peregrinatione ejus Batavica. Leyden, 1639, 4to. Matt. Schönberg Belgium Foederatum, seu distincla Descriptio Républicai Foederati Belgii. Amsterdam, 1652, 12mo. Relation of the Voyage and Refidence which King Charles made in Holland. With plates, and a portrait of the King. London, 1660, fol. Account of Travels in Holland and Germany, by William Penn. London, 1695, fol. Remarques historiques et critiques, faites dans un Voyage en Italie et en Hollande, &c. Cologne, 1705, 12mo. W. Vogel, Journal feiner Reise nach Holland und Ost-Indien. (Journal of his Travels to Holland and the East Indies.) Leipzig, 1690, 12mo. Les Delices de la Hollande ; avec un Traité du Gouvernement, &c. Leyden, 1660, 12mo. Amsterdam, 1738, 2 vol. lamo. One of the best works published under the title of Delices. Komfte van zyn Majesté Willem III., Koning van Groot-Britannien, in Holland. (Arrival of King William III. from England in Holland.) Hague, 1691, 10!. — In French, Hague, 1692, fol. La Guide d’Amsterdam, enféignant aux voyageurs et aux negociants fa fplendeur, son commerce, et la défécation de fes edifices, &c. Amsterdam, 1709, 12 mo. Les Delices de la Campagne à l’Entour de la Ville de Leyde, contenant un abrege de rhistoire des anciens Bataves, de leurs mœurs, contumes, &c. Avec planches. Par Gerard Goris. Leyden, 1712, 8vo. Aufenthalt in Holland von dem jahr 1717-1717. (Refidence in Holland from 1717-1717.) By Deischel. In Bernoulli’s Archives of History. Voyage de Rome à Amsterdam, par Joseph Pignata. Cologne, 1725, 8vo. Etat de la République des Provinces-Unies, par Janison. Hague, 1725, 2 vol. izmo. Journal du Voyage en Hollande, de M. de la Papelinsre. Paris, 1730, 4to. Les llollandais, ou Lettres sur la Hollande ancienne et moderne, par A. de la Barrede Beaumarchais. Frankfort, 1738, 8vo. Les Américains de la Hollande, avec des remarques n ouvelles et particuliers sur la genie, les moeurs, et le caradère de la nation. Hague, 1739, 8vo. Deferption of Holland and the United Provinces. London, 1743, 8vo. Lettres Hollandaïdes, ou les moeurs, les ufages, et les coutumes des Hollandaïdes. Amsterdam, 1747; Ih. 1750, 2 vol. 8vo. Reife von Hamburg nach Holland. (Journey from Hamburg to Holland, in 1753.) By C. Mylius. In Bernoulli’s Archives, vol. vi. Reife durch Holland. (Travels through Holland.) By Count Lynar, In the same, vol. i. Nieuwe geographische Nederlandsche Reise; en zèle, mitgässiger eene beknoopte allemande geographic dezer provinzen. (New geographic Travels in the Netherlands; with an atlas of charts, and a short general geography of these provinces.) Amsterdam, 1773, 8vo., Voyage d’Italie et de Hollande, par I’Abbe Coyer. Paris, 1775; Ib. 1788, 2 vol. 12mo. La Hollande au dix-huitième Sécle; ou nouvelles lettres, contenant des remarques et des observations sur les principales villes, sur la religion, le gouvernement, le commerce, la navigation, les arts, les sciences, les coutumes, les ufages, les éponés des habitants de cette province. Hague, 1779, 12mo. Lettres sur la Hollande, écrits en 1777, 1778, et 1779. (Par Pilati.) Hague, 1780, 2 vol. 12mo. This is perhaps the best account of the country published. and its inhabitants hitherto Geographie, phylic, naturlike, civile Histoire van Holland. (Geographic, phylic, natural, and ojvil History of Holland.) By Franc. Berkbey. Amsterdam, 1769, 3 vol. 12mo. Le Guide des Voyages urs en Hollande. Hague, 1781, 8vo. Itinerake historique, politique, geographique des fept Provinces des Pays-Bays, par Februar Baron de St. Dephont Guille. Hague, 1782, 2 vol. 8vo. Neuefte Reifen durch the Sieben Vereinigten Provinzender der Niederlande. (New Travels through the Seven United States of the Netherlands, relative chiefly to the collections of the arts, natural history, economy, and manufactures.) By F.J. Volkmann. With plates. Leipzig, 1783, 8vo. One of the best works of the kind. Itindraire de la Hollande, par Jéfroy. Amsterdam, 1784, 1 vol. 1 2mo. A Trip to Holland containing a sketch of the character of the people. London, 1786, 2 vol. 1 2mo. Vermischte Nachrichten eines Schottifchen Brigadiers aus Holland. (Misccellaneous Accounts from Holland, by a Scottish Brigadier.) Frankfurt, 1786, 8vo. Statifische und polityische Bemerkungen bey Gelegenheit einer neuen Reise durch die Vereinigten Niederlande. (Statistical and political Remarks made in a Tour through the United Netherlands.) By Barkhaufeii. Leipzig, 1788, 8vo. Bemerkungen auf einer Reise nach Holland. (Remarks in a Tour to Holland.) Oldenburg, 1790, 8vo. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des gegenwärtigen Zustandes von Holland. (Contributions towards a Knowledge of the present State of Holland, in letters from K. G. Kuttnety during his journeys through Holland, in 1787, 1790, and 1791.) Leipzig, 1792, 8vo. Briefe über die Vereinigten Niederlande. (Letters on the United Netherlands.) By J. Grabner. Gotha, 1792, 8vo. Republikanische Reize van Vrankryk naar Holland. (Republican Journey from France to Holland.) By Gerrit Paape. Amsterdam, 1795, 8vo. Letters from Holland during the last part of the year 1800, by R. Fell. London, 1801, 8vo. Voyage en Hollande, par la Rochefoucault-Surgire. (In his works, Paris, 1802, 8vo.) Statistique de la Batavie, par Élienne. Paris An extensive and picturesque Account of the lands of Walcheren, Beveland, Schowen, and Cadand. London, 1809, 8vo. [See the travels of Patin, Emel, la Croze, Uffenbach, Grim, Hefe, Oeder, la Roche, Mayer; England.— Pratt; Wales. — Giorgi, Poole, Tour of Holland, Marlhall, Sander, Hwiid, Ireland, Owen, Droyfen, Rudolphi, Holcroft, Belgian Traveller; Seil. France. — Descriptum de la Livonie, Bram, Hanway, Williams, Richard, Russia. — Lomenie; Seil. Austria.— D’Aulnoy; Spain. DOMINIONS OF DENMARK AND SWEDEN. I. Travels through both these Countries. OLAL MAGNI Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus, earum diversis Moribus, Superstitionibus, Disciplinis, Rebus memorabilibus. Rwe, 1555. Bafil, 1567, fol. — Translated into English, fol. Nicolai Wimmanj Defcriptio Navigation, Maris Arzki feu Baltici, et Sinus Codani. Bafel, 573, 8vo. Jacobi Ziegleri Scondia, feu Defcriptio Groenlandise, Iflandiae, Succes, et Norvegias. 1579, 8vo. Adamiis Bremenstände, De Situ Daniae Regnorum septentrionalium aliorumque. (In Hifloria Ecclesia ejusdem autoris.) Leyden, 1595, 4to. This prelate visited Scandinavia in the eleventh century. In the life of St. Anfcharius or Anfgar, by St. Rambert, printed in Langebek’s “Scriptores Rerum Danicarum, tom i.,” his million to Denmark and Sweden, which terminated in 830, is related. It forms a valuable document of the State of the North of Europe at that very early period. Reife en Sweden, &c. (Travels in Sweden, Denmark, &c.) By Ant. Graterie. Hague, 1619, 2vol. lamo. Verfuch einer Befehreibung der den 1770 von Herzog Albert, von Sachsen-Gotha nach Holftein, Doennemark, und Schweden, gethanen Reife vorgefellen, von Hieronymus Bruknar. (Elfay towards a Description of what happened in the Journey of Duke Albert, of Saxe-Gotha, to Holftein, Denmark, and Sweden, in 1670.) In Fabri’s Geographical Magazine, vol. ii. iii. iv. An Account of Denmark and Sweden, by Lord Molesworth. London, 1697, 8vo. This book so much exasperated the Danish sovereign, that he demanded the punishment of the author, who had been ambassador at his court. On being told that it could not be insisted according to the English laws, he said, as we are informed by Count Suhm, that if such a work had been published against England, in his own dominions, the author should have been executed for it. Reise nach dem Norden mit den vornehmen Norden Curiofitseten. (Travels to the North, with the chief Northern Curioities.) Leipzig, 1706; 1810, 12mo. Belkering om Sverige, Denmark, och Norige. (Description of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.) Melchizedech Adam. Stockholm, Holland. By la Tocnaye. — Translated from the Swedish (into German), Hamburg, 1801. Leipzig, 1803, 8vo. A Tour through Denmark and Sweden, written during the last winter and spring, by Leipzig-Coh Macdemid. London, 1809, 2 vol. 8vo. II. Travels in Denmark and Norway. Norriges og omliggende eers Beikrivelfe. (Defcription of Norway and the surrounding Islands. By Peder Claufen. Copenhagen, 1632; Ib. 1637. Norige, Islands, og Greenlands Belkrivelfe. (Defcription of Norway, Iceland, and Greenland.) Wy Jens Wolf. Copenhagen, 1651, 4to. Martin Zeiller, Befchreibung der Ktenigreiche Doennemark, und Norwegen. (Defcription of the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway.) Ulm, 1648; Ib. 1808, 8vo. In Latin, with augmentations, Amsterdam, 1655, lamo. Arnold Bernhard, Danemarkes og Norges frugtbare Herlighed. (Denmark and Norway’s fruitful Glory.) Copenhagen, 1656, 4to. Voyage of King Christian IV., in 1659, to Norway and to Wardehuus in Finmark, deferted by Jonas Christianus, in Danilh, and translated into German, in Schlegel's Historical Collections. L. H. Lomenie de Brienne Comitis, Itinerarium in Germaniam, Danilh, &c. Paris, 1660; Ib. 1662, 8vo. Voyage en Danemarck, par Dejhayes de Courmclin, enrichi d’notations par le Sieur P.L.M. 1664, 12mo. Voyage to the Illands of Gothland, Orkney, to Denmark, and Norway, by Malgo. (Ill Hackluyt.) Voyage to the Sound of Denmark. (In the same.) Walton's Navigation into the Sound of Denmark. (In the same.) Rutgeri Hermanida, Deferiptio Daniae et Norwegiae. Amsterdam, 1 670, 2 vol. i arrio. Feroa referata, eller Beikrivelfe over difte oeer, &c. ved Lucas Debes. Copenhagen, 1673, 8vo. Feroe, or Foeroa referata.— This is a description of the islands and inhabitants of Ferroe, being seventeen islands subject to the King of Denmark; wherein several secrets of nature are brought to light; and some antiquities, hitherto kept in darkness, discovered; with maps. 1676, 12mo. Travels through Denmark and some Parts of Germany: tran flated from a manuscript in French, London, 1697, 8vo. De la Houten Suite du Voyage, See. avec les Voyages en Portugal, et en Danemarck. Amsterdam, 1704, lamo. Relation en forme de Voyage, fait en Danemarck à la suite d’un Envoye d’Angleterre, avec plufieurs extraits des loix de Danemarck, accompagne des quelques reflexions. Avec une carte. Rotterdam, 1706, i amo. Norriges Relkrivelfe. (Norway deferibed.) By Jens Ramus. Copenhagen, 1735, 4to. Erich Pontoppidan, Theatrum Daniae veteris et modernae; oder Schaubiihne des alten und jetzigen Deennemarks. Bremen, 1730, 4to. "Befehreibung des Königreichs Doennemark, nach feinen politischen und physische befehaffenheiten. (Deferption of the Kingdom of Denmark, in its political and physische state.) Copenhagen and Hamburg, 1765, 1767, 2 vol. 410. Doenemark, mit einer ausführlichen Befehreibung. (Denmark, with a detailed Account.) 281 maps. Copenhagen, 1746, 3 vol. fol. Deferption circontancie de la Refidence royale et Capitale de Copenhague, &c. par Laurent de Thura. (In French, Danzig, and German.) With plates. Copenhagen and Berlin, 1748, 4ro. Forfoeg paa Norriges Natural History, af E. Pontoppidan. Copenhague, 1752, 1753, 2 vol. 4to., with 30 plates. Pontoppidan's Natural History of Norway. London, 1755, 2 vol. fol. Notwithstanding Pontoppidan is occasionally betrayed into error by his credulity, his account of the country and its natural history is very valuable, and in general correct. Roger et Reverdii, Lettres sur le Danemarck. Geneva, 1757, 1765, 2 vol. 8vo. Lettres sur le Danemarck, par Mallet. Gendve, 1757, 2 vol. 8vo. Danemarck og Norges geistliche en politische Tilsand. (Denmark" and Norway’s ecclesiastical and political State. By Louis Holberg. Copenhagen, 1762, 8vo. Det Kongerige Norge fremftillet, efter naturlig og borgerlig tilftand. (The Kingdom of Norway displayed in its natural and civil state.) By E. F. Jefsen. Copenhagen, 1763, 4to. Lettres für le Danemarck, par George Roger augmentes par Reverdil. Geneve, 1769, 8vo. Peder Dafsy Bezirvelfe over Nordlands Amt. (Deferption of the Bailiwick of Nordland in Norway.) Copenhagen, 1763, 8vo. Chorographie jäkrivelfe over Kongeriget Norge, famt Foeroeer, Island, og Greenland.. (Chorographic Description of Norway, with the Foeroes, Iceland, and Greenland.) By N. Jones. Copenhagen, 1770, 4to. Anecdoten eines Relfenden Rufsen iiber die Staatfverfaflung, Sitten, und Gebreuche der Doenen. (Anecdotes of a Russian Traveller, respecting the government manners, and customs of the Danes.) 2d edit. Lubeck, 1771, 8vo. Befehreibung einer Reise nach Ferne und Stecklück. (Journey to the Ferne Ifles, and Stecklück.) By J. J. Chemnitz. In the Memoirs of the Berlin Philosophical Society. Letters from an English Gentleman, during his Travels through Denmark. London, 1773, 8vo. Forfeit til en Indenlande Reise. (Journey into the Interior of Denmark.) By Copenhagen, 1774, 4to. Dänische Reise-Befehreibungen. (Travels in Denmark.) By J. H. Sebleget, Copenhagen, 1776, 8vo. Vol. XVII. L A. Schyte, Schyte der Norges naturlige og politische Toefatning. (Denmark and Norway’s natural and political Constitution.) Copenhagen, 1777, 8vo. Reise igienncra Tilleinarken og tilbage. (Journey in Tillemark, and Return back.) By Mueller. Copenhagen, 1778, 8vo. J. C. Fabricius, Reise nach Norwegien, mit Bemerkungen aus der Natur-Hiftorie und Oecouomie. (Journey to Norway, with Remarks on its natural History and Philosophy.) Hamburg, 1779, 8vo. This is one of the Best books of travels hitherto published respecting Norway. August Hennings & Co. economische und städtische Betrachtungen auf einer im Jahr 1779, auf Befehl unternommenen Reise nach Jutland. (Economical and statistical Relations during a Tour through Jutland, undertaken by command, in the year 1779) Copenhagen, 1786, 8 vo. Fr. von Buchwald, Udtog af en Reiseendes Dag-bog i Mecklenburg, Pomerania, og Holfstein. (ExtraX of a travelling Journal kept in Mecklenburg, Pomerania, and Holfstein.) Copenhagen, 1784, 8 vo. Beretning om en Reise foretalet efter allemächtigt befahrend i aurene 1782 og 1783, med fregaten Proeven, for at underførge de i Danemark foriindigede Soce-Uhre. (Account of a Voyage made by supreme command in 1782 and 1783, in the frigate Proeven, to try the marine Time-keeper, invented in Denmark.) By P. de Lovcnarn. Copenhagen, 1787, 8vo. Reife in die Marischösen an der Nordsee. (Journey into the maritime Countries on the German Ocean.) By N. Tetsch. Leipzig, 1788, 8vo. vol. i. This is all that has appeared of this work, which relates to the western coasts of Holland, Sweden, and Tübingen. Tagebuch einer nach dem südlichen Teil von Norwegen im sonnier 1788 gemachten Reise. (Journal of a Tour in the summer of 1788 to the south of Norway.) By J. Minsen. Hamburg, 1789, 8vo. Reise Jagtagelfer in nogle af de Nordsee Lande, med henfigt til folkcno'-- og l.uul 'nes kundfkab. (Journal of Travels through part of the North, relative to the knowledge of the people and of the country.) By J. N. Copenhager, 1793, 3 vol. 8vo. Studien zur Keuntnis der Schönen Natur, der Schönen Kuenfte, der Sitten, und der Staatfvertaflung auf einer Reise nach Deemannk. Stuviels towards a Knowledge of the Beauties of Nature, the Arts, the Arts, the Art, the Manner, and Government, during a Journey in Demnach. By F. W. von Rumdohr. Hamburg, 18vo. Kurze Nachrichten von der Infel Syll. (Short Account of the History of Syll.) By E. Ambrojius. Copenhagen, 1798, 8vo. Beflyivelfe over Kongeriget Norge, tierne Ifland, og Feeroerne, fanit Grundland, efter aldre og nyerne, trykte og Handfkrevne, geographilke, og fla- tiftilkc Ikrifter, afhandlinger og eficrretninger, faavehoin ved brevvexlingcr, &c. (Deferiplion of Norway, Iceland, the Foeroe Islands, and Greenland, from ancient and modern, printed and manufript, geographic, chronographie, and statistical works and dissertation, as well as from correspondence, Ac.) By Lars Hefs Bing. Copenhagen, 1796, 8vo. Kopenhagen im Jahr 1798. (Copenhagen in 1798.) Copenhagen, 1798, 8vo. Kioebenhavnenies Caradcrillic. (Charter of the Inhabitants of Copenhagen.) lb.
| 32,366 |
https://github.com/netgrif/components/blob/master/projects/netgrif-components/src/lib/routing/redirect/redirect.component.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, CC0-1.0, MIT
| 2,022 |
components
|
netgrif
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 43 | 152 |
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import {RedirectService} from '@netgrif/components-core';
import {TranslateService} from '@ngx-translate/core';
@Component({
selector: 'nc-redirect',
templateUrl: './redirect.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./redirect.component.scss']
})
export class RedirectComponent implements OnInit {
constructor(protected redirectService: RedirectService,
public translate: TranslateService) {
}
ngOnInit(): void {
this.redirectService.redirectFromUrl();
}
}
| 32,435 |
https://github.com/xiayingfeng/hexa.tools/blob/master/mvp/src/main/java/fr/lteconsulting/mvp/client/WPDisplayMode.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
hexa.tools
|
xiayingfeng
|
Java
|
Code
| 9 | 38 |
package fr.lteconsulting.mvp.client;
public enum WPDisplayMode
{
FULL,
DIALOG;
}
| 39,740 |
https://github.com/fm94/bayesian-coresets/blob/master/bayesiancoresets/hilbert/orthopursuit.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
bayesian-coresets
|
fm94
|
Python
|
Code
| 191 | 597 |
from scipy.optimize import nnls
import numpy as np
from ..base.incremental import IncrementalCoreset
from ..util.errors import NumericalPrecisionError
from .hilbert import HilbertCoreset
class OrthoPursuitCoreset(HilbertCoreset,IncrementalCoreset):
def __init__(self, tangent_space):
super().__init__(N=tangent_space.num_vectors())
self.T = tangent_space
if np.any(self.T.norms() == 0):
raise ValueError(self.alg_name+'.__init__(): tangent space must not have any 0 vectors')
def _select(self):
dots = (self.T[:]/self.T.norms()[:,np.newaxis]).dot(self.T.residual(self.wts, self.idcs))
#if no active indices, just output argmax
if self.idcs.shape[0] == 0:
return dots.argmax()
#search positive direction on whole dataset, negative direction on active set
fpos = dots.argmax()
pos = dots[fpos]
fneg = (-dots[self.idcs]).argmax()
neg = (-dots[self.idcs])[fneg]
if pos >= neg:
return fpos
else:
return self.idcs[fneg]
def _reweight(self, f):
#store prev weights/idcs before adding f
old_wts = self.wts.copy()
old_idcs = self.idcs.copy()
#check to make sure value to add is not in the current set (error should be ortho to current subspace)
#otherwise add a 0 entry to enable nnls below to use f
f_already = np.where(self.idcs == f)[0].shape[0] > 0
if f_already:
raise NumericalPrecisionError('search selected a nonzero weight to update.')
else:
self._update(f, 0.)
#run nnls, catch a numerical precision error, reset to old wts/idcs if needed, reraise to tell outer algorithms we failed
try:
self._optimize()
except NumericalPrecisionError as e:
self._overwrite(old_idcs, old_wts)
raise
return
| 17,664 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godna%20Nadi
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Godna Nadi
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godna Nadi&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 51 | 84 |
Suba ang Godna Nadi sa Indiya. Nahimutang ni sa estado sa Madhya Pradesh, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa habagatan sa New Delhi ang ulohan sa nasod. Ang Godna Nadi mao ang bahin sa tubig-saluran sa Ganges.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Ganges tubig-saluran
Mga suba sa Madhya Pradesh
| 25,460 |
https://github.com/panpf/barcode-utils/blob/master/settings.gradle
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
barcode-utils
|
panpf
|
Gradle
|
Code
| 3 | 11 |
include ':sample', ':barcode-utils'
| 12,286 |
3514998_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,889 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 254 | 349 |
Per Curiam.
The issue to be determined was whether the plaintiff accepted the note of Washing & Palmer in "full satisfaction" of the plaintiff's •demand, in order to prove the payment, the defendant offered in evidence a receipt, in these words: "Hew York, J une 6th, 1888. Received of L. Brandt, his order, to Washing & Palmer, for three hundred and seventy-one 75-100 dollars, in full up to date. Otto Goldman." The plaintiff objected to the reception of the receipt. The court admitted the receipt in evidence, and the plaintiff excepted. We think the evidence was incompetent. It wTas not signed by the plaintiff, or by his authority. The plaintiff authorized his son to accept the note or order, but gave him no authority to sign any writing acknowledging the fact that it was received "in full" or in full payment. We also think the court erred in allowing the questions at folios 31, 32, 44, 45, 51. They related to transactions that transpired some weeks subsequently to the making and delivery of the note, and were no part of the res gestee. See Waldele v. Railroad Co., 95 N. Y. 274; Wilson v. Pope, 37 Barb. 321; Moore v. Meacham, 10 N. Y. 207; Green v. Disbrow, 56 N. Y. 334. That the error prejudiced the plaintiff is clear. The evidence, though incompetent, evidently influenced the jury, and may have controlled them in arriving at a result. For these reasons the judgment appealed from must be reversed, with costs to abide the event..
| 36,821 |
https://github.com/m6s/githubapp/blob/master/libraries/network/src/main/java/info/mschmitt/githubbrowser/network/internal/dagger/RetrofitNetworkModule.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC-BY-3.0
| 2,016 |
githubapp
|
m6s
|
Java
|
Code
| 128 | 658 |
package info.mschmitt.githubbrowser.network.internal.dagger;
import com.google.gson.FieldNamingPolicy;
import com.google.gson.Gson;
import com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import javax.inject.Singleton;
import dagger.Module;
import dagger.Provides;
import info.mschmitt.githubbrowser.network.GitHubService;
import info.mschmitt.githubbrowser.network.internal.GitHubServiceInterceptor;
import info.mschmitt.githubbrowser.network.internal.utils.AsyncRxJavaCallAdapterFactory;
import okhttp3.OkHttpClient;
import okhttp3.logging.HttpLoggingInterceptor;
import retrofit2.Retrofit;
import retrofit2.converter.gson.GsonConverterFactory;
/**
* @author Matthias Schmitt
*/
@Module
public class RetrofitNetworkModule {
private final boolean mDebug;
private String mBaseUrl;
public RetrofitNetworkModule(String baseUrl, boolean debug) {
mBaseUrl = baseUrl;
mDebug = debug;
}
@Provides
@Singleton
OkHttpClient provideOkHttpClient() {
OkHttpClient.Builder builder =
new OkHttpClient.Builder().connectTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.readTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.addInterceptor(new GitHubServiceInterceptor());
if (mDebug) {
HttpLoggingInterceptor loggingInterceptor = new HttpLoggingInterceptor();
loggingInterceptor.setLevel(HttpLoggingInterceptor.Level.BODY);
builder.addInterceptor(loggingInterceptor);
}
return builder.build();
}
@Provides
@Singleton
Retrofit provideRetrofit(OkHttpClient client, Gson gson) {
Retrofit.Builder builder =
new Retrofit.Builder().addCallAdapterFactory(AsyncRxJavaCallAdapterFactory.create())
.addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create(gson)).client(client)
.baseUrl(mBaseUrl);
return builder.build();
}
@Provides
@Singleton
Gson provideGson() {
return new GsonBuilder().setFieldNamingPolicy(FieldNamingPolicy.LOWER_CASE_WITH_UNDERSCORES)
.create();
}
@Provides
@Singleton
GitHubService provideGitHubService(Retrofit retrofit) {
return retrofit.create(GitHubService.class);
}
}
| 42,683 |
https://github.com/romdotdog/assemblyscript/blob/master/tests/compiler/features/js-bigint-integration.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
assemblyscript
|
romdotdog
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 28 | 83 |
declare const externalValue: i64;
declare function getExternalValue(): i64;
assert(externalValue == 9007199254740991);
assert(getExternalValue() == externalValue);
export const internalValue: i64 = 9007199254740991;
export function getInternalValue(): i64 {
return internalValue;
}
| 7,555 |
https://github.com/whatbirdisthat/sequencediagram.io/blob/master/scripts-ci/collect-code-coverage.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
sequencediagram.io
|
whatbirdisthat
|
Shell
|
Code
| 35 | 95 |
#!/bin/bash
set -e
if [ "$(ls coverage-data)" ]; then
node_modules/.bin/istanbul report --root coverage-data lcov
if [ "$TRAVIS" ]; then
cat coverage/lcov.info | node_modules/.bin/coveralls
fi
# This is annoying to keep around
rm -rf coverage-data
fi
| 23,741 |
https://github.com/Tichau/dagon/blob/master/src/dagon/resource/packageasset.d
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSL-1.0
| 2,020 |
dagon
|
Tichau
|
D
|
Code
| 1,102 | 3,773 |
/*
Copyright (c) 2018 Timur Gafarov
Boost Software License - Version 1.0 - August 17th, 2003
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person or organization
obtaining a copy of the software and accompanying documentation covered by
this license (the "Software") to use, reproduce, display, distribute,
execute, and transmit the Software, and to prepare derivative works of the
Software, and to permit third-parties to whom the Software is furnished to
do so, all subject to the following:
The copyright notices in the Software and this entire statement, including
the above license grant, this restriction and the following disclaimer,
must be included in all copies of the Software, in whole or in part, and
all derivative works of the Software, unless such copies or derivative
works are solely in the form of machine-executable object code generated by
a source language processor.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR ANYONE DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*/
module dagon.resource.packageasset;
import std.stdio;
import std.string;
import std.format;
import std.path;
import dlib.core.memory;
import dlib.core.stream;
import dlib.core.ownership;
import dlib.filesystem.filesystem;
import dlib.filesystem.stdfs;
import dlib.container.array;
import dlib.container.dict;
import dlib.math.vector;
import dlib.math.quaternion;
import dlib.image.color;
import dagon.core.props;
import dagon.resource.asset;
import dagon.resource.boxfs;
import dagon.resource.obj;
import dagon.resource.texture;
import dagon.resource.material;
import dagon.resource.scene;
import dagon.resource.entity;
import dagon.graphics.drawable;
import dagon.graphics.mesh;
import dagon.graphics.texture;
import dagon.graphics.material;
import dagon.graphics.entity;
/*
* A simple asset package format based on Box container (https://github.com/gecko0307/box).
