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KFDTSPZIA67ISXGHS57IV4657MKE4MUI_1
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German-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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German
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Perseerter entsprechende Donnerstag, 17. September 1874. (64. Jahrgang.) Lebensesart. Zeitung. Nr. 144 Abonnement: Vierteljährlich bei der Post und in den Kreisen Bielefeld und Halle, wo es zugleich amtliches Kreisblatt ist, 20 Sgr., bei den übrigen Abonnements und Inserate befördern unsere Agenten: Brackwede Polizeidiener Jahn in Dornberg, Polizeisergeant Göhler in Bage, und Lelk Witte Fortschungsagent Gange, in der Heidenberger Straße 9, in Badersleben E. Pertelsmann, in Herford. Polizeisergeant Rosendahl in Versmold, Kreisverwaltungsmann Sterdisch in Gersort, Buchhandler F. Essmann in Bünde, Buchbinder Max Blocksberg, Buchhändler G. Holzkämper in Salzburger, Räthsdienstleister Tellmann, Agenten 23 Sgr., wofür es 5 Sgr. in Heepen W. Biesterfeldt, in Schloss Kolbe, in Werther Rendant Rentsch, in Enger Buchbinder Niemann, in Lage Taubstumme. Wer am Sonntag, den 23. August, gegen Mittag die Dorotheenstraße in Berlin entlang ging, ist gewiß verwundert stehen geblieben, ob des seltsamen Anblicks, der sich ihm darbot. Große Haufen Menschen allerlei Standes, Männer und Frauen, doch erstere in größerer Anzahl, waren dort versammelt. Sie schienen alle sehr eifrig miteinander zu sprechen, hier begrüßten sie einander mit unverhohlener Freude, dort stellte Einer dem Anderen einen guten Freund vor, da packte Jener seinen Nachbar bei der Schulter, um ihn zum Umsehen zu zwingen. Alle waren in fortwährender Bewegung und im lebhaftesten Gespräch, — dennoch hörte man kein Wort und das Gemurmel, welches sonst eine solche Volksmasse umgiebt und das man, — ob mit Recht, lasse ich dahingestellt — mit dem Brausen des Meeres verglichen hat, fehlte hier gänzlich. Alles war still, nur ab und zu hörte man seltsame unartikulirte Laute, — aber, ob die Lippen schwiegen, die Gesichter und die Hände sprachen durch ausdrucksvolle Gebärden, und diese unaufhörlichen Bewegungen der Hände und Arme gaben dem Ganzen etwas Seltsames, ja für den Fremden Unheimliches, er fühlte sich wie in eine andere Welt versetzt. Droschken, Pferdeisenbahn, Postwagen durch schnitten das immer dichter werdende Gewühl; sie fuhren langsam, langsam; Schutzleute machten die Umstehenden auf die kommenden Wagen aufmerksam, zogen sie aus dem Wege, — Zurück hießen hier nicht, denn alle die Hunderte, ja Tausende waren — taubstumm. Großer Gott! Gibt es so viele solcher Unglücklichen auf der Welt? Einzelne sahen wir wohl hier und da, aber so viele? Und wie kommen sie alle hierher? Seit einer Reihe von Jahren hat ein „Verein für das Wohl der Taubstummen“ am 12. Sonntagen nach Trinitatis, wo die Geschichte von der Heilung des Taubstummen das Evangelium bildet, ein Kirchenfest veranstaltet, an dem Predigt gehalten, heil. Abendmahl und Bibelverteilung gefeiert wurde. Immer mehr dieser Unglücklichen, welche auf dem Lande hin und her zerstreut wohnen, fanden sich dazu ein, das Fest nahm immer größere Dimensionen an und hat in diesem Jahre einen solchen Umfang erreicht, dass man ernstlich daran denkt, nur aus einem bestimmten Bezirk Teilnehmer zuzulassen, da die Räume der Kirche etc. die Zahl der Anwesenden nicht mehr zu fassen vermögen. Prediger Schönberner predigt neben seiner großen Gemeinde sonntäglich — jetzt im Domkandidatentift — auch den Taubstummen Berlins das Evangelium. Und nun wollen wir zum Anfang unseres Berichts zurückkehren und die Festtage der Taubstummen am 23., 24., 25. August dieses Jahres schildern. Die Staats- und die Privateisenbahnen hatten den unbemittelten Taubstummen freie Fahrkarten, bis zum 29. d. M. gültig, gewährt. 1004 Fremde sind nach Berlin gekommen und haben zum großen Teil in dem dazu bereitwillig gewährten Männer- und Frauen- Asyl freies Obdach gefunden. Welche Arbeit das leitende Comité mit den Vorbereitungen und der Unterbringung bezüglich der Vereinigung dieser Armen gehabt hat, kann der Kundige leicht ermessen. Überall in den Straßen sieht man kleine Gruppen lebhaft gestrümpelter Menschen stehen, angestrahlt von den Vorübergehenden. Der zoologische Garten, das Aquarium, der botanische Garten, die Flora und das Mausoleum zu Charlottenburg öffnen gegen Vorzeigung der Legitimationskarte den Taubstummen ohne Eintrittsgeld ihre Pforten, Private haben für allerhand Vergnügungen gesorgt, dazu das Beisammensein von so vielen Leidensgenossen, welche einen Freudenschein werden diese Tage über das einsame Leben Vieler werfen! Sonntag um 12 Uhr versammelten sie sich in der Dorotheenstädtischen Kirche, deren Räume geeignet sind, den Prediger von allen Seiten zu sehen. Ohne Glockenklang, ohne Orgelton, ohne Gesang begann der Gottesdienst. Draußen fuhren die Wagen nach wie vor, — Niemand hörte sie. Als aber der Prediger seinen Platz einnahm, da bewegte sich keine Hand mehr, die Augen aller hingen unverwandt an Pastor Schönberner, der mit den Gebärden des Gesichts, der Hände, ja des ganzen Körpers, sprach. Für den Laien eine eigentümliche Erscheinung: Der lautlose sprechende Geistliche und die still gespannte sehende Gemeinde. (Schluß folgt.) Deutsches Reich. Hannover, 14. Sept. Die Parade vor dem Kaiser hat heute, vom besten Wetter begünstigt, Statt gefunden. Der Kaiser fuhr um 10 Uhr zu dem Paradeplatz hinaus, wohin sich der Kronprinz, die Kronprinzessin, die anwesenden Fürstlichkeiten und die fremdherrlichen Officiere bereits vorher begeben hatten. Die Kronprinzessin wohnte der Parade zu Pferde in der Uniform ihres Husarenregiments bei. Der Kaiser und der Kronprinz wurden von der zahlreichen versammelten Zuschauermenge allenthalben mit lauten Zurufen begrüßt. Um 5 Uhr findet Galadine im königlichen Schloß und heute Abend um 7½ Uhr Galavorstellung im königlichen Hoftheater Statt. — Es ist gegenwärtig angeordnet, daß neue Polizeiverordnungen über den Transport des Dynamits erlassen werden, in welchen unter Anderem die Versendung und der Transport des Dynamits (der nicht abtropfbaren Mischungen von Nitroglycerin mit porösen, an sich nicht explosiven Stoffen) auf Eisenbahnen, Posten und Dampfschiffen verboten wird. Auch auf anderen Landfahrzeugen und auf Der Blume von Shetland. Original = Novelle von (Fortsetzung.) Der Udaller näherte sich in eifrigem Gespräch über die Veranlassung und den Zweck dieser Versammlung dem Hause, als aus diesem Olaf, seine Braut an der Hand führend, heraustrat. „Wetter! „rief Steben, sobald er ihrer ansässig wurde, „hätte ich doch bald vergessen, unserem verehrten Gaste das neueste Ereignis mitzuteilen, das noch nicht älter ist als die letzte Ebbe. Die Pater son und Erikson haben ihre alte Freundschaft in den Kindern erneuert. Die jungen Schößlinge der alten Stämme haben ihre Zweige zu dauernder Vereinigung verschlungen und hoffen auf ein fröhliches, gemeinsames Gedeihen. „Wozu Gott seinen reichen Segen geben, „setzte der ehrwürdige Pfarrer hinzu. Damit näherte er sich Mary und indem er seine Hand segnend auf ihr blondlockiges Haupt legte, küßte er väterlich ihre Stirn, die übliche Begrüßung zwischen Männern und jüngeren Gliedern des schönen Geschlechtes auf Shetland. Dann reichte er Olaf mit kräftigem Drücken die Rechte und sagte: „Wer die Blume von Shetland heimführt, der muß stets eingedenk sein, dass er das Schönste besitzt, was unser rauhes und ödes Vaterland hervorgebracht. Danach soll er handeln an seinem Vaterlande und diesem mit Rat und Tat seinen Dank bezeigen. „Das will ich tun, Ehrwürden, „versetzte Olaf. „Ich will meine Braut im Kampf um die Freiheit und das Glück meiner Heimat zu verdienen suchen und mich jetzt und immer ihrer Liebe würdig zeigen. „Recht so, mein Sohn, „antwortete der Pfarrer. „Die Stunde ist nahe vor der Thür, wo Shetland nach seinen Söhnen und ihrer Kraft ruft. „Und dann Marys und Olafs Hände vereinigend fuhr er im Tone eines Boten Gottes auf Erden fort: „Gott segne Euch und behüte Euch und lasse Euch leben und gedeihen zu seiner Ehre, Eurer Heimat zum Nutzen, Euch silber zur Freude, würdig Eurer Ahnen. Amen! „Sie betraten jetzt zusammen das Haus und sämtliche in der Halle versammelten Gäste begrüßten den hochgeachteten Pfarrer aufs herzlichste. Keiner wusste die Pläne, zu deren Beratung und Ausführung dieser die Männer hierher berufen hatte; aber jeder war willig seiner Aufforderung gefolgt, denn jeder wusste, dass Alles, was James Manson that, Hand und Fuß hatte. Nun denn, meine sehr gewissenhaften Gäste, begann nach dieser letzten Begrüßung der Udaller, wollet zunächst heute Abend mit dem Wenigen vorlieb nehmen, was ich Euch zum Imbiß und zur Erquickung nach Euren anstrengenden Reisen in mein entlegenes Udal zu bieten vermag. Lasset für heute die Gedanken beim guten Meth und der dampfenden Beule fröhlich in die schöne Zeit unserer Väter zurückschwimmen, damit wir nach langer Zeit endlich einmal die Freude wieder in unserer Mitte sehen. So feiern wir die Verlobung meines einzigen Sohnes Olaf mit Mary, der Blume von Shetland, meiner alten Freundes Eriksons schöner Tochter. Morgen aber eröffnen wir den ernsten Rat der Männer zu unserem unglücklichen Vaterlandes Nutzen und Gedeihen, unter St. Magnus, des Märtyrers, Beistand. Diese wider alle Gewohnheit lange und wohlgefällig gesetzte Rede des ehrlichen Shetländer, die ihm in der Tat mehr Anstrengung gekostet hatte, als das Abstreifen von einem halben Dutzend Seehunden, rief zugleich ein Gemurmel des Erstaunens, wegen Olaf's und Mary's Verlobung, und des Beifalls hervor. Die Aussicht darauf, was Steven einen Imbiß genannt hatte und doch zu einer Mahlzeit für die gesamte Besatzung eines Linienschiffes, vorausgesetzt, daß die Leute keine Shetländer waren, hingereicht hätte; die Aussicht ferner auf die heißen Punschbowle, den edlen Meth, den feurigen Usquabagh schien den ehrenwerten Udallern, die den Frohsinn und die Freuden der Tafel wohl kannten und liebten, außerordentlich einladend. Anders aber dachte der Pfarrer, anders ferner ein Mann, der jetzt unvermutet in die Halle eintrat. Es war dies der blinde Seher vom Zauberfelsen, der, gestützt auf seines Sohnes Schulter, plötzlich unter der Versammlung stand. Augenblickliches Stillschweigen trat ein und unwillkürlich teilte sich die Versammlung in zwei Gruppen, die sich um Erikson und um James Manson schaarten. "Thoren seid ihr," begann der Seher, "daß ihr Nichts besseres zu tun wißt, als beim vollen Glase lustig zu schwelgen, während der schottische Wolf enger und enger Eure Höfe umschleicht. Die Zeit ist gekommen, wo Ihr ihm zeigen müßt, dass ihr freie Männer seid und nicht gewohnt Euch unter das schimpfliche Joch der Knechtschaft zu beugen. Auf denn, laßt keine Minute verstreichen, um Eure Heimat zu befreien. Bei der Bereisung des Rheinstromes von Basel bis zur Mündung in die Nordsee dürfen der Transport nur stattfinden, wenn dieselben nicht zugleich zur Personenbeförderung dienen. Die ordnungsmäßige Bereisung des Rheinstromes durch die hervorragendsten Wasserbautechniker sämtlicher Rheinuferstaaten hat am 9. d. M. von Basel aus ihren Anfang genommen und wird am 6. October in Arnheim abschließen, wo das Schlussprotokoll der Reise verfasst und durch die Unterschriften aller Teilnehmer bestätigt werden wird. Posen, 14. Sept. Bei dem Dekan Rzezniewski in Jarocin, welcher den Probst Kubeczak exkommuniziert hat, wurde auf höheren Befehl Nachsuchung abgehalten. Gesucht wurde die Vollmacht des päpstlichen Delegaten, und die Revision soll von Erfolg gewesen sein. Hamburg, 14. Sept. Die hiesige geographische Gesellschaft trifft Vorkehrungen zu einem festlichen Empfang der Mitglieder der österreichischen Nordpol-Expedition, welche am 22. d.J. hier erwartet werden. Weyrrecht wird mit der Mannschaft auf dem Seewege eingeführt; Payer kommt über Land von Stockholm. Es wird beabsichtigt, den Nordpolfahrern auf der Elbe mit einem Dampfschiff entgegenzufahren und dieselben feierlich einzuholen. Abends soll eine außerordentliche Sitzung der geographischen Gesellschaft stattfinden, an welche sich ein Festmahl anschließen wird. Stuttgart, 15. September. Der Staats-Anzeiger meldet: Der General-Lieutenant v. Suckow ist der Verwaltung des Kriegs-Ministeriums auf sein Ansuchen enthoben und mit der gesetzlichen Pension zur Disposition gestellt. Demselben ist unter Anerkennung seiner ausgezeichneten Dienstleistungen das Großkreuz des Kronenordens verliehen. Mit der Führung des Kriegs-Ministeriums ist General Wundt beauftragt. München, 14. Sept. Die hiesige Polizeidirektion hat vorgestern die hier bestehenden Genossenschaften der sozialdemokratischen Arbeiterpartei, die Schuhmachergewerkschaft, den allgemeinen deutschen Schneiderverein, den allgemeinen deutschen Töpferverein, die Maler-, Lackirer- und Vergoldergewerkschaft, die Metallarbeiter-Gewerkschaft und die Holzarbeitergewerkschaft für politische Vereine erklärt und geschlossen. Gleichzeitig erfolgte die polizeiliche Schließung des Arbeiter-Preßvereins. Im Anschluss hieran wurde gestern bei den hervorragenden Führern der sozialdemokratischen Bewegung polizeiliche Haussuchung vorgenommen und auf die Vereinstätigkeit bezügliches Material in Verwahrung genommen. Strafrechtliches Einschreiten wegen Verletzung des Vereinsgesetzes steht bevor. Oesterreich-Ungarn. Prag, 15. September. Der Landtag ist heute eröffnet worden. Der Ministerpräsident Auers und die Minister Unger, Depretis und Banchants waren anwesend. Sieben czechische Abgeordnete nahmen die Sitze der äußersten Linken und des linken Centrums ein. Der Oberstlandmarschall bewillkommnete die Abgeordneten, insbesondere die erschienenen Tschechen. Schweiz, 15. September. Heute Vormittag 11 Uhr eröffnete der Bundesrat Borel den internationalen Post-Congress. Die Verhandlungen, welche nicht öffentlich sind, waren heute der Geschäftsordnung gewidmet. Verlässliche Nachrichten über die vorkommenden Ausweisungen einzuziehen suchte. Russland, Petersburg, 12. Sept. Der Kaiser hat das Verbot, in der russischen Armee Vollbärte und langes Haar zu tragen, aufgehoben, um den Raskolniks und Dissentern, die bekanntlich das Haupt nicht scheren wollen, den Eintritt ins Militär nicht unpleasant zu machen. Für die Garde bleibt es bei dem bisherigen Verbot, das von Peter dem Großen gegeben wurde, weil er seinen Truppen damals ein mehr europäisches Aussehen geben wollte. Spanien. Über das beabsichtigte Attentat gegen den deutschen Gesandten schreibt der Imparcial: „Die Schüsse, welche die Carlisten am Montag den 7. d. M. zwischen Mora und Aguilar auf einen Eisenbahnzug feuerten, hätten von sehr ernsten Folgen für die allgemeine Lage unseres Landes sein können. Die Carlisten wussten, dass in einem der Züge am Montag die Vertreter Österreichs und Deutschlands, oder wenigstens der letztere, reisen würde, und machten einen Anschlag gegen sein Leben. Sie nahmen eine Stellung in der Nähe der Bahn, wobei sie Vorsichtsmaßregeln ergriffen, um von den wachehabenden Soldaten nicht bemerkt zu werden. Als der Zug von Station Mora weiter fuhr, stürzten sie gegen ihn vor und gaben eine Salve auf ihn ab, welche den Heizer tötete und einen Maschinengehülfen schwer verwundete. Die Carlisten hatten sich in dessen in dem Zug getäuscht. Derjenige, welcher die beiden Gesandten führte, kam viel später und fand die Stationen aufs beste bewachtet von Gardisten und anderen Waffengattungen. Die Gesandten hatten sofort Nachricht von dem Ereignis erhalten, und der Herr, dem wir diese Mitteilungen verdanken und der mit demselben Zug kam, sagt uns, dass der deutsche Gesandte an allen Stationen ausstieg und die Soldaten und andere Leute, die er auffiel, spanisch anredete, um sich genaue Daten über das Geschehen zu verschaffen. Wir brauchen nicht hervorzuheben, von welcher Art und ernster Bedeutung der Konflikt sein würde, der jetzt vorläge, wenn den fremden Vertretern ein Unglück widerfahren wäre. Wir glauben versichern zu können, dass der deutsche Gesandte seine Regierung von dem Hinterhalt, den die Carlisten ihm bereitet, benachrichtigt hat. Frankreich. — Am 12. starb auf seiner Besitzung Val Richer der frühere französische Minister Guizot. England. London, 15. Sept. Die „Times“ meldet aus Hendaye vom gestrigen Tage gerüchtweise, unter den Truppen der republikanischen Nordarmee hätten militärische Kundgebungen stattgefunden; man habe gerufen: „Nieder mit Laserna, hoch Moriones!“ Dänemark. — Der londoner Standard hat sich aus Kopenhagen über die kurländische Frage nochmals in Folge der und werde die Regierung zwingen, auch ihrerseits den Vertrag von Versdachtung der belgischen Regierung. Bielefeld, 16. September. Nach dem Beschluss der Herforder Versammlung war es un zweifelhaft geworden, ob mit der Aufstellung einer einzigen Kandidatur die Mitbewerbung Ostendorfs der am 20. d.J. hier stattfindenden liberalen Wahlmänner-Versammlung überhaupt noch gewünscht werden könnte. Nachdem nun gestern die hier versammelten fortschrittlichen Wahlmänner der Stadt und näherer Umgebung sich dafür ausgesprochen, dass sowohl Günther wie Ostendorf als Kandidaten ein geladen werden sollen, wird der allgemeinen liberalen Versammlung das Recht gewährt, sich für den einen oder anderen zu erklären. Die Aussicht, Ostendorf zu hören und die sich daran knüpfende wichtige Absummation über die beiden genannten oder gar noch eines dritten Kandidaten wird dazu bei tragen, alle liberalen Wahlmänner, welche sich die Zeit dazu nehmen können, nach Bielefeld zu bringen. Die frühere gewünschte Abstimmung durch Vollmachtsträger ist schon früher und wiederholt in Hersord verworfen. Es handelt sich darum , daß alle Wahlmänner persönlich erscheinen und ihr Votum Maht feidg gen der Miechrheit der Erscheinenden die Kuhl felbst aohängt , insofern die Nichterschienenen stillschweigend gutheißen , daß , wie es allgemein üb lich ist , die Candidatur des von der Mehrheit Auf gestellten auch von der Minderheit derselben Partei angenommen werden muß. #. Mit Bezug auf die Ehebündnisse , welche der niche proclamirt sind und bis zum 1. Oc over geschlossen werden sollen , verlautet , daß die kirchliche proclamation und deren pfarramtliche Be schlinigung genügt , um die Eintragung in die Re am # „ Standesbeamten und dessen Cloiltrauung a erionten. Selbstverständlich muß dem nach dem 1. October solche Ehepaare trauenden Pastor die Be Sat werden. § § Polizeibericht. Gestern Mittag verübte ein Soldat des hies. Bataillons im angetrunkenen Z1 stande auf der hies. Breitenstraße dadurch Straßer daß er mehreren Schulkindern die Mütze ab riß und diese in den Rinnstein warf. Von einem Civilisten über seine ungeziemende Handlungsweise zur Rede gestellt , nahm er solche Haltung an , daß dieser , um sich ev. Thätlichkeiten zu entziehen , in das nächstgelegene Haus fliehen mußte. Seitens der Civilperson ist sofort Anzeige bei der hies. Militär behörde von dem Vorfalle erstattet , und wird der Soldat seiner gerechten Strafe nicht entgehen. Am Nachmittag des Tages der Rückkehr unseres Militär vom Manöver am 14. d. M. hat ein Schwind ler in der Uniform eines Musketiers vom 15. Iuf. Regt. , die Gelegenheit benutzt , unter der Vorgabe er sei Quartiermacher , bei mehreren Wirthen im Can ton V. hies. Feldmark auf Rechnung und auf das von diesen durch die Einquartirung zu machende Geschäft zu zechen. Die am Abend zum Empfang hrer Eiuquartirung auf hies. Bahnhof erschien Bürger mußten als einmal geprellt wieder abziehen. Als obdachlos ist Arbeiter O. eingeliefert. Bendec , sestohlen angemeldet : eine weiße gesickte c Brackwede , 15. Septhr. Am vergangenen Sonnabend hielt Herr Dr. H. Hahn im Saale des Herrn Engeling hierselbst einen Vortrag über Afrika. Einem ausgesprochenen Wunsche mehrerer Mitglieder des hiesigen Arbeiter - Bildungs = Vereins war jener Herr bereitwilligst nachgekommen. Die Betheiligung war nun seitens genannten Vereins eine recht schwache zu nennen. Das ist um so unverzeihlicher , als eingewandte Gründe doch wohl nicht stichhaltig sind. Dennoch war ein ansehnliches Publikum er schienen. Der Vortrag war nach allem Urteil sehr erfolgreich und ist der herzliche Wunsch sämtlicher Teilnehmer, wohl zu verdanken, noch einen derartigen Vortrag entgegen nehmen zu dürfen, woran auch unsere Damenwelt so gern Theil nähme. Erlauben Sie mir nun, falls der Raum und Ihre erfinden Spielchen, Ihnen über den Vortrag selbst zu „Herr Missions-Superintendent Dr. H. Hahn s. in JZiga als Deutsch-Russ geboren. Die Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft schickte ihn vor 33 Jahren aus und wurde ihm als Arbeitsfeld das Land der Herero angewiesen. Dasselbe liegt unter den 22° südlichen Breiten, an der Südwestküste Afrikas. Nach ein paar Worten über die einmalige malerische Lage der Kapstadt und ihres Aussehens einst und jetzt, gab Vortragender eine Charakteristik afrikanischer Seen, Landschaften, die gerade durch ein gewisses Natürliches und geheimnisvolles Etwas in einer ganz besondere Anziehungskraft auf das Gemüt. Hierauf knüpfte Redner ein. Priestereiden aus Kapstadt und der Kapkolonie in den Besitz der Gegenstände, welche der Reiz nach schlussendlich bis zu den Engländer und Holländern gelangten. Im Alltag in den der Engländern und Holländern waren die Portugiesen nicht nur kreativen Entdecker des Caps der guten Hoffnung, sondern, ist nach einem Bericht Herodots, der zweifach selbst bezweifelt, weil er den geographischen Anschauungen seiner Zeit zufolge nicht anders konnte, unzweifelhaft, daß schon 2000 Jahre vor der Umsegelung des Caps durch Vasco de Gama, also etwa ums Jahr 600 v. Chr., eine phönizisch-ägyptische Expedition, welche im Auftrag des Pharaoh nach der Umsegelung der Südspitze Afrikas, aber in umgekehrter Richtung, von Osten nach Westen hin gelangt ist. Das Volk, welches die Portugiesen und Hottentotten am Cap der guten Hoffnung vorfanden, wovon die Hottentotten oder Namas, ein eigenes thätiges, rätselhaftes Volk, im höchsten Grade verschieden von allen übrigen bisher bekannten afrikanischen Völkerschaften. Die Hottentotten sind nicht schwarz, wie die Neger und Kaffern, sondern gelb; aber auch nicht so schön und kräftig wie jene, edel aber auch außerordentlich intelligent, unternehmend und erstaulichem Grade musikalisch! Vor allem unterscheiden sich die Hottentotten in sprachlicher Einsicht von allen ihren Nachbarn. Herr Dr. nach der Ansicht des Redners wenig Wahrscheinlich, Abkehr des Janers. (gez) warte oder etwas Mitteilungen der da Podeterne, in Sos. Ja, und. Hottentottenvolk hier anzuführen, und die eigene = (Blatt meldet, dem Bischof Marin sel, wovon Redner mehrere Proben zum besten gab, ugegangen, welches ihn auforder zu Papier bringen. — Sag mal Einer, dass Brackwede keine Melt) Mäns. 19 San dden in erhoben verte, stadt ist. Wir haben eben erst Kram = und Bieg = soll eine Segen den Bischof markt gehabt und gestern hatten wir einen Menschen = leinen Rede, die er uo den sein wegen markt en miniature. Eine Familie aus Ostpreußen beck über die Scheid, eu Eigungereise in Sons hot hier ihre Kinder aus. Der höchste Preis be Gläubige u christlich, für den Jungen. Schließlich „ Westfk. Mers ar hart Ja d. vor hier trug. — 15,Thlr. für den Jungen. Schließend sind 2 verseiten gratis abgegeben, und wie ich höre mit Begebung aller und jeder elterlichen Rechte. Ein Kind war schon vorher in Herford vergeben. Die Moral dieser wahren Geschichte überlasse ich den verehrten Lesern d. Blatts. Gütersloh, 12. Septbr. Dem königlich preußisch gehalten. — Wie der „Westf. Mert. “ holi, int dem hochw. Herrn von ärztlicher Seite zur Pflicht gemacht worden, sofort nach seiner Firmungsreise im Großherzogtum Oldenburg die Cur in Karlsbad zu gebrauchen. # # „Nachdem die Anstädte der Bestätigung des Dr. Andree als Oberbürgermeister von Chemnitz ihre Erledigung gefunden zu haben scheinen, denken sich Steueramte zu Gatreloh in Hauptamtsbezirk so bei Heilern — Minden ist die Befugnis zur Erledigung von Betragsabgornse des Crickets daran, den Reichsbevollmächtigten II. über zubereitetes Fleisch, Schinken, Strümpfen u9 Bürger = und Kirchenvorsteher Speck und Würste beigelegt worden. Inundikus zu gewinnen. — 2caamp; Herford, 15. Sept. Gestern wurde ein didaktisch son au. e 1. de deserendar Schüler als Can in der Gegend von Löhne von einem Bahnzug Spontan ins Auge orfallen, überfahrener Arbeiter aus Mennighüffen in das aue Bochum, 14. Septbr. (Märk. Spr.) Gestern hiesige Krankenhaus geschafft. Man hatte ihn am Düsseldorf enete der letzte Zug von Montag Morgen neben den Schienen auf der Bahn gauferge Dortmund auf der Ruhrbrücke bei gefunden. Es wird vermuthet, dass er im trunkenen Zustande auf der Bahn zum straucheln gekommen. Ein Bein ist ihm bereits abgenommen, das andere Bein und sonstige Körpertheile sind ebenfalls arg zerstört. Bünde. Der Minden-Ravensberg-Lippische Turn-Verband wird am Sonntag in Lübbecke einen GauTag abhalten. Der hiesige Turnverein will sich recht zahlreich daran beteiligen. Münster. Kurz vor dem Personenzuge war ein Güterzug über die Brücke gefahren und hatte sich einen Teil davon (-10 Wagen) durch Losgehen oder Zerreißen der Verkuppelung getrennt und war auf der Ruhrbrücke stehen gelassen, während der vordere Teil in den Bahnhof Kupferdreh einfuhr. Der Personenzug, welcher gleich dahinter auf die Brücke gelangte, stieß auf den stehen gebliebenen Teil des Güterzuges, wodurch diese Waggons sich fast auf die Maschine des Personenzuges aufeinander stürzten, die eingleisige Brücke vollständig unfahrbar wurden. (Teil des Güterzuges, wodurch diese Waggons sich fast auf die Maschine des Personenzuges aufeinander stürzten, die eingleisige Brücke vollständig unfahrbar wurden.) Bad Oeynhausen, 13. September. Heute ist dies das erste Mal, dass die Maschine des Personenzuges auf die Brücke gelangte, und weist eine Frequenz bei 3254 Kurgästen und 972 Nachweise aus, wurde und der Personenzug weder vor- noch Durchgereisten. Die größten Ziffern ergiebt das Herbstgarten, konnte, da von der Seite, auf der die Jahr 1871 mit 3692 und resp. 1065 bis zum. Eintritt in die Brücke war, keine Maschine requirieren werden konnte. Glücklicherweise sind nur kleine bis zum 13. Sept., 1873 mit 3095 und resp. 903 Kurgästen vorgekommen, was dem Umstande zu danken ist, dass die Waggons des Güterzuges leer und andere Calamitäten so sehr zurückgebliebenen Jahrhunderten und der Personenzug auf der Brücke in der haben wir uns also dieses Jahr wieder auf dem Hofes schon langsamer fuhr, sonst Wege des Fortschrittes befunden, und dürfen wir, welches das Unglück wohl unberechenbar gewesen. Falls die neue Badeverwaltung in ihrem bisherigen Scherge, Anprall war jedoch ziemlich stark und der lobenswerte Eifer fortfährt, den Ausfall gegen ungenügend für Passagiere nicht gering. Nach langer 1871 bald wieder einzuholen. Die vielen Vorzüglichkeiten wurden dieselben endlich über die Sache unseres Bades: die Schönheit der Umgebung, das gut geklärte und sodann veranlaßt, den Zug zu gesundem Klima, die Heilkraft der Thermen etc. sollen. Bei dieser halsbrechenden Wanderung auch für die nächste Zukunft durch neue Vermehrungsmaßnahmen der Gedanke, so gnädig davon gekommen zu der bereits zahlreich vorhandenen geschmackvollen und sein; jede Anstrengung verschmerzen. Zuerst ängstlich bequeme Wohnungen einer immer größeren Anzahlung verschiedenes Durcheinander und Überschreiten über die eine von hilfsbedürftigen Fremden zugänglich gemacht, sputige Brücke an den Waggons vorbei, dann Auf- und Absteigen der hohen Dämme mit Rutschpartie Minden, 10. September. Die königliche Regierung hat unterm 12. August folgende Verfügung erlassen: „Da in der letzten Zeit mehrfach Beschwerden wegen übermäßiger physischer Züchtigung von Schülern und wie den wegen Überschreitung des dem Lehrer zustehenden Züchtigungsrechtes bei uns vorgebracht worden sind, folgte durch einen in Kupferdreh bereit gestellten so veranlassen wir Ew. Hohehrw., den Lehrern Ihres 506. Erinnerung zu bringen, dass die Aus Westfalen, 11. Sept. In Westfalen und Rheinland wollen sich mehrere Gemeindevertretungen bemüfen als letztes und äußerstes Strafmittel in der Schule nur in Ausnahme als letztes und äußerstes Strafmittel in der Schule nur in Ausstellung gebracht werden darf und dabei immer das nächste Jahr das Gesetz über die Kommunalbefugnis folgende Anordnung beobachtet werden muß: 1. Die Steuerung der Aktiengesellschaften im Abkommenden Hause zur Verhandlung kommen soll, so des Zornes oder der Aufwallung und so lange der Bemühten alle Schritte versuchen, um die betreffende Gesellschaft zu bestrafen, Schüler sich noch zwischen den Tischen schützen, zur Heranziehung zu den Bedürfnissen der Gemeinden zu vermögen. Von mehreren Kollegen des Lehrzimmers und in der Regel nach Schluss der Unterrichtsstunde vollzogen werden. 2. Als Werk - beabsichtigte nicht gelingen, so will man sich in zwei Zeugen der Züchtigung ist nur eine aus dünnen Reihen Eingaben (an das Ministerium und Abgeordneten sern bestehende Rute und bei größeren Knaben ein Haus) nochmal direkt wenden. Für das Abgeordnete gaund dt aie Khalche sae Ksegse elchen. Slchie on 10 Jhul isge Güc aich dur. Basgrgsasäagf gung ist unter Angabe des Grundes und des Maßes Ruhrthal zu Theil. Dieselbe schließt sich östlich an zu tragen, wie wir es bereit durch unsere Jut an und berühren die zu erweibende vom 18. September 1869 Nr. 1004 Vesigung Helder noch die Wesfälische Eisenbahn. Außerdem haben. Ew. Hochebrws, wollen angeordnet durchsetzt die Strecke Wilder Dortmund das Feld, Aufschläg bezirkt darauf gumeri Ihres somit legen diese Felder für den Absatz nach Osten nur bei genauer Beachtung obiger Beschränkung gelegen. Bei der gestern erfolgten Abnahme Grr genaur. Grachlung der eigenen Testimmun - stellte es sich heraus, dass man wahrscheinlich ein von uns in Schutz genommen werden. Werden! Flöß von größerer Mächtigkeit, bestehend auszCh rend jede Abweichung Rüge. Konnen, während, sohle, angebohrt hat. Da unn der Grünsand dort Folge haben gemäßte, und Fosu zur Bohnerze enthält, so wurde die Muthung auch auf durch Mangel des Duchs zugezogen Zeugen Eisenstein ausgedehnt. Schließlich bemerken wir gernuch drs Züchtigungrechter dem gericht - noch, dass auf demselben Bohrloch bereits früher eine Salzquelle gemuthet wurde, und dass das Stein kohlengebirge mit 1140 Fuß erreicht ist. Sept. Die Anlage einer künstlichen Wasserleitung ist in der gestrigen Stadtverordnetensitzung von den anwesenden Mitgliedern des Die Kosten der ganzen Anlage, vischiosen worden. Die Anlage werden sich auf ca. 300,000 Thlr. belaufen. — Das Innere des Gebäudes brannte bis in die vergangene Nacht hinein und zwang die beiden wachhabenden Kompanien noch mehrfach die Spritzen in Tätigkeit zu setzen. An Mobiliar wurde wenig bei dem Brande Föachmannsh #. Chaften vollständig in Anspruch genommen wurde, um das Feuer auf seinen Heerd zu beschränken, nachdem dies gelungen, konnte das Innere des Hauses nur noch mit Lebensgefahr betreten werden, da die stehengebliebenen Schornsteine jeden Augenblick mit Einsturz drohten. Düsseldorf, 11. September. Ein mit der Leidenschaft Fabrik beauftragter Handlungsbevollmächtigter war vorzeitig aus dem Geschäft getreten, hatte ein Konkurrenzgeschäft gegründet und verschässliche Arbeiter seines früheren Prinzipals verleitet, als Arbeiter bei ihm einzutreten. Die Klage des Prinzipals auf Schadenersatz führte aus, dass der zum Ersatz angenommene Kommissar wegen der zum Geschäftsbetrieb erforderlichen Übung und Vertrautheit mit allen Verhältnissen nicht gleich erfolgreiches leisten könne, die ausgetretenen Arbeiter auf seine, des Klägers, Kosten angelernt seien und sich nicht sofort wieder ersetzen ließen, weshalb die Fabrik gemindert werden musste, wodurch bedeutenden Umsatzgewinn verloren ging, endlich das Bestehen des Konkurrenzgeschäfts bedeutenden Nachteil bringen. Mit Urteil vom Reichs Ober Handelsgericht vom 30. Oktober 1870 wurde in allen diesen Richtungen der erforderliche Kausalzusammenhang zwischen den vorgeführten Schäden und der Schadens verursachenden Handlung (Vertragsbruch) für gegeben da der Beklagte für unmittelbare und mittelbare Schaden, für Vermögensverminderung wie für entgangenen Gewinn haftet. Hierbei wurde insonderheit hervorgehoben: „Nachdem der Beklagte bei fortbestehendem Vertragsverhältnis ohne Zustimmung des Prinzipals keine anderweitige Handelsgeschäft hätte machen dürfen, so könne er sich auch durch seinen Vertragsbruch nicht den Vorteil verschaffen, dass Handlungen, welche bei gebührender Fortsetzung, seines Dienstverhältnisses widerrechtlich gewesen sein würden, in Folge verweigerter Fortsetzung dem Kläger gegenüber als rechtlich zulässig in Betracht kämen. “ Harmlose Knittelverse. In Bielefeld ist wunderschön, Beim Wirthshaus musst vorübergehn. Der Sparenberg gar stattlich winkt, Der Wandrer auf dem Pflaster hinkt. Im Walde stehn die Bäume dicht, Der Schatten quält die Bürger nicht. In breiten Straßen geht man schön, Vor Staub kann man die Sonne nicht sehen. Wohlthätig ist der Sonne Licht, Das Gas erhellt das Dunkel nicht. Gesund ist wohl die reine Luft, Abscheulich nur des Grabens Duft. Mit Waschen soll der Mensch nicht kargen, Die Wasserleitung liegt im Argen. Auf hoher Kuppel ein Stecken ragt, Vergeblich Denkmal man erfragt. Frau Musica hält man in Ehren; Die Harmonie will sich nicht mehr erhöhen. So reich die Ernte, so klein das Brod, Die Bäcker leiden große Not. Der Regen schafft dem Vieh das Futter, Recht willig kauft man Fleisch und Butter. Zu Wagen fährt der reiche Mann, Nachts von der Bahn man laufen kann. Handels-Register. Handelsregister ist ein Inserat. Nr. 40 des Gesellschaftsregisters. Firma: A. H. C. Westermann Söhne in Bielefeld. Die Gesellschaft ist durch Vertrag auf den Kaufmann Otto Westermann übergegangen. Nr. 250 das. Firma: A. H. C. Westermann Söhne zu Bielefeld. Die Gesellschafter sind: 1. der Kaufmann Otto Westermann hier, 2. der Kaufmann Theodor Lages. Bielefeld, 12. September 1874. Königl. Kreisgericht, Abthl. 1. EINERAUHT! Bekanntmachung. Die Kaufleute der Klasse A II, sowie die Gast- und Speise- und Schenkwirte der IV. Gewerbe Abteilung des Kreises Halle i. W. werden hierdurch auf Donnerstag, den 1. Oktober desselben Jahres, Morgens 11 Uhr, nach dem Bureau des Königlichen Landratsamts eingeladen, um für eine dreijährige Periode sieben Abgeordnete und ebensoviel Stellvertreter zu wählen, welchen die Vertheilung der Gewerbesteuer in den genannten Klassen pro 1875, 1876 und 1877 obliegt. Bemerkung wird, dass auch die Bäcker, Fleischer und Brauer durch jene Abgeordnete eingeschätzt werden, weshalb auch diese Klasse der Gewerbetreibenden an der Wahl teilnehmen kann. Der Landrat Graf Schmising. Am Sonnabend, den 19. September, Vormittags 10 Uhr, lässt der Ziegelmeister Fritzenbörger auf der Dampf-Ziegelei in Brock 4 Pferde, 2 Ziegen, 2 Schweine, 1 halbverdeckte Kutsche, 2 Frachtwagen, 100 Ctr. und 60 Ctr. tragend, Kumpen und Sielengeschirr, Ketten, Kleidungschränke, Koffer, Tische, Stühle, Sofa, Öfen, Kochmaschinen, Bettstellen mit Matratzen, Heu, Stroh, Dünger, Frucht im Lande und andere Gegenstände mehr verkaufen. (4908 A. Brinkmann. Zu vermieten eine große Familienwohnung auf gleich oder 1. April 1875. Näheres bei C. Herrmann, Möbelhandlung, Oberthor. (5019 Eine mobilierte Herrenwohnung auf gleich oder 1. Oktober zu vermieten. Näheres in der Expedition (4986 zu vermieten bei H. Hollmann, Niedernstr. 259. Wohnung für 1 einz. Herrn oder ohne Kost gesucht. Zu erfragen in der Expedition (4992 Für Brustkranke zur Beherzigung. Unterzeichnetem litt an beständigen Brustschmerzen, Schwindelaufallen, Bluthusten und Abmagerung mit Nachtschweiß, konnte nichts mehr essen; da hat ihn der Herr Dr. Groyen, 211 Friedrichsstraße 211 in Berlin in 14 Tagen so gut geheilt, daß er wieder froh und munter arbeiten kann. Berlin, 12. Februar 1874. Franz Schüler, Schlossermeister I. Elisabethkirchstraße. (1436 Cipttavon werden in der Denkstottererhardt'schen Anstalt in Burgsteinfurt in 2 bis 3 Wochen zum fließenden Sprechen gebracht. — Prospectus gratis. — Die Efficacité de la Méthode de cette Anstalt, est through Verleihung russischer, schwedischer und dänischer Orden anerkannt. Geheilt 828. (4989 Donnerstag, den 17. September, im Eintrachtssaal, 8 Uhr Abends: vertragen us Prätz - Reuterd Bientungen von Karl Kraepelin. Einlasskarten zu 7½ Sgr. sind bei Frau Wwe. Vette und beim Kastellan der Eintracht, sowie Abends an der Kasse zu haben. Die Abonnementskarten haben für diese Vorlesung nicht Gültigkeit. Wirr Schüh - u. Prinz Bazar 266. Niedernstraße 266. Wegen Verlegung des Geschäfts nach Com. Ausverkauf sämtlicher Sommer = und Winter = Schuh = Waren bis Ende d. Mts. zu beenden herabgesetzten Preisen. Alb. Beutler, Wiener Schuh - u. Stiefel - Bazar 266. Niedernstraße 266. Mit staatlicher Genehmigung. 10 „ 5 von Kunstsachen, bestehend in einer Sammlung von Gemälden, worunter viele Bilder der geschätztesten Meister von hohem Wert (Hobbema, Ruysdael, van Dyck, Teniers, I. D. de Heem, Lairesse, Casp. Netscher, Berghem, Quellinus, Guido Reni, Giulio Romano und ein von Kunstkennern allgemein dem Raphael Sanzio zugeschriebenes Bildchen), ferner von Sculpturen, worunter ein elfenbeinernes großes Crucifix von Duquesnoy, eine herrliche Statue der Madonna in seinem Stein, ferner eine prachtvolle Vase, (Geschenk Ihrer Majestät der Kaiserin) 2c. 2c. zum Zwecke der inneren Ausstattung der Kapellen und des Chores, sowie der gänzlichen Freilegung des Wachener 8 dieses altehrwürdigen tausendjährigen Monuments Kaiser Karls des Großen. Obgleich durch die bereits vorhandenen zahlreichen wertvollen Prezis eine dem Betrag der abzusetzenden Lose entsprechendes Äquivalent, wie es selten bei Verlosungen vorkommt, geboten wird, so sollen doch, sobald der Absatz der Lose eine gewisse Höhe erreicht hat, außer den von Seiten der Münsterfreunde noch ferner eingegangenen Geschenken, neue Prezis angeschafft werden. Diese Verlosung bietet namentlich Kunstfreunden eine Gelegenheit, vermittelst einer geringen Auslage in den Besitz von Kunstdingen gelangen zu können, wie sie selbst für schweres Geld selten zu beschaffen sind. Die Ausstellung findet von Mitte Juni 1874 an im großen Concertsaal des Kurhauses (Comphausbadstraße) in Aachen statt. Eintrittspreis für Nicht-Inhaber von Lose 2½ Sar. Preis pro Los 1 Thlr. (3 Mark). Auswärtige Unterverkäufer belieben sich zu wenden an die Cremer'sche Buchhandlung in Nachen, welcher die Haupt-Agentur übertragen worden ist. Die Zeit und das Resultat der Verlosung werden öffentlich bekannt gemacht. Dr. Schlünkes. „Stiftsprobst Graf von Spee, Kanonicus. Buschmann, Kanonicus. Dr. Fr. Bock, Kanonicus. Hirsch, Polizei-Präsident, Vorstandsmitglied des Verschönerungs Vereins. Justizrat Statz. Dubuse, Bürgermeister. Gielen, Stadtverordneter. Dr. Straeter, Stadtverordneter. Von höchster Wichtigkeit für die „Herermannk. Mein echt Dr. White's Augenwasser hat sich seiner unübertrefflichen guten Eigenschaften wegen, seit 1822 einen großen Welt-Ruf erworben; es ist konzessioniert und als bestes Hausmittel — nicht Medizin — in allen Welttheilen bekannt und berühmt, worüber viele Tausende von Bescheinigungen sprechen. Bestellungen à Flacon 10 Sgr. werden mir durch C. Honrich & Co. zugesandt. Traugott Ehrhardt in Großbreitenbach in Thüringen Kieler Fettbückinge. In. Wolfsers. Große Kieler Bückinge und frische Salzgurken empfiehlt (5002 S. Löwenstein, Markt. Käse Schweizer Holländer bei (4995 H. Hollmann. Speck u. Schinken bei (4998 C. Muder. Die letzten Preiselbeeren in diesen Tagen. G. Neussel am Kesselbrink. Cigarren u. Tabak bei 4997 H. Hollmann. Holzgalochen französischer Art bei (4996 H. Hollmann. Am Donnerstag Morgen und in den folgenden Tagen verkaufe ich in meinem Keller, sowie auf dem Wochenmarkt eine Partie prima amerikanischer Schnittäpfel, pro Pfad 5 Sgr. und 7 Pfad für 1 Thlr. Ludwig Jacke. Natte Preise um damit zu räumen: Winter-Überzieher von 3 bis 5 Thaler, Winter-Hosen von 1 bis 2 Thaler, Winter-Röcke von 1 bis 3 Thaler, Buckskin-Westen von 10 bis 15 Sgr. alles fast neu bei (4941 Wiese, Goldstraße. Vergoldungen von Spiegel, Bilderrahmen, Kronen usw. werden sauber aus geführt von Vergolder „L. Heinemann aus Detmold. Näheres bei Herrn Gustav Zannert. (4991) Tüchtige Liniatur sucht die Geschäftsbücher - Fabrik von Fr. Wilh. Ruhfus 4984 in Dortmund. Es wird auf gleich oder zum Oktober ein Rüsther Ein Ladenreal werden zu kaufen gesucht. Näheres in der Erped. 4988 Zwei Fuder gute Düngerfärse unentgeltlich abzugeben Niedernstraße 256. Wanksagung. Allen Denen, welche die irdische Hülle meines verstorbenen Mannes zur letzten Ruhestätte begleitet, insbesondere der Bielefelder Kapelle sage ich meinen herzlichen Dank. Minna gesucht. Zu erfragen in der Exp. (5000) Zum Eintritt am 1. Oktober oder später suche ich ein durchaus zuverlässiges Hausmädchen, das auch im Nähen und Bügeln erfahren sein muß. Meldungen in Bielefeld hat Frau Hugo Niemann die Güte anzunehmen. Kupferhammer, 15. Sept. 1874. Frau Theodor Möller. In Barmen wird in einem Weißwarengeschäft eine tüchtige Maschinen-Näherin für Hemden gegen hohen Lohn gesucht. Kost und Logis im Hause. Näheres Niedernstr. 273. Wieheder Ged-Gauckte. Brief 4 do 28 Louis d'or 110 % 110 Souvereigns 624 % 623 9 Napoleons d'or 512⅞ 512 6 Dollars (Gold) — (Coupons) pro 1. Juli 11 — Fünffrankenstücke — 110 — Österreichische Silbergulden — 19 — Hollandische Scheingulden — 169 Bielefelder Getreide-Bericht vom 15. Septbr. 24 Hr ½ 7 — Weizen, Roggen, Gerste, Hafer, Bohnen, Buchweizen, Stroh, Heu, Rübenöl, Raff. Oel, Koch-Erbsen, 200 „ Futter-„ 200 „ Kartoffeln, pro Scheffel 200 200 „ 200 200 „ 200 „ 200 100 100 100 100 510 — 715 — 6 — 6 — 22 6 1 — 1010 — 1025 — 8 — 710 — 110 — Personenposten von Bielefeld (Stadt) nach Werther. 23 früh, 2/13 Nm., 9 Ab. Halle. 28 früh, 2,12 Nm., 9,8 Ab., von Halle nach Dissen 4,8 Nm., Versmold 5,8 Bm., 9,8 Ab., von nach Dissen 10/1 Nm., Brackwede 9,8 Ab. Oerlinghausen 6,8 Bm., 6/18 Nm., Lage 6, Lm., 13 Nm., von Lage nach Lemgo 8 50 Bm., 8 Nm., Bergbolzhausen 9 Ab. Detmold 6,8 Nm., 6/13 Nm., Privatpersonenposten von Bielefeld (Bhf.) nach Heepen. 20 Bm., 43 Ab. Jöllenbeck über Schildesche. 28 Vm., 7 Nm., nach Bielefeld von Versmold 6 Bm., 6,20 Ab., von Dissen nach Versmold 7/28 Ab. Halle. 2. Bm., 10,20 Bm., 820 Ab., von Dissen nach Halle. 0 früh.
| 24,048 |
https://github.com/YuhaoZeng/easytorch/blob/master/easytorch/core/optimizer_builder.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
easytorch
|
YuhaoZeng
|
Python
|
Code
| 253 | 867 |
from torch import nn, optim
from torch.optim import lr_scheduler
from ..easyoptim import easy_lr_scheduler
def build_optim(optim_cfg: dict, model: nn.Module) -> optim.Optimizer:
"""Build optimizer from `optim_cfg`
`optim_cfg` is part of config which defines fields about optimizer
structure of `optim_cfg` is
{
'TYPE': (str) optimizer name, such as ``Adam``, ``SGD``,
'PARAM': (dict) optimizer init params except first param `params`
}
Note:
Optimizer is initialized by reflection, please ensure optim_cfg['TYPE'] is in `torch.optim`
Examples:
optim_cfg = {
'TYPE': 'Adam',
'PARAM': {
'lr': 1e-3,
'betas': (0.9, 0.99)
'eps': 1e-8,
'weight_decay': 0
}
}
An `Adam` optimizer will be built.
Args:
optim_cfg (dict): optimizer config
model (nn.Module): model defined by user
Returns:
optimizer (optim.Optimizer)
"""
Optim = getattr(optim, optim_cfg['TYPE'])
optim_param = optim_cfg['PARAM'].copy()
optimizer = Optim(model.parameters(), **optim_param)
return optimizer
def build_lr_scheduler(lr_scheduler_cfg: dict, optimizer: optim.Optimizer):
"""Build lr_scheduler from `lr_scheduler_cfg`
`lr_scheduler_cfg` is part of config which defines fields about lr_scheduler
structure of `lr_scheduler_cfg` is
{
'TYPE': (str) lr_scheduler name, such as ``MultiStepLR``, ``CosineAnnealingLR``,
'PARAM': (dict) lr_scheduler init params except first param `optimizer`
}
Note:
LRScheduler is initialized by reflection, please ensure
lr_scheduler_cfg['TYPE'] is in `torch.optim.lr_scheduler` or `easytorch.easyoptim.easy_lr_scheduler`,
if the `type` is not found in `torch.optim.lr_scheduler`,
it will continue to be search in `easytorch.easyoptim.easy_lr_scheduler`
Examples:
lr_scheduler_cfg = {
'TYPE': 'MultiStepLR',
'PARAM': {
'milestones': [100, 200, 300],
'gamma': 0.1
}
}
An `MultiStepLR` lr_scheduler will be built.
Args:
lr_scheduler_cfg (dict): lr_scheduler config
optimizer (nn.Module): optimizer
Returns:
LRScheduler
"""
lr_scheduler_type = lr_scheduler_cfg['TYPE']
if hasattr(lr_scheduler, lr_scheduler_type):
Scheduler = getattr(lr_scheduler, lr_scheduler_type)
else:
Scheduler = getattr(easy_lr_scheduler, lr_scheduler_type)
scheduler_param = lr_scheduler_cfg['PARAM'].copy()
scheduler_param['optimizer'] = optimizer
scheduler = Scheduler(**scheduler_param)
return scheduler
| 20,401 |
https://github.com/CallMeTwitch/LeetCode/blob/master/125.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
LeetCode
|
CallMeTwitch
|
Python
|
Code
| 24 | 65 |
class Solution:
def isPalindrome(self, s):
s = ''.join([i for i in s.lower() if i.isalpha() or i.isnumeric()])
if s == s[::-1]:
return True
return False
| 19,587 |
https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B0%20%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Франсоа Инар
|
https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Франсоа Инар&action=history
|
Bulgarian
|
Spoken
| 369 | 825 |
Франсоа Инар () е френски историк, специалист по Древен Рим. Той е известен със задълбочените си изследвания относно Римската република.
Биография
Франсоа Инар е роден на 27 септември 1941 г. в Ньой сюр Сен, Франция. През 1967 г. завършва Сорбоната със специалност класическа литература и след това започва работа като преподавател в гимназия в град Поаси. В същото време е преподавател по френски език в Университет „Париж-X: Нантер“ и латински език в Университета на Льо Ман.
Между 1972 – 1983 г. е асистент по специалност латински език в Университета „Шарл де Гол“ в Лил. От 1981 до 1990 г. е професор по древна история във военната академия „Сен-Сир“.
През 1982 г. Франсоа Инар защитава докторска дисертация в Сорбоната на тема „проскрипции в Римската република“. От 1983 до 1989 г. е професор по римска история и археология в Университета на Кан. От 1989 до 2008 г. е професор в Университет „Париж-IV: Пари-Сорбон“.
Франсоа Инар е автор и преводач на 11 книги и автор на повече от 40 научни статии. Той умира на 19 септември 2008 г. от рак.
Библиография
Introduction bibliographique pour l’étude de l’Antiquité (в сътрудничество с Georges Losfeld), 195 стр., Lille, 1976.
Les Proscriptions de la Rome républicaine, 605 стр., École française de Rome, Coll. de l’École française № 83, Rome, 1985.
Sylla, 327 стр., Fayard, Paris, 1985 – ISBN 2-213-01672-0. (издадена на италиански като: Silla, Rome, Salerno, 1990).
La Mort, les morts et l’au-delà dans le monde romain, 375 стр., Caen, 1987.
Dictatures, 112 стр., Paris, de Boccard, 1988.
Rome. L’espace urbain et ses représentations, 286 стр., Presses universitaires de Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, 1992.
La République romaine, PUF, Coll. Que sais-je ?, Paris, 1992.
La Mort au quotidien dans le monde romain, 257 стр., de Boccard, Paris, 1995.