* It is an archive that stores entities, meshes, materials and textures.
*/
class PackageAssetOwner: Owner
{
this(Owner o)
{
super(o);
}
}
class PackageAsset: Asset
{
Dict!(OBJAsset, string) meshes;
Dict!(EntityAsset, string) entities;
Dict!(TextureAsset, string) textures;
Dict!(MaterialAsset, string) materials;
string filename;
string index;
BoxFileSystem boxfs;
AssetManager assetManager;
Scene scene;
Entity rootEntity;
PackageAssetOwner assetOwner;
this(Scene scene, Owner o)
{
super(o);
this.scene = scene;
rootEntity = New!Entity(this);
}
~this()
{
release();
}
override bool loadThreadSafePart(string filename, InputStream istrm, ReadOnlyFileSystem fs, AssetManager mngr)
{
this.filename = filename;
meshes = New!(Dict!(OBJAsset, string))();
entities = New!(Dict!(EntityAsset, string))();
textures = New!(Dict!(TextureAsset, string))();
materials = New!(Dict!(MaterialAsset, string))();
boxfs = New!BoxFileSystem(fs, filename);
if (fileExists("INDEX"))
{
auto fstrm = boxfs.openForInput("INDEX");
index = readText(fstrm);
Delete(fstrm);
}
assetManager = mngr;
assetOwner = New!PackageAssetOwner(null);
return true;
}
override bool loadThreadUnsafePart()
{
if (index.length)
foreach(path; lineSplitter(index))
{
Entity e = entity(path);
}
return true;
}
bool loadAsset(Asset asset, string filename)
{
if (!fileExists(filename))
{
writefln("Error: cannot find file \"%s\" in package", filename);
return false;
}
auto fstrm = boxfs.openForInput(filename);
bool res = asset.loadThreadSafePart(filename, fstrm, boxfs, assetManager);
asset.threadSafePartLoaded = res;
Delete(fstrm);
if (!res)
{
writefln("Error: failed to load asset \"%s\" from package", filename);
return false;
}
else
{
res = asset.loadThreadUnsafePart();
asset.threadUnsafePartLoaded = res;
if (!res)
{
writefln("Error: failed to load asset \"%s\" from package", filename);
return false;
}
else
{
return true;
}
}
}
Mesh mesh(string filename)
{
if (!(filename in meshes))
{
OBJAsset objAsset = New!OBJAsset(assetOwner);
if (loadAsset(objAsset, filename))
{
meshes[filename] = objAsset;
return objAsset.mesh;
}
else
{
return null;
}
}
else
{
return meshes[filename].mesh;
}
}
Entity entity(string filename)
{
if (!(filename in entities))
{
EntityAsset entityAsset = New!EntityAsset(assetOwner);
if (loadAsset(entityAsset, filename))
{
entities[filename] = entityAsset;
Entity parent = rootEntity;
if ("parent" in entityAsset.props)
{
parent = entity(entityAsset.props.parent.toString);
}
entityAsset.entity = New!Entity(assetOwner);
entityAsset.entity.setParent(parent);
entityAsset.entity.visible = true;
entityAsset.entity.castShadow = true;
entityAsset.entity.solid = true;
if ("position" in entityAsset.props)
{
entityAsset.entity.position = entityAsset.props.position.toVector3f;
}
if ("rotation" in entityAsset.props)
{
entityAsset.entity.rotation = Quaternionf(entityAsset.props.rotation.toVector4f).normalized;
}
if ("scale" in entityAsset.props)
{
entityAsset.entity.scaling = entityAsset.props.scale.toVector3f;
}
entityAsset.entity.updateTransformation();
if ("visible" in entityAsset.props)
{
entityAsset.entity.visible = entityAsset.props.visible.toBool;
}
if ("castShadow" in entityAsset.props)
{
entityAsset.entity.castShadow = entityAsset.props.castShadow.toBool;
}
/*
if ("useMotionBlur" in entityAsset.props)
{
entityAsset.entity.useMotionBlur = entityAsset.props.useMotionBlur.toBool;
}
*/
if ("solid" in entityAsset.props)
{
entityAsset.entity.solid = entityAsset.props.solid.toBool;
}
if ("layer" in entityAsset.props)
{
entityAsset.entity.layer = cast(EntityLayer)entityAsset.props.layer.toInt;
}
if ("mesh" in entityAsset.props)
{
entityAsset.entity.drawable = mesh(entityAsset.props.mesh.toString);
}
if ("material" in entityAsset.props)
{
entityAsset.entity.material = material(entityAsset.props.material.toString);
}
//if (entityAsset.entity.parent)
// scene.sortEntities(entityAsset.entity.parent.children);
return entityAsset.entity;
}
else
{
return null;
}
}
else
{
return entities[filename].entity;
}
}
Texture texture(string filename)
{
if (!(filename in textures))
{
TextureAsset texAsset = New!TextureAsset(assetManager.imageFactory, assetManager.hdrImageFactory, assetOwner);
if (loadAsset(texAsset, filename))
{
textures[filename] = texAsset;
return texAsset.texture;
}
else
{
return null;
}
}
else
{
return textures[filename].texture;
}
}
Material material(string filename)
{
if (!(filename in materials))
{
MaterialAsset matAsset = New!MaterialAsset(assetOwner);
if (loadAsset(matAsset, filename))
{
materials[filename] = matAsset;
matAsset.material = createMaterial();
// diffuse
if ("diffuse" in matAsset.props)
{
if (matAsset.props.diffuse.type == DPropType.String)
{
matAsset.material.diffuse = texture(matAsset.props.diffuse.toString);
}
else
{
Vector3f diffCol = matAsset.props.diffuse.toVector3f;
matAsset.material.diffuse = Color4f(diffCol.r, diffCol.g, diffCol.b, 1.0f);
}
}
// emission
if ("emission" in matAsset.props)
{
if (matAsset.props.emission.type == DPropType.String)
{
matAsset.material.emission = texture(matAsset.props.emission.toString);
}
else
{
Vector3f emissionCol = matAsset.props.emission.toVector3f;
matAsset.material.emission = Color4f(emissionCol.r, emissionCol.g, emissionCol.b, 1.0f);
}
}
// energy
if ("energy" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.energy = matAsset.props.energy.toFloat;
}
// normal
if ("normal" in matAsset.props)
{
if (matAsset.props.normal.type == DPropType.String)
{
matAsset.material.normal = texture(matAsset.props.normal.toString);
}
}
// height
if ("height" in matAsset.props)
{
if (matAsset.props.height.type == DPropType.String)
{
matAsset.material.height = texture(matAsset.props.height.toString);
}
}
// roughness
if ("roughness" in matAsset.props)
{
if (matAsset.props.roughness.type == DPropType.String)
{
matAsset.material.roughness = texture(matAsset.props.roughness.toString);
}
else
{
matAsset.material.roughness = matAsset.props.roughness.toFloat;
}
}
// metallic
if ("metallic" in matAsset.props)
{
if (matAsset.props.metallic.type == DPropType.String)
{
matAsset.material.metallic = texture(matAsset.props.metallic.toString);
}
else
{
matAsset.material.metallic = matAsset.props.metallic.toFloat;
}
}
// parallax
if ("parallax" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.parallax = matAsset.props.parallax.toInt;
}
// parallaxScale
if ("parallaxScale" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.parallaxScale = matAsset.props.parallaxScale.toFloat;
}
// parallaxBias
if ("parallaxBias" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.parallaxBias = matAsset.props.parallaxBias.toFloat;
}
// shadeless
if ("shadeless" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.shadeless = matAsset.props.shadeless.toBool;
}
// culling
if ("culling" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.culling = matAsset.props.culling.toBool;
}
// colorWrite
if ("colorWrite" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.colorWrite = matAsset.props.colorWrite.toBool;
}
// depthWrite
if ("depthWrite" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.depthWrite = matAsset.props.depthWrite.toBool;
}
// useShadows
if ("useShadows" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.shadowsEnabled = matAsset.props.useShadows.toBool;
}
// useFog
if ("useFog" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.fogEnabled = matAsset.props.useFog.toBool;
}
// shadowFilter
if ("shadowFilter" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.shadowFilter = matAsset.props.shadowFilter.toInt;
}
// blendingMode
if ("blendingMode" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.blending = matAsset.props.blendingMode.toInt;
}
// transparency
if ("transparency" in matAsset.props)
{
matAsset.material.transparency = matAsset.props.transparency.toFloat;
}
return matAsset.material;
}
else
{
return null;
}
}
else
{
return materials[filename].material;
}
}
Entity entity()
{
return rootEntity;
}
Material createMaterial()
{
auto m = New!Material(assetOwner);
return m;
}
bool fileExists(string filename)
{
FileStat stat;
return boxfs.stat(filename, stat);
}
override void release()
{
Delete(boxfs);
Delete(meshes);
Delete(entities);
Delete(textures);
Delete(materials);
Delete(assetOwner);
rootEntity.release();
if (index.length)
Delete(index);
}
}
| 38,557 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31071104
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Arnab, Gordon Linoff, Mikael Eriksson, Tim Schmelter, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1144035, https://stackoverflow.com/users/284240, https://stackoverflow.com/users/560854, https://stackoverflow.com/users/569436, https://stackoverflow.com/users/806969, t-clausen.dk
|
English
|
Spoken
| 738 | 1,607 |
Get row for each user where the count of a value in a column is maximum
My column structure:
Column0 Column1
aaa abc
aaa abc
aaa xyx
aaa NA
bbb fgh
bbb NA
bbb NA
bbb NA
ccc NA
ccc NA
ccc NA
ccc NA
What I wish to get is foreach distinct 'Column0' data 'Column1' data whose count is max unless that data is NA in which case get the second highest.
If for a 'Column0' data all values of 'Column1' are NA then the value can be NA
So expected value:
Column0 Column1
aaa abc
bbb fgh
ccc NA
This will give the correct result:
DECLARE @t table(Column0 char(3), Column1 varchar(3))
INSERT @t values
('aaa','abc'),('aaa','abc'),('aaa','xyx'),('aaa','NA')
,('bbb','fgh'),('bbb','NA'),('bbb','NA'),('bbb','NA')
,('ccc','NA'),('ccc','NA'),('ccc','NA'),('ccc','NA')
;WITH CTE as
(
SELECT
column0,
column1,
count(case when column1 <> 'NA' THEN 1 end) over (partition by column0, column1) cnt
FROM @t
), CTE2 as
(
SELECT
column0,
column1,
row_number() over (partition by column0 order by cnt desc) rn
FROM CTE
)
SELECT column0, column1
FROM CTE2
WHERE rn = 1
Result:
column0 column1
aaa abc
bbb fgh
ccc NA
plz have a look at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/31072777/get-row-for-each-user-where-the-count-of-a-value-in-a-column-is-maximum
You can use two CTEs and the ranking function ROW_NUMBER:
WITH CTE1 AS
(
SELECT Column0, Column1, Cnt = COUNT(*) OVER (PARTITION BY Column0, Column1)
FROM dbo.TableName
)
, CTE2 AS
(
SELECT Column0, Column1,
RN = ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY Column0
ORDER BY CASE WHEN Column1 = 'NA' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END ASC
, Cnt DESC)
FROM CTE1
)
SELECT Column0, Column1
FROM CTE2
WHERE RN = 1
Demo
you didn't get the rows with the highest count, you got the rows with the lowest ascii value in column1
@t-clausen.dk: now i've got it, i've edited my answer accordingly.
if i add ('aaa','xyx'),('aaa','xyx') to the test data, I would expect to get aaa, xyx as result. This doesn't happen. It still returns aaa, abc. Your partition only covers column0, it should include both columns
@t-clausen.dk: i don't understand, here is your sample: http://sqlfiddle.com/#!6/8093e/1/0 What do you expect instead?
this would give the correct result if you added column1 to your first partition like i described in my last comment
@t-clausen.dk: i'm slow on the uptake today, you're right. COUNT(*) OVER (PARTITION BY Column0, Column1) is correct
plz have a look at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/31072777/get-row-for-each-user-where-the-count-of-a-value-in-a-column-is-maximum
How about something like this?
select T1.Column0,
isnull((
select top(1) T2.Column1
from dbo.YourTable as T2
where T1.Column0 = T2.Column0 and
T2.Column1 <> 'NA'
group by T2.Column1
order by count(*) desc
), 'NA') as Column1
from dbo.YourTable as T1
group by T1.Column0
SQL Fiddle
And with an index
create index IX_YourTable_Column0 on YourTable(Column0, Column1)
You get a nice looking query plan.
And a version that deals with NULL values in Column0.
select T1.Column0,
isnull((
select top(1) T2.Column1
from dbo.YourTable as T2
where exists(select T1.Column0 intersect select T2.Column0) and
T2.Column1 <> 'NA'
group by T2.Column1
order by count(*) desc
), 'NA') as Column1
from dbo.YourTable as T1
group by T1.Column0
The query plan for for this version is the same as the one above.
This one is really nice
I see a problem, you are joining on column0. If there are 100 rows with the same column0, you will get 10.000 count in the subselect. There is also a risk if column1 contains NULL as a valid value, those will not be counted
@t-clausen.dk I do a group by in the outer query so the lower branch of the plan (the nested query) will only execute one time for each distinct value of Column0.
ok, thanks for clarifiing, I missed that. The null values can still be an issue though
Plz have a look at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/31072777/get-row-for-each-user-where-the-count-of-a-value-in-a-column-is-maximum
@t-clausen.dk Added a version that deals with nulls in Column0.
i was thinking about null in second column. Had not considered that the first column could also be null. Second column null is still messing with your answer :)
You can use row_number() with an aggregation:
select column0, column1
from (select column0, column1,
row_number() over (partition by column0
order by count(*) desc
) as seqnum
from [table]
group by column0, column1
) t
where seqnum = 1;
If you want to allow duplicates in the case of ties, then use rank() or dense_rank() instead of row_number().
this will return 6 rows, it should only return 3
@Amab . . . That shouldn't not have had column1 in the partition by clause. I do think this is the simplest way of getting what you want.
| 28,086 |
https://github.com/shixjforlong/ad_manage_react/blob/master/src/routes/Organization/Log/LogList.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ad_manage_react
|
shixjforlong
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 525 | 1,730 |
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import { connect } from 'dva';
import { Button, Card, message, List, Select, DatePicker } from 'antd';
import moment from 'moment';
import PageHeaderLayout from '../../../layouts/PageHeaderLayout';
import FormattedDate from '../../../components/FormattedDate';
import { exportLogs } from '../../../services/log';
import { filedownload } from '../../../utils/filedownload';
import { logTransform } from '../../../utils/LogUtils';
import styles from './Logs.less';
import { logCode } from './logJson';
import icon2 from '../../../assets/message2.png';
import icon3 from '../../../assets/message3.png';
import icon4 from '../../../assets/message4.png';
import icon5 from '../../../assets/message5.png';
import icon6 from '../../../assets/message6.png';
const { RangePicker } = DatePicker;
const { Option } = Select;
@connect(({ logs, loading }) => ({
logs,
loading: loading.effects['logs/fetch'],
}))
export default class TableList extends Component {
state = {
level: null,
time: {
start: moment()
.subtract(7, 'd')
.unix(),
end: moment().unix(),
},
pagination: {
limit: 15,
cursor: 0,
},
};
componentDidMount() {
this.fetchLogs({});
}
fetchLogs = param => {
const { time, pagination } = this.state;
const payload = {
start_time: time.start,
end_time: time.end,
limit: pagination.limit,
...param,
};
this.props.dispatch({ type: 'logs/fetch', payload });
};
handlePaginationChange = (page, pageSize) => {
const payload = {
cursor: (page - 1) * pageSize,
limit: pageSize,
};
this.fetchLogs(payload);
};
handleLevelChange = value => {
const { time } = this.state;
const payload = {
start_time: time.start,
end_time: time.end,
};
if (value !== '0') {
payload.level = value;
this.setState({ level: value });
} else {
this.setState({ level: null });
}
this.fetchLogs(payload);
};
timeChange = value => {
const time = value.map(item => {
return item.unix();
});
const payload = {
start_time: time[0],
end_time: time[1],
};
if (this.state.level) {
payload.level = this.state.level;
}
this.setState({ time });
this.fetchLogs(payload);
};
handleClick = () => {
const { level, time } = this.state;
const deleteTime = moment()
.add(7, 'd')
.unix();
const param = {
language: 2,
timeout: deleteTime,
startTime: time.start,
endTime: time.end,
};
if (level) {
param.logLevel = level;
}
exportLogs(param)
.then(({ result }) => {
if (result) {
const { _id: id } = result;
const url = `/api/file/${id}`;
filedownload(null, 'OperationLog.xls', null, url);
} else {
message.error('下载失败！请重新下载');
}
})
.catch(() => message.error('下载失败！请重新下载'));
};
disabledDate = m => {
return !m.isBetween(moment().subtract(3, 'months'), moment());
};
render() {
const level = [icon2, icon3, icon4, icon5, icon6];
const { logs, loading } = this.props;
const { data } = logs;
let { list } = data;
list = logTransform(list, logCode);
const { pagination } = data;
const paginationProps = {
showSizeChanger: true,
showQuickJumper: true,
pageSizeOptions: ['15', '30', '50', '100'],
defaultPageSize: 15,
onChange: this.handlePaginationChange,
onShowSizeChange: this.handlePaginationChange,
...pagination,
};
return (
<PageHeaderLayout>
<Card bordered={false}>
<Select
showSearch
style={{ width: 150 }}
className={styles.location}
size="default"
placeholder="Select a person"
defaultValue="全部"
optionFilterProp="children"
onChange={this.handleLevelChange}
>
<Option key="0">全部</Option>
<Option key="6">严重错误</Option>
<Option key="5">错误</Option>
<Option key="4">警告</Option>
<Option key="3">信息</Option>
<Option key="2">调试</Option>
</Select>
<RangePicker
style={{ width: 265 }}
className={styles.location}
allowClear={false}
defaultValue={[moment().subtract(7, 'd'), moment()]}
disabledDate={this.disabledDate}
onChange={this.timeChange}
/>
<Button
className={styles.location}
type="primary"
icon="cloud-download"
onClick={this.handleClick}
>
导出
</Button>
<Button
type="primary"
shape="circle"
icon="sync"
style={{ float: 'right' }}
onClick={() => this.fetchLogs({})}
/>
<List
loading={loading}
pagination={paginationProps}
dataSource={list}
renderItem={item => (
<List.Item
className={styles.listItem}
actions={[
<span>{item.ip}</span>,
<FormattedDate timestamp={item.timestamp} />,
]}
>
<List.Item.Meta
avatar={
<img
alt="message"
style={{ width: 25 }}
src={level[item.level - 2]}
/>
}
title={
<div>
<span>{item.username}</span>
</div>
}
/>
<div style={{ width: '100%' }}>{item.content}</div>
</List.Item>
)}
/>
</Card>
</PageHeaderLayout>
);
}
}
| 49,719 |
https://openalex.org/W4322745963
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,023 |
Zbieżność metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami jako czynnik sukcesu przedsięwzięć realizowanych w ramach współpracy projektowej
|
Krzysztof Ćwik
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 6,008 | 14,888 |
ZESZYT NAUKOWY 186 ZESZYT NAUKOWY 186 186/2022
s. 93–108 Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH
kolegia.sgh.waw.pl Streszczenie Jednym z potencjalnych czynników sukcesu projektów realizowanych we współpracy międzyorganiza-
cyjnej, zidentyfikowanych przez autorów, jest zbieżność metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami
stosowanych przez współpracujące strony. Artykuł ma charakter koncepcyjny a jego celem jest pre-
zentacja koncepcji badań empirycznych, dotyczących wpływu zbieżności wykorzystywanych metodyk
na sukces projektu. Przegląd literatury pozwala na sformułowanie hipotezy badawczej, wskazującej,
że zbieżność stosowanych przez partnerów projektu metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami 94 Krzysztof Ćwik, Janusz Marek Lichtarski jest istotnym czynnikiem powodzenia wspólnego projektu. Sformułowana hipoteza badawcza będzie
testowana w badaniach ankietowych w sektorze IT (n = 320). Słowa kluczowe: współpraca projektowa, sukces projektu, metodyki zarządzania projektami
Kod klasyfikacji JEL: M19 1 Określenie „zbieżność” w kontekście metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami rozumiane jest jako
podobieństwo, wzajemne dopasowanie i zgodność stosowanych rozwiązań. 1. Wprowadzenie Sukces projektów realizowanych w ramach współpracy międzyorganizacyjnej zależy
od wielu czynników, w tym m.in. poziomu zaufania między stronami współpracy [Beach,
Webster, Campbell, 2005; Cheng, Li, 2001; Meng, 2010], rodzaju zawieranych umów [Eriks-
son, 2010], przygotowania i aktywności związanych z budowaniem współpracy w zespołach
międzyorganizacyjnych [Kadefors, 2004] czy umiejętności odbudowy relacji między stronami
po powstaniu napięć lub rozwiązaniu konfliktu [Wang, Zhou, Lu, 2021]. Mimo obszernego
dorobku teoretycznego i empirycznego w tym obszarze, prezentowane badania nie wyczerpują
możliwych czynników i uwarunkowań skutecznej realizacji wspólnych projektów. W niniej-
szym artykule zwracamy uwagę na zbieżność metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami
stosowanych przez partnerów projektowych, rozumianą jako podobieństwo wykorzystywa-
nych rozwiązań pod względem ich rodzaju, zakresu wdrożenia i stopnia zaawansowania1. Uzasadnieniem wyboru metodyk i standardów jako czynnika sukcesu współpracy pro-
jektowej jest po pierwsze ich rosnąca popularność w praktyce zarządzania, po drugie wpływ
stosowanych metodyk i standardów na sukces w realizacji projektów [Demirkesen, Ozorhon,
2017] oraz dostarczanie innych korzyści, dostrzeganych zwłaszcza na poziomie organiza-
cyjnym [Wells, 2012]. Metodyki zarządzania projektami z założenia standaryzują procesy
i zachowania w ramach realizacji projektów [Miklosik, 2015; Wells, 2012], będąc ważnym
elementem rozwoju dojrzałości projektowej organizacji [Kerzner, 2002]. Metodyki i stan-
dardy zarządzania projektami upodobniają do siebie organizacje projektowe pod względem
stosowanej terminologii, realizowanych procesów, wykorzystywanych narzędzi i wsparcia
ICT w zarządzaniu projektami. Wcześniejsze badania poświęcone trwałej współpracy między firmami pokazały, że jed-
nym z czynników rozwoju efektywnej współpracy jest podobieństwo, czy też bliskość partne-
rów (similarity, distance, proximity) [Dwyer, Schurr, Oh, 1987; Slavtchev, 2013; Bardauskaite,
2014], rozumiana nie tyle w kategoriach bliskości geograficznej (choć czasem również), co
jako podobieństwo kultury organizacyjnej (wartości i norm), jednorodność i spójność zasad
organizacji działań, obowiązujących procedur itp. Warto podkreślić, że sygnalizowany
w badaniach dystans ograniczający rozwój i efekty współpracy może być zarówno faktyczny Zbieżność metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami jako czynnik sukcesu przedsięwzięć… 95 (rzeczywiste różnice między podmiotami), jak również wynikać z nieznajomości partnera
i ograniczeń poznawczych (cognitive distance), szczególnie odczuwanych na początku współ-
pracy [Duanmu, Fai, 2007]. Czynnik ten w warunkach nieciągłej współpracy projektowej
nabiera szczególnego znaczenia, a uniwersalne metodyki i standardy zarządzania projekta-
mi mogą być traktowane jako środek zmniejszający dystans i różnice między partnerami
projektowymi, m.in. poprzez ujednolicenie języka i ułatwienie komunikacji, wykorzystanie
zbliżonych narzędzi i procesów zarządzania projektami. 1. Wprowadzenie Celem niniejszego opracowania jest prezentacja koncepcji badań empirycznych, w któ-
rych problem badawczy można ująć w postaci następującego pytania: w jakim stopniu zbież-
ność w zakresie stosowanych metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami przyczynia się
do sukcesu projektów realizowanych wspólnie przez partnerów projektowych? Tak przed-
stawiony problem badawczy został w dalszej części opracowania doprecyzowany poprzez
postawienie czterech pytań badawczych, opracowanie wstępnego modelu badawczego i sfor-
mułowanie hipotezy badawczej. Uzasadnieniem podjęcia przedstawionego problemu badawczego jest specyfika współ-
pracy projektowej i wynikająca z tej specyfiki luka badawcza. Tymczasowy i unikatowy
charakter realizowanych projektów powoduje, że współpraca projektowa jest odmienna od
trwałej współpracy międzyorganizacyjnej. Współpraca projektowa jest bowiem jednorazo-
wa lub nieciągła (discontinuous) i cechuje ją wysoki poziom złożoności, wynikający m.in. z wielości i zmienności partnerów projektowych, wielokierunkowości powiązań między
nimi, odległości geograficznej i kulturowej, a także okresowego podejmowania współpra-
cy z konkurentami [Bengtsson, Kock, 2000; Luo, 2004]. Dodatkowo, ze względu na brak
powtarzalności działań, w trakcie współpracy projektowej popełnianych jest wiele błędów
niekorzystnie wpływających na jej efekty [Bresnen, 2007]. Tradycyjne modele rozwoju relacji
międzyorganizacyjnych [Dwyer i in., 1987; Ford, 1980; Wilson, 1995] i zestawy czynników
sukcesu trwałej współpracy [Hastings, Howieson, Lawley, 2016; Plewa i in., 2013; Zaefarian
i in., 2017] okazują się nieadekwatne lub niewystarczające do opisu i wyjaśnienia tymczaso-
wej i złożonej współpracy projektowej. Zasygnalizowana luka badawcza staje się coraz bar-
dziej widoczna w obliczu narastającej projektyzacji (projectification) i upowszechniania się
organizacji projektowych [Lundin, Godenhjelm, Sjöblom, 2015; Maylor, Turkulainen, 2019;
Miterev, Mancini, Turner, 2017]. Niniejszy artykuł ma charakter koncepcyjny, a intencją autorów, oprócz prezentacji kon-
cepcji badań, jest zaproszenie innych ośrodków naukowych do współpracy w realizacji plano-
wanych badań. Opracowanie składa się z części obejmującej podstawy teoretyczne zagadnień
współpracy projektowej oraz metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami (theoretical bac-
kground), a także części przybliżającej projekt planowanych badań (research design), uzupeł-
nionych o ograniczenia badawcze i przyszłe kierunki badań. 96 Krzysztof Ćwik, Janusz Marek Lichtarski 2.1. Współpraca projektowa – specyfika i rodzaje Inne kryteria doboru parterów i zachowania obserwowane Zbieżność metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami jako czynnik sukcesu przedsięwzięć… 97 są przy współpracy nad pojedynczym projektem, a inne gdy istnieje dłuższa perspektywa
współpracy [Lichtarski, 2021]. Wyróżnione rodzaje współpracy mogą być ze sobą powiązane,
gdyż pojedyncze partnerstwo projektowe może być pierwszym krokiem do rozwoju współ-
pracy strategicznej [Cheng, Li, Love, 2000; Thompson, Sanders, 1998]. 2.1. Współpraca projektowa – specyfika i rodzaje Współpraca między niezależnymi organizacjami w ramach działalności projektowej,
określana w dalszej części opracowania jako współpraca projektowa, polega na ograniczo-
nym w czasie współdziałaniu dwóch lub więcej podmiotów (B2B) w celu przygotowania,
realizacji i rozliczenia określonego projektu. Systematyczny przegląd literatury nad defini-
cjami współpracy projektowej i badania z udziałem ekspertów [Børve i in., 2017] pozwoli-
ły na ukazanie ewolucji w definiowaniu tego pojęcia (od formalnego kontraktu do strategii
relacyjnej) oraz na wskazanie charakterystycznych cech współpracy projektowej, a miano-
wicie: jej relacyjnego charakteru, zaangażowania uczestników wokół wspólnych celów, wza-
jemnego zaufania, wspólnego rozwiązywania problemów, jednolitych narzędzi i wspólnej
struktury zarządzania przedsięwzięciem oraz zwiększonej wydajności i tworzenia wartości
wokół projektu [Børve i in., 2017]. Współpraca projektowa różni się zatem od trwałej współpracy między podmiotami,
podejmowanej np. w: relacjach sprzedający-kupujący [Kam, Lai 2018; Restuccia, Legoux,
2019; Sharma, Young, Wilkinson, 2015], aliansach strategicznych [Davis, Love, 2011] czy
sieciach franczyzowych [Blut i in., 2011; Varotto, Parente, 2016]. O ile modele rozwoju dłu-
goterminowych relacji międzyorganizacyjnych i czynniki warunkujące skuteczność trwałej
współpracy od lat były przedmiotem zainteresowania badaczy, zwłaszcza w obszarach mar-
ketingu relacyjnego i zarządzania strategicznego [zob. np. Dwyer i in., 1987; Ford, 1980; Jap,
Ganesan, 2000; Lee, Johnsen, 2012], to w obszarze współpracy o tymczasowym charakte-
rze i mniej ustabilizowanych relacjach dostrzegalna jest luka badawcza [Gaczek i in., 2018]. Publikowane w literaturze wyniki badań nad współpracą projektową najczęściej obejmu-
ją projekty budowlane [zob. np.: Bygballe, 2010; Cheng, Li, 2001; Głodziński, 2017; Kadefors,
2004; Larson, 1995; Meng, 2010; Stephenson, 1996], których wielkość i specyfika wymaga
zwykle zaangażowania wielu podmiotów o różnych kompetencjach. Rzadziej podejmowane
są badania nad tymczasową i złożoną współpracą w innych sektorach, np. lotniczym [Fer-
reira i in., 2017], szkolnictwa wyższego [Plewa i in., 2013] czy IT [de Almeida Moraes, 2017]. Warto zaznaczyć, że współpraca projektowa może mieć wiele odmian i jest uwarunko-
wana sytuacyjnie. Jednym z kryteriów podziału jest powtarzalność wzajemnych interakcji. Współpraca może mieć charakter jednorazowy (single project cooperation) lub powtarzalny
(multi-project cooperation), określany też jako strategiczny [Bygballe, 2010]. W pierwszym
przypadku chodzi o wspólną realizację pojedynczego projektu (z założenia), w drugim zaś
o z góry zaplanowaną współpracę w ramach wielu projektów. Każdy z przedstawionych rodza-
jów współpracy ma określoną specyfikę i warunki powodzenia, odmienne etapy rozwoju
i procesy w ramach tej współpracy, np. dotyczące poszukiwania i kryteriów doboru part-
nerów projektowych, określania wzajemnych wymagań, nawiązywania współpracy, komu-
nikacji czy rozliczania efektów. 2 Pierwsza wersja PMBoK Guide ukazała się w 1996 roku. Obecnie aktualna jest siódma już wersja „przewod-
nika” [PMI, 2021]. 2.2. Metodyki i standardy zarządzania projektami Metodyki zarządzania projektami to kompleksowe i szczegółowe metody zarządzania
projektami, czyli celowe i świadomie opracowane, nadające się do wielokrotnego stosowania
zespoły zaleceń co do sposobu postępowania przy rozwiązywaniu problemów zarządzania
projektami. Zalecenia te odnoszą się do całego procesu zarządzania projektem, określając
szczegółowe kroki postępowania prowadzące do uzyskania zamierzonego rezultatu [Trocki,
2011]. Joslin i Müller [2015] zdefiniowali pięć elementów, które stanowią składową metody-
ki. Są to: procesy (processes), narzędzia (tools), techniki (techniques), wymagane kompetencje
(capability profiles) oraz obszary wymaganej wiedzy (knowledge areas). Rozwój dziedziny wiedzy i praktyki, jaką jest zarządzanie projektami oraz dążenie do
profesjonalizacji i swego rodzaju ujednolicania kompetencji osób kierujących realizacją pro-
jektów, zaowocował powstaniem szeregu zbiorów zaleceń, dotyczących przeprowadzania pro-
cesów realizacji projektu. Część z nich zwyczajowo nazywa się metodykami (np. PRINCE2,
AgilePM), ponieważ zawierają praktycznie kompletny opis procesów realizacji projektu, od
etapu inicjacji do procesów zamknięcia wraz z opisem organizacyjnego środowiska zarządza-
nia projektem i kluczowej dokumentacji. Część zaś nazywa się często standardami (np. IPMA,
PMBoK), gdyż traktuje się je jako spis dobrych praktyk, których przestrzeganie ma pomóc
w realizacji celów projektu. Bardzo często jednak, z uwagi na w rzeczywistości „mieszany”
charakter treści w obu tych grupach, pojęcia metodyki i standardu zarządzania projektem
stosowane są zamiennie [Wyrozębski, 2011; Strojny, Szmigiel, 2015; Kos, 2019] oraz prezento-
wane wspólnie [Trocki, 2022]. Dlatego w proponowanej koncepcji badań te dwie grupy rów-
nież są postrzegane wspólnie, z tym że w sferze zainteresowań badawczych będą uniwersalne
metodyki i standardy przebiegu projektów, czyli te, które oparte są na cyklu życia projektu. Można je podzielić na dwie grupy. Pierwsza z nich, to tak zwane tradycyjne metody-
ki zarządzania projektem (TPM – Traditional Project Management). Nazywane również
kaskadowymi (waterfall) z uwagi na to, że kolejne fazy projektu następują szeregowo – jedna
po drugiej. Najpopularniejsze z nich to metodyka (standard) Project Management Institute
(PMI), której pryncypia spisane są w formie zwartej znanej jako Project Management Body
of Knowledge Guide (PMBoK)2, metodyka PRINCE2 [AXELOS, 2017], której nazwa jest
akronimem angielskojęzycznego sformułowania: projects in controlled enviroments (projekty 98 Krzysztof Ćwik, Janusz Marek Lichtarski w kontrolowalnym/sterowalnym środowisku) oraz standard IPMA (International Project
Management Association) [Dittmann, Dirbanis, Meier, 2021]. Podejścia te charakteryzują się
następującymi po sobie etapami realizacji projektu, takimi jak: definiowanie, planowanie,
realizacja, monitorowanie i kontrolowanie oraz zamknięcie. Na kolejne fazy projektu skła-
dają się zadania, służące jego realizacji [Kryczka, 2019]. 2.2. Metodyki i standardy zarządzania projektami Zaletami tradycyjnego podejścia są:
przygotowanie szczegółowego planu projektu, brak wysokich wymagań kompetencyjnych
w stosunku do członków zespołu projektowego oraz z góry określone wymagania dotyczą-
ce zasobów. Do wad natomiast zalicza się najczęściej ograniczoną możliwość wprowadzania
zmian w trakcie realizacji, zbyt wysoki poziom formalizacji oraz nierespektowanie rzeczy-
wistych potrzeb klienta [Soroka-Potrzebna, 2019]. Krytyka podejścia tradycyjnego pogłębiła się wraz z rozpowszechnieniem się projektów
informatycznych, jako tych, które charakteryzują się zwiększoną szybkością zachodzących
zmian, trudno rozpoznawalną złożonością, wielością czynników decyzyjnych oraz mniejszą
przewidywalnością przyszłości, a w tych warunkach tradycyjne metodyki zarządzania pro-
jektami okazywały się nieefektywne [Trocki, 2020]. Zwinność w projektach charakteryzuje
się kilkoma kluczowymi cechami: iteracyjnością, która oznacza występowanie kilku cykli
w trakcie projektu; inkrementalnością, czyli przyrostowym tworzeniem wartości, w którym
efekt projektu nie jest dostarczany jednorazowo i na koniec projektu, ale stopniowo, poprzez
akceptację częściowych funkcjonalności; samoorganizacją pracy zespołu projektowego, który
funkcjonuje jako byt, w którym członkowie mają szczególne kompetencje merytoryczne oraz
interpersonalne i sam określa najlepszy sposób postępowania w pracy; kształtowaniem się
procesów, zasad, struktury pracy bardziej w trakcie projektu, a nie przed jego uruchomie-
niem [Kopczyński, 2014]. Stosowanie podczas realizacji projektu wybranej przez realizatorów metodyki, niezależnie
od jej charakteru, ma w zamierzeniu zwiększyć prawdopodobieństwo ukończenia projektu
osiągnięciem założonych celów. Metodyki i standardy dają bowiem realizatorom – osobom
kierującym realizacją projektu (kierownikowi projektu, komitetowi sterującemu) – pewnego
rodzaju gwarancję, że projekt od strony organizacyjnej jest realizowany zgodnie z wypraco-
wanymi, najlepszymi wzorcami, zaczerpniętymi wprost z zaleceń poszczególnych metodyk
i standardów lub też wypracowanymi w danej organizacji, bazując na wcześniejszych doświad-
czeniach. White i Fortune [2002] w swoich badaniach wykazały, że ponad 70% organizacji
realizujących projekty, realizuje je opierając się na wybranej metodyce zarządzania projek-
tem, przy czym 54% stosuje metodykę wypracowaną przez siebie. Jeszcze większy odsetek
organizacji stosuje różne narzędzia zarządzania projektem, choć część z nich w nieusyste-
matyzowanej formie. „Częściowo” metodyczny sposób zarządzania projektami w większości
organizacji potwierdzają też inne badania, których wyniki pokazują również, że najpopular-
niejszymi metodykami (standardami) są PMBoK, Agile oraz PRINCE2 [Brzozowski, 2020]. Wpływ wybranej metodyki (standardu) zarządzania projektami na projekt i całą organi-
zację jest przedmiotem bardzo wielu dociekań badawczych. Badacze skłonni są uznawać, że
stosowanie w realizacji projektów pewnej przyjętej w organizacji metodyki przyczynia się do Zbieżność metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami jako czynnik sukcesu przedsięwzięć… 99 zwiększenia efektywności prowadzonych w projekcie działań i zwiększa prawdopodobieństwo
sukcesu projektu [Cooke-Davies, 2002; Vaskimo, 2011]. 2.2. Metodyki i standardy zarządzania projektami Lehtonen i Martinsuo [2007] wykazały,
że organizacje osiągające sukcesy w zarządzaniu projektami stosują w sposób systematyczny
jakąś wybraną metodykę zarządzania projektami. Pozytywną korelację pomiędzy wykorzy-
stywaniem metodyk zarządzania projektami a osiąganiem powodzenia w realizacji projek-
tu zaobserwowali także Joslin i Müller [2015]. Badacze ci pokazali również, że organizacje,
które stosowały metodyki wymagające od realizatorów stosunkowo dużego doświadczenia
w zarządzaniu projektami osiągały wyższy poziom wskaźników wskazujących na sukces pro-
jektu. Podobne wnioski uzyskane zostały w badaniach obejmujących organizacje w ramach
pojedynczej branży [Hasan, Al-Hashimi, 2019]. Zaobserwowano również pozytywny zwią-
zek pomiędzy kierowaniem realizacją projektu zgodnie z przyjętą metodyką a jego rentow-
nością [Carsten, Kock, 2022]. Wartość ta rośnie wraz z rosnącą złożonością projektu, choć
są również badania, których wyniki poddają siłę tej zależności w wątpliwość [Pace, 2019]. Badania nad wpływem rodzaju stosowanej metodyki – tradycyjna vs. zwinna – na powo-
dzenie projektu pokazują wyraźną tendencję do podkreślania w tej mierze wartości metodyk
zwinnych, przy czym często podkreślana jest skłonność kierujących i realizujących projek-
ty do stosowania podejścia hybrydowego [Vinekar, Slinkman, Neurur, 2006; Walukiewicz,
Kuzak, 2019; Papadakis, Tsironis, 2020], która zwykle przynosi korzyści z punktu widze-
nia prawdopodobieństwa powodzenia projektu [Zaleski, Michalski, 2020; Gemino, Horner
Reich, Serrador, 2021]. Nie budzi więc w zasadzie wątpliwości znaczenie systematycznej realizacji projektu
w ramach przyjętej metodyki dla jego powodzenia. Przywoływane badania prowadzone były
jednak w ramach pojedynczej organizacji, a nie w warunkach współpracy kilku podmiotów
przy realizacji projektu. Badania prowadzone nad międzyorganizacyjną współpracą pro-
jektową wyodrębniają pewne czynniki sukcesu tak realizowanych projektów [Maurer, 2010;
Bakker, Knoben, De Vries, Oerlemans, 2011; Kot, 2018; Wirkus, Tubielewicz, 2018, Martin-
suo, Ahola, 2022]. Nie były one jednak prowadzone w kierunku sprawdzenia, czy i w jakim
stopniu dla powodzenia projektu realizowanego w warunkach współpracy międzyorganiza-
cyjnej przyczynia się zbieżność metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami stosowanych
przez partnerów współpracy projektowej. Jest to pewnego rodzaju luka, którą planowane
badania będą starały się wypełnić. 2.3. Sukces projektu Sukces projektu w wąskim znaczeniu traktowany jest jako spełnienie wymagań związa-
nych z jego zakresem, czasem, kosztami i jakością [Lock, 2009]. Większość badaczy zwraca
jednak uwagę także na inne elementy powodzenia w zarządzaniu projektami, m.in. takie
jak: zakres zmian w trakcie realizacji projektu, zadowolenie klienta i innych interesariuszy,
wpływ przedsięwzięcia na inne projekty i całą organizację (np. brak zakłóceń, efektywne 100 Krzysztof Ćwik, Janusz Marek Lichtarski wykorzystanie zasobów) czy oddziaływanie na otoczenie organizacji, w tym na środowisko
naturalne [Kerzner, 2011; Wąsowicz, 2009]. Castro, Bahli, Barcaui i Figueiredo [2020] prze-
prowadzili systematyczny przegląd literatury w poszukiwaniu miar sukcesu projektu. Spo-
śród 555 wyszukanych artykułów, finalnie autorzy szczegółowo przeanalizowali 19 tekstów,
zestawiając ze sobą propozycje kryteriów i skal pomiarowych [Castro i in., 2020]. Wyniki
przywołanych badań literaturowych prowadzą do konkluzji, że rozwiązaniem uwzględniają-
cym wszystkie niezbędne elementy i sprawdzonym empirycznie na szerokiej grupie respon-
dentów jest skala zaproponowana przez Khana, Turnera i Maqsooda [2013]. Przesądziło
to o jej wykorzystaniu w badaniach przez Castro i in. [2020] i jednocześnie stanowi prze-
słankę do jej wykorzystania w badaniach planowanych przez autorów niniejszego artyku-
łu. Skala ta obejmuje 25 elementów, związanych zarówno z projektem (m.in. harmonogram,
budżet, zakres, jakość, procedury, bezpieczeństwo), organizacją (m.in. rozwój kompetencji
i wiedzy, lessons learned, nowe zasoby, reputacja) i jego interesariuszami (zadowolenie klien-
ta, otoczenia, sponsora, grupy sterującej) [zob. Khan i in., 2013]. 3.1. Pytania badawcze, model badawczy i hipoteza Zarysowane we wcześniejszej części artykułu podstawy teoretyczne koncepcji planowa-
nych badań pokazały lukę, którą autorzy chcieliby wypełnić, odpowiadając na następujące
pytania badawcze: 1. Czy zbieżność (podobieństwo, dopasowanie) metodyk zarządzania projektami, stoso-
wanych przez partnerów we współpracy projektowej ma wpływ na sukces realizowane-
go projektu? 2. Czy stosowana przez potencjalnego partnera metodyka zarządzania projektem jest jed-
nym z kryteriów wyboru go do wspólnej realizacji projektu w ramach współpracy pro-
jektowej? Jeśli tak, to jaka jest waga tego kryterium w porównaniu z innymi czynnikami? 3. Czy współpraca projektowa ma wpływ na rozwój stosowanych przez poszczególnych
partnerów metodyk zarządzania projektami? 4. Czy wybór metodyki zarządzania projektem w ramach współpracy projektowej ma cechę
dowolności u każdego z partnerów, czy też występuje zjawisko „wymuszania” na poszcze-
gólnych partnerach stosowania takiej, a nie innej metodyki (standardu)? Lista tych pytań oczywiście nie jest listą zamkniętą. Z pewnością w toku dalszej pracy
nad budową narzędzia badawczego pojawią się kolejne, na które autorzy również będą chcie-
li odpowiedzieć. Na rysunku 1 przedstawiono proponowany model badawczy, na podstawie
którego autorzy będą przeprowadzać badania empiryczne. 101 Zbieżność metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami jako czynnik sukcesu przedsięwzięć… Rysunek 1. Model badawczy
Zbieżność metodyk zarządzania projektami
w ramach współpracy projektowej
Rodzaj stosowanych metodyk
(np. PMBoK, PRINCE2, Agile itd.)
Zakres wdrożenia stosowanych metodyk
Sukces w realizacji
projektu
Stopień zaawansowania stosowanych metodyk
H1
Źródło: opracowanie własne. Rysunek 1. Model badawczy Rysunek 1. Model badawczy Sukces w realizacji
projektu Źródło: opracowanie własne. Zasygnalizowana już we wcześniejszej części, a zidentyfikowana w ramach przeglądu
literatury luka badawcza, skłoniła autorów do sformułowania następującej hipotezy badaw-
czej, która będzie weryfikowana w toku badań empirycznych: literatury luka badawcza, skłoniła autorów do sformułowania następującej hipotezy badaw-
czej, która będzie weryfikowana w toku badań empirycznych:
Hipoteza 1: Istnieje pozytywna zależność pomiędzy zbieżnością metodyk i standardów zarzą-
dzania projektami stosowanych przez partnerów w ramach współpracy projektowej a suk-
cesem w realizacji projektu. Hipoteza 1: Istnieje pozytywna zależność pomiędzy zbieżnością metodyk i standardów zarzą-
dzania projektami stosowanych przez partnerów w ramach współpracy projektowej a suk-
cesem w realizacji projektu. 3 Wielu badaczy w naukach o zarządzaniu wykorzystuje skale 7‑stopniowe [zob. np.: Kam, Lai, 2018; Zaefarian
i in., 2017]. Dłuższa skala bliższa jest skali ciągłej, co ma znaczenie na etapie analiz statystycznych i wnioskowa-
nia. Meyer [2007] argumentuje jednak, że 5‑stopniowa skala jest bardziej rozpoznawalna wśród respondentów,
dzięki czemu mogą się oni w całości skoncentrować na aspekcie merytorycznym, a nie na zapoznawaniu z mniej
znanym sposobem pomiaru. Również Khan i in. [2013] zastosowali 5‑stopniową skalę w badaniu sukcesu pro-
jektu, planowaną do wykorzystania w prezentowanych badaniach. 3.3. Metodyka badań Planowane badania empiryczne realizowane będą w podejściu ilościowym, z wykorzy-
staniem metody ankietowej. Zakładana wielkość próby badawczej wynosi n = 320 i obejmuje
kierowników projektów realizowanych we współpracy z innymi podmiotami w sektorze IT. Dodatkowe kryteria inkluzji respondentów to minimalne pięcioletnie doświadczenie w kie-
rowaniu projektami oraz posiadanie przynajmniej jednej certyfikacji. Wybór sektora IT do
badań jest celowy i podyktowany kilkoma przesłankami, a mianowicie: (1) dużym rozpro-
szeniem sektora i względną niezależnością podmiotów, np. od czynników politycznych, (2)
dużą złożonością projektów, wymagającą współdziałania i łączenia specjalistycznych kom-
petencji oraz (3) jego dynamicznym rozwojem i rosnącym znaczeniem w gospodarce. Dane empiryczne gromadzone będą z wykorzystaniem techniki CAWI. Narzędziem
gromadzenia danych będzie kwestionariusz badawczy, obejmujący zarówno gotowe skale
pomiarowe, jak i własne skale z zaadaptowanymi elementami. Do badania sukcesu projektu
(zmiennej zależnej) wykorzystana zostanie skala opracowana przez Khana i in. [2013], nato-
miast do pomiaru zakresu wdrożenia i zaawansowania stosowanych metodyk i standardów
zarządzania projektami wykorzystana będzie autorska skala opracowana na podstawie bazy
pytań i skal innych autorów. 102 Krzysztof Ćwik, Janusz Marek Lichtarski Uzyskane dane empiryczne po uporządkowaniu poddane zostaną analizie statystycznej,
tj. statystyki opisowe, analiza korelacji i regresji. Obliczenia i prezentacja danych wspoma-
gane będą pakietem STATISTICA. 4.1. Wnioski końcowe Projekty realizowane w ramach współpracy międzyorganizacyjnej cechuje wysoki
poziom złożoności, a nieciągłość współpracy z partnerami projektowymi (poszukiwanie
nowych kooperantów, przerywanie i wznawianie współpracy wraz z kolejnymi projektami
itd.) rodzi dodatkową niepewność oraz utrudnia nawiązywanie i rozwój długoterminowych
i stabilnych relacji międzyorganizacyjnych. Sformułowany w niniejszym artykule problem
badawczy sprowadza się do sprawdzenia, czy zbieżność metodyk i standardów zarządzania
projektami stosowanych przez partnerów projektowych wpływa na efekty współpracy, poj-
mowane jako szeroko rozumiany sukces projektu. 4.2. Ograniczenia planowanych badań Planowane badania już na tym etapie nie są pozbawione słabości i ograniczeń. Po pierwsze,
z uwagi na ankietowy charakter badań, główne ograniczenie planowanych badań związane
jest z czynnikiem ludzkim – respondentem, który subiektywnie ocenia natężenia badanych
cech. Świadomość istnienia tego ograniczenia pozwala jednak na podjęcie pewnych działań,
mających na celu zmniejszenie jego oddziaływania, a mianowicie: wprowadzenia wspomnia-
nych już dodatkowych kryteriów inkluzji dla respondentów, oraz wykorzystania najbardziej
rozpowszechnionej 5‑stopniowej skali typu Likerta3. Kolejne ograniczenie badawcze wynika z koncentracji na jednym wybranym sektorze (IT),
w ramach którego realizowane są projekty o dość dużej specyfice, tj. zmienność wymagań
klienta, trudność w oszacowaniu kosztów itd. Uzyskane wyniki będą mogły być uogólnio-
ne i porównywane z wynikami innych badaczy w odniesieniu do sektora informatyczne-
go. Próby ewentualnego rozszerzenia wyników i szerszego porównywania będą wymagały
podjęcia kolejnych przedsięwzięć badawczych. Przedstawione ograniczenie stanowi jednak
zarazem obiecujący kierunek dalszych badań. 103 Zbieżność metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami jako czynnik sukcesu przedsięwzięć… 4.3. Kierunki dalszych badań Przyszłe badania, obok sygnalizowanych wcześniej możliwości ich rozszerzenia na inne
sektory, mogą dotyczyć m.in. identyfikacji mechanizmów rozwoju i dyfuzji metodyk i stan-
dardów zarządzania projektami pomiędzy partnerami projektu. Interesujące będą zwłasz-
cza następujące kwestie: 1) Czy pomiędzy partnerami projektowymi ma miejsce dyfuzja/przejmowanie stosowanych
metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami? 1) Czy pomiędzy partnerami projektowymi ma miejsce dyfuzja/przejmowanie stosowanych
metodyk i standardów zarządzania projektami? 2) Jeżeli tak, to na jakim etapie współpracy i czy przejmowanie tych rozwiązań ma charak-
ter dobrowolny, czy jest to element wymagań (nacisku)? 3) Czy partnerzy projektowi podejmują świadome wysiłki (a jeśli tak, to jakie?) na rzecz
dostosowania i wspólnego rozwoju stosowanych metodyk i standardów zarządzania
projektami? 4) Czy metodyki i standardy u współpracujących w dłuższym okresie partnerów projek-
towych rozwijane są zgodnie z zasadą podobieństwa (te same) czy komplementarności
(ewentualna kompensacja niedostatków rozwiązań partnera)? Poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na postawione pytania wymaga przygotowania i przeprowa-
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Organizacji”, nr 8, s. 29–36. 108 Krzysztof Ćwik, Janusz Marek Lichtarski Summary One of the success factors of projects implemented in inter-organizational cooperation identified by
the Authors is the concurrence of standards and methodologies of project management used by project
partners. The purpose of this conceptual paper is to present the concept of empirical research on the
impact of the concurrence of PM standards and methodologies used on the success of the cooperative
project. The literature review allows us to formulate a research hypothesis that the concurrence of PM
standards and methodologies used by the project partners is an essential factor in the success of a joint
project. The formulated research hypothesis will be tested in surveys within the IT sector (n = 320). Keywords project cooperation, project success, project management methodologies
JEL Classification Code: M19
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Rafael María Baralt. Escritos Políticos Tomo I
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En el de Gracia y Justicia, la comisión ha encontrado al Gobierno demasiado parco, y propone un aumento de 282,480 reales para subir el sueldo de
los presidente de Sala de las Audiencias, sin lo cual, por lo visto, sería imposible arreglar la administración de justicia y salvar la patria. El aumento de un
alguacil en cada uno de los juzgados de primera instancia de esta Corte era
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también una de las grandes necesidades de la época; por lo mismo, la comisión propone esta importante reforma.
En el Ministerio de la Guerra, la comisión, en su sincero deseo de aliviar
las cargas de la nación, pensaba proponer algunas economías; “pero”... se ha
convencido de que debía aprobar el crédito que el Gobierno pide.
En el capítulo de Marina, la comisión desearía dar al Gobierno más de
lo que pide; “pero”..., todo bien considerado, propone que no se haga innovación en lo que el Gobierno señala a este presupuesto.
En cuanto al Ministerio de la Gobernación, la comisión opina que pueden quedar suprimidas cuatro plazas de consejeros reales que han resultado
vacantes; “pero”..., en cambio, es preciso salvar la omisión involuntaria que
ha padecido el Gobierno no incluyendo el sueldo de 20.000 reales señalado
al abogado fiscal del Consejo Real.
Respecto de los gastos del Ministerio de Hacienda, la comisión hubiera deseado introducir algunas economías importantes; “pero”... por éstas y
las otras razones, cree que lo que debe hacer es proponer un aumento de
120.000 reales para la impresión de los presupuestos después de sancionados.