Histoire de Rome. Des origines à Auguste, (в сътрудничество с Dominique Briquel, Giovanni Brizzi и Jean-Michel Roddaz), 1075 стр., Fayard, Paris, 2000 – ISBN 2-213-03194-0
„ Lex Libitinaria“ – L’espace civique et la mort (редактор, превод и коментари), Paris, de Boccard, 2002
Dion Cassius, Histoire Romaine, livres 41 & 42 édition (редактор, превод и коментари), Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2002, Coll. des Universités de France (в сътрудничество с P. Cordier и M. L. Freyburger)
Бележки
Френски историци
Починали от рак
| 8,319 |
https://github.com/rayenmhamdi/Kye_BackendAPI/blob/master/article/views/product_views.py
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| null |
Kye_BackendAPI
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rayenmhamdi
|
Python
|
Code
| 71 | 218 |
# Create your views here.
from rest_framework import generics
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
from article.models import Product
from article.serializers import ProductSerializer
class ProductListCreateView(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
"""Create Product"""
permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]
queryset = Product.objects.order_by('-date_modified')
serializer_class = ProductSerializer
def perform_create(self, serializer):
"""Save the post data when creating a new product."""
serializer.save()
class ProductDetailsView(generics.RetrieveUpdateDestroyAPIView):
"""This class handles the http GET, PUT and DELETE requests for a product."""
permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]
queryset = Product.objects.all()
serializer_class = ProductSerializer
| 41,998 |
https://github.com/TsonevD/CSharpWebBasics/blob/master/Andreys/Andreys/Data/Common/Category.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
CSharpWebBasics
|
TsonevD
|
C#
|
Code
| 13 | 44 |
namespace Andreys.Data.Common
{
public enum Category
{
Shirt,
Denim,
Shorts,
Jacket,
}
}
| 1,760 |
bub_gb_foHtckHkwWoC_10
|
Italian-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,841 |
Opuscoli di Plutarco volgarizzati da Marcello Adriani
|
None
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 6,058 | 10,567 |
più di qualunque altro. Il legno d’ulivo per riscaldare i corpi è molto buono, ma forte nuoce alle stufe, perchè guasta i palchi e fondamenti, quando v’arde sotto il fornello. Onde i graziosi provveditori delle nettezze della città vietano l’uso de’ legni d’ulivo a qualunque piglia a parlarne: quest’arte; simile che non gettino nel fornello granile di loglio, perche i fumi esalanti da queste materie fanno dolore di testa, e perdere il lume degli occhi a quelli che si lavano. Non è dunque maraviglia che la luna sia differente dal sole, mandando l’uno influenze che disseccano, e l’altra distendendo gli umori in alcuni corpi. E però i nutrici lieno si guardano di non mostrare i bambini a’ raggi della luna, perche essendo pieni d’umidità, come sono i legni verdi, ritirano, e si torcono. E reggiamo ancora che quelli che dormono a’ addormentano al lume della luna, a fatica si svegliano, e svegliati si trovano stupidi, ed avere i sentimenti intormentiti, perche l’umidità stellata dalla luna rende i corpi pesanti. E si dice ancora che la luna agevola i parti delle donne, quando almeno è a mezzo il mese, perche allentando, e spandendo gli umori fa che le doglie più agevolmente si soffrano. E per questa causa mi credo io che Diana, non diversa dalla luna, sia stata cognominata Lochia, e lithia, cioè presidente sopra i parti come apertamente ci mostrò Timoteo in quei versi: Per Fallo cielo azzurro pieno di stelle. Per l’argentea luna, ch'è parli Delle gravide donne favore presta. Ancora è palese la potenza della luna sui corpi senz'anima. I legnaiuoli, i legni tagliati a piena luna rifiutano, come fragili e disposti a intarrire, ben tosto per l'umido racchiuso; e i contadini s'affrettano di levare il grano dall'aia in fine del mese, cioè allo scorcio della luna, affinché inducito per secchezza meglio si conservi; laddove i grani riposti a piena luna per l'umido naturale inteneriti diventano polvere. E narrasi da vantaggio che la pasta si fermenta meglio a luna piena perché il frumento, ancora piccolo, e minore in quantità che non sarebbe bisogno, in ogni caso concorda misura di raddrandolo ed allargandolo conduce la pasta alla medesima perfusione. E le carni guastandosi altro non putiscono, se non cambiando in umore lo spirito che le mantiene, si rarefano e colano. E reggiamo il medesimo avvenire all'aria, la quale, quando la luna è in quinta e quadesima, liquefà idrasi e sparge più rugiada, ché in altro tempo, come Alcmane poeta lirico ci accenna, ove dice, la rugiada essere dell'aria e della luna figliuola: O figlia del gran Giove, tu della luna. E così si è confermato per tutte le bande che il lume della luna trasfonde qui giù certa umidità e proprietà d’ammollire. E se il chiodo di rame fitto nelle carni (supposto esser vero quel che dicono) le conserva qualche tempo dalla putredine, ciò segue perchè mostra che il rame abbia virtù astringente; perchè ancora i medici usano la ruggine del rame, che è il verderame, per alcuni medicamenti astringenti. E si racconta che quelli che frequentano le miniere del rame, ricevono giovamento agli occhi, e che le carni che ti guastano non succede altro, se non che ecc. e che, rinascono i peli delle palpebre, a chi gli ha gettati: perché la polvere che si parte dalla calitate, metallo medicinale, e ferisce insensibilmente gli occhi, ferma i collamenti, e ristringe le lacrime. E però affermano Omero aver nominato il rame evento corrente, che fa l'uomo forte, e rinforza la visione. E scrive Aristotele che le ferite fatte col rame e con dardi, o spade di rame, portano meno dolore, e più agevolmente si medicano, che le tagli fatte col ferro; perché il rame ha in se non so che virtù medicinale, la quale incontinente lascia e imprime nella ferita. Ora è chiaro che quello che resiste alla putrefazione e conserva, ha virtù contraria al corpo che si putrefa e corrompe; se già con si dice che traversando il chiodo la carne tira a se tutto umido, considerando che la materia sempre corre alla parte offesa; e però si dice ancora che intorno a quel luogo trafitto della carne appaiono certo lividore e macchia, onde si può riconoscere in qualche apparenza di ragione che il restante della carne si mantenga intera, quando colà corre la corruzione. O Sossio Senecione, Poi Imo consigliò Sciapione Africano, che non si partisse mai di piazza prima che s’avesse acquistato un novello amico fra quelli che sono appresso i negozi civili. Qui non è da prendere questo nome d’amico in significazione stretta, ne sofisticamente, per colui che sempre si mantiene fermo e costante, ma comune mente s’intende per benvogliente, come Stalinava doversi fare Dicearco, dicendo che bisognava rendersi benvoglienti tutti gli uomini, ma farsi amici solamente i buoni e virtuosi. Perché la vera amicizia non si piglia se non in lungo tempo, e per mezzo della Virtù, là dove la benevolenza può acquistarsi nell’usanza e conversazione comune, e per avere alcune volte scherzato e motivo con l'altro gli uomini civili, prendendo l'opportunità del tempo per risvegliatrice dell’affezione e del piacere. Ma considera se questo avvertimento si potesse acconciamente applicare oltre alla piazza, al convito, e fuori, che diciamo che non prima debba l’uomo levarsi da tavola che s’avesse fatto benvogliente ed amico alcuno del novero de’ presenti compagni. Perché si va in piazza ordinariamente per trattare d’alti negozi e bisogni -, ma gli accorti ed avvisati vengono al convito più per acquistare novelli amici, che per fare piacere agli amici. acquistali e lungo tempo l'ante; che il volerne riportare altro memoria pensiero bene vile e odioso ira il partirsene con numero maggiore d' amici, che non avevi prima, è atto grande ed onorato. Più per l'opposto il disprezzatore di idee acquisto rende sé stesso l'uso di trovarsi insieme con brigata allegra imperfetto, e non ne ricoglie né piacere, né profitto; è vassallo con aver lieti pieno il ventre, non già l'anima. Perché colui che viene per cenare in compagnia non viene per partecipare solamente della vivanda, del vino, e delle confezioni, ma per avere parte dei ragionamenti, e giochi, e piacevoli passatempi, che finalmente terminano in amicizia. Fàli assalti e tiramenti dei lottatori vogliono la polvere sparsa in mano per fermare l'avversario; ma per fermare l'amicizia il vino bene porge buona presa, quand' l'accompagni con buoni e saggi disvoli: perché le parole con lui congiunte trasdonano come per canale dal corpo nell'anima, e le presentano cortese maniera ed onesto costume. Ma se altrimenti segue, e il vino scompagnato va errando per lo corpo, mio ne riporta l'uomo più degli frutti, che di rimpieltersi e satollarsi. Onde siccome il marmo toglie al ferro fonduto l'umidità soverchia raffreddandolo, così il forte e duro suo mollezza ed atta a ricevere qualunque forma; così le parole tenute a tavola minsoffrono che onesta brigata si lasci trasportare al vino, ma l'arresta, e si adopera che lor gioia ed allegria preceduta dall'occupazione del bere insieme, riceva buona e graziosa tempera, e sia bollata col suggello dell'amicizia, se sarà per avventura alcuno che destrettamente sappia maneggiare le persone allegra che il vino le ha mollificate e disposte a ricevere qualunque impronta. Se il nutrimento di varie vivande e la più agevole a malattie, che non è il cibo semplice. Il primo di questa quarta decina di ragionamenti tenuti a tavola sarà intorno al cibo vario. Perché, essendo noi andati per la solennità Elafelobolia (che miti) Si sa che i lottatori ungevamo in tale modo il corpo; ma sulle mani spargevano poi della polvere, refrattiva. Preso una volta il nemico, non si sfuggisse cosi di leggeri. Porta uccisione di cervi alla città di Lavinium, fummo alloggiati e trattenuti con nobile e grande apparecchio da convitto da modi Filone: ove reggendo un suo figlioletto mangiavo di voglia pena asciutto, senza altro, dissi: Questo è bene come si suol dire comunemente. In luogo tombolo o ti pim di pietre. E una alzarne non avevano potere; ed andò correndo in cucina per portare loro qualcosa da godere, e dopo buono intervallo di tempo tornai portando fichi accolti e cacio. Allora io dissi che questo è costume di quelli che usano cose esquisite e suntuoso di non curarsi delle utili e necessarie, onde poi appresso ne mancano mai. Risposta. Filone: Mi sei venuto in mente di dirti, che Filino alleva un Sosiaestro, il quale non mangiò, nè bevve altro (come raccontano) in tutta sua vita, che latte: pertanto dico essere verosile che in cominciasse questa vita per qualche mutazione. Ma il nostro Filino, quasi novello Chirone, allevando il suo figlio nel modo che fu allevato Achille senza mangiare sangue e carne, non vi verifica per certa dimostrazione quello che si dice delle cicale, che si nutricano d'aria e rugiada. Già non pensiamo noi (rispose Filino) di dover mangiare nel convito le cento vittime, come si fece nella festa d'Aristonice, perciò ci saremmo provveduti di vivande semplici esane, come rimedi concreti a queste suntuose ed abbondanti cene, che fanno il molo per cui a liberarsi sentito di spesso, che le vivande semplici sono più agevoli a digerirsi e procacciarsi. Allora Marcione rivolgendosi a Filone disse: Il nostro Filino guasta tutti i tuoi preparativi sconfortando dal mangiare, e spaventando i compagni invitati: ma sai che mi pregherai, io entrerò ad essi mallevadore per te, che il cibo vario più agevolmente si digerirà il semplice, acciò con maggior sicurezza si disposeranno a godere delle vivande apposte. Filone lo pregò che il facesse. Ma noi cenato che avevamo pregato Filone di formare un’accusa contro il cibo vario. Non sono io che lo dico, rispose egli, ma il nostro Filone qui, dice primieramente, che le fiere usate di cibarsi sempre di nutrimento d’una medesima sorte e semplice, sono più sane degli uomini; quelle che errano si ingrassano e portano maggior rischio di cadere in malattie, e più si trovano con crudezze, perchè ad esse si porge pasciarella mescolata, e con certo condimento. Secondariamente non è medico alcuno a temere la variabilità, e a voler di introdurre novità, che porge vivande di sorta diverse al febbricante, ma ordina sempre la più semplice e meno condita, come quella che è più agevole a cuocersi nello stomaco, per il cibo vuole patire ed essere alterato dalle potenze naturali, che debbono superarlo. E è vero che la tintura dei semplici colori maggiormente opera, e l’olio senza odore piglia meglio i buoni odori dei profumieri, e lascia piuttosto cangiarsi da essi: così la vivanda più semplice e d’una spezia sola è meglio disposta ad alterarsi per la digestione. Ma le molte e diverse qualità contrarie l’una all’altra, ribellanti e si corrompono prima urtandosi insieme; siccome nella città una turba confusa di gente accogliticcia, e mista di nature diverse difficilmente conviene in uno stato unito e concordante, ma ciascuna parte contrastando tira all’affetto particolare, e non ai accordi con lo straniero, li che si può provare con l'esempio del vino, perchè la mescolanza dei vini inebria velocissimamente. Ora si rassomiglia l'ebbrezza ad una indigestione di vino, e però fuggono i bevitori il vino mescolato, e quelli sani lo mescolano cercando di stroncare orlatamente come insidiatori. Perché ogni mutazione introduce innovazione nello stato primo, ci porta disagi e necessità. È quindi ancora vero che i musici con grande avvertenza si mettono a toccare più corde insieme; finalmente, non è male al mondo che non sia misto e diversificato. Ed io posso dire questo, che l'uomo con ragioni contrarie piuttosto che aria di credere ciò che vuole, e fieramente acconsentire, che possa giammai essere digestione agevole di qualità varie e diverse. Ma lasciando da parte queste prove, acciocché non paia ch'io dica per giuoco, e scherzi, ecco ch'io ritorno alle ragioni di Filone. Più fiate ho sentito dirgli che per la qualità della vivanda segna indugio a smaltire, e che la miscianza di più cibi è dannosa, e genera strani accidenti, e che bisogna conoscere per prova quello che è amico e proprio alla tua natura, e quello usare, e di quello contentarsi. Ma se per avventura non è naturalmente alcuna qualità malagevole a smaltirsi, ma la quantità è quella che travaglia e guasta, ancora maggiormente per mio avviso vogliamo fuggire queste vivande di tante e così varie sorti, con le quali il cuneo di Filone, con arte contraria a quella del suo signore, ha novellamente avvelenato con la novità e varietà, trasformando l’appetito nostro non repugnante con uno e altro sapore, e facendolo uscire fuori dei limiti infra tante diversità, come l'allievo di Iperbolo, che, cogliendo ora uno, ora altro fiore, nel prato prende gioia di tale preda; e semplicemente di nessuno riceve giovamento, né sazia pur la voglia. Ancorché quasi sfiori tutti il prato. Quì dobbiamo ricordarci dell'avvertimento di Socrate, che ci asteniamo dalle vivande che invitano a mangiare senza fame, il che altro non inferisce, se non che ci abbiamo cura, e fuggiamo la diversità e varietà delle vivande: che questo è quello che tira più dietro che non faria di mestieri, e fuori dei termini della sufficienza, il piacere a vedere e udire gli spettacoli, all'amore, a tutti i giochi e trattenimenti, essendo continuamente rinnovellato da qualche oggetto singolare, che ha sempre nuovo principio; là dove nei piaceri puntiformi e uniformi la dilettazione, non trascende e non sormonta l'appetito naturale. In somma mi sembra più sopportabile il musico che loda il toccare insieme più corde discordanti, e il maestro di lotta che più approvasse fungersi con unguenti profumati, che con fiore semplice, che non sana un medico, il quale commendasse la diversità delle vivande, perchè i divertimenti e mutazioni dei cibi distorcono l'uomo dalla via forte, e traviano dal diritto sentiero di salute. Appresso a queste parole di Filino, Marco disse parergli, che non solo quelli che disgiungono il futile dall'onesto incorrono nella maledizione di Socrate, ma quelli altresì che separano il piacere dalla salute, come repugnante contraria, e non amica, né compagna, perchè noi usiamo ben poco ricresco orate. Il dolore e con il nostro piacere, come strumento violento d'alte promesse là dove non sazia alcuno di noi, che, quando lo sente, potesse discacciare il piacere da qualsiasi parte delle nostre azioni, trovandosi sempre presente alla mensa, al sonno, al bagno, agli unguenti, al letto, creando e ricreando l'uomo affannato con grande abilità naturale, cancellando tutto straniero della malattia. Perché quale dolore, quale mancanza, quale medicina si agevolmente e semplicemente dissipò una malattia, come il lago usato a tempo, ed il vino dato a quelli che ne hanno bisogno? E il cibo scendendo nel stomaco con piacere, risolverà in un tratto ogni noia, rimettendola nella natura nel suo proprio stato, come se fosse venuto il tempo sereno e tranquillo. Ma i soccorsi, il provvidere apprestati con dolore, lentamente e con gran pena fanno loro operazione, sospingono il malato oltre con malagevolanza, forzando la natura. Non ci biasimerà adunque Filino, se non fuggiamo il piacere a piene vele, anzi usiamo ogni studio per accoppiare insieme il piacere e la sanità con più ragione e più acconciamente, che non fare alcuni filosofi la congiunzione del piacere con l'onestà. In quanto alla tua prima ragione, o Filino, mi si mostra che tu abbia detto il falso, che le fiere usino più semplice che non fa l'uomo, e per questo che vivano con più sanità; perché non è vero né l'uno, né l'altro; anzi l'uno dei tuoi detti è provato dalla testimonianza delle capre d'Eupoli, che cantando al lano altamente lor pastura, come mista e varia per molte piante, così parlando: Nostre pasture sono in varia selva. Or c'è cogliamo l'abete, ed ora il leccio. Del corbezzolo i germi tenerelli, Il citiso, e il ginepro si odorano, Il lasso ben fronzuto, l'ulicastro. Ora il lentisco, il frassino, e le querce, Lettera, il tamarisco, e la mirra. Ora il ramno, il verbasco, e l'asfodelo, E poi la santoreggia, il cisto e il faggio. Perché le piante annoverate hanno mille differenze di sapori, odori e potenze, e pure ne abbiamo lasciata la maggior parte. Il secondo punto prova Omero con la spe- cialità. Poeia aleniche vissuto ai limpidi Aristofane: compose una favola intitolata la capre litui. rienza, affermando "di" i mali contagiosi prima a' appiccano alle bestie senza ragione, e la brevità della vita mostra loro debolezza e disposizione alle malattie; però non è pure una (per così dire) di lunga vita, se già non si dicesse del corvo e della cornacchia, i quali si nutriscono pure di tutti i cibi. Inoltre ti faccio notare, per mio avviso, a prendere con attenzione dei cibi agevoli e malagevoli da digerirsi, dal vitto che s'ordina ai maiali: però la fatica, gli esercizi e il dividere i pasti molto giovano alla digestione, ma non convengono a quelli colpiti dalla febbre. Nel restante mi sembra che senza ragione tu abbia avuto timore del rimbalzamento, e repugnanza della vivanda varia e diversa; perchè se la natura ricoglie da cose difficili quello che le è proprio; il cibo vario trasfondendo da sé stesso molte diverse qualità in tutta la massa del corpo, dispensa a ciascuna parte e membro quello che gli è conveniente; talché ne risulta quel detto d’Empedocle: Tosto il dolce mi dolce si rapprese, E l'amore con l'amaro si congiunse. E Calagherò con l'agro: il vino con altro sapore salso si unì. e andando l’uno parte in qua, e l'altra in là, dove più le giova, dopo die il odore naturale con gli spiriti e' li dissipata e sciolta quella misciannza, le qualità simili ammalarono dietro a quelle del medesimo genere. Perché un corpo così evidentemente misto e composto di più cose, come è il nostro, verisicuramente fornirà piuttosto le sue bisogne, e antidisferirà meglio al suo temperamento con il mondo, che con semplice nutrimento. E se è vero questo, ma che quella che noi nominiamo digestione, a quale è forza di alterare e tramutare il cibo, ancora seguirà il meccanismo più speditamente, e meglio nella vivanda varia, che nel cibo semplice, perché il simile non riceve alterazione dal suo simile, anzi la repugnanza e contrarietà, più trae dalla natura propria, conducendo alla natura contraria le qualità, quando sono in contrasto per la mistione del loro contrario. Ma se tu, o Filino, assolutamente condanni il cibo misto e vario non volendo di grazia biasimare solamente Filone, che con tale nobile apparecchio e vivande squisite ci ha ricevuti, ma riprendilo piuttosto, e molto più, quando fa quelle reali composizioni di. T67 medica mente, dice Krasistras si deve appellare le mani degli dei; e condanna la vanità e curiosità di quelli, che mescolano insieme metalli, e semplici, e animali velenosi ed uniscono ciò che produce la terra e il mare. Perché lasciate da parte queste composizioni, sarà bene, secondo il tuo avviso, ridurre la medicina all'orzata, alla zucca, alla misura d’olio e d'acqua. Ma la verità si è che la diversità delle vivande trasporta oltre a natura, ed incauta l'appetito sì che non può contenersi, ed io ti rispondo che ella d’altra parte purga, là buono stomaco, buon fiato, in somma conduce l’uomo assai più lieto, e dispone a mangiare ciò più saporentemente. Perché non facciamo l'intriso piuttosto con farina grossa e nera, che col fiore di farina? Perché non provveggiamo piuttosto porri e cantoni che spaghi? Perché non rifiutiamo noi questo prezioso vino così odorato e soave, e non ne attiniamo dal dongolo un altro più selvaggio ed aspro, intorneato da una danza di moscioni? Perché (mi dirai tu) il vivere secondo i precetti di sanità, non è un fuggire e dileguarsi dal piacere, ma una moderazione e regola nei piaceri, che rende l’appetito obbediente all'utile. E siccome i padroni di nave mettono in opera molli ordigni, ed usano vari molli per sostenersi contro il vento impetuoso, e quando è cessato ed ammorbidito, non è alcuno che abbia potere di risvegliarlo e smuoverlo, così non è gran pena a fermare l’appetito, e recidere il sovrappiù di lui, ma rendergli il vigor primiero e destarlo, qualora languendo è fatto molle e abbandona il proprio ufficio, questa è bene opera faticosa e malagevole oltre modo. Quindi concludo che il cibo vario tanto è migliore del semplice, perché essendo d’una sorte sola ristucca ben tosto, quanto è più agevole l'arrestare la natura quando corre troppo veloce, che muoverla quando resiste. E quanto al detto di alcuni, che più si vuole aver timore del riempirsi, e dell’essere troppo vuoto, io dico che non è vero, anzi affermo il contrario. Perché ti creda tartufi nascere dal tuono, e ti frema non esser fulminati dall' uliva folgore quelli che donnono. Agamenco ci mise innanzi tartufi di smisurata grandezza cenando noi appresso di lui nella città d' Elide. Di che maravigliando tutti, uno de' compagni sogghignando così cominciò a parlare: Ben sono degna fattura de’ tuoni, che si sentirono non ha guari; come se avesse voluto ridersi di quelli che attribuiscono la generazione dei tartufi al tuono. V'erano di quelli che dissero per lo tuono aprirsi la terra, servendosi dell’aria come d’ un conio, e poi che i cercatori per un crepacci pigliano congettura, ove debbono trovare i tartufi, qui fonda ragione molti la loro credenza che il tuono non mostra, ma genera i tartufi, come se alcuno credesse che la pioggia generasse le chiocciole e non le traesse fuori a farsi vedere. Ma Agamenco l'avverava con la storia, credeva tale maraviglia non esser del tutto incredibile, poiché altri effetti meravigliosi si vedono esser fatti dal tuono, e dalla folgore e da altri prodigi celesti, il rinnovare le cause dei quali se non è impossibile, almeno è malagevole, che questa cipolletta, di cui si ridono alcuni e già l’ hanno messa in volgar proverbio, non isorga la folgore per sua piccolezza, ma per l’ha seco antipatia, e una qualità del tutto contraria, come altresì l'hanno il fico e la pelle del vecchio marino, e della iena, come si racconta, con le quali i nocchieri foderano la cima di loro antenne e i contadini usano di nominare tali venute contuoni evaldea, cioè buone per annaffiare e profittevoli, e le stimano ben tali. In somma saria una semplicità il più grande ammiratore di tali effetti, avendo pure innanzi agli occhi cose più incredibili intorno a questo proposito, che si vede uscire fiamma da corpi umidi, e dalla massa tenera e molle delle nubi scoppiare fuori strepiti si duri e spaventevoli. Io parlo forse troppo a lungo in questa parte, ma lo fo per invitarvi a voler cercarne la causa, purché io non vi paia troppo aspro riscuotitore del pagamento dei miei grossi tartufi. Io mi sono allora, che Agamemnon stesso con la mano ne additava la vera causa; perciò al presente non mi viene in memoria ragione più verisimile di questa, che in compagnia dei tuoni cade spesso in terra acqua generativa; e la causa di sua fecondità si è il calore misto con essa; perciò la sostanza più leggera e sincera del fuoco se ne va formandosene la folgola, la parte più pesante e ventosa, rimanendo inviluppata dentro alla nube, ed alterandosi ne leva tutta la freddezza, e si leva tutto l'odore, il quale versandosi cade in pioggia molto dolce, benigna, e s'incorpora con le piante e erbe e tosto le ingrossa, e di più imprime in esse bagnate da queste acque una particolarità di temperamento e differenza di sapori, così come veggiamo che la rugiada rende più dolce il latte alle greggi ed armenti; e le nubi ove si vede fiorellino l'arco baleno riempiono di gratissimo odore i legni sopra i quali si sparsero. E perciò i nostri sacerdoti paesani riconoscono dolce a questo segno le invocano, credendo che siano per dipingere l'arco baleno. Adunà quei è verisimile che le piogge accompagnate da' baleni e dalla folgore, con venti impetuosi e caldi ardenti siano spinte con forza dentro alla terra, e che ella si scontryside, genti i tali avvolgimenti, e gonfi; così come alcuni calori e umori sanguigni generano nel corpo nostro certe enfiature, che si chiamano cicatrici e scrofe; perciò il tartufo non si rassomiglia punto a una pianta, e non nasce senz'acqua, ma è senza radici e non germina, e non ha appiccicolo per cui la unita con la terra; ed ha nondimeno il essere suo dalla terra, quando ha patito piccola alterazione e cambiamento. E se questa ragione (dissì io) vi par magra, io vi dico che la maggior parte degli accidenti seguiti dal tuono e dalla folgore sono così fatti, e però si crede che per lo più abbiano non so che di divinità. E per questo mi immagino essere stato il zolfo nominato da cui, dalla somiglianza dell’odore del fuoco, ed acuto, che trasfonde sopra le cose che ferisce la folgore. Per la quale causa sono io d' avviso che i cani ed uccelli s’ astengano da’ corpi balestrati dal cielo. E qui forse punto, non essendo animato di passare più oltre in trattando della cagione. A compiere il resto inviteremo ora costui qui, perché francamente ha soggiornato nel ragionare dei tartufi, affinché non ci ne avvenga biasimo, come già avvenne al pittore Andrace, il quale dipingendo quel golfo di mare, che oggi è chiamato il Faro di Messina, ed avendo rappresentati molto bene ed al vivo i pesci intorno allo scoglio di Scilla, parve che andasse più dietro all'adesione che all’arte, perciò era forte goloso, ed amatore di vivande scelte e delicate. Così potrà dire alcuno che noi abbiamo filosofato intorno al dubbio nascimento (come vedi) dei tartufi, mossi dal piacere che sentiamo in mangiarli. Ma ritrovando noi qualche probabilità in Suesto ragionamento, e dandoci a credere Che la ragione sia assai manifesta, io fui d'avviso, e dissi esser tempo, che come se fossimo nel recitare una commedia, s'alzassero le macchine e ordigni per contrafare il tuono, divisando dopo il bere degli effetti della folgore. Tutti gli altri detti furono approvati per i compagni: ben mi pregarono, e si mostrarono invogliati di sentire discorrere perchè i dormienti non restino offesi dal fulmine. Ora ancorché io conoscessi non poter fare guadagno in toccare una causa, che avesse la ragione comune a tutti gli effetti del tuono, non per tanto dissi che il fuoco della folgore maravigliosamente è sottile, riconoscendo sua origine da una sostanza pura e sincera; e se parte alcuna umida e terrestre se si mischia, la velocità del suo moto la scuote fuori e purga. Ciò che non può arrestare la luce celeste, non è toccato dalla folgore, disse Democrito: i corpi solidi e densi, come il bronzo e l'argento. ben arrestano la folgore, ma sono da essa guasti e liquefatti, perchè le fanno resistenza e s' oppongono, ma i corpi radi, spugnosi ed aperti subito trapassa oltre senza offesa, come sono le vesti e i legni secchi, perchè i verdi abbruciano per l' umido che è racchiuso dentro essi, il quale s' accende. Se adunque è vero che i dormienti non siano mai uccisi dalla folgore, quindi, e non altronde si deve trarre bisogno della causa. Secondo le correzioni dei migliori si dovrebbe dire: Finché mi è stato lecito di mordere alcuno poco ed a fior di labbro questa disputa. di questo effetto. I corpi dei vigilanti sono più forti e saldi, e fanno maggior resistenza, come quelli che hanno tutte le loro parti riempite di spirito, per opera del quale rivolto a’ sensi, e che sono come strumenti, e riempiendo, riserrando i canali di essi, l’animale si fa forte, unito in sé stesso, e denso, là dove in dormendo diviene languido, rado, disuguale, spossato e molle, e a' aprono i pori partendosi lo spirito, e abbandonandolo. E questa è la causa che le voci e gli odori allora traversano il corpo nostro senza lasciarsi sentire, perchè quello che doveva l'opporre resistenza, e facendo resistenza patire, non viene ad incontrare gli oggetti che s'appaiono, e men lo fanno quando i corpi sono penetrati da sostanza così sottile e veloce, quale è quella della folgore. Perché natura difende i corpi meno possenti a resistere con certe naturali repugnanze, che servono per rimedio contro le offese, armandoli di durezze e solidità. Inoltre la forza invincibile ha per costume d'offendere meno quelli che cedono, che quelli i quali fanno forza in contrario e resistenza. Aggiungi da vantaggio, che i dormienti hanno meno di spavento e terrore, per cui molti, senz' altra offesa, che di timore di morte, morirono. Or vedi perchè i pastori insegnano al loro gregge rannicchiarsi e riserrarsi insieme quando tuona e fulmina; perchè le pecore qua e là sorprese seminatamente gittano il parto anzitempo, e già se ne videro infinite uccise per la folgore, senza vederlo sul loro addosso segno alcuno di colpo, o abbronzamento, fuggendosi l'anima dal corpo solamente per paura, in guisa d'uccello che senz' voli; perchè come disse Euripide, Molli uccise la folgore senza sangue. Inoltre, in altri casi, sappiamo che l'udito è più soggetto a soffrire violente passioni di qualunque altro sentimento; e le paure e temenze che vengono da strepiti portano all'anima travagli maggiori, il non sentire i quali è un grande schermo all'uomo che dorme: là dove i vigilanti si perdono per la paura, avanti che ricevano il colpo, e rendendo il corpo col freddo del timore, che rassoda e riserra, sentono più forte la percossa per causa della resistenza che hanno. PLUTARCO — OPUSCOLI. Perché, nel celebrarsi nozze, s'invitano molte persone al convito. Alla folla delle nozze del figlio di Atabalo si trovò Sossio Senecione di Cheronea in compagnia nostra, ed altre molte persone onorate, ove ci fu presentata occasione di ragionare e ricercare perche si invita più gente alle nozze, che ad altro convito; ancorché quelli, infra i legislatori, ci impugnarono di tutta l'orza le spese soverchie, principalmente determinassero il numero delle persone da chiamarsi al convito nuziale. Perché Ecateo, aderiva infra gli antichi filosofi che trattarono di questo affare, non disse, a mio giudizio, concetto che vaglia ed abbia del verninole. Narra dunque che gli ammogliati novellamente invitano molti al convito, acciò molti sappiano e possano testimoniare che essi sono liberi e franchi, e pigliano moglie della medesima condizione. Fanno in contrario i poeti comici, che si ridono di quelli i quali, con sontuoso e superlo splendore, e magnifico apprestamento, celebrano la festa del matrimonio, dicendo d'essere segno che non si accoppiano stabilmente e sicuramente, come fe' dire Monandro ad uno che lo consigliava a circondare la moglie con molti piatti d’ogni intorno. Ma per non parere di riprendere altrui a nostro pro, e di non voler palesare il nostro parere, io dico, e sarò il primo, che non è occasione di festeggiare si pubblica e vulgata, come quella dei novelli sposi. Ben può l'uomo far sacrificio agli Idoli, bene può partendo per far lungo viaggio invitare amico, ed alloggiare il forestiero senza saputa di molti suoi parenti; ma la mensa nuziale accompagnata da Imeneo, che cantando alza la voce, e dalla taccia che si porta dietro, è cosa che non si deve mai fare. Non dubitiamo di sostituire questa voce a quella di /barrite nota dai migliori interpreti come evidente corruzione. Questa lacuna viene così svolta dal Reiske: Menandro aveva concesso di sorvolare la moglie con molti piatti risvolti. La dice adunque, una ricca moglie esser cosa pericolosa. Ma forse non sembra che noi riprendiamo altrui i vizi, è facilissimo a farsi dire nessuna sentenza nostra, io dichiaro per primo ciò. Innanzi alla sposa, da parte della tribù che si recava (le quali, come dice Omero, stanno ferme le donne alle porte per meraviglia, e per guardare la sposa), non può stare celata e manifesta il matrimonio. Onde vergognandosi gli ammogliati di lasciare indietro alcuno di quelli che sanno il ricevimento da farsi e l'invito, chiamano tutti i loro familiari e parenti, e generalmente tutti quelli che in qualunque modo sono con essi congiunti. Approvato che furono da noi queste ragioni, soggiunse Teorie: E così si supponga per vero, poiché almeno non è fuori del verisimile; ma se ti piace aggiungere ancora questo, che questo festeggiare di nozze non è solamente fra amici, ma fra parenti ancora; perchè tutta una famiglia viene ad unirsi per nodo di parentado con altra famiglia. E, che è più, venendo ancora ad unirsi due case, quella che riceve stima convenirsi festeggiare i parenti ed amici di quella che dà; e quella che dà, ricevuta inerente vuole accarezzare gli uomini e donne dell'altra che riceve, e così raddoppiano il numero delle accoglienze e degli invitati. Inoltre la maggior parte degli atti del matrimonio sono maneggiati da donne, e là ove sono donne, è necessario che siano altresì ricevuti i mariti. IV. Se al mare porge vivande migliori, che noti fa la terra. Galesco è un borgo d’Eubea, ovvero ramo polizzano naturalmente fonti d’acqua calda, e sono molte comodità per pigliarvi ogni onorato diletto; ed è fornito d’abituri, e luoghi di trattenimento, ed è infine come un pubblico ricetto di tutta la Grecia, e vi si pigliano molti uccelli e fiere, e il mare gareggia con l’aria e con la terra, così che non meno arricchisce le tavole, prende mena nobile e numeroso pesce in certi luoghi propinqui molto netti e profondi non lungi dal lido. Ma più che in altra stagione liorna il luogo nel mezzo di primavera, nella quale stagione vi concorrono molte persone, e fanno liete brigate e compagnie fra tanta abbondanza di vivaci, e non a vendere altro che fare spesso ragionano. di lettere. Ma quando vi si trova Callistrato, il famoso oratore, malagevolmente si può mangiare altrove, che appresso di lui; perchè sua cortesia è invincibile, e compiacendosi d'assembrare in uno persone graziose, tanto faceva apparire più dolce la sua compagnia. Perchè sovente si metteva a vocire imitare infra gli antichi Cinici, prendendo diletto di ricevere a convito molte persone, e di più paesi, ma sempre imitava Eco, per cosi dire, il quale come si narra fu il primo, che giornalmente in casa sua di giorno assembrasse un'adunanza d’uomini onorati e virtuosi, la quale fu appellata Pritaneo, o Senato. I ragionamenti tenuti allora in Galepsi (a) erano convenienti a questa compagnia. Infra gli altri essendo un giorno le tavole piene di molto varie diverse vivande, diedero occasione di disputa intorno ai cibi, se erano migliori quelli di terra, o pure quelli di mare. Ed avendo quasi tutti gli altri lodato e antiposto le vivande di terra, come più numerose, e di sorte diverse, ed innumibili per le tante spezie e differenze, Policeri chiamando Simmaco per nome, disse: Tu che sei animale isolano e nutrito infra tanti mari, che accerchiano d'ogni intorno la vostra sacra città di Nicopoli, non prenderai la difesa di Nettuno? Anzi voglio difenderlo a spada tratta (rispose Simmaco) e te prego, e te chiamo per mio avvocato in questa causa, che godi la più bella parte del mare di Grecia. Or vagliamo in prima disse Policrate) all'uso del parlare, perchè siccome infra tanti poeti che furono, veramente un solo ne si appella poeta per eccellenza, così molte essendo le vivande, il pesce solo principalmente meritò d’essere nominato Opson, che importa vivanda squisita, perchè supera tutte l’altre in bontà. Ed usiamo di nominare Opseofagi e Filoni non gli amatori della carne del bue, come Ercole, il quale lasciò i fichi freschi per mangiare carne, non il mangiatore di fichi, come Platone, non il mangiatore d'uva, come Arcesilao, ma quelli che sempre si ragionano in pescheria, e stanno con gli (li Figliuolo di Mihiade). (2) Edeptso. (3) Città dell’Epiro situata nel seno d'Ambra. (4) I Greci dicevano "ορορῄῥ" (Il poeta) intendevano sempre "anonomasticamente" Omero. (5) Orecchi tesi per sentire il campanello quando s'incomincia a vendere il pesce. E Demostene rimproverò a Fisicra il fatto che con l'oro acquistato per tradire la patria comprava meretrici e pesci, accusandolo insieme di gola e di lussuria. E Ctesifonte ad un goloso, che in consiglio ad alta voce diceva: Io scoppierei piuttosto, rispose: Ohimè, non fare, amico mio, che ci faresti parere mangiatori di pesci. E il componitore di questi versetti, Di capperi or tu vivi magramente, Che già di storione viver potresti, che volle significare? E che vogliono dire gli uomini volgari, quando invitandosi a soggiornare insieme in gioco e in festa, dicono: Di grazia oggi lettoreggiamo. Or non mostrano essi che piacevolissimo, e gradito sia, come veramente è, il mangiarlo lungo esso il lido del mare? Già non sentiamo piacere in vedere l'onda e ricogliere nicchi. Forse per mangiarvi cavie infrante, o capperi? Certamente non già, ma perchè la mensa apparecchiata non lungi dalla marina è abbondante e ricca per il molto pesce fresco.
| 22,352 |
https://github.com/longod/WhiteAlbum/blob/master/WA.Test/SusieTypesTest.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
WhiteAlbum
|
longod
|
C#
|
Code
| 57 | 241 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;
using Xunit;
namespace WA.Test
{
public class SusieTypesTest
{
[Fact]
public void TestBitMapInfoHeaderSize()
{
Assert.Equal(40, Marshal.SizeOf<Susie.BitMapInfoHeader>());
}
[Fact]
public void TestRGBQuadSize()
{
Assert.Equal(4, Marshal.SizeOf<Susie.RGBQuad>());
}
[Fact]
public void TestPictureInfoSize()
{
Assert.Equal(26, Marshal.SizeOf<Susie.API.PictureInfo>());
}
[Fact]
public void TestFileInfoSize()
{
Assert.Equal(20 + 8 + 200 + 200, Marshal.SizeOf<Susie.API.FileInfo>());
}
}
}
| 22,500 |
https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/121204
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Arvi, https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/users/17120
|
English
|
Spoken
| 153 | 292 |
Can we use Powershell in SharePoint server 2007 platform
I want to use the Powershell capabilities for SharePoint Server 2007. Is that possible?
Yes you can enable PowerShell
http://blogs.technet.com/b/praveenh/archive/2013/01/22/running-powershell-on-moss-2007.aspx
PowerShell by default comes with Windows Server 2008, however it doesn’t come with Windows Server 2003 and my guess is that if you’re still running SharePoint 2007 you’re probably still running Server 2003. If you are among this group, all you need to do is install the hotfix (KB926139) on one of your web servers. If you’re running Server 2008, you’re ready to go.
http://blog.metrostarsystems.com/2011/04/20/leveraging-sharepoint-2007-through-windows-powershell/
You won't have the luxury of the commandlets like *-SP*, but all of the managed code libraries will be at your disposal by means of reflection: [reflection.assembly]::load* methods will come handy.
Also please note that, we are loading only the SP2007 Sharepoint dll. Make sure you are using only those objects and methods avaialble in SP2007 SharePoint object Modal/
| 643 |
https://github.com/AutoscanForJavaFork/Artemis/blob/master/src/main/java/de/tum/in/www1/artemis/web/rest/dto/DueDateStat.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
Artemis
|
AutoscanForJavaFork
|
Java
|
Code
| 30 | 105 |
package de.tum.in.www1.artemis.web.rest.dto;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
/**
* Wrapper class for a two-component statistic
* depending on the due-date of an exercise.
*/
@JsonInclude(JsonInclude.Include.NON_EMPTY)
public record DueDateStat(long inTime, long late) {
}
| 31,532 |
bpt6k9713431n_1
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,963 |
Bulletin municipal officiel de la Ville de Paris
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
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L'ANNÉE. — N° 280 VENDREDI 6 DECEMBRE 1963 RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE LIBERTÉ — ÉGALITÉ — FRATERNITÉ BULLETIN MUNICIPAL OFFICIEL de la Ville de Paris ET ANNEXE AU RECUEIL DES ACTES ADMINISTRATIFS de la Préfecture de la Seine et de la Préfecture de Police Le numéro : 0,20 F. Les abonnements partent des 1er et le 1er de chaque mois : trois mois, 14 F ; six mois, 25 F ; douze mois, 45 F. Envoyer le montant net par mandat-carte, chèque ou chèque postal à l'ordre du régisseur-comptable du Bulletin municipal officiel, Paris C. C. 9060-88. Adresser toutes les communications, annonces, demandes d'abonnement au Bulletin municipal officiel, à l'Hôtel de Ville. Pour les réclamations, changements d'adresse et renouvellements, joindre la dernière bande imprimée du journal. Pour les changements d'adresse, ajouter 0,80 F. SOMMAIRE DU 6 DECEMBRE 1963 CONSEIL MUNICIPAL DE PARIS Questions écrites. Réponses à des questions écrites. CONSEIL GÉNÉRAL DE LA SEINE Ordre du jour du vendredi 6 décembre 1963. Réponses à des questions écrites. PRÉFECTURE DE LA SEINE Personnel. — Titularisation dans l'emploi de secrétaire administratif en application de l'art. 144 du décret n° 60-729 du 25 juillet 1960. (Arrêté du 18 novembre 1963.) Personnel. — Concours public et concours interne pour l'admission à l'emploi de secrétaire administratif du Département de la Seine et de la Ville de Paris. (Arrêté du 18 novembre 1963.) Ouverture d'un concours public et d'un concours interne pour l'admission à l'emploi de secrétaire administratif du Département de la Seine et de la Ville de Paris. (Note de service du 18 novembre 1963.) Rivière de Seine. — Lots de pêche nos 1 et 2 en amont de Paris. — Suspension provisoire de la pêche pour réempoissonnement. (Arrêté du 3 décembre 1963.) PRÉFECTURE DE POLICE Inspection générale des services. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 1re classe. — Année 1963 (tableau supplémentaire). Inspection générale des services. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 1re classe. — Année 1964 (tableau normal). Inspection générale des services. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 2e classe. — Année 1963 (tableau supplémentaire). Inspection générale des services. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 1re classe (section hors rang). — Année 1964. Inspection générale des services (section hors rang). — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 2e classe. — Année 1964. Direction de la police économique et de la répression des fraudes. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 1re classe. — Année 1963 (tableau supplémentaire). Direction de la police économique et de la répression des fraudes. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 1re classe. — Année 1964 (tableau normal). Direction de la police économique et de la répression des fraudes. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 2e classe. — Année 1963 (tableau supplémentaire). Direction de la police économique et de la répression des fraudes. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 2e classe. — Année 1964 (tableau normal). Direction des services vétérinaires sanitaires. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 1re classe. — Année 1963. Direction des services vétérinaires sanitaires. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 1re classe. — Année 1964. Direction des services vétérinaires sanitaires. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 2e classe. — Année 1963 (tableau supplémentaire). Direction des services vétérinaires sanitaires. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 2e classe. — Année 1964. Direction de la sécurité du Président de la République et des hautes personnalités. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 1re classe. — Année 1963 (tableau supplémentaire). Direction de la sécurité du Président de la République et des hautes personnalités. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 1re classe. — Année 1964 (tableau normal). Direction de la sécurité du Président de la République et des hautes personnalités. — Tableau d'avancement au grade d'officier de police principal de 2e classe. — Année 1964 (tableau normal). Direction générale de la police municipale. — Nomination d'un officier de paix principal et de brigadiers-chefs. Candidats ayant obtenu le brevet de secouriste de la protection civile. Direction générale de la police municipale. — Etat statistique des contraventions transmises aux tribunaux de police de banlieue au cours du mois d'octobre 1963. COMMUNICATIONS DIVERSES Grand Prix littéraire de la Ville de Paris 1963. Personnel. — Concours pour l'admission à l'emploi de secrétaire d'hygiène sociale dans les services de la Préfecture de la Seine. Personnel. — Concours public d'admission à l'emploi d'ouvrier d'état plombier-couvreur. Assistance publique. — Concours pour les prix à décerner à MM. les Internes en médecine de quatrième année. — Année 1963-1964. — Concours de chirurgie et d'accouchement. Avis de concours. Travail. — Situation du marché du travail dans le département de la Seine au 1er novembre 1963. Travail. — Répartition par groupe professionnel des offres et demandes d'emploi à satisfaire au 1er novembre 1963 dans le département de la Seine. Visite de l'aquarium du Trocadéro. Vaccination antipoliomyélitique. Service municipal de la désinfection. Annonces. CONVOCATIONS DE COMMISSIONS Du vendredi 6 décembre 1963. A 14 h 30 (salle au tableau). — Commission mixte de la famille et de la population. A 15 heures (salle au tableau) : Commission de la jeunesse et des sports du Conseil général. Commission mixte du travail et du chômage. Commission mixte des transports. A 17 heures (salle au tableau). — 1re Commission du Conseil général. CONSEIL MUNICIPAL DE PARIS QUESTIONS ÉCRITES Questions d'intérêt général. Enseignement et beaux-arts. N° 1974. — M. le docteur Roger Pinoteau, conseiller municipal, signale à M. le Préfet de la Seine combien la décision du 22 novembre 1963 supprimant une classe à l'école de garçons du 8, rue Pierre-Foncin est préjudiciable aux intérêts des écoliers, d'autant plus que depuis ce remaniement quatre nouvelles inscriptions ont été enregistrées pour la classe en question. La santé intellectuelle des enfants nécessite que cette classe soit rétablie afin d'éviter une fâcheuse surcharge. Divers. N° 1975. — Ayant eu connaissance par la presse de la proposition de Mme Janine Alexandre-Debray de donner le nom du président Kennedy à une rue de Paris, un correspondant écrit à M. René Thomas, conseiller municipal, pour lui suggérer que ce nom soit attribué à la place de Clichy, faisant remarquer qu'il y a déjà une rue, un boulevard, une avenue, une porte et un passage portant le nom de Clichy. Le conseiller susnommé transmet à toutes fins utiles cette suggestion à M. le Préfet de la Seine. N° 1976. — La différence entre les pièces de 50 et 20 centimes nouvellement mises en circulation est si minime que les confusions sont très fréquentes. Pour remédier à cet état de choses, M. Paul Faber, conseiller municipal, prie M. le Préfet de la Seine de vouloir bien demander au service intéressé s'il ne serait pas possible de faire un trou central dans l'une ou l'autre de ces pièces afin de les différencier facilement. RÉPONSES A DES QUESTIONS ÉCRITES Questions d'intérêt général. Eaux et assainissement. N° 1644. — Sans nul doute, l'ancien maire Stanislas Sicé doit se féliciter des déclarations du professeur Boyer sur « l'eau infâme » desservie aux Parisiens, malgré tant de protestations édilitaires et autres et tant de suggestions. M. Armand Massard, conseiller municipal, se félicite également d'avoir, avec quelques collègues, préconisé le système Sicé : deux canalisations et deux robinets pour l'eau potable et l'autre. Cela coûterait cher évidemment ; mais ne projette-t-on pas des réalisations plus dispendieuses, moins efficaces et moins impératives ? C'est pourquoi M. Armand Massard demande à M. le Préfet de la Seine de remettre à l'étude cette question vitale. (Question du 25 octobre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. Nombre de grandes villes dans le monde sont, comme Paris, desservies en eaux de rivière filtrées et l’hygiène publique ne paraît pas en être affectée. En ce qui concerne Paris, les ressources portent concurremment sur des eaux de rivière filtrées et sur des eaux souterraines qui répondent, les unes et les autres, aux normes fixées par le Conseil supérieur d’hygiène publique de France et font l’objet d’un contrôle permanent par un service qualifié. En regard des réalisations, en cours ou projetées, qui ont pour objet essentiel de maintenir les disponibilités au niveau des besoins sans cesse croissants, la distribution des eaux souterraines par petites quantités à l’ensemble des consommateurs soulèverait d’énormes difficultés techniques, sans préjudice de ses incidences financières qui seraient très lourdes ; l’Administration a d’ailleurs fourni toutes précisions utiles à ce sujet à la tribune du Conseil municipal au cours de la séance du 21 novembre 1963. Enseignement et beaux-arts. N° 1292. — Au collège d'enseignement technique de garçons 7, rue Clavel (19e), les élèves prennent leurs repas dans un bâtiment dont la toiture laisse passer la pluie. Ils y accèdent par un escalier jugé trop étroit par les services de sécurité. Le sol du réfectoire devait être carrelé, des devis auraient été établis, mais l'administration de l'établissement n'a plus la moindre nouvelle sur les moyens d'exécution de ces travaux, cependant indispensables, non plus que des projets de réfection des peintures intérieures de la cuisine. Mme Madeleine Marzin, M. André Sibaud, Mme Micheline Krasucki, MM. Raymond Bossus et Emmanuel Fleury, conseillers municipaux, demandent à M. le Préfet de la Seine de bien vouloir intervenir pour la mise hors eau de ce bâtiment du collège avant l'hiver 1963-1964. Ils lui demandent aussi si les autres projets de travaux énumérés ci-dessus ont été dotés de crédits. Si oui, pourquoi n'ont-ils pas été entrepris et quand le seront-ils ? Sinon, ils le prient de bien vouloir obtenir les crédits indispensables à l'exécution de ces travaux pour la rentrée scolaire 1964-1965. (Question du 21 septembre 1963.) Deuxième réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. M. le Recteur de l'Académie de Paris fait connaître que les crédits correspondant à divers travaux à exécuter au collège d'enseignement technique de la rue Clavel (modification des accès au réfectoire des élèves, réfection des peintures de la cuisine et des annexes, réfection des peintures, regréage et carrelage du sol dans le réfectoire des élèves) ont été demandés au service ministériel compétent le 31 juillet 1963 au titre des travaux déconcentrés 1964. N° 1392. — L'examen de passage en première économique s'est déroulé dans des conditions invraisemblables ; 700 candidats ont été rassemblés dans un immense hall à plusieurs niveaux rue du Banquier. La dictée a été lue au micro et diffusée par haut-parleur dans des conditions absolument inaudibles. Il serait inadmissible que des candidats aient à supporter les conséquences de l'organisation défectueuse de cet examen. MM. Albert Boisseau, Louis Baillot, André Voguet, Mmes Madeleine Marzin et Catherine Lagatu, conseillers municipaux, demandent à M. le Préfet de la Seine de bien vouloir prendre toutes dispositions nécessaires pour qu'il soit tenu le plus grand compte des conditions matérielles dans lesquelles ont dû travailler les candidats. (Question du 3 octobre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. M. le Recteur de l'Académie de Paris fait connaître que les élèves ont été répartis dans la salle sur deux niveaux. La dictée a été d'abord lue et diffusée au micro pour l'ensemble des candidats, puis relue sans micro à chacun des niveaux, enfin relue individuellement à chaque élève qui en faisait la demande. Les fonctionnaires qui ont surveillé l'examen n'ont à aucun moment eu l'impression que la dictée au micro ait été inaudible. A leur avis, cette première dictée eût même pu suffire. Sans doute l'épreuve d'orthographe a été mauvaise mais ce résultat ne dépend pas des conditions matérielles dans lesquelles les élèves ont composé. C'est la faiblesse générale des candidats qui est seule en cause comme en témoigne l'examen des copies. M. le Recteur précise que le manque de salles d'examens est un problème qui a retenu toute son attention. La construction d'un vaste ensemble de salles d'examens à Arcueil, actuellement à l'étude, améliorera très sensiblement la situation. N° 1580. — L'Association des parents d'élèves de l'école de garçons 10, rue Eugène-Varlin a fait part à Mme Catherine Lagatu, MM. Clément Baudouin et Louis Turpin de son inquiétude devant la suppression d'une classe de cours moyen 2 par la réunion en une seule classe des deux classes de cours moyen 2 existant jusqu'à présent. Actuellement quarante-deux élèves se trouvent réunis dans le même local. D'une manière évidente ce chiffre élevé d'enfants ne permet pas à un maître de conduire avec toutes les chances de succès l'ensemble de ses élèves jusqu'à la classe de 6e. De tels procédés servent à résoudre les difficultés en personnel mais aussi à expliquer certains échecs aux examens. Absolument d'accord avec les parents d'élèves, Mme Catherine Lagatu, MM. Clément Baudouin et Louis Turpin, conseillers municipaux, demandent qu'un nouveau maître soit nommé dans ce groupe scolaire de manière à dédoubler le cours moyen 2 et à donner ainsi le maximum de chances aux jeunes élèves de cette classe. (Question du 19 octobre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. La onzième classe de l'école de garçons 10, rue Eugène-Varlin a été fermée par suite du départ en stage de l'instituteur qui assurait son fonctionnement. La fermeture était possible du fait que l'effectif moyen par classe de cette école était inférieur au minimum exigible pour le maintien de la onzième classe. Bien que la fermeture en question ait entraîné l'accroissement des effectifs du cours moyen 2, la répartition actuelle des élèves est la seule compatible avec une bonne organisation pédagogique de l'école. N° 1582. — Le raccordement de la loge de la concierge au chauffage central existant dans le groupe scolaire sis 41, rue de Chabrol a été décidé et doté depuis déjà un certain temps. MM. Clément Baudouin, Louis Turpin et Mme Catherine Lagatu, conseillers municipaux, demandent à M. le Préfet de la Seine la réalisation de ces travaux avant la venue de l'hiver. (Question du 19 octobre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. L'installation du chauffage central dans le bâtiment sur rue du groupe scolaire de la rue de Chabrol est prévue dans le plan triennal de modernisation qui est soumis au Conseil municipal à l'occasion de sa présente session. Logement. N° 1477. — Un important ensemble immobilier d'habitations à loyer modéré, tout en brique rouge, a été construit en 1952 entre le boulevard Bessières, l'avenue de la Porte-de-Saint-Ouen et la rue André-Bréchet. Il a été signalé à M. René Fayssat, conseiller municipal, que si les jardins intérieurs de ces immeubles sont parfaitement entretenus, par contre, les cages d'escalier ainsi que les entrées ont besoin d'un lessivage ; les ascenseurs fonctionnent de façon défectueuse parce que mal entretenus ; les grilles, portes et autres parties métalliques sont rouillées. Depuis plusieurs années, il est question d'une remise en état des parties communes de l'immeuble, mais rien n'a été fait. A défaut de travaux importants, il conviendrait tout au moins d'effectuer quelques travaux de peinture et d'entretien afin de sauvegarder cet ensemble de qualité. (Question du 10 octobre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. L'Office public d'habitations à loyer modéré de la Ville de Paris fait connaître que le groupe d'immeubles de la porte Saint-Ouen a été mis en location en 1954. Les travaux d'entretien nécessaires seront exécutés au cours de l'année 1964. Postes et télécommunications. N° 1921. — Une liste a été récemment publiée par la presse indiquant les émissions de timbres-poste actuellement prévues pour l’année 1964. M. Jean Cayeux, conseiller municipal, a été surpris de ne pas voir figurer dans cette énumération un timbre qui serait émis à l’occasion des Floralies internationales qui doivent se tenir à Paris du 24 avril au 3 mai 1964. Cette grande manifestation doit faire venir à Paris un public nombreux, notamment des pays étrangers. Lors des premières Floralies internationales, en 1959, une émission avait été réalisée, qui a connu un grand succès. L’auteur de la question demande à M. le Préfet de la Seine de bien vouloir signaler ce point à l’attention de M. le Ministre des postes et télécommunications, car il est convaincu qu’une émission avec une valeur faciale permettant l’affranchissement du courrier, aussi bien sur le réseau intérieur que pour les relations internationales, servirait fort opportunément le rayonnement français. (Question du 27 novembre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. La présente question a été signalée à l’attention de M. le Ministre des postes et télécommunications. Sa réponse sera communiquée dès réception. Transports. N° 1194. — Il est très fréquent qu'un véhicule de gabarit important gêne la visibilité à un croisement et qu'ainsi les voitures effectuant un virage puissent toucher les piétons traversant la chaussée sur le passage clouté, les uns et les autres ayant leur visibilité gênée par le véhicule de fort gabarit en stationnement. Il est mal aisé de prévenir les accidents contre les véhicules aux stationnements occasionnels. Mais M. le docteur Roger Pinoteau, conseiller municipal, tient à signaler à M. le Préfet de la Seine le danger permanent que présente le stationnement des autobus de la ligne PC à l'endroit du 2, boulevard Davout et qui durant leur arrêt bouchent aux très nombreuses voitures qui empruntent la rue Noël-Ballay, pour éviter l'encombrement du boulevard extérieur, leur perspective sur le passage clouté où constamment des piétons sont engagés et qui, devant l'arrivée inopinée du véhicule, qu'eux non plus n'ont pas vu venir, sont affolés et, ce qui est plus grave, sont fréquemment victimes d'accidents. Aussi serait-il judicieux pour supprimer cette cause d'accident de déplacer l'arrêt du PC en le reportant un peu plus haut après la rue Noël-Ballay. Les usagers se dirigeant vers le métro « Porte de Vincennes » verraient leur parcours peu augmenté. La R.A.T.P. n'éprouverait aucune consommation supplémentaire et le dégagement de la rue Noël-Ballay serait favorable aux nombreux piétons riverains. (Question du 8 août 1963.) Deuxième réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. Au cours d’une conférence sur place réunie le 29 octobre 1963, à laquelle était représenté l’auteur de la question, il a été reconnu que le report après la rue Noël-Ballay de l’arrêt considéré entraînerait plus d’inconvénients que d’avantages, notamment en raison de la traversée d’une voie supplémentaire pour les usagers de la station de métropolitain « Porte de Vincennes », de l’accroissement de la distance déjà importante de cette station au point d’arrêt en question, de l’impossibilité d’installer un abri pour voyageurs assez spacieux à l’emplacement suggéré et de la difficulté de stationnement des autobus sur une partie plus étroite de la chaussée. En conséquence, le maintien de la situation existante a été décidé. Questions d’intérêt local. 9e arrondissement. N° 1422. — Le jour même (1er octobre 1963) où les cheminées de Paris devaient cesser d’émettre des fumées « contenant des suies, fumerons ou poussières susceptibles de se répandre dans l’atmosphère » (cela d’après un arrêté préfectoral signé voici deux ans), Mme Janine Alexandre-Debray, conseiller municipal, recevait les doléances des habitants du 33, boulevard de Clichy relatives aux fumées grasses et noirâtres que déversent dans cet immeuble les cheminées du Lycée technique municipal de dessin et d’art appliqués à l’industrie situé 24, rue Duperré. Le lycée n’est pas responsable, assurément, mais vraisemblablement les installateurs de ces cheminées le sont. C’est pourquoi Mme Janine Alexandre-Debray demande à M. le Préfet de la Seine de faire vérifier ces cheminées à la veille de l’hiver et d’y faire effectuer les réparations qui s’imposent. (Question du 5 octobre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. Les émissions de fumées constatées proviennent effectivement de la cheminée de la cuisine du lycée technique municipal. Elles ne sont qu'intermittentes et se manifestent lors de l'allumage ou du rechargement de la cuisinière. Une étude est en cours pour rechercher le moyen de faire disparaître complètement ces fumées. N° 1604. — Un certain nombre de mères de famille du quartier de la Trinité se plaignent des faits suivants : le square de la Trinité est un des rares points de verdure du 9e arrondissement où il soit possible d'amener des enfants en bas âge pour leur promenade quotidienne. À ce titre, il est très fréquenté car il permet à la fois aux enfants de s'ébattre sans danger et aux mamans de les surveiller sans difficulté. Or, depuis plusieurs années, et plus que jamais cette saison, ce square est devenu un lieu de rencontre des clochards du quartier, particulièrement nombreux autour de la Trinité. Ils offrent aux enfants un triste spectacle de déchéance humaine et de délabrement et, plus d'une fois, certains d'entre eux sont en état d'ébriété, bruyants, choquants, constituant une atteinte permanente aux bonnes mœurs. C'est pourquoi Mme Janine Alexandre-Debray, conseiller municipal, se fait auprès de M. le Préfet de la Seine et de M. le Préfet de police l'interprète de l'émotion des mères et de leurs inquiétudes. (Question des 20-21 octobre 1963.) N° 1641. — MM. Louis Turpin, Clément Baudouin et Mme Catherine Lagatu, conseillers municipaux, ont reçu les doléances de plusieurs mères de famille du 9e arrondissement qui fréquentent avec leurs jeunes enfants le square de la Trinité, place d'Estienne-d'Orves. Ces personnes se plaignent de la présence dans le square d'un nombre grandissant de clochards dont la tenue, le comportement et pour certains l'état d'ébriété constituent un spectacle affligeant et choquant tant pour les enfants que pour les personnes qui les accompagnent ou qui viennent se reposer dans le square. Les conseillers susnommés demandent à M. le Préfet de la Seine d'intervenir pour faire cesser cet état de choses afin que les enfants et les adultes qui fréquentent le square de la Trinité, un des rares espaces verts du 9e arrondissement, puissent le faire en toute quiétude. (Question du 24 octobre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine et de M. le Préfet de police. Les gardes chargés de la surveillance du square de la Trinité s'efforcent d'interdire, dans toute la mesure possible, l'accès de ce jardin aux éléments indésirables, en accord avec les services de police. Toutes instructions ont été données pour qu'une surveillance accrue soit exercée afin d'assurer la tranquillité des usagers de ce jardin. 