Por último, tocante al Ministerio de Comercio, Instrucción y Obras públicas, la comisión hace aquí una rebaja, allí un aumento, acá un trastrueque, acullá una supresión; “pero”..., en último resultado, viene a conceder al
Gobierno la cantidad que solicita.
En resumen, comparado lo que pedía el Gobierno con lo que le concedía la comisión, resulta que ésta rebajaba 721,000 reales en el presupuesto
de gastos; “pero”... aumentaba 1.083,480; lo cual equivale a dar al Gobierno
362,480 reales más de lo que él mismo había solicitado.
El segundo dictamen versaba sobre el artículo del Gobierno relativo a
cesantías y jubilaciones, y la comisión proponía todas las exenciones necesarias para quitarle el carácter de odiosidad que tenía. Un voto particular
del señor Sierra y otros limitaba las exenciones a menor número.
Mencionaremos por último los seis votos particulares presentados al primer dictamen: el primero era relativo a la impresión de los códigos, y estaba
destinado a aclarar el sentido del artículo; firmábanlo los señores Moyano,
Miota, Fernández, Villaverde, Oliván, Belza, Infante y Martínez. El segundo
pedía que los bienes de propios no pagasen el 20 por 100 solicitado por el Gobierno: estaba firmado por el señor Moyano. Suscribía el tercero el señor Polo,
y proponía que se rebajase a 250 millones la contribución de inmuebles, y que
se pagasen en este año 50 millones para el reembolso del empréstito forzoso.
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El cuarto, que era de los señores Escudero y Areitio, proponía que se aprobasen
los presupuestos tales como los había presentado el Gobierno. El quinto y más
importante, firmado por los señores Cantero, Infante y Huelves, proponía que
además de rebajarse 50 millones en la contribución de inmuebles y de pagarse
en el año actual 50 millones del empréstito forzoso, se redujera la dotación de
la Reina a los 28 millones que le señalaron las Cortes en los presupuestos de
1835, en vez de los 34 millones que sin bastante explicación le asignó el Gobierno desde 1845. Opinaban también los autores del voto que se suprimiera
la partida de 2.400.000 reales señalada como dotación al Rey; que se rebajara
a dos millones la dotación de la Infanta; que sólo se pagaran 4 millones por
atrasos a S. M., en vez de los 12 que pedía el Gobierno en su presupuesto extraordinario; que se borrara la partida de 7.906.725 reales consignados para la
empresa de Guardacostas; que se hiciese una economía de tres millones y medio, reduciendo el número de universidades; y por último, que pues la guerra
de Cataluña tocaba a su término, se rebajasen 10.722.508 reales del presupuesto extraordinario de la guerra. Finalmente, en el sexto voto particular decía su
autor, el señor Infante, que estaba de acuerdo con sus compañeros Cantero y
Huelves en todo menos en lo relativo a la dotación de la casa real.
Por esta sencilla y breve exposición que acabamos de hacer se conocerá
cuán amplio, detenido y minucioso debía ser el debate para resolver con acierto entre tal diversidad de pareceres. El Gobierno sin embargo quiso ahorrar
camino, y al día siguiente se presentó retirando las disposiciones relativas a las
clases pasivas, y sometiendo al Congreso un proyecto para que se le autorizase
a poner en planta los presupuestos, tales como los había presentado la mayoría de la comisión general en su famoso dictamen de los “peros”. Este proyecto
pasó a las secciones con urgencia, y a los cuatro días ya había dado la comisión
su parecer. El señor Bermúdez de Castro, individuo de ella, presentó su voto
particular, reducido a rebajar a 250 millones la contribución de inmuebles; a
suprimir la partida destinada a la empresa de Guardacostas, y a que sin perjuicio de sus derechos sólo se pagaran en este año nueve mensualidades a las
clases pasivas. Después de este voto diez y ocho individuos del Congreso presentaron cada uno su enmienda al proyecto.
Comenzó la discusión por el voto del señor Bermúdez de Castro: y el
señor Rey, como de la comisión, salió a la palestra para combatirlo, haciendo la historia de los debates en el seno de la comisión general. Donde este
orador estuvo más patético fue hablando de las viudas y de las nueve pagas
que proponía el señor Bermúdez de Castro. Las viudas, decía el señor Rey
con voz conmovida, tienen derecho a ver consignadas en el presupuesto sus
doce pagas completas: ¡pues no faltaba más! La comisión no puede dejar de
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ser rigidísima en este punto; si se tratara de que cobrasen esas doce pagas, ya
sería otra cosa; pero en cuanto a consignarlas, la comisión no cederá en lo
más mínimo; quiere dar a las viudas ese consuelo. Y en efecto, el Congreso,
escrupuloso en esta parte, dio la razón al señor Rey, y los progresistas votaron también contra el señor Bermúdez de Castro, no por las reformas que
proponía, sino por las que dejaba de proponer.
Vino luego la discusión de las diez y ocho enmiendas. Todas ellas proponían alguna reforma; la mayor parte tendían a hacer rebajas en el presupuesto de gastos; otras, sin embargo, se dirigían a aumentarlo, y una había
en que se solicitaba que los actuales presupuestos rigiesen también para el
año de 1850, a fin de entrar de lleno en la observancia del artículo constitucional, que previene que sean discutidos de un año para otro.11 El Congreso
desechó ésta y las que se dirigían a obtener rebajas, y aprobó las que proponían aumentos. Así quedó autorizado el Gobierno, no sólo para lo que había pedido, sino también para dar 360.000 reales a la empresa que redacta
los códigos, y para contraer un empréstito de 24 millones destinados a la
construcción de líneas telegráficas y mejora de presidios.
Pues, en el Senado no tuvo menos fortuna el Gobierno: los señores senadores lo aprobaron todo, y la discusión fue en aquel cuerpo tan a la ligera,
que la mayor parte de los discursos de la comisión se redujeron a esta simple
fórmula: “la comisión no admite la enmienda”.
El 21 de mayo presentó el Gobierno un proyecto de ley de reconocida utilidad, si bien endeble y mezquino, cual fue el proyecto de reforma de aranceles,
y en medio de la agitación que esto produjo en algunos bancos, se le ocurrió al
señor Sánchez Silva dar un ataque enérgico a los fueros de las Provincias Vascongadas, ataque para el cual se había preparado de antemano con gran copia
de noticias y datos. Fundó este ataque S. S. en lo chocante que es en la época
actual que haya privilegios de que gocen unas provincias sobre otras, cuando
todas deben contribuir igualmente a las cargas del Estado y todas deben vivir
bajo unas mismas leyes. De donde deducía el señor Sánchez Silva que los fueros de las Provincias Vascongadas deberían desaparecer por completo. Nosotros concedemos la premisa; pero no nos parece lógica la consecuencia. Cierto
que deben regir unas mismas leyes en toda la Península; cierto que todas las
provincias deben contribuir igualmente a sostener las cargas generales del Estado: pero creemos que el medio de establecer esta unidad no es suprimiendo
lo bueno que tengan los fueros vascongados, sino aplicándolo a las demás provincias. Nosotros, por ejemplo, pedimos para todo el país, entre otras cosas,
abolición de las quintas, desestanco del tabaco y de la sal, organización muni11 Véanse estas enmiendas en el Diario de las Sesiones, apéndice al número 95.
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cipal y provincial bajo principios populares. Ahora bien, si hay unas provincias
que gozan estas ventajas, eso tenemos adelantado, para cuando llegue el caso
de extenderlas a las demás. ¿A qué quitárselas a las que las poseen cuando a las
que no las poseen queremos dárselas? Por consiguiente, en nuestro sentir hay
fueros en las Provincias Vascongadas que se deben conservar, no para dar un
privilegio a esas provincias, sino para convertirlos en derecho común de todas.
¿Y mientras tanto?, se nos dirá; mientras tanto, responderemos, ya que las Vascongadas por sus circunstancias particulares han sido más felices que las demás
provincias, no vayamos a quitarles por envidia lo que al fin han de tener todas
las restantes de la nación por justicia y conveniencia. El señor Egaña defendió
su causa con calor y acaso también con exageración.
Pero volviendo a los aranceles, diremos que después de una interpelación
del señor Ortiz Gallardo para que el Gobierno removiese los obstáculos que
se oponen a la libre navegación del Duero, la comisión dio su dictamen sobre
aquel proyecto a los quince días de haberlo presentado el Gobierno. Habíanse conmovido los fabricantes de telas de algodón en Cataluña creyéndose
perjudicados en sus intereses con el mencionado proyecto, y las distintas
asociaciones industriales establecidas en Barcelona habían enviado a Madrid
sus comisionados. Los partidarios de la prohibición en materias de comercio
se agitaban, iban y venían de la comisión al Ministerio, del Ministerio a casa
de los personajes de privanza. Reuniéronse, según refirió un periódico al parecer perfectamente informado, reuniéronse todos en casa de un diputado
catalán y nombraron comisiones de “estrategia” para oponerse a que se llevara a cabo semejante proyecto; fueron y vinieron instrucciones de la Corte
a Barcelona y de Barcelona a la Corte, y se celebraron repetidas conferencias
con el Gobierno y con la comisión. Del preámbulo que ésta puso por cabeza
de su dictamen, debemos extractar algunos párrafos que dan una idea del
espíritu general que en todo él dominaba. Decía la comisión de esta manera:
“Bien conocerán todos los señores diputados que al aprobar en su esencia el proyecto presentado por el Gobierno, «no han creído los individuos de la comisión que realizaban su propio pensamiento». Lejos de eso,
creen que la parte que se refiere especialmente a la industria algodonera, y
en general, a la cuestión entera de las prohibiciones, «queda intacta». El
Gobierno no resuelve ni de un modo ni de otro la cuestión económica; el
Gobierno se limita a conservar en cuanto a algodones todo lo que existe de
la manera y con las mismas condiciones que tiene hoy y que viene teniendo desde tiempos antiguos y especiales, señaladamente desde el reinado de
Carlos III ... ... … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
…………………
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»Puede asegurar aún más la comisión al Congreso. ………………………
»Resulta, pues, que hoy no resuelve la cuestión económica algodonera,
sino una mera cuestión de aranceles fiscales; que al resolverla «se va más
allá de lo justo» para proteger nuestra industria, y que ésta se conserva intacta con las mismas condiciones que tenía desde tiempos antiguos”.
En efecto, la comisión no proponía que se admitiesen en España aquellos géneros que las fábricas de Cataluña producen, “sino algunos de los que
no producen; y con tan tímido y vacilante paso se entraba en la reforma,
que la misma comisión, como acabamos de ver, confesaba que había pospuesto la justicia y la conveniencia pública al deseo de agradar a los fabricantes de telas de algodón.
Pues, todavía no se dieron por contentos los representantes de las fábricas, y por resultado de nuevas conferencias y nuevas idas y venidas, anunció
el 13 de junio el señor Infante, presidente de la comisión, que aun sacrificando su opinión algunos de sus individuos, se habían hecho en el proyecto
ciertas alteraciones en sentido más restrictivo.
Para nosotros, que queremos la libertad completa y absoluta de comercio,
y que estamos persuadidos de que las provincias que más han de ganar en ello
serán las catalanas; para nosotros, que creemos que el mejor de los aranceles es
no tenerlos, dicho se está que habrá de ser mezquina y miserable la proyectada
reforma. Sin embargo, bajo un aspecto nos parece grande, y por eso aplaudimos al Gobierno por haberla intentado y a las Cortes por haberla sancionado: bajo el aspecto de que se rompe la valla, de que se da el primer paso en la
pendiente que nos ha de llevar a la realización de nuestras doctrinas.
Diez y nueve enmiendas se presentaron en la discusión ya en favor de
una, ya en favor de otra industria. El debate fue amplio, solemne, grande,
así en el Congreso como en el Senado; los diputados catalanes hicieron prodigios y apelaron a todos los recursos de la elocuencia; algunos senadores, y
especialmente el señor Peña Aguayo, recién convertido al partido prohibicionista, defendieron su terreno palmo a palmo. Nosotros, sin embargo, no
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oímos un argumento siquiera en favor de la prohibición ni de la protección
que pudiese tener alguna fuerza. Que se iba a perjudicar a la industria; que
se iban a cerrar las fábricas; que Inglaterra había sido siempre prohibicionista hasta sir R. Peel, y ahora se trataba de que volviese a serlo; que la industria
en España había progresado mucho; que toda industria necesitaba protección: tal era el círculo en que se encerraron todos los oradores.
Pero, ¿cómo es posible, preguntamos nosotros, proteger especialmente
una industria sin perjudicar las demás? Si tratamos, por ejemplo, de fomentar la industria minera prohibiendo la importación del carbón de piedra, dañamos a la industria algodonera, que puede introducir su carbón a precios
cómodos; si, al contrario, declaramos libre de derechos la introducción del
carbón, ¿no podrán quejarse los mineros del privilegio concedido a otra industria? Lo mismo podemos decir de la sedería, de la lanería, en una palabra,
de todas las industrias, porque todas tienen un lazo común que las une y es
imposible adoptar medidas especiales con una, que no influyan más o menos
directamente en todas las demás. De aquí resulta, que para evitar toda suerte
de privilegios odiosos, es necesaria una de dos cosas: o extender la prohibición o la protección en beneficio de todas y cada una de las industrias, o no
concedérselas a ninguna. Lo primero, dado que fuera posible, sería un aislamiento más riguroso que el establecido en la China, la falta absoluta de muchos artículos que en España no se producen, el abandono de la agricultura,
la paralización del comercio. Lo segundo, es la libertad comercial en toda su
extensión. Uno y otro sistema son lógicos y se comprenden, siquiera el uno
sea evidentemente malo: lo que no se comprende es el sistema ecléctico de
la protección que reúne los inconvenientes de los dos. Entre estos extremos
absolutos sin duda alguna existe, como ya en otra parte hemos demostrado,
no un empírico medio término, sino una fórmula sintética que negándolos
alternativamente los concilie en el seno de una idea compleja, de un tercer
principio, en una ley superior que al absorberlos los ponga en armonía. ¿Cuál
es esta ley? Nadie aún la ha descubierto; pero, sin embargo, hay una cosa averiguada, y es que para hallarla es preciso realizar primero y completamente los
elementos que en su composición deben entrar. La prohibición ha hecho sus
infructíferos ensayos: la libertad debe poner por obra los suyos. La ciencia en
seguida formará la balanza de la verdad y del provecho.
Diremos para concluir sobre este punto, que el partido progresista, a
excepción de alguno que otro diputado por las provincias catalanas, así en
el Congreso como en el Senado, votó en favor del proyecto, el cual a muy
luego fue sancionado por la Corona.12
12 Véanse para esta discusión la sesión del 13 de junio y siguientes en el Congreso, y del 7 al 12
de julio en el Senado. Diario de las Sesiones.
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V
Cuestiones administrativas. Proyecto de ley sobre travesías de caminos gene-
rales. Ídem sobre dotación de los directores de caminos vecinales. Ídem sobre
el establecimiento del impuesto sobre faros. Ídem sobre el camino de hierro de
Langreo a Gijón. Ídem sobre roturación de terrenos. Ídem sobre construcción
del canal de San Fernando. Ídem sobre beneficencia. Ídem sobre prisiones. Ídem
sobre dotación del culto y clero. Ídem sobre enjuiciamiento por el Senado. Ídem
sobre arreglo de pesas y medidas. Ídem sobre el camino de hierro de Aranjuez.
Proyectos de menor importancia.
***
En esta legislatura se ha mostrado el Gobierno muy solícito en procurar
a las Cortes trabajos de esos que se llaman de interés material; y el presente
capítulo está destinado a dar una idea de cada uno de ellos, así como de las
cuestiones administrativas que se han debatido.
La primera cuestión de que tuvieron que tratar los Cuerpos Colegisladores fue la importante de caminos. El Gobierno presentó al principio de
la legislatura dos proyectos de ley, uno dictando varias reglas para el cumplimiento de la obligación que por las disposiciones vigentes tienen los
pueblos situados en las carreteras principales de costear la construcción y
conservación de las mismas en la travesía respectiva y en las 325 varas de entrada y salida; otro para dar un sueldo que pueda llegar a diez mil reales a los
directores de caminos vecinales, siendo éstos nombrados por el Gobierno
y aquel pagado de los presupuestos municipales. Al considerar estos dos proyectos con que inauguraba el Poder sus reformas sobre caminos, no parece
que pudiera salir un más ridiculus mus del mons parturiens ministerial. De
esperar era, en efecto, o por lo menos de desear, que al fin se presentara un
plan general bien combinado sobre caminos, un sistema vasto y completo,
cuyas diversas partes fuesen ejecutándose en razón de su urgencia relativa,
aprovechando los capitales empleados en otras obras, ahora paralizadas, y
que con cortos sacrificios podrían ser productivos. Cierto que no es tan fácil
formar un plan general de obras tal como debía formarse; pero si tanto era el
afán del Gobierno por someter a las Cortes proyectos de esta especie, pudo
y debió presentar ante todo, una relación minuciosa del verdadero estado
de nuestras vías de comunicación clasificando con separación las que se pudieran dar por terminadas en su totalidad, las que necesitaran terminarse
con la nueva construcción de algunos trozos, las que exigieran reparaciones
considerables, y por último, las correcciones que hubieran de hacerse en el
trazado de algunas otras de las que se dan tal vez por buenas. A este estado
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hubiera podido acompañar un proyecto para ejecutar las obras; y con las
necesarias economías en otros artículos del presupuesto, y con la supresión
de gastos inútiles, habrían podido destinarse a ese importante objeto sumas
cuantiosas. En materia de obras públicas todo está por hacer, aún las mismas
obras. ¡Y en este estado vino el Gobierno presentando un proyecto como el
de travesías y otro para dotar a los directores de caminos vecinales!
En verdad que el Ministerio de Obras públicas estaba pobre de influencia, y era necesario darle facultad de nombrar 450 empleados más. Vino después la discusión de un proyecto estableciendo en todos los puertos donde hubiera “aduanas” un impuesto para “faros”. En este proyecto se
imponía un derecho por tonelada a todos los buques que llegasen a un puerto
de aduana, hubiese o no hubiese faro; y aunque se aseguraba que las cantidades recaudadas se invertirían en la construcción y conservación de faros,
ninguna disposición había que diera la menor garantía del cumplimiento de
esta promesa por parte del Gobierno. El importe total del impuesto que iba
a votarse era, sin embargo, según los cálculos del señor Sánchez Silva, de cuatro millones de reales, y según los del señor Canga Argüelles, individuo de
la comisión, de 1.160.000 reales. Tal fue la segunda “mejora material” que
aprobaron las Cortes.
Votase después la autorización que el Gobierno había pedido para conceder un interés de 6 por 100 a los capitales invertidos o que se invirtieren en la construcción de un ferrocarril de Langreo a Gijón y Villaviciosa.
Pequeña, exigua y demasiadamente parcial era la medida; pero al cabo no
podía decirse que no fuese de grande utilidad; cosa mejor se podía haber
hecho, pero lo que se proponía hacer era bueno y por todos los partidos fue
aprobado con gusto.
Nosotros seguimos en esta parte a todos los partidos. Lo mismo puede
decirse, no obstante la impugnación del señor Campoy, del proyecto presentado por el Gobierno en la anterior legislatura y aprobado a principios
de ésta, con el fin de legitimar las roturaciones de terrenos que se hubiesen
hecho sin autorización competente; y asimismo es un proyecto útil, aunque
tememos llegue tarde o no llegue jamás a realizarse, el relativo a la apertura de
un canal de Córdoba a Sevilla. Por último, ya que en este párrafo nos hemos
puesto a aplaudir, no concluiremos sin declarar que encontramos muy ven530
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tajoso, si se lleva a cabo, el arreglo de pesas y medidas, hecho con gran copia
de antecedentes y datos por la comisión del Congreso y aprobado por éste;
que igualmente nos parece bien la exención de contribuciones a los capitales
empleados en las obras de riego; y que aprobamos la autorización concedida
por el Congreso para abonar 6 por 100 de interés a los capitales invertidos en
el camino de hierro de Madrid a Aranjuez, proyecto que el Senado no quiso
pasar, puesto que se hubiese, por decirlo así, tragado el enorme presupuesto, y
con él hasta la indemnización de la empresa de Guardacostas.
Uno de los proyectos de ley que ofrecieron más discusión fue el de beneficencia. La cuestión era, en efecto, de trascendencia inmensa; pero el
Gobierno, siguiendo en su mal sistema de no emprender de lleno ninguna
reforma y limitarse a modificar lo existente en el sentido de la más exagerada centralización, declaró desde luego que no se trataba de hacer una ley de
beneficencia, sino de “regimentar” (palabra textual) los establecimientos
de piedad hoy existentes. Así rechazó la introducción de una enmienda que
presentó el señor Borrego, y que en su concepto tenía sus puntas y ribetes de “socialista”, porque decía la gran verdad siguiente: “la beneficencia
pública es una obligación del Estado, el cual la ejercerá en la medida de
sus recursos, socorriendo a los ancianos, a los enfermos, a los impedidos, a
los párvulos y a los pobres que no tengan medio alguno de proporcionarse
el sustento diario, siempre que los arbitrios municipales y provinciales no
sean bastantes para cubrir esta sagrada atención”. El señor Borrego, tachado
de socialista por haber proclamado estos principios inconcusos, retiró su
enmienda proponiéndose justificarse, y al mismo tiempo, desenvolverlos al
tratar de cierto articulito que la comisión del Congreso había introducido
en el proyecto, y en que se prevenía al Gobierno que adoptase sus medidas
para extinguir la mendicidad. Allí pensaba el señor diputado explayarse y
entrar en la cuestión del pauperismo, desentrañando sus causas, mostrándonos sus efectos y dando su opinión sobre la manera de extinguirlo. Pero
la comisión y el Gobierno tuvieron a bien perdonar al señor Borrego el
discurso a que estaba comprometido, retirando aquélla bruscamente y en
el momento preciso el artículo sobre el cual debía recaer la peroración. El
señor Borrego, amenazado de una indigestión de ideas, acudió para evitarla
a los periódicos, lo cual aplaudimos, porque en nuestro sentir es preciso
dilucidar ahora estas cuestiones importantísimas, y buscar su más acertada
solución, antes que la necesidad de resolverlas sea tan premiosa que no dé
lugar a una discusión tranquila y sosegada.
Después de haber traído a “ordenamiento y regla” la beneficencia, quiso
el Gobierno hacer partícipes de los mismos beneficios a las cárceles; para ello
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se activó la discusión del proyecto de ley de prisiones. En todos los proyectos
sometidos por el Ministerio a las Cortes, hallamos por lo general, el defecto
de la pequeñez, y la idea de extender su influencia omnipotente desde la Corte hasta el último y más desconocido rincón de la Península. Esto es lo que
llaman los moderados organizar la administración, cuando en realidad es sofocar la vida de los pueblos, ahogar todo pensamiento vivificante, y en último
resultado, hasta imposibilitar la acertada resolución de los negocios. Parecía
natural que antes de tratar de la cuestión de establecimientos penales se resolviese otra también muy importante, a saber: cuál es el sistema penitenciario
que debemos adoptar; pero por lo visto, el Gobierno tampoco quería en este
caso, como en el anterior, sino “regimentar” lo existente.
Vino después el proyecto de dotación del culto y clero. Quizá se extrañará por algunos que clasifiquemos esta cuestión en el número de las administrativas; más si así fuera, y se pretendiera que por este mero hecho
queríamos rebajar su importancia, diríamos que para nosotros también la
tienen grande las cuestiones de administración, y que en realidad, no puede
calificarse de otro modo un proyecto que se reduce pura y simplemente a
excogitar los medios de “dotar al clero” de un modo decoroso, estable y
permanente. Cierto que esta cuestión se roza con la política por la diversa
manera en que la han resuelto los diferentes partidos; pero esto no puede
quitarle su índole administrativa.
Presentó al Gobierno uno de los proyectos más curialescos que hasta
entonces habían salido del caletre de los moderados, y la comisión del Congreso, no queriendo ser menos, lo corrigió y aumentó con una buena dosis
del más puro ultramontanismo. En esta discusión fue donde se puso más
de manifiesto la profunda hipocresía de ese partido sin fe y sin creencia, y
su deseo de atraerse la opinión del clero por medio de una baja adulación,
mientras por otro lado dejaba en la miseria a sus individuos y en el abandono
más completo los templos. El señor Mon y los oradores de la mayoría hicieron
alarde del más edificante misticismo, y cuando el señor San Miguel, uno de
los hombres más probos de que se envanece el partido progresista, presentó
una enmienda para que el clero fuese pagado de los presupuestos del Estado,
el Gobierno y sus periódicos, dando a su discurso una interpretación malévola, lo trataron como un hereje, como un hombre desalmado, que comparaba
el cáliz y demás objetos del culto a una escribanía u otro utensilio doméstico.
Y sin embargo, el sistema que propuso el señor San Miguel es el mismo que
rige en Francia desde la Revolución, habiendo sido aceptado por todos los
diferentes gobiernos que después se han sucedido.
Mucho se empeñaron en probar los oradores de la mayoría que el proyecto que sostenían daba al clero una dotación decorosa y permanente.
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Prescindiendo de que ya es ley ese proyecto, y las justas quejas del clero no
han cesado, antes bien no hace mucho que ha pasado a La Granja una comisión para exponerlas, diremos que no puede ser permanente una dotación
cuyo principal fundamento es la negación de uno de los dogmas principales
que sostiene un partido poderoso que no está fuera de las condiciones necesarias para subir al Poder. Tan luego como a él llegue ese partido, indudable
y necesariamente habrá de poner en práctica el principio de la desamortización eclesiástica, y como consecuencia de este principio, reformará la ley de
dotación del culto y clero. La manera de dar al clero una dotación independiente habría sido fundarla en principios que todos los partidos pudiesen
admitir sin inconsecuencia, una vez que por experiencia viesen que la ley
llenaba el objeto de mantener el clero y el culto de un modo decoroso. Así
estos dos objetos estarían fuera de cuestión en la lucha de los bandos políticos. Pero los moderados lo han arreglado de otra manera.
Esta discusión dio origen a otra escena dramática del género que podemos llamar “edad media o feudal”. Había presentado el señor Ríos Rosas
un voto particular, que si no estaba en los que nosotros creemos buenos
principios, se separaba menos de ellos que el dictamen de la mayoría de
la comisión. El Gobierno, como tenía de costumbre siempre que hablaba
algún individuo de la oposición moderada, se había quejado amargamente
de que le hubiesen abandonado ciertos hombres, a quienes sus periódicos
solían llamar amantes despedidos, si ya no los comparaban con verduleras,
no obstante su carácter de legisladores. Entonces el señor Ríos Rosas, contestando a las quejas del señor Mon, y con el objeto de manifestar el origen
de su oposición, dijo que se había separado del Gabinete “cuando en una
cuestión tristemente célebre tuvo una gran parte de la Cámara que salirse
fuera por no votar”. Estas palabras exaltaron la cólera del señor presidente
del Consejo de Ministros, el cual, con semblante irritado, se llegó al señor
Ríos Rosas, le habló al oído y salió del salón. El señor Ríos Rosas salió tras
él, y la mayor parte de los diputados salieron tras el señor Ríos Rosas, sin
que pudieran detenerlos las almibaradas frases del señor Seijas Lozano, que
a la sazón tomó la palabra para defender el dictamen de la comisión. Al día
siguiente en el Congreso, el señor Ríos Rosas y el señor Narváez se dieron
mutuas explicaciones y el negocio quedó en tal estado.
Nuestros lectores desearán saber ahora cuál fue la cuestión a que aludió
el señor Ríos Rosas. Ya supondrán que con exactitud sólo este diputado
puede saberlo, porque el partido moderado ha tenido muchas cuestiones
tristemente célebres. Los periódicos de aquel tiempo, y entre ellos uno “moderado-puritano”, indicaron que se trataba de una en que el señor Bravo
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Rafael María Baralt / Obras completas (Tomo V): Escritos políticos
Murillo hacía el papel de protagonista; pero nosotros no creemos que así
fuese, porque vimos a los demás ministros irse levantando sucesivamente a
rechazar el cargo, y al señor Bravo Murillo, que estaba presente, callar como
un muerto, lo cual prueba que en su conciencia no se creía aludido en lo
más mínimo. Sea de esto lo que fuere, ya hemos dicho que al día siguiente
quedó cortado el negocio, y todo el mundo satisfecho con las explicaciones
que mutuamente se dieron el diputado y el presidente del Consejo.
Un proyecto de ley sobre enjuiciamiento para los casos en que el Senado se constituya en tribunal, proyecto en que, como en todos, se extiende
más de lo necesario la esfera de las facultades ministeriales; otro, discutido
en el Senado y aprobado en la legislatura anterior por el Congreso, sobre
jurisdicción y propiedad en materia de minas; la autorización para vender
al Duque de Montpensier el Colegio de San Telmo de Sevilla; el proyecto
relativo a la recusación de abogados consultores de los tribunales de comercio; peticiones y aumentos del presupuesto con multitud de pensiones más
o menos justas, son los últimos asuntos que en el orden administrativo han
ocupado la atención de las Cortes.
VI
Cambios y vicisitudes de los partidos durante la legislatura. Resultado de
los trabajos legislativos para el país.
***
Dos cosas a nuestro modo de ver nos faltan para completar en lo posible
este imperfecto trabajo: dar una idea de los cambios y vicisitudes porque
han pasado las distintas parcialidades del Senado y del Congreso, y presentar en relieve los frutos buenos y malos que los trabajos legislativos en esta
última época han producido.
Lo que tenemos que decir del Senado está dicho en cuatro palabras:
en el Senado, la oposición progresista se mantuvo unida; la oposición del
señor O’Donnell, con tanto énfasis anunciada, desapareció después de la
primera votación, y quedó solamente la del señor Marqués de Viluma, que
muchas veces, secundado en esto por el señor Galiano, logró dar lecciones
de constitucionalismo al Ministerio.
En el Congreso se sostuvo desde el principio hasta la conclusión de la
legislatura, la alianza entre las dos parcialidades ministeriales de que ya hemos hablado. Esta alianza se deshizo después, y en el momento en que escribimos estas líneas no sabemos si se habrá rehecho, porque los moderados se
unen y se desunen con asombrosa facilidad según su interés particular se lo
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Historia de las Cortes / Rafael María Baralt
aconseja. El motivo del rompimiento ha sido la cuestión de aranceles, es decir, la medida más beneficiosa que han decretado las Cortes. Cuando se ha
tratado de decretar dos quintas y aumentar los presupuestos, ha reinado entre los bandos dominantes la más perfecta armonía y el más cordial acuerdo,
y sólo al poner en ejecución una medida útil al país, se rompe la alianza y se
presentan obstáculos y se favorecen intereses bastardos. En vano dicen los
periódicos de la fracción Narváez que la ley se pondrá en planta tal como la
han votado las Cortes: lo cierto es que el señor Mon quería publicar ya los
nuevos aranceles y sus colegas no se lo han permitido; lo cierto es que después de votada una ley por las Cortes y sancionada por la Corona, todavía
parece que no basta esto para plantearla; todavía parece que necesita la sanción de ciertas y determinadas influencias. En vano se dice, como han dicho
los narvaístas, que el motivo de la crisis ministerial ha sido la oposición del
señor Mon al decreto de amnistía; parece cierto que el señor Mon se opuso
en efecto a aquella medida, y no pretendemos nosotros lavarlo del borrón
que esto pueda arrojar sobre su fama; pero si consultamos las fechas, veremos que la crisis comenzó un mes después de aquel decreto. ¿Cómo, pues,
no se manifestaron antes en el señor Narváez y su bando, esos escrúpulos de
humanidad que ahora tan repentinamente los aquejan?
Por otra parte, si es cierto, como se ha dicho sin que nadie lo desmienta,
que el señor Sartorius dio orden a la administración de la Gaceta para que no
se publicara nada sobre aranceles que remitiese el señor Mon, no sabemos
cómo el señor ministro de Hacienda encuentra compatible con su honor la
continuación ni por un momento en un Ministerio de que el señor Sartorius
forme parte. En cuanto a las oposiciones moderadas, ya desde el principio de la legislatura anunciaron lo que debían dar de sí: el señor Benavides se mantuvo siempre en su puesto, si bien no manifestó grande energía en el ataque; la oposición del señor Ríos Rosas tuvo sus altos y bajos y, últimamente, sólo el señor
Polo y algún otro diputado quedaron para sostener la honra del pabellón. La
oposición del señor González Brabo se presentó amenazadora en la prensa
con el periódico El Examen; el Gobierno la hizo callar por los medios suaves
a que está acostumbrado; el señor González Brabo anunció en la tribuna que
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Rafael María Baralt / Obras completas (Tomo V): Escritos políticos
iba a hablar; el Ministerio lo retó a que hablase, y S. S. no habló. ¿Por qué?,
dirán nuestros lectores. Por hacer rabiar a los progresistas. Todo esto es soberanamente ridículo.
Vengamos a la oposición progresista.
Ya hemos dicho que los diputados demócratas habían retirado su proposición para fijar los principios del partido, en vista de la extraña manera de fijarlos inventada por el señor Cortina. Cuando llegó la discusión del
Mensaje, se reunió la minoría progresista en casa del señor Mendizábal, para
tratar de las enmiendas que debían hacerse a aquel proyecto, y entonces de
repente se volvió a suscitar por el que para el caso llamaremos bando Cortina
la cuestión de dar un Manifiesto al país. Acordose entonces nombrar una comisión que redactase la declaración de principios; esta comisión, compuesta
de los señores Cortina, González, Cabello, Madoz y Ordás Avecilla, presentó después dos dictámenes uno redactado por el señor Cortina en unión
de los señores González, Madoz y Cabello, otro escrito exclusivamente por
el señor Ordás. No hemos visto el programa que escribió el señor Cortina;
pero tenemos dos antecedentes para saber a qué se reducía: 1° El programa
de la minoría progresista; 2° El discurso del mismo señor Cortina en la discusión del Mensaje. Sobre uno y otro hemos dado ya nuestro parecer. El voto
particular del señor Ordás era un embrión de lo que fue después el programa
de los cuatro diputados demócratas. Leyose primero este voto, y a pesar de
los rumores favorables con que fue acogido, once individuos solamente lo
tomaron en consideración; leyose después el del señor Cortina, y no obstante la frialdad notable con que fue escuchado, lo tomaron en consideración
y aprobaron todos, menos los señores Rivero, Aguilar y Puig. Aprobado el
programa del señor Cortina, tratose de su publicación, y entonces un diputado de los que no habían votado, personaje eminente en el partido por su
patriotismo, por sus grandes servicios a la causa de la libertad, y sobre todo,
por su honradez acrisolada, se levantó y dijo: que había votado el programa
por evitar un rompimiento; que lo había aprobado como regla de conducta
interior para la minoría; pero que si se trataba de darle publicidad, no lo firmaría, “antes se cortaría la mano”. Suscitose con este motivo una borrascosa
discusión, cuyo resultado fue nombrar una comisión para que propusiese el
medio más conveniente de publicidad; cuya comisión halló que el medio de
publicidad más oportuno era que no se publicase.
En vista de este resultado, se reunieron los cuatro diputados demócratas,
y dando al voto particular del señor Ordás Avecilla la forma metódica, ordenada y científica con que después se presentó al público, intentaron que
se celebrase una nueva reunión de la minoría por si alguno más, como era
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Historia de las Cortes / Rafael María Baralt
probable, se adhería al programa en esta nueva forma. Pero no fue posible
conseguir semejante reunión, y entonces los cuatro diputados se decidieron
a publicarlo.
Entretanto pasó la discusión del Mensaje y pasaron otras discusiones
importantes, y la mayoría de la minoría progresista se encerró en su tienda
como Aquiles, y allí encerrada, se durmió, y sucedió todo lo que ya hemos
referido.
Por resultado de todo tenemos que en las últimas Cortes se aprobaron
en política todos los desmanes del Gobierno, y luego se le dieron votos de
gracias, plácemes y enhorabuenas, cuando quiso reparar de algún modo las
violencias que había cometido; plácemes y enhorabuenas, como si aquel
acto por parte del Gobierno fuese un acto de inaudita clemencia, de inefable bondad, de nunca visto heroísmo. No negamos nosotros las gracias al
Gobierno por la amnistía: el Gobierno se dejó llevar a grandes excesos, causó grandísimos perjuicios durante su odiosa dictadura; pero pudo prolongar los padecimientos de sus víctimas, y no lo hizo; pudo llevar más allá su
crueldad, y no la llevó. En este sentido merece, hasta cierto punto, nuestro
agradecimiento, a la manera que lo merece el agresor injusto que nos hace
daño, pero que renuncia a hacernos todo el que pudiera.
En cuestiones políticas, el Congreso rechazó también toda idea que tendiese a disminuir el crecido número de empleados que cuenta en su seno;
aprobó la intervención funesta de las tropas españolas en un país de cuyos
habitantes ningún agravio habíamos recibido, y aplaudió la unión del Gobierno con las potencias absolutistas para sofocar las ideas liberales.
En economía, las Cortes, principalmente el Congreso, llevaron su ministerialismo hasta el punto de declarar, dos meses después de abierta la legislatura, “que no era urgente para el servicio del Estado que el Gobierno presentase los presupuestos”, y que tampoco era necesario “ver” los de Ultramar;
sancionaron el monopolio del crédito con el proyecto de reorganización del
Banco; consintieron que el Gobierno faltase a su promesa en la cuestión del
empréstito forzoso de 100 millones; le concedieron autorizaciones de toda
clase, desprendiéndose de sus prerrogativas; adicionaron el presupuesto de
gastos con mayores cantidades de las que había pedido el Ministerio, el cual
por cierto no había andado escaso en hacer sus aumentos; otorgaron pagos
preferentes y de legitimidad dudosa, en que estaban interesados individuos de
su seno; por último, votaron la ley de aranceles, única medida beneficiosa que
en esta parte les debe el país, pero cuya publicación todavía está en problema.
En administración, votaron impuestos sin garantía de que se aplicaran
a su objeto las cantidades recaudadas; sancionaron el funesto principio de
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la centralización administrativa, y el no menos funesto de la amortización
eclesiástica y civil; extendieron el círculo de las facultades del Gobierno;
por último, aprobaron cinco proyectos de ley de reconocida utilidad: 1° el
del camino de Langreo; 2° el de roturación de terrenos; 3° el del canal de
Lora a Sevilla; 4° el relativo a la exención de contribuciones para los capitales empleados en obras de riego; 5° el arreglo de pesas y medidas.
Resultados en beneficio del país: estos cinco proyectos, todos de provecho remoto y la mayor parte de utilidad local; y además, el de aranceles,
cuya utilidad, grande sin duda, consiste más bien en lo que puede hacerse
en lo sucesivo que en lo que ahora se ha hecho.
Resultados en perjuicio del país: dos quintas; aumento del presupuesto
en 50 millones por la contribución de inmuebles, más cuatro millones por
los intereses “permanentes” del empréstito para telégrafos; más la subida
de sueldos a los presidentes de Sala de las Audiencias; más las dotaciones
de los directores de caminos vecinales, que pueden calcularse lo menos en
dos millones; más millón y medio, que según el cálculo del señor Canga
Argüelles, importará el impuesto para faros (y no tomamos el cálculo del
señor Sánchez Silva que lo hizo subir a cuatro millones); más los intereses
del camino de hierro de Langreo; más cerca de doscientos mil reales a que
ascienden las pensiones concedidas en esta legislatura; más la suscripción a
los Códigos y al Diccionario del señor Madoz, que figura en el presupuesto
cuando debía figurar en cuenta particular entre el Gobierno y los interesados, cargando aquél su importe a los haberes de los individuos de las clases
pasivas que hubiesen tomado las obras.
Deben también entrar en el catálogo de los trabajos perjudiciales al
país la ley de autorización para el arreglo de clero; la de reorganización del
Banco de San Fernando; la del empréstito forzoso, en cuanto se deja de
cumplir una promesa solemnemente empeñada; la de beneficencia en cuanto consagra el principio de la amortización civil, da al Gobierno excesivas
facultades; la de prisiones; la de dotación de culto y clero, fundada en la
amortización eclesiástica; y otras varias de menor monta de que ya arriba
nos hemos hecho cargo.
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unter dem Namen Bindegewebszellen auf. Alle diese Elemente bestimmen ihn, den hinteren Lappen der Hypophyse als einen in Verödung und Entartung begriffenen Theil zu betrachten und mit dem Endfaden des Rückenmarks in Parallele zu setzen. Der vordere Lappen der Hypophyse, der zuweilen einen Fortsatz an den Stiel der Drüse aufwärts sendet, ent- hält in einem Bindegewebsgerüste die durch Zcker bekannten Blasen und innerhalb derselben polygonale und kuglige Zel- len, die zum Theil auf einer Facette Cilien tragen. Seine Arterien kommen zum grössten Theil aus dem innerhalb des Sinus cavernosus gelegenen Theil der Carotis, seine Venen münden in den Sinus Ridleyi. Bezüglich der Nerven bestä- tigt Luschka die Angaben von Hirzel, Krause d. Aelt. u. A., dass Zweige vom Plexus caroticus in den vorderen Lappen der Hypophyse eintreten. Ihre Zahl beträgt nicht mehr als 2—3 jederseits. Die Abhandlung Wagners über die Verschiedenheiten der Hemisphärenwindungen und des Hirngewichts, von welchen bereits der vorj. Bericht (p. 204) einen Auszug brachte, ist, begleitet von Abbildungen der Gehirne von Gauss, Dirichlet, C. F. Hermann u. A., nunmehr erschienen. Wagner unter- scheidet mit Huschke 2 (transversale) Centralwindungen,, so- dann vor diesen 3 Stirnlappenwindungen, entsprechend dem 1.—4. Zug der Urwindungen Huschke’s, hinter den Central- windungen 3 Windungen des Scheitellappens, 3 des Schläfe- lappens und 3 des Hinterhauptslappens; die letzteren sind weniger scharf markirt und daher die Eintheilung minder bestimmt vorgezeichnet. Am gesondertsten erscheint die erste Windung, Gyrus oceipit. primus Huschke, hinter der 1. Parietal- windung zu beiden Seiten der grossen Längsspalte, Sie wird nach vorn begrenzt von der Fissura oceipit. int., nach hinten von der Fissura post. s. oceipit. horizontalis (Seissura hippo- campi Gratiolet). Zu ihr rechnet Wagner auch die beiden Zwischenscheitelläppchen Huschke’s, welche die hintere Spitze des Hinterhauptslappens bilden helfen. Die 2. oder mittlere Hinterhauptslappenwindung (2., 3. und 4. pli du passage Gratiolet) füllt mit 2 geschlängelten Windungen und mehreren Eindrücken insularisch den Raum zwischen der darüberliegen- den 2. Scheitellappenwindung, den nach vorn liegenden Ur- sprüngen der 2.u.3. Schläfelappenwindung und der stumpfen Spitze des Hinterhanptslappens aus. Diese wird nach unten 144 Gehirn. durch die 3. Hinterhauptslappenwindung vervollständigt. In Bezug auf das Gewicht des Gehirns liefert Wagner eine Ta- belle von 964 Wägungen, mit Hinzufügung des Alters, des Geschlechts und der Krankheit der Individuen, auf das fran- zösische metrische Gewicht reducirt. Sie bestätigen das ge- ringere absolute Gewicht des weiblichen Gehirns. Das Gewicht hochbegabter Männer unterscheidet sich nicht auffallend von dem Gewicht anderer normaler Menschen. Um zu erforschen, wie sich in Individuen von verschie- dener BER Begabung das Gewicht der mit den eigentlich psychischen Functionen betrauten Hirntheile zu denjenigen Orga- nen verhalte, die bei den psychischen Thätigkeiten nicht be- theiligt sind, er Wagner den Grosshirnstamm (Med. oblongata, Brücke, Vierhügel und Zirbeldrüse, pedunculi cerebri) nebst dem Kleinhirn bis zu den Sehhügeln ab und wog diese Theile, so wie den Rest des Gehirns, beide gesondert. Eine Tabelle von 19 Wägungen ergab unter sehr unähnlichen Verhältnissen des Alters, Geschlechts, der Geistesarbeit doch oft fast gleiche Zahlen. Wurde von je 5 verschiedenen, unter sich vergleich- baren Menschen Grosshirnstamm nebst Kleinhirn als Einheit genommen und mit dem Denkorgan (Hemisphären ete.) ver glichen, so fand sich das Verhältniss: Bei,:5 Gelehrteni:}. ob vr2«u11d6,70 * 5.Handarbeitern.:..; .. 1:6,01 -,. 5. Frauen .. 171103 Es sind also die leise nich bevorzugt, während Huschke’s Thesis sich bestätigt, dass bei Frauen das Gross- hirn relativ überwiegt. L. Meyer überzeugte sich, dass an den Stellen, auf welchen pacchionische Granulationen aufsitzen, die Arachnoidea regelmässig trüb und verdickt ist. Dies, sowie die von der Arachnoidea verschiedene Anordnung der Bindegewebs- und elastischen Fasern macht es ihm zweifelhaft, ob die Gra- nulationen als zottenförmige Verlängerungen des eigenen Gewebes der Arachnoidea gedeutet werden dürfen. Die nicht gestielten Zotten schienen ihr Gewebe wie durch eine von feinen Spiralfasern umgebene Lücke der Bindegewebs- bündel der Arachnoidea vorzudrängen ; die Vergrösserung erfolgt durch secundäre Auswüchse und durch Spaltung des Gewebes der primären Zotte. Die Zotten haben in der Regel einen Ueberzug von hypertrophischem Epithel, mindestens zwei Zellenschichten mit melonenförmigen Kernen, auch zwei Kerne in derselben Zelle. Gegen Luschka weist L. Meyer nach, dass die Granulationen von dem Arachnoidalüberzug des Ge- Nerven. 145 hirns (dem visceralen Blatt) ausgehe und indem sie die innerste Schichte der Dura mater perforiren, in die Maschenräume der letztern hineinwachsen. Was ihre Ausbreitung betrifft, so fand der Verf. sie nicht selten in beträchtlicher Entfernung, 4—5 Cm. von der Medianlinie, und über die Vorderlappen fast bis zur Basis zerstreut. An der Basis des Schläfenlappens kommen sie in allen Graden der Entwicklung vor, in der Regel nach der Richtung der Artt. und Vv. meningeae geordnet. Häufig finden sie sich an zwei beschränkten Stellen des hintern Lappens, an seinem hintern zugespitzten Ende und an der Grenze des mittlern Lappens. Die erste Stelle entspricht dem Winkel, den der Sinus sagittalis sup. mit dem Sin. transv. bildet, die andere entspricht der Einmündung des Sin. petr. sup. in den Sin. transversus. Weit verbreitet aber schwach: ent- wickelt ziehen sich Granulationen von der Incisura post. des Kleinhirns linienartig über die Mitte des Oberwurms und längs des freien Randes der Hemisphären. Stärkere Entwickelung der Granulationen des Schläfenlappens fand der Verf. stets mit bedeutenderen pathologischen Veränderungen des Gehirns und seiner Häute ‘verbunden. Indem hierdurch der Einfluss der Congestionen auf die Ausbildung der Pacchionischen Gra- nulationen erwiesen wird, gründet Meyer auf ihre Stellung längs der Sinus, von denen er annimmt, dass sie bei Bewe- gungen des Gehirns abwechselnd weit und eng werden, die Vermuthung, dass die Granulationen durch Reibung und Zer- rung der Oberfläche des Gehirns erzeugt würden. Arnold’s Abhandlung enthält eine detaillirtere Beschrei- bung der im vorj. Bericht (p. 205) erwähnten neuen Nerven der Dura mater, aus welcher sich ergiebt, dass die Zweige vom 2. und 3. Aste des Trigeminus, die die Art. meningea med. ein Stück weit begleiten, Knochennerven sind, wogegen der R. recurrens n. vagi, wie schon aus der früheren Mitthei- lung hervorging, dem Sinus transv. und oceipit. angehört. Biesiadecki’s Untersuchungen führen zu dem Resultat, dass im Chiasma der Sehnerven bei Menschen und Thieren eine vollständige Kreuzung der Nervenfasern stattfinde. Bei Unter- suchung der oberen Fläche des menschlichen Chiasma_ zeigt sich zuerst eine Faserschichte, welche, vom Gehirn absteigend, brückenförmig zum Chiasma läuft, den hinteren Winkel des- selben verdeckt, sich in einem Halbkreis an das Chiasma an- legt und über dessen ganze obere Fläche sich ausbreitet, zu- weilen auch am vorderen Winkel auf die untere Fläche und die Nerven übergeht. Diese Fasern, Hannover’s Commissura ansata, hält Diesiadecki für bindegewebig. Nach Entfernung Zeitschr. f. rat. Med. Dritte R. Bd. XII. 10 146 Nerven. derselben sieht man (an Chromsäurepräparaten) den continuir- lichen Verlauf der Nervenfasern vom N. opticus bis zum hin- teren Winkel des Chiasma; der mediale Theil der Fasern geht schon auf der oberen Fläche zur entgegengesetzten Wurzel, die lateralen Fasern dagegen kreuzen sich erst im Winkel und verlaufen in der Wurzel lateralwärts, die anderen Fasern der Wurzel kreuzend. Von dieser Regel fand der Verf. einzelne Ausnahmen, in welchen die Fasern vom Nerven in einen immer dünneren Fortsatz ausliefen, der lateralwärts concav: mit seiner Spitze zur Seite des hinteren Winkels des Chiasma endete. Mit der Convexität berührten sich beide Fortsätze in der Mitte des Chiasma; der vordere, durch diese Berührung gebildete Winkel war ausgefüllt von Fasern, die vom vorderen Winkel des Chiasma in ein Bündel gesammelt zum Nerven ziehen und denselben von innen nach aussen kreuzen; . der hintere Winkel war begrenzt durch einen Faserwulst, der commissurenartig zwischen beiden Wurzeln verlief. Die Fasern in diesen Fort- sätzen schienen auf der dem Nerven entsprechenden Seite zu bleiben. An der unteren Fläche des Chiasma ziehen die Fasern von der den Wurzeln zum vorderen Winkel, kreuzen sich in demselben und erscheinen auf der oberen Fläche der Nerven als ein gesammeltes Bündel, welches, im Nerven vom medialen zum lateralen Rande ziehend, sich mit‘ den übrigen Fasern kreuzt. Zwischen diesen Fasern verlaufen im hinteren Winkel des Chiasma Fasern der Längsaxe des letzteren parallel, die oft durch das Infundibulum in der Mitte eingedrückt werden. Vom Innern des Chiasma gewann der Verf. durch Abheben einzelner Nervenbündel immer nur Bilder, die den Uebergang der Wurzelfasern zum entgegengesetzten Nerven bewiesen. Die lateralen Fasern der Wurzeln gehen bogenförmig längs dem vorderen Winkel zum entgegengesetzten Nerven. Oommissuren- artige oder scheinbar auf derselben Seite bleibende Bündel zeigen bei genauerer Untersuchung Fasern, die an der Kreu- zungsstelle abgerissen sind. Von fünf Fällen einseitiger Blindheit, welche Diesiadecki gesammelt hat, war in zweien die dem kranken Auge ent- gegengesetzte Wurzel atrophisch, in dreien die Atrophie nur bis zum Chiasma gediehen. Als Nerven der Parotis ermittelte Dernard einen Zweig des.N, facialis, der sich innerhalb der Schädelhöhle mit dem N. trigeminus verbindet (N. petr. superf. minor). Waters sah Nervenäste in den feineren Zweigen der Bron- chien, ohne dieselben jemals in die letzten Endigungen der- Nerven. 