17e arrondissement. N° 1596. — En face du n° 53 de la rue Navier, les travaux de réfection de la nouvelle rue qui va de la rue Navier à la rue des Epinettes jusqu'à la rue Pouchet ont été terminés en juillet dernier. En juin, Electricité de France avait ouvert les trottoirs pour y passer des canalisations. Or on ouvre de nouveau les trottoirs. MM. Paul Faber, Bernard Lafay, Ducatel et Mme Monique Lumbert, conseillers municipaux, se faisant l'écho des nombreuses protestations des riverains, demandent à M. le Préfet de la Seine de leur faire connaître qui est responsable de ce défaut de coordination. (Question du 19 octobre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. À la suite de la construction d'un poste de transformation dans l'immeuble 38, rue des Epinettes, Electricité de France s'est trouvée dans l'obligation de rouvrir une fouille à l'angle de la rue Navier et de la rue des Epinettes pour y placer un câble de télécommunications non prévu dans le projet initial et indispensable au fonctionnement du poste. 18e arrondissement. N° 1750. — Les travaux d'aménagement du square Saint-Bernard commencés depuis plusieurs années se terminent petit à petit. L'eau toutefois n'y serait pas encore installée, ce qui est très gênant, en particulier lorsque, comme cela a été le cas il y a quelques jours, un jeune enfant se blesse en tombant. M. René Thomas, conseiller municipal, prie M. le Préfet de la Seine de bien vouloir donner des instructions pour que tous ces travaux, entre autres ceux d'amener l'eau, soient terminés sans tarder. (Question des 1er-2-3-4 novembre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. Les travaux d'alimentation en eau potable et non potable du square Saint-Bernard ont été terminés fin juin 1963. Par ailleurs, la pose d'une fontaine Wallace est envisagée et sera réalisée dès livraison. Mais, en tout état de cause, le fonctionnement des fontaines Wallace est interrompu à partir du 1er novembre en raison des risques de gel. CONSEIL GÉNÉRAL DE LA SEINE Ordre du jour du vendredi 6 décembre 1963. SÉANCE PUBLIQUE À SEIZE HEURES Affaires inscrites par la conférence des présidents. Questions. M. Pellat. — Question à M. le Préfet de la Seine sur les difficultés des Offices d'habitations à loyer modéré et les problèmes que pose la crise du logement dans le département de la Seine (suite de la discussion). MM. Robert Levol, Georges Valbon, Raymond Barbet, Auguste Lemasson, Robert Francotte, Maurice Berlemont, Gilbert Chardon et Mme Catherine Lagatu. — Question à M. le Préfet de la Seine sur les mesures envisagées pour résoudre la crise du logement dans le département de la Seine. MM. Gilbert Chardon, Robert Levol, Raymond Barbet, Georges Valbon, Maurice Berlemont, Robert Francotte, Auguste Gillot, Auguste Lemasson, Georges Marrane et Mme Catherine Lagatu. — Question à M. le Préfet de la Seine sur les conditions précaires de location des habitants en hôtel et la nécessité de rétablir le principe du maintien dans les lieux. MM. Lucien Marrane, Paul Coudert, Fernand Belin, Fernand Dupuy, Auguste Gillot, Roger Guérin, Jean Lauprêtre, Fernand Lefort, Georges Marrane et Serge Povinha. — Question à M. le Préfet de la Seine sur les mesures à prendre pour hâter la réalisation des barrages-réservoirs « Seine » et « Marne ». MM. Serge Povinha, Paul Coudert, Jean Lauprêtre, Raymond Laurens, Camille Denis, Roland Foucard, Lucien Marrane et Mme Hélène Edeline. — Question à M. le Préfet de la Seine sur les mesures envisagées pour l'amélioration de la fourniture de l'eau potable de la région parisienne et la protection de la santé de la population menacée par la pollution des eaux. M. Dardel. — Question à M. le Préfet de la Seine sur les charges supportées par les budgets communaux et sur les difficultés de recrutement du personnel. M. Julien. — Question à M. le Préfet de la Seine sur les mesures restrictives instaurées sur la ligne n° 111. RÉPONSES À DES QUESTIONS ÉCRITES Affaires sociales. N° 3601. — Les services importants que rendent les colonies familiales organisées par le Service des aides sociales dans certaines communes du centre de la France et l'essor qu'il est désirable d'en obtenir tant pour le bénéfice médical des malades que pour le bénéfice budgétaire du Département exigent que soit étudié et réglé d'une façon définitive le délicat problème de ces malades en face de l'aide médicale gratuite. Aussi M. le docteur Roger Pinoteau, conseiller général, dans un esprit de coopération entre le Département de la Seine et les communes d'hébergement de ces malades mentaux placés chez des particuliers, prie-t-il M. le Préfet de la Seine de bien vouloir faire étudier une modification à l'art. 125 du Code de la famille afin que les demandes d'aide sociale de ces catégories de malades placés en province puissent être déposées non pas à la mairie de résidence mais bien à la mairie d'origine qui, dans la colonie familiale, possède et crée une sorte d'exterritorialité. En effet, certains de ces malades peuvent être gardés par la commune de placement mais certains d'entre eux ne sont pas encore rendus libres, étant toujours à la colonie familiale, et leurs dossiers sont pourtant mis sous la responsabilité financière de la commune où ils demeurent actuellement, mais par placement autoritaire. L'absence des renseignements d'état civil, de filiation et de ressources de la part des communes intéressées concernant ces malades ainsi que leur dépendance médicale et sociale de la Préfecture de la Seine militent dans ce sens. Aussi le conseiller susnommé prie-t-il M. le Préfet de la Seine d'étudier cette solution de logique. De cette façon pourrait continuer et s'accroître la judicieuse collaboration des communes de placement et du département placé pour le plus grand bénéfice de ces catégories de malades. (Question du 3 octobre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. L'admission au bénéfice de l'aide médicale des malades mentaux du département de la Seine placés dans les colonies familiales d'Ainay-le-Château et de Dun-sur-Auron est prononcée par la commission d'admission de Paris (11e section) ou par la commission intercantonale, suivant que les malades habitent Paris ou les communes suburbaines, dans les mêmes conditions que pour les malades placés dans les autres établissements psychiatriques de la Seine. Le prix de journée de la colonie familiale couvre la totalité des frais médicaux et pharmaceutiques même pour les soins donnés en cas d'urgence par des médecins non attachés à la colonie ou, le cas échéant, dans d'autres établissements hospitaliers. Par contre, les anciens malades ayant établi leur domicile dans la commune où ils étaient placés chez un nourricier ont choisi librement leur nouveau domicile ; c'est donc à la commission locale qu'il appartient de statuer sur une demande éventuelle d'aide médicale les concernant. Toutefois, ce n'est qu'au bout de trois mois de résidence libre que ces ex-malades peuvent acquérir un nouveau domicile de secours. Les frais engagés au titre de l'aide médicale sont donc supportés par le Département de la Seine pendant les trois premiers mois après la « sortie », bien que la décision d'admission soit prononcée par la commission locale. Enseignement et bénéfices. N° 413. — M. Jean Cayeux, conseiller général, demande à M. le Préfet de la Seine de bien vouloir lui faire connaître quelle suite a été donnée aux différentes résolutions adoptées par le Conseil général : 1° création de 200 postes d'enseignants spéciaux nécessaires pour la rentrée scolaire du 16 septembre 1963 ; 2° projet d'attribution d'échelons aux professeurs délégués bénéficiaires de l'arrêté du 16 avril 1954 ; 3° alignement des enseignements spéciaux, en ce qui concerne le cycle d'observation, sur les horaires de lycées. (Question des 12-13 novembre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. La création de 200 postes de professeurs d'enseignements spéciaux, adoptée par le Conseil général au cours de sa session de juillet dernier, est actuellement soumise à la décision des autorités de tutelle. Le principe de l'attribution d'échelons aux professeurs délégués bénéficiaires de l'arrêté du 16 avril 1954 a été accepté par les autorités de tutelle, sous réserve toutefois que le classement de ces délégués soit identique, à égalité de titres, à celui des maîtres auxiliaires des établissements secondaires et techniques de l'Etat. Les mesures définitives à prendre à ce sujet vont être très prochainement arrêtées. Par ailleurs, l'Administration s'efforce d'appliquer, dans toute la mesure possible, des dispositions analogues à celles qui sont adoptées dans les classes de même nature des établissements secondaires et techniques d'Etat. Toutefois, dans certains cas, des mesures d'adaptation sont, au moins provisoirement, nécessaires. C'est ainsi que si les classes de 68 ont pu être dédoublées chaque fois qu'un effectif maximum d'élèves était atteint, une telle mesure n'a pu encore être étendue aux classes de 5e en raison de l'importance des crédits qu'il aurait fallu dégager pour faire face à ces nécessités. Logement. N° 398. — La loi du 4 août 1962 expose, en son article 3, que sont assimilés aux logements neufs, pour la législation sur les loyers, « les locaux utilisés avant le 1er juin 1948 à d'autres fins que l'habitation et postérieurement affectés à cet usage, les dispositions en cause n'étant toutefois pas applicables aux locataires et occupants de bonne foi entrés dans les lieux antérieurement ». Dans le silence de la loi et des textes subséquents se posent le cas des hôtels et maisons meublés ainsi transformés et celui de leurs occupants. D'une part, en effet, si du point de vue juridique et fiscal les locaux d'hôtel sont incontestablement commerciaux, ils n'en constituent pas moins, en pratique, des locaux d'habitation. D'autre part, les clients d'hôtel ne bénéficiant plus, depuis le 1er avril 1961, du maintien légal dans les lieux constituent une catégorie d'occupants « sui generis ». M. Jacques Dominati, conseiller général, qui a lu avec intérêt la réponse quelque peu ambiguë adressée récemment par l'Administration à l'un de ses collègues (réponse à la question n° 526 insérée au « Bulletin municipal officiel » du 22 août 1963), souhaiterait obtenir de M. le Préfet de la Seine une mise au point précise concernant les deux points ci-après : 1° des locaux utilisés à usage d'hôtel meublé avant le 1er juin 1948 changent-ils — ou non — d'affectation, au sens de la loi du 4 août 1962, lorsqu'ils font postérieurement l'objet de locations en habitation nue ? 2° quel est, dans l'affirmative, le régime de location applicable aux locaux transformés, s'agissant, d'une part, des anciens occupants maintenus par le propriétaire et, d'autre part, des nouveaux locataires ? Dans le même ordre d'idées, le conseiller susnommé demande à M. le Préfet de police de vouloir bien lui faire connaître le nombre respectif d'hôtels meublés non classés relevant de son contrôle au 1er septembre 1946, date de première mise en application du régime de taxation autoritaire, puis au 1er novembre 1963. (Question du 29 octobre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. A suivre... À l'occasion de la question n° 526, dont la réponse a été publiée au « Bulletin municipal officiel » du 22 août dernier, M. le Ministre de la construction a précisé que les hôtels et meublés commerciaux étant des locaux déjà affectés à l'habitation il semblait, sous réserve de l'appréciation souveraine des cours et tribunaux, que les locations en nu dont ils feraient l'objet postérieurement au 7 août 1962 ne pourraient dépasser le taux de la valeur locative résultant de la loi du 1er septembre 1948. Il a d'ailleurs considéré que cette réglementation devait même, à son avis, s'appliquer aux transformations antérieures au 7 août 1962, étant donné que ces locaux, bien que commerciaux, étaient déjà affectés à l'habitation et que cette manière de voir avait été retenue par M. le Garde des sceaux dans une réponse à une question écrite n° 12898 parue au « Journal officiel » du 17 février 1962, page 263 (Débats de l'Assemblée nationale). D'après M. le Ministre de la construction, et toujours sous réserve de l'appréciation souveraine des tribunaux, il en résulte que la loi du 1er septembre 1948 s'appliquerait à l'égard de tous les occupants à qui des contrats de location auraient été consentis postérieurement à la transformation d'hôtels et meublés commerciaux en locaux d'habitation. Transports. N° 429. — Depuis le 29 juillet 1963, la R.A.T.P. a mis en service sur la ligne n° 111 « Charenton-Ecoles — Saint-Maur (Place des Corneilles) » des voitures à un seul agent ; les inconvénients qui en résultent ont soulevé un profond mécontentement parmi les usagers intéressés ; en effet, il est impossible de savoir à quelle heure les travailleurs arriveront soit à leur lieu de travail, soit à leur domicile, les retards s'échelonnant de dix à trente minutes et il n'est pas rare de voir en certains cas, selon les fluctuations des montées et descentes, que les voitures se retrouvent à l'arrivée à quatre ou cinq ensemble, ce qui n'empêche pas pour autant les usagers de Joinville-le-Pont et de Saint-Maurice qui se trouvent entre le dépôt de Saint-Maur et Charenton-Ecoles de faire de très longues attentes. D'autre part, les bons de retard qui sont réclamés par les usagers ne sont distribués que lorsqu'il y a quinze minutes de retard effectif ; ce manque d'exactitude cause de graves préjudices aux usagers de ce secteur qui, de ce fait, perdent des heures de travail et des primes d'assiduité, de plus, ils risquent également le licenciement. Les constructions qui se sont élevées dans les communes intéressées ont amené une augmentation de la population scolaire, ce qui provoque des affluences anormales aux heures d'entrée et de sortie des lycées Marcelin-Berthelot et d'Arsonval. Déjà plus de 700 pétitionnaires ont répondu à l'appel du Comité des intérêts du quartier de la Pie, à Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, afin que : 1° soient rétablies les anciennes voitures à deux agents ; 2° l'étude d'un service direct, surtout le matin et aux heures d'affluence, depuis le pont de Créteil jusqu'au terminus, soit faite le plus rapidement possible. Se faisant les interprètes des pétitionnaires, MM. Roland Foucard et Charles Garcia, conseillers généraux, demandent à M. le Préfet de la Seine de bien vouloir examiner avec les services intéressés la solution susceptible de donner satisfaction aux usagers. (Question du 23 novembre 1963.) N° 436. — Une pétition réunissant près de 1.000 signatures vient d'être adressée aux pouvoirs publics. Protestation est faite contre la décision que vient de prendre la R.A.T.P. instaurant sur la ligne n° 111 des voitures à agent unique (emplois conducteur et receveur tenus par le même agent). La question est examinée en liaison avec la R.A.T.P. Les résultats de cette étude seront communiqués dès que possible. N° 437. — M. Pellat, conseiller général, attire l'attention de M. le Préfet de la Seine sur l’irrégularité du service de la ligne d’autobus n° 61 au départ de la place Jean-Jaurès, au Pré Saint Gervais. En effet, chaque matin, de nombreux usagers se plaignent d’une attente prolongée au moment de se rendre à leur travail. Le retard ne s’explique pas du fait que c'est un début de ligne. (Question des 21-25 novembre 1963.) Réponse de M. le Préfet de la Seine. La question est examinée en liaison avec la R.A.T.P. Les résultats de cette étude seront communiqués dès que possible. PRÉFECTURE DE LA SEINE Personnel. — Titularisation dans l'emploi de secrétaire administratif en application de l’art. 144 du décret n° 60-729 du 25 juillet 1960. Le Préfet de la Seine, Vu le décret n° 60-729 du 25 juillet 1960 portant règlement d'administration publique relatif au statut des personnels de la Ville de Paris et du Département de la Seine ; Vu l'arrêté interministériel du 15 mai 1962 fixant les modalités d'application de l'article 144 du décret n° 60-729 du 25 juillet 1960 ; Vu l'arrêté du 18 novembre 1963 portant ouverture le 15 avril 1964 d'un concours public et d'un concours interne pour l'admission à l'emploi de secrétaire administratif du Département de la Seine et de la Ville de Paris ; Sur la proposition du directeur du personnel, Arrête : Article premier. — Les rédacteurs temporaires ou contractuels ayant exercé leurs fonctions depuis six ans au moins à partir du 30 juillet 1960 et qui ont, depuis lors, été nommés adjoints administratifs pourront se présenter au concours interne ouvert le 15 avril 1964 pour le recrutement de secrétaires administratifs, nonobstant les dispositions d'âge et d'ancienneté de services prévues à l'article 5 de l'arrêté interpréfectoral du 22 juin 1956 modifié portant dispositions statutaires applicables au corps des secrétaires administratifs du Département de la Seine et de la Ville de Paris. Art. 2. — Les intéressés qui feront l'objet d'un classement distinct seront déclarés admis dans la mesure où ils justifieront d'un nombre de points au moins égal à celui obtenu par les candidats reçus au concours interne normalement. Art. 3. — Le nombre maximum des agents susceptibles d'être titularisés dans ces conditions dans l'emploi de secrétaire administratif est fixé à 11. Art. 4. — Le Secrétaire général de la Seine et le directeur du personnel sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent arrêté. Fait à Paris, le 18 novembre 1963. Pour le Préfet de la Seine et par délégation : Le Secrétaire général de la Seine, G. LAHILLONNE. Personnel. — Concours public et concours interne pour l'admission à l'emploi de secrétaire administratif du Département de la Seine et de la Ville de Paris. Le Préfet de la Seine, Vu le décret n° 60-729 du 25 juillet 1960 portant règlement d'administration publique relatif au statut des personnels de la Ville de Paris et du Département de la Seine ; Vu l'arrêté interpréfectoral du 22 juin 1956 modifié portant dispositions statutaires applicables au corps des secrétaires administratifs du Département de la Seine et de la Ville de Paris ; Vu l'arrêté interpréfectoral du 1er août 1963 fixant le programme des épreuves du concours public et l'arrêté préfectoral du 24 juillet 1963 fixant celui des épreuves du concours interne de secrétaire administratif ; Sur la proposition du directeur du personnel, Arrête : Article premier. — Un concours public et un concours interne pour l'admission à l'emploi de secrétaire administratif dans les services de la Préfecture de la Seine s'ouvriront le 15 avril 1964. Le nombre des postulants à déclarer admis ne pourra pas dépasser 20 pour chaque concours. Art. 2. — Les listes de postulants autorisés à participer aux concours seront arrêtées par le Préfet de la Seine. Art. 3. — Ne pourront prendre part à ces concours que les candidats remplissant les conditions exigées par l'arrêté susvisé du 22 juin 1956. Par application de l'art. 11 de la loi du 30 janvier 1923, les orphelins de guerre âgés de moins de 21 ans à la date d'ouverture du concours bénéficieront d'une majoration de points égale au dixième du maximum des points tant pour les épreuves éliminatoires que pour les épreuves définitives. Par application de la décision préfectorale du 30 mai 1927, les pupilles de la Seine, orphelins de fonctionnaires tués ou morts à la suite de blessures reçues en service commandé, âgés de moins de 21 ans à la date d'ouverture du concours bénéficieront des mêmes avantages que les orphelins de guerre. Art. 4. — Les inscriptions seront reçues à la Direction du personnel, Bureau des personnels administratif et de service, du 17 février au 7 mars 1964 inclusivement, dernier délai, de 10 heures à 12 heures et de 15 heures à 17 heures, le samedi de 10 heures à 12 heures. Art. 5. — Le Secrétaire général de la Seine et le directeur du personnel sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent arrêté. Fait à Paris, le 18 novembre 1963. Pour le Préfet de la Seine et par délégation : Le Secrétaire général de la Seine, G. LAHILLONNE. Ouverture d'un concours public et d'un concours interne pour l'admission à l'emploi de secrétaire administratif du Département de la Seine et de la Ville de Paris. DIRECTION DU PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION DES PERSONNELS Personnels administratif et de service Paris, le 18 novembre 1963. NOTE DE SERVICE. L'arrêté publié ci-dessus porte ouverture, le 15 avril 1964, d'un concours public et d'un concours interne pour l'admission à l'emploi de secrétaire administratif du Département de la Seine et de la Ville de Paris. Ces concours sont ouverts aux candidats des deux sexes. Le nombre des candidats qui pourront être déclarés admis est fixé à 20 en ce qui concerne le concours public et à 20 en ce qui concerne le concours interne. Conditions requises. Peuvent se présenter au concours public les candidats titulaires de l’un des diplômes suivants : Baccalauréat de l’enseignement du second degré ; Diplôme de fins d’études secondaires ; Diplôme complémentaire d’études secondaires ; Brevet supérieur ; Diplôme supérieur d’études commerciales, administratives et financières de l’Ecole supérieure de commerce ; Diplôme d’élève breveté des écoles nationales professionnelles (section commerciale, section économique) ; Brevet d’enseignement commercial (deux parties) ; Brevet d’enseignement social (deux parties) ; Capacité en droit ; Examens spéciaux d’entrée dans les facultés ; Diplôme de l’Ecole nationale d’administration municipale près l’Institut d’urbanisme de l’Université de Paris (E.N.A.M.) ; Certificat d’études administratives, départementales et communales délivré par le centre de formation et de perfectionnement administratif de l’Université de Lille ; Diplôme de l’Ecole pratique d’administration de Strasbourg (E.P.A.S.) ; Diplôme de l’Institut d’études supérieures islamiques d' Alger ; Diplôme du Centre de formation administrative de l’Institut d’études politiques d’Alger. Les candidats devront être âgés de 18 ans au moins et de 30 ans au plus au 1er janvier 1964. La limite d’âge de 30 ans peut toutefois être reculée, dans la limite d’un maximum de cinq ans, du temps passé sous les drapeaux soit au titre du service militaire légal, soit au cours de périodes de mobilisation, soit en vertu d’un engagement pour la durée de la guerre ainsi que du temps prévu par les dispositions législatives et réglementaires en ce qui concerne les droits des chefs de famille sans pouvoir excéder l’âge de 40 ans. Peuvent se présenter au concours intérieur les fonctionnaires et les agents non titulaires du personnel administratif de la Préfecture de la Seine, âgés de 23 ans au moins et de 45 ans au plus au 1er janvier 1964, et justifiant à la même date de cinq années de services publics dont trois années de services effectifs à la Préfecture de la Seine. En vue d'obtenir leur inscription, les candidats devront produire deux photographies d'identité de 0,04 x 0,04, éventuellement la copie certifiée conforme de leurs diplômes et deux enveloppes avec mention de leur nom et adresse. Inscriptions et épreuves. Les inscriptions seront reçues à la Direction du personnel, Bureau des personnels administratif et de service, du 17 février au 7 mars 1964 inclusivement, dernier délai, de 10 heures à 12 heures et de 15 heures à 17 heures, le samedi de 10 heures à 12 heures, Hôtel de Ville (4ème étage, porte 486). Les épreuves du concours auront lieu uniquement à Paris. Les candidats inscrits devront s'adresser à la Direction du personnel pour connaître le lieu et l'heure où ils auront à se présenter pour participer aux compositions. Des convocations leur seront néanmoins adressées à domicile mais l'Administration décline toute responsabilité dans le cas où celles-ci ne leur parviendraient pas. Nomination. Au fur et à mesure des vacances, les candidats admis seront, dans l'ordre de classement du concours, sous réserve d'avoir été déclarés physiquement aptes à cet emploi par le service médical de la Préfecture de la Seine, nommés secrétaires administratifs stagiaires. Ils recevront pendant leur stage une rémunération nette de 643 F environ (indice brut 210 porté prochainement à 235). La durée du stage probatoire est d'un an ; à l'issue de celui-ci les stagiaires dont les services ont donné satisfaction sont titularisés.
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Bennett, late of the county aforesaid, dec’d.— All persons having claims against the said deceased, are hereby warned to present them to the subscribers, passed by the Orphans’ Court on or before the 7th day of May, 1839, to, or may by law be excluded from all benefit to said estate, and those indebted thereto are required to make immediate payment. Under our hands this 7th day of May, 1839. HUGH SMITH, PHINEAS JANNEY, R. I. TAYLOR, Executors of Charles Bennett, deceased. May 7—wGw Hollis's Marsh Fisheries for Rent. Have or more Shad and Herring Filler. Situate on the south side of the river from the town of Pomfret, in the County of Westmoreland, Algoma, and opposite Blackstone’s Island. It is confidently believed that the above-described Fisheries are not inferior to any on the river, if fished with an extensive and suitable outfit; the soundings being good regular, and the tide favorable for a. JV, Seine. To a suitable tenant, the terms will be moderate. Any person desirous of obtaining these valuable Fisheries, will be furnished with all the particulars relative to them. Personal application, or by mail, Postage or addressed to the subscribers, at Alexandria, D.C. R. H. M. FER. O—coMv GKO. H. SMO^jj— WOOL CARDING MACHINES FOR SALE I HAVE for sale a Picker, Breasting and Rolling Machine, each of its kind. Buckland, Pr. V m. Co., LAMP OIL. 7 Es TcccnOVS * «.
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A collection of problems in illustration of the principles of theoretical mechanics
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Let A, J?, C,he the moments of inertia about the three prin- cipal axes: one of these will evidently be at right angles to the plane area ; we will suppose 0 to correspond to this. Then, /a being the moment of inertia about the other axis, and a, P, y, its inclinations to the principal axes, /;A«-4cos'a + jBcos*^+ Ccos^y = (.4 + 5+ C) cos* a, since a = i8 = 7, by the supposition. But we know that A-vB^Oi hence /A =2 (7 cos* a, C being evidently greater than either A or A But, since cos' a + cos" y9 + cos' 7 = 1, and a = ^8 = 7, we see that cos'a = J: hence, w. s. 25 386 MOMENT OF mERTU; SecTi 6. St/mmetrieal Solid about its Axis. (1) To find the radius of gyration of a homogeneous sphere about a diameter. Let X, x + dx, be the distances of the circular faces of a thin circular slice of the sphere, at right angles to the diameter, from the centre, and let y be the radius of the section. Then, p denoting the density of^e sphere, the moment of inertia of this slice about the diameter will be equal to ^irpy^dx; and therefore the moment of inertia of the whole sphere, a being its radius, will be equal to i'^P I y <^ = i ^/> I {a*-a?ydx- •^'rrpo^. But the mass of the sphere is equal to ^irpa*; hence Euler; Theoria Motus Corporum Solidorum, p. 198. (2) To find the radius of gyration of a right cone about its axis. If a denote the radius of the base of the cone, Euler; 76. p. 197. (3) To find the radius of gyration of a hollow sphere about a diameter. If a, b, be the external and internal radii, "* ^ i "~5 lA* ^ a — 6 Euler ; Tb. p. 203. (i) To find the radius of gyration of a solid cylinder about its axis. If a denote the radius of the cylinder, Euler ; 76. p. 200. HOBfENT OF INEBTU. S87 (5) To find the moment of inertia of a sphere about a diameter, the density varying as the nf^ power of the distance from the centre. I{ fjL^ the density at a unit of distance from the centre, and a = the radius, the moment of inertia is equal to (6) To find the radii of gyration of an ellipsoid about its axes. If h, k, ly be the radii of gyration about the axes 2a» 26, 2c, respectively, Poisson ; TVait^ de M^anijue, Tom. 2, p. i?. (7) If the density at any point of a right circular cone be proportional to the shortest distance of the point from the conical surface, to find the radius of gyration about the axis. If a be the radius of the base of the cone, and k the radius of gyration, If a plane closed figure symmetrical on both sides of a line AA', or the annulus intercepted between two non-intersecting plane closed figures symmetrical on both sides of AA', revolve round any line BB', parallel to AA', and lying in the plane of the figure or annulus, but not intersecting it, prove that the moment of inertia of the generated solid, with respect to BB', is equal to wi (A' + 3ifc') ; where m is the mass of the solid, h the radius of the cylinder generated by the revolution of AA', and k the radius of gyration of the generating area with respect to AA'. Townsend: Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, Vol. x. p. 203. 25—2 MOMENT OF INERTIA. Sect. 7. Moment of Inertia of a Solid not Symmetric with respect to the Aads of Gyration. (1) To find the radius of gyration of a solid Sect. 7. Cylinder about an axis perpendicular to its own through its middle point. Let X be the distance of any thin circular slice of the cylinder from the middle point of its axis; dx the thickness of the slice; p the density of the cylinder, h its radius, and 2a its length. Then, the moment of inertia of the slice about any diameter being equal to its moment of inertia about the axis of gyration in the present problem will be equal to Hence, J[/P denoting the moment of inertia of the whole cylinder about of an ellipsoid about the diagonal of the inscribed parallelepiped of maximum volume. If a, fi, % be the angles made by the diagonal with the axes of or, y, z, cos'a=-^, co8'i8 = -^, cos'7 = p, where r'rra;' +y' + «*, X, y, z, being the co-ordinates of an extremity of the diagonal. JCOMENT OF INERTIA. 889 Also, M being the mass of the ellipsoid, the moments of inertia about the axes of ar, y, z, are Hence the required moment of inertia is equal to Buty when the parallelepiped is a maximum, we may easily ascertain that — ^ _ 6 _ c "^"^3' '^"VS' '^"'VS' hence the moment of inertia becomes 5^- a*+6«"+c« • (3) The vertex of a cone is at the centre of a sphere and the base of the cone is an area on the sphere environed by a circle: to find the moment of inertia of the cone about a straight line, through its vertex, perpendicular to ita axis. Let Oz (fig. 178) be the axis of the cone ; Ox, Oy, two lines through the vertex 0 at right angles to Oz] PNa perpendicular from P, any point in the cone, upon the plane xOy: join ON^ and draw NMdX right angles to Oy : join PO, PM. Let m = an element of the cone at the point P, J/Jfc'= the required moment of inertia about Oy, Let a = the radius of the sphere, PO == r, 2<S = the vertical angle of the cone, jl POz = 6, ^NOx = ^. Then J/A;' = 2(m.Pif'). But m = rdO dr r sin 0 dif>, and PJiP = r* cos' 0-hr^ sin" 0 cos» <^ : 390 MOMENT OF INERTIA. Since the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity is equal to the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity, the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity is equal to the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity. The distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity is equal to the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity. The distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity is equal to the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity. The distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity is equal to the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity. The distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity is equal to the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity. The distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity is equal to the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity. The distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity is equal to the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity. The distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity is equal to the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity. The distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity is equal to the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity. The distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity is equal to the distance from the center of gravity to the center of gravity. The radius of its base; then Euler; 76. p. 197. (6) To find the radius of gyration of a circular right cone about a generating line. If a be the altitude of the cone and c the radius of its base, Griffin: Solutions of the Examples on the Motion of a Rigid Body, p. 9. (7) To find the radius of gyration of a double convex lens about its axis, and about a diameter to the circle in which its two spherical surfaces intersect; the two surfaces having equal radii If a = the semi-axis of the lens, ( = the radius of the circular intersecting of the two surfaces; k = 7 the radius of gyration of the lens about its axis, and Ic about a diameter of the circle; we shall have 7.t_ t g^-fSaV+lOy ,,^^, 7a*-f 15a'y-H0y Euler; lb. p. 201. Sect. 8. Principal Axes of a Plane Lamina at any proposed point in the Lamina. One of the axes is at right angles to the lamina. Let x, y be the coordinates of any infinitesimal element m of the lamina, referred to axes in the plane of the lamina which pass through the point. Then, 6 denoting the inclination of either of the other two principal axes at the point to the axis of x. To find the principal axes of the area of a lamina, in the form of a semi-loop of a lemniscate, at the node. We have 2w principal axes at an end of a wire in the form of a semicircle. One of the axes is at right angles to the plane of the wire, and the inclinations of the other two to the chord of the semicircle are given by the equation tan25 = -. (3) To find the principal axes of a right-angled triangle at the right angle. One of the axes is perpendicular to its plane and the other two are in its plane and are inclined to its sides at angles equal to 5 tan" [ — jj — j, where a is one of the acute angles of the triangle. Griffin; Solutions of the examples on the motion of a Rigid Body, p. 8. A parabolic area is included between the curve, the axis, and the semi-latus rectum: to find the positions of the principal axes of the area at the vertex of the parabola. If d be the inclination of either principal axis, in the plane of the area, to the axis of the parabola. To find the principal axes at a point in the circumference of an elliptic lamina. One of the axes is at right angles to the lamina and, indicating the inclination of either of the other two to the major axis, where x and y are the coordinates of the point referred to the axes of the ellipse as axes of coordinates. Grizzin Solutions of the Examples on the Motion of a Rigid Body, p. 8. CHAPTER VI. The diagram of the motion of a Rigid Body, p. 8, is as follows: A general method for the determination of the motion of a Rigid Body, p. 8. A GENERAL method for the determination of the motion of a Rigid Body, p. 8. Material system acted on by any forces, was laid down by D'Akamheri in his Traits de Dynamite, published in the year 1743, from which we have extracted the following passage in exposition of the Principles. "Soit donné un système de corps disposes les uns par rapport aux autres d'une manière quelconque; et supposons qu'on imprime à chacun de ces corps un mouvement particulier, qu'il ne puisse suivre à cause de l'action des autres corps; trouver le mouvement que chaque corps doit prendre. "Soient A, B, C, &c. les corps qui composent le système, et supposons qu'on leur ait imprimé les mouvemens à, b, c, etc. qu'ils soient forcé, à cause de leur action mutuelle, de changer dans les mouvemens à, b, c, etc. Il est clair qu'on peut regarder le mouvement à imprimé au corps à comme compost du mouvement à, qu'il a pris, et d un autre mouvement à; qu'on peut de même regarder les mouvemens à, b, c, etc. comme composes des mouvemens à, b, c, etc. d'oti il s'ensuit que le mouvement des corps à, b, c, etc. entrèrent à le même, si au lieu de leur donner les impulsions à, b, c, etc. on leur éta donné à la foi, les doubles impulsions à, b, c, etc. on leur éta donné à les mouvements. A, /3, k, etc. doivent être 1 Seo also hia Recherelles sur la Présession des Equinoxes, p. 35, published in 1749. D'Alembert's Principles was first enunciated by him in a memoir which he read before the Academy of Sciences at the end of the year 1741. Palebebecht's Principles 399 tels qu'ils ne derangent rien dans lea mouyemens a, b, o, etc. c'est-jur-dire que, si les corps n'avoient répondu que les mouvemens a, 13, Ky etc. ces mouyemens auroient dd se déruire mutuellement et le systdme demeurer en repos. Le présulte le présulte, pour trouver le mouyement de plusieurs corps qui agissent les uns sur les autres. Decombez, l'observation du mouvement de chaque corps, chacun en deux autres, à bien; c, k; etc. qui soient tels, que si tous les mouvemens à b, c, etc. ils eussent pu conserver ces to Fontaine, as we are informed in the Table des Mémoires, prefixed to his Traits de Cédlsévès difficile et Integral, having been communicated by him to the Academy of Sciences in the year 1739, and subsequently to several nutthematicians. His views, however, on this subject were not made public till long after the appearance of the Traité de Dynamique; and in all probability D'Alembert, who did not become a member of the Academy before the year 1741, was not aware of Fontaine's generalization. D'Alembert, however, was the first to show the wonderful fertility of the Principle by applying it to the solution of a great variety of difficult problems, among which may be mentioned that of the Precession of the Equinoxes, which had been inadequately attempted by Newton, and of which D'Alembert was the first to obtain a complete solution. The earliest step towards the discoyery of D'Alembert's Principle is to be met with in a memoir by James Bernoulli in the Acta Eruditorum, 1686, Jul. p. 356, entitled "Narratio Controversiae inter Dn. Hugenna et Abbatem Catellanius agitatus de Centre Oscillationis quas loco animadversionis esse poterit in Mimoires de VAcademy des Sciences de Paris, 1770. Responsionem Dn. Catelani, num. 27. Ephem. Gallic, anni 1684, insertam." Let m, m'^ denote two equal bodies attached to an inflexible straight line which is capable of motion in a vertical plane about one extremity which is fixed; let r, r', denote the distances of m, m\ respectively, from the fixed extremity; v, v^ their velocities for any position of the inflexible line in its descent from an assigned position; u, u, the velocities which they would have acquired by descending down the Same arcs unconnectedly. Then, in consequence of the connection of the bodies, a velocity will be lost by m and a velocity v' — u' gained by m in their descent. Bernoulli proposes it to the consideration of mathematicians whether, according to the statical relation of two forces in equilibrium on a lever, the proportion t to t; t; t; t; r be an accurate expression of the circumstances of the motion. This idea of Bernoulli's, although not free from error, contains however the first germ of the Principle of reducing the determination of the motions of material systems to the solution of statical problems. L'Hospital, in a letter addressed to Huyghens, correctly observed that instead of considering the velocities acquired in a finite time, he should have considered the infinitesimal velocities acquired in an instant of time, and have compared them with those which gravity tends to impress upon the bodies during the same instant. He takes a complex pendulum. consisting of any two bodies attached to an inflexible straight line, and considers equilibrium to subsist between the quantities of motion lost and gained by these bodies in any instant of time, that is, between the differences of the quantities of motion which the bodies really acquire in this instant, and those which gravity tends to impress on them. He applies this Principle, which agrees with the general Principle of D'Alembert, to the determination of the Centre of Oscillation of a pendulum consisting of two bodies attached to an inflexible straight line oscillating about one extremity. He then extends his theory to a greater number of bodies in a straight line, and determines their Centre of Oscillation on the supposition, the truth of which is not however sufficiently obvious without demonstration, that d'alembert's principle. 397 any two of them may be collected at their particular Centre of Oscillation. On the publication of L'Hdpitars letter, James Bernoulli* reverted to the subject of the Centre of Oscillation, and at length succeeded in obtaining a direct and rigorous solution of the problem in the case where all the bodies are in one line, by the application of the principle laid down by L'H6pital. Bernoulli' afterwards extended his method to the general case of the oscillations of bodies of any figure. An ingenious investigation of the Centre of Oscillation, a problem from the beginning intimately connected with the development of D'Alembert's Principle, was shortly afterwards given by Brook Taylor and John Bernoulli, between whom arose an angry controversy respecting priority of discovery; the method given by these mathematicians, although depending upon the statistical principles of the lever, did not however involve, in an explicit form, L'Stopitosis's Principle of Equilibrium. Finally, Hermann determined the Centre of Oscillation by the principle of the statical equivalence of the solicitations of gravity, and the vicarious solicitations applied in opposite directions, or, as it is expressed by modern mathematicians, by the equilibrium subsisting between the impressed forces of gravity and the effective forces applied in opposite directions; a method of investigation virtually coincident with that given by James Bernoulli. The idea of D'Alembert's Principle became still more general in the hands of Euler, in a memoir on the determination of the oscillations of flexible strings printed in the year 1740. From The above historical sketch it will be easily seen that in the enunciation of a general Principle of Motion, Fontaine and Alembert had little more to do than to express in general language what had been distinctly conceived in the prosecution of particular research. Acta Erudit, Lips. 1691, Jul p. 817, Opera, Tom. i. p. 460. Mimicie de VAcadémie des Sciencet de Paris, 1703, 1704. Philatophieal Trarachena, 1714, May. Methodm Incrementorum, Acta Erudit, Lips, 1714, Jun. p. 257; Mim. Acad. Par. 1714, p. 2081. Operay Tom. ii. p. 168. Act, Erudit, Lips, 1716, 1718, 1719, 1721, 1722. PhoTonomia; Lib. i. cap. 5. Comnunt, Petrop. Tom. vii. 398 d'Alembert's principle. Searches by L'Hospital, James and John Bernoulli, Brook Taylor, Hermann, and Euler. For additional information on the historical development of D'Alembert's Principle, the reader is referred to Lagrange's Mechanique Analytique, Second Partie, Section 1; Montcalm's Histoire des Maisons, part v. liv. S, part. iv. liv. 7; and Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences, Vol. 1. In modern treatises on Mechanics, D'Alembert's Principle is expressed under one or other of the following forms: (1) When any material system is in motion under the action of any forces, the moving forces lost by the different molecules of the system must be in equilibrium. (2) If the effective moving forces of the several particles of a system be applied to them in directions opposite to those in which they act; they will, conjointly with the impressed moving forces, constitute a system of forces statically disposed. The former of these enunciations it will be seen is substantially... The same as that given by D'Alembert, while the latter is a generalization of the idea developed by Hermann in his investigations on the particular problem of the Centre of Oscillation. Sect. 1. Motion of a single particle The object of this section is to apply D'Alembert's Principle to the exemplification of a general method for the determination of the motion of a particle within tubes and between contiguous surfaces, of which either the position, or the form, or both, are made to vary according to any assigned law whatever, the particle being acted on by given forces. Several of the problems of this section have been solved by particular methods in Chapter iv. I. We will commence with the consideration of the motion of a particle along a tube, and, for the sake of perfect generality, we will suppose the tube to be one of double curvature. The tube is considered in all cases to be indefinitely narrow and perfectly smooth, and every section at right angles to its axis to be circular. Let the particle be referred to three fixed rectangular axes, and let x, y, z, be its coordinates at any time x + Sx, y + Bz, when x becomes x + Sx, y + Bz, when x becomes x + Bz, and consequently x + Bz, By, Bz, being considered to be indefinitely small. Then the effective accelerating forces on the particle parallel to the three fixed axes will be, at the time x, y, z, be, at the point. Also, let X, Y, Z, represent the impressed accelerating forces on the particle resolved parallel to the axes of x, y, z, and let x + dx, y + dz, be the coordinates of a point in the tube very near to the point x, y, z, which the particle occupies at the time t. Then, observing that the action of the tube on the particle is always at right angles to its axis at every point and therefore, at the time t to the line joining the two points x, y, z, and X + dx, y + dx, y + dz, we have, by D'Alembert's Principle, combined with the Principle of Virtual Velocities, Again, since the form and position of the tube are supposed to vary according to some assigned law, it is clear that, when t is known, the equations to the tube must be known; hence it is evident that, in addition to the equation (A), we shall have, from the particular conditions of each individual problem, a number of equations equivalent to two of the form ^(aj, y, z, t) = 0, xi^>y>^> 0 = 0 (B); where 4> a^d X *^® symbols of functionality depending upon the law of the variations of the form and position of the tube. The three equations (A) and (B) involve the four quantities ^9 y> ^9 ^y fti^d therefore, in any particular case, if the difficulty of the analytical processes be not insuperable, we may ascertain X, y, z, each of them in terms of. t; in which consists the complete solution of the problem. If the tube remain during the whole of the motion within one plane, then, the plane of x, y, being so chosen as to coincide with this plane, the three equations (A) and (B) will evidently be reduced to the two. (1) A rectilinear tube revolves with a uniform angular velocity about one extremity in a horizontal plane: to find the motion of a particle within the tube. Let o> be the constant angular velocity; r the distance of the particle at any time t from the fixed extremity of the tube; then, the plane of x, y, being taken horizontal, and the origin of coordinates at the fixed extremity of the tube, we shall have, supposing the tube initially to coincide with the axis of os. From (1) we have dx^dr cos ck)f, and, from (2), dy = dr we have, since X= 0, F=0, d'alembert's principle. 401 cos (ot -K^ COS ©c — zo) — sin tot — a> r cos tot j sin 0)^ + 2© KT cos o)^ — ©V sin tot =^0; and therefore — o V = 0 : the integral of this equation is Let r = a when ^ = 0; then Br also let K= /8 when < = 0; then from the two equations for the determination of C and C, we have hence, for the motion of the particle along the tube, 2a>r = (a© + /8) €-' + (cMo - /8) e^. This problem, which is the earliest problem of the motion of a particle subject to the constraint of a curve moving according to a prescribed law, is due to John Bernoulli. A solution of this problem is given also by Clairaut, to whom it had probably been proposed by Bernoulli. Suppose the tube to revolve in a vertical instead of a horizontal plane, and let the time be reckoned from the moment of coincidence of the tube with the axis of x; then, the axes of x and y being supposed to be respectively horizontal and vertical, we have by the same process, since X = 0 and Y = g, Operay Tom. nr. p. 248. Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. 10. W. S. 26 Mhnoireg de VAcadimie de Sciences de Paris, 1742, p. We shall get for the motion along the tube, 2<or=(aa) + fi--^^*+ (am - ^ + ^ j 6"-*+ - sin a>t This problem, of which an erroneous solution had been given by Barbier in the Annales de Oergonne, Tom. xix., was correctly solved, in the following volume, by Ampfere. In the Cambridge Mathematical Journal, Vol. iii. p. 42, a solution is given by Professor Booth, who has discussed at length the more interesting cases of the motion. (3) Suppose the tube to revolve in a horizontal plane about a fixed extremity with such an angular velocity, that the tangent of its angle of inclination to the axis of x is proportional to the time. The equation to the tube at any time will be y = rx (1), where m is some constant quantity: hence di/ = mt dx, and therefore, from (C), since X= 0 and F= 0, (2). But from (1) we have hence, from (2), ^y = rt (2), and therefore, from (2), d'alembert's principle 403 Integrating, we have &3B log -^ + log (1 + m*f) = log C. Let fi be the initial value of -^, which will be the velocity of projection along the tube; then (7= ^, and therefore ^(H.m-0=/3, Sx= ^^). Integrating, we get a? 4- C=— tan" (mO. Let a? = a when ^ = 0; then a+ C=0, and therefore y = wmt + ^t tan"' (m<). If 9 be the inclination of the tube to the axis of x at any time, and r be the distance of the particle from the fixed extremity. A circular tube is constrained to move in a horizontal plane with a uniform angular velocity about a fixed point in its circumference: to determine the motion of a particle within the tube, which is placed initially at the extremity of the diameter passing through the fixed point. Let the fixed point be taken as the origin of coordinates, and let the axis of x coincide with the initial position of the diameter through this point: let co be the angular velocity of the circle, a the radius: also let 0 be the angle, at any time t, between the diameter through the particle and the diameter through the origin. Then it will be easily seen that jr = acostt>^ + acos(Q)^ — ^) (1), y = a8ino(Q)^ + asin((ut — ^) (2). From (1) we have dx = adO sin (wt — 0), and, from (2), dy^ — adO cos (out — 0). Hence, from (C), observing that X= 0 and!r= 0, sin (tot-ff) -gp - cos (q>< - ^) g4= 0 (3). Again, from (1), ^ = — ao) sm 0)^ + a f ^ — CD 1 sm (©f — ^), -^ = — cunf cos tt)^ — a f KT — «) cos (o)^ — a f + a sin (©< — ^; and, from (2), ^ = 5 ao) cos «< — a (•^- — ^; and, from (2), ^ = 5 ao) cos «< — a (©^ — ^; and therefore, By (3), 0 aa* (sin o) cos (© — ^ — cos (© — d)} + a ^ = 0, sm ^ + ^ = 0 : multiplying by 2 ^, and integrating, S0^ g3 = (7 + 2©* cos (?. But, the absolute velocity of the particle being initially zero, it d'alembert's principle. 405 80 is clear that 2a) will be the initial value of jr l <^^ therefore, 0 being initially zero, we have W=(7+26), C=2w", and therefore K-5 = 2cd' (1 + cos 0) = 4a)' cos' ^, cos 5 S^ S sin g ■ = 2<oSt, ^ = a)&. Integrating, we have 1 + sin 3 log 2 = 2a + C: l-8in-2 but ^ = 0 when ^ = 0; hence (7=0, and we have 1 + sin ^ and therefore 1-sing Sin;r = 2 €-* + €^<' which determines the position of the particle within the tube at any time. When ^ = 0, we have sin k = 1> and therefore 0 = ir, which shows that, after the lapse of an infinite time, the particle will arrive at the point of rotation. (5) If we pursue the same course as in the solution of the problems (1), (2), (4), we may obtain a convenient formula for the following more general problem: A plane curvilinear tube of any invariable form whatever revolves in its own plane about a fixed point with a uniform angular velocity: to determine the motion of a particle, acted on by any forces, within the tube. 406 d'alembebt's principle. Let it be the constant angular velocity of the tube about the fixed point; the distance of the particle at any time from this point; the angle between the simultaneous directions of r and of a line joining an assigned point of the tube with the fixed point of rotation; the element of the length of the tube at the place of the particle, and the accelerating force on the particle resolved along the element of the particle will be but since, the form of the tube being invariable, h^ Br, may evidently be replaced by d^, dr, we have, putting, for the sake of uniformity of notation, dt in place of St. If 0 be zero, the formula will become the well-known formula for the motion of a particle under the action of any forces within an immoveable plane tube. In the foregoing examples, the position of the tube varies with The time; the form however remains invariable. We will now give an example in which the form changes with the time. A particle is projected with a given velocity within a circular tube, the radius of which increases in proportion to the time while the centre remains stationary: to determine the motion of the particle, the tube being supposed to lie always in a horizontal plane. The equation to the circle will be a: + y = a'(l+aO' (1), where a and a are some constant quantities: hence xdx + y dy^O^ d'alehbebt's principle. 407 and therefore, by the general formula (C), integrating, we have 8x By ri Let the axis of x be so chosen as to coincide with the initial distance of the particle from the centre, and let /3 be the initial velocity of the particle along the tube; then (7= a/8, and therefore a-^s-^ again, from (1), we have ^ + ygf = a"a(l + ae) (3): multiplying (2) by y and (3) by x, and subtracting the former result from the latter, we have ox and therefore, by (1), a (1 + aO'^ = cta (1 + ai)" x-fi(a^ (1 + ai)" - (m + T -^ J = amr^ -^ (aV - m')*, , hm fir,., J ar aofSm St = ^-j : (aV-m)* integrating, C + aa' cos"* -^ = - ^, aa T 408 D*ALEMBERT'S PRINCIPLE, or, putting for m its value, G + ao? cos and, putting for t its value - (1 + orf), C+aar COB * — a{l+at) 1+at Now x = a when ^ = 0; hence (7 = — a/9, and therefore oa cos * — x = all+at) cos —7- v, ^ = a(l + aO and therefore, from (1), results which give the absolute position of the particle at any assigned time. II. We proceed now to the consideration of the motion of a particle along a surface from which it is unable to detach itself, while the surface itself changes its position or its form, or both, according to any assigned law. To fix the ideas, we suppose the particle to move between two surfaces indefinitely close together so as to be expressed by the same equation. Let Xj y, z, be the coordinates of the particle at any time t; and let Sx, Sx, Sx, Sz, be the increments of w, y, z, in an indefinitely small time St: also let dx, dy, dz, denote the increments of x, y, z, in passing from the point x, y, z, to any point near to it within the surface as it exists at the time t. Also let X, Y, Zy denote the resolved parts of the accelerating forces on the particle at the time t parallel to the axes of x, y, z: then, observing that the action of the surface on the particle is always in the direction Action of the normal at each point, we have, by D'Alembert's Principle combined with the Principle of Virtual Velocities, (g_^)^ + (||_y)d,H-(g-i)d. = 0 (A'). D'alembebt's principle. 409 Again, since the position and form of the surface vary according to an assigned law, its equation must evidently be known at any given time, and therefore we must have, from the nature of each particular problem, certain conditions between the quantities x, y, z, t, equivalent to a single equation F=Ax, y, ^,0 = 0 (BO). Taking the total diflferential of (B'), we have dF -m dv , dF 7 ^ -J- dx + -3— ay + -J- dz=sO: dx dy ^ dz multiplying this equation by an arbitrary quantity \ and sub- tracting the resulting equation from (A'), we have (^-x-xf)^.@-y-xD.,.(J'-z-xf)^.«. Since X is arbitrary, we may equate to zero the coefficients of any one of the three differentials dx, dy, dz : and, since the remaining two of the three differentials are independent of each other, their coefficients must be both zero : hence, eliminating \ between the three resulting equations, we have \ie ^)dz''\if ) dy' W J dx^\he ^Jdz' W Jdy'W J dx' Any two of these three relations, together with the equation (BT), will give us three equations in x, y, z, t, whence x, y, z, are to be determined in terras of t. The following example will serve to illustrate the use of these equations. We have taken a case where the form of the surface remains invariable, its position alone being liable to change. The analysis, however, in the solution of problems of the class which we are considering, receives its general character solely in consequence of the presence of t in the equation {B'), and therefore the example which we have chosen is sufficient for the general object we have in view. 410 d'alembert's principle. A particle descends by the action of gi*avity down a plane which revolves uniformly about a vertical axis through which it passes : to determine the motion of the particle. Let the plane of x, y, be horizontal, the axis of x coinciding with the initial intersection of the revolving plane with the horizontal plane through the origin, and let the axis of z be taken vertically downwards : then, » denoting the angular ve- locity of the plan^ its equation at any time t will be F==^y cos <M>t — x sin ay^ = 0 (1); , dF , ^ dF , dF ^ whence -r— = — sm m, -j- = cos (dL -r- = 0 : dx dy dz also, X= 0, F= 0, Z=g ; and therefore, from either of the first two of the three general relations. 8?=^ (2)> and, from the third, O X , 6^1/ . . ^ .-.v ^-^ coswt + -^sm 0)^ = 0 (3). Let r denote the distance of the particle at any time from the axis of z; then x=r cos a)t, y^r sin tat, - ix hr , . , whence -^ = -jr cos wt'- car sm cat, 8*3/ 8*7* or -sr^- = ^Ts COS fi)< — 2q) -srr siu wt — CdV COS Q)^, bv or ot ■^ = ^ sin 0)^ + ft>r COS eot, ^y i^r . ^ ^ Sr . , . ^ ^ = ^ sm w^ + 2(0 -^ cos (ot — w'r sm tot; and therefore, from (3), 8*r 5?--«V = to an increase of 6. Then the effective moving forces of the two particles will be m -^, m' -tj^, the moments of which (Ps cPs) about the point A will be m -^, m'a' -j^. Also the moments of the impressed forces will be m -^, m'a' -j^. Also the moments of the impressed forces will be m -^, m'a' -j^. Hence, for the equilibrium of the impressed forces, and the effective forces applied in + w!a*^ -TT + df^i^ + nia!) ^ sin ^ = 0 ; a result which shows that the rod will oscillate isochronously with a perfect pendulum of which the length is ma 4- ma' (2) Two particles, attached to the extremities of a fine inextensible thread, are placed upon two inclined planes with a common summit: to determine the motion of the particles and the tension of the thread at any time. Let m, m, be the masses of the particles; a, a, the inclinations of the planes to the horizon; x, x, the distances of the particles from the common summit of the planes at any time. Then the impressed accelerating forces on the particles m, m', estimated down the two planes, will be g sin a, g sin a', respectively, and the effective accelerating forces, estimated in the same directions, will be -^, ^-^. Hence, for the equilibrium of the impressed moving forces, (a) The motion of the particles is equal to the motion of the particles, and the motion of the particles is equal to the motion of the particles. and the effective moving forces applied in directions opposite to their own, we have mBmoL — m sma) = m-^— m -^ (1). But, if c denote the length of the thread, d'^x d^x' hence, from (1), (m + «0 -j.2=g{fn sina — m' sin a') (2); which determines the common acceleration of the two particles estimated in accordance with an increase of x: should the expression for -^ be a negative quantity, x will decrease and x' increase. d'alembert's principle. 413 If T denote the tension of the thread, we shall have, for the equilibrium of the impressed moving forces T, mg sin a, exerted cPx on the particle m, and the effective moving force m -j^ applied in a direction opposite to its own. I = -^-, (sm a + sm a ), by (2) : which gives the value of T, which is therefore of invariable magnitude during the whole motion. Poisson; Traite de M^canique, Tom. ii. p. 12. (3) One body draws up another on the wheel and axle: to determine the motion of the weights and the tension of the strings. Let a, a', denote the radii of the wheel and axle; m, m', the masses of the bodies suspended from them; 8, the arc described, at the end of the time t, by a molecule fi of the mass of the wheel and axle, r the distance of the molecule from the axis of rotation; x^ x, the vertical distances, below the horizontal plane through the axis, of the masses m. Then the moment of the impressed forces about the axis of rotation will be mag - rria'g; and the moments of the effective forces, estimated in the same direction, will be ma -7:r-wia-^r5- Hence, by D'Alembert's Principle, Let 0 represent the whole angle through which the wheel and axle have rotated at the end of the time; then, 6, b, denoting the initial values of x, x', it is clear that x = b-v, a?' = 6' — a'O, and therefore d?"''^0-f^'-^0-f^'-^=^^< where M}^ denotes the moment of inertia of the wheel and axle together about the axis of rotation. This is a very important point in the wheel and axle, and therefore d"^0-f^'-^0-f^'-^=^^< where M}^ denotes the moment of inertia of the wheel and axle together about the axis of rotation. From effective force m -j, parallel to Ox, the impressed force m -j, parallel to yO, the effective force m -7, parallel to Oy. Reverse the directions of m -j and m -j, as indicated in air at the figure; and let the same thing be done in regard to all the molecules of the descending rod. Then the system of forces will satisfy the conditions of equilibrium. Hence Sfm = X (1), 2(g+2)=r (2), 2(g+3)=r (2), 2(g+3)=r (2). Let X denote the mass of a unit of length of the rod; then m = 1. Also x = (a^8)cos0, y = (a^8)cos0.
| 28,351 |
https://github.com/zerolinux5/DataStructures/blob/master/queue.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
DataStructures
|
zerolinux5
|
C++
|
Code
| 129 | 321 |
/*
* Queue class implementation.
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <cstddef>
#include "queue.h"
/* Default constructor. Set front and back to NULL and size to 0. */
Queue::Queue(){
front = back = NULL;
size = 0;
}
/* Return front value. */
int Queue::getFront(){
return front->getValue();
}
/* Return next node. */
void Queue::pop(){
if (!isEmpty()) {
Node *temp = front;
front = front->getNext();
size--;
free(temp);
}
}
/* Set next node. */
void Queue::push(int newValue) {
Node *nextNode = (Node *)malloc(sizeof(Node));
nextNode->setValue(newValue);
nextNode->setNext(NULL);
if (isEmpty()) {
front = back = nextNode;
} else {
back->setNext(nextNode);
back = nextNode;
}
size++;
}
/* Return true if empty else false. */
bool Queue::isEmpty(){
return (size == 0) ? true : false;
}
/* Return size. */
int Queue::getSize(){
return size;
}
| 13,505 |
sn82003410_1850-07-13_1_2_2
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,850 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,244 | 5,911 |
The views of the Senate in favor of the measure are plainly shadowed forth in his annual message to Congress, and more plainly expressed in his special message, in reference to New Mexico and California. As a member of the House, I object to the claim of the people of this country into the Union as a State. I have made nothing of the claim of the people, but it is certain that it is worthy of remark, that while no positive or inferential denial is made of the claim of New Mexico, Texas has been in the last few years. The Houston (Texas) Gazette, June 11. The question of our Santa Fe territory seems to be creating considerable excitement at present. The recent action of the military governor in recommending a convention to form a State government and constitution has at last opened the eyes of all Texas. The question now is, What must or do Texas do to secure intact her territory? Had the last legislature done what? It was plainly as duly, and passed the proper laws on the subject, there would now be hundreds on the way, eager for the trav but, unfortunately for Texas, our legislators, instead of giving to Gov. Bell ample and full powers, was attempted by our member, (Mr. Scott,) contented themselves with asserting our rights, and seemed to have thought this all-sufficient. I had that lull passed, the expense of an extra session, which we now do certain, would have been avoided; the moral effect of an expressed and determined action would have had its weight. This is no gasconade on our part; for we believe there has not been, nor will there ever be, a President who will assume the initiative of bloodshed between American citizens and the American army, it would be an act that would forever consign the name of the party committing it to oblivion, or else to everlasting opprobrium. The action of a majority governor has at last made the issue, and it is now for Texas to assume her position. The time for argument has passed by, and Texas must, however weak she may be. The prepared to stand by her arms. The rate is not unjust to the twift, nor the battle to the town. The heat raged. The great fire of Tuesday has been productive of fearful loss of life and property. The number of those who perished has not yet been fully ascertained, and the value of the property destroyed may well be computed by hundreds of thousands. It was a tearful siege, the dead and the dying; the wounded and the destitute; the homeless women and children—the wild fury of the fiery waves that swept street after street in the darkness. The explosions, scattering death around the fallen walls—the noisome of the firemen—and the panic-stricken crowd—find no parallel in our recollection, save what we may conceive of the burning of Moscow, when, in a humble place, the ancient city of the Czars was fired by the patriotic incendiary. The long period the fierce enemy seemed to be irresistible, and the brave men who came out to contend against it were terribly disarmed by its frightful violence. At one time it looked as if it would sweep the city, but at length the fire was extinguished. The wall and desolate streets were strewn with the dead and dying. More than one million dollars a year, this is a significant achievement. We have bought a sad, salaried experience by this catastrophe. As Hotspur has it, "Out of this nettle danger let us pill, the fire, and the fire, we have a certain, safe, and sure way to overcome it." Contended against the fire, it is necessary to keep on the fire. It is a leader, a leader, a leader, and it must be over all a man in the brave, and a strong, strong, and strong, would die, not only of the men but of the men who have been killed. *?? ' ' ilafnii> makes ii ;i.?- dut| <?i oui citixiM promptl) t^kr inea?urm n-l?<ve Hh- .l^trpM^^l have runif i by thi? ntxi hundrftlH upon hun<lrf?tl* iIhha n <?ut ol house ami ho?ne I hila<i** 1 ifi han Hiv*"ay n been reatly to kiv?? g^Derotinly ol UrMoreiU) tb? tinfortu ate of othei citiei Shp now ?trftchi's lorth /<#? ban.! to tin*** shp haa a She ?OwrAMM 4if toic? for aoccor ft cmanot Uut tin Wilt \>a^h uciheedeil l ^nnmjlvanian AT KRIX < k.I> I'HH fhr HDiHtdl (t^wrriplioriii "I will now hr mol,i nt met |o r*?tar.- k ( Aii.f .trW?f, r ?ojourniiif in Wingt'm nrt- to #??mtnc ..?ir nn ?ortnifn. hn/or* pnrrh**int, ?- ffr?*?t harpum < *? ^ ohta.n#a frcm. Ul<> r.ill.iwini, vi/. 4> h??iilifiil ?l>ls< "|irinf sil.t .Iinin.er alika, in ?null ?irlpe^, nnrl plsni 10 pis. . ? and psrta of pireea plaid India ailk. .1? 1" ? * _ tfur-d fotiUrd do , , J . d>. Bnli.l, and P,. n. h rhir.usa i,.??nf?l pau.m. lor I hihlr^n'* wi'iir 1 SO piers, and part. IW Fr.neh Jaeoneta and nr^adls ? do ,.M?I rtyl, rolorsd lawn, al 10 and I9( e.nta p.r yard l?0 pises. har?r- ?nd l?r.,r de lainsa at (rsai anrllei All rsnta a hers enilfns,?|ed ? .11 be ,, r<MI, fo, r,,h June ? .Itawlf t-'l-AORTT, NKWTOM, MAV( k CO. TH* < "?? ??*P"?UIon. Th. nicbt ? ?hr ; 1 VsrhvV. h ,"w"n? <trVfo.?l. |r, ,.. ... Proodal a,e I. pre-a?? 4 , r",#,n,hi* ^ r"?*?hi? d?T r..>>>"i i?... i disarmmed to run off my toe*,.,ltum,r Ku1. J, r.a?,?l J prtes., m,h,,r)|()(< ( |n|? msnisr *? l>"W<. Will And a?....d aworlmsnt of l?l?.',lr? fnoda, < f' '""'"" *' ^'T'. yonUia- w ar, with a r..?l.n- k I? ' Ih" """"" "l'P?~'d In quality and'In lh,? Ii, "V"?" w"h '"snlon m.tnnia,?..elo,ha. hr An ' Parly n*J| tu *ohrOfvl * ' i M ^ WM- VKRRV, > Jimsjj.Uaw.l* Oins>s.rs ( snirs Markst e 41 (HARI.KN?rkkt. ATTOHHBT AT UW And dff>nl fhr in iii'n^rftj flft July ?<Um 1 w ?'*u<|uler WWu Kulphar VlrgUU*. \ ( *w. kw,m aI (Tatrmlw Il l be ..(*11 i(II Uie reccpuou ill vi.iin. uu Uit I.I ut Jt ' luipiu.eu.clits are 111 piugiv?. Ulalwiil give llllu asm.. l to the wliol, aautbilabuMJlI. No eipeiiw, wilt ^ eU .jj,' .a Us ^UIW^ll, or to U.? couilw, ana pi?.j? ul Ui. ,uJLu Kjiowlug by OtuUr .?W?UI?,IU uuiiiv I uu* Ui.U?l?es, til* p.?|7v? ill trill .1, Value ol UlC Water, J.Ill 1U almost IIUIKUIuU. cflvclLU 1M1UCU 1 II Ucen regain J as gu.ul puiic, lu ciUargs Ui? scooui ?daliou. and 10 complete lilt oilgwal a,.,,,,, lw , lJle ? u ,11.J lull, > <11 guci., <u will a. Ui promote thru b, aiiiiand ?ictu> are. tHiiuaicd III a iciimikably UealUiy u-iiuu, u, iuli y,,, Uoid blue Kidgc. nuil in tlir vuiully uf llie Wauulul village ol Wai teuton, vi-u. i. uiay, uu lioi.ib.ck or 111 carriage,, uvc, the improving load., enjoy tin.- inoel plclurenjue acenery, of lua) mk user. i.c lu till, leu pin alley. llie pi.loi gal!ci>, tin* gam. ol billiard., u, Uj0 UealUilul dan, C. I lie luveis ol uiu.i. and ion tia will and peculiar care lias been taken to wiu then appioval, while Hie ftillow dcci ud ? iliu u?u, til, gold and oilvti Ii.li, the elk aud U.r .wan, may relieve r |"JU* w thoee wlio lire uttere.ied in the fnm Minna. Ii, ? 1 , ,evu,y V b. i ll Ink, 11 which I ipnuilud libeiaiity could >um Ir.u'.ji " L<! Ul<! c"Uilor( ""d ktcouinioiUtMm of viauera. Thu In, rtt.-. and UWruiuiient, the fancy bail, inn^uerade, aud brilliaui w.,u '"^c"vu ?u^uon.. no, ?. IO, Z I,,l" m U,B?*y oui*- Tu tlle llo'y Ministers ll.?ivc. iul,"r,J ^""MineUou. cordial, not u giudglug invitation I h? Lhu. V summer, williuul uliuige. The u.ual awvicea of I tt,e Uuuugliout die num. I ^ P!||MP are 36 or J? miles, according to Uie route ukeu. from I Kroderi' k.bui|j, a?d 4- o, 40 iroiu AleiaiutrU. Tn weekly^SL.'. Z\ jlulled""' *" lH,ll"? '"I July, wlieu dall) line, will be.t.ub I T".? SjMin*..re know., on Hie p.?,l iiftlcc bouk. a. " Warrent,,,, I Si"1"""' u letlert atiould be?o directed, or Oiey luay be left M I Wwrentou, or aeut to the White Sulphur SpiiiiK?f In Ureenbrier I I eriua III li.wrd willI be a. loilowa : for Uiu wlaule Kim, end inn 1?t Uriobi i ; tjfi6 lor Uiree uiouth., tftiU |"or two uioutli. MJii fiu oue month, ijlo per w. ek, |J1B for two week. ; $1 75 per da> Tuieali or Judging 40 eenU each, benun u, and children under 1 year old. Old price. No charge for children under three years old. Special table, are provided for children before the usual hour they will be charged full price. Hours 50 cents a day, or $10 a month. HANNA, WAIT, 16 15 Superintendent. LEWIS M'KINLEY, VIRGINIA. The place has opened, and ready, a new place is now run daily between a and J. Main, a point on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, distant only two and a half miles. Water, leaving Baltimore or Washington in the morning, arrive at 4 o'clock in the evening, and from Cumberland a quarter past 7:30. The water, being beneficial in all cases, where the baths are recommended, is recommended for the maintenance, gout, chronic rheumatism, diseases of the skin and of the kidneys, and especially efficacious in all irregularities of the system. As a luxury, the bathing is provided. There are nineteen plumbing baths, twelve rooms, and a cupboard, supplied from a natural temperature of 74 degrees Fahrenheit. The house of the undersigned, which will accommodate about four hundred persons, is furnished throughout with hair mattresses made by the best upholsterers of Baltimore; and, in every item of comfort, it will be found to be not inferior to the best hotels. The customary amenities are provided, and no pains or inconvenience is spared in catering for the establishment. Board and other matters, including wine, beer, and other liquors, are provided. KU-r, will be kept at the bar, while in the immediate neighborhood, there are three chimes and a supply of provisions. I am heretofore, $10 for the first week, with an abundance of ten, twenty, and forty-five percent, for the week, succeeding to such a prolonging day, and to be leg of more according to the amount of lodging accommodation required. June 30th, 1858. The Aauun Tea Company, J3t> Urtenwuk,httt, Atw York. A The proprietors beg to call the attention of consumers in and the In all. of families, to the choice and rare. selection of tea. imported by them, and hitherto unknown in the country, which by Their fragrance and delicacy, combined with virgin purity and Strength, produce an infusion of surpassing rich neat and flavor The tea offered are the following: The Jeddo Bloom, a black tea at $1.00 per lb. Niphon, do 75¢ Chari, do 50¢ D.acca, a green tea $1.00 Tobacco, do 75¢ Tickles, do 30¢ Lid-li Mixture, a compound of the most Rare and choice tea known on the fer The and genial soil of Aaaam $1.00 With a view to encourage the introduction of these matchless tea. It is the intention of the proprietor, to distribute by auction the Purchasers, a quantity of tea equal to the first year's profit to be effected. I Each purchaser will receive encloaed 111 Uie package a nu red IceruiicaU', eiitilling huu to oue chance in Uie di.tributuin for every I flfly ccni.^ laid out. and on the receipt., amounting to ym 000 the I under uieiiUoued |wrcela of tea, to Uie value of ten per cent.', or'two Ithouaand dollar., will be given away oa tonuaen, according to the ful ? lowing acale ? 5 puzea of 50 Ibn. of lea each at $1 00 per lb. a50 lb*, or >om 2! " m I'," " " " ?*? " " 500 50 10 " '? " ?< ? 500 ? 400 | ^ ^000 I rno.u per.on. who prefer lower-priced lea. can receive thiir I prize* in proportion, or they will b? re-purchaaed for raah. at a redur. I uon of ten per cent. I (19-Couavry agenu required. Application* to be addreand (do*i I paid) to the Company1* Depot, aa above. ' June 1?d3m I pUHLIC dale of a Large and Valuable Farm la Aan? I* c,?.u"t?r> ???????. Virginia. -I>u WedntSday, I Uu Jl.t ol July next, upon Uie premise., will be .old at public auc ? Uon, Uie farm in the county of Auguata, called Bearwallow. beIon. I ing lii Uie e.late ?f the late Chapman Johuwn, lying between two I and three mile* north of tttaunlon, on boUi aide, of the road from I Staunton 10 Miller', irou work. ; together with ail it* building, fen I cing, and oUirr improvement, and appurtenance.. The tract coo I Lin. about one thousand and ten acrra, of which about an hundred ? acre* .re cleared, aud more than four hundred acre, in well-uinb?red I wood.. It contain* two dwelling.houae*. beaidea bouae* for ?t IvanU, a large barn, atablea, a dairy, a baUi hotue, and Ui* otbrr luiual building* ; garden*, a large aud well .elected orchard an ej Iten.iv* and producuve vineyard of Uie Catawba grape kc. kc II he land 1. regarded a* of excellent quality, and ha* been ludic'lou. I ly culuvated with a view to it* permanent improvement : more lover, much of Uie cleared land 1* entirely new and fre*h. I e?lt of ai good a tract of land, In a country *0 attractive and I Ilealihiui, in the neighborhood of a rapidly.improving town in a I nutation which will ,001, have every (kcUlly for .ending luproduila I to market in every duccuon, and where laud* arc .Icadil) iimiii in ? value, afford, a rare opportunity, which, It 1* hoped, will not ocatie I the notice of rnterpri.uig men. ^ I It 1. kelieved that the whole tract can he judiciously divided l.? l*ale into three or mor - fnrni., wiUi a convenient proportion of wood land clearing in each, hcaidc- .ouie wood land and one or two , leared ll<iu, which mat be .old nepai t-ly , but 11 will be divided, a. far h. ? conveniently ma) be, to *uit tne wi.lie. of porcfiwera; and penon. I who are diapoaed to bid for Uie land, are invited to communicate J their wuliea a* to Uie mode of divuion which would *uil Uieiu be I **'C' eiU'er to the under.igned at Richmond, or to hi*brother, I Will,,,,, B Johnaon, ai Hlaunion. The latter ha* a map of me (arm laid wjil (1VCIO p?r?om who feci an tnlcrent in lhe waiter ail Uie in J fonnatlon la hi? power. I Ileal wallow i* at prevent orcupied by Mr. Hlnipwm F. Tailor 11 ? tenant. III. leiae will expire the lit of December, *t which time full ? ponemion of the premoe. will be delivered 10 p?rcha*eni In lhe I mean tune, however, purcliaMr* will have the privilege ol pumnx 1,1 la crop of ainall grain. ' P"'UBI "? I Term* of *ale 1 One fourth of the purcbaae money to be naid id Icaah at the tune of sale ; il,e balance 11, lh ice ui.ialinents si H IH wU' T"" l?*>menu 10 tear I r , I e 1 ?? ?'? secured b) uie bonda or per, Itiaiile note, of the purcha.er, and by a deed of Uuvt ap-n Uie proi, " L A conveyance, with proper covenanu of general wa-ranly, 111, ?? 1'ie eash patmeni 1. inn I, ??,l Ih. - -cnril, ? lor tne credji jm?> mtnta giv?*n* I Hale to commence at 14 o'clock, noon, at 0, n.ai the illuit I house ik ii|iie,|h> Him|e.oii I' Tayl on the rU, nam .1 , r,i | If Uie wralher ia rery unfaTorabl^, on the next fair day. _ W1 ^ ?B<>. nicolhon jitHMmifi, ror hirnMelf and tlie other deviaeea of C. John^tn dtn-awed * 3U-"3uiH ?JSirp V " i1"?' *'-WIU he ?,ld at public ?le l Saturday, j?|, U) ? ? ?-,.,?ck, ,, n, , ?...ie,? ' 111 uuiu .. 4 ? 1 w"?wrn Miri or iot f,Z "I nu,l'h"r"1 one hundred .?H sixty six, ll"tl,.lr 1 I,"' "" '?i"i h .11 1,, if, IPreiid ' 11, <???';"<""> "< be,n/ in the vie,nit of lie I.. "i"' ^ *"d Navy buildings, renders 11 a de?rs bin buildup location . to a?v \\ a-hingio,, I , ll""1 Ulliand. 'In, I lhe halm red,I of MI \: r ,r- '1" deferred payment 10 be .e, ?re,| h) r. deed Irtl.t on the properl l ltl. ?IK,Ue.t??,.b|e NH.'HOLAM CALI.AN, \fe, L ... . ER k BROTHER, July 4 -^Jtkd* Auctionce *. II* IIIKII V HKOTIIKH, A nrtloaveer.. VAl.CAHl.i: I ROPKRTV AT AUCTION -Oa Tuesdai svemnf n.em. ?' " l-k; - ""?? -?.* ? v n V t. III <M|iin,e \ , ' Street between I lib and IMh stfeeu w,lh Ule <?? ? I??o.l two *u.ry Iraioe l,,?,.e 'has. . a-h U,e . ' * a,,<' twelve month* f*?? notes nti afar tori ly aeenred. heartrif{ int<>re?t. ' i||( jj . DTK! h BHoTMKK, ' Aarti< item. ?? DVKU At BHIirHKH, A?lllis.n. yAl.l.ABI.K iMPRiiv r.n PROPF.krV at AIJCTIuN On Mm ?re, fee, ?,! ^ ^ ^ K""., irr^T^,d ? *torv ha. k buildings, contunug fnnrteen Isrv- room, anil ? ""l 1 i.W.'L *" * '?*&<?? - I, M? III), . ??? ."I !!':* !'"rd pure base money cash, Ma July 11- 4 UYKR h HROTHU, ' Auetioneer*. . ^ THF. (Mihlir are inf<>rii?e<l thui <?n and mt#r the Xih tnatant, tli#? low prv?Mir?> f)*f(iru?*r?'. taptain M^rnn^latifl, fttird up with ttnff* room* and ohm hundred and flf\y berth* and a eafMkrimi? hold, will run r**jul*rly a freight ami pa?a#n(er hom K* |?em Wmmhinium, and Alevandrlat and ItaTti mora leaving \Va*hinfi<*r Monil*)* and Mmr?da* ? at 8 o*cloek, a m , and Alexandria ?t 9 o'clock, a. ??? , Uie Haltirrifire will take in wood nt Aqaia ( reek, and arrive >?i Pin? j Point aNni ft o*elock* p. m , and at lUJn.n-.f- <?. ?'?#? r?i?w of th<? nifht Heturainc, the Hal timore win lea t ? 1 oramen e atreet wharf, Baltimore, hi t o'clock p - -n :?fMl t r?day?, arriving nt AW lamina at l<? o'clock'm nd at Washington at 11 o'rlork, a. in., on W*>4neadaya and rfat ?yday? Paatafe from Washington to Marbury'aj|I 00 Pmey Point ^ 0f| . "" u f,1 Haliimore 9 M h.t ??r?i r* n ii hnw t?. Haiti more with privilege of re Uier particulars, or for freight, apply to the captain on boi Kiititn, agent, in Alexandria, or to _ OKOROK MATTINHLY, agent ?T ORRM db TtHTtr, Anelloneere. YAJ.IMBI.K Itril.liiNi; L(iT AT AUCTION -On Monday, T the ISfh instant, .f fi o'cl.K-k, p. m we .hall sell, on the premi ?e*. to the highest bidder, lhai valuable building .lie known as mf Wo in square No m Hairl lot i. eligibly .misled. (Vonilng VI feel ?<| ln. he. ?n north II slieet, and running hack ix:i feel, between Vlrt ""tend'1 1 h""- ? ho desire to pureba.e will do weU to Tea*s one fourth cash in hand; the halsnee in equal Insist otenl. at 1^, 0, and 19 monlh* \ deed given, and s deed nf tnt.t taken to see tlie deferred payment. H. H. TASTRI, July 8 -3tkda Auctioneer.
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सौन्दर्यशास्त्र
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सौंदर्यशास्त्र(अंग्रेज़ी-Aesthetics) ,सौन्दर्य-मीमांसा, या सौन्दर्य का सिद्धांत, दर्शनशास्त्र की वह शाखा है जो सुंदरता, कला और रसात्मक अनुभव के स्वभाव के अध्य्यन तथा उनके सैद्धांतिक समीक्षा से संपृक्त है।
सौन्दर्यशास्त्र वह शास्त्र है जिसमें कलात्मक कृतियों, रचनाओं आदि से अभिव्यक्त होने वाला अथवा उनमें निहित रहने वाले सौंदर्य का तात्विक और मार्मिक विवेचन होता है। यह सौन्दर्यपरक मूल्यों पर विमर्श है, जो विशेषतः, रस की प्रसमिक्षा (judgement of taste) से अभिव्यंजित होता है। इसे कला-दर्शनशास्त्र के नाम से भी जानते हैं, हांलाकि कुछ दार्शनिकों का मानना है कि इनमें कुछ भिन्नता हैं।
किसी वस्तु को देखकर हमारे मन में जो आनन्ददायिनी अनुभूति होती है उसके स्वभाव और स्वरूप का विवेचन तथा जीवन की अन्यान्य अनुभूतियों के साथ उसका समन्वय स्थापित करना इनका मुख्य उद्देश्य होता है। कला, संस्कृति और प्रकृति का प्रतिअंकन ही सौंदर्यशास्त्र है। सौंदर्यशास्त्र की परिधि अनुभवों के प्राकृतिक और कृत्रिम दोनों स्रोतों को शामिल करती है और यह समीक्षा करता है कि हम उन स्रोतों के बारे में कैसा निर्णय बनाते हैं। सौंदर्यशास्त्र के प्रमुख प्रश्न हैं, "कला क्या है ?", "कला का काम क्या है?" और "क्या चीज,एक कला को अच्छी कला बनाती है?"
परिचय
सौंदर्यशास्त्र दर्शन की एक शाखा है जिसके तहत कला, साहित्य और सुन्दरता से संबंधित प्रश्नों का विवेचन किया जाता है। ज्ञान के दायरे से भिन्न इंद्रिय-बोध द्वारा प्राप्त होने वाले तात्पर्यों के लिए यूनानी भाषा में 'एस्तेतिको' शब्द है जिससे 'एस्थेटिक्स' की व्युत्पत्ति हुई। प्रकृति, कला और साहित्य से संबंधित क्लासिकल सौंदर्यशास्त्रीय दृष्टिकोण विकसित हुआ। यह नज़रिया केवल कृति की सुन्दरता और कला-रूप से ही अपना सरोकार रखते हुए उसके राजनीतिक और संदर्भगत आयामों को विमर्श के दायरे से बाहर रखता है। लेकिन कला और साहित्य विवेचना की कुछ ऐसी विधियाँ भी हैं जो कृतियों के तात्पर्य और उनकी रचना-प्रक्रिया के सामाजिक और ऐतिहासिक पहलुओं से संवाद स्थापित करती हैं। मार्क्सवादी सौंदर्यशास्त्र एक ऐसा ही विमर्श है।
प्राचीन यूनानी दर्शन में प्लेटो की रचना हिप्पियाज़ मेजर में सौंदर्य की अवधारणा पर चर्चा मिलती है। नाटक की दुखांत शैली पर अरस्तू द्वारा अपनी रचना पोइटिक्स में किये गये विचार ने कला-आलोचना को लम्बे अरसे तक प्रभावित किया है। कला और सौंदर्य पर हुए ग़ैर-पश्चिमी प्राचीन चिंतन के संदर्भ में भारत के नाट्यशास्त्र, अभिनवगुप्त के रस-सिद्धांत और चीनी विद्वान चेंग यिन-युवान की रचना ली-ताई मिंग-हुआ ची (रिकॉर्ड ऑफ़ फ़ेमस पेंटिंग्ज़) द्वारा प्रस्तुत अनूठे और विस्तृत विमर्शों का लोहा पश्चिमी जगत में भी माना जाता है। कला-अनुशीलन की इस परम्परा की व्याख्या करने के ग़ैर-पश्चिमी मानक अभी तक नहीं बन पाये हैं और पश्चिमी मानकों के ज़रिये की गयी व्याख्याओं के नतीजे असंतोषजनक निकले हैं।
पश्चिमी विचार-जगत में एक दार्शनिक गतिविधि के तौर पर सौंदर्यशास्त्र की पृथक संकल्पना अट्ठारहवीं सदी में उभरी जब कला-कृतियों का अनुशीलन हस्त-शिल्प से अलग करके किया जाने लगा। इसका नतीजा सिद्धांतकारों द्वारा ललित कला की अवधारणा के सूत्रीकरण में निकला। अलेक्सांदेर गोत्तलीब बॉमगारतेन ने 1750 में एस्थेटिका लिख कर एक बहस का सूत्रपात किया। इसके सात साल बाद डेविड ह्यूम द्वारा ‘ऑफ़ द स्टैंडर्ड ऑफ़ टेस्ट’ लिख कर सौंदर्यशास्त्र के उभरते हुए विमर्श को प्रश्नांकित किया गया। लेकिन आधुनिक युरोपीय सौंदर्यशास्त्रीय विमर्श की वास्तविक शुरुआत इमैनुएल कांट की 1790 में प्रकाशित रचना 'क्रिटीक ऑफ़ जजमेंट' से हुई। अपनी इस कृति में कांट ने सौंदर्यशास्त्रीय आकलन की कसौटियों को सार्वभौम बनाने पर ज़ोर दिया। लेकिन दूसरी ओर वे किसी भी तरह के सार्वभौम सौंदर्यशास्त्र की सम्भावना पर संदेह करते हुए भी नज़र आये। इस विरोधाभास के बावजूद कांट की उपलब्धि यह रही कि उन्होंने कला और सौंदर्य की विवेचना के लिए कुछ अनिवार्य द्विभाजनों को स्थापित कर दिया। इन द्विभाजनों में सर्वाधिक उल्लेखनीय हैं : इंद्रियबोध और तर्क-बुद्धि, सारवस्तु और रूप, अभिव्यक्ति और अभिव्यक्त, आनंद और उपसंहार, स्वतंत्रता और आवश्यकता आदि। कांट की दूसरी उपलब्धि यह थी कि उन्होंने सौंदर्यशास्त्रीय अनुभव और ऐंद्रिक अनुभव के बीच अंतर स्थापित किया। उनका कहना था कि सौंदर्यशास्त्रीय व्याख्या और उसकी निष्पत्ति विश्लेषण के लक्ष्य के प्रति बिना किसी व्यावहारिक आसक्ति के ही की जानी चाहिए।
उन्नीसवीं सदी के बारे में कहा जा सकता है कि वह सौंदर्यशास्त्र की शताब्दी थी। कांट की बनायी गयी ज़मीन पर ही बाद में जर्मन विद्वानों ने सौंदर्यशास्त्र का वृहत्तर दार्शनिक ढाँचा खड़ा किया। हीगेल ने अपनी रचना लेक्चर्स ऑन एस्थेटिक्स में, शॉपेनहॉर ने द वर्ल्ड एज़ विल ऐंड रिप्रज़ेंटेशन में और नीत्शे ने बर्थ ऑफ़ ट्रैजेडी में पश्चिमी सौंदर्यशास्त्र के विभिन्न पहलुओं की बारीक व्याख्याएँ कीं और उसके नये आयामों को प्रकाशित किया। उन्नीसवीं सदी के आख़िरी दौर में अंग्रेज़ी भाषी सौंदर्यशास्त्र में रूपवाद का उभार हुआ। विक्टोरियायी ब्रिटेन ने ‘कला कला के लिए’ का नारा दिया जिसके प्रवक्ताओं में ऑस्कर वाइल्ड का नाम उल्लेखनीय है। विशुद्ध सौंदर्यशास्त्रीय अनुभव पर बल देने वाले रूपवादी दृष्टिकोण ने लगभग सभी क्षेत्रों में आधुनिक कला-रूपों को गहराई से प्रभावित किया। लेकिन इस आंदोलन के विरोध की ध्वनियाँ महान रूसी साहित्यकार लियो तॉल्स्तॉय की रचना व्हाट इज़ आर्ट? और अमेरिकी परिणामवाद के प्रमुख प्रवक्ता जॉन डिवी की कृति आर्ट एज़ एक्सपीरिएंस में सुनायी दीं। तॉल्स्तॉय का तर्क था कि जो कला मनुष्यों के बीच नैतिक अनुभूतियों का सम्प्रेषण नहीं कर सकती, वह रूपवादी कसौटियों के हिसाब से कितनी भी महान क्यों न हो, उसकी सराहना नहीं की जा सकती। डिवी ने भी सम्प्रेषण की भूमिका के सवाल पर रूपवाद से लोहा लेते हुए कला को सौंदर्यशास्त्र के नाम पर उसके दायरे के बाहर मौजूद अनुभव की संरचनाओं से काट कर रखने का विरोध किया।
सौंदर्यशास्त्रीय चिंतन की जर्मन परम्परा बीसवीं सदी में भी जारी रही। घटनाक्रियाशास्त्र, व्याख्याशास्त्र और मार्क्सवाद के औज़ारों का इस्तेमाल करके सौंदर्यशास्त्र संबंधी सिद्धांतों को और समृद्ध किया गया। 1936 में मार्टिन हाईडैगर ने ‘द ओरिजन ऑफ़ द वर्क ऑफ़ आर्ट’ जैसा निबंध लिखा जिसे कला के दर्शन की सर्वश्रेष्ठ रचनाओं में से एक माना जाता है। हाईडैगर ने इस निबंध में दावा किया कि कला-कृति को इस जगत में स्थित वस्तु के रूप में देखना आधुनिकता की मूलभूत लाक्षणिक त्रुटियों में से एक है। हाइडैगर के मुताबिक कला तो एक नये जगत के द्वार खोलती है, कला के रूप में सत्य अपने-आप में घटता ही नहीं हमारे अपने अनुभव के दायरे में वस्तुओं के अस्तित्व का उद्घाटन भी करता है। इस तरह सौंदर्यशास्त्र के माध्यम से हाईडैगर ने आधुनिकता की आलोचना करते हुए वस्तुओं की पारम्परिक अस्तित्व-मीमांसा और प्रौद्योगिकीय व्याख्या को आड़े हाथों लिया।
बीसवीं सदी के मध्य तक सौंदर्यशास्त्र की उपयोगिता पर सवाल उठने लगे। सदी की शुरुआत में दिये गये अपने कुछ व्याख्यानों में एडवर्ड बुलो यह प्रश्न पूछ चुके थे कि कहीं कला और सौंदर्य की परिभाषाएँ कलाकार की सृजन- क्षमता का क्षय तो नहीं कर रही हैं। ये व्याख्यान 1957 में छपे और साठ के दशक में अमेरिकी कलाकार बारनेट न्यूमैन ने एलान कर दिया कि सौंदर्यशास्त्र का उपयोग कला के लिए वही है जो पक्षीशास्त्र का पक्षियों के लिए हैं। अर्थात् सौंदर्यशास्त्र से अनभिज्ञ कलाकार ही अच्छा है। संस्कृति-अध्ययन के तहत सौंदर्यशास्त्र के अभिजनोन्मुख रुझानों की कड़ी परीक्षा की गयी है। पिएर बोर्दियो ने संस्कृति के समाजशास्त्र के तहत कला के विचारधारात्मक आधार की न केवल शिनाख्त की बल्कि यह भी कहा कि इसी कारण से सौंदयशास्त्र अपनी ही सांस्कृतिक और राजनीतिक जड़ों का संधान नहीं कर पाया है। बोर्दियो के इस विचार का प्रतिवाद एडोर्नो की रचना एस्थेटिक थियरी में मिलता है। एडोर्नो बीसवीं सदी की अवाँगार्द कला का उदाहरण देते हुए कहते हैं कि कला में अभी भी विचारधारा का प्रतिवाद करने की क्षमता है। एडोर्नो के मुताबिक कला अपने समाज की उपज ज़रूर होती है, पर उसका रचना- प्रक्रिया में सामाजिक नियतत्त्ववाद से स्वायत्त क्षण भी निहित होता है। इसलिए वह कलाकार और उसके दर्शक या पाठक को तत्कालीन प्रभुत्वशाली संस्कृति द्वारा थमाये गये तौर- तरीकों से इतर सोचने का मौका भी देती है। कुछ मार्क्सवादी विद्वानों ने सौंदर्यशास्त्र की एक मार्क्सवादी श्रेणी विकसित करने की कोशिश भी की है। हिंदी के प्रमुख मार्क्सवादी साहित्यालोचक नामवर सिंह ने इस तरह की कोशिशों को आलोचनात्मक दृष्टि से देखते हुए इसका पहला उदाहरण सोवियत संघ में ‘समाजवादी यथार्थवाद’ का शास्त्र-निर्माण माना है। उन्होंने कहा है, ‘शास्त्र बनते ही सामाजिक यथार्थ भी सूत्रबद्ध हो गया और उस यथार्थ को अभिव्यक्त करने की शैली भी। देखते-देखते एक नया रीतिवाद चल पड़ा, रचना में भी, आलोचना में भी। जिस देश ने समाजवादी क्रांति की, वह साहित्य और कला के क्षेत्र में कोई क्रांति करने से ठिठक गया। यथार्थ का ऐसा और इतना अपमान तो क्रांति के पहले के साहित्य में भी नहीं हुआ था और उन्नीसवीं सदी के युरोप के साहित्य में भी नहीं जब बूर्ज़्वा क्रांति ने यथार्थवाद को जन्म दिया था। हालत बहुत कुछ हिंदी की रीतिवादी कही जानेवाली साहित्य-प्रवृत्ति की- सी हो गयी, जब अलंकारशास्त्र के लक्षण ग्रंथों को सामने रख कर कविताएँ लिखी जा रही थीं।’
नामवर सिंह ने दूसरा उदाहरण जॉर्ज लूकाच द्वारा रचित सौंदर्यशास्त्र नामक विशाल ग्रंथ का दिया है। वे इसे लूकाच द्वारा अपने लगभग साठ वर्षों के दीर्घ साहित्य-चिंतन को अंततः एक व्यवस्थित शास्त्र में बाँधने का विराट प्रयास करार देते हैं, ‘हज़ारों पृष्ठों का यह विशाल ग्रंथ अभी तक जर्मन भाषा में ही उपलब्ध है और जो जर्मन अच्छी तरह जानते होंगे, वही इसके बारे में कुछ विश्वासपूर्वक कह सकने में सक्षम होंगे। अंग्रेज़ी में अभी तक उसके बारे में जो कुछ कहा गया है और उसके छिटपुट अंशों से जो आभास मिला है उसके आधार पर इतना तो कहा ही जा सकता है कि इसमें समस्त कलाओं को ‘अनुकरण’ में निःशेष करने की असफल चेष्टा की गयी है। इस प्रकार मार्क्सवादी लूकाच जब सभी कलाओं को एक शास्त्र में बाँधने चलते हैं तो अंततः अरस्तू की शरण जाने को बाध्य होते हैं। किसी अंग्रेज़ी साप्ताहिक ने इस ग्रंथ की समीक्षा के साथ एक ऐसा कार्टून छापा था, जिसमें लुकाच मार्क्स की दाढ़ी के साथ अरस्तू की शक्ल- सूरत और पोशाक में पेश आते हैं।’ नामवर सिंह की मान्यता है कि लूकाच के दृष्टांत से मार्क्सवादी सौंदर्यशास्त्र की इस लम्बी परम्परा का एक कमज़ोर पहलू सामने आता है। वे कहते हैं कि ‘अक्सर वह स्वयं ‘कला’ नामक संस्था को चुनौती देने में चूक गया और कला की क्लासिकी परिभाषा को स्वीकार कर लेने में उसे कोई हानि नहीं दिखाई पड़ी। बुनियादी रूप में एक बार इन परिभाषाओं को स्वीकार कर लेने के बाद तो फिर थोड़े- बहुत हेर-फेर के साथ इस-उस कवि या कृति के मूल्यांकन का कार्य ही शेष रहता है; और कहने की आवश्यकता नहीं कि मार्क्सवादी सौंदर्यशास्त्रियों ने इस क्षेत्र में अपनी प्रतिभा का जौहर बखूबी दिखाया है— ऊँची संस्कृति के बड़े-से- बड़े विचारकों से होड़ लेते हुए। व्याख्या और मूल्यांकन की भाषा निश्चय ही भौतिकवादी भी है और ऐतिहासिक भी, लेकिन कुल मिलाकर वह प्रभुत्वशाली परम्परा से बहुत अलग नहीं है।’
सन्दर्भ
1. डी.ई. कूपर (1992), अ कम्पैनियन टू एस्थेटिक्स, ब्लैकवेल, ऑक्सफ़र्ड, 1992
2. टैरी ईगलटन (1999), द आइडियॉलॅजी ऑफ़ द एस्थेटिक, ब्लैकवेल, ऑक्सफ़र्ड, 1999
3. इमैनुएल कांट (1790/1987), द क्रिटीक ऑफ़ जजमेंट, अनु, डब्ल्यू.एस. प्लुहर, हैकेट, इण्डियापोलिस, आईएन.
4. टी.डब्ल्यू. एडोर्नो (1984), एस्थेटिक थियरी, रॉटलेज ऐंड कीगन पॉल, न्यूयॉर्क.
5. नामवर सिंह (2013), ‘मार्क्सवादी सौंदर्यशास्त्र के विकास की दिशा’, डब्ल्यूडब्ल्यूडब्ल्यू.हिंदीसमय.कॉम पर उपलब्ध.
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सौन्दर्यशास्त्र
कला
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LE RÉSEAU PRINCE HENRI. Le réseau qui, jusqu’à ce jour, a desservi le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, c’est le Guillaume- Lurembourg. Ce réseau se compose de 4 ligues, partant toutes de Luxembourg pour se diriger vers Thionville, Arlon, Liége et Trèves. Cette disposition du réseau n’est pas ratiennelle en ce qu’elle ne tient pas sulfisamment cmple du véritable centre industriel du pays, lequel n’est pas à Luxembourg, mais dans les magnifiques mières d’Esch. Relier ces miuières le plus directemeut possible aux bassius houillers de Sarrebruck, de Liége, de Charleroi et de la uhr, tele devait être évidemment la mission du GuillatunmeLuxembourg. Ces minières auraient commencé par exporler leurs produits à Charleroi, à Liége, à Sarrebruck, mais peu à peu elles auraient altiré de nombreux he utsfourneaux consommant le minerai sur place, et donnant lieu par les coakes et la fonte à un trafic considérable, Cette mission n’a pas élé accomplie; nous allons voir pourquoi. Ce ne fut qu’après l’achèvement de son réseau tel qu’il est aujourd’hui que le Guillaume Lurembourg songea aux minières pour y elnblir un embr anchement absol u ment insuifi san !. Celle fausse opération jninlo aux énormes frais d'administration du Guillaume-Luxembourg eut pour première conséquence la ruine de celle société et ensuite sa fusion jiMSSiiblement avanlii^'iis" encore avec VEsl frarçais. La seconde conséquence futl. cueeptin d’un nouveau réseau dit Prine Eeuri, réseau ayant pour ol jet de lraveis les miniè: es dans toute leur longueur pou les relier ensuite d’une manière plus direct ax bassins houillers qui les entourent C’est ce nouveau réseau que le GrandDuché ienl de concéder à la soci té des chemins de fer du bassin houiller d lHainaut avec un subside consistant en leirain et en une concession de mine souletraine de 500 hectares. Ce nouveau réseau dit Prince Henri es extrêmement populaire dans le Grand-Duché mais il y rencontre des ennemis. Et cel: se comprend. Depuis la construction d Guillaume- Luxembourq une très -grande usin est venu s’établir sur une de ses lignes Dommeldange. Cette usine est dirigée pai M. N. Melz et compte parmi ses actionnaires un ancien ministre belge M. Tesch. On ee éiablissement redoule avec raison que l réseau l’rince lHenri provoquera la cous tructin d’un grand nombre de nouvelles usines sur les niniêres même, usines qui. à raisen de leur situation plus favorable, lui créeraient biet)t une rude concu: rence. Mais ce n’est pas tout. La so iit de Dommeldange est propriéiaire d’un grande surface de terrain minier sur la quelle elle espérait, par une interprétatio trep intéressée de la loi de 1810, obtenn également le dr oit d’exploitation souterrain-. Or, ce droit d’exploitation souterraine, l’Eta vient de le revendiquer sur toutes les inières; il en a cédé une partie notable à la societé du Hainaut à titre de suhside. Ces prétentiens se sont d’abord manifestées dans la Chahre grand-ducale, ù nalurellement elles n’ont trouvé aueun apui. La loi fut volée presqu’unanimement. Ce fut alors qu’un journal belge s’élev avec force contre cetle entreprise qu’i qualifia de nystifieation. Ce journal, c’es l’Echo d’Alon; il passe pour être l’organ de M. Tesch. Ces attaques furent publi. es sous prétexle de pévenir charitablemen les capitalistes belges. Cependant les violences de languge, les personnalités q les distinguent, ne laissent point de dout sur la nnture des sentiments qui les on. inspirées, sentimenis qu’il faut recherche exclusivement dans le dépit que cause le ftoissement d’un intérêt privé. Nus venons de dire que le GuillaumLuembourg a été construit sans égad aux miniéres luxembourgeoises ei que l’eu branchement minier n’a é é conçu qu’:près l’uchevement de ce réscau. Ce fai n»toire a été à dfférentes reprises nié paı lEcho d Arlon. On en jugera par les dates offieielles. Le réseau G lillaumr-Luxembours' fui concédé par loi du 23 novenbrj 1^53. Il comprenail les lignes suivantes: 1) Lh ligne de la fronlière belge à la fionlière prussienne en passant près de Luxembourg, sous le canon de la place, avec embranchement pour la France. 2) La ligne du Nord, par Diekirch vers Liège laquelle devait également prendr. son origine à Luxembourg, sous le canon de la place. L'ariêl.i r. du 5 mai 1856 détermina li tracé de la ligne de F/ance, laquelle de v,.it prendre son origine à Liixeinbüurg toujours sous le canon de la plac. C'e.*t donc celle considération s'ralégiquc qui décida de«, directions et non pas les mine:es dont il ne fut pas plus question que si elles n'exisîaienl pas. L'arrêté r. du 1 décembre 1856 irnprimà la concession de la ligne du Nord un caractère défmilif. „Les travaux de In ligne de France, dit le rapport précédent cet tête, sont en actiriê. Les plans c finitif. our les lignes dAr on et de Tèves t .sont urêiées que par la fixalion de l. gare cenirale à Luxembourg.
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essaysonprincipl00dymo_1_32
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US-PD-Books
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,836 |
Essays on the principles of morality, and on the private and political rights and obligations of mankind
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None
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English
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Spoken
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515 have disdained to refer for its foundation to questions of expe¬ diency or the law of the land. And he probably as little thought that the divine right would ever have been given up by its advo¬ cates, as his successors now think that they have fallacious grounds in reasoning upon public utility. Thus it is that the labours of our predecessors in the cause of Christian purity have taken a large portion of labour out of our hands. They carried the outworks of the citadel ; and whilst its defenders have retired to some inner strong hold, it becomes the business of our day to essay the firmness of its walls. The writer of these pages may essay them in vain; but he doubts not that before some power their defenders, as they have hitherto retired, will continue to retire, until the whole fortress is abandoned. Abandoned to the enemy ? Oh no. — He is the friend of a Christian community, who induces Christian principles into its practice. In considering the evidence which Christianity affords respect¬ ing the lawfulness of making a legal provision for one Christian church, I would not refer to those passages of Scripture which appear to bear upon the question whether Christian ministrations should be absolutely free : partly, because I can add nothing to the often urged tendency of those passages, and partly, because they do not all concern the question of legal provision. The man who thinks Christianity requires that those who labour in the gospel should live of the gospel, does not therefore think that a legal provision should be made for the ministers of one exclusive church. One thing seems perfectly clear — that to receive from their hearers and from those who heard them not, a compulsory pay¬ ment for their preaching, is totally alien to all the practices of the apostles and to the whole tenor of the principles, by which they were actuated. Their one single and simple motive in preaching Christianity, was to obey God, to do good to man; nor do I believe that any man imagines it possible that they would have accepted of a compulsory remuneration from their own hearers, and especially from those who heard them not. We are therefore entitled to repeat the observation, that this consideration affords evidence against the moral lawfulness of instituting such com¬ pulsory payment. Why would not, and could not, the apostles have accepted such payment, except for the reason that it ought not to be enforced 1 No account so far as I perceive, can be given 516 COMPULSORY PAYMENT, &c. Essay 3, of the matter, but that the system is contrary to the purity of Christian practice. An English prelate writes thus : “ It is a question which might admit of serious discussion, whether the majority of the members of any civil community have a right to compel all the members of it to pay towards the maintenance of a set of teachers appointed by the majority to preach' a particular system of doc¬ trines.”1* No discussion could be entertained respecting this right, except on the ground of its Christian unlawfulness. A legislature has a right to impose a general tax to support a government, whether a minority approves the tax or not; and the bishop here rightly assumes that there is an antecedent ques¬ tion, — whether it is morally lawful to oblige men to pay teachers whom they disapprove 1 It is from the w'ant of taking this question into the account that inquirers have involved themselves in fallacious reasonings. It is not a question of the right of taxa¬ tion, but of the right of the magistrate to oblige men to violate their consciences. Of those who have regarded it simply as a question of taxation, and who therefore have proceeded upon fallacious grounds, the author of “ The Duties of Men in Society” is one. He says “ If a state thinks that national piety and virtue will be best promoted by consigning the whole sum raised by law to teachers of a particular description, — it has the same right to adopt this measure, as it would have to impose a general tax for the support of a board of physicians, should it deem that step conducive to national health.” Far other — No man’s Christian liberty is invaded, no man’s conscience is violated, by paying a tax to a board of physicians ; but many a man’s religious liberty may be invaded, and many a man’s conscience may be violated, by paying for the promulgation of doctrines which he thinks Christianity condemns. Whither will the argument lead us 1 If a papal state thinks it will promote piety to demand contributions for the splendid celebration of an auto de fe, would protestant 1 See Quarterly Review, No. 58. * “ There was a party in the nation who conceived that every man should not only be allowed to choose his own religion, but contribute as he himself thought proper towards the support of the pastor whose duties he exacted. The party however does not appear to have been great. Yet let us not despise the opinion, but remember that it has been taken up by Dr. Adam Smith himself as a sound one, and been acted upon successfully in a vast empire, the United States of America.” Brodie’s History of the British Empire, v. 4, p. 365. Mem. in the MSS. Chap . 16. AMERICA. — LEGAL PROVISION, &c. 517 citizens act rightly in contributing 1 Or would the state act rightly in demanding the contribution 1 Or has a Bramin state a right to impose a tax upon Christian residents to pay for the faggots of Hindoo immolations ? The antecedent question in all these cases is, — Whether the immolation, and the auto de fe, and the system of doctrines, are consistent with Christianity. If they are not, the citizen ought not to contribute to their practice or diffusion; and by consequence, the state ought not to compel him to contri¬ bute. Now, for the purposes of the present argument, the consistency of any set of doctrines with Christianity cannot- be proved. It is to no purpose for the Unitarian to say, My system is true ; nor for the calvinist or arminian or episcopalian to say My system is true. The Unitarian has no Christian right to compel me to pay him for preaching unitarianism, nor has any religious community a right to compel the members of another to pay him for promulgating his own opinions. If by any revolution in the religious affairs of this country, another sect was elevated to the pre-eminence, and its ministers supported by a legal provision, I believe that the ministers of the present church would think it an unreasonable and unchristian act, to compel them to pay the preachers of the new state religion. Would not a clergyman think himself aggrieved, if he were obliged to pay a Priestley, and to aid in disseminating the opinions of Priestley I — That same grievance is now inflicted upon other men. The rule is disregarded, to do as we would be done by. Let us turn to the example of America. In America the government does not oblige its citizens to pay for the support of preachers. Those who join themselves to any particular religious community commonly contribute towards the support of its teach¬ ers, but there is no law of the state which compels it. This is as it should be. The government which obliged its citizens to pay, even if it were left to the individual to say to what class of preachers his money should be given, would act upon unsound principles. It may be that the citizen does not approve of pay¬ ing ministers at all ; or there may be no sect in a country with which he thinks it right to hold communion. How would the reader himself be situated in Spain perhaps, or in Turkey, or in Hindostan 1 Would he think it right to be obliged to encourage J uggernaut, or Mahomet, or the Pope 1 But, passing from this consideration : it is after all said, that in 518 A LEGAL PROVISION FOR Essay 3. our own country the individual citizen does not pay the ministers of the state religion. I am glad that this seeming paradox is advanced, because it indicates that those who advance it confess that to make them pay would be wrong. Why else should they deny it ] It is said, then, that persons who pay tithes do not pay the established clergy ; that tithes are property held as a person holds an estate ; that if tithes were taken off, rents would advance to the same amount; that the buyer of an estate pays so much the less for it because it is subject to tithes, — and therefore that neither owner nor occupier pays any thing. This is specious, but only specious. The landholder “ pays” the clergyman just as he pays the tax-gatherer. If taxes were taken off rents would ad¬ vance just as much as if tithes were taken off ; and a person may as well say that he does not pay taxes as that he does not pay tithes. — The simple fact is that an order of clergy are, in this respect, in the same situation as the body of stockholders who live upon their dividends. They are supported by the country. The people pay the stockholder in the form of taxes, and the clergyman in the form of tithes. Suppose every Clergyman in England were to leave the country to-morrow, and to cease to derive any income from it, it is manifest that the income which they now derive would be divided amongst those who remain, — that is, that those who now pay would cease to pay. Rent, and Taxes, and Tithes, are in these respects upon one foot¬ ing. Without now inquiring whether they are right, they are all payments, — something by which a man does not receive the whole of the product of his labour. The argument, therefore, which affirms that dissenters from the state religion do not pay to that religion, appears to be wholly fallacious ; and being such, we are at liberty to assume, that to make them pay is indefensible and unchristian. For we repeat the observation, that he who is anxious to prove they do not pay, evinces his opinion that to compel them to pay would be wrong. There is some injustice in the legal provision for one church. The episcopalian when he has paid his teacher, or rather when he has contributed that portion towards the maintenance of his teacher which by the present system becomes his share, has no more to pay. The adherent to other churches has to pay his own preacher and his neighbour’s. This does not appear to be just. The operation of a legal provision is, in effect, to impose a double Chap. 16. ONE CHURCH UNJUST. 519 lax upon one portion of the community without any fault on their part. Nor is it to any purpose to say that the dissenter from the episcopalian church imposes the tax on himself : so he does ; but it is, just in the same sense as a man imposes a penalty upon himself when he conforms to some prohibited point of Christian duty. A papist, two or three centuries ago, might almost as well have said that a protestant imposed the stake on himself, because he might have avoided it if he chose. It is a voluntary tax in no other way than as all other taxes are voluntary. It is a tax imposed by the state as truly as the window tax is imposed, because a man may, if he pleases, live in darkness ; or as a capitation tax is imposed, because a man may, if he pleases, lose bis head. But what is he who conscientiously disapproves of a state religion to do ? Is he, notwithstanding his judgment, to aid in supporting that religion, because the law requires it 1 No : for then, as it respects him, the obligation of the law is taken away. He is not to do what he believes Christianity forbids, because the state commands it. If public practice be a criterion of the public judgment, it may be concluded that the number of those who do thus believe respecting our state religion, is very small; for very few decline actively to support it. Yet when it is considered how numerous the dissenters from the English esta¬ blishment are, and how emphatically some of them disapprove the forms or doctrines of that establishment, it might be imagined that the number who decline thus to support it would, in con¬ sistency, be great. How are we to account for the fact as it is 1 Are we to suppose that the objections of these persons to the establishment are such as do not make it a case of conscience whe¬ ther they shall support it or not! Or are we to conclude that they sacrifice their consciences to the terrors of a distraint. If no case of conscience is involved, the dissenter, though he may think the state religion inexpedient, can hardly think it wrong. And if he do not think it wrong , why should he be so zealous in opposing it, or why should he expect the church to make con¬ cessions in his favour. If on the other hand he sacrifices his conscience to his fears, it is obvious that, before he reprehends the establishment, he should rectify himself. He should leave the mote, till he has taken out the beam. Perhaps there are some who seriously disapproving of the state 520 PAYMENT OF TITHES BY DISSENTERS. Essay 3. religion, suspect that in Christian integrity they ought not to pay to its support, — and yet are not so fully convinced of this, or do not so fully act upon the conviction, as really to decline to pay. If they are convinced, let them remember their responsibility, and not know their master’s will in vain. If these are not faithful, where shall fidelity be found 1 How shall the Christian churches be purified from their defilements, if those who see and deplore their defilements contribute to their continuance 1 Let them, show that their principles are worthy a little sacrifice. Fidelity on their part, and a Christian submission to the consequences, jnight open the eyes and invigorate the religious principle of many more : and at length the objection to comply with these un¬ christian demands might be so widely extended, that the legis¬ lature would be induced to withdraw its legal provision ; and thus one main constituent of an ecclesiastical system which has griev¬ ously obstructed, and still grievously obstructs, the Christian cause, might be taken away. As an objection to this fidelity of practice it has been said, that since a man rents or buys an estate for so much less because it is subject to tithes, it is an act of dishonesty, afterwards, to refuse to pay them. The answer is this — that no dishonesty can be committed whilst the law exacts payment by distraint ; and if the law were altered, there is no place for dishonesty. Besides, the desire of saving money does not enter into the refuser’s motives. He does not decline to pay from motives of interest bit from motives of duty. It is however argued that the legislature has no right to take away tithes any more than it has a right to deprive citizens of their lands and houses ; and that a man’s property in tithes is upon a footing with his property in an estate. Now we answer that this is not true in fact; and that if it were it would not serve the argument. It is not true in fact. — If tithes were a property, just as an estate is a property, why do men complain of the scandal of pluralities 1 Who ever hears of the scandal of possessing three or four estates 1 — Why again does the law punish simoniacal contracts 1 Who ever hears of simoniacal contracts for lands and houses 1 The truth is, that tithes are regarded as religious pro¬ perty. — The property is legally recognised not for the sake of the individual who may possess it but for the sake of religion. The Chap. 16. TITHES A “ PROPERTY OF THE CHURCH/’ 521 law cares nothing for the men, except so far as they are ministers — Besides, tithes are a portion of the produce only of the land. The tithe-owner cannot walk over an estate and say, of every tenth acre, this is mine. In truth he has not, except by consent of the landholder, any property in it at all ; for the landholder may if he pleases, refuse to cultivate it, — occasion it to produce nothing; and then the tithe owner has no interest or property in it whatever. And in what sense can that be said to be property, the possession of which is at the absolute discretion of another man ] But grant, for a moment, that tithes are property. Is it affirmed that whatever property a man possesses, cannot be taken from him by the legislature 1 Suppose I go to Jamaica and pur¬ chase a slave and bring him to England, has the law no right to take this property away 1 Assuredly it has the right, and it exercises it too. Now, so far as the argument is concerned, the cases of the slave-holder and of the tithe-owner are parallel. Compulsory maintenance of Christian ministers, and compulsory retention of men in bondage, are both inconsistent with Christianity ; and as such, the property which consists in slaves, and in tithes, may rightly be taken away. — Unless indeed any man will affirm that any property, however acquired, cannot lawfully be taken from the possessor. But when we speak of taking away the property in tithes, we do not refer to the consideration that it has been under the sanction of the law itself that that property has been purchased or obtained. The law has, in reality, been accessory to the offence, and it would not be decent or right to take away the possession which has resulted from that offence, without offering an equivalent. I would not advise a legislature to say to those persons who, under its own sanction, have pur¬ chased slaves, to turn upon them and say, I am persuaded that slavery is immoral, and therefore I command you to set your slaves at liberty ; — and because you have no moral right to hold them, I shall not grant you a compensation. Nor, for the same reasons, would I advise a legislature to say so to the possessor of tithes. But what sort of a compensation is to be offered I Not surely an amount equivalent to the principal money, computing tithes as interest. The compensation is for life interest only. The legis¬ lature would have to buy off, not a freehold but an annuity. The tithe-owner is not like the slave-holder, who can bequeath his 522 VOLUNTARY PAYMENT OF MINISTERS. Essay 3. property to another. When the present incumbent dies, the tithes, as property, cease to exist, — until it is again appropriated to an incumbent by the patron of the living. This is true except in the instances of those deplorable practices, the purchase of ad- vowsons, or of any other by which individuals or bodies acquire a pecuniary interest in the right of disposal. The notion that tithes are a “ property of the church,” is quite a fiction. In this sense, what is the church] If no individual man has his property taken away by a legislative abolition of tithes, it is unmeaning to talk of “the church” having lost it. It is perhaps a vain thing to talk of how the legislature might do a thing which perhaps it may not resolve, for ages, to do at all. But if it were to take away the right to tithes as the present incumbents died, or as the interests of the present owners ceased, there would be no reason to complain of injustice, whatever there might be of procrastinating the fulfilment of a Christian duty. Whether a good man, knowing the inconsistency of forced maintenance with the Christian law, ought to accept a proffered equivalent for that maintenance, is another consideration. If it is wrong to retain it, it is not obvious how it can be right, or how at least it can avoid the appearance of evil, to accept money for giving it up. It is upon these principles that the religious com¬ munity who decline to pay tithes, decline also to receive them. By legacy or otherwise, the legal right is sometimes possessed by these persons, but their moral discipline requires alike a refusal to receive or to pay. VOLUNTARY PAYMENT.1 That this system possesses many advantages over a legal provision we have already seen. But this does not imply that even voluntary payment is conformable with the dignity of the Christian ministry, with its usefulness, or with the requisitions of the Christian law. And here I am disposed, in the outset, to acknowledge that the question of payment is involved in an antecedent question,' — the necessary qualifications of a Christian minister. If one of these 1 “ Thou shalt take no gift : for the gift blindeth the wise, and perverteth the words of the righteous.”— -Exod. xxiii. 8. Mem. in the MSS. Chap. 16. THE PAYMENT OF CHRISTIAN MINISTERS. 523 necessary qualifications be, that he should devote his youth and early manhood to theological studies, or to studies or exercises of any kind, I do not perceive how the propriety of voluntary payment can be disputed : for, when a man who might otherwise have fitted himself, in a counting house or an office, for procuring his after support, employs his time necessarily in qualifying him¬ self for a Christian instructor, it is indispensable that he should be paid for his instructions. Or, if after he has assumed the minis¬ terial function, it be his indispensable business to devote all or the greater portion of his time to studies or other preparations for the pulpit, the same necessity remains. He must be paid for his ministry, because, in order to be a minister, he is prevented from maintaining himself. But the necessary qualifications of a minister of the gospel cannot here be discussed. We pass on therefore with the simple expression of the sentiment, that how beneficial soever a theolo¬ gical education and theological inquiries may be in the exercise of the office, yet that they form no necessary qualifications ; — that men may be, and that some are, true and sound ministers of that gospel, without them. Now, in inquiring into Ihe Christian character and tendency, of payment for preaching Christianity, one position will perhaps be recognised as universally true, — that if the same ability and zeal in the exercise of the ministry could be attained without payment as with it, the payment might reasonably and rightly be forborne. Nor will it perhaps be disputed, that if Christian teachers of the present day were possessed of some good portion of the qualifi¬ cations, and were actuated by the motives, of the first teachers of our religion, — stated remuneration would not be needed. If love for mankind, and “ the ability which God giveth,” were strong enough to induce and to enable men to preach the gospel without payment, the employment of money as a motive would be with¬ out use or propriety. Remuneration is a contrivance adapted to an imperfect state of the Christian church : — -nothing but im¬ perfection can make it needful : and when that imperfection shall be removed, it will cease to be needful again. These considerations would lead us to expect, even antecedently to inquiry, that some ill effects are attendant upon the system of remuneration. Respecting these effects one of the advocates of a 524 THE PAYMENT OF CHRISTIAN MINISTERS. Essay 3. legal provision holds language which, though it be much too strong, nevertheless contains much truth. “ Upon the voluntary plan,” says Dr. Paley, preaching, in time, would become a mode of begging. With what sincerity or with what dignity can a preacher dispense the truths of Christianity, whose thoughts are perpetually solicited to the reflection how he may increase his subscription ] His eloquence, if he possess any, resembles rather the exhibition of a player who is computing the profits of his theatre, than the simplicity of a man who, feeling himself the awful expectations of religion, is seeking to bring others to such a sense and understanding of their duty as may save their souls. — He, not only whose success but whose subsistence depends upon collecting and pleasing a crowd, must resort to other arts than the acquirement and communication of sober and profitable instruction. For a preacher to be thus at the mercy of his audience, to be obliged to adapt his doctrines to the pleasure of a capricious multitude, to be continually affecting a style and man¬ ner neither natural to him nor agreeable to his judgment, to live in constant bondage to tyrannical and insolent directors, are circumstances so mortifying not only to the pride of the human heart but to the virtuous love of independency, that they are rarely submitted to without a sacrifice of principle and a depravation of character ; — at least it may be pronounced that a ministry so degraded would soon fall into the lowest hands ; for it w'ould be found impossible to engage men of worth and ability in so preca¬ rious and humiliating a profession.”1 To much of this it is a sufficient answer, that the predictions are contradicted by the fact. Of those teachers who are sup¬ ported by voluntary subscriptions, it is not true that their elo¬ quence resembles the exhibition of a player who is computing the profits of his theatre ; for the fact is that a very large proportion of them assiduously devote themselves from better motives to the religious benefit of their flocks: — it is not true that the office is rarely undertaken without what can be called a depravation of character; for the character, both religious and moral, of those teachers who are voluntarily paid, is at least as exemplary as that of those who are paid by provision of the state : — it is not true that the office falls into the lowest hands, and that 1 Mor. and Pol. Phil. b. 6, c. ] 0. Chap. 16. ILL EFFECTS OF REMUNERATION. 525 it is impossible to engage men of worth and ability in the profession, because very many of such men are actually en¬ gaged in it. But although the statements of the Archdeacon are not wholly true, they are true in part. Preaching will become a mode of begging. When a congregation wants a preacher, and we see a man get into the pulpit expressly and confessedly to show how he can preach, in order that the hearers may consider how they like him, and when one object of his thus doing is confessedly to obtain an income, there is reason, — not certainly for speaking of him as a beggar, — but for believing that the dignity and freedom of the gospel are sacrificed. — Thoughts perpetually solicited to the reflec¬ tion how he may increase his subscription. Supposing this to be the language of exaggeration, supposing the increase of his sub¬ scription to be his subordinate concern, yet still it is his concern ; and being his concern, it is his temptation. It is to be feared, that by the influence of this temptation his sincerity and his inde¬ pendence may be impaired, that the consideration of what his hearers wish rather than of what he thinks they need, may prompt him to sacrifice his conscience to his profit, and to add or to deduct something from, the counsel of God. Such temptation necessarily exists ; and it were only to exhibit ignorance of the motives of human conduct to deny that it will sometimes prevail. — To live in constant bondage to insolent and tyrannical directors. It is not necessary to suppose that directors will be tyrannical or insolent, nor by consequence to suppose that the preacher is in a state of constant bondage. But if they be not tyrants and he a slave, they may be masters and he a servant. A servant in a sense far different from that in which the Christian minister is required to be a servant of the church, in a sense which implies an undue subserviency of his ministrations to the will of men, and which is incompatible with the obligation to have no master but Christ. Other modes of voluntary payment may be and perhaps they are adopted, but the effect will not be essentially different. Sub¬ scriptions may be collected from a number of congregations and thrown into a common fund, which fund may be appropriated by’ a directory or conference : but the objections still apply ; for he who wishes to obtain an income as a preacher, has then to try to propitiate the directory instead of a congregation, and the tempta¬ tion to sacrifice his independence and his conscience remains. 526 ILL EFFECTS OF REMUNERATION. Essay 3. There is no way of obtaining emancipation from this subjec¬ tion, no way of avoiding this temptation, but by a system in which the Christian ministry is absolutely free. But the ill effects of thus paying preachers are not confined to those who preach. The habitual consciousness that the preacher is paid, and the notion which some men take no pains to separate from this consciousness, that he preaches because he is paid, have a powerful tendency to diminish the influence of his exhortations and the general effect of his labours. The vulgarly irreligious think, or pretend to think, that it is a sufficient excuse for disre¬ garding these labours to say, They are a matter of course, — preachers must say something, because it is their trade. And it is more than to be feared that notions, the same in kind how¬ ever different in extent, operate upon a large proportion of the community. It is not probable that it should be otherwise ; and thus it is that a continual deduction is made by the hearer from the preacher’s disinterestedness or sincerity, and a continual de¬ duction therefore from the effect of his labours. How seldom can such a pastor say, with full demonstration of sincerity, “ I seek not your’s but you.” The flock may indeed be, and happily it often is, his first and greatest motive to exer¬ tion ; but the demonstrative evidence that it is so, can only be afforded by those whose ministrations are absolutely free. The deduction which is thus made from the practical influence of the labours of stipended preachers, is the same in kind (though differ¬ ing in amount) as that which is made from a pleader’s addresses in court. He pleads because he is paid for pleading. Who does not perceive that if an able man came forward and pleaded in a cause without a retainer, and simply from the desire that justice should be awarded, he would be listened to with much more of confidence, and that his arguments would have much more weight, than if the same words were uttered by a barrister who was feed! A similar deduction is made from the writings of paid ministers, especially if they advocate their own particular faith. « He is interested evidence,” says the reader, — he has got a retainer, and of course argues for his client ; and thus arguments that may be invincible, and facts that may be incontrovertibly true, lose some portion of their effect, even upon virtuous men, and a large portion upon the bad, because the preacher is paid. If, as is sometimes the case, “ the amount of the salary given is Chap. 16. QUALIFICATIONS OF A MINISTER. 527 regulated very precisely by the frequency of the ministry re¬ quired,” — so that a hearer may possibly allow the reflection, The preacher will get half a guinea for the sermon he is going to preach, — it is almost impossible that the dignity of the Christian ministry should not be reduced, as well as that the influence of his exhortations should not be diminished. “ It is however more desirable,” says Milton, “ for example to be, and for the prevent¬ ing of offence or suspicion, as well as more noble and honourable in itself, and conducive to our more complete glorying in God, to render an unpaid service to the church, in this as well as in all other instances ; and after the example of our Lord, to minister and serve gratuitously.”1 Some ministers expend all the income which they derive from their office in acts of beneficence. To these we may safely appeal for confirmation of these remarks. Do you not find that the consciousness, in the minds of your hearers, that you gain nothing by your labour, greatly increases its influence upon them 1 Do you not find that they listen to you with more confidence and regard, and more willingly admit the truths which you inculcate and conform to the advices which you impart ? If these things be so, — and who will dispute it 1 — how great must be the aggregate obstruction which pecuniary remuneration opposes to the influence of religion in the world ! But indeed it is not practicable to the writer to illustrate the whole of what he conceives to be the truth upon this subject, without a brief advertence to the qualifications of the minister of the gospel : because, if his view of these qualifications be just, the stipulation for such and such exercise of the ministry, and such and such payment is impossible. If it is “ admitted that the ministry of the gospel is the work of the Lord, that it can be rightly exercised only in virtue of his appointment,” and only when “ a necessity, is laid upon the minister to preach the gospel,” — it is manifest, that he cannot engage before hand to preach when others desire it. 528 DAYS OF GREATER PURITY. Essay 3. hearers shall pay him for his preaching, assumes the character of absolute inconsistency with the spirituality of the Christian religion.”1 Freely ye have received, freely give. When we contemplate a Christian minister who illustrates both in his commission and in his practice, this language of his Lord ; who teaches, advises, reproves, with the authority and affection of a commissioned teacher ; who fears not to displease his hearers, and desires not to receive their reward ; who is under no temptation to withhold, and does not withhold, any portion of that counsel which he thinks God designs for his church when we contemplate such a man, we may feel somewhat of thankfulness and of joy ; — of thankfulness and joy that the Universal Parent thus enables his creatures to labour for the good of one another, in that same spirit in which he cares for them and blesses them himself. I censure not, either in word or in thought, him who, in since¬ rity of mind, accepts remuneration for his labours in the church. It may not be inconsistent with the dispensations of Providence, that in the present imperfect condition of the Christian family, im¬ perfect principles respecting the ministry should be permitted to prevail : nor is it to be questioned that some of those who do receive remuneration, are fulfilling their proper allotments in the universal church. But this does not evince that we should not anticipate the arrival, and promote the extension, of a more per¬ fect state. It does not evince that a higher allotment may not await their successors, — that days of greater purity and bright¬ ness may not arrive ; — of purity, when every motive of the Christ¬ ian minister shall be simply Christian ; and of brightness, when 1 I would venture to suggest to some of those to whom these considerations are offered, whether the notion that a preacher i3 a ‘ sine qua non of the exercise of public worship, is not taken up without sufficient consideration of the principles which it involves. If, “ where two or three are gathered together in the name” of Christ, there he, the minister of the sanctuary, is “ in the midst of them,” it surely cannot be necessary to the exercises of such worship, that another preacher should be there. Surely too, it derogates something from the excellence, something from the glory of the Christian dispensation, to assume that if a number of Christians should be so situated as to be without a preacher, there the public worship of God cannot be performed. This may often happen in remote places, in voyages or the like : and I have sometimes been impressed with the importance of these considerations when I have heard a person say “ - - is absent, and therefore there will be no divine service this morning.” Chap. 16. DAYS OF GREATER PURITY. 529 the light of truth shall be displayed with greater effulgence. When the Great Parent of all shall thus turn his favour towards his people ; when He shall supply them with teachers exclusively of his own appointment, it will be perceived that the ordinary present state of the Christian ministry is adapted only to the twilight of the Christian day ; and some of those who now faith¬ fully labour in this hour of twilight will be amongst the first to rejoice in the greater glory of the noon. CHAPTER XVII. PATRIOTISM. We are presented with a beautiful subject of contemplation, when we discover that the principles which Christianity advances upon its own authority, are recommended and enforced by their practical adaptation to the condition and the wants of man. With such a subject I think we are presented in the case of Patriotism. “ Christianity does not encourage particular ^patriotism in oppo¬ sition to general benignity.”1 If it did, it would not be adapted for the world. The duties of the subject of one state wrould often be in opposition to those of the subject of another, and men might inflict evil or misery upon neighbour nations in conforming to the Christian law. Christianity is designed to benefit, not a commu¬ nity but the world. The promotion of the interests of one community by injuring another, — that is, “ patriotism in opposition to general benignity,” — it utterly rejects as wrong; and in doing this, it does that which in a system of such wisdom and benevo¬ lence we should expect. — “ The love of our country,” says Adam Smith, “ seems not to be derived from the love of mankind.”2 I do not mean to say that the word patriotism is to be found in the New Testament, or that it contains any disquisitions respecting the proper extent of the love of our country, — but I say that the universality of benevolence which Christianity inculcates, both in its essential character and in its precepts, is incompatible with that patriotism which would benefit our own community at the expense of general benevolence. Patriotism, as it is often advo¬ cated, is a low and selfish principle, a principle wholly unworthy of that enlightened and expanded philanthropy which religion proposes. Nevertheless, Christianity appears not to encourage the doc- 1 Bishop Watson. 2 Theo. Mor. Sent. The limitation with which this opinion should be regarded we shalj presently propose. Chap. 17. AS VIEWED BY CHRISTIANITY. 531 trine of being a “ citizen of the world/’ and of paying no more regard to our own community than to every other. And why] Because such a doctrine is not rational; because it opposes the exercise of natural and virtuous feelings ; and because, if it were attempted to be reduced to practice, it may be feared that it would destroy confined benignity without effecting a counterbalancing amount of universal philanthropy. This preference of our own nation is indicated in that strong language of Paul, “ I could wish that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kins¬ men according to the flesh, who are Israelites.”1 And a similar sentiment is inculcated by the admonition, — “ As we have, there¬ fore, opportunity, let us do good unto all men, especially unto them who are of the household of faith.”2 In another place the same sentiment is applied to more private life ; — “ If any provide not for his own, and specially for those of his own house , he hath de¬ nied the faith.”3 All this is perfectly consonant with reason and with nature. Since the helpless and those who need assistance must obtain it somewhere, where can they so rationally look for it, where shall they look for it at all, except from those with whom they are con¬ nected in society I If these do not exercise benignity towards them, who will 1 And as to the dictate of nature, it is a law of nature that a man shall provide for his own. He is prompted to do this by the impulse of nature. Who indeed shall support and cherish and protect a child if his parents do not ? That specula¬ tive philosophy is vain which would supplant these dictates by doctrines of general philanthropy. It cannot be applicable to human affairs until there is an alteration in the human constitution. Not only religion therefore, but reason and nature reject that phi¬ losophy which teaches that no man should prefer or aid another be¬ cause he is his countryman, his neighbour, or his child for even this, the philosophy has taught us ; and we have been seriously told that, in pursuance of general philanthropy, we ought not to cherish or support our own offspring in preference to other children. The effect of these doctrines, if they were reduced to practice, would be not to diffuse universal benevolence, but to contract or destroy the charities of men for their families, their neighbours, and their country. It is an idle system of philosophy which sets out with extinguishing those principles of human nature which the Creator 1 Rom. ix. 3. 2 Gal. vi. 10. 3 j Tim< v. 8> 532 PATRIOTISM WHICH IS OPPOSED, &c. Essay 3.