147 selben verfolgen zu können. Nervenzweige, die die Bron- chialarterien begleiten, schienen sich im Lungengewebe zu verbreiten. Durch die Verbindungen der beiden Vagi im Plexus oeso- phageus wird nach Kollmann nicht nur der vollständige Aus- tausch ihrer Nervenfasern, sondern auch eine absolute Ver- mehrung derselben im rechten (hinteren) Vagus erzielt. Den Ast, welchen nach Wrisberg der N. vagus im For. oesophageum zum Zwerchfell abgeben soll, konnte Kollmann nicht finden. Von den Zweigen des Plexus gastr. ant., die sich zum Pylorus erstrecken, verbindet sich oft Einer mit einem sympathischen, die Art. coron. dextra begleitenden Stämmchen, wodurch der Anschein entsteht, als setze sich derselbe bis zum Nerven- geflechte der Leber und Gallenblase fort. Auf Grund mikros- kopischer Untersuchung behauptet Kollmann, dass das Vagus- ästehen mit dem nächsten Seitenzweig der Art. coron. wieder zum Magen zurückkehrt. Die Aeste, welche der linke Vagus zur Leber sendet, verlaufen, an Zahl den Magennerven fast gleich, durch das Lig. gastro-hepaticum. Acste vom Ganglion semilunare zum Magen kommen nur ausnahmsweise vor. Die Existenz der von Aemak beschriebenen mikroskopischen Ganglien der Magennerven zu bestätigen, ist Kollmann nicht gelungen. Vom Stamme des rechten Vagus gehen nur einzelne Aeste zum Magen; die Mehrzahl geht nach links und rechts mit den betreffenden Gefässen zur Leber, Milz, dem Pancreas, den Nieren und Nebennieren und dem Dünndarm, zu den Organen der rechten Seite häufig durch Vermittelung des rechten Ganglion semilunare. Die Behauptung, dass der Vagus sympathische Fasern aus den obersten Brustganglien zugeführt erhalte, stellt Kollmann in Abrede; der letzte Zweig, den der Grenzstrang des Sympathiens in den Vagus absendet, kömmt vom Gangl. cervic. inf. und tritt grösstentheils durch den N. laryng. inf. wieder aus. 10* amalyd. ee aih dnseccnif nie a ee radlaniingurge imonia dire ori nid tebnlctern ubalodk: tab show. radomaitt nebnalisigeden dtzehl maps nur | wor vaas: Bidt ‚sülsarob wear: Ama “u ee be yrab: cn ee ae Wiki, eier mi dat erlänegs Hl Imabr ldetne nastusfein ibn un Brllgusd mar stenk senäingen-Öreng gel: enkinetoriib Sulsialg SU 107 aaläyraurdanensn nm dsthmod nagsH ass arnaielinier | soilgun!) maıloairfedetrdinmnsnsdsidoess annäh.ner oh seta bogstulog Alain: srl ter snregälund\as- ‚aarıauagsliässh - mus Weohlonloanieisumdaden euaa mahloarn ash: Snraralfrire ) » Hab, sim Wahloars bin erde dor lim: aib vage eb ars Porsah alikinsaded as Inndaiter) mbhsterisd sauagıd neh sarsbenhlt meh‘ ba meoirtnuda Bi toilermi) walılser ash. SunlaltinmaV doruh grad ind Ineihlabr mob sHoseikiagrivesangnV. ob and ‚zuifiedoil ill; « Srsehktenge Aleiet ‚etlecin. Irdülsgun noipnegdenmd uptirsdonnahvunse read naarasmot) ab ab aan istsl roh abs e Ylguer. mer Iseröd- ‚Jobiaeis auge. rare enrößtsgung veshr isn! j wol: sarah ROM Stirb "Biechai Nöraten a ru a BE: 5 +: Praerm. die ul uber leg Banane ee BE ir nr; ; ehr Kart ai ei: Larry G DAR iInelE, e wolche FE ade ”? u nal 2 DEE > 6 ak echte ehe ei HE „in a arR% Aug © en Dar Ri 2 suäch enares amphännlı,, au denen AR Make Kr Fri 2 I Ubinsiäs ge € hr a - s | } & 2? u es a e werner EOS) EITRFTIEITG. NE BSR bxeig ü ; a a a 5 MEBRRLULNMERT is ger Sieh Apneznalb: der Sohtuinihänig nit Yan tiger indes IN, Be: SI iiruer) | Harn: =: Nermehiste m des:fikereh) Aesigan dar Brom m, | ins clsun. Terpale m 5 ANtebeem Kndigaigen Ace, "or MR Entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Theil. Von Dr... Wo Kıeferstein, Professor in Göttingen. we Le a eng ae BL ‚Obi ii B $ ib ER ‚uissnnoiod. W a. a a ‚nagaitöd ai aa Aa & # t 5 » I T #. ed at 4 n & N BL E RE En x i > ‚ A EAN 2 wi 7 s_ A: mn Es d Rn = 2 Me ur SE I » e a Ni 5 S | I x © € % De ; 5 ’ % T - 7 AR = 2 » z 8 ze a i & f Fr, A DS - 1 4 en Ft * i £ ia « et. 2 23 $ 3 EEE \ x x Sr 4 * N {tk RT e i 1 } ; \ u Ei 3 2 x . z 3% By g Y Vale Sk 4 ee 5 = 4 ET RG 4 ‘ & AD } » I &, u e Zuger 1 Mt. ne (eb EEE, | be x 2 . 3 ’ Sarg h e !. { % ui a ä = Zi 2 ik TER \ F is u s ; iR i am Denn u u W ER 2 SR, 5 e = a ei 3 IA g R . Da J e FR set ‘ Wr iu pe SR rt 5 Heli IN a - aM en er & x j ’ = Bericht über die Fortschritte in der Genera- tionslehre in den Jahren 1858. 59. 60. Zeugung. Ch. Darwin, On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London. 1859. 8. 502 S. (d.:thousend 1860). Ders., Ueber die Entstehung der Arten im Thier- und Pflanzenreiche durch natürliche Züchtung oder Erhaltung der vervollkommneten Racen im Kampfe um’s Dasein. 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Entstehung der Arten. : 159 P. .Broca, M&moire sur l’hybridit& en general, sur la distinetion des especes animales et sur le metis obtenu par le croisement du lievre et du lapin. 1. partie. Jour. de Physiol. I. 1858. p. 433—471. — 2. partie. ibid. I. 1858. p. 684— 729. — 3. partie. ibid. IT. 1859. p. 218-258. 4. partie. ibid. II. 1859. p. 345—396. Als allgemein auf die Theorie der Fortpflanzung bezüglich müssen hier vorerst zwei Punkte berührt werden, die vor- züglich in unsern Nachbarländern Frankreich und England die Aufmerksamkeit der Naturforscher in Anspruch genommen haben: zuerst die Frage nach der Generatio spontanea, welche in Frankreich angeregt durch den um die Entwicklungs- geschichte verdienten Director des Museums in Rouen Pouchet und unter Betheiligung vieler und ausgezeichneter Forscher diseutirt ist, und dann die Theorie von der Entstehung der Arten, wie sie der berühmte Naturforscher und Reisende A: Darwin aufgestellt hat und die in England in wohl allen wissenschaft- lichen Gesellschaften und Journalen unter dem lebhaftesten allgemeinen Interesse von allen Seiten beleuchtet ist. Während die erstere Frage über Frankreich hinaus kaum irgendeine tiefere Theilnahme erregte, hat die Darwin’sche Theorie auch in Nordamerika und Deutschland manche Stimmen wach gerufen. Anknüpfend an die Thatsache der Paläontologie, dass in vergangenen Zeiten auf der Erde andere organische Wesen wie jetzt lebten und dass in der Folge der Zeiten eine Reihe Wesen verschwanden, andere dafür: neu auftraten, und im Gedächtniss, dass durch Sir Ch. Lyell’s Bemühungen die Theorie der Katastrophen in der Entwicklung der Erde und ihrer Ge- schöpfe ganz verlassen ist und die Ansicht von einer ver- hältnissmässig gewaltlosen Aufeinanderfolge der Formationen allgemein als die richtige gilt, hat Charles Darwin versucht, eine Theorie der Entstehung der Arten der organischen Wesen zu begründen und alle in Raum und Zeit von einander ge- trennten vermöge eines grossen Prinzips, welches er „natural selection“, natürliche Züchtung, nennt, von einander abzuleiten. Darwin liefert uns in dem vorliegenden Buche die Arbeit vieler Jahre und will es nur betrachtet wissen als den Auszug eines grossen Werks, das namentlich die genauen Nachweise über die angeführten vielen und wunderbaren Thatsachen bringen soll, welche man in dem vorläufigen Buche vermisst. Nach Darwin’s Ansicht gehen alle Arten in einander über und das, was die Naturforscher als Species beschreiben, ist nur ein grade dem Ort und der Zeit entsprechendes Bild lebendigen Wesens und die Versteinerungen einer geologischen 160 Entstehung der Arten. Formation sind nicht die Zeichen einer neuen Schöpfung, son- dern (p. 315) „only an occasional scene taken almost at hazzard in a slowly changing drama“ und Zwischenstufen der Fossilien der grade drüber und drunter liegenden Formationen (p. 476). — Darwin knüpft zur Stütze seiner Ansicht an die Beobach- tungen der Thierzüchter an, welche durch sorgsame und fortgesetzte Züchtung gewisse Modificationen ihrer Thiere nach Willkür hervorbringen und erhalten: die Individuen, welehe diese Modificationen besonders gut zeigen, werden allein zur Paarung gelassen und wegen der Erblichkeit solcher Eigen- schaften treten diese in den folgenden Generationen immer reiner und stärker hervor. So verfährt nach Darwin auch die Natur „by natural selection“. Wenn alle erzeugten Wesen auf der Erde zusammen existiren könnten, wäre solche natür- liche Züchtung unmöglich, aber es muss sofort zugegeben werden, dass eine sehr grosse Zahl von Individuen untergehen müssen, damit nur einige leben können. Viele Individuen gehen also unter und es bleiben „in the struggle for life“ nur solche übrig, die grade den augenblicklichen Verhältnissen von Ort und Zeit am angemessensten organisirt sind: nur diese also paaren sich und so ist „Nature“ im Stande, die ihr pas- senden Modificationen grade so wie der Thhierzüchter im Laufe der Zeit immer exquisiter hervorzubringen. So entsteht in der Natur eine Species aus der andern. Allerdings muss Darwin zugeben (p. 481), dass alle Naturforscher, die speciell eine Thier- oder Pflanzengruppe studirten, von der Unwandel- barkeit der Species überzeugt sind, aber Darwin glaubt, dass diese speciellsten Kenner allgemeineren Fragen viel zu sehr entfremdet werden. Darwin lässt uns über seine eigene Meinung nicht in Zweifel. Ich glaube, sagt er p. 484, dass die Thiere von höchstens vier oder fünf Urerzeugern abstam- men, und die Pflanzen von einer gleichen oder geringeren Zahl. Analogie aber leitet mich noch einen Schritt weiter, zum Glauben nämlich, dass alle Thiere und Pflanzen nur von einem einzigen Prototyp abstammen, und es folgt weiter, dass alle organischen Wesen, welche je auf der Erde lebten, von einer primordialen Form abstammen, in welche der Schöpfer am Anfang Leben einhauchte. Ref. darf an dieser Stelle nicht weiter auf eine Wider- legung dieser Theorie eingehen: sie scheint ihm mehr ein geistreicher Traum als eine nach allen Seiten erwogene und geschützte wissenschaftliche Darstellung, und der Schlusssatz des Darwin’schen Werkes möchte allein dieses Urtheil be- gründen. Darwin sagt hier (p. 490): „It is interesting to Entstehung der Arten. 161 eontemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing in the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately con- structed forms so different from each other and dependent on each other in so complex a manner have all been produced by laws acting around us. These laws taken in the largest sense, being growth with reproduction ; inheritance which is almost implied by reproduction ; variability from the indirect and direct action of the external condition of life, and from use and disuse, a ratio of increase so high as to lead to a struggle for life and as a consequence to natural selection, entailing divergence of character and to the extincetion of less-improved forms. Thus from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that whilst this planet has gone cyeling on aceording to the fixed law of gravity from so simple a beginning endless forms most beauti- ful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved.“ Die Einzelheiten der Darwin’schen Ansicht sind nicht neu: Buffon schon hielt die Species nur für ein Resultat der äusseren Umstände und es ist bekannt, welche Wandelbarkeit @eofroy St. Hilaire der Species zuschrieb. Am weitesten geht La- marck, allerdings nicht in seinen ihm unsterblichen Ruhm bringenden systematischen Werken, sondern in seiner Philo- sophie der Zoologie, wo er die Species nicht einmal durch äussere Einflüsse, sondern durch reine Zufälligkeiten in ein- ander übergehen lässt und ihnen also gar keinen Werth bei- misst. Darwin hat die Sache nur auf die Spitze getrieben. Er rühmt sich p. Es ist merkwürdig zu sehen, dass, während Darwin so die Species für äusserst variabel erklärt, zu derselben Zeit sich Agassiz ganz im Sinne Cuvier’s für die völlige Unver- Zeitschr. f. rat. Med. Dritte R. Bd. XII. 43 162 Generatio aequivoca. änderlichkeit derselben erklärt und dies in seinem Essay on classification begründet. *) Nachdem grade die letzte Zeit so ausserordentlich reich an Entdeckungen über die Fortpflanzungsweise der niedersten Organismen der Pflanzen und Thiere gewesen ist und nachdem man besonders in dem Eneystirungsprocess und den Winter- eiern eine Einrichtung erkannte, die diesen Organismen auch unter den ungünstigsten VErRaIESäch ihr Leben erhält, ist es doch nicht ausgeblieben, dass die Lehre von der Geherättd aequivoca wieder aufgetaucht ist, nachdem man sie längst als eine für unser Verständniss der Natuterscheinungen unnöthige Hypothese bei Seite gelegt wähnte. Es ist F. Pouchet in Rouen, der sich der verlassenen Hypothese annimmt und der Pariser Akademie einige Versuche mittheilt, welche ihm evident für die Generatio aequivoca zu sprechen scheinen. Pouchet hatte eine Literflasche mit kochen- dem Wasser gefüllt und dann unter Quecksilber !/a Liter reines Sauerstoffgas und 10 Gramm Heu, das 30 Minuten auf 100° erhitzt war, eingebracht, und a die Flasche hermetisch verschlossen. Schon nach 8 Tagen zeigten sich Pilzbildungen und am 10. Tage wurde die Flasche geöffnet und viele weisse Flocken drin gefunden, welche aus einer neuen Aspergillusart, die Montague als A. Pouchetii bestimmte, bestanden. Einen andern Versuch stellte Pouchet in Gemeinschaft mit Houzeau an. Eine 5° Literflasche mit kochendem Wasser wurde zu °/a mit einem Gemisch aus Sauerstoff und Stickstoff in dem Verhältniss, wie sie in der Luft vorkommen, gefüllt, dann 10 Gramm vorher 20 Minuten auf 100° erhitztes Heu eingebracht und: die Flasche hermetisch verschlossen. Schon am 8. Tage zeigten sich deutliche Haufen von Penicillium, nach einem Monat wurde die Flasche geöffnet und es fanden sich grosse Flocken von Penicillium glaucum Link und von Aspergillus, ferner unzählige Amoeba diffluens Duj., dann Trachelius trichophorus Ehr., Trachelius globifer Ehr., Monas elongata Duj., Vibrio lineola Müll., Vibrio rugula Müll. — Durch das vorhergehende Erhitzen des Heues auf 100° glaubt Pouchet alle Keime der Pflanzen und sicher aller Thiere zer- stört zu haben. Um dies zu beweisen, kocht er !/ı Stunde die Sporen von Penicillium glaucum und sieht, dass die Spo- ren dadurch vollständig zerstört wurden (aber Pouchet hatte *) Vergl. hierüber R. Wagner’s Anzeige von Agassiz Essay on classi- fieation mit Rücksicht auf Darwin’s Ansichten in den Götting. gel. Anz. 1860. St. 77—79 (auch separat Göttingen 1860. 8. 43 Stn.). Generatio aequivoca. 163 das Heu nicht gekocht, sondern nur trocken im Ofen auf 100° erhitzt). Wenn, wie K. E. von Bär sagt, die Akademien „die Bewahrerinnen der Kritik“ sind, so ist sich die Pariser Akademie dieser Aufgabe bewusst gewesen, denn gegen die Deutung der Pouchet’schen Versuche zu Gunsten der Generatio aequivoca erhoben sich sofort Milne- Edwards, Payen, Quatre- Jages, Cl. Bernard, Dumas, jeder, um eigene Beobachtungen gegen dieselbe vorzubringen. Milne- Edwards macht den sehr richtigen Einwand, dass durch Erhitzen auf 100° die thierischen Keime nicht zerstört würden und erinnert an die merkwürdigen Versuche von Doyere, der die Tardigraden auf 120 bis 1400 erhitzte, ohne dass sie starben. Ferner führt derselbe eigene Versuche an: er füllte zwei Röhrchen mit Wasser und organischen Sub- stanzen, ?/3 in ihnen blieb mit Luft gefüllt; das eine wurde zugeschmolzen, das andere blieb offen, dann wurden beide eine Zeit lang in kochendes Wasser gestellt. In dem zu- geschmolzenen Röhrchen entwickelten sich keine Infusorien, während im offenen schon nach einigen Tagen sich deren befanden. Payen erzählt, wie er 1843 mit Mirbel Sporen von Oidium aurantiacum auf 100°, auf 120° erhitzt habe, ohne dass sie ' die Keimfähigkeit verloren hätten, bei Erhitzen auf 1400 war diese aber zerstört. Quatrefages führt zum Beweise, wie zahlreiche Keime von Pflanzen und Thieren in der Luft schwebten, an, dass er den Staub untersucht hätte, den Boussingault auf seinen Filtern zurückbehalten hätte, als er seine Untersuchungen über den Regen bei Stürmen anstelltee Nach einigem Aufenthalt in Wasser zeigten sich zahllose Sporen, encystirte Infusorien, zwei Räderthiere, Monaden. Cl. Bernard hatte in zwei-Flaschen eine Lösung von Ge- latine und etwas Rohrzucker gethan und !/4 Stunde gekocht. In die eine Flasche wurde darauf Luft, die durch ein glühen- des Rohr gestrichen war, eingeführt, in die andere trat gewöhnliche Luft: beide wurden hermetisch verschlossen. Schon nach 10 Tagen zeigten sich in der Flasche mit ge- wöhnlicher Luft Vegetationen. Nach 6 Monaten wurden sie geöffnet und Montague untersuchte beide Flüssigkeiten: in der Flasche mit gewöhnlicher Luft fand er zahlreiche Peni- eillium glauceum in voller Fructification, die Flasche mit über- hitzter Luft zeigte keine Spur von Thier und Pflanze. 3,” 164 Generatio aequivoca.
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Homiliae catholicae in vniuersa christianae religionis arcana cunctis Diuini Verbi praeconibus utiles ualde, atque pernecessariæ in libros sexdecim diuisae ... Auctore p.f. Ioanne Cartagena Hispano ..
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Nam fi nequaquam conuenittnbeneordinata.^ Kepublica plura capita confiicui , vc pUcuic Arifiorclidicenci: T^vx e/i bonum pluralitas prin- cipitium , vnde illius difcipulus Alexander Cyro, qui libi dirmdtu.m Alixotfcrehat impe* riu<n,rerpondit, Tiecgemini intdlcfelesi neein regno duo reges j mulco quidem minus conuenic duos m mundo ede Deos, ve aperte latetur Dauid C',oogI('_ 37 Uaaid mqttiens.Kfr^ fuia non ef? «/itr/ Denr <•«*•>• invniner^ lerr^mifi untuMtut/ratl. Hinctdcm Propheta gentium deos appellat dambnia. Om- 9f*im 9t. nex, inquit, Dij gentium dumenu , Quod ali| ver* fitmtimrd. tufic , DeicuU. £c GcDcbrardus lotcrpreutur omnes D:i gentium nihiU , quod nomen fan* 6as ApoRolus Dj;s gentium impoTuir» dicens : Sctmni tfuu nibil efi idolum in munde , i3 furxlf nullHt Deutntfiunux . Sed quoniam alicui for* tafle videbitur diRteile , dum Paukis nihil e(Tc« air, feimus , fw/j uibtl ef? idetum , cum ex l>gn<H argento, vel auro confici illud conRet; lacilis s.ra.jaM ^itfolutio difficultatis, fi fandi Tboma racio- 0« » eadem Ap^oli verba imerprenneis con- fiderentur . Prima ratio eft i fi diuinum ido* k) mefle numen opinatur idololatra, plane deci- pitur, quoniam idolum nihil habet deitatis ; at fi culror idoli credit fiatuc ab hominis arte fa- dc adeflcvicx fpirirum» non minus fallitur, aptrrd fic docuit Hieremias : Faifnmef^ ifuod C9uftjMi$ t (r nenefifpiritMsinte. Altera^ nrk/m/t» ratio efi,qua idolum efienthd, Oiuus Thomas nut»*. oRendit» quod quatenus idolum, eius praei* poa natura eft, ^iqoid reprsfeotarc , fed ido- lum nihil omnino eorum > qu» in rerum natura fune , pr« fe fert, quippe totum efi pura fidio, & inanis machinatio, nec habet illud efie, fi quod habet , pnteer vanam decepti Mololacr* opinionem , 8r phantafticam de nihilo imagina- cionem j quod elTe imaginarium , & nihil efle , paria cenlenda fuot . Ex omnibus ergo , quz di- ximus,liquet Deumnoflrumeflcvnom, ceteros vero nibiU , feu Oririder , aihil fadeo^ » pro ludo , & ioco habendos. Reliquum nuneefi, vt aliqua dtumarom lit- terarum tefiimonia proferamus, quibus perfb- narutr fandiffims Trinitatis pluralitas ofien- datur. Nam fi humana mens naturalifque ratio, pollquamad vniratis Det cognitionem acceffit, pergere vherius non valet, fed ad tante lucis fiilgorem prorfus hebefeit , colligat quoque ne- cefleefi , pro cognofeendo diuinarom perfona- rum numero , ad illa teflimonia confugere opus efle, que Deus in pluribus (acre paginz locis rcuelauic , reliquis huius tradationt^ Homili)S copsofios inferenda . Nunc ergo pauca libemus» w.rAifa*. primis Moyfis verba declaremus, que in Cm»/i Vulgata interpretatione fic leguntur : Eduxit me Dtut dedemofatru mei. Quod ex textu He- JHS. stfftk. br«o ita vertit Robertus Stephanus : Errare yel yegari me fecerunt dif . Quo nomiue non.