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THE MORNING POST.- " Pekvkbted -uxpleasakt— MELODRAMATIC — CORRUPT TO THE BACKBONE— UNSAVOURY TALE." MRS. MACQUOID'S Latest Novel. IN AN ORCHARD. AT ALL LIBll AIIIES. In 2 vols. WESTMINSTER OAZETTE.-"Flehsast\y written dainty setting simple and healthy reading;." DAILY TELEGRAPH.— " Mrs. Macquoid is an adept in the art of word painting..... Her sketches of Norman and Breton character are not surpassed in vivacity and veri- similitude by those of even the ablest native specialists such as Elie Berthet, Alphonse Karr, and Andre* Theuriet." ATHENAEUM.- -"Very pretty It is needless to say that the author is as successful as usual." GRAPHIC.—" Unsurpassable art— for it is the art of nature herself— with which Mrs. Katherine Macquoid makes us realise and enter into the whole lives of men and women is charmingly exemplified in her story, ' In an Orchard.1 " MORNING POST.—" Naive simplicity the story is a pretty one." In One Volume, 8s. 6d. INSCRUTABLE. By ESME STUART. 11 la exciting enough to please at least one 'jaded reviewer/ " __ Athenaeum. London : 15, Cbavbn Stbebt, Stbakd, W.C. Sampson Low, Marston & Company's NEW BOOKS. XBXT WEEK. DANTE 6. ROSSETTI AND THE PRE-RAPHAELITE MOVEMENT Viewed in Relation to the Problems, Tendencies, and Purposes of Modern English A rt. By Mrs. J. W. WOOD. With 8 Photogravure Reproductions of Rossetti's Paintings. 8vo, cloth, 13s. 6d. The book contains some unpublished reminiscences of Rossetti's student days and career in art, and describes the Founding of the Pre-B&phaelite Brotherhood and its long conflict with academic traditions. AMONG THE MOORS: Sketches of Oriental Life, By Q. MONT BAUD, Author of "In Egypt," &c. Superbly Illustrated. Royal 8vo, cloth, 16s. [In a few da us, LARQE-PAPER EDITION, strictly limited to' 100 copies, each numbered and frigned by the Author, printed on Japanese Vellum. THREE GUINEAS each, net. M. Montbard, whose skill as an artist has been rendered familiar to everyone through the pages ef the Illustrated London Xctvs, recently explored the highways and byways of Morocco, and made himself acquainted with the manners and customs of the natives, the characteristics of the scenery, the architecture of the cities and mosques, and every aspect of the social life of the people in town and country. ON SHORT LEAVE TO JAPAN. ByCapt. G. J. YOUNGHU8B «.ND, Queen's Own Corps of Guides, Author of "Eighteen Hundred Miles on a Burmese Tat," &c. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth, Ss. [Just out. THE ENGLISH CATALOGUE OF BOOKS FOR 1893. A List of Books published in Great Britain and Ireland in the Year 1893, with their Sizes, Prices, and Publishers' Names. Also of the Principal Books published in the United States of America. With the Addition of an Index to Subjects. Royal 8vo, 6s. Dedicated to n.R.H. Princess Mary, Duchess of Teck. A MANUAL of OBSTETRIC NURSING By MARIAN HUMFREY, British Lying-in Hospital London ; Diploma London Obstetric Society'; Member Royal British Nurses' Association, and of its Registration Board. Crown 8vo, 800 pp., cloth, 8s. 6d. THE CHAIRMAN'S HANDBOOK. By 6ir R. F. D. PALGRAVE, K.C.B., Clerk to the House of Commons. Tenth and Revised Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. " A brief compilation of suggestions and rules for the con- duct of chairman of public and other meetings, based upon the procedure and practice cf Parliament." — Daily yews. GLIMPSES Of the FRENCH REVO- LUTION : Myths, Ideals, and Realities. By J. G. ALGER, Author of " Englishmen in the French Revolu- tion," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. 11 No writer has done more thorough work in the investiga- tion of the personal side of the Revolution than Mr. Aider, whose ' Englishmen in the French Revolution ' commanded, not long ago, general attention and critical approval. The present work is even more interesting, dealing, as it does, with many aspects of the Revolution, always from a personal point of view ; and, like its predecessor, it shows signs of careful and accurate research A deeply interesting and most valuable book." — Daily Chronicle. LANDMARKS of a LITERARY LIFE, 1820-189*. By Mrs. NEWTON CROSLAND (Camilla Toulmin), Author of " Mrs. Blake," &c. With Photo- gravure Portrait. Crown 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d. " A book of the day. Will be new to most readers and in- teresting to all."— St. James's Budget. " Mrs. Newton Croaland has written a pleasant volume of reminiscences put together with remarkable clearness." Athenaeum, FRA PAOLO SARPI: the Greatest of the Venetians. By the Rev. ALEXANDER ROBERT- BON, Author of " Count Campello and Catholic Reform in Italy." With Illustrations and Facsimile Letter. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. "PREACHERS OF THE AGE" SERIES. New Volume Just Ready. A CUP of COLD WATER. By the Rev. J. MORLAI8 JONES. With Photogravure T-rtrait, crown 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d. Londou : Sampson Low, Makston & Company, Ltd., St. Dunstan's House, Fetter Lane, E.C. April 14, 1894.— No. 1145.] THE ACADEMY. 301 SATURDAY, APRIL 14, 1894. No. 1145, New Series. The Editor cannot undertake to return, or to correspond with the writers of, rejected manuscript. It is particularly requested that all business letters regarding the supply of the paper, 8fo. , may be addressed to the Publisher, and not to the Editor. LITERATURE. FRAGMENTS OF ITALIAN HISTORY. Guelphs and Ghibellines. By Oscar Brown- ing. (Methuen.) The Dawn of Italian Independence. By Wil- liam Boscoe Thayer. (Boston and New York : Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) Venice. By Horatio F. Brown. (Eivington & Percival.) Charles III of Naples and Urban VI. By St. Clair Baddeley. (Heinemann.) Under the picturesque title of Guelphs and Ghibellines, Mr. Oscar Browning has pub- lished a short history of Italy from 1250 to 1409. The former date is that of the death of Frederick II., the beginning of the end of the Imperial supremacy in Italy; the latter is that of the judgment of the Council of Pisa, when the Reformation was almost in sight. The period that lies between these historic landmarks is thronged with incidents of high historical significance. It includes the last agony of the house of Hohenstauffen ; the founding, indeed almost the whole history, of the Angevin dynasty of Naples ; the coming and passing of Henry of Luxembourg ; the rise and fall of the Scaligers ; the all but royal pre- dominance of the Visconti ; the ruin of Oenoa ; the enslavement of Florence ; the rising of Eienzi ; the plague of the Black Death, and that worse plague of the Con- dottieri. Dante and Petrarch and Boccaccio ; Giotto and his revelation ; the new art and the new learning ; the new language and the new warfare ; all belong to this same period, which saw, besides, the beginning and almost the end of the Great Schism, the Papal Captivity and the return from Babylon. Adequately to chronicle a century and a half of such vast and various human effort, in a volume of one hundred and eighty pages, was obviously impossible. Mr. Browning has, of course, no space to show the various sides of doubtful guilt or inno- cence, to discuss the sufficiency of motive, to weigh the exact proportions of chance and design. He has often to deliver judg- ment without stating his grounds, to acquit or condemn without hinting at the evidence. Nevertheless, though his sketch is unquestion- ably faulty in details, in mass and outline, in broad lights and shadows, it is an admirable presentment. Neither is there much to complain of as regards accuracy, particularly if we bear in mind how curiously difficult it is to be quite sure of details, such as the exact day on which an epoch-making event has happened. Mr. Browning, for instance, states that the Sicilian Vespers occurred on Easter Monday, March 30, 1282. In this he follows Sismondi ; but Milman, following Villani, gives the day as Easter Tuesday ; while Hallam accepts the vigil of Easter, apparently from Giannone. It is, however, only right to mention that there are a few errors in dates (the printers are probably responsible) which ought to be set right in a second edition. Thus, Lewis of Hungary, who died in 1382, is described as having descended into Italy with his army in 1390. Charles of Durazzo, the nephew of the man executed by Lewis, is made to accede to the Hungarian throne in 1396, and his death is given as happening in February, 1296, when the dates should be 1385 and 1386. There are also a few slips in the text. The state- ment, for instance, that, on the night of Andrew's murder, he and Catherine — mean- ing Catherine of Valois — were sleeping together at the convent of Murrano, is a libel on that elderly lady. It was from the young Queen Joanna's side that the prince was called by his murderers or their accom- plice— a fact much insisted on as proof of her guilt. We own that we think that Mr. Browning takes a wrong view of Joanna's conduct; and it is scarcely fair to quote Lewis of Hungary's letter about her " inordinata vita praeterita," without adding that all the evidence goes to show that the charge of immorality was without founda- tion. This lady threatens to become a sort of Mary Queen of Scots for Italy, where she has been of late years much discussed. Nothing, however, has been produced to throw a doubt on Hallam's luminous judg- ment of her case, which amounts to a verdict of not proven as to the murder, and not guilty on the other counts. So, too, Mr. Brown- ing's assertion that there is no reason to suppose that Charles of Durazzo (whom the victim's brother subsequently hanged for the murder) was privy to it, is at least open to question. A still more unaccountable statement is that King John of Bohemia, the son of the Emperor Henry VII., was taken prisoner at Crecy. A King John (of France) was taken prisoner by the Black Prince at Maupertuis ; but that the author has confused the two is not credible. The story of John of Bohemia is familiar. He was almost blind, and, desiring to strike a blow for his French friends, asked two of his knights to lead him against the English. This they did, interlacing their horses' bridles, and gallop- ing together into the thick of the fight, all three were slain. One question we must allow ourselves to ask before quitting Mr. Browning's book. In it condensation has necessarily been carried to the utmost limits of the bearable. It has been skilfully done ; but the result is a sort of historical pemmican, painfully nutritious, though we admit good in flavour. Unless the mental digestion of the average historical student has had in these latter days a great accession of assimilative force, it is difficult to believe that such pro- ducts can be a wholesome educational diet. Though Mr. Eoscoe Thayer calls his book The Dawn of Italian Independence, it really deals with the dark hour that comes before the dawn. It is the history of the interval between the Congress of Vienna in 1814 and the surrender of Venice after the shortlived dictatorship of Daniel Manin. It was outwardly a period of gloom and silence, broken only by futile and dis- astrous explosions. Yet, in Italy, as well as in other parts of Europe, during this distressful time, the soil was being prepared and the seed was being sown, and the harvest is Modern Europe. Monarchical France has brought forth the Republic, oligarchic England has become a democracy, Germany and Italy have become nations. But while, in other countries, change has been the result of more or less regular development, in Italy it came with a suddenness that took away men's breath. After Solferino the old order simply col- lapsed. And this was the case not only in Lombardy, where the Austrian Government (though for an alien government not an unjust or cruel one) had, just because it was irremediably alien, no root in the esteem or confidence of the governed, but in Tuscany and Modena, and most of all in the two Sicilies and the Romagna, where the rulers were Italians. The history of the thirty-five years following the Congress of Vienna provides the explanation of this remarkable phenomenon. Perhaps it is a pity that it should have been written by so bitter a partisan of the cause which we believe to be right, but perhaps the convincing character of his narrative is partly due to this very fact. The belief in the hopelessness of constitutional reform, which, in 1859, prevailed among all intelligent Italians not bound to the old regime by ties of self-interest, did not grow up in an hour. Nothing but reiteration, repeated treacheries of princes, numberless cruelties of the executive, oppression in many forms, continued day by day and year after year, could have brought home the fact to the average Italian. Mr. Thayer has set forth this process, at least in its salient details. His work is so good that one feels indignant that it is not better. He certainly tells a story brilliantly, and, in the main, his views on crucial events are sound. With his sketch of 1820, and the events before and after Laibach, of the troubles that arose ten years later, and those which led up to Novara, we have no quarrel. His portraits of Charles Albert, the Italian Hamlet, of Metternich, the lay Hildebrand, of Pius IX., "the peerless benefactor, from whom all good gifts were possible," even of de Lesseps, with his comical outbursts of passion, are extra- ordinarily graphic. Where he fails is in his habit of treating state policy as if it were a very simple business, in which any man of good sense and right feeling must necessarily succeed. Hence come all kinds of divagations : attacks on England and France for not intervening to save Venice from bombardment ; comparisons of le pere Radetzky and of Oudinot with Genseric and Attila ; tirades against diplomacy as " the art of ruling by chicane" ; and similar dis- figuring puerilities. Again, the preliminary sketch of the ten centuries or so that precede the period chronicled, though excellently put together, is marred by a good many errors. Nor are they, we fear, mere slips in the ordinary sense of the 303 THE ACADEMY. [Apeil 14, 1894.— No. 1145. word. They seem to arise from the writer's overmastering passion for pic- turesque effect. When we speak of errors, we do not mean misprints, such as barroccio for "Carroccio," or guacho for " gaucho." Who does not suffer from " was uns alle biindigt," the bondage of the printer ? It is the sacrifice of truth to picturesqueness that we complain of. Mirabeau did not " fling down defiance to the king's mes- senger in the Tennis Court," but in the Salle des Menus. Nor did Odoacer ' unite the Peninsula of Italy in his Ostro- gothic kingdom," for he united nothing, and his was a Skyrrian or Herulian king- dom. Nor did France in the fifteenth cen- tury ' ' defeat her most dangerous vassal," the Duke of Burgundy. It was to the Swiss republicans, not to the Trench king, that be lost " Gut und Muth und Blut." A word, too, must be said about Mr. Thayer's literary style. He is very eloquent, and can spin a phrase with the best. When, for instance, he says that Dante in choosing to write the Divina Commedia in Italian " gave a patent of nobility to every modern language," the thought is true, and the expression is suggestive. Again, in his description of the slow ferment of liberty, which between 1830 and 1848 kept the autocrats anxious, his phrase, " Not a few turbulent men but a great thought was their adversary," is worthy of his countryman, Emerson. At times, however, the desire to be striking makes him write very strangely. His reference to Metternich as having " at Cracow frontlessly violated the treaty of Vienna " is an example of this strangeness ; while his comparison of de Sauget liberat- ing the Sicilian convicts to "a cuttlefish covering his retreat in a murk of sepia " is so infelicitous as to excite a smile. But we hardly know what to do when we read that " the perjured Neapolitan king tarried in Florence while the Austrians went down and squelched the patriotic army." The flavour of modern slang certainly goes very ill with the old-fashioned sobriety of the rest of the sentence. Mr. Horatio Brown's Venice is conceived in the spirit of the annalists of fifty years ago, but he makes abundant use of the modern authorities, particularly Romanin's Storia documentata di Venezia. He briefly sets forth the doings of the Republic, almost decade by decade, from the first election of Tribunes by the fourteen island townships, down to the time when the last Doge, at the bidding of General Bonaparte, bade his servant take away the ducal bonnet, " Tole questo, no la dopero piu." Perhaps he is most happy in depicting the first developments of her corporate life, and he brings out with excellent emphasis that singular note of early Venetian character, the instinct which checked every attempt to make the Dogeship hereditary. But the irony of fate doomed the people who declared that " they did not come to the lagoon to live under a Lord," to sink into the submissive subjects of all the grandi whose names were in the Libro d'Oro. Of course the Venice that the world knows best is the Venice of the decadence, what Mr. Brown calls " the Venice of Fran- cesco Foscari, the Venice of the Ambassadors, the Venice of Paoli Sarpi." But the Venice that is most wonderful is the Venice that repelled the Frank invaders, the subject of the Eastern Caesar, and later his conqueror, the Venice of Enrico Dandolo, and of the Zenos. Mr. Brown writes with the immense advantage of one who knows the material Venice au fond ; and his knowledge is of unique importance in regard to a place which alone of the great cities of Europe can boast that she has never been stormed, or burnt, or ruined by an invader, not a stone of whose palaces, not a brick of whose quays has been overturned by the hand of the alien. This made her final decay all the more sad to look on, though it helped to hide the malignant disease of which she was dying. Mr. Brown's picture of the moribund Venice of the eighteenth century is as excellent as any part of his useful and unpretentious book. Charles III. of Naples and Urban VI. is a sequel to the volume on Queen Joanna published last year. Both are scholarly monographs, showing considerable research, beautifully printed, and containing inter- esting architectural illustrations. In his later book, Mr. St. Clair Baddeley is, we are glad to note, crisper and less rhetorical in style than formerly, though he still has hardly taken sufficiently to heart the truth of Flaubert's paradox, that the adjective is the natural enemy of the noun. Charles Duke of Durazzo, King Charles III. of Naples, the conqueror of his benefactress Joanna, and who, like her, fell by the hand of the assassin, is not a particularly sympathetic character. But though he was himself suspected of a useful murder, his character, unlike hers, has neither been bitterly assailed nor has it found passionate de- fenders. His career, however, abounds with knotty points, which give full scope to Mr. St. Clair Baddeley's passion for elucida- tion ; and in nearly every case we find his reasoning just, though he acquits King Charles III. of the murder of Joanna and Joanna of the murder of Andrew. Even in his dealing with Urban VI., one of the most odious tyrants that ever dishonoured the throne of St. Peter, one must applaud the author's fairness in insisting on his savage hero's total freedom from small vices. The appended essay on Cecco d'Ascoli, the friend of Dante, poet, physician, astrologer, and professor of philosophy, is a study of one of those complex characters in which Italy was so fertile. He belongs to an earlier period than Charles and Urban, his career ending in 1327, when he was burnt in Tuscany as an astrologer or wizard, which he seems to have believed himself to be. The populace certainly shared this belief ; for it is recorded that on the day of his execution Florence turned out en masse to see if so famous a stregone would burn, or whether the evil spirits would come and rescue him. His contributions to philosophy and medicine were unimportant ; and as to his poetry, though it was taken seriously by his contemporaries, probably the verdict of the biographer of Petrarch is just, " S'il n'etait pas plus sorcier que poete, on lui fit une grande injustice en In brulant." , Reginald Hughes. Pottns. By Francis Thompson. (Elkin Mathews & John Lane.) One of the main differences, it may be, between a poet and a poetaster, the singer born and the singer manufactured, lies in the proportion of topical influence shown forth in their respective productions. The essentially and rightfully "minor" poet seems ever more or less (but generally more) the mere mirror of certain contemporary waves of thought or emotion, the sport of fashion and the glass of form. You could date his verses to a year, nay to a month even, by their tendencies no less than by their mannerisms ; and, to be sure, it is better so, for when he strives to be indi- vidual and untrammelled the result is not often agreeable. The poet, on the other hand, bears no season's stamp, carries no company's banner, however dainty ; his work has nothing in common with that of the modiste and the milliner ; it is neither for to-day nor to-morrow, but for all time. Verse-making is a pleasant enough hobby, given sufficient facility and an adequate lack of humour : it pleases him that makes, and (sometimes) him that reads, while it should not be forgotten that verse is simply invaluable for " lightening up " the pages of periodicals, where it is often an excellent and inexpensive substitute for a tail-piece. Minor poetry has perhaps been too much and too harshly decried of late. In the first place, it is a deep delight to its author while the singing-fit lasts ; secondly, you are not compelled to peruse it when bad, while, when good, you may pick out the purple patches with complacence, if not rapture ; and, lastly, what is excellent will surely live, what is worthless as indubit- ably die. " Time will show and the end declare," with the admirable sanity of natural forces, which is to perish and which shall survive, so that in reality all is for the best. The real poet, one must suppose, has some reward in the very quality of his work, the rhymester in the gratification of his harmless vanity; each should be moderately happy in his own way, for each may believe, as he will, that his odd unreasonable yearning after post- humous popularity will be fulfilled, and in this very immaterial issue neither can know disappointment. Which is yet another beneficent law of nature, and just as it should be. The ultimate destiny of their works is scarce likely to trouble the slumbers of either Shakspere or Mr. Samuel Rogers; and in all probability both were equally blessed, from the practical point of view, while they lived and wrote. However that may be, one is fain to believe that, even in the false perspective of the present time, a time necessarily of green judgments and hasty enthusiasms, it is possible, clearly if rarely, to discern some who stand, as it were, like the offspring of the gods lang syne, a head and shoulders above their fellows. To this delectable company Mr. Francis Thompson has been already, and with reason, declared to belong ; and, indeed, there seems but little likelihood, unmomentous though the matter be, that posterity (if posterity read poetry at all) will not endorse this April 14, 1894.— No. 1145.] THE ACADEMY. 303 verdict. Despite the blemishes on his work (and they are obvious onough in all con- science), it stands plainly confessed for him who runs to recognise as the output of a genius. Mr. Thompson is no " poet of fashion " ; the fifteenth century might claim him almost'as easily as this ; the alternate perfection and clumsiness of his technic are entirely out of touch with the mild charms and mild defects of average contemporary verse. "When he errs he errs so boldly, so badly, with such a perverse sincerity, so fine a show of wholeheartedness, as to extort (just as a high-spirited child, who deliberately chooses now and again to be recklessly perverse, may win) some measure of indulgence. Even at his ungainliest and his most wilful, Mr. Thompson sins still in the grand manner : with all his faults of rhythm and mistakes of metaphor he is never undignified ; his sublime may now and then incline a little towards topheavi- ness, but cannot sink to the ridiculous. To misquote a commonplace of criticism, he has a few of the defects of some of his qualities. And his qualities are rare indeed. For sheer beauty of thought, phrase, and imagery, a great many of these poems could scarce be bettered : subtle with the fine sub- tlety of strength, remote yet intimate, austere and still sumptuous, fair with an unfamiliar excellence and sweet with an unearthly sweetness, this book is, as it were, the mystic rose of modern poetry — if you can call that modern which bears about it no sign or superscription of the times, and is even, here and there, tinged with medieval colour, like a sun-ray gleaming through an old stained-glass casement. Several of the lyrics, and, most notably, "The Making of Viola," bring to mind some of those pictures painted on golden backgrounds by early Italian masters ; " The Poppy," again, has something not all un-Swinburnian in its metrical effects ; while the lines, " To my Godchild," begin- ning thus — " This labouring, vast, Tellurian galleon, Riding at anchor off the orient sun, Had broken its cable, and stood out to space Down some froze Arctic of the aerial ways : And now, back warping from the inclement main, Its vapourous shroudage drenched with icy rain, It swung into its azure roads again ; When, floated on the prosperous sun-gale, you Lit, a white halcyon auspice, mid our frozen crew " are invested throughout with a classic splendour of language and metaphor, joined with an almost superhuman tenderness, that are perhaps the most prominent charac- teristics of Mr. Thompson's poetry. Marvellously simple and suggestive is the poem called " Daisy " ; it has, moreover, both light and atmosphere, no less than music and human sentiment, as this short excerpt shows : " A beny red, a guileless look, A still word— strings of sand ! And yet they made my wild, wild heart Fly down to her little hand. " For standing artless as the air, And candid as the skies, She took the berries with her hand, And the love with her sweet eyes. " The fairest things have fleetest end : Their scent survives their close, But the rose's scent is bitterness To himthat loved the rose ! " She looked a little wistfully, Then went her sunshine way — The sea's eye had a mist on it, And the leaves fell from the day.
| 23,416 |
2008120600997
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French Open Data
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Open Government
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Licence ouverte
| 2,008 |
ASSOCIATION LORRAINE D'HISTOIRE CULTURELLE.
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ASSOCIATIONS
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French
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Spoken
| 43 | 71 |
favoriser les travaux de recherche scientifiques en histoire culturelle, créer un espace d'échange entre tous les chercheurs et chercheuses intéréssés par les questions théoriques et pratiques touchant à l'histoire culturelle des sociétés contemporaines, organiser des manifestations culturelles ( concerts, expositions, représentations théâtrales, etc.).
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https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosera%20pedicellaris
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Drosera pedicellaris
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https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drosera pedicellaris&action=history
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Swedish
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Spoken
| 33 | 82 |
Drosera pedicellaris är en sileshårsväxtart som beskrevs av Allen Lowrie. Drosera pedicellaris ingår i släktet sileshår, och familjen sileshårsväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Bildgalleri
Källor
Externa länkar
Sileshår
pedicellaris
| 27,410 |
https://github.com/tuxafgmur/OLD_Dhollmen_Kernel/blob/master/net/core/scm.c
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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BSD-Source-Code
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OLD_Dhollmen_Kernel
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tuxafgmur
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C
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Code
| 969 | 3,533 |
/* scm.c - Socket level control messages processing.
*
* Author: Alexey Kuznetsov, <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>
* Alignment and value checking mods by Craig Metz
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version
* 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*/
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/signal.h>
#include <linux/capability.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/stat.h>
#include <linux/socket.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/fcntl.h>
#include <linux/net.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/netdevice.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/pid.h>
#include <linux/nsproxy.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <asm/system.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <net/protocol.h>
#include <linux/skbuff.h>
#include <net/sock.h>
#include <net/compat.h>
#include <net/scm.h>
/*
* Only allow a user to send credentials, that they could set with
* setu(g)id.
*/
static __inline__ int scm_check_creds(struct ucred *creds)
{
const struct cred *cred = current_cred();
if ((creds->pid == task_tgid_vnr(current) || capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) &&
((creds->uid == cred->uid || creds->uid == cred->euid ||
creds->uid == cred->suid) || capable(CAP_SETUID)) &&
((creds->gid == cred->gid || creds->gid == cred->egid ||
creds->gid == cred->sgid) || capable(CAP_SETGID))) {
return 0;
}
return -EPERM;
}
static int scm_fp_copy(struct cmsghdr *cmsg, struct scm_fp_list **fplp)
{
int *fdp = (int*)CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
struct scm_fp_list *fpl = *fplp;
struct file **fpp;
int i, num;
num = (cmsg->cmsg_len - CMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct cmsghdr)))/sizeof(int);
if (num <= 0)
return 0;
if (num > SCM_MAX_FD)
return -EINVAL;
if (!fpl)
{
fpl = kmalloc(sizeof(struct scm_fp_list), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!fpl)
return -ENOMEM;
*fplp = fpl;
fpl->count = 0;
fpl->max = SCM_MAX_FD;
}
fpp = &fpl->fp[fpl->count];
if (fpl->count + num > fpl->max)
return -EINVAL;
/*
* Verify the descriptors and increment the usage count.
*/
for (i=0; i< num; i++)
{
int fd = fdp[i];
struct file *file;
if (fd < 0 || !(file = fget_raw(fd)))
return -EBADF;
*fpp++ = file;
fpl->count++;
}
return num;
}
void __scm_destroy(struct scm_cookie *scm)
{
struct scm_fp_list *fpl = scm->fp;
int i;
if (fpl) {
scm->fp = NULL;
if (current->scm_work_list) {
list_add_tail(&fpl->list, current->scm_work_list);
} else {
LIST_HEAD(work_list);
current->scm_work_list = &work_list;
list_add(&fpl->list, &work_list);
while (!list_empty(&work_list)) {
fpl = list_first_entry(&work_list, struct scm_fp_list, list);
list_del(&fpl->list);
for (i=fpl->count-1; i>=0; i--)
fput(fpl->fp[i]);
kfree(fpl);
}
current->scm_work_list = NULL;
}
}
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__scm_destroy);
int __scm_send(struct socket *sock, struct msghdr *msg, struct scm_cookie *p)
{
struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
int err;
for (cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(msg); cmsg; cmsg = CMSG_NXTHDR(msg, cmsg))
{
err = -EINVAL;
/* Verify that cmsg_len is at least sizeof(struct cmsghdr) */
/* The first check was omitted in <= 2.2.5. The reasoning was
that parser checks cmsg_len in any case, so that
additional check would be work duplication.
But if cmsg_level is not SOL_SOCKET, we do not check
for too short ancillary data object at all! Oops.
OK, let's add it...
*/
if (!CMSG_OK(msg, cmsg))
goto error;
if (cmsg->cmsg_level != SOL_SOCKET)
continue;
switch (cmsg->cmsg_type)
{
case SCM_RIGHTS:
if (!sock->ops || sock->ops->family != PF_UNIX)
goto error;
err=scm_fp_copy(cmsg, &p->fp);
if (err<0)
goto error;
break;
case SCM_CREDENTIALS:
if (cmsg->cmsg_len != CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct ucred)))
goto error;
memcpy(&p->creds, CMSG_DATA(cmsg), sizeof(struct ucred));
err = scm_check_creds(&p->creds);
if (err)
goto error;
if (!p->pid || pid_vnr(p->pid) != p->creds.pid) {
struct pid *pid;
err = -ESRCH;
pid = find_get_pid(p->creds.pid);
if (!pid)
goto error;
put_pid(p->pid);
p->pid = pid;
}
if (!p->cred ||
(p->cred->euid != p->creds.uid) ||
(p->cred->egid != p->creds.gid)) {
struct cred *cred;
err = -ENOMEM;
cred = prepare_creds();
if (!cred)
goto error;
cred->uid = cred->euid = p->creds.uid;
cred->gid = cred->egid = p->creds.gid;
if (p->cred)
put_cred(p->cred);
p->cred = cred;
}
break;
default:
goto error;
}
}
if (p->fp && !p->fp->count)
{
kfree(p->fp);
p->fp = NULL;
}
return 0;
error:
scm_destroy(p);
return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__scm_send);
int put_cmsg(struct msghdr * msg, int level, int type, int len, void *data)
{
struct cmsghdr __user *cm
= (__force struct cmsghdr __user *)msg->msg_control;
struct cmsghdr cmhdr;
int cmlen = CMSG_LEN(len);
int err;
if (MSG_CMSG_COMPAT & msg->msg_flags)
return put_cmsg_compat(msg, level, type, len, data);
if (cm==NULL || msg->msg_controllen < sizeof(*cm)) {
msg->msg_flags |= MSG_CTRUNC;
return 0; /* XXX: return error? check spec. */
}
if (msg->msg_controllen < cmlen) {
msg->msg_flags |= MSG_CTRUNC;
cmlen = msg->msg_controllen;
}
cmhdr.cmsg_level = level;
cmhdr.cmsg_type = type;
cmhdr.cmsg_len = cmlen;
err = -EFAULT;
if (copy_to_user(cm, &cmhdr, sizeof cmhdr))
goto out;
if (copy_to_user(CMSG_DATA(cm), data, cmlen - sizeof(struct cmsghdr)))
goto out;
cmlen = CMSG_SPACE(len);
if (msg->msg_controllen < cmlen)
cmlen = msg->msg_controllen;
msg->msg_control += cmlen;
msg->msg_controllen -= cmlen;
err = 0;
out:
return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(put_cmsg);
void scm_detach_fds(struct msghdr *msg, struct scm_cookie *scm)
{
struct cmsghdr __user *cm
= (__force struct cmsghdr __user*)msg->msg_control;
int fdmax = 0;
int fdnum = scm->fp->count;
struct file **fp = scm->fp->fp;
int __user *cmfptr;
int err = 0, i;
if (MSG_CMSG_COMPAT & msg->msg_flags) {
scm_detach_fds_compat(msg, scm);
return;
}
if (msg->msg_controllen > sizeof(struct cmsghdr))
fdmax = ((msg->msg_controllen - sizeof(struct cmsghdr))
/ sizeof(int));
if (fdnum < fdmax)
fdmax = fdnum;
for (i=0, cmfptr=(__force int __user *)CMSG_DATA(cm); i<fdmax;
i++, cmfptr++)
{
int new_fd;
err = security_file_receive(fp[i]);
if (err)
break;
err = get_unused_fd_flags(MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC & msg->msg_flags
? O_CLOEXEC : 0);
if (err < 0)
break;
new_fd = err;
err = put_user(new_fd, cmfptr);
if (err) {
put_unused_fd(new_fd);
break;
}
/* Bump the usage count and install the file. */
get_file(fp[i]);
fd_install(new_fd, fp[i]);
}
if (i > 0)
{
int cmlen = CMSG_LEN(i*sizeof(int));
err = put_user(SOL_SOCKET, &cm->cmsg_level);
if (!err)
err = put_user(SCM_RIGHTS, &cm->cmsg_type);
if (!err)
err = put_user(cmlen, &cm->cmsg_len);
if (!err) {
cmlen = CMSG_SPACE(i*sizeof(int));
msg->msg_control += cmlen;
msg->msg_controllen -= cmlen;
}
}
if (i < fdnum || (fdnum && fdmax <= 0))
msg->msg_flags |= MSG_CTRUNC;
/*
* All of the files that fit in the message have had their
* usage counts incremented, so we just free the list.
*/
__scm_destroy(scm);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(scm_detach_fds);
struct scm_fp_list *scm_fp_dup(struct scm_fp_list *fpl)
{
struct scm_fp_list *new_fpl;
int i;
if (!fpl)
return NULL;
new_fpl = kmemdup(fpl, offsetof(struct scm_fp_list, fp[fpl->count]),
GFP_KERNEL);
if (new_fpl) {
for (i = 0; i < fpl->count; i++)
get_file(fpl->fp[i]);
new_fpl->max = new_fpl->count;
}
return new_fpl;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(scm_fp_dup);
| 26,417 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypoxylon%20xantianum
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Trypoxylon xantianum
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trypoxylon xantianum&action=history
|
Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 41 | 73 |
Kaliwatan sa insekto ang Trypoxylon xantianum. Una ning gihulagway ni De Saussure ni adtong 1867. Ang Trypoxylon xantianum sakop sa kahenera nga Trypoxylon, ug kabanay nga Crabronidae. Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Buyog
Trypoxylon
| 4,688 |
https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%287162%29%20Sidwell
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
(7162) Sidwell
|
https://tt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(7162) Sidwell&action=history
|
Tatar
|
Spoken
| 143 | 401 |
(7162) Sidwell () — Кояш системасының Марс һәм Юпитер орбиталары арасындагы өлкәсендә урнашкан астероид.
Тарихы
1982 елның 15 ноябрендә Эдвард Боуэлл тарафыннан Андерсон-Меса обсерваториясендә ачыла. Астероидның вакытлыча атамасы булып баштан «1982 VB1» саналган.
Чыганаклар
Lutz D. Schmadel. Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. — Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition. — B., Heidelberg, N. Y.: Springer, 2003. — 992 p. — ISBN 3-540-00238-3.
Lutz D. Schmadel. Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. — Springer Science & Business Media, 2012-06-10. — 1458 с. — ISBN 9783642297182
Chapman, C. R., Morrison, D., & Zellner, B. Surface properties of asteroids: A synthesis of polarimetry, radiometry, and spectrophotometry// Icarus : journal. — Elsevier, 1975. — Vol. 25. — P. 104—130.
Kerrod, Robin. Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors (неопр.). — Lerner Publications Co., 2000. — ISBN 0585317631.
Искәрмәләр
Тышкы сылтамалар
Шулай ук карагыз
(7163) Barenboim астероиды
Баш билбау астероидлары
Әлифба буенча астероидлар
| 45,828 |
https://github.com/alwyn/intellij-community/blob/master/plugins/ui-designer/jps-plugin/src/org/jetbrains/jps/uiDesigner/compiler/FormsBuilder.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
intellij-community
|
alwyn
|
Java
|
Code
| 227 | 638 |
/*
* Copyright 2000-2012 JetBrains s.r.o.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.jetbrains.jps.uiDesigner.compiler;
import com.intellij.openapi.diagnostic.Logger;
import com.intellij.openapi.util.Key;
import com.intellij.openapi.util.io.FileFilters;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
import org.jetbrains.jps.incremental.BuilderCategory;
import org.jetbrains.jps.incremental.ModuleLevelBuilder;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileFilter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* @author Eugene Zhuravlev
* Date: 11/20/12
*/
public abstract class FormsBuilder extends ModuleLevelBuilder {
protected static final Logger LOG = Logger.getInstance("#org.jetbrains.jps.uiDesigner.compiler.FormsInstrumenter");
protected static final Key<Map<File, Collection<File>>> FORMS_TO_COMPILE = Key.create("_forms-to_compile_");
protected static final String FORM_EXTENSION = "form";
protected static final FileFilter JAVA_SOURCES_FILTER = FileFilters.withExtension("java");
protected static final FileFilter FORM_SOURCES_FILTER = FileFilters.withExtension(FORM_EXTENSION);
private final String myBuilderName;
public FormsBuilder(BuilderCategory category, String name) {
super(category);
myBuilderName = name;
}
@NotNull
@Override
public String getPresentableName() {
return myBuilderName;
}
protected static void addBinding(File srcFile, File form, Map<File, Collection<File>> container) {
Collection<File> forms = container.get(srcFile);
if (forms == null) {
forms = new ArrayList<>();
container.put(srcFile, forms);
}
forms.add(form);
}
}
| 17,831 |
https://openalex.org/W3001297028
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,020 |
Contribuições da formação continuada para professores universitários ingressantes
|
Priscila Ximenes Souza do Nascimento
|
Portuguese
|
Spoken
| 7,745 | 16,518 |
CONTRIBUCIONES DE LA FORMACIÓN CONTINUADA DE PROFESORES UNIVERSITARIOS INGRESOS NASCIMENTO, Priscila Ximenes Souza do1
ROMANOWSKI, Joana Paulin2 ABSTRACT This article analyze the continuing education perceived by university professors in the process of professional insertion in the
perspective of the contributions of this training to the learning and overcoming the difficulties of teaching. References include:
Vaillant; Marcelo (2012), Romanowski (2007), Marcelo García (1999, 2010), Day (2001) and Zanchet et al. (2014). The
methodology was based on qualitative approach with data collection through a questionnaire answered by 15 (fifteen) beginning
teachers. It was possible to infer that continuing education contributes in a perspective of teaching instrumentation. Keywords: Continuing education of teachers. Professional teacher insertion. Teaching in higher education. Continuing education of teachers. Professional teacher insertion. Teaching in higher education. RESUMO Este artigo analisa a formação continuada percebida por professores universitários em seu processo de inserção profissional na
perspectiva das contribuições dessa formação para o aprendizado e a superação das dificuldades da docência. As referências
envolvem: Vaillant; Marcelo (2012), Romanowski (2007), Marcelo García (1999, 2010), Day (2001) e Zanchet et al. (2014). A
metodologia consistiu em abordagem qualitativa com coleta de dados por meio de questionário respondido por 15 (quinze)
professores iniciantes. Foi possível inferir que a formação continuada contribui numa perspectiva de instrumentalização docente. Palavras-chave: Formação continuada de professores. Inserção profissional docente. Docência no ensino superior. sc.br/seer/index.php/refle Recebido em 07 de Janeiro de 2019
Aceito em 23 de Agosto de 2019
Autor para contato:
priscilaxsouzan@gmail.com Reflexão e Ação. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204-219, jan./abr. 2020. A matéria publicada nesse periódico é licenciada sob forma de uma
Licença Creative Commons – Atribuição 4.0 Internacional
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná – PUCPR – Paraná – Brasil
2 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná – PUCPR – Paraná – Brasil 2 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná – PUCPR – Paraná – Brasil 1 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná – PUCPR – Paraná – Brasil Reflexão e Ação. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204-219, jan./abr. 2020. A matéria publicada nesse periódico é licenciada sob forma de uma
Licença Creative Commons – Atribuição 4.0 Internacional
htt //
ti
/li
/b /4 0/ INTRODUÇÃO O presente artigo é resultado de um estudo sobre a formação continuada de professores
universitários em processo de inserção profissional docente. Pesquisadores da docência universitária
tais como Cunha (2007, 2014, 2016, 2018), Isaia, Bolzan e Giordini (2007), Morosini (2001), Pimenta e
Almeida (2011), Pimenta e Anastasiou (2014), Veiga (2006, 2016), entre outros, têm afirmado que o
exercício profissional da docência requer, além da formação na área do bacharelado, uma formação
pedagógica. Esta se faz necessária, principalmente, para os professores iniciantes na docência, pois a
maioria deles advém de uma atuação profissional em áreas específicas. A formação para a docência é um elemento que pode suprir a falta de formação pedagógica
que marca o processo de ingresso de professores no ensino superior. Pesquisas como a de Zanchet
et al. (2014) demonstram que há, de fato, benefícios da formação contínua para o início das atividades
docentes dos professores universitários. Entretanto, é possível que tais contribuições sejam
apreendidas de maneiras diversas, estendendo-se, até mesmo, para além do previsto pelos
responsáveis por essa formação. A isso se acrescenta que a formação continuada se expressa
complexa ao ser colocada como contribuição aos professores na compreensão pedagógica do ensino
superior (BAPTAGLIN; ROSSETO; BOLZAN, 2014). Ao abordar a formação dos professores da educação superior, é fundamental refletir sobre as
principais finalidades desta educação na formação e no desenvolvimento de profissionais capazes de
atuar no mundo do trabalho, de maneira cidadã e crítica, e de conhecer os problemas do mundo
presente. Às finalidades se soma a promoção da cultura, da reflexão, da pesquisa e da investigação
científica, com vistas ao desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia, bem como a preservação de
formas de democracia participativa. Está claro, portanto, que a docência superior não se restringe ao
ensino de conteúdos disciplinares, como destacam Morosini (2001) e Cunha (2014). Com base em tais considerações preliminares, a problemática do estudo focalizado neste
artigo envolve o questionamento de como professores universitários percebem a formação continuada
em seu processo de inserção na carreira docente universitária. Tendo em vista essa questão, definiu-
se como objetivo geral: analisar as contribuições percebidas por professores universitários em relação
à formação continuada oferecida pela instituição de ensino superior (IES) na qual trabalham, em seu
processo de inserção na carreira docente universitária. Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index RESUMEN Este artículo analiza la formación continuada percibida por profesores universitarios en lo proceso de inserción profesional en la
perspectiva de las contribuciones de esa formación para el aprendizaje y superación de las dificultades de la docencia. Las
referencias implican: Vaillant; Marcelo (2012), Romanowski (2007), Marcelo García (1999, 2010), Day (2001) y Zanchet et al. (2014). La metodología se basó en abordaje cualitativo con recolección de datos por medio de cuestionario respondido por 15
(quince) profesores principiantes. Fue posible inferir que la formación continuada contribuye en una perspectiva de
instrumentalización docente. Palabras clave: Formación continuada de profesores. Inserción profesional docente. Docencia en la enseñanza super NASCIMENTO, P. X. S.; ROMANOWSKI, J. P. 205 INTRODUÇÃO ç
p
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index INTRODUÇÃO E, de maneira mais específica, estabeleceram-
se os seguintes objetivos: (i) caracterizar o processo de inserção na carreira docente universitária e (ii)
discutir os propósitos da formação continuada de professores no ensino superior. Com vistas a alcançar esses objetivos, a pesquisa que ensejou este trabalho consistiu em
coleta de dados empíricos com a aplicação de um questionário on-line para professores do ensino
superior. A análise dos dados foi desenvolvida segundo a abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa (GIBBS,
2009; LÜDKE; ANDRÉ, 2013) e foi tecido um diálogo entre o referencial teórico estudado e as
informações concedidas pelos docentes por meio do referido questionário. Na análise dos dados,
aplicou-se rigor nos processos de interpretação dos elementos estudados, tendo como norte as
recomendações de Lüdke e André (2013) de não centralidade na produção de descrição de opiniões, CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA PARA PROFESSORES UNIVERSÍTARIOS INGRESSANTES 206 mas no aprofundamento da compreensão de um fenômeno social em análises qualitativas. O
cotejamento com referenciais teóricos foi fundamental para garantir esse rigor. O Responderam ao instrumento 26 (vinte e seis) docentes, entre os quais havia 15 (quinze)
professores, cujo tempo de atuação no magistério superior varia de 6 (seis) meses a 5 (cinco) anos. Os
consultados atuam em IES privadas, uma de caráter confessional no Paraná e outra particular em
Pernambuco, e em IES públicas, sendo institutos federais e universidades federais e estaduais, do
Paraná e de Pernambuco. Os professores convidados para participar da pesquisa, cerca de 50
(cinquenta), fazem parte da rede de contato das pesquisadoras decorrente das interações
interinstitucionais do âmbito acadêmico. Os 15 (quinze) professores com atuação menor que 5 anos
podem ser situados nos anos iniciais das fases de vida profissional de docentes do ensino superior,
conforme postula Huberman (1992). As fases dos respondentes estão relacionadas à vida pessoal e
profissional de entrada na carreira e de estabilização, retomadas no Brasil, por exemplo, em Isaia,
Bolzan e Giordani (2007). Nas duas primeiras seções deste artigo, é apresentado o aporte teórico que sustenta a reflexão
aqui desenvolvida. A primeira trata sobre a inserção profissional docente e tem como referencial teórico
os trabalhos de Day (2001), Lancey (1977), Marcelo García (1999, 2010), Vaillant e Marcelo (2012), e
Zanchet et al. (2014). INTRODUÇÃO A segunda parte versa sobre a formação continuada de professores no ensino
superior tendo respaldo em Pimenta e Anastasiou (2014), Romanowski (2007), Cunha (2007, 2014,
2018), Isaia, Bolzan e Giordani (2007), Morosini (2001), Pimenta e Almeida (2011), e Veiga (2016). Na
terceira e na quarta seções deste escrito, são expostos os dados empíricos coletados e discutidos
esses resultados a partir do referencial teórico apreciado nas seções antecedentes. Na última seção,
são apresentadas as considerações finais. Falar da carreira docente não é mais do que reconhecer que os professores, do ponto de vista do
“aprender a ensinar”, passam por diferentes etapas (pré-formação, formação inicial, iniciação e
formação permanente, de acordo com Feiman, 1983), as quais representam exigências pessoais,
profissionais, organizacionais, contextuais, psicológicas, etc., específicas e diferenciadas.
(MARCELO GARCÍA, 1999, p. 112). Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index INSERÇÃO PROFISSIONAL NA DOCÊNCIA UNIVERSITÁRIA Os profissionais que ingressam na educação superior geralmente são professores jovens,
iniciantes na profissão, dedicados à pesquisa, mas sem vivências na docência universitária,
normalmente egressos de cursos de pós-graduação lato sensu ou mestres e doutores recentemente
titulados (PIMENTA; ANASTASIOU, 2014). No entanto, 12 (doze) dos 15 (quinze) professores
iniciantes respondentes deste estudo possuem formação para a docência, pois advêm de cursos de
licenciatura, no qual cursaram disciplinas pedagógicas. Conforme propõe Marcelo García (1999), a inserção profissional na docência é considerada
uma das fases do desenvolvimento profissional dos professores, pois se trata de um período de
formação específico em que ocorre a transição da condição de estudante para a de professor, mas que
constitui uma continuidade no processo de aquisição de conhecimentos e atitudes sobre como se
ensina. Portanto, NASCIMENTO, P. X. S.; ROMANOWSKI, J. P. 207 O processo de tornar-se professor ocorre de modo contínuo e, em certa medida, sistemático e
organizado, mas dificilmente se dá de forma linear. Ao reconhecer na figura do professor sua condição
de pessoa, e não apenas seu papel de empregado, é possível conceber seu desenvolvimento numa
perspectiva menos centrada no aspecto administrativo, passando a considerar tanto a sua condição
cognitiva e emocional quanto os contextos históricos e institucionais em que acontece o trabalho
docente. Para Marcelo García (2010), a inserção na docência se caracteriza por um processo de
aprender a ensinar, quer dizer, é uma fase em que o professor aprende a ensinar. Essas considerações são colocadas por Day (2001), ao discutir os desafios da aprendizagem
no desenvolvimento profissional dos professores. E ao discorrer sobre os estudos mais representativos
a respeito desse tema, especialmente quanto às experiências na carreira e aos fatores que mais a
influenciam, Day destaca o período da entrada na profissão. Para o autor, os professores iniciantes
carregam consigo conceitos de ensino oriundos de suas experiências anteriores como estudantes. Ao
ingressarem como docentes, enfrentam o duplo desafio de expressarem em seu trabalho esses
conceitos e visões e de procurarem atender ao que as instituições solicitam. Com efeito, seu trabalho
precisa corresponder “[...] à sua visão pessoal de como deveria ser, enquanto que, ao mesmo tempo,
se encontram sujeitos às poderosas forças socializadoras da escola” (DAY, 2001, p. 102). Nessa perspectiva, Lacey (1977) aponta as fases pelas quais os professores iniciantes
passam: (i) “lua de mel”, (ii) “crise”, (iii) “fracasso” ou “ir andando”. Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
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https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index INSERÇÃO PROFISSIONAL NA DOCÊNCIA UNIVERSITÁRIA A primeira, a fase de lua de mel, é o
encantamento com a possibilidade de ser professor, estar em classe, tornar-se um profissional. A fase
de crise acontece logo que o docente toma consciência de que está em classe e que tem a
responsabilidade de ensinar. Quando nessa crise, o professor entra em processo agudo de dúvidas
sobre si e suas possibilidades, podendo enfrentar receios intensos que gerem o abandono da
docência. O autor assinala que qualquer uma dessas fases influencia o modo como o docente concebe
o ensino, mas ressalta que é a capacidade do professor de lidar com a “crise” que será determinante
na sua formação. Essa ideia parece alinhar-se ao que Vaillant e Marcelo (2012, p. 123) afirmam com relação à
inserção profissional na docência: “[...] os professores principiantes experimentam os problemas com
maiores doses de incerteza e estresse, devido ao fato de que têm menores referências e mecanismos
para enfrentar essas situações”. Dessa maneira, tais docentes necessitam de uma atenção específica
das instituições educativas em que estão atuando no sentido de melhor auxiliá-los nesse período de
tensões e aprendizagens, na redução ou recondução desse verdadeiro “choque com a realidade”. Entretanto, segundo Vaillant e Marcelo (2012), o que se verifica na realidade é que a inserção
na docência é conduzida na maioria das vezes em situações assimétricas de “nadar ou fundir-se”, em
que os novos professores são responsabilizados individualmente por sua adequação à realidade e por
sua inserção no contexto de trabalho. No âmbito universitário, a questão da inserção profissional
docente apresenta-se de forma muito semelhante, contudo Zanchet et al. (2014, p. 188-189) salientam
que o professor do ensino superior guarda peculiaridades, especialmente no que concerne à transição
da condição de pesquisador para docente. Os autores afirmam que esses professores, quando
assumem o magistério, CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA PARA PROFESSORES UNIVERSÍTARIOS INGRESSANTES 208 [...] precisam processar a passagem entre uma formação que privilegia a pesquisa [para] uma
prática significativamente exigente de docência. O professor, ao iniciar a carreira docente, é
impactado por inúmeras exigências, precisando inserir-se na cultura do seu ambiente de trabalho
e relacionar-se com seus colegas e alunos. Necessita, também, responder [a] questões
burocráticas da ação docente bem como dos encaminhamentos de projeto de pesquisa, de
ensino e de extensão, dentre outras tantas tarefas. Zanchet et al. INSERÇÃO PROFISSIONAL NA DOCÊNCIA UNIVERSITÁRIA (2014) reforçam que conceber a indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e
extensão parece ser um dos grandes desafios para o início da carreira desses professores,
principalmente porque o contexto universitário que lhes concedeu a titulação necessária para o
trabalho docente (formação em nível de pós-graduação), em geral, oportunizou a vivência desses
aspectos de forma fragmentada. Soma-se a tal desafio o fato de grande parte desses professores, em sua formação inicial e até
mesmo nos cursos de mestrado e/ou doutorado, terem construído conhecimentos centrados em sua
área específica. Esse é um obstáculo, porque, no momento de iniciar a docência, é imprescindível a
seu fazer profissional a elaboração de saberes pedagógicos mais consistentes do que aqueles de que
conseguiram se apropriar ao longo da experiência como discentes. Assim, ao desenvolverem
programas de formação continuada e de apoio que favoreçam a inserção desses novos professores no
trabalho docente, as IES podem contribuir na compreensão da docência e no desenvolvimento
profissional dos professores. O objeto da formação continuada é a melhoria do ensino, não apenas a do profissional. Portanto,
os programas de formação continuada precisam incluir saberes científicos, críticos, didáticos,
relacionais, saber-fazer pedagógico e de gestão [...]. Ressalta-se a necessária ênfase na prática
dos professores com seus problemas como importante eixo condutor dessa modalidade de
formação. [...]. Os programas de formação, ao possibilitarem conhecimentos sobre a escola e o
sistema educativo e ao explicitarem a complexidade das situações de ensino e as possíveis
alternativas de solução, a partir da prática, favorecem uma ação docente mais crítica e
consciente. (ROMANOWSKI, 2007, p. 130-131). Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA DE PROFESSORES UNIVERSITÁRIOS No desenvolvimento profissional docente, o momento de inserção na profissão também pode
se caracterizar como de formação, além de compor uma das fases que constituem o ser professor. Nessa fase há a possibilidade de interação entre pessoas adultas (formador-formando) num contexto
relativamente organizado e de tempo delimitado, visando promover mudanças (MARCELO GARCÍA,
1999). Em algumas instituições os docentes iniciantes vivenciam de forma solitária esse período de
transição de estudantes/pesquisadores para professores, embora contem com momentos da chamada
“formação em exercício” e “formação continuada” para compartilhar os erros, acertos, dilemas e
conquistas com seus pares. Romanowski (2007) alerta que, durante os primeiros anos da docência,
em que há um choque de realidade, os novos professores poderiam ser melhor assistidos pelos
programas de formação continuada; no entanto, são, de modo geral, negligenciados pelas instituições
formadoras e pelos sistemas de ensino. Sobre isso a autora esclarece: Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020. https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index NASCIMENTO, P. X. S.; ROMANOWSKI, J. P. 209 Além disso, estudos sobre iniciantes apontam que o processo de formação dos professores da
educação superior ocorre de modo bastante similar aos dos professores da educação básica, no que
se refere à constituição de saberes da docência (VAILLANT; MARCELO, 2012). Entretanto, Isaia,
Bolzan e Giordani (2007, p. 2), ao discutirem sobre os ciclos de vida profissional de docentes do ensino
superior, advertem que os cursos de licenciatura, ainda que incluam disciplinas pedagógicas, não
abordam “atividade ou disciplina curricular que os preparasse[m] para atuar na Educação Superior”. Alertam as autoras que essa falta de formação é mais intensa nos bacharelados, pois nesses cursos a
formação pedagógica é inexistente. A formação do professor da educação superior, ao considerar a prática docente, em que se
elaboram e se efetivam saberes pedagógicos contextualizados, descortina a pedagogia universitária,
como externam Cunha (2007) e Pimenta e Almeida (2011). Desse modo, essa pedagogia se configura
para compreender o professor e o profissional bacharel, considerando dimensões amplas do contexto
social. Cunha (2014, p. 457) alerta que a educação superior não se restringe ao ensino, ao ser
composta pela tríade ensino, pesquisa e extensão, contudo o conceito de indissociabilidade é “pouco
aprofundado no ambiente universitário”. Na educação superior, ao incidir sobre a práxis educativa, a formação se efetiva vinculada às
intencionalidades sociais, da ciência e do trabalho; portanto, supera a neutralidade técnica. Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index 3 Conforme o artigo 66 da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional – Lei N.º 9.934, de 20 de dezembro de 1996 (BRASIL,
1996). O Censo de 2016 aponta que 40% dos professores da educação superior são mestres, 38% são doutores, somando 78%
de professores titulados, conforme Romanowski e Mira (2018). FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA DE PROFESSORES UNIVERSITÁRIOS Nessa
perspectiva, as instituições carecem de definir políticas de formação pedagógica de docentes
universitários, considerando a diversidade de ações formativas, bem como de estimular e valorizar a
produção científica dos docentes sobre o ensino e a interação com a sociedade, como propõem
Pimenta e Almeida (2011). Cabe registrar que a maioria dos professores universitários possui, por obrigatoriedade legal3,
titulação em nível de pós-graduação e, atualmente, tanto nos cursos lato sensu como stricto sensu, via
de regra, há uma disciplina dirigida à formação para a docência, o que confirma sua condição de
iniciante no entendimento de Pimenta e Anastasiou (2014). Os egressos desses cursos de pós-
graduação que receberam bolsa necessariamente realizaram estágio de docência. No caso dos
professores participantes da pesquisa abordada neste artigo, a maioria, por ser oriunda de cursos de
licenciatura, recebeu formação pedagógica acrescida de formação para a pesquisa. Essa formação,
como destacado por Isaia, Bolzan e Giordani (2007), é mais direcionada para a educação básica, ainda
que os fundamentos dos conhecimentos pedagógicos sejam indistintos quanto ao nível de ensino a
que se destinam. Pimenta e Anastasiou (2014) apontam a crescente preocupação desde meados da década de
1990 com a melhoria da qualidade dos resultados do ensino superior, o que proporcionou maior
cuidado na preparação dos docentes desse nível de ensino no campo específico e pedagógico. Aliás, a
exigência de mestrado e doutorado passou a incidir com maior rigor a partir da Lei de Diretrizes e
Bases da Educação Nacional (BRASIL, 1996), como ressaltam as autoras ao explicitarem as diversas
ações tomadas que provocaram importantes mudanças em todo o contexto educacional. Nesse 3 Conforme o artigo 66 da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional – Lei N.º 9.934, de 20 de dezembro de 1996 (BRASIL,
1996). O Censo de 2016 aponta que 40% dos professores da educação superior são mestres, 38% são doutores, somando 78%
de professores titulados, conforme Romanowski e Mira (2018). CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA PARA PROFESSORES UNIVERSÍTARIOS INGRESSANTES 210 sentido, alerta Cunha (2018) que a docência no ensino superior, no Brasil, historicamente é marcada
pelo pensamento da ciência positivista, com ênfase na reprodução do conhecimento. As aulas são
centralizadas “em repetições incansáveis, uma aprendizagem mecânica” (CUNHA, 2018, p. 8),
concentram-se no modelo expositivo, no qual o aluno é orientado sobre o que estudar para
posteriormente responder a questões em provas de avaliação. FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA DE PROFESSORES UNIVERSITÁRIOS Mesmo com a inserção de tecnologias,
a abordagem do ensino permanece “fundamentada na transmissão da informação”. Há pouca
discussão e debate na busca de novas perspectivas do conhecer e do aprender. Ressalta Cunha
(2018, p. 9): “A sociedade está a requerer uma educação superior que se afaste das verdades
prescritivas e enfrente a condição da incerteza e da mudança como um valor”. Portanto, diante de um panorama em que a formação no nível de pós-graduação e mesmo a
formação em cursos de licenciatura são insuficientes para orientar a prática docente no ensino
superior, iniciativas institucionais de formação continuada assumem um papel importantíssimo para os
professores iniciantes na aquisição do conhecimento profissional, da cultura, dos rituais, dos símbolos
e dos valores que fazem parte da docência universitária. Todavia, mais do que um conhecimento
técnico do ofício, essa formação precisa considerar a complexidade da vida profissional e social que é
permeada por situações incertas, conflitos diversificados e efeitos ambíguos, implicando na intensa e
profunda inserção social, histórica e política das instituições na promoção da educação superior,
acrescida da pesquisa e da extensão. Diante desse quadro, os professores iniciantes, além das dificuldades de sua condição de
ingresso, são desafiados a promover novas metodologias direcionadas para uma aprendizagem dos
estudantes que contemple a elaboração e a compreensão do conhecimento em suas diferentes formas. A relação com as disciplinas sob sua responsabilidade assume perspectiva de desvelamento,
ampliação de possibilidades, reflexões com as possíveis manifestações do saber numa perspectiva
sócio-histórica da educação superior. Como afirma Cunha (2014, p. 461), trata-se de um “ensino em
que o conhecimento é compreendido em construção e onde os estudantes atuam como protagonistas
das aprendizagens, reconfigurando saberes, tempos e espaços de aprender”, abrangendo uma
educação para a cidadania. Assim, o professor da educação superior não se restringe a reproduzir os
conhecimentos científicos, pois o exercício da docência envolve pesquisa e socialização de saberes,
bem como formação sociopolítica dos estudantes. Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
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https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index A FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA NO INÍCIO DA CARREIRA DOCENTE: POSSIBILIDADES As tensões do início da carreira docente inegavelmente afetam a vida pessoal,
profissional e social dos professores, quer seja no âmbito da educação básica, quer seja no do ensino
superior. É fato que muitos desistem da docência por não conseguirem lidar com as crises dessa fase
inicial da profissão e, mesmo que não tenham intenção de auxiliar os docentes iniciantes, os momentos
de formação continuada podem servir como grande apoio nesse processo de tornar-se professor. Nesta investigação, a intenção era observar as contribuições apontadas pelos professores
respondentes sobre os momentos de formação no período de inserção profissional. Para coletar dados NASCIMENTO, P. X. S.; ROMANOWSKI, J. P. 211 sobre esses apontamentos foi aplicado um questionário on-line4 com 8 (oito) perguntas, sendo as 6
(seis) primeiras direcionadas à identificação do perfil dos respondentes e as 2 (duas) últimas voltadas
ao interesse de que falassem sobre os momentos de formação continuada de que participaram no
início da carreira docente no ensino superior. Responderam ao instrumento 26 (vinte e seis) docentes, dos quais 15 (quinze) informaram
atuar no magistério superior por período que variava de 6 (seis) meses a 5 (cinco) anos, o que permitiu
situá-los nos anos iniciais dos ciclos de vida profissional de docentes do ensino superior como indicado
na introdução. Os demais respondentes informaram ter entre 5 (cinco) e 20 (vinte) anos de atuação
docente universitária, o que os localiza na fase intermediária da carreira. O Gráfico 1, a seguir, ilustra a
distribuição do tempo de atuação profissional dos respondentes. Gráfico 1 – Questão 5: Quanto tempo atua como docente no ensino superior? Fonte: As autoras (2018). Gráfico 1 – Questão 5: Quanto tempo atua como docente no ensino superior? Fonte: As autoras (2018). Ainda que menos da metade dos professores tenha um tempo superior a 5 (cinco) anos de
docência, o instrumento de coleta de dados utilizado se referiu à formação continuada realizada
quando estavam na condição de professores iniciantes, e informações significativas apontadas pelos
professores desse grupo foram consideradas neste estudo. Entre os 15 (quinze) professores iniciantes, apenas 3 (três) são do sexo masculino, 12 (doze)
estão entre 20 e 39 anos de idade e 3 (três) estão na faixa etária de 40 a 59 anos. 4 Questionário disponível no apêndice, ao final deste artigo. Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index 4 Questionário disponível no apêndice, ao final deste artigo. A FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA NO INÍCIO DA CARREIRA DOCENTE: POSSIBILIDADES Entre os 11 (onze)
docentes na fase intermediária, apenas 2 (dois) são do sexo masculino, 2 (dois) estão entre 20 e 39
anos de idade e 9 (nove) estão na faixa etária de 40 a 59 anos. Quanto à formação, a maioria dos docentes iniciantes são formados em cursos de licenciatura
(9 em Pedagogia, 2 em História e 1 em Química) e apenas 3 (três) possuem formação em cursos de
bacharelado (1 em Ciências Contábeis, 1 em Psicologia e 1 em Gastronomia e Turismo). Os docentes
da fase intermediária seguem semelhante proporção, sendo formados em Pedagogia (4), Filosofia (3),
Teologia (1), Filosofia e Teologia (1), Engenharia Elétrica e Ciência da Computação (1) e
Administração (1). Quanto à formação em nível de pós-graduação, a maior titulação informada pelos docentes
iniciantes foi de que 3 (três) são doutores (2 em Educação e 1 em área específica), 8 (oito) são mestres
(6 em Educação e 2 em área específica) e 4 (quatro) são especialistas (2 na área educacional e 2 em CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA PARA PROFESSORES UNIVERSÍTARIOS INGRESSANTES 212 área específica). Já entre os da fase intermediária, há 1 (uma) professora com pós-doutorado em
Teologia, 5 (cinco) têm doutorado (2 em Educação e 3 em área específica) e 5 têm mestrado (3 em
Educação e 2 em área específica). As instituições em que atuam – universidade confessional
comunitária no Paraná, centro universitário particular em Pernambuco, Instituto Federal do Paraná e de
Pernambuco e Universidade Federal e Estadual de Pernambuco – ofertam cursos de graduação em
diferentes áreas, licenciaturas e bacharelados. Em algumas delas há cursos de pós-graduação em
nível de especialização e de mestrado e doutorado. O contato das pesquisadoras com os docentes
convidados para a pesquisa, por volta de 50 (cinquenta), ocorreu devido a atividades acadêmicas
interinstitucionais em que se discutiam dilemas da formação e atuação do professor universitário. Com isso, configura-se um quadro de respondentes em que a grande maioria realizou alguma
formação para a docência. Dos 26 (vinte e seis) professores que responderam ao questionário, 20
(vinte) têm formação pedagógica em nível de graduação, e 15 (quinze), em nível de pós-graduação. Contudo, como alerta Cunha (2003), a pós-graduação stricto sensu valoriza mais a pesquisa do que o
ensino durante o processo formativo de seus discentes, e isso pode, de certo modo, fragilizar a
necessária reflexão teórico-prática que fundamenta a profissão docente. Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
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https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index A FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA NO INÍCIO DA CARREIRA DOCENTE: POSSIBILIDADES No que se refere às instituições em que os respondentes disseram ter experiência docente, há,
entre os professores iniciantes, 10 (dez) com experiência em IES privadas e 5 (cinco) em IES pública
federal. Já entre os professores da fase intermediária, há 6 (seis) com experiência em IES privada, 2
(dois) em IES pública federal, 1 (um) em ambas, IES pública federal e privada, 1 (um) em IES pública
federal, estadual e privada e 1 (um) professor que informou ter experiência em “Fundação”, que pode
ser considerada uma instituição de âmbito público, mas não gratuita. Dentre os sujeitos dessa pesquisa, 8 (oito) dos 15 (quinze) professores iniciantes relataram ter
participado de momentos de formação continuada oferecidos pela instituição de ensino em que
trabalhavam quando do início de sua carreira como docente universitário, e o mesmo foi dito por 6
(seis) dos 11 (onze) professores da fase intermediária. Para os dois grupos, esses momentos tinham
características diversificadas; na maioria das vezes, consistiam em palestras sobre aspectos teóricos e
elementos burocráticos da instituição. As mesmas caraterísticas foram apontadas por 3 (três) dos
outros 7 (sete) docentes iniciantes e por 2 (dois) dos outros 5 (cinco) professores da fase intermediária,
mas que apontaram não ter participado desses momentos no início da carreira. Ao justificarem sua não
participação, tais professores apontaram que teria pouco valor efetivo para a própria formação como
docente universitário tomar parte dessas ocasiões em que foram realizadas as palestras pelas IES. Também se destaca o fato de boa parte desses 12 (doze) professores, mais exatamente 9 (nove),
indicarem que (i) não houve a proposição de momentos de formação, (ii) eram destinados a
professores efetivos, (iii) não havia carga horária disponível para participar e (iv) não se lembravam de
ter havido oferta de formações no período em que ingressaram no magistério superior. As respostas dos sujeitos da pesquisa indicam a pouca efetividade da formação continuada
nas instituições de educação superior, quando esta ocorre sem vinculação com os problemas
relacionados à prática docente e, em especial, com a formação dos estudantes, que são
desconsiderados quando há foco no ensino (CUNHA, 2016). No que concerne ao desenvolvimento
profissional dos professores, de modo geral, a formação se efetiva na perspectiva da ação docente, NASCIMENTO, P. X. S.; ROMANOWSKI, J. P. 213 deixando, muitas vezes, de “fornecer respostas para as necessidades de seu desenvolvimento
profissional” (ROMANOWSKI, 2007, p. 138). Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index A FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA NO INÍCIO DA CARREIRA DOCENTE: POSSIBILIDADES A última pergunta do questionário solicitava o relato de 1 (uma) a 5 (cinco) contribuições da
formação continuada oferecida pela universidade para o início de sua carreira como docente no ensino
superior. As respostas dos participantes indicam 14 (quatorze) formas de contribuição percebidas pelos
professores conforme apresentado no Quadro 1. Quadro 1 – Pergunta 8: Contribuições da formação continuada
Contribuições da formação continuada
oferecida pela IES para o início da carreira como
docente no ensino superior:
Quantidade de
professores que mencionaram
a contribuição:
Estratégias metodológicas utilizadas nas
aulas
4
Processo de avaliação da aprendizagem
3
Aperfeiçoamento profissional/atualização
3
Compartilhamento de práticas entre docentes
3
Possibilidade de repensar a prática
pedagógica
3
Melhor compreensão das características do
ensino superior
3
Elaboração de plano de aula/de ensino
2
Alinhamento com os princípios institucionais
2
Uso de tecnologia/ferramentas virtuais
2
Aperfeiçoamento pessoal
1
Aprendizagens sobre como lidar com
diferenças culturais
1
Discussões acerca dos desafios do curso
1
Revisão do Projeto Político-Pedagógico do
curso
1
Associação da prática à teoria
1
Fonte: As autoras (2018). Quadro 1 – Pergunta 8: Contribuições da formação continuada Ao examinar esse quadro, vê-se que a maioria das respostas aponta para uma formação
direcionada para o aprendizado da docência. Destacam-se as contribuições mencionadas por mais de
um professor que fazem referência ao trabalho docente em sala de aula, o que permite inferir uma
preocupação comum dos programas de formação com a metodologia de ensino em aula, mas não com
seus fundamentos. O foco são aspectos do saber fazer didático, com as ações diretamente ligadas à
aprendizagem dos estudantes. As possíveis mudanças direcionam-se à inserção das tecnologias nas
aulas, ou seja, um direcionamento de formação para a racionalidade técnica. Todavia, de acordo com CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA PARA PROFESSORES UNIVERSÍTARIOS INGRESSANTES 214 Pimenta e Anastasiou (2014), é preciso considerar o atual contexto caracterizado por imprevisibilidade,
singularidade, incerteza, novidade, dilema, conflito e instabilidade, não sendo mais o bastante aplicar
somente uma racionalidade técnica. Uma peculiaridade nesse painel de dados é o fato de grande parte dos professores
respondentes terem formação para a docência desde a graduação, uma vez que realizaram cursos de
licenciatura, mas ainda apontarem a necessidade de suporte quanto aos saberes pedagógicos. Como
salientam Isaia, Bolzan e Giordani (2007), há uma formação nas licenciaturas direcionada à educação
básica, cuja articulação com a educação superior não se transpõe de modo simples e direto. A FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA NO INÍCIO DA CARREIRA DOCENTE: POSSIBILIDADES Em pesquisa sobre professores iniciantes, Marcelo García (2010) reforça que a insegurança
dos docentes é conduzida para o imediato da organização das aulas; daí o interesse dos professores
por formações que os apoiem a decidir o que fazer. Desse modo, as formações focalizam o trato de
técnicas de ensino. Nessa perspectiva, Veiga (2006) explicita que o foco no fazer restringe a formação,
relegando a segundo plano a dimensão social, crítica e reflexiva da educação superior. Além disso,
Veiga (2016) indica a compreensão do currículo como fundamental para o docente do ensino superior,
dimensão pouco abordada na formação docente. Com efeito, Romanowski (2007) expressa que a
formação pedagógica desarticulada da compreensão dos conhecimentos específicos distancia o ensino
da prática profissional e dos problemas inerentes a ela, ou seja, resulta em um ensino centrado na
transmissão de conteúdos. Ao final do questionário, foi disponibilizado espaço para que os respondentes registrassem
alguma informação adicional que considerassem importante. Apenas 6 (seis) dos investigados, sendo 3
(três) iniciantes e 3 (três) intermediários na carreira, fizeram esse comentário. Os professores iniciantes
indicaram a busca de “capacitação” por conta própria, e um deles ressaltou o anseio de ter melhores
oportunidades para atuar em IES públicas. Ao considerar a dimensão coletiva do processo de
formação, ficou evidente algum grau de ressentimento no registro final de um desses docentes, pois
este sinalizou que não acredita haver uma política de formação continuada para professores das IES e
salientou que tal formação está submetida ao desejo e as possibilidades do próprio docente. Entre os 3 (três) respondentes que estão na fase de experimentação/diversificação, um
explicitou que as contribuições mais significativas para repensar sua prática pedagógica ocorreram há
pouco tempo, provavelmente nos anos posteriores à fase de iniciação. O segundo docente registrou
que lamentava não conseguir participar de mais encontros de formação e de oficinas em razão de
demandas urgentes da universidade que lhe tomam bastante tempo; o terceiro professor sinalizou que
percebe uma crescente distância entre a formação continuada oferecida e a atividade docente e
exemplifica a dificuldade das instituições em lidar com estudantes cada vez mais conectados à internet
e interligados em rede. Esse professor acrescentou que vê apenas alguns docentes buscando, de
modo intuitivo, enfrentar tais desafios. Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index ç
p
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index A FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA NO INÍCIO DA CARREIRA DOCENTE: POSSIBILIDADES O conteúdo das respostas associa a formação para a docência a elementos da organização
didático-pedagógica como: (i) estratégias de ensino; (ii) processo de avaliação da aprendizagem; (iii)
uso de tecnologia/ferramentas virtuais; (iv) elaboração de plano de aula. No entanto, embora os
docentes valorizem esses aspectos, a formação permanece com foco acentuado na instrumentalização
dos professores. Trata-se, portanto, de uma formação pautada mais no ensino a ser realizado pelo NASCIMENTO, P. X. S.; ROMANOWSKI, J. P. 215 professor e menos na aprendizagem dos estudantes, como discutido por Marcelo García (2010). Mesmo nos demais itens indicados, apenas um se refere à possibilidade de repensar a prática
pedagógica. Quanto ao compartilhamento de práticas, Cunha (2018) ressalta que essas trocas incidem
no saber fazer, envolvendo explicações baseadas em senso comum, o que pouco contribui para
reflexões sobre mudanças no fazer docente. Estudos constatam que a maior parte dos professores
universitários não possuem uma formação específica para o ensinar; a despeito disso, ensinam e são
bem-sucedidos, como apontam Veiga e Castanho (2000), Morosini (2001), Pimenta e Anastasiou
(2014). Essas autoras destacam que o esforço de autoformação e o compartilhamento de experiências
podem ajudar na realização do ensino e contribuir para a práxis docente. Ainda, relatos dos docentes participantes da pesquisa apontam que as IES parecem estar mais
preocupadas com questões de caráter burocrático, o que contradiz as considerações de Day (2001)
sobre a concepção de desenvolvimento profissional como um continuum não linear, mais centrado na
perspectiva de “professor como pessoa” do que na de “professor como empregado”. Na esteira desse
pensamento, Zanchet et al. (2014, p. 210) defendem a implementação de uma política global da
universidade no que se refere tanto à formação pedagógica quanto ao desenvolvimento profissional
dos professores universitários que “[...] dignifique e valorize as funções docentes como fundamentais
para alcançar-se a excelência”. Assim, conforme sinalizam Vaillant e Marcelo (2012), seria muito
frutífero se as instituições de ensino apresentassem as condições necessárias para que os professores
aprendessem continuamente e, assim, elas pudessem melhorar em sua condição de organizações
educativas. Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index ç
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https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS Atualmente, a profissão docente está fortemente caracterizada pela imprevisibilidade,
singularidade, incerteza, novidade, dilema, conflito e instabilidade. No âmbito universitário, essa
realidade exige o enfrentamento da lógica de formação centrada na racionalidade técnica. No entanto,
os depoimentos coletados nesta pesquisa confirmam que essa lógica é utilizada como modelo básico
para a ação docente, pois, provavelmente, esta foi a racionalidade vivenciada na formação inicial de
muitos dos professores do ensino superior. Por entender que esse desafio é potencializado quando tais docentes se encontram no início
da carreira e que os momentos de formação continuada podem auxiliar nesse processo de constituição
do ser professor, o presente trabalho buscou investigar as contribuições percebidas por professores
universitários no seu processo de inserção em relação à formação continuada oferecida pela IES na
qual atuam como docentes. A intenção de desenvolver um estudo inicial sobre essa questão ocorreu com três movimentos. No primeiro, foi realizada a caracterização do processo de inserção na carreira docente universitária,
indicando que este envolve a perspectiva do desenvolvimento profissional dos professores e que se
configura como uma fase peculiar em que acontece a transição de estudante/pesquisador para
docente. CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA PARA PROFESSORES UNIVERSÍTARIOS INGRESSANTES 216 No segundo movimento foi feita uma discussão teórica, ainda que não exaustiva, a respeito da
formação continuada de professores no ensino superior, demarcando a insuficiência de práticas
formativas e de orientações legais que visam garantir a realização efetiva dessa formação na
perspectiva da educação superior. Com efeito, trata-se de ir além de uma mera preparação para a
docência para envolver os aspectos institucionais, os relacionados à pesquisa e ao contexto da
educação superior, favorecendo refletir também sobre as finalidades da universidade. O terceiro foi direcionado a identificar as contribuições da formação continuada para o início da
carreira docente universitária com a análise das percepções de professores que estão na fase de
desenvolvimento profissional. Os dados coletados possibilitaram concluir de forma preliminar que a
maioria dos professores investigados percebem que os momentos de formação continuada contribuem
principalmente nos aspectos relacionados ao saber fazer didático, incluindo, então, as questões
pedagógicas da ação docente em sala de aula. Ainda, a pesquisa aponta indícios de que na maioria
das instituições não há programa de formação e de apoio para os professores iniciantes. As
dificuldades desses docentes abrangem questões relacionadas ao ensino, mas as dúvidas e incertezas
são amplas. Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS Desse modo, seria recomendável a oferta de programa específico de inserção à docência. E em especial, cabe ressaltar que o desafio da docência exige uma mudança profunda na
compreensão das finalidades da educação superior para além de um ensino centralizado na
transmissão e reprodução de informações, situações pouco abordadas na formação continuada. A
perspectiva de uma pedagogia universitária poderá orientar os programas de formação, incluindo a
criação de condições de participação para todos os docentes. NASCIMENTO, P. X. S.; ROMANOWSKI, J. P. 217 REFERÊNCIAS 1. BAPTAGLIN, Leila Adriana; ROSSETTO, Gislaine Aparecida Rodrigues da Silva; BOLZAN, Doris
Pires Vargas. Professores em formação continuada: narrativas da atividade docente de estudo e a
da aprendizagem da docência. Educação (UFSM). Santa Maria, ago. 2014, vol.39, n.2, p. 415-426. e-ISSN: 1984-6444. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufsm.br/reveducacao/article/view/6428/pdf. Acesso em: 10 jul. 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198464446428. 2. BRASIL. Lei 9394, de 20 de dezembro de 1996. Estabelece as diretrizes e bases da educação
nacional. Brasília, 1996. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L9394.htm. Acesso
em: 25 abr. 2017. 3. CUNHA, Maria Isabel da (Org.). Reflexões e práticas em pedagogia universitária. Campinas:
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CUNHA, Maria Isabel da (Org.). Reflexões e práticas em pedagogia universitária. Campinas:
Papirus, 2007. 4. CUNHA, Maria Isabel da. Os desafios da qualidade acadêmica e a indissociabilidade do ensino,
pesquisa e extensão num contexto de democratização da educação superior. Intercambios:
Dilemas y Transiciones de la Educación Superior, v. 1, p. 13-21, 2014. Disponível em:
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5436842. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2018. 5. CUNHA, Maria Isabel da. Inovações em educação superior: impactos na prática pedagógica e nos
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saberes
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docência. Em
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2016. Disponível
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http://dx.doi.org/10.24109/2176-6673.emaberto.29i97 . 6. CUNHA, Maria Isabel da. Docência na Educação Superior: a professoralidade em construção. Educação. Porto
Alegre,
jan./abr. 2018,
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http://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/index.php/faced/article/view/29725. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2018. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1981-2582.2018.1.29725. 7. DAY, Christofer. Compreender o desenvolvimento profissional dos professores: experiência, saber-
fazer profissional e competência. In: DAY, Christofer. Desenvolvimento profissional dos
professores: os desafios da aprendizagem permanente. Portugal: Porto Editora, 2001. p. 85-114. 8. GIBBS, Graham. Análise de dados qualitativos. Porto Alegre: ArtMed, 2009. 9. HUBERMAN, Michel. O ciclo de vida profissional dos professores. In: NÓVOA, Antonio (Org.). Vidas de professores. Porto/Portugal: Porto Editora, 1992. p. 31-61. CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA PARA PROFESSORES UNIVERSÍTARIOS INGRESSANTES 218 10. ISAIA, Silvia Maria de Aguiar; BOLZAN, Dóris Pires Vargas; GIORDANI, Estela Maris. Movimentos
construtivos da docência superior: delineando possíveis ciclos de vida profissional docente. In:
REUNIÃO ANUAL DA ANPED, 30., 2007, Caxambu. Anais eletrônicos. Caxambu: ANPEd, 2007, p. 01-14. Disponível em: http://30reuniao.anped.org.br/trabalhos/GT08-3213--Int.pdf. Acesso em: 10
jul. 2017. 11. LACEY, Colin. The socialization of teachers. London: Metheun, 1977. 12. LÜDKE, Menga; ANDRÉ, Marli E. D. A. Pesquisa em educação: abordagens qualitativas. 2 ed. São
Paulo: EPU, 2013. 13. MARCELO GARCÍA, Carlos. Formação de professores: para uma mudança educativa. Porto/Portugal: Porto Editora, 1999. 14. MARCELO GARCÍA, Carlos. O professor iniciante, a prática pedagógica e o sentido da
experiência. Formação Docente: Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa sobre Formação de Professores. ago./dez. 2010. vol. 2,
n.3,
p. 11-49. e-ISSN:
2176-4360. Disponível
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https://revformacaodocente.com.br/index.php/rbpfp/article/view/17. Acesso em: 21 nov. 2018. 15. MOROSINI, Marília Costa. Docência universitária e os desafios da realidade nacional. In:
MOROSINI, Marília Costa (Org.). Professor do ensino superior: identidade, docência e formação. 2.ed. ampl. Brasília: Plano Editora, 2001. 16. Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
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h
//
li
i
b /
/i d
h /
fl
/i d 23.
VEIGA, Ilma Passos Alencastro. Educação superior: políticas educacionais, currículo e docência.
Curitiba: CRV, 2016. 23. VEIGA, Ilma Passos Alencastro. Educação superior: políticas educacionais, currículo e docência. Curitiba: CRV, 2016. 24. ZANCHET, Beatriz Maria B. Atrib. et al. Tempos e espaços de inserção e desenvolvimento
profissional de docentes universitários iniciantes. In: CUNHA, Maria Isabel da. (Org.). Estratégias
institucionais para o desenvolvimento profissional docente e as assessorias pedagógicas
universitárias: memórias, experiências, desafio e possibilidade. Araraquara, São Paulo: Junqueira
& Marin editores, 2014. p. 187-213. Reflexão e Ação [ISSN 1982-9949]. Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1, p. 204 - 219, jan/abr. 2020.
https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/index Priscila Ximenes Souza do Nascimento Doutoranda do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação – PUCPR. Mestra em Educação – UFPE;
Professora do Curso de Pedagogia – PUCPR. Joana Paulin Romanowski Doutora em Educação – USP, Professora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação – UNINTER e
PUCPR. Como citar este documento
NASCIMENTO, Priscila Ximenes Souza do; ROMANOWSKI, Joana Paulin. Contribuições da formação
continuada para professores universitários ingressantes. Reflexão e Ação, Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1,
jan. 2020. ISSN
1982-9949. Disponível
em:
<https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/article/view/13022>. Acesso
em:____________. doi:https://doi.org/10.17058/rea.v28i1.13022. Doutora em Educação – USP, Professora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação – UNINTER e
PUCPR. 3.
CUNHA, Maria Isabel da (Org.). Reflexões e práticas em pedagogia universitária. Campinas:
Papirus, 2007. PIMENTA, Selma Garrido; ANASTASIOU, Léa das Graças Camargos. Docência no Ensino
Superior. 5. ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2014. 17. PIMENTA, Selma Garrido; ALMEIDA, Maria Isabel. Pedagogia Universitária: caminhos para a
formação de professores. São Paulo: Cortez, 2011. 18. ROMANOWSKI, Joana Paulin. Formação continuada. In: ROMANOWSKI, Joana Paulin. Formação
e profissionalização docente. 3. ed. rev. e atual. Curitiba: Ibpex, 2007. p. 130-163. 19. ROMANOWSKI, Joana Paulin; MIRA, Marilia Marques. Condições de inserção profissional do
professor da educação superior. In: WIEBUSCH, Eloisa Maria; VITÓRIA, Maria Inês Côrte. (Org.). Estreantes no ofício de ensinar na educação superior. Porto Alegre: EdiPUCRS, 2018. p. 99-120. 20. VAILLANT, Denise; MARCELO, Carlos. Ensinando a ensinar: as quatro etapas de uma
aprendizagem. Curitiba: Ed. UTFPR, 2012. NASCIMENTO, P. X. S.; ROMANOWSKI, J. P. 219 21. VEIGA, Ilma Passos Alencastro. Docência universitária na educação superior. In: RISTOFF, Dilvo;
SEVEGNANI, Palmira. (Org.). Docência na Educação Superior. Brasília: Instituto Nacional de
Estudos e Pesquisas Anísio Teixeira, 2006. (Coleção Educação Superior em Debate; v.5). 21. VEIGA, Ilma Passos Alencastro. Docência universitária na educação superior. In: RISTOFF, Dilvo;
SEVEGNANI, Palmira. (Org.). Docência na Educação Superior. Brasília: Instituto Nacional de
Estudos e Pesquisas Anísio Teixeira, 2006. (Coleção Educação Superior em Debate; v.5). 22. VEIGA, Ilma Passos Alencastro; CASTANHO, Maria Eugênia. L. M. (Orgs.). Pedagogia
Universitária: a aula em foco. Campinas, São Paulo: Papirus, 2000. Como citar este documento NASCIMENTO, Priscila Ximenes Souza do; ROMANOWSKI, Joana Paulin. Contribuições da formação
continuada para professores universitários ingressantes. Reflexão e Ação, Santa Cruz do Sul, v. 28, n. 1,
jan. 2020. ISSN
1982-9949. Disponível
em:
<https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/reflex/article/view/13022>. Acesso
em:____________. doi:https://doi.org/10.17058/rea.v28i1.13022.