# deorum, fed perfonarum in vno Deo plurali- tatem intelligere debemus . autem legi- {uf ii) po(f modicum » telUt meftHormeux , in Hebrzo eO ( vt aduertit Genebrardus ) Deus ftHoretmei» His cefiimonijs fimiliafunc, que iwrrA»). d Hiercmia feribimtur , peramifii yerb* Dei yi- Hentit , Hebraus legit » feruertsfU verbi de»- U/atr.f, rnm, Ecvbi legimus inlofue: Deus enim Sm- iius$ Hcbrzi legunt ( vt Calatinus aduertit) Helaiut boc cRdi/, vcl iudtces : ac denique.» vbi Vulgata dicit apud Kaiain: Vidi Domi, nim fcdenttm fuftr Tbreaiuii » io Hebrao legi- Lik I. HomilU 7^na'. Jt lur, yidi d»minintet , Quo ttfilmonio fandus Achanafius vtiturlt^uensdefiic Tr nitatis.ad huius myMeri) confirmationem. Non ignoro /we«. mihi obi;cipo4ir, his omnibus per me nunc al- legatis locis probari folum in Deo pliTC$,quarii vnam, non autem tres effe perfona* | namad perfuadendumnonenevnam, & fiogularemin Deo fufficic , vt Sabellius aiebaCiduas efle per- fonas, quem numerum Plato confcdusefi: ve ait fandus Bemardus, fcraionedcTrinicate.! ; •* KMN«n, inquit Plato, iaveiu, (futcundu «prra- tw, «hmu prr f Nnu nmdj epernicr , terttum «u* ie« iimeairr »«n pMiu • Hu c dub o fieri fatis poterit I (i verba eloqoentiffMu Octroois per- pendamus: 0»Nudiio> inquit «ddrohareadsM» tertium lU^d re<fuinmt , ^ quifi nedum yincu- lumque dejiderant . Quibus fane verbis, quam* uisille» non de quo agimus Trioiucis myfie- rio ( id enim prorlus ignorabat ) fed de aeris elemento loqueretur , quo tanquam vinculu ignis , terra , & aqua cohzrent: nihil tamca-» aptius » vcl conucnienous noflro argumento dicere poniie* Nam fi io Deo perfonas admit- timus duas,necefrarium pariter cR , ne inter f« difsideant , tertiam quoque effe perfooam^» que vrrinfque fit vinculum , & nexus, nempe Spiritum fandum , quem Diuus Thomas, s#- v.rUmd», xum » Patris, & Fili) nominauit . Praterea..» Del illa verba :Faria«ti/hoaiisr»«d imagmem» Oumf. pmiUtudtntm uefirinLj $ manifefie docent tres in Deo tlTe periooas . vtiam late m Homi- lia quinta docuimus. Nam fi hominis ammam ad imaginem fuam , atque fimtlitudineni..» Deus creaoie, & anima eR vnain efientia, & trina in potentijs, quid inde fidei lumine no- bis przlucenee , debemus elicere , lufi anioue audorem Deum effe vnum cRcntialicer » & tri- num perfonaliter^vc exemplar Archcrypocon- ueniac . Hoc etiam ante ChriRi aduentum d Dciphicooraculo (vrfcnbie Eugubinus)fam> r-«a- mo Deo veritatis audore illud cogente vera-» referre ,dum interi ogaretur ab Ethnicis»quif- nam eflet Deus, qui adorare deberet, io hanc fenccnciam declaratum fiitt. "Hf me Ptiuam fupremum iit/flix ipfefieerdes Sei/cilerir de fanh», ac fvpremegemiore Et (obele cbsri rtbux megr.i induperantie Et fiit» mundum aifr/diiMi tMiiaetom- nem. Ex illuRrioribus Rabbinit quidam nomine i/Sm» i»iy- Ifaac Inzocar demyRerio Trinitatis loqueoSii ait : Indiuinn efientii funt tret coroM» h ifiz trfscanmd, funt ynn caxona yniin in vniute ad- modum perfefh . Nam quemadmodum cerni- mus in fupremi Sacerdotis , atque Pontificis tiara tres elfe coronas inter fe quidem diRio- das , voi tamen tiara infertas *, fic in Deo» qui eR vna cfientia (imphcifsima , tres repe- rtunnir diRinda perfonz • quarum fingulis diuina ineR natura integra , & indiutfa ; quo- niam non poceR fieri, vt diutnitatis fciodatur natura, vtdodcfcripfit Soloaius . Quodacu- s«/Mr'Maa (d docuit Toletanum Concilium decimum., **lfj^f* C 3 lexcum , * ge J9 DeSanUiJjf'. Trimatu Arcano felium» per haec wbi : Hdc fiuSs Trimtasi M€C rt€td$t i nwmer$ » nec cafitur Bumtro. Nam tres diuinc perfooc licet ooincnim effi* ciiaetemariiiffl » oon tamen de pnedtcamcoto ^antitatis » quippe omnes in D^perfonc fune ?niu8 limpUciffima » & ab omni multiplica- ciooe oomeri remocillima. MemorabUe didu t-ftpii f q*><^ fcriplsc Incognitus auAor grauidi- mus , fingulari vtens (imilieiidifle , adSluftran- dam in myderio nobis tam occulto meatis hu« manae caliginem t Aiperilla Pauli Apoftoliver- ba ( yidmtu numc im per /ptcmlum ) vbi ait : io aipiam demiflb crydalli fpcculo » dua_« locet Ibi I & qnicfcie nada.tres protinus (ibi (i> miles (oles , primnm in cato » alterum in fpecu' lo»tertinm in aqua (ulgere»quorum primus cum i fe ipfo (blo lucem accipiat » & fecundus i pri- mo illuldretur; ac denique tertius i primo } & fecundo communicatum habeat fpleodorem; non quidem tres (unt » fed tantum fol vous exi- ftir. Ne tamen dcomparatiooe folis recedamus» Qroua». Cyrilli referamns exemplum»contemplantis in fole> Patrem generantem» in radio Filium ge- nitum , & in calore Spiritum fandum ab vtro* que procedentem; ait enim ille: ImsgsTdinf £ff fdl » radius FtUut « sator Sffritusjau^. Sol Patrem mulca cum proprietate fignificat: oam • vc fol ab alio fole non gignitur » ita Pater.quem Theologi vocantingcnicumiab alio noemanac : « & iicut radius folis ab ipfo naicicur fole > atque ei coxQus ed iu Filius i Patre non minus»qua ille nafcirur acernus • Quin etiam quemadmo- dum fui i calo nunquam difcedens fuam didiin- dic lucem » qoa terram calefacit vniuerlam » il- lamque dscundat i (ic Pacer in calofempcrma- neos»nec vnquam ad nos in corpore defcedens » (uummidcFiliumtqui fuit modi lux» & ab vero- qne Spineus fandus egredicur»qui iocreaeui ca- lorell » quo Deus ipfe animas fouet » atque vi- uificatPratcreaiTCfolares radij predofos vnio- fws» aliafque gemmas» & aurum intra terra vi- fcera gignendo»& fuper terram plantas» d ani- malia producedo indicant virtutem folis»i qno calorem accipiunt; fic Filius» & Spiritus fan- dus mirabilibus in hominum genus collacis operibus » ad animorum falutcm» acerni Patris potentiam * atque inhnicam virtutem decla- rant >& pradicant. Sjfentit in Deo vnitas , gj* perJo~ narum T rinitas faerts Ittte- ris,(f Tatru fententijs , necnon accuratis rattomhus oHeditur. VEMADMODVM Hebrftt- nimgens inter omnes terra- i^um Orbis nationes antiqua^ & cognitione gloriari pote- rac» fic edam cultu verat reli- gioois in Deo cooueniencer honorando varijs facrificioru vfa generibus praecellebat: nam faerificium.»» que^ placando numini folebatofierri » hodia pro peccato dicebatur; quod pro gratiarum adionc» bodia pacifica » pro petendis autenu» i Deol^ncficiis hodia voci^adonis; ac tan- dem facrificium» quod folum ad honorem Dei fiebat» nec hominisrerpiciebac vcilitatcm.ho- locaudi nomen habebat * Inter qiurfacrificia^ hoc erat difcrimioi8»quoQiam eorum>qua prius receofuimusi partem aliquam accipiebant fa- cerdoces » bolocaudi autem nequaquam erane participes * quippe totum igne confnmebanir iuxu Gratcff vocis fignificatkmem : bolocau- dum enim idem ed> quod cocum combudum: Deus autem noffer igais canfumtus ^ , Nonali- ter nunc videtur accidere in folemniudbus» difquediebus» quos fanda mater Ecclefia Deo» eiulipie Sandis coofecrauic: nam quadam San- dorum laudibus » alixoodris pedtiombus»ac impetrandis femiunc commodis» qua io reto- crifichs veterum refpoodent » qua parcim Deo» pardm facerdocibus applicabantur: pradms autem icdiuitatis» ficuc olim foli Deo holo- caudum» ita pariter nunc Deo taotum» ided diuiuitatis vniuti » & perfonarum Trinitati dec larandis infumenda mihi ed. In primis magis nobis irridenda» quam con- futanda iliorum opinio ed» qui Deum negauc- runc, ob idiOracis vocati Arheida» hoced Deum negantes I adeo namque impie» & dul- ce dcfipiunt » vc eos mittat lob ad animalia^ ratione carentia» quibus docentibus i tanto ' liberencurerrore» ac iodituantur viam ingre- di veritatis : JMrrrags » inqoit lob > iumeuto-» » 4j docebtmt te > 4sr toUtilia culi » tt indieabuut tibi : loquere terru » ^ refpMdebit tibt , ij nar- rtdmut ptfces maris . Flinc Euripides Poeca^ : tantam puiapit Vlilefii » & Theodori Cyre- oenfis dcmentiam»Deum ede negantiom » vt il- lorum impiam opinionem non fuerit aufusA- thenis palam referre » neabAthenienfibus A- reopogi iudicibus eam ob rem gram* plede- recur fiipplicio » vtPIutarcims de placitis Fbi-. iofbphornin mcmorautc. Pythagoras » vt hi- Aorix '^■"■•izod by Googie Ltb. /. HomilUDecmtt, Si Aoric narrantj quod libellum edidiffetiquem inlcnprerac » An Deus (ic exilio muldUcus > & libellus combuftus fuica indignillimuin_« » ac maxime perniciorum Athmienltbus iodi- cantibus in dubium reuocart , quod erat expio* ^ raciIflmum.SanSus loannes Damafccnus defi~ * de orthodoxa» nullum elTc tam anguA* menris» abiedique ingenij hominem aArmat» cui Deus hanc fui cognitionem non communicautrit >& cumnarura ipfa penitus infeuerir. Cojpuiio, in« qui t» <iMd Dtm fihab if/k HttitrsUter eSi infna^ t quodllegi; Prophets verbis optime conuenit: SignaiMM efl fuper nos lumen yuUns tsi Ds- miae.vbi noii lotum vnita$»tedperlooarum quo> que Trinitas indicatur , vt do^e interpretatur Ticclmannus.Sandus Thomas libroconcragen i.rk». f.i' tes duabux rationibus hanc de vnitate Dei veri- dcmonftrat, quarum prima cfti priori » quoniam incautis ad vnam lupremamtqux non ab aiia dependeat» & in agentibus» qua ad o- perandum mouenrur»ad vnum primum omnium motorem pcrlc immobilem peruenirc necelTo clLAltera ratioella poileriori»quz a mundi gu bematione» rerumque omnium ordine petitur ; mundi enim totius partes inter fe contraria exi flentes» quales lunc ignis»aqua»terra» & aer : ne- quaquam polTenc recinere concordiam » nili ali- qua fuperior vis elTct » atque virtus » qua illa 6c difltdenda coercerentur. QH9 argumento ab ip- fls fuprema omnium caufac^flibusdefumpeo /*.»■■■/■ loaanes Damafceiuis maxime nitebatur ad Dei voicacetn declarandam his » qui Deum cAe infi- ciaocurimundumq. cafu fidum affirmant» qua* lis £picurus»& Chrylippus luit. Quoru Ihiluffi- mus error » fle eos lequencium ffilliffima fenteo- oa facile refellitar»& improbatur » cum id quod calu fit»careat ordine»Ac concentu illo » quem in mundoccmimu$,tam certos orbium caleftium motuSitemporum varietates » oporrunam terra Ihidibus pluuiam»meffibus aAum»aliaque innu mera id genus» qua omnia cum Dauideconda- rfij. ff. mant:lp/e fecit nos,iJ uen ifffi nox. ac li dicerent: aduerme iDl1pientiffimi»quod antequam efle- iDus»aut poliquam nataram accepimus» manus Don habebamus»quibu$ nos creare, vel tueri pof femusupre ell Dcus>qui nos cx nihilo fecit»fada gubernati^ gubernata coaferuac.Hoc igitur. vc t. ollenderet Dimafccnusiconueniens noflropro- polito adducit culicis cxemplum»coius formam naturamq.fi conlidcremus.nemoerit > qui d5 in tanti artiricis rapiatur admirationem. eleganti penicillo expreflis petit huinfcc veri- tatis exemplum, quoniam nullus eA, qni imagi- nis venaAatem»& pidora excellentiam contem piatus, non confequenter pidoris manum» & in* genium admiretur.Cum igitur hpc mundi fabri- ca omaciffima palatia, locupletiffimos auro ar* gencoq. fpleodeQtes abacos, opulentiflimas da- pcs»atque omnia cantuum genera pulchritudi- DC»opulentia » & ruauicate fuperet» Aeri nequa- quam poteAiVe tantarum praAantia rerum foo careat aniAce»velaudoredeAicuitur* Magnus EccIeHaDodor Auguftinus tam Axum animo id habebar, vt dicere non dubirauerit:./# x yiuatn dum viuutfed tiox»sa fit Deus^ubitare undebe.^pon fa in canticis praclare omnia,qua diximus»per csMta,t, metaphoram inAnuac , cum fponfum amanter alloquens airiOixMiu tffufum lumeu fiu»i»pcr que verba vngucoco comparat odorifero, quod ad omnes tranfmittit odorem A perhmdacur.Nam vt Zapccium,reu alius pretiolus odor,dum in py xide,vcl intra ferinia cu Aoditur , odorem noa.. communicat cum rebus excernis » A autem ex- trahatur «omnes illius odore gratiffimo rccrean rur, Ac Deus antequam mundum conderet, in fe ipfo manens virtutem continebat luam, quippe per opera externa fe non communicaueraiivnde creaturis nondum exiAcnribus nemo illum po- terat cognofeere, donec verbo fui oris potentif- Amo vniuerfas condidit creaturas, & in eas fla- grantem fui odoris effudi r fua u ita tem j ideoque fobiecicSponfa dicensiCNiremur in 9dorem’tll^ ^uentorum taerNoi. Hoc dudus odore Dauid in_, Dcivcnicbatcognitionem,cumdixit;Calienar rentglffriimDeitiJ^feri manuum eius annunciant ' firmamentum i & rcliqiu qua in illo Pfalmo ele- ganter, & fapienter abeo deferibuntur. Cuius etiam odoris vi»a^ue virtute attradus Paulus ApoAolus DeuminueAigauir;quem perca, qu^ foeta funr,intelligi polTe fic feripAt j JnuifibilitLjt Dei a creatura mundi per ea,qiu fa(ia funt txirl/e- eonfpiciuntur : vbi per mundi creaturam sn* ceUigit hominem propter excelleatiam»quaau» inter S j SdnBtJf, T rmiuth jircdno ^ 4. jocer atiu creararas obcioec>vel propter cooue nieotiam , qu« homini cum omoi creatura ell. Nam reaera quidquid creaturarum cernitur» etiam minimus agri flo$»aut vilior herba Deum prf dicat fui auctorem:Ec licet parua iit» & voo caocum conftet folio» clarius tamen quam i Pia tonedeferipea plurima folia Deum ciTe cellatur» quippe quantumuis abie£iaiveOigium tameneli creatoris» & manifeftum fummi artificis argu« mentum.Nihilominus non deficic.qui Denm ef> ff.ifjf.* fc negaret» vt ait Dauid : Dixti mfipins in corde fuo.Hon efl Deut.it licet in(ipiens»tamen non om niooAultus. Videri fbrtafsepoceA»quod non id palam protuIerit»fed animo conceptum retinue rit.Quoaiamn tam impiam fui pedioris publi> 4 ' caflec cogitationem»non dubium erat» quin con traeum ratiofle»ac voce carentia faxaconfurge reor»& ranquam amota mentis prorfulque inia nus ventorum flatibus exflbilarerur. Verum fpe ciali Dei prouidentia faAum arbitroriinfipicn- cem illum fuam fententiam non proculif^e » vt certe inde argumento»(vt aionc Diaiedici ad bo minem)facile illum couinceremus : na cum ipfe fecu mente tenus dixerinnon efl Deus; idq. iam euulgatum fle per vniuerfum orbem »& nullus preter Ueum cordium cogitationes penetrare vaieatiCuidens efl Deum elfc» qui id reuelauit. Hunc igitur Deum vnum » & non plurvs exifle- rc humana mens confequitur. Sed relidis ratio* nibus » qu( (chola videntur aptiores» duas carv tu in medium adducam,qua facile ab omnibus percipiantur. Primum» nemini efl oblcurum ft duo eflent » & non vnus Deus • fuam vtrique ac propriam fore voluntatem»vDde»vno creareAn- gelum. aut quiduis aliud facere volente»alter pof iecabnucre»acreludari»&; qui fui voti compos euanflctialterius depreffa poteflare folus habe- retur oniniporens.Ac fi obijeias. quod vnus vcl Ict, alterum pariter» ac necefle voliturum » non^ vttque iam liberc»fcd coadus fecundus opera* bi tur.Prxterea Deorum ifla voluntas » aut eflee concors»auc difeorsid diflideret » quomodo om* nium rerum vigeret ordo»ac tam conflanter > & rapiccer mundus gubemaretur»quod enim vnus ficcrer.airer vellet infedum»innumeraq.incom* moda»^ abfurda contingerentSi autem duo ilU Dij firma»& immurabilivoluntate cohfrenr»vcl vnus potuit mundum crc3retmoderari»ac tueri, vcl ab altero pcndens»eius potentia» fcu volunta tatem expedauir;quod fi fponte quidem fua, ac folus per fe iprum»qu« diximus, valet exercere , fl>ck> non indiger, vnde ille alter omnino erit fuperfluus , ac minime ncccflarius. Atfinon potefl illa preflare folus , non veique Deus efl , cum d fe ipfo non habear omnia rreandi»dt cor* feruandi fJCuirarerr.His,ali)fq. fimiiibus ratio* nibusPythagoras perfuarus maluicAthenis exu lare.qud multos clTc Deos faterr.vt fandus Hic 0d rorymus teOacus efl. Augiiflinus dc Ciuicate^ Dei eximium illum , ac mcmorabiicm Philolo- phn.vi Socratem prodeflpdendahi^ius veritatis sff-CCUine animam protudille commemorat » quem ettam faudus ‘J hcmas(vcl quicunqvc illc efl, qui ruperBoeciam commecaria fcri‘pfit)pro>r.rs<« ^ fam Boetij tertiam interpretans memorat bente Anetho Athenienfium Ittdicepro facien- da huhis veritatis flde poculum veneno plenum haufilTe innoxium atque fuperflitem. Hanc Dei vnitarem Cyprianos vt probet ingeniofe» & ac- corace in tradacu de Idolis ratiocinatur» cuius verba memoratu digna hic duximus deferibeda; Vnut igitur Dominus eji Deus,neifue enim ilU fubli miuspoteRhebefe confortem^ cnmf^ommum te- neetpoteHAtem. ad ditunum imperium etiamdeier tis mitueaiHi exemplum Qu tndo vn<juam regni /b- eietastaut cum fide cvptl , aut fme cruore dfjut ? Sit Thebanorum gerwtanttat rupta , iS permanens eogis diffidentibus etiam in morte difcordu, O (temanet gemmostmum non eaptt regnumti^uos 'vnum vteri C9pit bofpttium.Vompeius»<S Cefar affines fuerunt, nec tamen neteffitudinis fcedus tn «miifa pouffate^ tenueruni.ne boc tu de homine mireris » cum in hoc omius neinrj eon/eniiit. Conturbat profundum marris { non iEolo ventorum domino; fiquidem,vc idem aitifvi producit ve«- for de ihejauris fuis , qui looar temport> ^*“**‘ ■• magnam cxcitauic tempefUrem , & filijs lirael Aegyptum egredientibus , diuifit mare i» di* vf»t. uffionet apuarum, &r deChriflodiCtum legimus apud Matihxumi^uirrfl i{iei^uta maria,C ren- u obediunt et i nec opus crac Baccho fallo vini deo 4^ Li^. /. Decimi, 44 »cmn Deo» «quam in Tionm uqimhm’<» jotelligcadaowqoemDcas Aiper aqaas ovauir» >MMw« V xztt vt ia^um ccmimusi dum oopcic io Cano t( videcnr indicare Chaldaica le^io hil verfait: GaliUn cel^rabancuri non Aelculapio ad me> Sptrftsr Oimim fgptrfadcm ««ntais - fttkf.it. dfndum,cum Alnlsimusaeattcritaiediooaffii Hicrooyaiiu in libro dc qucHionibna oon Cerere frugumDea^ciun iJle»qoein coUnua Hebraicis aduertic in Hebrao iic legi : Spiritiv fftt. r* pooeric miueie famem habeoubus » Maeno • Pemmi matMt fuper o^anr , hoc eit , louebac quod rerum omnium Taporem continebat # rea orooes»d( vic«rpiriC4mcommunicabaridc> quod mirabilius edi quotidie parde nos Pano (ampea ab auibua metaphora /uperouacuban* fkkm* Angelorumil dcutrcripcumediPaaeai^i^Wa- dbiu»vtillaruocaloreviuihcenc, Apulkue^ runi aMndiK4M( henot &c. Qytd ancem Diamo cladanc.lunaha^diui Hieronymi Icdioncm, Venatrix nobis videri poterat oeodTariaiqttaiw 8c espolitioncm tegunt quidam Chaldei DoCto daquidem habemus Oeum $ qui mittit de celo res:5pmiitr nii/<TfSM’diarN ferehatnr fuper auesadeorum limina,qat carniboaiodigeband qu« interpretatio fatis aperte docet«Moy feno legimus enim apud Dauid:£i piMitfwpa ae Spiritu fando loqui jnemo enim aerem voca t pHhirrefli («roet. <s (tcidtmnunmii^ta^mm SpiramcnirericotdianimtNecabhaccxpoTf c/rMfaimMeafdiarnakNodeQique mundo erat tione diflcotit alia Hebrxorum ledio: Spiritus Atlas nccelfinus « cuius humeris calum fudi* DeaiiW vahiahai [uptr a/ftus • ille namque vola* neri credebat antiquitasifiquidem tanta ed Dei tus opis erat* atque protedionis ; vt annotauic nodri pocedaS) vt eribus digitisiqui omnipoten Lyra i allegani Deuteronomij locum i cap> i u MintMr tiameiustfapienciam» & bonitatem lignificanct vbicum deprotedione auxitioqaediuinofer-^ yniucrfa terra libretur, feriptum enim ed:12«t tnohaberetuule^tarfBffkper wbtu dirius tppndiimltmuntt, Netamea.* pandii aUs Hinc Ambrofius bunc Genefeos tanti momenti veritas foU butnaoc mentis ra* locum explicans ait: Er /S«hjyr«acre> ciocinacionecoqdaretacam Deus nobis per fa« riftinmffdTamnitcstpiuw^spifttumfsn^um^f' eram Scripturam reuelare voluic:Kidrieyinquitt ecei^«»rtV( reudinineer naadi aperaiio Tnitiia- *<**-ia^ fuedtgsyjsi/b/ifr.eyMMi edalrurlXiupreuviiie; tireiNceat.Rex » tk propheta Dauid notitiam-i Ff^ia* I & Chrilhu ApolMis dixic: Cgs.^ PssmnMHiu mitacu Dei*8e Trimutis perfonarumiQua om« /MNMXjroum dixit tede Ambmo>nefiacdifcre ocainDcQCOdtemurt vanis in locis innnuaui'* do potefiatisnacurc,Hmc valet humana ratio prxierdmilloverficolo: yerbQ oaiimii yfr- iMsm. prouebi>nee pergit vlteriusi quippe licet Deum aiaii /SsM*<r Spiniu/ arir fiut «mii virtus reraiu. vnum edcaCognofcerepodittooQ tamen vjnbna Per Dmuvmu expreOit Patrem « per yerhum d^ filis enodem io peribois uinum > dt in eflemii-* daranic Filium % de per Spmtum trir sius> innuit pariter vnum c^equitur.Vndeopus noMsom Spiritum fandumi ita cnim magnus ille pater nino edt aliud pod luc fequi certius fidus » hoc Gregoiios in die Pentecodes explicat; Verbum ^fT;*** ed catholicam fidem >vt illius fecurododu ad Domini Filios edPacriSifedvt tota fanda Tri* optatum ca profimdi myderij portu enauiga' ds di AcuUacum fludibus leiictterappellamus. Nam vt optime cenfuit Dionyfius Areopagitaa • de diuinU nominibus j NHiiaratMoepra/wiMii- diiai ed > dt /Hper/ididsutiah/drett/rista^e l>ei* taie.am direre, ani e^iitrepruter iUs,^4 fdtra^ tlofmu truMdrruut * Quamobrcin Dionyfij con* Itlio alTentiens^altqua facre Scriptura loca ab Spiritu fando didata proponam , quibus hac oitaa odcdacur operata»repent< de Spiritus fan di diuinitace adiungitur : <;r Spiniax «n/ ftus umuispirtuseum» fde alioin Pialmoitadecla racur : Benedicti net Dent Dens nofier > benedicat nes Dent,dj manent enm euuier y{«er terraiivbi ad fignificandum trium perfonarumnumerumydi* xit ter»Dcus*5t fecundo loco dum aic,ucusifub> iuogiCiNolleriqnomam fecunda Trinitatis per^ fona»qu«edFi|iuS}Oodram accepit naturam:ad ▼critas com|:wbctur. Primum omnium dlibro exprimendam veroefientialem vnicatem * qua Moyfis accipiamuSyqui (Uam dc rerum creacio' ne, vc bene inciperet hinoriam » quam ego io.> huius operis confedione ioncari voKii»ab »U «.(. dlfimo Trinitatis myltcrio fiefuitexorfus : Xu prtacipie ere«M*i Deus calasi, ^ terram, 6t paulo pod ait:5/iriiiirDeiiiini /irehiifiir/Mpersfii4r»vbi TtrtmA per nomcn»Dcut»iuxra Tertulliani fententiam (verefitrt Hieronymus) & insta OrigenisAm* brofijf & Hilarij espofitionem y Moym Patrem figniheat: dtcenfquc lapri»cipia,dcclaratFiliU) qui hbi hoc nomen indidit y Fga prtucipinm, qui t^lofHsr veMr.Ec ad omnem dubitationis lcru< tribus perfonis cd communis y fingulartter po- fiiityEuciuIoanoes Euagelidain Apocalypfi in* quitMfr oriente peru ire/,<7r. Vbi cum oriens fit *• **♦ vnusitres habere portas dicicurt quod egregio tribus couentt perfonis: per illas cnim quacuq^ creata fuocicx non ede ad cde*quod bsb6tyegrer U fuot.£t qiicadmodum per pMtas ingredimur vrbem « fic per tres Diuiniratis portas in cale- dem illam Hieruiale przdedinati coofccduot. Has Pauid porcas lapicndeyflr fcientia Dei (!• bi aperiri pwulabat ; aperite mihi pertas in/h- tuifMcperUk DwiuiJvdi intrahunt pet tam : vbi pulum collendumyvbi vulgata interpretatio ver primo loco dicens, Tertai»addit podea fingula r't.^% 1 r..,.- -J -J J.* tit;Iii ^iseipie, Chaldaice legirurirn Filioi cum vero dixftMoyles: Spintut Demtaif€rebstnr /u» fere^uat , terriam perfonam Spiritum fandum exprefliuSed ne quifpiam dieerc audear»per huc SpirinuDiqui fv{ar aquas ferebatur) acrem ede riter:Hxr pertn Demtni, ad indicSdum in Deo cd Trinitate pcrfooarttmcoofubdanrialcm efledi. uini tatis vnicatem. Apodolus Paulus inter alia huius alciflimi infbrutabilifqueiDy derij tedimo ** **i' nia illud procuUe memorabile ad Romanos; Ex \S7 SMSilJf. T rinitatis Arcano ffT iffnm,iy ra ipft fimt onmiat iUod ex ^ Fatrem fignificac* a quo canqoam ortgioci ac *ammo perlonarutn principio» reliqua diuinc pcHboa dimanant 2 Ver ipfumAccUnnr Filiu* Parris rapiccia»pcr que fecit & f^cula;^ per que taooua exemplar omnia condidit . Zm ipfo » Pan> Jusdu ait » Spiritus Tar4di perfbnam oitendir, na iti Spiritu fandottauqua in prima caD(aeft»quid Jjaid bonitatis in rebus inuenitunipre oaoq.at^f us eil» ac pelagus Tniuerfc bonitatis immcrum» Ctti fit houor»et gloria io facula faculoru. Aneo. Homilia Vndecima. ‘Proponuntur pr/tciput rationtj, i ^uai ad T rinitatis myfieru* tn- tclltgedu fide prtlucete Catholi- ca , mens humana confietjuitur. HV M noQ longe i terra coDfpedu prr media maris litora oauiga- tur,non canto naufragii ttmoro nauca concucitur^ar ^frquam al- tum orcmerei& tumetibus maris fliidibui iccrcdcirniuis incepit, nec iam rtrra profpicicoTjfcd vi Poeta dititiMaria vndifae ctelum : nifi gubernator nauis clauu eigi lantcr afiidcat» neceffc elf vt Tyrtibus infeliciter vel hareat, vel (copulis allifa frigacor«Noo ali- ter tn muttis noArx fidei facrameuns,atq. inip fts etia ad haman^ falutis auctore Cfirinfi perci necibus myUeri;s mihi videtur accidereiAi licec plurimis in eis cognofccdis premamur ditScul- tatibus,non tn illoru e A ca periculofa cradatio» quoniS ad terre conrpedu,& quafi to lirore hu- cnanttaeisCiiriAi vagamur.Scd poAqua immeff ac rempitemx Triiiicacis oceanii tranare incipi- ihuSiomtvIa apparentnoua,Sr infblica,nihil non diumu»dr inefFubtlcivnde upos prorAis cA»A dif- Acuicacu ingeuces (ludus Aiperare mensnoAra velit, vr oon Tolum fiiis nitatur viribus» quaaq- guAa, & imbecilles Amt^rcd prudentem imitata nauclerum rutum Adei gubernaculum renens curfum dirigat cognitionis. Narrat Eufebius C^fariefis de preparationc Euagelica, ab Aegy- UsMp ' pti)S,qui (ignis, &fimulachrisdiuiaam6ArabSr* vc deum repr^ locarent, pingi fusfsc folicum vi- rum afpcdu grauc.vcAit^ inducQ carrulcis,vna manu circulum, altera fceprruin aureum, & capi coniedet de Deo,td cantum per veAigta creatu • rarum confrqutcur , Deum fcilicec quatenus vnum»fton quatenus Trinum intcliigens. Tnni- tatisenim^nitionoltr^mencislimiccs, A Ta* cultam rrai^edicur.vnne veredixie lc^:fc« w #«• Z>riirffMga»xMaee>ir/rieiitAiiii neAram. Ad quod probandum plures alias rationes , quas late.# Theolt^orum (chola pro(equicur»nucminu A cient , eam tantum adducam rationem, que i rerum petitur creatione. Nam (1 dum vitam agi mas mortalem cognofeere Deum Acuti cA, (tne med:o,& clare non po(Tumus» reliquum erit , n imuif^iUsDeitper ee ^faUefunt iaie/ieda ceu- /^etamutt ab efredibus ij^is ad omnium princi* caudm arcendeotes.Hinc cA»quod quemad modum, A quis pulchram intueatur imaginem» facile colligit pidoris io arte prcAanciam »non tamen natur«,vel patris » aut Aacura cooditio- nem , quippe id imago prafe aon frn: ita relatio erraroraruad Deum» non Trioitacem pcrlbna- nim,(ed natnrz diuinx vnicatem inAnuat . Noo enim ratio, & virtus operandi Aincdiuinc re* ladone$»prouc ab edentia diAinguuntur:red ip- fa diaina natura ,quv omnibus communis exi* Aens Amplicidima cA.Nam A creaturarii ille ad Deum rerpedus»quatenu8 vnus eA , Trinitatem etia perfonarA iodicaret»proculdubio Angelus» ^. qui reru creatarum io Deu relationes incelligir» illa qooqoecogQorcercc»& confequeoter folo na curcluimnCTrinicatisarcanA pcnecraret,quod oullo modo Aeri poAe» Adecaiholicadocemur* £t A tamen verum &»Aimmo Trinitatis fa- cramenco inrelligendo imparem efle vniuer(« natnru facultatem, vtar nihilominus aliquot ra* tionibus»quas mens hominis con(^nitur.noo ve • illud euidenter quod ineffabile ef), oAendere prafumam » fed vt facilius atque expeditius va- leat Abi euincere difficultates. Prima ratio e A» quam ooAra irligionis iguari Philofophi noo.» negarunt f Deum videlicet cffeiubAantiam tam exccllcnteni»arque perfrdam» vt fe ipfo vntuer* fas creaturarum perfediones contineat multo pr^dantius* 6c perfcAiu$»quam tn ipAs reperiao tur.Cum ergo Amilem generare maxima Ae agentium naturalium pcrKdiOiConfcquens eft i^um fe ipfQm polTccAmunicare, ac Abi aqua- lem, & Amilem generare perfonam, vnde valde confoDum rationi eA» credere generandi virtu- tem in Deo cAc perfediffimam, illis imperfs Aionibus , quz in creaturis Amr,omoino caren- te alas gerentem.Colorceruleus zclum>vt viri- dis rpem,& niger moerorc,AgniAmt;zelum aute in DeoelTc , optiire Moyfes nouerar»qui dixit : 4. geiv/ei «enm cA i/li.zona»(luc circulus Agni Aca bac Deu omnia coplecci,& vbiquecfTcprzsctc. Sceptru verotoinniu c(Te Dcu,& iudicrm»ius im perandi,& puniendi habente, & quod innaui gu bemator»in choro pr^cccor,in vrbcM^gi Aratus, in Regno Rex, id in mundo Deum exiliere pra- nocibartcapici eius impoAta ala,naturam Dei inAnitJ.S( incomprehen(am,unquam insccerso habitare loco moothrabanc » vt illuc pcrucnirr mens humana non valerer. Sed licet racio rutU' raliStVC Aegyptiorum imago innuebat» aliquid cemX^9 racio ita vera , St vehemens eA , vt ad myAerium dequoloquimur»hominibu6 perfua dendum Deus illam propofuerit apud Ifaiam : gCMerationem eeterit trilmo t fierilis ere} ' 411 Denunut Deue tuK/.Hoc ita conAitom, vlce- rius pergamusjperfonam Trinitatis tertiam in- quirences;nam A amor inter gcnerantem,& ge- oitum naturaliter proJucitur,cum in Deo Pacer Ar.