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Ce qui concerne les héritiers des enfants légitimes, ou descendants légitimes d'eux, est expliqué dans l'art. 754 C. C. ; ce qui concerne les enfants naturels, se trouve dans les art. 757 et 758 C. C. ; tous autres descendants sont repoussés par l'art. 756 C. C. 7649. Père et mère légalement connus. — Il faut remarquer que, à défaut de postérité, la succession de l'enfant naturel arrive à ses père et mère, non-seulement quand ils l'ont reconnu, mais encore lorsqu'ils sont légalement connus; car, nous avons vu, au n° 7578, que la reconnaissance forcée, c'est-à-dire la déclaration judiciaire de maternité ou de paternité, dans le cas où elle est permise, produit les mêmes effets qu'une reconnaissance volontaire (Chabot 765 n° 2, Vazeille sur l'art. 761 n° 1er, Marcadé eod. n° 2). Si l'un des deux est prédécédé, renonçant ou indigne, sa part revient tout entière à l'autre et ne passe pas aux collatéraux (Zachariae Aubry et Rau t. 4 p. 220, Ducaurroy t. 2 n° 534, Demolombe t. 14 n° 146). 7650. Retour légal. — C'est une question très controversée que celle de savoir si la réversion légalie qui a lieu, ainsi que nous le verrons au mot Retour, au profit des ascendants donateurs, a également lieu pour les père et mère de l'enfant naturel reconnu. L'affirmative repose sur les considérations suivantes : L'ascendant succède, dit l'art. 747 C. G., or, le père naturel est un ascendant, donc il succède au fils ; il est son héritier et cela suffit pour autoriser le retour légal. L'enfant légitime du père ou de la mère, qui a reconnu le bâtard, exercerait le retour légal (art. 766 C. C.). Il est impossible que le père ait des droits moindres. Enfin, il serait douloureux pour le père naturel de voir son bien passer à une étrangère, la mère naturelle, et on découragerait les donateurs (Duranton t. 6 n° 221, Chabot art. 747 n° 4, Poujol art. 841 n° 10, Marcadé art. 747 n° 128, Vazeille art. 747 n° 12, Benoît de la Dot t. 2 n° 89, Taulier t. 3 p. 153). Pour la négative, on objecte que l'article 747, par la place qu'il occupe, se restreint aux ascendants légitimes d'autant plus qu'il emploie les mots : d'ascendants, d'enfants et de descendants. Gambarelli avait demandé l'extension du retour légal aux successions irrégulières, mais sa proposition a été rejetée parce que le père et la mère naturels étaient appelés à la succession de tous les biens (Fenet t. 12 p. 32). D'un autre côté, le prétendu retour de l'art. 766 ne s'exerce que quand les père et mère du bâtard sont morts (Dijon 1er août 1818, S. éd. nouv. 5-2-109 ; — Rouen 4 août 1820, S. 21-2313; — Paris 27 nov. 1845, S. 46-2-196). On en conclut que le père naturel n'a pas le droit de retour à l'encontre de la mère ni réciproquement, parce que les successions irrégulières, renonçant sur des dispositions positives et arbitraires et non sur des principes naturels d'équité et de morale, on ne saurait y introduire cette prérogative accordée aux ascendants légitimes (Malpel n° 166, Demante t. 3 n° 85 bis, Ducaurroy t. 2 § 36, Aubry et Rau t. 4 p. 227, Massé et Vergé t. 2 p. 287, Demolombe t. 13 n° 496). 1. AIÉUL NATUREL OU LÉGITIME. — En tout cas, il n'y aurait pas lieu au retour légal pour l'aidant naturel qui aurait donné à l'enfant légitime de son fils naturel reconnu, ni pour l'aidant légitime qui aurait donné à l'enfant naturel reconnu de son fils légitime. La raison en est que la reconnaissance ne produit le lien légal de parenté qu'entre celui qui reconnaît et celui qui est reconnu : ici, le donateur n'est pas légalement un ascendant de l'enfant (Marcadé, sur l'art. 747, n°2, Chabot art. 747 n° 5, Toullier t. 3 p. 154, Poujol art. 841 n° 10, Demolombe t. 13 n° 497; — Cass. 5 mars 1849, S. 49-1-331). 2. HÉRITIERS DU DONATEUR. — Marcadé fait encore remarquer que c'est par l'ascendant donateur personnellement et non pas par ses héritiers ou légataires que peut être demandé le retour légal. Mais, bien entendu, si l'ascendant, après avoir survécu à son descendant, mourait lui-même sans avoir exercé son droit, ce droit étant tombé dans son patrimoine dès la mort du donataire et faisant partie de la succession du donateur, les héritiers ou autres représentants de celui-ci pourraient l'exercer. — V. Retour légal. 3. ENFANT NATUREL DU DÉFUNT. — Nous avons dit (v° Adoption) que l'existence d'un enfant adoptif du donataire faisait obstacle au droit de retour que l'art. 747 du CC accorde au donateur, en cas de prédécès du donataire sans postérité. Mais l'existence d'un enfant naturel reconnu par le donateur n'oppose pas le même obstacle : le mot postérité de l'art. 746 devant s'entendre exclusivement des enfants et descendants légitimes. L'enfant naturel est, en effet, aux yeux de la loi, un étranger pour l'ascendant du donataire ; il n'existe entre cet enfant et l'ascendant aucune parenté civile ; ils ne succèdent pas l'un à l'autre ; aucun rapport n'est établi entre eux et rien ne doit faire présumer que l'ascendant ait eu l'intention de se dépouiller en faveur d'un enfant naturel qu'aurait son fils. On peut ajouter que la disposition de l'art. 747 a été insérée au titre des Successions légitimes ; qu'elle n'a pas été répétée au titre des Successions irrégulières ; qu'ainsi elle ne doit s'appliquer qu'à la postérité légitime du donataire, et non pas à la postérité naturelle. Cette interprétation résulte de l'ensemble des dispositions du C. C. Aussi est-ce dans ce sens qu'a été rendu un arrêt de cassation du 9 août 1854, rapporté dans l'art. 204 R. P., et la Cour s'est, en cela, conformée à la doctrine qu'elle avait professée dans un précédent arrêt du 3 juillet 1832 (P. 32-1295. — Conf. : Legentil Dissert, jurid. p. 42 et 88, Pont Revue critique 1852 V. 12, Massé et Vergé t. 2 p. 326, Demolombe t. 13. n° 510). Cependant beaucoup d'auteurs ont résolu la question dans le sens contraire (Delvincourt, t. 2, p. 40; Chabot des Succès art. 747, n° 14, Toullier t. 4 n° 240, Duranton t. 6 n° 219, Favard Rép. v° Succès. sect. 3 § 2 n° 8, Malpel n° 134, Vazeille art. 747 n° 17, Richefort t. 3 n°383, Marcadé sur l'art. 747 n° 3, Poujol eod. n° 12, Belosl-Jolimont, obs. 2, De Conflans art. 747 n° 6, Taulier t. 3 p. 154 155, Demante t. 3 n° 55 bis, Zachariae, Aubry et Rau t. 4 p. 224, Rodière 56 p. 224). Leurs motifs sont, en résumé, que la loi confère à l'enfant naturel légalement reconnu des droits sur les biens de ses père ou mère décédés ; que cet enfant peut, aux termes des art. 756 et 757 C. C, exercer ses droits sur tous les biens qui composent la succession de l'auteur de la reconnaissance quelles que soient leur origine et leur nature ; et qu'en conséquence il peut les exercer sur les biens qui avaient été donnés par l'ascendant, et qui font partie de la succession du donataire. Ils ajoutent que la reconnaissance faite par un père ou une mère est au moins un legs sur sa succession; et qu'ainsi l'enfant naturel, en ne le considérant que comme un légataire, empêche jusqu'à concurrence de ses droits, la réversion au profit de l'ascendant donateur, parce que l'ascendant, qui ne vient que comme héritier, est tenu, en cette qualité, d'acquitter les legs et de supporter toutes les charges de la succession. Ils font remarquer enfin que l'ascendant a su ou dû savoir qu'il serait privé de la réversion, jusqu'à concurrence des droits qui appartiendraient à l'enfant naturel que le donataire aurait légalement reconnu ; que, si telle n'était pas son intention, il avait le droit de se réserver expressément la réversion, pour le cas où le donataire ne laisserait pas de descendants légitimes ; et que, s'il n'a pas fait cette réserve, il s'est exposé volontairement à souffrir le retranchement des droits qui seraient conférés à un enfant naturel du donataire. Mais, dans le cas où l'enfant donataire a laissé à la fois un enfant légitime et un enfant naturel, celui-ci peut exercer sur la succession totale, y compris les biens donnés, les droits que l'art. 757 lui confère. Car alors, la succession particulière de l'ascendant ne s'ouvre pas en présence d'une postérité légitime et tous les biens sans distinction forment une seule masse. C'est l'application de la maxime : Non est novum in jure ut quod quis ex persona sua non habet ex persona alterius habeat (Pothier Succ. ch, 2 sect. 2 art. 3 § 1er, Demolombe t. 13 n° 512). ENFANT (TITRE III, CH. III, SECT. 3). 87 7651. Réserve légale des père et mère. — Les père et mère de l'enfant naturel ont-ils droit à une réserve sur ses biens? C'est une question des plus délicates et des plus controversées. Si l'enfant naturel, dit-on d'une part, doit avoir une réserve sur les biens de ses père et mère, la réciprocité n'exiget-elle pas que les père et mère aient également une réserve sur les biens de leur enfant naturel ? N'est-il pas certain que la succession de l'enfant naturel n'a été déférée par l'art.765, aux père et mère qui l'ont reconnu, que par réciprocité de ce que l'art. 756 avait accordé à l'enfant naturel reconnu des droits sur les successions de ses père et mère ? La réciprocité ne devrait-elle donc pas être la même sur tous les points ? L'enfant naturel mérite-t-il plus de faveur que ses père et mère sous le rapport de la réserve? En succession régulière, la réserve n'est-elle pas accordée aux père et mère du défunt, comme elle est accordée à ses enfants? Pourquoi donc en serait-il autrement en succession irrégulière ? (Merlin Rép. v° Réserve, Grenier n° 676, Vazeille sur l'art. 765 n° 5, Loiseau p. 693, Poujol p. 328, Merville Rev. de droit français 1848 t. 5 p. 41, Taulier t. 4 p. 190, Mourlon Rép. écrites t. 2 p. 252, Zachariae, Massé et Vergé t. 3 p. 174, De Conflans art. 765, Roll. de Vill. v° Part disp. n° 52, Troplong t. 2 n° 817). En vain, dit-on dans l'opinion qui refuse aux parents naturels le droit de réserve, on veut appuyer le principe contraire sur le principe de réciprocité, puisque ce prétendu principe, qui n'est écrit nulle part, est précisément le point en litige, la question étant de savoir s'il doit y avoir ici réciprocité. La pensée de punir la filiation illégitime, chez ceux qui en sont les auteurs, plus sévèrement que chez les enfants, était si bien celle du législateur, qu'après avoir admis, comme allant de soi, le droit de succession des enfants naturels envers les parents, il a beaucoup hésité pour admettre le droit de succession des parents envers leurs enfants. L'article 765 C. C., qui organise ce droit, n'a été adopté qu'après une vive contradiction au sein du conseil. Le consul Cambacérès, Regnaud, Bigot-Préameneu, dirent qu'il était bien suffisant d'accorder aux parents le droit de reprendre les biens donnés par eux; qu'un enfant naturel ne devait pas avoir d'autres successeurs que ses descendants; que, dans tous les cas, ce serait sa femme qu'il faudrait préférer. Or, si le simple droit de succession n'a été accordé aux parents qu'après vive opposition, comment dire qu'on a entendu leur attribuer, sans difficulté, comme une chose toute naturelle et qu'on n'avait pas même besoin d'exprimer, le droit de successeur réservataire et avec la même étendue qu'aux ascendants légitimes eux-mêmes ? (v. dans ce sens Chabot sur l'article 765 n° 5, Malpel n° 167, Dalloz Succession chap. 4, Marcadé, sur l'article 915, Delvincourt t. 2 n° 9 v° 23, Aubry et Buch t. 5 p. 548, Demante t. 4 n° 51 et 15 bis, Demolombe t. 19 n° 184). La jurisprudence a été elle-même longtemps divisée sur cette difficulté. Ainsi, le droit à la réserve a été consacré au profit des père et mère naturels par les arrêts suivants : Bordeaux 24 avril 1834 et 20 mars 1837, D. 36-2-21, 38-2-21 ; — Paris 14 mars 1845;— C. cass. 3 mars 1846, S. 46-1-213 ; — Pau 27 février 1856 et 29 novembre 1860, S. 61-2-196, 1482 R. P. — Mais il leur avait été refusé par d'autres cours (Nîmes 11 juill. 1827, S. 28-2-55; — Douai 5 déc. 1840, S. 41-2-125; — Paris 18 déc. 1859, S. 59-2-663 ; — Bordeaux 4 fév. 1863, S. 63-2-159). C'est cette dernière opinion qui a triomphé définitivement devant la C. cass. (Cass. 26 déc. 1860, S. 61-1-321, 1473 R. P., 17004 J. N.; 29 janv. 1862, S. 62-1-534 et [Aud. solen. des chambres réunies] 12 déc. 1865, 2185 R. P., D. 65-1-457, S. 66-1-73, 2347-4 I. G.; — Bourges 18 déc. 1871, S. 72-2-198). 7652. Prédécès de père et mère. — Lorsque l'enfant naturel ne laisse ni descendants, ni père ou mère qui l'ont reconnu, l'art. 766 C. C. divise sa succession en deux parts : celle des biens ordinaires et celle des biens venus de ses auteurs ; l'une passe aux frères naturels du défunt, l'autre à ses frères légitimes. 7653. Frères ou sœurs légitimes de l'enfant naturel. — Par ces mots : frères ou sœurs légitimes, qui ne sont pas employés d'une manière très-exacte, puisque, ainsi qu'on l'a vu, l'enfant naturel n'a ni frères ni sœurs légitimes, la loi entend les enfants légitimes, soit du père soit de la mère qui a reconnu l'enfant naturel de la succession duquel il s'agit. Ainsi, d'après l'art. 766 C.C., tous les biens provenant au défunt de l'ascendant prédécédé retournent, à son défaut, à ses enfants légitimes, et ils y retournent non-seulement s'ils s'y retrouvent en nature dans la succession, mais encore les enfants légitimes ont droit aux actions en reprise de ces biens, s'il en existe, ou à leur prix s'ils ont été aliénés et que le prix en soit encore dû. Il s'agit d'ailleurs de tous les biens qui auraient pu être donnés à l'enfant naturel, de quelque manière que ce fût, même par des libéralités déguisées (Grenoble 12 janv. 1840, S. 40-2-216, Demolombe t. 14 n° 157, Duvergier t. 2 n° 269). 1. DROITS DE MUTATION PAR DÉCÈS. — Il est essentiel de noter ici que ce retour est un droit successif (Chabot sur l'art. 766 n° 3, Demolombe t. 14 n° 152), comme l'est le retour légal dont nous avons parlé au n° 7650, en sorte que les enfants légitimes qui l'exercent doivent payer les droits de mutation par décès. En outre, comme ils succèdent exclusivement aux choses qui proviennent de l'auteur commun, on peut se demander s'ils ne viennent pas comme héritiers en ligne directe de celui-ci plutôt que comme successeurs en ligne collatérale de leur frère naturel. Mais cette opinion ne peut être admise. « Les biens dont il s'agit, enseigne M. Demante, ils les recueillent seulement s'ils se retrouvent en nature (art. 766 C. C), et conséquemment aussi sous l'affectation des charges et hypothèques procédant de leur frère. Bien plus, quoique successeurs in re certa, ils viennent cependant comme les héritiers et autres successeurs universels, à charge de contribuer aux dettes. Il faut donc appliquer le tarif de la ligne collatérale, relatif aux frères et sœurs, neveux et nièces (6 fr. 50 cent, pour 100). — V. Adoption. 2. DÉCÈS D'UN SEUL DES PÈRES ET MÈRE. — Pour que le droit de retour en faveur des frères et sœurs légitimes de l'enfant naturel puisse être exercé, il n'est pas nécessaire que le père et la mère de l'enfant naturel soient décédés tous les deux avant lui ; il suffit du prédécès du donateur (Chabot sur l'art. 766 n° 4, Malpel n° 164, Duranton t. 6 n° 338, Vazeille n° 2, Marcadé sur l'art. 766 n° 2, Loiseau, Dalloz 1846-2-182, Richefort t. 3 p. 22, Pont Receveur de législ. 1846-2-94, Dalloz, v° Succ. 366, Massé et Vergé t. 2 p. 282). L'opinion contraire se fonde sur ce que, d'après le texte, ce n'est qu'en cas de prédécès des père et mère que l'art. 766 attribue la succession aux frères et sœurs, d'où l'on conclut que, si l'un d'eux survit, l'article ne s'applique pas. Elle invoque en outre les travaux préparatoires de la loi (Locré t. 10 p. 93;— Dijon 1er août 1818, S. 5-2-409;— Riom 4 août 1820, S. 21-2-313;— Paris 27 nov. 1845, S. 46-2-196; — Zachariae, Aubry et Rau t. 4 p. 227, Demante t. 3 n° 85, Demolombe t. 14 n° 153). 3. DESCENDANTS DES FRÈRES ET SOEURS. — Le droit de retour en faveur des frères et sœurs légitimes doit-il être étendu à leurs descendants? Les auteurs se prononcent pour l'affirmative (Chabot sur l'art. 766 n° 5, Toullier t. 4 n° 269, Delvincourt t. 2 p. 67, Duranton t. 6 n° 357, Vazeille sur l'art. 766 n° 3, Poujol eod. n° 3, Marcadé eod. n° 2, Taulier t. 3 n° 201, Zachariae, Aubry et Rau t. 4 p. 226, Demolombe t. 14 n° 156; — Contra Grenier t. 2 n° 677, Malpel n° 164, Richefort t. 3 n° 456, Ducaurroy t. 2 n° 537, Demante t. 3 n° 537, Massé et Vergé t. 2 p. 281 ; — Cass. 1er juin 1853, 15008 J. N., 15684 J. E., P. 46-1-455). 4. ENFANTS LÉGITIMES D'UN SEUL DES AUTEURS. — Si l'enfant naturel n'avait reçu que de son père, le droit de reprendre n'appartiendrait qu'aux enfants légitimes du père, et, de même, si l'enfant naturel n'avait reçu que de sa mère, les enfants légitimes de la mère auraient seuls droit de reprendre ce qu'elle aurait donné (Chabot sur l'art. 766 n° 7). 5. FRÈRE LÉGATAIRE EN CONCOURS AVEC DES ENFANTS NATURELS. — La légataire universelle, soeur du défunt en concours avec deux enfants naturels du testateur, a droit au deux tiers et non pas seulement à la moitié de la succession; dès lors, le droit proportionnel, dû pour la cession de ces droits successifs faite aux enfants naturels, doit être liquidé sur le prix exprimé et sur les deux tiers des dettes de la succession, malgré l'interprétation contraire des parties (Cherbourg 7 mars 1871). 7654. frères et soeurs naturels de l'enfant naturel. — Tous les biens que les frères ou soeurs légitimes, ou leurs descendants, ne reprennent pas, comme venant de l'auteur commun, passent aux frères et soeurs naturels ou à leurs descendants (766 C. C). Cela doit s'entendre des frères et soeurs nés hors mariage et non légitimés, et non des frères et soeurs légitimes de l'enfant naturel, quoiqu'ils soient également ses frères et soeurs naturels aussi bien que les autres enfants nés hors mariage. Cette règle peut paraître anormale au premier abord; car, du moment que la loi voulait bien admettre la simple parenté naturelle comme donnant le droit de succession entre frères et soeurs, il semble qu'elle aurait dû l'accorder aux frères et soeurs enfants légitimes, qui sont également des frères et soeurs naturels. Mais, en y réfléchissant, on trouve la règle parfaitement juste. En effet, si l'article 766 veut que les frères et sœurs légitimes de l'enfant naturel prennent dans sa succession tous les biens qu'il avait reçus de leurs père et mère communs, c'est afin que ces biens retournent à la famille légitime qui en avait été privée par suite d'un acte que la morale réprouve. Mais le législateur, qui a flétri la naissance de l'enfant naturel, n'a pu vouloir que la famille légitime tirât un bénéfice quelconque de cette naissance, et c'est ce qui arriverait si on lui attribuait les biens de l'enfant naturel venus d'une autre source ; et d'ailleurs les frères et sœurs légitimes, en reprenant les biens que leur frère naturel avait reçus des père et mère communs, n'obtiennent-ils pas tout ce que la justice exigeait en leur faveur? Comment seraient-ils fondés à se plaindre d'être exclus du surplus de la succession, puisque leur frère naturel n'est pas de leur famille et ne pourrait en aucun cas être appelé à leur succéder à eux-mêmes? Le droit s'ouvre seulement, bien entendu, au profit des descendants légitimes des frères et sœurs naturels ; car autrement on arriverait à ce résultat impossible que l'enfant naturel du bâtard, qui ne peut pas succéder au père de son père (son aïeul naturel), succéderait néanmoins au frère de son père (son oncle naturel) (Duvergier t. 2 n° 269, Demante t. 3 n° 86, Marcadé art. 766 n° 3, Zachariae, Aubry et Rau t. 4 p. 220, Massé et Vergé t. 2 p. 281, Demolombe t. 14 n° 162). Faut-il diviser la succession en deux parts égales dont l'une irait aux consanguins et l'autre aux utérins avec droit aux germains de prendre part dans les deux? On l'a soutenu en se fondant sur ce que cette division est logique, et on invoque pour cela les travaux préparatoires de la loi (Delvincourt t. 2 p. 23 note 9, Toullier t. 2 n° 269, Chabot art. 766 n° 7, Taulier t. 3 p. 202, Marcadé art. 766 n° 4, Vazeille art. 765 n° 5, Loiseau p. 637, Zachariae, Aubry et Rau t. 4 p. 221, Massé et Vergé t. 2 p. 381, Dalloz v° Suce. 359-360). Mais on a répondu, et avec raison selon nous, que le texte ne distingue pas entre tous les frères, que ce système de la fente ayant eu pour but de prévenir les inconvénients de la suppression de la règle paterna paternis materna maternis, demeure nécessairement sans application dans les successions régulières (Ducaurroy t. 2 n° 540, Demante t. 3 n° 86 bis, Demolombe t. 14 n° 164). Le droit de successibilité n'appartient aux frères naturels qu'autant que le lien de parenté entre les deux frères est établi par des reconnaissances volontaires ou par des déclarations judiciaires de paternité ou de maternité légalement prononcées. Il ne peut être suppléé à ces reconnaissances par une possession d'état même conforme à l'acte de naissance (Cass. 3 avr. 1872, S. 72-1-126). 7655. État. — La conséquence de ce que nous venons de dire est que, si l'enfant naturel décède sans postérité, sans conjoint survivant, ne laissant que des frères et sœurs légitimes, l'État succède, à l'exclusion de ces frères et sœurs légitimes, à tout ce qui serait revenu à ses frères et sœurs naturels ou à leurs descendants, s'ils eussent existé. Cela est non-seulement logique d'après ce que nous avons dit dans le Décretant numéro, c'est encore naturel. L'État représente la société, c'est-à-dire la grande famille qui recueille l'enfant naturel, il est juste qu'il exclue la famille légitime de la succession de cet enfant que la loi repousse du sein de cette famille (Grenoble 13 janv. 1840, D. 40-2-216; — Colmar 18 janv. 1850, S. 51-2-161 ;— Saint-Pol 23 juin 1853, Locré t. 10 p. 96, Demolombe t. 5 n° 544 et t. 14 n° 165, Toullier t. 2 n° 269, Taulier t. 3 n° 201, Poujol art. 766 n° 6, Vazeille n° 7, Marcadé art. 766 n° 3, Zachariae, Aubry et Rau t. 4 p. 221, Massé et Vergé t. 2 p. 232, Dalloz Succ. 364). 7656. Enfants légitimes de l'enfant naturel décédé. — Il existe une parenté légalement reconnue entre le père et la mère naturels et les enfants légitimes de leur enfant, et la preuve en est que ces enfants sont appelés à succéder au père ou à la mère naturels de leur auteur, c'est-à-dire à leur aïeul naturel. La réciprocité conduirait donc à accorder au droit de successibilité à leurs petits-enfants, d'autant plus qu'il y a aussi entre eux dette alimentaire et que bien souvent la succession de l'enfant se compose de libéralités provenant de l'aïeul (S. 47-2-569). Mais le droit de successibilité a été écarté par d'autres raisons. La succession légitime ne peut être déférée que par la loi et ici elle ne l'est pas. En effet, les ascendants dont il s'agit ici ne sont pas des ascendants légitimes du défunt, puisqu'il y a entre eux une filiation naturelle (Demont de Chennevix t. 3 n° 85 bis, Massé et Vergé t. 2 p. 281, Demolombe t. 5 n° 552 t. 13 n° 497 et t. 14 n° 149; — Nevers 7 janv. 1838, S. 39-2-289; — Caen 9 juin 1847, S. 47-2-570, 14426-7 J. E., 13683 J.N.; — Gaz. 5 mars 1849, S. 49-1-331, 14721 J. E.). 7657. Quotité du droit d'enregistrement. — L'influence de cette situation sur l'exigibilité de l'impôt est évidente. Quand il s'agit d'une transmission opérée de l'ascendant au fils légitime de l'enfant naturel, comme ce fils est un successible en ligne directe, il n'y a aucune raison pour ne pas lui appliquer le tarif de la ligne directe. Il a donc pu être décidé que la donation par une femme à la fille légitime de sa fille naturelle reconnue ne donnait ouverture qu'au droit fixé pour la ligne directe (Dél. 17 juin 1834, D. N. t. 5 p. 80 n° 488, Sol. 27 sept. 1843, 13346, 17449 J. E.); et qu'il en est de même du legs fait dans des conditions semblables (Sol. 16 juill. 1847, 1796 n° 15 I G.). On trouverait difficilement une raison pour décider autrement quand la mutation a lieu de l'enfant légitime du bâtard au profit du père ou de la mère de ce dernier. A la vérité l'ascendant ne succède pas, mais on ne peut nier la parenté directe qui existe entre eux, et le tarif que l'on applique d'après la parenté quand l'ascendant donne au petit-fils, ne saurait être différent quand le petit-fils donne à l'ascendant. Nous reviendrons tout à l'heure du reste sur le droit de succession. Quant à la transmission qui s'opérerait soit entre-vifs, soit par décès entre le père légitime et le bâtard de son fils ou réciproquement, il semble que l'on devrait la soumettre au tarif des étrangers, parce que la loi ne reconnaît pas cette parenté naturelle. L'art. 756 C. C. est positif sur ce point. Une solution conforme a été rendue en matière de succession le 30 septembre 1873 pour un legs fait par le père à l'enfant naturel de son fils légitime. T. III. CHAPITRE IV. — QUOTITÉ DES DROITS D'ENREGISTREMENT. QUESTIONS DIVERSES 7658. Droit en ligne directe. — On a vu que, d'après l'art. 756 C. C, les enfants naturels ne sont point héritiers ; cependant, ils ne peuvent être considérés ni comme des collatéraux, ni comme des étrangers, puisque, en définitive, ils sont réservataires, ainsi que nous l'avons dit n° 7603 : aussi le ministre des finances a-t-il décidé, le 7 messidor an 12 (239 I. G.), qu'ils ne doivent payer que le droit d'enregistrement en ligne directe, et cette décision a été depuis confirmée dans l'I. G. 1796 §§ 15 et 16. 7659. Application de l'art. 53 L. 28 avril 1816. — Cet article porte : « Lorsque les enfants naturels seront appelés à la succession, à défaut de parents au degré successible, ils seront considérés, quant à la quotité des droits, comme personnes non parentes. » « Cette disposition, dit Demolombe, semble avoir méconnu la véritable nature du droit de l'enfant naturel dans la succession de ses père et mère. Car le droit des enfants naturels a toujours le même caractère, soit qu'ils concourent avec des héritiers, soit qu'à défaut de parents au degré successible ils recueillent la totalité des biens : le droit varie dans son étendue, mais non pas dans sa nature. Aussi, la loi de 1816 a-t-elle donné lieu à des solutions bizarres » (t. 14 n° 46). — V. 7581. Ce que l'on peut dire de mieux pour expliquer la loi, c'est qu'elle a voulu que les successeurs dont il s'agit subissent un tarif supérieur à celui des collatéraux qui les auraient exclus (l'un en partie, l'autre en totalité) des biens du défunt (Demante n° 653). A cet égard, deux questions se sont présentées : 1° L'enfant naturel appelé par l'art. 758 C. C à recueillir la totalité des biens, lorsque ses père et mère ne laissent pas de parents au degré successible, doit-il payer les droits de mutation par décès au taux fixé entre personnes non parentes sur la totalité des biens ou seulement sur la portion excédant la quote-part que l'enfant aurait recueillie s'il eût été en concours avec des parents au degré successible? 2° Ce droit est-il dû lorsque l'enfant naturel est institué légataire universel de son père ou de sa mère? 7660. Enfant naturel recueillant la succession à défaut de successibles. — La première question a été décidée affirmativement dans une espèce où l'enfant naturel ne s'était prévalu que de l'art. 758 C. C. pour recueillir toute la succession de son père et n'avait nullement fait mention d'un testament par lequel celui-ci l'avait institué son légataire universel (Cass. ch. civ. 12 avr. 1847). « Attendu, porte cet arrêt, qu'il est constaté par le jugement qu'il n'y avait aucun testament, que les biens étaient échus à l'enfant naturel par l'art. 758 du Code Civil, et que celui-ci avait consenti à payer les droits de mutation. » ENFANT (TITRE m, CH. IV). ment attaqué que c'est en vertu du droit ouvert par l'article 758 C. C. que le demandeur a recueilli les biens compris dans l'heritage paternel, et non en vertu du testament de son père, dont il n'a pas même fait mention dans sa déclaration en ce qui le concerne; attendu qu'aux termes de l'article 758 C. C., l'enfant naturel appelé à recueillir la totalité des biens ne l'est qu'à un seul titre, et par l'unique raison que son père ou sa mère n'a laissé aucun parent au degré successible, et que l'article 53 Loi 28 avril 1816 n'établit qu'une seule espèce de droits dans ce cas (13006 J. N., 14246 J. E., 1796 § 16 I. G. S. 47-1-369; — Conf. : Lyon 19 fév. 1845, 12315 J. N., 13728-5 J. E.). La même doctrine avait été adoptée dans des espèces où l'enfant naturel n'avait recueilli, en vertu de l'article 758 C. C., qu'une portion de la succession (la moitié, les trois quarts), le surplus ayant été légué à un tiers (Seine 22 mars 1848, 13354 J. N., 14480-5 J. E.; — Montpellier 12 août 1850, 15040 J. E.). On a néanmoins continué à soutenir que l'enfant naturel, appelé à toute la succession en vertu de l'article 758, ne doit supporter le droit entre personnes non parentes que sur un quart de la succession, le surplus leur étant attribué par l'article 755 C. C., dans le cas même d'existence de parents au degré successible, autres que les descendants, ascendants frères ou sœurs (8334, 12565, 13006 J. N.). Il faudrait également décider que le droit est dû en ligne directe quand il existe des parents au degré successible, bien que l'enfant naturel vienne en concours avec des étrangers par suite d'un testament qui évince les parents (Sol. 24 mars 1854). D'une part, en effet, le testament ne détruit pas la vocation héréditaire des parents, et, de l'autre, ce n'est pas en vertu de cet acte que se présente l'enfant naturel. Enfant naturel institué légataire universel. — Quant à la deuxième question, l'Administration, par une Sol. 16 juillet 1847 (13324 J. N., 1796 § 15 I. G.), dans une espèce où une mère avait légué l'usufruit de ses biens à sa fille naturelle et la nue-propriété à l'enfant de celle-ci, a reconnu que le droit établi pour les successions en ligne directe est exigible sur la totalité des droits recueillis par les deux légataires universels, attendu que le dernier alinéa de l'art. 53 L. 28 avril 1816 n'est applicable qu'aux enfants naturels qui recueillent la succession par la force de la loi, à défaut d'héritiers au degré successible, et non à ceux qui y sont appelés par la volonté du testateur. La Cour de cassation a confirmé cette interprétation par un arrêt du 5 avril 1852, ainsi conçu : « Attendu que la disposition de la loi du 28 avril est une exception à la loi générale du 22 frimaire an 7 sur l'enregistrement; qu'à ce titre elle doit être restreinte au cas qu'elle a spécialement prévu, et dans les termes dans lesquels elle l'a textuellement fixé et limité; que ces termes, lorsque l'époux survivant ou les enfants naturels sont appelés à la succession, qui assimilent et placent sur la même ligne les enfants naturels, et l'époux survivant, lequel, d'après un paragraphe précédent du même article, est soumis à un droit moins élevé lorsque la mutation en sa faveur a lieu par donation ou testament, ont trait exclusivement au droit de succession créé et établi par la loi, sans l'intervention de la volonté de l'homme; qu'ils ne comprennent pas, et que, bien loin de là, ils excluent la transmission de la succession résultant résultant la volonté du père ou de la mère, et du testament par lequel ils ont fait à leur enfant naturel lé testamentaire de tous leurs biens : mode de disposition dont l'article 902 et l'article 908 C. C., en le restreignant, quant au fond, à ce qui est accordé aux enfants naturels au titre des successions, reconnaissent que les père et mère de ceux-ci peuvent user en leur faveur » (14629 J. N., 15438 J. È., 1946 § 2 1, G., S. 521-262; — Conf. : Melun 27 août 1852, 14759 J.N.). A fortiori le droit doit-il être perçu comme en ligne directe, si la mère de l'enfant naturel qui laisse des cousins germains lui lègue toute la quotité disponible; car, outre que l'enfant recueille la succession en vertu d'une disposition testamentaire, il ne la recueille pas à défaut d'héritiers au degré successible (15217 J. E.). On a fait valoir, à l'appui de l'opinion contraire, que le testament est sans valeur en présence de l'art. 908 C. C. et ne peut attribuer à l'enfant naturel d'autres droits que ceux que lui accorde l'art. 757 si l'art. 758 ne lui attribuait le bénéfice du défaut de parents au degré successible. On invoque également le principe d'une répartition égale de l'impôt (15438 J. E. ; — Seine et Versailles 10 et 17 janv. 1850, 15040 J. E., 14009 J. N. ; — Meaux et Seine 7 mars et 17 mai 1838, 0971, 12001 J. N., 12068 J. E.). Mais cette interprétation est abandonnée. 1. LIGNE COLLATÉRALE. — On a pensé que les mêmes principes s'appliquent à l'enfant naturel institué légataire universel par des frères et sœurs légitimes de son père ou de sa mère. Cet enfant, bien qu'il ne fût pas appelé par la loi à recueillir la succession de l'oncle ou de la tante qui l'a institué pour son légataire universel, n'en était pas moins, parent en ligne collatérale. Il doit donc payer les droits de mutation par décès comme neveu et non comme étranger (J: du not. 21 mars 1874 n° 2715. — Contra Belfort, 20 janv. 1875, 4444 R. P., Champ, t. 4 n° 3318.). 7662. Enfant naturel excluant les parents naturels. — L'art. 758 C. C, d'après lequel l'enfant naturel a droit à la totalité des biens lorsque ses père et mère ne laissent pas de parents au degré successible, a entendu, par ces dernières expressions, parler de parents légitimes, parce qu'il n'y a que ces derniers, d'après la loi, qui soient aptes à succéder. Ainsi, toutes les fois que l'enfant naturel est décédé laissant un enfant naturel, celui-ci doit exclure tous les parents naturels de son auteur, et les droits de mutation par décès doivent être payés au taux fixé entre étrangers, aux termes de l'art. 53 L. 28 avril 1816. — C'est ce qui a été reconnu dans deux espèces où un enfant naturel avait recueilli la succession de sa mère, enfant naturelle elle-même, décédée laissant sa mère et des frères et sœurs naturels (Seine 12 juin 1850, 14172 J. N., 14974 J. E. ; Guérét 17 oct. 85l, 14518 J. N., 15314 J. E.). — v. 7647. 7663. Succession de l'enfant naturel. — La disposition de l'art. 53 L. 28 avril 1816 d'après laquelle, « lorsque l'époux survivant ou les enfants naturels sont appelés à la succession, à défaut de parents au degré successible ils sont considérés, quant à la quotité des droits, comme personnes non parentes, » ne s'applique pas à la succession de l'enfant naturel lui-même dont la dévolution est régie par l'art. 766 en faveur de ses frères et sœurs, soit légitimes, soit naturels ou de leurs descendants. Ceux-ci recueillent la succession, non à défaut de parents au degré successible, mais, au contraire, comme parents de l'enfant naturel, puisque la loi les qualifie expressément de frères et sœurs, et que le mariage est interdit par l'art. 162 C. C., entre les frères et sœurs naturels, de même qu'entre les frères et sœurs légitimes. — La succession dont il s'agit reste donc, quant à la quotité du droit de mutation, dans la règle commune de la loi fiscale qui ne distingue point, pour les successions échues aux frères et sœurs, entre la parenté naturelle et la parenté légitime; Le droit est dû au taux de 6 fr. 80 cent pour 100, conformément à l'art. 33 L. 21 avril 1832 et à l'art. 10 de celle du 18 mai 1850. ... 1. LÉGISLATION UNIVERSELLE, — Il en est de même dans l'hypothèse inverse quand le frère naturel recueille la succession de son frère légitime, à titre de légataire universel. Si le frère naturel institué légataire universel de son frère légitime n'est pas son successible d'après la loi, il est du moins son parent (art. 162 et 766 C. C.) ; or, la loi fiscale ne soumet au droit de 9 pour 100 que les transmissions par décès entre personnes, non parentes (L. 22 frim. an 7 art. 69). C'est le même principe qui s'applique à l'enfant naturel relativement à la succession de son père. Cet enfant n'est pas non plus un successible pour la totalité des biens de son père, et cependant, d'après les arrêts de la C. cass., s'il est institué légataire universel, il ne doit acquitter que le droit de mutation en ligne directe sur la totalité des biens. Le frère naturel institué légataire universel de son frère légitime est son parent légalement reconnu ; il ne doit donc le droit qu'au taux de 6 et demi pour 100, établi pour les mutations par décès entre frères et sœurs. 2. PÈRE ET MÈRE. — Lorsque la succession est échue en vertu de l'art. 765 C. C. à l'ascendant qui a reconnu l'enfant, le droit de 1 pour 100 est dû (Sol. 19 juin 1874). 7 664-Partage anticipé. - Bien que l'enfant naturel reconnu ne soit pas héritier, cependant, comme il a droit à une réserve, sa participation à un acte de donation avec partage fait conformément aux art. 1075 et 1076 C. C. suffit, si l'acte est passé entre un enfant unique et un enfant naturel, pour donner à cet acte le caractère de partage anticipé, et, si l'enfant naturel reçoit plus que sa réserve avec paiement d'une soulte, le droit de 4 pour 100 est exigible sur cette soulte. De même, lorsque, dans un partage fait par des ascendants entre tous leurs enfants, une part est assignée à un enfant naturel, l'acte reste passible, sur le tout, des droits réduits par l'art. 3 L. 13 juin 1822 (11187-7 J. E.). 7665. Emant reconnu pendant le mariage — Si des héritiers légitimes, dans le partage des biens de leur auteur, font une part égale à une soeur naturelle, reconnue seulement après le mariage et, née antérieurement au mariage de leurs père et mère, le droit de donation entre étrangers est exigible, alors même qu'il n'y aurait pas acceptation formelle (Montmédy 25 mars 1832, 15543 J. E.). 7666. Donation, — Partage. Si dans un partage fait sans soulte, entre l'enfant légitime et l'enfant naturel, celui-ci reçoit plus que sa réserve, le droit de donation est exigible sur tout ce qui excède cette réserve (14569-2 J. E.). 7667. Réduction des droits de l'enfant naturel. — En se fondant sur la jurisprudence de la C. cass. que nous avons fait connaître au n° 7636, le tribunal de Douai a jugé, le 19 décembre 1835, que l'acte par lequel le père ou la mère de l'enfant naturel lui fait donation d'immeubles pour opérer la réduction autorisée par l'art. 761 C. C. est passible du droit de 4 pour 100, alors même que la donation ne serait point acceptée. 7670. Transaction. — Consentement des héritiers. — Décidé, dans le même ordre d'idées, que l'enfant naturel qui recueille dans la succession de son père, du consentement des héritiers ou légataires, des valeurs supérieures à celles auxquelles il a droit, doit, pour cet excédent, le droit au taux fixé pour les mutations entre personnes non parentes (Meaux 7 mars 1838 ; — Seine 17 mai 1838, 12001, 12008 J. E.). Un tel acte serait, à notre avis, passible du droit de donation, — V. 7666. 7671. Délai. — Envoi en possessions. — Pour l'enfant naturel qui recueille la succession à défaut de parents, le délai pour le paiement du droit de succession ne court que du jour du jugement d'envoi en possession (Dél. 13 oct. 1829). 1. PRISE DE POSSESSION. — Mais, s'il faisait acte de prise de possession, il est incontestable qu'il devrait payer les droits de mutation dans les six mois de cette prise de possession. Il y a même raison de décider pour lui que pour les héritiers de l'absent. — V. Absence. 7672. Justification d'acte d'enfant naturel. — Toutes les fois qu'une partie est déclarée enfant naturel du donateur dans un acte de donation, il ne peut appartenir à l'Administration de contester cette qualité pour percevoir un droit autre que celui en ligne directe (11054 J. E.).
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EVERYBODY 10 PAGES READS IT. EVERYBODY 10 PAGES NEEDS IT. TUESDAY EVENING. TOPEKA, KANSAS, SEPTEMBER 6, 1910. TUESDAY EVENING. TWO CENTS. LASTER EDITION. ROOSEVELT DAY. Twin Cities of Minnesota Ex- tend an Uvauon. in,. rniAn&i's Annexation Is M.UV vuvm " - i' X' AT THE AUDITORIUM. He Addresses the National Conservation Congress. Is Given a Reception by Club That Bears His Name. St. Paul, Sept. 6. This is Roosevelt day in the Twin Cities. Col. Roosevelt arrived in Minneapolis from Fargo at 7 o'clock this morning and after taking breakfast, was escorted to St. Paul, where he was scheduled to make two addresses, one before the national Governor Hadley of Missouri, Who Ad dressed the Conservation Congress on "The France as a Public Right." conservation congress in the morning and one at the state fairgrounds in the afternoon. Col. Roosevelt and party was met at the Minneapolis union station by a committee of Minneapolis and St. Paul citizens. Escorted by mounted police he was taken in an automobile to the Kadisson hotel, where he was a guest of the committee at an informal breakfast. At 9 o'clock the former president and the members of the committee left for St. Paul in automobiles. Governor Kberhart, Frank E. Kellogg and H. A. Tuttle occupied the car with Col. Roosevelt. Arriving at the east end of the Marshall avenue bridge, the Minneapolis police escort gave way to a similar escort from St. Paul. In addition to the St. Paul battery of national guard, which gave the presidential salute of 21 guns when the colonel reached the city limits. Francis J. Heney of California, who addressed the Conservation congress on the subject, "Safeguarding the Property of the People." Col. Roosevelt was greeted by crowds of cheering men, women, and children along the entire route from the Minneapolis hotel, to the state capital at St. Paul. Flags and national colors were displayed on stores and residences throughout the two cities and numerous large pictures of the distinguished guest were displayed in windows and on front sides of buildings. Arriving at the state capitol, Col. Roosevelt was met by the original Roosevelt club and the Spanish war veterans in uniform who escorted him to the St. Paul hotel, where Mr. Roosevelt had a short reception from the members of the club which bears his name. After a brief rest, Col. Roosevelt with his escort proceeded to the St. Paul auditorium to deliver his address before the conservation congress. The Day's Program. While the address of Theodore Roosevelt was the feature of the national conservation congress program today, delegates were greatly interested in the appointment of committees. These committees, it was expected, would be appointed at noon. Speculation dealt with their probable makeup and their complexion with reference to the control of the convention, Lord Pinchot, who was absent making a speech against Congressman Tawney yesterday while President Roosevelt was here, returned and was slated by the arrangement committee to participate in the functions prepared for the entertainment of Col. Roosevelt. The day's program of the conservation congress follows: Invocation Rev. Dr. J. S. Montgomery of Minneapolis. Reports of state conservation commissions. Address "National Efficiency" by Theodore Roosevelt. Appointment of committees. Appointment of committees. Appointment of presiding officers. Address Miss Mabel Boardman. Address, Francis J. Heney, San Francisco. Address, Herbert Knox Smith, United States commissioner of corporations. Address by Governor Hadley, Missouri. General discussion. Address, B. A. Fowler, president of the national irrigation congress. Miss Mabel Boardman, Head of the Red Cross Society, Who Addressed the Conservation Congress on "Conservation the Principle of the Red Cross." Two hours before Colonel Roosevelt arrived at the auditorium the crowd began to file into the building. At 11:30 the doors were thrown open to the general public and within five minutes there was only standing room left. That was soon taken and the immense hall was packed. President Baker called the meeting to order and called for reports on the committee on resolutions, pending the arrival of Colonel Roosevelt, who was holding a conference in the St. Paul hotel with the newspaper men. Colonel Roosevelt spoke as follows: Roosevelt's Address. America's reputation for efficiency stands deservedly high throughout the world. We are efficient probably to the full limit that any nation can attain by the methods hitherto used. There is great reason to be proud of our achievements, and yet no reason to believe that we cannot excel our past. Through a practically unrestrained individualism, we have reached a pitch of literary unexampled material prosperity: although the distribution of this prosperity leaves much to be desired from the standpoint of justice and fair dealing. But we have not only allowed the individual a free hand, which was in the main right: we have also allowed great corporations to act as though they were individuals, and to exercise the rights of individuals, in addition to using the vast combined power of high organization and enormous wealth for their own advantage. This development of corporate action, it is true, is doubtless in large part responsible for the gigantic development of our natural resources, but it is not less responsible for waste, destruction, and monopoly on an equally gigantic scale. The method of reckless and uncontrolled private use and waste has done for us all the good it ever can, and it is time to put an end to it before it does all the evil it easily may. We have passed the time when heedless waste and destruction, and arrogant monopoly, are any longer permissible. Henceforth we must seek national efficiency by a new and a better way, by the way of the orderly development and use, coupled with the preservation, of our natural resources, by making the most of what we have for the benefit of all of us, instead of leaving the sources of material prosperity open to indiscriminate exploitation. These are some of the reasons why it is wise that we should abandon the old point of view, and why conservation has become a patriotic duty. Waterways. One of the greatest of our conservation problems is the wise and prompt development and use of the waterways of this nation. The Twin Cities, lying as they do at the headwaters of the Mississippi, are not upon the direct line of the proposed lakes to the gulf deep waterway. Yet they are deeply interested in its prompt completion, as well as in the deepening and regulation of the Mississippi to the mouth of the Mississippi and to the gulf. The project for a great trunk waterway, an arm of the sea, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes, should not be abandoned. The lakes to the gulf deep waterway, and the development of the rivers which flow into it, should be pushed to completion vigorously and without delay. But we must recognize at the outset that there are certain conditions without which the people cannot hope to derive from it the benefits they have a right to expect. In nearly every river city from St. Paul to the gulf, the water front is controlled by the railways. Nearly every artificial waterway in the United States, either directly or indirectly, is under the same control. It goes without saying that (unless the people prevent it in advance) the railways will attempt to take control of our waterways as fast as they are improved and completed; nor would I blame them, if we, the people, are supine in the matter. We must see to it that adequate terminals are provided in every city and town on every improved waterway, terminals open under reasonable conditions to the use of every citizen, and rigidly protected against monopoly; and we must compel the railways to cooperate with the waterways continuously, effectively, and under reasonable conditions. Unless we do so the railway lines will refuse to deliver freight to the boat lines, either openly or by imposing prohibitory conditions, and the waterways once improved will do comparatively little for the benefit of the people who pay the bill. Adequate terminals properly controlled and open through lines by rail and boat are two absolutely essential conditions to the usefulness of inland waterway development. I believe furthermore that the railways should be prohibited from owning, controlling, or carrying any interest in the boat lines on our rivers, unless under the strictest regulation and control of the interstate commerce commission, so that the shippers' interests may be fully protected. The National Forests. The people of the United States believe in the complete and rounded determination of the public welfare of the nation. The Washington Congress. HE SAYS A GOOD WORD For President Taft and Is Cheered Once More. He Tells the Congress What He Saw in Kansas. St. Paul, Minn., Sept. 6. Theodore Roosevelt's speech on conservation, delivered today at the national conservation congress was received with wildest applause. It was several minutes after he arose to speak before he could make himself heard, so persistently did the throng cheer him. Col. Roosevelt outlined his ideas as to conservation. Saying that the reckless and uncontrolled waste of the past must be stopped, he declared himself in favor of rigid steps to preserve the country's natural resources for the benefit of the whole people, and to check the power of monopolistic corporations. "Much that I have to say on the subject of conservation will be but a repetition of what was so admirably said from this platform yesterday," said Col. Roosevelt. His compliment to the president was received with a cheer. Minnesota, he said, had been "one of the first states to take hold of the conservation policy in practical fashion." "And," he added, "she has done great work representing a policy well set forth in your governor's address delivered yesterday. I am glad this congress is held in a state, where we can listen to such addresses as has been made by your governor who had a right to speak for conservation." In speaking of the control of waterways by the railroads, Col. Roosevelt warned the people not to sit supine and let the railroads get control, only to say later that those at the head of the railways were very bad men. The ex-president then turned to the question of drainage, departing from his prepared speech. Where the land to be drained lay entirely within one state, he said, it might be well, for the time, for the states to take control of the motto. Swamps which extend over parts of more than one state, he saw, should be improved by the federal government, and he thought it would be better if state swamp lands should be ceded back to the general government that it might do the drainage work. "All friends of conservation," he continued, "should be in heartiest agreement with the policy which the president laid down in connection with the coal, oil and phosphate lands, and I am glad to be able to say that at its last session congress fully completed the work of separating the surface title to the land from the mineral beneath it. "The average American is an efficient man," he added. "There is great reason to be proud of his achievement, but there is no reason to think we cannot excel our past." Speaking of the railway situation, Col. Roosevelt said: "There are classes of bulk freight which can always go cheaper and better by water if there is an adequate waterway and the existence of such a type of waterway in itself, helps to regulate railroad rates." Referring to his recent trip through Kansas as showing the lively interest the people there have in spending their own money for the improvement of their waterways, the speaker held up as an example that should be emulated by other states, the course that had been followed by Kansas. When Roosevelt came to that part of his speech, referring to the national conservation commission he told the story of the introduction into the house of representatives, by a congressman from Minnesota of an amendment to the civil service bill, which he said was designed to put an end to the work of the commission. His recital of this story threw the crowd into an uproar. A man in the balcony shouted: "Now what do you think of Tawney?" The colonel went on to say that the matter came up just at the close of his term in the White House. If he had remained president he said he would have paid no attention to this provision of law, because he believed it to be unconstitutional. This declaration was applauded loudly. Speaking of forestry, he declared, amid tremendous cheering that after winning so much in the fight for conservation if the people lose what they had fought for, they had themselves only to blame. "But," he added, "we are not going to do it." "It has been shown, he said, that the states in the east could not do the work as well as the national government and we are now getting the national government to take these lands back and do the work. When we are now doing that in the east it seemed to me the wildest folly to ask us in the west to repeat the same blunders that are now being remedied in the east." TOO MUCH HYSTERIA. Former Vice President Fairbanks, Himself, Has Said It. Indianapolis, Sept. Former Vice President Fairbanks today in speaking to the survivors of the Mexican war declared: "There is too much hysteria abroad in the country," and said the watchword should be "down with the demagogue and up with the patriot." After paying tribute to the bravery and courage of the Mexican war veterans, who are holding a national convention in this city, Mr. Fairbanks said: "There is too much hysteria abroad in the land. There are many counselors and among them many false prophets. Fortunately, the American people are bringing to bear on the problems which face them that deliberate rational judgment which has been their salvation in the past. Our country and our institutions have cost too much in the precious blood of her immortal sons to be given over either to time servers or chance or anarchy." FOR SUNDAY THEATERS. Charles Prohman, Famous Theatrical Manager, Changes Attitude. New York. Sept. 6. Charles Froh- man, who has hitherto been notable among theatrical men as a stout op ponent of Sundays -theaters, has an nounced that he- is planning a cam paign to obtain' a modifleation of the New York state law prom biting dra. matic productions on Sunday. - He ex plains that his scheme is to no way out of harmony witn nis previous doI icy, but that In common with a num ber of prominent social workers, par ticularly Jane Addams, of Hull Houce, he feels that the church is not suc cessfully coping with moral and ethi cal problems. He asserts that peopple are, however, perfectly willing to he preached at, provided that they can at the same time be-amused. Mr. Frohman proposes, therefore, to ask for the passage of a law allowing the presentation of plays on Sunday that have a Bound moral lesson and suggests that these plays be chosen in each community by an appointed com mittee of citizens who have been iden tified with humanitarian projects and that the strictest civic supervision be exercised over the productions. IN TO CLOSEJJP SHOP Mayor Billard Issues a "Topeka Day" Proclamation. Asks That Business Be Sus pended Next Tuesday. BIG EVENTS AT FAIR. The Derby to Be Bun in After noon. Secretary Cook Asks the People to Decorate. From the office of the chief executive of the city a proclamation has been is sued which requests that all places of business be closed on the afternoon of "Topeka Day-" at the state fair, and urges that the national colors be dis played in a lavish fashion. The proclamation follows: "Tuesday, September 13, 1910, has been designated as 'Topeka Day' by the officers of the Kansas State Fair association and I would respectfully request that all places of business and all offices be closed on said day from 1 o'clock noon and thereby afford an opportunity to the residents of this city to participate in what promises to be the most successful meeting ever held in the state. "Attention is directed to the excellent program at the state fairgrounds on that date. The program will include special features, some of which are here enumerated: "Kansas Derby, "Fraternal Day, "Lumber Dealers', "Real Estate Dealers', "Grain Dealers', "Millers' Association. "It is also my wish and recommendation that the citizens of Topeka display the national colors as prominently and as promiscuously as circumstances will permit. "The people of this state are entitled to a vacation and the Kansas state fair at Topeka, September 10 to 17, 1910, will be the occasion and the opportunity for enjoying it. "Respectfully, "J. B. BILLARD, Mayor." This is Derby Day. Providing the weather man deals out the proper brand of atmosphere "All Kansas will be there," and Topeka will spend a half day "on pleasure bent." Aside from the Derby which will be the event of the entire race program, an exceptionally strong program will be carried out. In fact, there will be something doing every minute of the time. There will not even be the usual dull waits between races, for the most clever of vaudeville artists will furnish fun. For the multitudes. Concerts will be given by the American Ladies grand concert band including an evening performance. There will be a display of Pain's famous fireworks, but most interesting of all four fights of the Stobel dirigible balloon will be made. Then among other things the big searchlight on top of the new livestock pavilion will be a laugh producer, if one can judge from the mirth produced last night when the Labor Day crowds were on the streets. When the rays were thrown by the large 18 inch projector on young couples along the street, there was a general scampering to get away. Decorate Says Cook. Secretary H. L. Cook, who returned this morning from Lincoln, Neb., where he has arranged to have 15 or 16 car loads of live stock and other exhibits shipped direct to the local fair, urges that the Commercial Club and individuals get busy and make arrangements for decorating the city in order to make a good impression upon the visitors. "In Lincoln red and white electric bulbs were strung along the main street at intervals of a hundred feet," said Mr. Cook. "Yesterday morning there was a big merchants parade with advertising floats as the particular feature. "We should make a good impression here in Topeka and should adopt some system of decorating. "The Nebraska fair started out the first day with an attendance of 12,000 people which proves that special railway rates will bring the crowds the first day or any other day. I am well satisfied with the displays which will come here from Lincoln." The new stock pavilion has been formally turned over to the management of the fair association and there seems to be no doubt about the large barn being filled in fact the manner in which the entries are now pouring in. It looks as though it might be possible to house some of the animals elsewhere. At any rate, those who desire space in the building will have to look sharp. U. P. CUTS THE WIRES. So Mutual Telephone Company of Manhattan Enters Complaint. In Riley county, the Mutual Telephone company and the Union Pacific railroad are having trouble. Just what is the point involved seems to be not clear. A letter to the governor's office, which was referred to John Dawson, attorney for the railroad commissioners, tells of the trouble. The Mutual Telephone company has a number of wires crossing the Union Pacific tracks. According to the railroad commissioners, these are strung high enough and are safe enough to comply with their regulations. Nevertheless, the letter charges that the Union Pacific repeatedly has cut down the wires. Board officials are nuzzled as to what course the railroad is pursuing, according to Mr. Dawson, who has advised the telephone company that injunction and damage suits, also suits for the destruction of property, might ascertain to what purpose the railroad is working. C. W. POST LOSES. He Is Denied the Injunction Asked for in Boycott Case. Red Oak, la., Sept. 6. Judge Smith McPherson of the United States district court has denied the request of C. W. Post of Battle Creek, Mich., for an injunction to restrain the American Federation of Labor and its officers and Bucks Stove and Range company of St. Louis from entering into a closed shop agreement. The court said sufficient notice had not been given to the defendants. Attorneys for Mr. Post and the stove company were in court, but there was no extended argument on the case. The American Federation of Labor and its officers made defendant in the suit were not represented by counsel. WITHOUT TO BUILD IT. Will Receive $46,700 for Erecting Building at Topeka Asylum. The state board of control has awarded the contract for the erection of a new female patients building at the Topeka state hospital to A. W. Whitsett for $4,700. The building is to be fireproof and will be used as a reception hospital for women will be asked of the next legislature. Women. An appropriation of $60,000 was made for the building by the last legislature. Another appropriation to provide an extension to be used as a reception hospital lature. KILLED IN CRASH, Rock Island Train Plunges into Union Pacific Caboose. One Man Dead and Eight Are Injured. STOCKMEN VICTIMS. Patrick Brown, Emmett Cattleman, Loses Life. Three Men Hurt Are From Herington. Kansas City, Mo., Sept. 6. In a collision between a train and a freight train, a freight train was wrecked and a passenger was killed. Colision between a Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific freight train and a Union Pacific cattle train at Cedar Bend, just west of Kansas City, Kan., this morning one man was killed and eight injured, two seriously. The dead: PATRICK BROWN, a stockman, Emmett, Kan. The injured: M. J. Glenn, stockman, Manhattan, Kan. J. W. Travis, stockman, Manhattan, Kan. James Glenn, stockman, Manhattan, Kan. J. W. Richards, farmer, Junction City, Kan. William D. Sweeney, Rock Island engineer, Herington, Kan. A. C. Vest, Rock Island fireman, Herington, Kan. John Yoder, fireman, Herington, Kan. The Union Pacific train was standing on the tracks, over which the Rock Island railroad runs trains westward, when the freight train drawn by two locomotives and traveling at a rapid rate, struck the rear end of the waiting cattle train, telescoping the caboose and demolishing almost entirely two cattle cars. In the caboose were 15 stock and train men. Several in the caboose escaped by jumping. The injured were taken to Kansas City, Kan., for treatment. HE STOPS IN CHICAGO. President Taft Spends Two Hours in the Big City. Chicago, Sept. 6. President Taft departed for Beverly, Mass., at 10:30 o'clock this morning following a two-hour stop in Chicago on his way homeward from St. Paul. During his brief stay, the president had breakfast at the Congress hotel and met a committee from the Chicago Association of Commerce. This committee invited him to attend. President Taft will remain in Chicago next spring. No date was set. Secretary Norton, who accompanied President Taft to St. Paul, will remain in Chicago to attend the banquet to Colonel Roosevelt Thursday night. This was done at the solicitation of Chicago friends of Mr. Norton. Mr. Taft arrived at 8:30 o'clock this morning. At the hotel he met Henry S. Graves, government chief forester. VERMONT IS VOTING. First of the Fall Elections in the Green Mountain State. White River Junction, Vt., Sept. The battle of the ballots of the Vermont state election began early today in some of the larger communities under adverse weather conditions and with little incentive except party loyalty to go to the polls. Many of the little hill towns did not start voting until the farmers had cleaned up the morning chores and it was well onto midday before some of them had a chance to vote for governor, other state officers, congressmen and members of the legislature. Interest in the election centered in the size of the majority given Dr. John A. Mead of Rutland, the Republican candidate for governor. BANK CASHIER SHORT Jno. A. Hack of Abilene State is Behind $20,000. Abilene, Kan., Sept. 6. Following investigation by the state banking department into the accounts of John A. Flack, cashier of the Abilene State bank, Flack has turned over to the institution his property in this city, including his home. Deputy, State Bank Examiner Watson said today there was a matter of some $20,000 in question. Flack has not been seen in Abilene since last Saturday. It is said he went to Texas or Mexico. Before entering the banking business he was probate Judge for four years. The bank is not affected by the reported discrepancies in accounts. Weather Is Pleasant, The local weather bureau predicts generally , fair weather, . with higher temperatures, for this section of the state, and opines that the daily rain habit has been cured. The river has risen only one inch during the past 24 hours, and will rise no higher at this point. The present reading of the river gauge is 9.9. only a few inches above normal. This afternoon the wind is blowing 10 miles an hour from the southeast. The hourly temperatures: 7 o'clock 59 8 o'clock 64 9 o'clock 70 10 o'clock 75 11 o'clock 78 12 o'clock 81 1 o'clock... 81 2 o'clock SI DHU mr Mayrw M' uicu w Syracuse, N. Y.. Sept. . The first base man of the Syracuse state league baseball team has been fined $100 for an attack on, a Utica sporting writer whom he charged with "knocking" him In the report or the baseball games. Weather Indications. ' Chicago, Sept. 6. Forecast for Kan sas: Generally fair tonight and Wed nesday; warmer tonight In north and west portions. l.
| 44,563 |
US-98738204-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,004 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 4,943 | 6,507 |
Method, system, and program for managing revisions to a file
ABSTRACT
Provided are a method system and program for managing revisions to a file. A new version of a file is received including new modifications to an indicated version of the file. A current version of the file is accessed in response to determining that the indicated version is an earlier version than the current version. The indicated version of the file and the current version are compared to determine previous modifications of the current version over the indicated version. A determination is made as to whether the new modifications in the new version and the previous modifications of the current version affect at least one semantic unit in a conflicting manner with respect to the indicated version.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method, system, and program formanaging revisions to a file.
2. Description of the Related Art
A source code control system provides revision control management ofsource code files that may be checked out by developers at differentsites. These developers at the different sites may make localmodifications to their copy of the same source file. As software isdeveloped and deployed, multiple versions of the same source file may beworked on by developers. The source code control system ensures that twousers making changes to the same file do not make conflicting changes,such that the changes overwrite the changes of one developer or cause aninconsistency in the code that makes the code unstable.
In the current art, if the source file being modified is a text filewith carriage returns, then the source code control program performs acompare and merge to check modifications from two different developerson a line-by-line basis to the same version of the source code (theancestor version). For changes made to a particular line, if there is noconflict, then the changes are made. If the changes being made from thedifferent users are to a same line of text, then the last userchecking-in their modifications is prompted to select which of themodifications to apply, or to make further, new changes to resolve theconflict.
Certain source code files are maintained in structured documents, suchas Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents, having tags representingelements and attributes. If the source code control program processeschanges from two users to such a structured document on a line-by-linebasis, then a number of semantic violations may occur. A change in onepart of a document or a related document may necessitate a correspondingchange somewhere else in the document, but the user could choose toreject that change. For example, an element may be deleted, but not areference to that element. Or the XML structure itself may be violated,for example as follows:
Ancestor: <tag> foo bar </tag>
- - Local contributor: - <tag/>
Other contributor: <tag> foo baz </tag>
If line 1 is picked from the “local contributor”, and line 2 from the“other contributor”, then the following, illegal structure is created:<tag /> baz </tag>
For this reason, some current source code control programs treat XMLsource files as “blobs”, such that different versions are not comparedto determine if modifications should be permitted. In such cases where amerge and compare is not performed, such as for revision control of XMLfiles, changes are only permitted to occur in a serial manner, whereonly one user may check out and modify a file at a time. Text files maybe checked out to multiple users and revision control is managed by acompare and merge on a line-by-line basis.
In the current art, to circumvent the serial modification restriction offiles treated as “blobs”, i.e., where a compare and merge is notperformed, a user may edit a file without checking it out, and thencheck out the file when the file becomes available and perform a manualcompare and merge of the current source file in the system with thesource file the user modified. This approach depends on the usercorrectly choosing versions to compare and merge, and correctlyperforming a manual compare and merge, otherwise the user risks makinginconsistent modifications that result in lost changes.
SUMMARY
Provided are a method system and program for managing revisions to afile. A new version of a file is received including new modifications toan indicated version of the file. A current version of the file isaccessed in response to determining that the indicated version is anearlier version than the current version. The indicated version of thefile and the current version are compared to determine previousmodifications of the current version over the indicated version. Adetermination is made as to whether the new modifications in the newversion and the previous modifications of the current version affect atleast one semantic unit in a conflicting manner with respect to theindicated version.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Referring now to the drawings in which like reference numbers representcorresponding parts throughout:
FIG. 1 illustrates a computing environment in which embodiments areimplemented;
FIG. 2 illustrates file version information; and
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate revision control program operations to processmodifications to a file.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanyingdrawings which form a part hereof and which illustrate severalembodiments of the present invention. It is understood that otherembodiments may be utilized and structural and operational changes maybe made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates a network computing environment including a server 2and plurality of client systems 4 a and 4 b (there may be fewer or morethan two client systems). The server 2 includes a revision controlprogram 6, such as a source code control system, that managesmodifications to files 8 a, 8 b . . . 8 n in storage 10 by users at thedifferent client systems 4 a, 4 b. The files 8 a, 8 b . . . 8 n maycomprise any electronic document file format known in the art, such as atext file, a structured document (e.g., XML, Hypertext Markup Language(HTML), a binary file, image, etc.) The files 8 a, 8 b . . . 8 n maycontain content types known in the art, such as source code. Therevision control program 6 may manage a file version that isconcurrently checked out to multiple users at the client systems 4 a, 4b to modify and create new versions. Each client system 4 a, 4 bincludes a file editor 12 a, 12 b capable of accessing and editing files8 a, 8 b . . . 8 n, and returning new versions having modifications tothe revision control program 6. The file editors 12 a, 12 b may comprisesoftware development tools to modify source code files, such as anIntegrated Development Environment (IDE) software development tool.Alternatively, the file editors 12 a, 12 b may comprise any programcapable of modifying the files 8 a, 8 b . . . 8 n.
The server 2 and client systems 4 a, 4 b may communicate over a network14 (e.g., Local Area Network (LAN), Storage Area Network (SAN), theInternet, an Intranet, etc.) or other data transfer interfaces known inthe art, e.g., Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), Serial ATA (SATA),Small Computer System Interface (SCSI), etc. The storage 10 may compriseany storage device known in the art, such as one storage device ormultiple interconnected devices, such as disk drives, configured as aRedundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID), Just a Bunch of Disks(JBOD), Direct Access Storage Device (DASD), a tape storage device, asingle or multiple storage units, e.g., a tape library, etc. The storage10 and server 2 communicate over network or data interfaces known in theart or, alternatively, network 14.
The revision control program 6 further maintains file versioninformation 14 in the storage 10 providing information on each file andversions of the file. FIG. 2 illustrates an example of the file versioninformation for each file managed by the revision control program 6.File version information 50 for a file that may be checked out tomultiple users includes a file identifier 52, such as a pointer to thefile, file name and directory location; file address, etc.; versioninformation 54 a, 54 b . . . 54 n, where the version information 54 a,54 b . . . 54 n may comprise a pointer to the full modified version ofthe file or a pointer to the modifications relative to the previousversion, i.e., deltas; and user checkout information 56.
In embodiments where the version information 54 a, 54 b . . . 54 n foreach version comprises the modifications only, i.e., deltas, then thefull file at a particular version 54 a, 54 b . . . 54 n comprises a basefile prior to any revisions and the aggregation of each subsequentrevision 54 a, 54 b . . . 54 n up until the particular revision, wherethe modifications are applied from the earliest revision 52 a up untilthe particular version. In this way, the file at any revision may bereadily reconstructed from the modifications maintained for each version54 a, 54 b . . . 54 n without having to store the full content of thefile for each revision.
The user checkout information 56 may comprise information on a number ofusers that have checked-out the file and the identity of the users. Whena user checks-in a new version of the file, the number of users havingthe file checked-out is decremented and the identity of the userremoved. When a file with modifications is properly checked-in, then therevision control program 6 stores the modifications provided with thecheck-in as a latest version 54(n+1) of the file. In certainembodiments, the file version information 50 for the files 8 a, 8 b . .. 8 n managed by the revision control program 6 may be maintained in adatabase or other data structures used to maintain metadata andinformation about files, such as tables, etc.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate operations performed by the revision controlprogram 6 to manage new revisions of a file from different users, whomay be concurrently making changes to the file 8 a, 8 b . . . 8 n, suchas a source code file. Control begins upon the revision control program6 receiving (at block 100) a request to update an indicated version,i.e., a checked-out version, of a file including new modifications tothe indicated version of the file. The indicated version comprises theversion the user initially checked out and the new modificationscomprise the modifications the user checking in the indicated versionwants to apply. The request may be invoked by a user running the fileeditor 12 a, 12 b in one client system 4 a, 4 b. Further, the requestmay comprise a check-in of the file 8 a, 8 b . . . 8 n. The revisioncontrol program 6 may update (at block 102) the number of check-outs toindicate an additional check-out, where such information may be includedin the user checkout information 56 in the file version information 50for the file 8 a, 8 b . . . 8 n subject to the check-in operation. If(at block 104) the indicated version subject to the new modifications isthe same version as the current version, i.e., no interveningmodifications were made since the indicated version was checked out,then the new modifications are applied (at block 106) to the indicatedversion, which is in this case the current version, to produce a newcurrent version. Creating a new current version may involve addingversion information, e.g., 56(n+1), providing a pointer to the receivedmodifications or the full content of the file modified with the receivedmodifications.
If (at block 104) the indicated version is an earlier version than thecurrent version, i.e., the indicated version was subsequently modifiedby another user, then the current version of the file is accessed (atblock 108). The indicated version is not the same as the current versionif another user checked in modifications to the indicated version or asubsequent version while the indicated version was checked-out. Theaccessing operation may involve checking out the current version, i.e.,version 54 n and updating the user checkout information 56 for the fileto indicate the additional checkout, as well as previous checking of theindicated version. In embodiments utilizing check-in and check-outprocedures, the revision control program 6 may undo the checkout (atblock 110) of the indicated version for the user checking in theindicated version and new modifications, so that the user then has thecurrent version checked-out, with their check-out of the indicatedversion undone.
The revision control program 6 compares (at block 112) the olderindicated version of the file and the current version, as represented byversion information 54 n, to determine previous modifications thecurrent version makes with respect to the indicated version. Theprevious modifications comprise those modifications made by the lastuser that successfully checked-in the current version with respect tothe indicated version, i.e., the difference or delta between the currentversion and the indicated version.
The operation of comparing the previous modifications with the newmodifications may involve examining each line of the text in theindicated version and determining whether there are new modificationsand/or previous modifications (made by the user that checked in thecurrent version) affecting the same or related information. Forinstance, the comparison operation may involve examining themodifications to determine changes on a line-by-line basis ormodifications to document data structures. For instance, the comparisonof changes may involve determining whether the changes affect: (1) thestructural integrity (structures may span lines, as in the example with<tag> and <foo>), (2) referential integrity (references from one elementor attribute to another element or attribute may span structures andeven documents, and need to be maintained consistent—which may involvepointing a reference at a new location if the target element has movedor deleting the reference if the target element has been deleted; and(3) domain specific integrity (the data being stored may have furtherrules, e.g. preventing two elements of the same name from being owned bya containing element, navigating multiple references within theinformation structure, etc.). Thus, the comparison operation may involvedetecting conflicting modifications to any semantic unit in thedocuments. A “semantic unit” comprises any information, tag, element,reference or data structure in a document that may be subject tomodifications in a conflicting manner, where a modification in a“conflicting manner” comprises modifications to the semantic unit thatare mutually inconsistent or that violate document or language rules.
If (at block 114) all the new and previous modifications do not affectat least one semantic unit with respect to the indicated version in aconflicting manner, then the revision control program 6 applies (atblock 116) the new and previous modifications to the indicated versionof the file, so that the differences between the current version andindicated version (previous modifications) and the new modifications areboth made. Otherwise, if (at block 114) there are some new and previousmodifications affecting a semantic unit in a conflicting manner withrespect to the indicated version, then the revision control program 6renders (at block 118) information about a subset of the newmodifications, where the new modifications in the subset affect semanticunits in the indicated version affected by the previous modifications.The revision control program 6 may further render (at block 120)information about changes between the current version and the indicatedversion. Yet further, the revision control program 6 may render (atblock 122) information showing the indicated version, the subset ofconflicting new modifications and the previous modifications to enableuser selection of the conflicting new modifications in the subset or theprevious modifications to be applied to the indicated version.
The rendered information may be rendered at the client systems 4 a, 4 b,where the information is communicated from the server 2 to the clientsystems 4 a, 4 b. This information allows the user of the file editor 12a, 12 b to view the indicated version and the previous modifications,which added to the indicated version results in the current version, andthe new modifications the user wants to add. This allows the user toview the new modifications to semantic units the user provided thatconflict with the previous modifications to semantic units made by thelast user with respect to the indicated version. The user may thenselect (at block 124) to use the conflicting new modifications, theprevious modifications, or user entered modifications with respect tosemantic units in the indicated version modified by both the newmodifications and the previous modifications. The user may be presentedwith information on conflicts to modify or accept in an interactiveformat.
Further, the described embodiments perform the compare and mergeprocedure in a manner that prevents users from circumventing the properworkflow by automatically performing the compare and merge operations onany file a user presents to check in so that any conflictingmodifications between the proposed modifications and previousmodifications are flagged for user review and action.
Described embodiments provide techniques to manage changes to versionsof a file checked out when different users may make changes and check inthose changes at different times so that consistent, non-conflictingchanges are allowed and conflicting changes are handled in a manner toavoid allowing conflicting changes.
ADDITIONAL EMBODIMENT DETAILS
The described operations may be implemented as a method, apparatus orarticle of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineeringtechniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combinationthereof. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein refers to codeor logic implemented in hardware logic (e.g., an integrated circuitchip, Programmable Gate Array (PGA), Application Specific IntegratedCircuit (ASIC), etc.) or a computer readable medium, such as magneticstorage medium (e.g., hard disk drives, floppy disks, tape, etc.),optical storage (CD-ROMs, optical disks, etc.), volatile andnon-volatile memory devices (e.g., EEPROMs, ROMs, PROMs, RAMs, DRAMs,SRAMs, firmware, programmable logic, etc.). Code in the computerreadable medium is accessed and executed by a processor. The code inwhich preferred embodiments are implemented may further be accessiblethrough a transmission media or from a file server over a network. Insuch cases, the article of manufacture in which the code is implementedmay comprise a transmission media, such as a network transmission line,wireless transmission media, signals propagating through space, radiowaves, infrared signals, etc. Thus, the “article of manufacture” maycomprise the medium in which the code is embodied. Additionally, the“article of manufacture” may comprise a combination of hardware andsoftware components in which the code is embodied, processed, andexecuted. Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize that manymodifications may be made to this configuration without departing fromthe scope of the present invention, and that the article of manufacturemay comprise any information bearing medium known in the art.