& Filiustoecedarioeciacric inter eos amor» tertia Trinitatis perrona»quam Ades catholica proAtctur.Huic rationi alia poterit adtugi,que conitar naturz lumine: prius tamen duo nobis tanquam indubitata fune admiteendai primum» in U-9 no ede accidfiSifcd quidquid ibicA, (ub- Lik L HomilidVkJecma, Haatiam eflc»GmpUciinnum<)} nicurl»qu« aoW l2in phy(ioim,(iiie ineuphyftcam, macerut» vcl formx ado$,nuc poceotix*generis denique, vel diferenriz Douiccoinpoftcionem.Secuodmn ad creacuras pertinct»cx quibus iliz, quzradonif Tunc participes, quando adu qutdpiam intclli* gunc, imaginem rei incelleda mente cocipiunt» qua Theologi verbum mentis ounqupaueninc » H«c i ca vera dodrina e il,vc nemo llc»qui du ali quid incelligit,vcril11mam non experiacurpum qui amici ablentis recordacur, mcccTua format imaginem , qua vultum eius , & Aaioram me* ditatur, & cognoicit. Hoc ita Tuppofiro cerrum etiam, atque omni carens controueriia eft, d Te* ipfo Dcum,& omnes creaturas iotelhgi. Na fi, vc aie D.Tbomas,ru pnmumAngelus luit crea- tusdiabuic flii cognitione, multo quidem venus s.TS.i./«r. id inDeofacebimur.Dcos igitur Te ipfum cogno icens pcrtedilHmam ruiiphusfbrmauit imagi* nem,quz nihil aliud eft, quam Verbum zternu, de quo feriptum cil i fmffaMii ror mtum 9trbum I^MJUi,quod inDeo cum non polBt eUe accides , necclfario Tubilaotia ell. Cuius eximia pulchri* tudinem Pater incultus i & illius parem fibi in^ oarura dignitatem conteihplatus, nonpocuic no inlioito amore diligere: C^us enim res amae iuxta menfuram dignitatis quam habent» ob jd^e videns verbum fuum indnice bonum , & innnice pulchrum » illud inhnico eA amoro complexos. Quem mutuo, & reciprocum inter Patrem,& Filium amorem» qui cA spiritus fan* das»Trinicacis tenia perfona» S. Tbomas 7<exd Tatris,^ fiUf vocauic.Nec minus fide canti fa* cramenci iuuabic ratio,qui modo fubqcio. Na ADeuSiVt ab ipfis quoque noAr( religionis igna ris phiiofophis 3Aericur,rumme bonus eA,necef fario erit fummecommunicabilis,& conrequen* ter ab acerno le alteri communtcauit.Qupniam •r«i. Kkp. qux Patre cum Filio «quali amore diligac.Tao demquamuis innaturz rebus nulla cernancor veAigia, quibus Trinicacis myAerium cuidenur intelligi valeatiin nonnullis tamen A actence co nderemas,ac(cio»qua huius diuinz imaginis A* milicudo fublucet.Na fi ab Angelis libeat exor* diri,inueniemus in eis ( ve DionyAus de Eccle* AaAicaHierarcbia fcripAr)e{remiam, potentia» & operationem » quz in vno eodsque iuppoAco tria»& diAinda inccrfe/uoc.Angelorum Hierae chici ordines tres quoque numerantur, & tlloru Anguli eres habent choros, eodemque ceAcDio- nylio, rocide eorum fune operationes, videlicet» illuminare,purgare,& perficere. PoteAates» 8c dominationes, Pacris pocenacem,Cherubim fa* picneiam Filij» bera phim amorem Spiritus fan- Cti AgniHcant. Cslorum orbes tres etiam funti empyreu$,cryAalhnut,& Aellifenmocuuqi tres fune difterenciz: nam empyreum czium nccmo uec,nec mouetur» & orbis , qui primum mobile dicitur» mouec mouecurque , reliqui aut6 orbes moucneur oon moucnc. Ti ia lunt genera pla- nctarum;na qui dominatur, vc) cAdircdus,vcl recrogradus,vel Aacionariu»,llcdidus,quod no moueatur,ac propcercaPacrem AgniAcat «ter- num»qui numquam Aiic miiTusmon enim perfb- na miccitur»niAi qua procedat . Plancta recro* gradus Fihum notar»nam Acutclim fol decem retro tineas cc6ic, Ac Filius Dei ad lineS vfquc dcciir.a gradum fuzeelAtudinis inclinauir, na- turam induens humanam, quz poA choros no- ue Angelorum decima ell,& impcrfcciior. Pia* neta diredus Spiritu fandum declarar, qui hiis illuAracionibus, 6t afflatibus lo bcacitudiocm dirigit, vt dixit Dauid : Spiritut tuus deducti mu r/W<«e*> in lerrtmreUtm.Q^d A iubAancias d Deo crea tasiotueri velimus , in tria genera diuiduntur; nam»vel folo fpiritu , vc Angeli; ve) corpore, vc czli,0t cletnentai ve) fpiritu Amul & corpore, vc homines componuntur. Quz corporea funr,iiv^ tres parces Amiliter partiri poAumus,tn czios, elementa »& miAa»& oibts terrarum totidem pares funt, AAa,Affica, &; Huropadinguaru tria genera, Hcbrza.Grzca. & Lacina»vnde rcliquz luam habuerunt originem. Lex triplex e A,natu • raliSifcHpca , & Euangelica^ tria genericionis principia»Maceria, forma, & prjuatio;dimen5o corporis criplcx»longitudo,laticudo, fit profun- dicas^ DE INEFFABILI INCARNATIONIS VERB DIVINI ARCANO. LIBER SECVNDVS. I Homilia Prima. QuMn tAm Abfconditi myfierij traiiatio explicatio , G N A RV M ell et ^fuid h^ni ad gratUmt ^uid cwgtiuMu ad fapien» natura rerum » vt quo ttam,^uid decoris ad ^loriamy tjuid commodi ad fi- diligentius 9c attctius /Kfrm feaesfeiffamcoattneax biMH/vrnrraiidim/ iUas cotemp|amur»eo tuferuSabiUs altitudo. Cyrillus Alexidrinus ^ rehemeotius fulodcQ lileotio cnagis Incarnationis feactu*& srnigma lui^ > tene magnitudinem • adorandum, quam illis verbis declarandum elfe & ederat iublimitacc* dicit i ^enijpna facraufsimumy^uod fumma potius Vode maiores noftri » peneratione fufeipiendum rR» «aam humauM tuduij 8c £ccle(ic dodores» sntONa/Mfr^<nidKai.Namecuvcredi£ciIlimum qui ia huius medica* cRranciillinucTrinicatis arcanum, aliquid tamc tione myfterij frequentes plurimum,as diligen- io itlo,rnicacem nempe diuioz natura racto na« ees facninr,exceltencil illius, & craitacionis dif* ruralis alTequirur i Incarnationis aucS nwfteriu ficultatem prxfeferre» dc admirari non dellnunc. prxrerquam humana mentis captum innnito fu «.»• Hinc Dionyiios Areopagita Incarnatione diut • perat interualla , aliquod illius in rebus creatis ni Verbi non folum hominibus ignotam, fedipfii vefliginm non cernitur, cuins indicio in tam in* qooqoe fupremis rpiricibos occultam, Se omni oefligabilis arcani notitiam deducamur. Vas intelligecia maiorem teftatur his eerbis:Ze/u iu eledioois ad Romanos (cribens;Krrfitm('aic)d^ etne apparitio ineffabtlisefifermneyet omni iffto» kreuiatum fecit Dtusfuper terram; quo loquendi mm.». sfitrtirs»- inteUigentityipfi quoque antiquifsim9rtmj4uge- genere mihi videtur Apoilotus prafentis my fic* iM-v hrumntn fatis peripe&s. D. Hierony.tms io Ser* rij declaranedit5cultarem.Nametn abbreuia* mone de Adump:ionsnon minus eleganter quS tionisyfeu nota lingulos charaderes optime oo- dode vniucrfam naturam ad tanti my(Ierijal> aeris, ni pariter occultam illorum vim & ligni* titudinem Sc miieftatem obflupefcere inquit : ficationem incelligas,vana muln coopicsiSt in Quod natura non hahetypfut nefeiuiuignoru ratio» leiitencias i compendi) feopo prorfus alienas fe mens non concipit bumana.pauet ealumyflupet ter- raris necefle e(l. Propter hanc igitur tam difixci- ra,crr4iMra etixm ealeltit auraturyhoc totii efi^quod lem huius arcani notitiam, vt ipfe oon femel ani per Gabrielem Mtnte promittitur , per spiritum maduerci, Euangelifla Ioanes,qui tam grauicer ;ff^'^''/4aAHwadiiNp/riHr.2i.Arnbrohusde Fide adGra Se difertede natura diuiiu,&iMrronaru diflio* Qra$. e.$. Cianum, non modoconcipi mente, Ted nec Tcrbis dione locutus fuerat, cu ad diuini Verbi accef- exprimi humanis, vel angelicis pofle cam occul Ht explicationcm,non eloqui vc antea, fedrepd» rummyflerium ita ficecur:M<hi^iifdeai impoffi- ce obmucelcere vidccur,quippe vniuerfamlncat biU eli gener Aiionit fcire feeretnm.mens defiettypox nationis hiftoriam non longa verborum feri^» ftlet.non «ic4r4iiiicBi/ird&’ S.lullinus non di ferto fermone, fcd trium tantum verboni xnmaaiu. de Trinitate Ioquens:7v(«a p«di'frif(mquic)ne/a> breuitaceconclunr, dicens iht Verbum caro foR6 tert huius "puiuontt ignorantiam haberetimmoglo* eR. Seotentiarii Magifler iuxta AugulHoi expli • riabor potius quod credam areaua , qu4 uee ratio, cationem illa loannis Verba declarans » quibuc «ec mens vaUt percipere. Cui cofonant verba di* fe praidicauerac indignum,vt corrigiam calcea» fertiflimi Leonis Romani Ponhcis>Hinn Sermo* menti lefu rolueret,incelligcdadcvnionebyp<^ nedePadione Domini ira prolequitunCsuden* ftatica cefetiibi enim mirabili modo, Scinexpii» Z^Zoram, dumnobirpotiut,quameruhffctnduinquodtant<t-t cabili coninndioms vinculo natura humana cu srr».a tm. fuptraiHur maicrid digiiiiate.Ladeas ilicBernar* diuini Verbi roppoftco copulata fuit. Ad catus huius admiratus myflerli dignitate, & pro* inuefligationem & declaratiooem loannes » li» ^ fundiracem, inquit : -4byffus imperfcrutabiUt eSl, cecab Vcero fan^iificatus, 1'cnec dignum ,nec 4U in quo battriam non eft mibi;alta profuuditas(iit idoneum ellc proHcctur.Nec abfonum en,(i cre» Salomon)^«ijiuHr;iirr aiibiiherinequa* damus«ad hanc tamexccHi arcani fignifican^ quam potlc,vc nolk-r iniciteiSius exade,acplenc dam obfcuricatem » ipfum lucts auilxorcm vo* niagniiodinem fummamque (ublimicate incar* luilfe nodurno tempore nafci,vt inde conijeere Semardut ^^fbi coricipiat.in hunc modum edilTerit t pofTemus , non «d nolirat rationis lumen , ied 7iemobominumuoutt,necnoftere adfdenumpoi^ ad fidei fpeculumO: locem iubluOre»cantuc0o Ltb.t^ A cre* Digilized by Googie 1 j De Ineffabili Incarnationis Verbi Diuini Arcano credendum & adorandum racramenru. prolog.in loanncm, & fuper flpiUold ad Epher. cap.j* Hieron. hb. i.in Epiflobm ad EpheC Orig. homil.in Luc. 13. Throdoretiis in immti- ^ cabili quos ad id refert & lcquiturSixtus5enen. lib.tf. annor. 16 f. & cll communis apud Parres Grxcos,& MagWlcrfcntenriarum dift.j. Beatus Angelus inexpodtionc Symboli, iib.S.c. 15. idc etiam docent multi alii Parres fupenlludEfaix cap. ide ^ui 9enitde Edom} tt illud Fia1.>j.i^/r efl iflx >Hi funt Diony* £us cap. 7.CxIenis Htcrar. luHinus martyr in_. triplicata pag.77.Ambrof.lib. 1 dc inilic. Virgi* oum cap.5.d^Ub.4 dc hde ad Gratianum, & lib. dehis.qui initiantur. Hieron. fuper Ezcch. 3« vbi etiam Sedulius & Aymon.Orig. Matth. 1 f* in illa verba : Cvni mtrafiet Jefns Hterofoiymam. D.Bernar.Fpiilola 77. Alexander AlcnHs a.par. q.a6.mcmb. i.Sixtus Senentis, liUif.annot. 299. <^x omnia pcrfpicua fiin: argumeta caliginis, quavndique obtegitur hoc arcanum» (iquidem ,1. . non modo mortalcs,fed immortales illi &fapie tiflimi fpiriius hanc l>ei multiformem fapien* tiam,donec prr EcclcHam, Paulo prxdicanre pa tuit,non affequebantur.ina vero notitia non U* bore ab ApdUoIo comparata, non fludio quxH- ta,fed gratix munere inHifa, & Chrilli largirate inuenta , & vc ille loquitur» perreuelationtm^ IcAiChridi Ibit.Hucrefpicic quod apud Hiere* §UMma.yi jnijjpi^gj^us , coi Dominus hoc myfteriuni.* ftpericns.nuHo id nomine exprcfllt , Icd tantam dixit : Hac dieit Dommut tfui fidunued fvr- maturus iUud. Curquxfo Domine rei quam fa* durus es nomen non explicas i numquid H no* mine caret illud, qui omnia noiIi,non potes im* ponere f Nam fi vtlcripcnm eil: Omuc^dyo- <duit ^dam ipfum eR nomen eius» multo iapien* thisac diuinms perte»qui fumma iapienciaes, quidquid facere intenda$,proprio nomine vo* cibirur.Atccrre eo fpedabat diuini confilii ra* tio,vt (lamentum Incarnationis llcut incom* preheniibile ita etiam incflabilc mondrarctur, Bc ideo nullo nomine illud explicat. Adh2C,umet(i omnia Fidei cacho!ic{ arcana humano ingenio (tnt occulca, quorundam tame cqnfequitur poflibilitatem. Nam arcanu quidc Fidei eO, accidentia panis & vini in facramento Eucharilfixcarerefubiedo, cuius tamen pofli- bilitatem antiqui Philofophi non negarent, cum fuerint nonnulli, qui reparatasdimennonesad- miferinr.Obfcurum cft refurredionis myftcriu» quoiamdefiinda corpora vitam recuperatura doccmur;id tamen fieri pofie, lumine na turxeo gnofeimus . Na fi Deos ex nihilo facere aliquid poceft,quod in anima creatione prxfIar,fMiUus poterit excindum hominem materia prima , & anima praexiffente ad fpirinim & vitam rcuo* «re. Ac facratifsimum Incarnationis arcanum ita latet , vc vniucrfa natura facultas quomodo id fieri poffir,intelligere nequcar,vnde faciliore efle Dei oognicionemiquam huius ineffabilis fa- oramentt notitiam dicere non immerito pofTe- mus. Mulca enim vera qua ad Dei fpcdanc natu ram,cum hominis ratio coniedet » tefle Paulo: lunifibilia Dei d creatura mundi intelieda eonjpi* ciuntur, illa tamen vedigia in hoc alTumpta hu- manitatis arcano ica deficiunt, vr nulla fint in^ rerum vniuerfitate argumenta , nulla imagines» nulli indicia , quibus ad percingendum tantum mylfcrium noftra cognitio valeat conulnci. Na res creat a, qua fuum ceftantur audorem,vt do calis dixit Dauid: Cati enarrant gloriam Dei , tT p/u. *f. opera mannum eius annuueiant firmamentumAn hu tus agnitione myfterii no mt^o balbutjunr,fcd obmucefcunr; immo quada magis nos ab illius cognitione abducere, quam ad iliam dirigero videntur. Nam quot fune natura integra fubfli tialcs,tot illis reipondere hypofiafes lumen na* curalc didat, fupcmaturale autem Fidei vnicacn verbi diuini hypoflafim, naturam duplicem fup pofitare nos edocet : illud ergo magis abducie quam dirigit. Experimento docemur periculo* fiuselTc occani freta peruadere quam eiufdem tranare Unus alcifllmos; ibi cnimiiaufragtunu.» non ica frequens, & rarior cempefias exoritur: ad cum Syrtes aut maris anguftias ingredimur, tuc maris affus certior,Scyli.a & Charybdis pe* riculofior, & collifi fiudus, coprefsiqi in breuia vndarum vortices non (blum rr.ctum, (cd morte intentant. No aliter in hac abbreuiari verbi co* gniciooe noftro accidit intellcdui: ille namque dum per medium diuiniracis oceanum vela pd- dir,rccuru$ procella, lumine natura dudus non pauca cogaofcit;ac fi diuinicacis eandem imme ficacem , St pelagus infinitum intra aluum Vir* ginis verbum mclufum,&vc dixit Paulus:^f>&re p#»to« «4 wistficognofceretentet,dircrimeQ illic certii,cr ror periculofuSiSt miferabile metis nofira nau- fragium adefi,nifi fidei anchora firmet animum fluduantc.Hac propter expeditu magis St faci* lius arbitror Trinitatis mylleriu , qua Incama- tionisarcanu pofie mortalibus fuaderi: illud .n. Dei natura conuenicns,St neceiTarium elf, verbi autem Incarnatio libera, St contingens habetur* Cognitio vero nofira,cefie Arifioeelc, rebus ne* • f*- cefiariis magis quamcotingentibus acquiefeie , cpm de coQCiogcntibus fcicnria haberi non pof* fit. Lib, 1 1. UomilU Prima. fir, pr«rerttm (i ab alttrrns voluntate depedeac. Pracerea nullus de Deo niH magna omnia mirabilia CQncipic>vnde quidquid de Trinitatis mynerio dicatur quatooiuis excclfum, quantu* uis admirabilfj & in6nitum,Dei natura conue- fiirc facile ruadetunac Deum fieri hominem nQ ira factie mens capit humana : id enim tantam videtur iignificare miferiam , vt merito Arifto- * rele« hominem defcribens dixerit:H«ms efi isi^e iillitatis expuplumt temporis fpoUit fertstsu Utfnst inconfionus imMgo,miferid cslamtatit trutina, reUtjtinm pero pituita iy htUt . Hac igitur, & alia nequaquam Dei magnitudinem , fit excellentia decere hominis ratio perpendens.difiiculter cre dit aliquo eum modo cantis pofTe incommodis fubiacere. Actandfi obfcarius fane Incarnatio- nis arcanum apparebat.connderantibusconee- ptum de Spiritu fando Filium artemum,hoc eft Spiritus fandi virtute fit cooperatione in vtero Virginis formatummon enim Dei Filium horni nem ^dum poceft quis iocelligerc,quin Patrem ene,i quo fuit sterne genitiis,fic Spiritu fandu, de quo conceptus fiiit.pariccr agnofeat. Ac licet Trinitatis habeatur noctriai non inde fit incar- nati Verbi necelTeed habere incelllgemiam: vn- de liquide condat, arduum magis effe hoc qo2 illud percradare myflerium. Huius eximiar diHicultatis extant in facra_« 4*^4, pagiaa figurcaliquoCfObfcurzcamefitfnigma* cicz,inter quas prxfcrtim tres excellunt. Prima illarum efl,Elilei puerum d mortuis excitantis, qui tam inuntatum opus elicduruscUnfitoftiu pod fe, atque ita feipfum puero aquandum con- traxir,vt oculis oculos, os ori, manus manibus, ac pedes pedibus componeret- Qua in re (i fbrfan aliquis interroget, quomodo viri proceritas cu paruirate pueri aquari potuerit, meam ingenue fatebor tgnorantiam,quoniam vt aft facra pagi • na,claufit odium pod fe,ideoqUe reimiraculum infpicere prohibitus fuit hominis afpcdus.Pra* clara hac Dominica; Incarnadoois , fit difficul- tatis tanti myderi) dgura fuit: fiquidem clemt- ttffimus Deusnodrum dolens i nteruu,tanquam alter BUfeus, hominem lethali peccati idu dc* mortuum excitaturas, eum ita Hbj adiunxit,fit vntuit.vt vere Deus liomo, fit homo Deus efle^ dicatur.Si autem perconccris.quomodoimmea ius potuerit fe contrahere, impainbilis fubire^ padionem , acernus tempori fabede, fit creator fieri creatura: odium in canti operis cof^ione d fummo eius artificeclaudimifif noo modo ho- minestfed Angelos, immo fit facradrsimamDei Matrem ab huius myderii notitia exclofaoi re- fpondebo. Quapropter (^ciffima Virgo illud 1^^^ non inrelligenSiAngelu interrogat, dicensi^st ' mo4o fiet t/2«d,!^He)ifaia virum nocopt^eeH Ange«> Jus vero tanta Virginis interrogatione vidns non audet , nec fufficic refpondere, fed interro- gationis folucionem ad Spiritum i^ndu remit- tens,inquic : S,pirttut fandus fupauenitt in te,i^ hirtus Jfltiftmt obumbrabit tih. Secunda bosus difficultatis imago ffiit rubus, quem Moyfes vidit ardentem ( Dent (nim igntr eomfnmens efl: tr omnit earo /flpamiftpieritoergQ,^ ^. dupec videas ignem io medio fani, non umen illud comburentemjvnde inquit, vadam tT Ptdf» b$ wyi«iiem hane graude foere iten eomburatur ru- ^M/.SedMoyfea recedere tubecDcus,aicque.5a(.- ueeaUeamentadepedibnftmf» Inauditum proti^ do vrbaoieatis genus, ac nouus rcuerecie rituSf quem Deus fibi i Moyfe exhiberi podulac. Noo ita mirum fbret,fi caput detegere , vel in gen«| procumbere iuffifTec/ac quoniam calceamenta^ deponi iuffit,noQvciquefolura reuerentiamfie honorem, fed aliquid aliud occultius pnefeferre non dubito.Qpod mihi fe pderc huiudnodi ed • Calceametoru depolitio in facris litteris figoi* ficaciorisalicuius renuncianonem i vnde ncuc c.x(,Dcuteron, legimus,iulTerat Deus,vt dquis ****•*!« nollet fui d^tris abfque liberis defundi docere vxorem,calceum vnum illius tpfa folueret, quo figno fado ca bonis fui fratris, quam vxoris ma- trimooio renuncialTe iudicabatur.Hoc ritu vfus fuir»qui virum,cui Rnthnupferar, propiore guinis gradu tangebat, antequam ad nnptias fiooz vxoris tranftrer.id quoddixi, fignificatu» ^^4, ^ rus.Quoaiam igitur homo fuapte natura eR ra- tionis compos, nullius rei ius fibi magis compe- tit quam rationis, qua ranquS fibi maxime pro- pria vcicur ad res obfcuras tlluRrandas 0c^ intel- iigendas . Sed quoniam in tam ampli, fit toTcm* cabitis myfferij cognitione humilis fit angufta^ eft bominis incelligencia,precipic Deus» vt calceaovcnta foiuac , hoc eft rationi humana reonneier^fit ab illius vfu fe abfiincat in tace ret inoedigatiooei quippe non folum bominis mes explorare fecretum, fed nec vefUgia dignofeere poceffi'Hancobrem Moyles,qoamnis prius ao* dadermyfleriuardeO^is rubi vifurus accedere voluerat, podquam fiiit i Deo monitus, non riofe arpesitiCed reucrenter claufic oculos, vuj- tumq; texit, ficut (cripeum e(l : abfeondit Moyfet faciem fn*m > 4^ 000 audebat afpieere contra mi»«m . Ab co namq; lam edodus quomodo in tanti myftcrii cootepUtione fe gerere deberet , non auMbat Deum noua noflre mortalicade vefle circumdatum aperto humane rationis lu- mine , (ed claufis hdci oculis intueri. Tertius la ardui myffcrij typus ed vifto Ifaie» vidends Deum fuper thronum feden(c,ad cuius latera pofici Seraphim alis capne Dei , fit pedes velabant. Quem locum enodantes Hilarius ad- HiUria$. uerfosArrianos, Hieronymus, Auguflinu$,& Cynin^ttym. rillus,ainqt vifum tunc i ProphecaDctFiliu eundarum carne n^e mortalitatis . Nec huic refragacurcxplicationi repetitio, qua ibi ter ...h dus conclamatur Deus , qua voce figoificari i Propheta videtur, (ibi tres dioinas apparoifliL» perlonas , immo id (uptrlortm interpretatione “ magis roborat, fit onendircouenientiorc.Nam (icat in Pfo vna ed edenna cd tribas eiufde dz- turarruppoficis:irain Chrido vrium edfuppofi- tumVerbi, 8( tres fubdantiai videlicet natura.# diuina,corpus humanum,9t anima,quod angeli- ci fpiricus ablfdavi(i (igniheare videntur, cri- na fanditatis appellatione Douuoqm Sahaoik A » coi- Di Ineffabili Incarnat. Verbi Diuini Arcano ' S CoUaotSaotes « Hit ita prcmiffis Verbum in- carnatum alis Seraphim ?dari nihil aliud erat» qoameittsdiuinicacem ablcooduquooiarotVt di •ejmC zit Paulus: ChriHi rapui r A Dent: pedum autem velatKM)ua Seraphim panfis alis iiebat»velame erat afliimptc i Deo bumanitatis« qua caquam pedibus inter filios hominum incedebat. Quo fignificatum nobis vtrinqoe efi»plurimum rcco- djUfflrobrcuraefle Chriftimyfieria» fiuequa Deitfiueouc hominis funt meditemor.vnde illa yu. ||> verba Ifaiz : CmrraiiMieai eius quis rurr^i >de generatione tam etema.quam ccmpwali fandi Patres intellexemor, quonia fummain vtraque mens hominis expcricur diftcalcaccm.Quam & Salomon ipfe (qni fic reliquos mortales antecel luit»7tattefiante Scriptura- ‘^(e«edaf< ^ hsfueriwefuil tu futurus f$t,vincctt non ralcs, . fuam ita &tecur ignorantiam :Tria mrhi dijjiethu fiuh^qudHum penitus iiuoret uu^quiU tneu- , yi4 colubri fuper petram . *via «aiux i« medio wuris tuiayiriiu adoUfeentula ■ Sic noo pauci inxtaHebraum legunt. Sed ne iotadarslinqua alia tria.qua Salomon fibi videri difficilia dicit, illa Chrifto breuicer adaptabo. Aquila enim al- tiuola 8t regia vere Chrtfius efi» qui lublimi di • uiiiitacis raptu in die Afecofionisad P;itris*tcc ni dexteram confccndic . Nauis in medio maris ^,fiquidem pro nobis torrentem laborum per- iranfiuic* & aquam intolerabilem. Serpens de- y— fuque fiiit,quonia illo (vr olim fcrpcns) io Cru* oe pendente fiuiati fuimus d liuore peccati , & coa fepulchro vidiuinttatis erumpente vitam, &fpem recupcrauimus . ^1* omnia quamuis (apientifltmn Salomoni mirabilia, illud longe^ mirabilius videbatur, quo fuam fatetor fupera» ri iapictUm,dam ait: Ei quartum peuims ignoro , -vsaai viri iu adoUfeeutuU, id efi, Det VerOuni_» sacra Vii^inisvterum fadum hominem. Non_.
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Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.