The described operations may be performed by circuitry, where“circuitry” refers to either hardware or software or a combinationthereof. The circuitry for performing the operations of the describedembodiments may comprise a hardware device, such as an integratedcircuit chip, Programmable Gate Array (PGA), Application SpecificIntegrated Circuit (ASIC), etc. The circuitry may also comprise aprocessor component, such as an integrated circuit, and code in acomputer readable medium, such as memory, wherein the code is executedby the processor to perform the operations of the described embodiments.
In described embodiments, the revision control program receivedmodifications from file editor programs on different client systems overa network. In alternative embodiments, the revision control program mayexecute on the same system running the file editor.
The illustrated operations of FIGS. 3 and 4 show certain eventsoccurring in a certain order. In alternative embodiments, certainoperations may be performed in a different order, modified or removed.Moreover, steps may be added to the above described logic and stillconform to the described embodiments. Further, operations describedherein may occur sequentially or certain operations may be processed inparallel. Yet further, operations may be performed by a singleprocessing unit or by distributed processing units.
The foregoing description of various embodiments of the invention hasbeen presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It isnot intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the preciseform disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in lightof the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention belimited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claimsappended hereto. The above specification, examples and data provide acomplete description of the manufacture and use of the composition ofthe invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, theinvention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.
1. A method, comprising: receiving a new version of a file including newmodifications to an indicated version of the file; accessing a currentversion of the file in response to determining that the indicatedversion is an earlier version than the current version; comparing theindicated version of the file and the current version to determineprevious modifications of the current version over the indicatedversion; and determining whether the new modifications in the newversion and the previous modifications of the current version affect atleast one semantic unit in a conflicting manner with respect to theindicated version.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:applying new modifications to the indicated version of the file inresponse to determining that the new modifications and the previousmodifications do not affect the at least one semantic unit in theconflicting manner in the indicated version.
3. The method of claim 2,wherein the applied new modifications comprise a subset of the newmodifications that are automatically applied to the indicated version.4. The method of claim 3, wherein the subset of the new modificationscomprises a first subset, further comprising: rendering informationabout a second subset of the received modifications, wherein thereceived modifications in the second subset and the previousmodifications affect the at least semantic unit with in the conflictingmanner with respect to the indicated version.
5. The method of claim 4,wherein rendering the information further comprises: renderinginformation showing the indicated version, the second subset of the newmodifications and the previous modifications to enable selection forsemantic units in the indicated version of the new modifications in thesecond subset or the previous modifications.
6. The method of claim 4,further comprising: receiving user selection to use the newmodifications in the second subset, the previous modifications, oruser-entered modifications with respect to semantic units in theindicated version affected in the conflicting manner by the newmodifications in the second subset and the previous modifications. 7.The method of claim 1, further comprising: maintaining, for a base file,modifications for each version of the base file, wherein the previousmodifications comprise maintained modifications for the file.
8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the file comprises a source code file managedby a source code control system, wherein the request is received at thesource code control system from one of a plurality of client systemscoupled to the source code control system, and wherein the source codecontrol system performs the operations of accessing the current version,comparing the indicated version and the current version, and determiningwhether the new and previous modifications affect the at least onesemantic unit in the conflicting manner in the indicated version.
9. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the file comprises a document having tagsdesignating elements and attributes used to represent content of thefile.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the new version ofthe file is part of a request to check in the indicated version with thenew modifications, and wherein the indicated version was previouslychecked out to a user that submitted the check-in of the indicatedversion and modifications, further comprising: undoing the check-out ofthe indicated version in response to determining that the indicatedversion is the earlier version, wherein accessing the current versioncomprises checking-out the current version; and checking-in the currentversion and at least some of the new modifications.
11. A system,comprising: a processor; a memory; a storage including files; code inthe memory executed by the processor to perform operations, theoperations comprising: (i) receiving a new version of one of the filesincluding new modifications to an indicated version of the file; (ii)accessing a current version of the file in response to determining thatthe indicated version is an earlier version than the current version;(iii) comparing the indicated version of the file and the currentversion to determine previous modifications of the current version overthe indicated version; and (iv) determining whether the newmodifications in the new version and the previous modifications of thecurrent version affect at least one semantic unit in a conflictingmanner with respect to the indicated version.
12. The system of claim11, wherein the operations further comprise: applying new modificationsto the indicated version of the file in response to determining that thenew modifications and the previous modifications do not affect the atleast one semantic unit in the conflicting manner in the indicatedversion.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the applied newmodifications comprise a subset of the new modifications that areautomatically applied to the indicated version.
14. The system of claim13, wherein the subset of the new modifications comprises a firstsubset, further comprising: rendering information about a second subsetof the received modifications, wherein the received modifications in thesecond subset and the previous modifications affect the at leastsemantic unit with in the conflicting manner with respect to theindicated version.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein rendering theinformation further comprises: rendering information showing theindicated version, the second subset of the new modifications and theprevious modifications to enable selection for semantic units in theindicated version of the new modifications in the second subset or theprevious modifications.
16. The system of claim 14, wherein theoperations further comprise: receiving user selection to use the newmodifications in the second subset, the previous modifications, oruser-entered modifications with respect to semantic units in theindicated version affected in the conflicting manner by the newmodifications in the second subset and the previous modifications. 17.The system of claim 11, wherein the operations further comprise:maintaining, for a base file, modifications for each version of the basefile, wherein the previous modifications comprise maintainedmodifications for the file.
18. The system of claim 11, wherein the filecomprises a source code file managed by a source code control system,wherein the request is received at the source code control system fromone of a plurality of client systems coupled to the source code controlsystem, and wherein the source code control system performs theoperations of accessing the current version, comparing the indicatedversion and the current version, and determining whether the new andprevious modifications affect the at least one semantic unit in theconflicting manner in the indicated version.
19. The system of claim 11,wherein the file comprises a document having tags designating elementsand attributes used to represent content of the file.
20. The system ofclaim 11, wherein receiving the new version of the file is part of arequest to check in the indicated version with the new modifications,and wherein the indicated version was previously checked out to a userthat submitted the check-in of the indicated version and modifications,wherein the operations further comprise: undoing the check-out of theindicated version in response to determining that the indicated versionis the earlier version, wherein accessing the current version compriseschecking-out the current version; and checking-in the current versionand at least some of the new modifications.
21. An article ofmanufacture for causing operations to be performed, the operationscomprising: receiving a new version of a file including newmodifications to an indicated version of the file; accessing a currentversion of the file in response to determining that the indicatedversion is an earlier version than the current version; comparing theindicated version of the file and the current version to determineprevious modifications of the current version over the indicatedversion; and determining whether the new modifications in the newversion and the previous modifications of the current version affect atleast one semantic unit in a conflicting manner with respect to theindicated version.
22. The article of manufacture of claim 21, whereinthe operations further comprise: applying new modifications to theindicated version of the file in response to determining that the newmodifications and the previous modifications do not affect the at leastone semantic unit in the conflicting manner in the indicated version.23. The article of manufacture of claim 22, wherein the applied newmodifications comprise a subset of the new modifications that areautomatically applied to the indicated version.
24. The article ofmanufacture of claim 23, wherein the subset of the new modificationscomprises a first subset, wherein the operations further comprise:rendering information about a second subset of the receivedmodifications, wherein the received modifications in the second subsetand the previous modifications affect the at least semantic unit with inthe conflicting manner with respect to the indicated version.
25. Thearticle of manufacture of claim 24, wherein rendering the informationfurther comprises: rendering information showing the indicated version,the second subset of the new modifications and the previousmodifications to enable selection for semantic units in the indicatedversion of the new modifications in the second subset or the previousmodifications.
26. The article of manufacture of claim 24, wherein theoperations further comprise: receiving user selection to use the newmodifications in the second subset, the previous modifications, oruser-entered modifications with respect to semantic units in theindicated version affected in the conflicting manner by the newmodifications in the second subset and the previous modifications. 27.The article of manufacture of claim 21, wherein the operations furthercomprise: maintaining, for a base file, modifications for each versionof the base file, wherein the previous modifications comprise maintainedmodifications for the file.
28. The article of manufacture of claim 21,wherein the file comprises a source code file managed by a source codecontrol system, wherein the request is received at the source codecontrol system from one of a plurality of client systems coupled to thesource code control system, and wherein the source code control systemperforms the operations of accessing the current version, comparing theindicated version and the current version, and determining whether thenew and previous modifications affect the at least one semantic unit inthe conflicting manner in the indicated version.
29. The article ofmanufacture of claim 21, wherein the file comprises a document havingtags designating elements and attributes used to represent content ofthe file.
30. The article of manufacture of claim 21, wherein receivingthe new version of the file is part of a request to check in theindicated version with the new modifications, and wherein the indicatedversion was previously checked out to a user that submitted the check-inof the indicated version and modifications, wherein the operationsfurther comprise: undoing the check-out of the indicated version inresponse to determining that the indicated version is the earlierversion, wherein accessing the current version comprises checking-outthe current version; and checking-in the current version and at leastsome of the new modifications..
| 47,215 |
https://github.com/mike-moede/MMALSharp/blob/master/src/MMALSharp/Callbacks/ConnectionCallbackHandlerBase.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
MMALSharp
|
mike-moede
|
C#
|
Code
| 140 | 383 |
// <copyright file="ConnectionCallbackHandlerBase.cs" company="Techyian">
// Copyright (c) Ian Auty. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License. Please see LICENSE.txt for License info.
// </copyright>
using MMALSharp.Common.Utility;
namespace MMALSharp.Callbacks
{
/// <summary>
/// Base class for connection callback handlers.
/// </summary>
public abstract class ConnectionCallbackHandlerBase : IConnectionCallbackHandler
{
/// <inheritdoc />
public MMALConnectionImpl WorkingConnection { get; }
/// <summary>
/// Creates a new instance of <see cref="ConnectionCallbackHandlerBase"/>.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="connection">The connection.</param>
protected ConnectionCallbackHandlerBase(MMALConnectionImpl connection)
{
this.WorkingConnection = connection;
}
/// <summary>
/// The input port callback function to carry out.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="buffer">The working buffer header.</param>
public virtual void InputCallback(MMALBufferImpl buffer)
{
if (MMALCameraConfig.Debug)
{
MMALLog.Logger.Debug("Inside Managed input port connection callback");
}
}
/// <inheritdoc />
public virtual void OutputCallback(MMALBufferImpl buffer)
{
if (MMALCameraConfig.Debug)
{
MMALLog.Logger.Debug("Inside Managed output port connection callback");
}
}
}
}
| 38,114 |
2331247_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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Unknown
|
Unknown
| 4,720 | 6,480 |
25 N.J. 407 (1957)
136 A.2d 645
DOUGLAS C. BAKER (AND 23 OTHERS), PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS,
v.
NORMANOCH ASSOCIATION, INC. (AND 10 OTHERS), DEFENDANTS-RESPONDENTS, AND SHERRED A. WILLIS, DONALD C. BAIN, SR., AND ROBERT ARMSTRONG, DEFENDANTS.
The Supreme Court of New Jersey.
Argued October 7, 1957.
Argued October 14, 1957.
Decided December 9, 1957.
*409 Mr. Douglas C. Baker argued the cause for the plaintiffs-appellants, excepting plaintiffs-appellants Joseph N. Miller and Mabel L. Miller, Harry Peatfield and Ada E. Peatfield.
Mr. Vito A. Concilio argued the cause for the plaintiffs-appellants Joseph N. Miller, Mabel L. Miller, Harry Peatfield and Ada E. Peatfield.
*410 Mr. Francis E. Bright argued the cause for the defendants-respondents (Messrs. Steelman, Lafferty & Rowe, attorneys for defendant Braun; Mr. James R. Lafferty, of counsel; Messrs. Riker, Emery & Danzig, attorneys for defendants Watson and Gibbons, Mr. Theodore McC. Marsh, of counsel; Messrs. Dolan and Dolan, attorneys for defendants Normanoch Association, Inc., et al.).
Messrs. Harry R. Walker, Jr., and William A. Lord, Jr., attorneys for interposer-amicus curiae, Borough of Hopatocong (Mr. William A. Lord, Jr., on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by BURLING, J.
This is an appeal by 24 of 43 original plaintiffs from a declaratory judgment action seeking a determination of whether the plaintiffs as owners of property adjacent to or nearby Culvers Lake have any rights to the recreational use of the lake. The Superior Court, Chancery Division, denied plaintiffs' claim for a judgment declaring this right to so use the lake and for injunctive relief against interference by the defendants. The court entered a judgment pursuant to a counterclaim by defendant, Normanoch Association, Inc., declaring title in the lake to be in the said defendant and granting an injunction against trespass by the plaintiffs. The Borough of Hopatocong was granted leave to interpose as amicus curiae and has filed a brief in the appeal. Prior to hearing, and while the cause was pending in the Appellate Division, we certified the case to this court on our own motion.
Culvers Lake is a natural body of fresh water comprising some 460 acres located in Sussex County, New Jersey. Recent times have witnessed an expansion of the lake area for year-round residential purposes and as a summer resort. There are presently some 536 cottages contiguous to the lake or in the surrounding area.
Originally the lake and surrounding property were owned by the Board of Proprietors of the Eastern Division of New Jersey. The record indicates that at least as early as 1767 *411 the Proprietors began granting property adjacent to the lake. These sales continued until by 1851 all of the property surrounding Culvers Lake had been conveyed. The largest conveyances made during the period from 1767 until 1851 were of Great Lot 45 and Great Lot 46 of the Sussex Allotments conveyed by the Proprietors to John Rutherford in 1834. A substantial portion of the present-day area of the lake was contained within the bounds of these allotments, but the Proprietors in the grants to Rutherford expressly reserved the area covered by the waters of Culvers Lake. (There was no evidence introduced concerning the bounds of the lake as it existed at the time of the grants to Rutherford in 1834. Hence, it cannot be determined upon this record whether the lake area included within the allotments at that time was more or less than it is today.)
In 1882 the Proprietors by deed conveyed to one Nathaniel Niles title to the bed of Culvers Lake. The terse description in the deed reads as follows:
"* * * the lands covered by the waters of Culvers Lake with a margin upon the shores of the same three hundred feet beyond high water mark, a map thereof being filed in the (said) office of the Surveyor General at Perth Amboy on the 18th day of August, A.D. 1882."
No metes and bounds description was included in the deed.
A survey map dated June 30, 1882, on file in the office of the Board of Proprietors and made by Benjamin Roome for Nathaniel Niles, entitled "Map of Culvers Lake," was introduced in evidence. The trial court assumed, and we concur, "that it was in fact the map which was filed on August 18, 1882 and was referred to in the Niles deed." Appended to the map was a metes and bounds description.
In 1920 a group of property owners in the Culvers Lake area organized the Normanoch Association, a non-profit corporation for the purpose of acquiring the title to the lake. By subscription they garnered the necessary funds and in 1921 purchased the lake from the then holders of the Niles title, Julia R. Smith and James L. Smith, her husband. *412 While the deeds intervening between Niles and the Smiths omitted any reference to the Roome survey and metes and bounds description, the deed in 1921 from the Smiths to the Normanoch Association contained in its description the metes and bounds calculations of Roome. In 1929, following a corporate reorganization, the Normanoch Association conveyed to the present defendant Normanoch Association, Inc., a business corporation.
The evidence adduced at the trial indicates that from 1882 until at least 1921 Culvers Lake was used both by the adjoining owners and the general public for swimming, boating, fishing, and skating and driving on the ice. The lake was, to use the expression of one witness, "as free as the air." Moreover, the testimony shows that persons so engaged in the various recreational activities upon the lake were never molested or interfered with by the owners in any way during that period.
Since acquiring title in 1929 the defendant corporation has paid taxes on the lake. During the 1930's and 40's it made various attempts to get adjoining property owners to join or pay dues to the association for the privilege of using the lake. Each season it sent letters to the adjoining property owners requesting that they pay for the use of the lake; at various times they published notices in a local newspaper; they also posted temporary signs indicating that the lake was private property and for the use of members only. In the main these attempts were in the nature of importunings rather than an active assertion of rights. While the association, at least as early as 1935, hired patrolmen for the alleged purpose of insuring that no boats without the association sticker would be permitted to use the lake, there is no evidence that anyone was ever driven from the lake prior to 1951. Ford N. Merring, a patrolman for the defendant from 1946 until 1951, who was called as a witness for the plaintiffs, testified to his duties as follows:
"Well, the first four years we did not bear down on the people. We patrolled the lake. And I went around and got the names of the residents and all the property owners and talked to them and *413 solicited them for funds, instead of making a levy on them, and asked them to work with us."
In 1951 one of the plaintiffs herein was successfully prosecuted for trespassing on the lake, and thereafter patrolmen for the association stopped boats without stickers on several occasions. It is significant that beginning between 1951 and 1953 many of the plaintiffs paid the association for lake privileges for the first time.
The pretrial order divided the numerous plaintiffs into four classes:
1 Those plaintiffs claiming to own property under the waters of Culvers Lake. They may be divided into two sub-classes as follows: First, those plaintiffs who own property adjoining what it denominated as the Meyer's Cove area. Meyer's Cove is a tract covering some 13 acres underlying the present shoreline of the lake. The area is not located within the Roome survey boundaries of the lake in 1882. Secondly, those plaintiffs whose immediate deeds by their metes and bounds description enter small portions of the lake.
2 Those plaintiffs claiming to own property which extends to the shore line or edge of the lake.
3 Those plaintiffs who own property in the vicinity of the lake.
4 Those plaintiffs who do not own any property at or near Culvers Lake, but who have used the lake for recreational purposes.
The court below held that with the exception of those plaintiffs in the Meyer's Cove area none of the plaintiffs owned land underlying Culvers Lake. Moreover, the judgment below declared title in the lake to be in the association, using the description in the 1921 deed from the Smiths to Normanoch.
Initially we note that title to the 300-foot margin purported to be conveyed by the Proprietors to Niles is not in controversy here, the parties agreeing that such margin had been granted to adjoining owners previous to the Niles deed. Moreover, for the reasons advanced later in this *414 opinion, we do not pass on the questions of disputed title insofar as it affects the precise boundary. The ensuing approach is predicated upon the undisputed fact that the defendant association holds title to the major portion of the lake.
The first question for determination is whether rights to the recreational uses of Culvers Lake inhere in plaintiffs as members of the general public. For purposes of determining the rights therein, inland bodies of water are divided into two legal classifications, public and private. New Jersey has long used the test of ebb and flow of the tide derived from the English common law to distinguish the two, Arnold v. Mundy, 6 N.J.L. 1 (Sup. Ct. 1821); Cobb v. Davenport, 32 N.J.L. 369 (Sup. Ct. 1867), rehearing 33 N.J.L. 223 (Sup. Ct. 1868); Ross v. Mayor &c., Edgewater, 115 N.J.L. 477 (Sup. Ct. 1935), affirmed 116 N.J.L. 447 (E. & A. 1936), certiorari denied 299 U.S. 543, 57 S.Ct. 37, 81 L.Ed. 400 (1936); Bailey v. Driscoll, 19 N.J. 363 (1955); Schultz v. Wilson, 44 N.J. Super. 591 (App. Div. 1957), certification denied 24 N.J. 546 (1957). By this test Culvers Lake is a private lake.
Cobb v. Davenport, supra, was an action in trespass brought by the plaintiff, owner of a fresh water lake, against defendant for fishing. In holding for the plaintiff, Justice Depue said:
"The policy of the common law is to assign to everything capable of ownership a certain and determinate owner, * * * If capable of occupancy, and susceptible of private ownership and enjoyment, the common law makes it exclusively the subject of private ownership; but if such private ownership and enjoyment are inconsistent with the nature of the property, the title is in the sovereign, as trustee of the public, holding it for common use and benefit.
In pursuance of this policy, by the common law all waters are divided into public waters and private waters. In the former, the proprietorship is in the sovereign; in the latter, in the individual proprietor. The title of the sovereign being in trust for the benefit of the public the use, which includes the right of fishing and navigation, is common. The title of the individual being personal in him, is exclusive subject only to a servitude to the public for purposes of navigation, if the waters are navigable in fact." (32 N.J.L. at page 378) *415 The rule in this jurisdiction is that the general public have no rights to the recreational use of a private lake, such rights being exclusive in the owner of the bed. Cobb v. Davenport, supra; Albright v. Cortright, 64 N.J.L. 330 (E. & A. 1900); Kanouse v. Slockbower, 48 N.J. Eq. 42 (Ch. 1891), reversed on other grounds 49 N.J. Eq. 592 (E. & A. 1892); Hussa v. Indian Lake Community Club, 62 N.J.L.J. 341 (1939); Fidelity Union Trust Co. v. Cochrane, 116 N.J. Eq. 190 (Ch. 1934); Upper Greenwood Lake, etc., Ass'n. v. Grozing, 6 N.J. Super. 538 (Ch. Div. 1949). And while the test for distinguishing between public and private bodies of water is varied in the several states (the majority using the test of navigability in fact) the great weight of authority supports the proposition that small inland lakes are susceptible of private ownership, at least to the extent that the owner or owners of the bed have the sole rights to the recreational uses of the waters. Lembeck v. Nye, 47 Ohio St. 336, 24 N.E. 686, 8 L.R.A. 579 (Sup. Ct. 1890); Beckman v. Kreamer, 43 Ill. 447, 92 Am. Dec. 146 (Sup. Ct. 1867); Marsh v. Colby, 39 Mich. 626, 33 Am. Rep. 439 (Sup. Ct. 1878); Decker v. Baylor, 133 Pa. St. 168, 19 A. 351 (Sup. Ct. 1890); Turner v. Selectmen of Hebron, 61 Conn. 175, 22 A. 951, 14 A.L.R. 386 (Sup. Ct. Err. 1891); Tripp v. Richter, 158 App. Div. 136, 142 N.Y.S. 563 (App. Div. 1913); Miller v. Lutheran Conference & Camp Ass'n., 331 Pa. St. 241, 200 A. 646, 130 A.L.R. 1245 (Sup. Ct. 1936); Akron Canal & Hydraulic Co. v. Fontaine, 72 Ohio App. 93, 50 N.E.2d 897 (Ct. App. 1943); Patton Park v. Pollack, 115 Ind. There have been a few recent departures from the general rule in some of the western states. Elder v. Delcour, 364 Mo. 835, 269 S.W.2d 17, 47 A.L.R.2d 370 (Sup. Ct. *416 1954); Wash. U.L. Quarter., 1955, pp. 97-99; 35 Ore. L. Rev. 137 (1956), 40 Minn. L. Rev. 88 (1955); Coleman v. Schaeffer, 163 Ohio St. 202, 126 N.E.2d 444 (Sup. Ct. 1955); 30 Tul. L. Rev. 332 (1956). See also Lamprey v. Metcalf, 52 Minn. 181, 53 N.W. 1139, 18 L.R.A. 670 (Sup. Ct. 1893) (dicta).
The minority view stems from jurisdictions with great numbers of inland waterways where hunting and fishing have become major industries. See 28 Ore. L. Rev. 267, 281 (1949); Note, supra, 5 U. of Fla. L. Rev. Whatever its merit under local circumstances of those jurisdictions, as previously indicated the settled proposition in this State is that the general public has no rights to the recreational use of private lakes.
The only other theory upon which the public may be said to have rights in a lake is by dedication, and the record is devoid of evidence indicating an intention on the part of the owner of the lake to dedicate it to public use. See Soper v. Conly, 108 N.J. Eq. 370 (Ch. 1929), affirmed in part 107 N.J. Eq. 537 (E. & A. 1930). For a collection of authorities on the dedication of waterways see Comment, 38 Minn. L. Rev. 685 (1954).
If the plaintiffs have any rights in the instant case, they are individual only and must come from a grant or prescription.
Thus, do the plaintiffs in Class 2 of the pretrial order, i.e., those whose deeds convey to the shore line or edge, have by virtue of such grants any rights to the recreational use of the lake? The determination of this question rests upon the answer to the question whether the grants by the Proprietors from 1767 to 1851 of property contiguous to the lake and previous in time to Niles passed title to portions of the bed so that the present owners of such adjoining property have littoral rights to the recreational use of the lake.
The common rule of construction or presumption employed in the absence of an expressed intention is that a grant bounding upon a river or stream above tide water carries the title of the grantee ad medium filum aquae. *417 Arnold v. Mundy, supra; Simmons v. City of Paterson, 84 N.J. Eq. 23, 28 (Ch. 1914); Bailey v. Driscoll, supra, 19 N.J. at page 367. But the rule with respect to natural fresh water lakes and ponds is different. Angell in his treatise on Watercourses, § 41, p. 35 (1850), states the rule as follows:
"When land is conveyed bounding upon a lake or pond, if it is a natural pond, the grant extends only to the water's edge; but if it is an artificial pond, like a mill pond, caused by the flowing back of the water of a river, the grant extends to the middle of the stream, in its natural state."
Although without a direct holding upon this point, our cases have recognized the rule stated by Angell, that the grant extends only to the water's edge. See Kanouse v. Slockbower, supra, 48 N.J. Eq. at pages 49-50; Fowler v. Vreeland, 44 N.J. Eq. 268 (E. & A. 1888), affirming per curiam opinion below.
We recognize, as the cited cases indicate, that the prime consideration in determining the extent of a grant is the intention of the parties. The burden of proof in showing such intention is upon the party claiming title, in this instance, the plaintiffs. Those plaintiffs, who by deed own to the edge or shore, failed to show that the intention of the Proprietors was to convey to each contiguous owner title to a portion of the lake bed. Indeed, the record indicates the contrary. If valuable rights in the waters had been conferred upon their remote grantees by the Proprietors, the present deeds should have contained language to that effect. In ascertaining the intention of the Proprietors it is significant that in the conveyances to John Rutherford in 1834, the bounds of which contained a portion of the lake, the Proprietors expressly reserved the area covered by the waters of the lake. Moreover, in ascertaining the intention of the parties the ancient deeds must be construed in the light of the circumstances existing at the time of the grants. The primary value of Culvers Lake at that time was in its commercial uses, such as milling and logging, and not for *418 recreation. It is, therefore, not strange that the Proprietors, while granting adjoining property, would have intended to reserve to themselves title to the lake. For a judicial recognition that at least as early as the 1870's the Proprietors were aware of the fact that they had reserved title to the beds of many of the inland lakes in this State, even though much of the surrounding territory had been conveyed, see Proprietors of Eastern New Jersey v. Force's Executors, 72 N.J. Eq. 56, 65 (Ch. 1896). We conclude that the class of plaintiffs previously referred to have failed to show legally or factually that the grants of property adjacent to the shore of the lake, previous in time to Niles, passed any title to the bed of the lake.
We next consider whether those plaintiffs in Class 1 of the pretrial order, i.e., those claiming to own minimal portions of the bed contiguous to the upland and those owning portions of the lake bed in the Meyer's Cove area, have by virtue of such ownership the right to the use of the entire lake. There are two views on the question. The majority view, that of the common law, is that the owner of the bed has the exclusive right to the use of the waters above and may exclude the other bed owners and fence off his portion. Commonwealth Water Company v. Brunner, 175 App. Div. 153, 161 N.Y.S. 794 (App. Div. 1916); Smoulter v. Boyd, 209 Pa. St. 146, 58 A. 144, 66 L.R.A. 829 (Sup. Ct. 1904); Leonard v. Pearce, 348 Ill. 518, 181 N.E. 399 (Sup. Ct. 1932); Sanders v. De Rose, 207 Ind. 90, 191 N.E. 331 (Sup. Ct. 1934); 2 American Law of Property, § 9.49, p. 481.
The minority view follows the civil law rule that each owner of the bed has an easement to use the entire portion of the lake or pond for recreational purposes, subject only to the limitation that it does not unreasonably interfere with the owner of the bed. Swartz v. Sherston, 299 Mich. 423, 300 N.W. 148 (Sup. Ct. 1941). Comment, 26 Minn. L. Rev. 569 (1942). Thus in Swartz v. Sherston, supra, the owner of 1/90th of the lake bed was held to be entitled to use the entire lake, while in Commonwealth Water v. Brunner, *419 supra, the owner of 1/384th of the lake bed was limited to that portion.
For the purposes of the present controversy we need go no farther than to hold that where, as here, one party is the undisputed owner of the substantial portion of the bed he may exclude therefrom owners of minimal portions of the bed. These plaintiffs are restricted to the use of such portions of the waters of the lake, the bed of which they may own.
We next consider whether any of the plaintiffs have acquired an easement by prescription to use the waters of Culvers Lake for recreational purposes. Whether such an easement be considered as one appurtenant, in gross, or as a profit a prendre makes little difference. See Restatement, Property, § 450.
The nature of the user necessary for the creation of an easement by prescription is the same as that for the acquisition of title by adverse possession, i.e., it must be adverse or hostile, exclusive, continuous, uninterrupted, visible and notorious for a period of 20 years. Cobb v. Davenport, supra, 32 N.J.L. at page 385; Plaza v. Flak, 7 N.J. 215, 220 (1951); Predham v. Holfester, 32 N.J. Super. 419, 423 (App. Div. 1954).
Cobb v. Davenport, supra, recognized that the user of a lake for recreational purposes over a 20-year period is deemed to be permissive. Justice Depue there declared:
"To hold that a right of hunting over another's wild lands, or even over lands under cultivation, was established by showing that the person claiming the right, and those under whom he claims, had at pleasure hunted for game on the premises for the period of twenty years, would be monstrous. Such acts of hunting would be considered to be merely permissive, unless there was clear evidence that they were done under a claim of right, and that the owner knew of such claim, and knowing it, acquiesced in it. * * *
The same rule must be applied when the right claimed is of fishing." (32 N.J.L. at pages 387-388)
The reason for the rule that the user is deemed permissive was tersely but effectively stated by the court in Albright v. Cortright, supra, 64 N.J.L. at pages 337-338:
*420 "In country life a multitude of acts are habitually committed that are technically trespasses. Persons walk, catch fish, pick berries, and gather nuts in alieno solo without strict right. Good-natured owners tolerate these practices until they become annoying or injurious, and then put a stop to them."
In Plaza v. Flak, supra, we held that in certain instances in order for a party to establish an easement by prescription it was only necessary that the user be shown to be open, exclusive and uninterrupted by the adverse claimant for the prescription period, at which time a presumption arises that the use was adverse or hostile. But in viewing the various rules relating to the creation of easements by prescription we said the following:
"* * * third, there is a conflicting presumption with the foregoing rule which may arise where the situation and condition of the land and the uses thereof place the property in the category of vacant, unimproved land, unenclosed, where the use is casual rather than customary. Where the land is in that category the use is presumed to have been permissive." (7 N.J. at page 222)
In addition, the Cobb case was cited and relied upon in Plaza.
Thus, with respect to the present situation, it is necessary that the plaintiffs prove that their use was adverse or hostile. A user is adverse if done "under a claim of right, pursued with an intent to claim against the true owner in such circumstances of notoriety that the owner will be aware of the fact and thus alerted to resist the acquisition of the right by claimant before the period of adverse possession has elapsed." Predham v. Holfester, supra, 32 N.J. Super. at page 424. See also A.J. & J.O. Pilar, Inc., v. Lister Corp., 22 N.J. 75, 81 (1956).
The enunciated legal principles presage the result. First, the "free as the air" use of the lake from 1882 until at least 1921 must be deemed permissive. There is no evidence that any one who used the lake during that period did so under a claim of right.
The record reveals that of the 43 original plaintiffs who could by themselves, or by tacking the period of their *421 predecessors, show a user for the 20-year period, only one, Deiser, did not at one time or another belong to or pay dues to the association. As was stated in A.J. & J.O. Pilar, Inc., v. Lister Corp., supra, 22 N.J. at page 81, "`a single lisp of acknowledgment by the [claimant] that he claims no title, fastens a character upon his position which makes it unavailable for ages.'"
Moreover, it is significant that in the parade of witnesses presented by the plaintiffs (including the plaintiff Deiser) who presented testimony concerning their use of the lake, not one claimed that he considered such use to be of right. There is a complete failure of evidence indicating the necessary hostility in the user. We therefore conclude that none of the plaintiffs has established a prescriptive right to use Culvers Lake for recreational purposes.
One last point remains to be considered. The judgment rendered by the court below which adjudicated title in the association contains a metes and bounds description of the lake. This description was taken from the 1921 deed from the Smiths to the Normanoch Association which, in turn, was taken from the Roome survey made in 1882. The plaintiffs, Millers and Peatfields, contended after the rendition of the judgment that portions of their property adjoining the lake, and therefore the access to it, became vested in the association because it came within the bounds of the description. They have filed a separate brief and directed their appeal to this question. These plaintiffs claim that the judgment declared title to lands not under the waters of Culvers Lake, whereas the pretrial order was limited to lands covered by the waters of the lake. See R.R. 4:29-1(b); Schlossberg v. Jersey City Sewerage Authority, 15 N.J. 360 (1954). The association, on the other hand, claims that the issue of title was tried at the trial and these plaintiffs must abide by the judgment.
We must consider whether the adjudication of title in the judgment below was appropriate or necessary. We have previously alluded to the fact that it was undisputed at the trial that the vast portion of the present boundaries of the *422 lake was in the defendant association. Clearly as to that portion, it was unnecessary to adjudicate title it was not in issue. We concede that during the trial some question was raised as to whether certain of the plaintiffs had rights by deed to minute portions of the lake bed. But the thrust of the litigation was that the plaintiffs had acquired easements to use the lake, not that they had or claimed title to any substantial portion of it. The major controversy involved herein can be settled by the granting of injunctive relief restraining the plaintiffs from a general user of the lake.
Moreover it should be observed that the cause here was in the nature of a class action, and hardly an appropriate one for proving the exact bounds of the title of any particular plaintiff witness the effect of the final judgment upon the plaintiffs, Millers and Peatfields.
We conclude that the adjudication of title was not a necessary concomitant of the judgment and should, in fairness to the parties adversely affected, be deleted. The defendant association, however, is entitled to appropriate injunctive relief restraining plaintiffs from entering upon all portions of the lake the title to which was not in dispute.
The judgment below is modified, and, as modified, is affirmed. The cause will be remanded to the Superior Court, Chancery Division, for the entry of judgment in accordance with this opinion.
No costs will be taxed to any party either at the trial or on appeal.
For modification Chief Justice WEINTRAUB, and Justices HEHER, WACHENFELD, BURLING, JACOBS and FRANCIS 6.
Opposed None.
| 43,313 |
https://github.com/typedpath/iam2kotlin/blob/master/src/main/kotlin/com/typedpath/iam2kotlin/resources/gamelift/GameliftAction.kt
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| null |
iam2kotlin
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typedpath
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Kotlin
|
Code
| 719 | 2,938 |
package com.typedpath.iam2kotlin.resources.gamelift
import com.typedpath.iam2kotlin.IamPolicy
class GameliftAction() {
companion object {
val All = IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:*")
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_CreateAlias.html
// Creates an alias for a fleet.
val CreateAlias = _CreateAlias()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_CreateBuild.html
// Initializes a new build record and generates information required to upload a game build to Amazon GameLift.
val CreateBuild = _CreateBuild()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_CreateFleet.html
// Creates a new fleet to run your game servers.
val CreateFleet = _CreateFleet()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_CreateGameSession.html
// Creates a multiplayer game session for players.
val CreateGameSession = _CreateGameSession()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_CreatePlayerSession.html
// Adds a player to a game session and creates a player session record.
val CreatePlayerSession = _CreatePlayerSession()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_CreatePlayerSessions.html
// Adds a group of players to a game session.
val CreatePlayerSessions = _CreatePlayerSessions()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DeleteAlias.html
// Deletes an alias.
val DeleteAlias = _DeleteAlias()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DeleteBuild.html
// Deletes a build.
val DeleteBuild = _DeleteBuild()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DeleteFleet.html
// Deletes everything related to a fleet.
val DeleteFleet = _DeleteFleet()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DescribeAlias.html
// Retrieves properties for a specified alias.
val DescribeAlias = _DescribeAlias()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DescribeBuild.html
// Retrieves properties for a build.
val DescribeBuild = _DescribeBuild()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DescribeEC2InstanceLimits.html
// .
val DescribeEC2InstanceLimits = _DescribeEC2InstanceLimits()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DescribeFleetAttributes.html
// Retrieves fleet properties, including metadata, status, and configuration, for one or more fleets.
val DescribeFleetAttributes = _DescribeFleetAttributes()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DescribeFleetCapacity.html
// Retrieves the current status of fleet capacity for one or more fleets.
val DescribeFleetCapacity = _DescribeFleetCapacity()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DescribeFleetEvents.html
// Retrieves entries from the specified fleet's event log.
val DescribeFleetEvents = _DescribeFleetEvents()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DescribeFleetPortSettings.html
// Retrieves the inbound connection permissions for a fleet.
val DescribeFleetPortSettings = _DescribeFleetPortSettings()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DescribeFleetUtilization.html
// Retrieves utilization statistics for one or more fleets.
val DescribeFleetUtilization = _DescribeFleetUtilization()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DescribeGameSessions.html
// Retrieves properties for one or more game sessions.
val DescribeGameSessions = _DescribeGameSessions()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_DescribePlayerSessions.html
// Retrieves properties for one or more player sessions.
val DescribePlayerSessions = _DescribePlayerSessions()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_GetGameSessionLogUrl.html
// Retrieves the location of stored game session logs for a specified game session.
val GetGameSessionLogUrl = _GetGameSessionLogUrl()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_ListAliases.html
// Retrieves a collection of alias records for this AWS account.
val ListAliases = _ListAliases()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_ListBuilds.html
// Retrieves build records for all builds associated with the AWS account in use.
val ListBuilds = _ListBuilds()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_ListFleets.html
// Retrieves a collection of fleet records for this AWS account.
val ListFleets = _ListFleets()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_RequestUploadCredentials.html
// Retrieves a fresh set of upload credentials and the assigned Amazon S3 storage location for a specific build.
val RequestUploadCredentials = _RequestUploadCredentials()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_ResolveAlias.html
// Retrieves the fleet ID that a specified alias is currently pointing to.
val ResolveAlias = _ResolveAlias()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_UpdateAlias.html
// Updates properties for an alias.
val UpdateAlias = _UpdateAlias()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_UpdateBuild.html
// Updates metadata in a build record, including the build name and version.
val UpdateBuild = _UpdateBuild()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_UpdateFleetAttributes.html
// Updates fleet properties, including name and description, for a fleet.
val UpdateFleetAttributes = _UpdateFleetAttributes()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_UpdateFleetCapacity.html
// Updates capacity settings for a fleet.
val UpdateFleetCapacity = _UpdateFleetCapacity()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_UpdateFleetPortSettings.html
// Updates port settings for a fleet.
val UpdateFleetPortSettings = _UpdateFleetPortSettings()
// see http://docs.aws.amazon.com/gamelift/latest/apireference/API_UpdateGameSession.html
// Updates game session properties.
val UpdateGameSession = _UpdateGameSession()
}
class _CreateAlias : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:CreateAlias") {
}
class _CreateBuild : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:CreateBuild") {
}
class _CreateFleet : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:CreateFleet") {
}
class _CreateGameSession : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:CreateGameSession") {
}
class _CreatePlayerSession : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:CreatePlayerSession") {
}
class _CreatePlayerSessions : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:CreatePlayerSessions") {
}
class _DeleteAlias : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DeleteAlias") {
}
class _DeleteBuild : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DeleteBuild") {
}
class _DeleteFleet : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DeleteFleet") {
}
class _DescribeAlias : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DescribeAlias") {
}
class _DescribeBuild : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DescribeBuild") {
}
class _DescribeEC2InstanceLimits : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DescribeEC2InstanceLimits") {
}
class _DescribeFleetAttributes : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DescribeFleetAttributes") {
}
class _DescribeFleetCapacity : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DescribeFleetCapacity") {
}
class _DescribeFleetEvents : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DescribeFleetEvents") {
}
class _DescribeFleetPortSettings : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DescribeFleetPortSettings") {
}
class _DescribeFleetUtilization : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DescribeFleetUtilization") {
}
class _DescribeGameSessions : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DescribeGameSessions") {
}
class _DescribePlayerSessions : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:DescribePlayerSessions") {
}
class _GetGameSessionLogUrl : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:GetGameSessionLogUrl") {
}
class _ListAliases : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:ListAliases") {
}
class _ListBuilds : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:ListBuilds") {
}
class _ListFleets : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:ListFleets") {
}
class _RequestUploadCredentials : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:RequestUploadCredentials") {
}
class _ResolveAlias : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:ResolveAlias") {
}
class _UpdateAlias : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:UpdateAlias") {
}
class _UpdateBuild : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:UpdateBuild") {
}
class _UpdateFleetAttributes : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:UpdateFleetAttributes") {
}
class _UpdateFleetCapacity : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:UpdateFleetCapacity") {
}
class _UpdateFleetPortSettings : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:UpdateFleetPortSettings") {
}
class _UpdateGameSession : IamPolicy.Action("gamelift:UpdateGameSession") {
}
}
| 5,180 |
https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/27%20%D9%85%DB%90
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
27 مې
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https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=27 مې&action=history
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Pashto
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Spoken
| 13 | 57 |
د عيسوي کليز درېمه ورځ ده
تاريخ
پېښې
زوکړې
مړينې
نور ولولئ
جنوري
| 20,568 |
US-202218061415-A_19
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,451 | 10,415 |
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a radial basisfunction (RBF) neural network, such as one that employs a distancecriterion with respect to a center (e.g., a Gaussian function). A radialbasis function may be applied as a replacement for a hidden layer, suchas a sigmoidal hidden layer transfer, in a multi-layer perceptron. AnRBF network may have two layers, such as where an input is mapped ontoeach RBF in a hidden layer. In embodiments, an output layer may comprisea linear combination of hidden layer values representing, for example, amean predicted output. The output layer value may provide an output thatmay be the same as or similar to that of a regression model instatistics. In classification problems, the output layer may be asigmoid function of a linear combination of hidden layer values,representing a posterior probability. Performance in both cases may beoften improved by shrinkage techniques, such as ridge regression inclassical statistics. This corresponds to a prior belief in smallparameter values (and therefore smooth output functions) in a Bayesianframework. RBF networks may avoid local minima, because the onlyparameters that are adjusted in the learning process are the linearmapping from hidden layer to output layer. Linearity ensures that theerror surface may be quadratic and therefore has a single minimum. Inregression problems, this can be found in one matrix operation. Inclassification problems, the fixed non-linearity introduced by thesigmoid output function may be handled using an iteratively. Re-weightedleast squares function or the like.
In embodiments, RBF networks may use kernel methods such as supportvector machines (SVM) and Gaussian processes (where the RBF may be thekernel function). A non-linear kernel function may be used to projectthe input data into a space where the learning problem can be solvedusing a linear model.
In embodiments, an RBF neural network may include an input layer, ahidden layer and a summation layer. In the input layer, one neuronappears in the input layer for each predictor variable. In the case ofcategorical variables, N−1 neurons are used, where N is the number ofcategories. The input neurons may, in embodiments, standardize the valueranges by subtracting the median and dividing by the interquartilerange. The input neurons may then feed the values to each of the neuronsin the hidden layer. In the hidden layer, a variable number of neuronsmay be used (determined by the training process). Each neuron mayconsist of a radial basis function that may be centered on a point withas many dimensions as a number of predictor variables. The spread (e.g.,radius) of the RBF function may be different for each dimension. Thecenters and spreads may be determined by training. When presented with avector of input values from the input layer, a hidden neuron may computea Euclidean distance of the test case from the neuron's center point andthen apply the RBF kernel function to this distance, such as using thespread values. The resulting value may then be passed to the summationlayer. In the summation layer, the value coming out of a neuron in thehidden layer may be multiplied by a weight associated with the neuronand may add to the weighted values of other neurons. This sum becomesthe output. For classification problems, one output may be produced(with a separate set of weights and summation units) for each targetcategory. The value output for a category is the probability that thecase being evaluated has that category. In training of an RBF, variousparameters may be determined, such as the number of neurons in a hiddenlayer, the coordinates of the center of each hidden-layer function, thespread of each function in each dimension, and the weights applied tooutputs as they pass to the summation layer. Training may be used byclustering algorithms (such as k-means clustering), by evolutionaryapproaches, and the like.
In embodiments, a recurrent neural network may have a time-varying,real-valued (more than just zero or one) activation (output). Eachconnection may have a modifiable real-valued weight. Some of the nodesare called labeled nodes, some output nodes, and other hidden nodes. Forsupervised learning in discrete time settings, training sequences ofreal-valued input vectors may become sequences of activations of theinput nodes, one input vector at a time. At each time step, eachnon-input unit may compute its current activation as a nonlinearfunction of the weighted sum of the activations of all units from whichit receives connections. The system can explicitly activate (independentof incoming signals) some output units at certain time steps.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a self-organizingneural network, such as a Kohonen self-organizing neural network, suchas for visualization of views of data, such as low-dimensional views ofhigh-dimensional data. The self-organizing neural network may applycompetitive learning to a set of input data, such as from one or moresensors or other data inputs from or associated with an individual. Inembodiments, the self-organizing neural network may be used to identifystructures in data, such as unlabeled data, such as in data from variousunstructured sources, such as social media sources about an individual,where sources of the data are unknown (such as where data comes fromvarious unknown or uncertain sources). The self-organizing neuralnetwork may organize structures or patterns in the data, such that theycan be recognized, analyzed, and labeled, such as identifying structuresas corresponding to individuals, disease conditions, health states,activity states, and the like.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a recurrent neuralnetwork, which may allow for a bi-directional flow of data, such aswhere connected units (e.g., neurons or nodes) form a directed cycle.Such a network may be used to model or exhibit dynamic temporalbehavior, such as involved in dynamic systems, such as a wide variety ofthe disease conditions, health states, and biological systems describedthroughout this disclosure, such as a body experiencing multipledifferent diseases or health conditions, or the like, where dynamicsystem behavior involves complex interactions that an observer maydesire to understand, diagnose, predict, control, treat and/or optimize.For example, the recurrent neural network may be used to anticipate thestate (such as a maintenance state, a health state, a disease state, orthe like), of an individual, such as one interacting with a system,performing an action, or the like. In embodiments, the recurrent neuralnetwork may use internal memory to process a sequence of inputs, such asfrom other nodes and/or from sensors and other data inputs from anenvironment, of the various types described herein, such as a socialnetwork, a home or work environment, a health care environment, arecreational or sports environment, or the like. In embodiments, therecurrent neural network may also be used for pattern recognition, suchas for recognizing a person based on a biomarker, a face, a voice orsound signature, a heat signature, a set of feature vectors in an image,a chemical signature, or the like. In a non-limiting example, arecurrent neural network may recognize a change or shift in a state of ahuman by learning to classify the shift or change from a training dataset consisting of a stream of data from unstructured data sources, suchas social media sources.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a modular neuralnetwork, which may comprise a series of independent neural networks(such as ones of various types described herein) that are moderated byan intermediary. Each of the independent neural networks in the modularneural network may work with separate inputs, accomplishing subtasksthat make up the task the modular network as a whole is intended toperform. For example, a modular neural network may comprise a recurrentneural network for pattern recognition, such as to recognize what typeof person, condition, state, or the like is being sensed by one or moresensors that are provided as input channels to the modular network andan RBF neural network for optimizing a system, protocol, or the like,once understood. The intermediary may accept inputs of each of theindividual neural networks, process them, and create output for themodular neural network, such an appropriate control parameter, aprediction of state, or the like.
Combinations among any of the pairs, triplets, or larger combinations,of the various neural network types described herein, are encompassed bythe present disclosure. This may include combinations where an expertsystem uses one neural network for recognizing a pattern (e.g., apattern indicating a problem or fault condition) and a different neuralnetwork for self-organizing an activity or work flow based on therecognized pattern (such as providing an output governing autonomouscontrol of a system in response to the recognized condition or pattern).This may also include combinations where an expert system uses oneneural network for classifying an item (e.g., identifying a machine, acomponent, or an operational mode) and a different neural network forpredicting a state of the item (e.g., a fault state, an operationalstate, an anticipated state, a maintenance state, a. predicted state, orthe like). Modular neural networks may also include situations where anexpert system uses one neural network for determining a state or context(such as a state of a machine, a process, a work flow, a storage system,a network, a data collector, or the like) and a different neural networkfor self-organizing a process involving the state or context (e.g., adata storage process, a network coding process, a network selectionprocess, a data processing process, or other process described herein).
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a physical neuralnetwork where one or more hardware elements may be used to perform orsimulate neural behavior. One or more hardware nodes may be configuredto stream output data resulting from the activity of the neural net.Hardware nodes, which may comprise one or more chips, microprocessors,integrated circuits, programmable logic controllers,application-specific integrated circuits, field-programmable gatearrays, or the like, may be provided to optimize the speed, input/outputefficiency, energy efficiency, signal to noise ratio, or other parameterof some part of a neural net of any of the types described herein.Hardware nodes may include hardware for acceleration of calculations(such as dedicated processors for performing basic or more sophisticatedcalculations on input data to provide outputs, dedicated processors forfiltering or compressing data, dedicated processors for de-compressingdata, dedicated processors for compression of specific file or datatypes (e.g., for handling image data, video streams, acoustic signals,vibration data, thermal images, heat maps, or the like), and the like. Aphysical neural network may be embodied in a data collector, edgeintelligence system, adaptive intelligent system, mobile data collector,IoT monitoring system, or other system described herein, including onethat may be reconfigured by switching or routing inputs in varyingconfigurations, such as to provide different neural net configurationswithin the system for handling different types of inputs (with theswitching and configuration optionally under control of an expertsystem, which may include a software-based neural net located on thedata collector or remotely). A physical, or at least partially physical,neural network may include physical hardware nodes located in a storagesystem, such as for storing data within machine, a product, or the like,such as for accelerating input/output functions to one or more storageelements that supply data to or take data from the neural net. Aphysical, or at least partially physical, neural network may includephysical hardware nodes located in a network, such as for transmittingdata within, to or from an environment, such as for acceleratinginput/output functions to one or more network nodes in the net,accelerating relay functions, or the like. In embodiments, of a physicalneural network, an electrically adjustable resistance material may beused for emulating the function of a neural synapse. In embodiments, thephysical hardware emulates the neurons, and software emulates the neuralnetwork between the neurons. In embodiments, neural networks complementconventional algorithmic computers. In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a multilayeredfeed forward neural network, such as for complex pattern classificationof one or more items, phenomena, modes, states, or the like. Inembodiments, a multilayered feed forward neural network may be trainedby an optimization technical, such as a genetic algorithm, such as toexplore a large and complex space of options to find an optimum, ornear-optimum, global solution. For example, one or more geneticalgorithms may be used to train a multilayered feed forward neuralnetwork to classify complex phenomena, such as to recognize complexoperational modes or states of individuals, such as modes involvingcomplex interactions among entities (including interference effects,amplifying effects, and the like), modes involving non-linear phenomena,such as impacts of interaction of protocols, which may make analysis ofsymptoms or diagnosis of conditions of entities difficult, modesinvolving critical risks, such as where multiple, simultaneousconditions occur, making root cause analysis difficult, and others. Inembodiments, a multilayered feed forward neural network may be used toclassify results from monitoring unstructured data, such as form socialmedia.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a feed-forward,back-propagation multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network, such asfor handling one or more remote sensing applications, such as for takinginputs from sensors distributed throughout various human-inhabitedenvironments, including home and work environments, businessenvironments, and the like. In embodiments, the MLP neural network maybe used for classification of physical environments. This may includefuzzy classification.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use astructure-adaptive neural network, where the structure of a neuralnetwork may be adapted, such as based on a rule, a sensed condition, acontextual parameter, or the like. For example, if a neural network doesnot converge on a solution, such as classifying an item or arriving at aprediction, when acting on a set of inputs after some amount oftraining, the neural network may be modified, such as from a feedforward neural network to a recurrent neural network, such as byswitching data paths between some subset of nodes from unidirectional tobi-directional data paths. The structure adaptation may occur undercontrol of an expert system, such as to trigger adaptation uponoccurrence of a trigger, rule or event, such as recognizing occurrenceof a threshold (such as an absence of a convergence to a solution withina given amount of time) or recognizing a phenomenon as requiringdifferent or additional structure (such as recognizing that a system maybe varying dynamically or in a non-linear fashion).
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use an autoencoder,autoassociator or Diabolo neural network, which may be similar to amultilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network, such as where there may bean input layer, an output layer and one or more hidden layers connectingthem. However, the output layer in the auto-encoder may have the samenumber of units as the input layer, where the purpose of the MLP neuralnetwork may be to reconstruct its own inputs (rather than just emittinga target value). Therefore, the auto encoders are may operate as anunsupervised learning model. An auto encoder may be used, for example,for unsupervised learning of efficient codings, such as fordimensionality reduction, for learning generative models of data, andthe like. In embodiments, an auto-encoding neural network may be used toself-learn an efficient network coding for transmission of data from orabout an individual over one or more networks, which may include socialnetworks. In embodiments, an auto-encoding neural network may be used toself-learn an efficient storage approach for the storage of streams ofanalog sensor data from an environment.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a probabilisticneural network (PNN), which, in embodiments, may comprise a multi-layer(e.g., four-layer) feed forward neural network, where layers may includeinput layers, hidden layers, pattern/summation layers and an outputlayer. In an embodiment of a PNN algorithm, a parent probabilitydistribution function (PDF) of each class may be approximated, such asby a Parzen window and/or a non-parametric function. Then, using the PDFof each class, the class probability of a new input may be estimated,and Bayes' rule may be employed, such as to allocate it to the classwith the highest posterior probability. A PNN may embody a Bayesiannetwork and may use a statistical algorithm or analytic technique, suchas Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis technique. The PNN may be usedfor classification and pattern recognition in any of a wide range ofembodiments disclosed herein. In one non-limiting example, aprobabilistic neural network may be used to predict a fault condition ofa product or system based on a collection of data inputs from sensorsand instruments for the engine.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a time delayneural network (TDNN), which may comprise a feed forward architecturefor sequential data that recognizes features independent of sequenceposition. In embodiments, to account for time shifts in data, delays areadded to one or more inputs, or between one or more nodes, so thatmultiple data points (from distinct points in time) are analyzedtogether. A time delay neural network may form part of a larger patternrecognition system, such as using a perceptron network. In embodiments,a TDNN may be trained with supervised learning, such as where connectionweights are trained with back propagation or under feedback. Inembodiments, a TDNN may be used to process sensor data from distinctstreams, where time delays are used to align the data streams in time,such as to help understand patterns that involve the understanding ofthe various streams.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a convolutionalneural network (referred to in some cases as a CNN, a ConvNet, a shiftinvariant neural network, or a space invariant neural network), whereinthe units are connected in a pattern similar to the visual cortex of thehuman brain. Neurons may respond to stimuli in a restricted region ofspace, referred to as a receptive field. Receptive fields may partiallyoverlap, such that they collectively cover the entire (e.g., visual)field. Node responses can be calculated mathematically, such as by aconvolution operation, such as using. Multilayer perceptrons that useminimal preprocessing. A convolutional neural network may be used forrecognition within images and video streams, such as for recognizing anindividual, recognizing a marker of a disease condition, or the like.This may include recognizing an individual in a crowd, such as using acamera system disposed on a mobile data collector, such as on a drone ormobile robot. In embodiments, a convolutional neural network may be usedto provide a recommendation based on data inputs, including sensorinputs and other contextual information. In embodiments, a convolutionalneural network may be used for processing inputs, such as for naturallanguage processing of instructions provided by one or more partiesinvolved in a workflow in an environment. In embodiments, aconvolutional neural network may be deployed with a large number ofneurons (e.g., 100,000, 500,000 or more), with multiple (e.g., 4, 5, 6or more) layers, and with many (e.g., millions) of parameters. Aconvolutional neural net may use one or more convolutional nets.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a regulatoryfeedback network, such as for recognizing emergent phenomena (such asnew types of conditions not previously understood in an individual orpopulation of individuals).
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a self-organizingmap (SOM), involving unsupervised learning. A set of neurons may learnto map points in an input space to coordinates in an output space. Theinput space can have different dimensions and topology from the outputspace, and the SOM may preserve these while mapping phenomena intogroups.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a learning vectorquantization neural net (LVQ). Prototypical representatives of theclasses may parameterize, together with an appropriate distance measure,in a distance-based classification scheme.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use an echo statenetwork (ESN), which may comprise a recurrent neural network with asparsely connected, random hidden layer. The weights of output neuronsmay be changed (e.g., the weights may be trained based on feedback). Inembodiments, an ESN may be used to handle time series patterns, such as,in an example, recognizing a pattern of progression of a process.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a Bi-directional,recurrent neural network (BRNN), such as using a finite sequence ofvalues (e.g., voltage values from a sensor) to predict or label eachelement of the sequence based on both the past and the future context ofthe element. This may be done by adding the outputs of two RNNs, such asone processing the sequence from left to right, the other one from rightto left. The combined outputs are the predictions of target signals,such as ones provided by a teacher or supervisor. A bi-directional RNNmay be combined with a long short-term memory RNN.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a hierarchical RNNthat connects elements in various ways to decompose hierarchicalbehavior, such as into useful subprograms. In embodiments, ahierarchical RNN may be used to manage one or more hierarchicaltemplates for data collection in a social network, a value chainenvironment, or the like.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a stochasticneural network, which may introduce random variations into the network.Such random variations can be viewed as a form of statistical sampling,such as Monte Carlo sampling or other statistical sampling techniques.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a genetic scalerecurrent neural network. In such embodiments, an RNN (often a LSTM) maybe used where a series may be decomposed into a number of scales whereevery scale informs the primary length between two consecutive points. Afirst order scale consists of a normal RNN, a second order consists ofall points separated by two indices and so on. The Nth order RNNconnects the first and last node. The outputs from all the variousscales may be treated as a committee of members, and the associatedscores may be used genetically for the next iteration.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a committee ofmachines (CoM), comprising a collection of different neural networksthat together “vote” on a given example. Because neural networks maysuffer from local minima, starting with the same architecture andtraining, but using randomly different initial weights often givesdifferent results. A CoM tends to stabilize the result.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use an associativeneural network (ASNN), such as involving an extension of a committee ofmachines that combines multiple feed forward neural networks and ak-nearest neighbor technique. It may use the correlation betweenensemble responses as a measure of distance amid the analyzed cases forthe kNN. This corrects the bias of the neural network ensemble. Anassociative neural network may have a memory that can coincide with atraining set. If new data become available, the network instantlyimproves its predictive ability and provides data approximation(self-learns) without retraining. Another important feature of ASNN maybe the possibility to interpret neural network results by analysis ofcorrelations between data cases in the space of models.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use an instantaneouslytrained neural network (ITNN), where the weights of the hidden and theoutput layers are mapped directly from training vector data.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a spiking neuralnetwork, which may explicitly consider the timing of inputs. The networkinput and output may be represented as a series of spikes (such as adelta function or more complex shapes). SNNs can process information inthe time domain (e.g., signals that vary over time, such as signalsinvolving dynamic behavior of an individual, a disease condition, ahealth condition, or the like). They may be implemented as recurrentnetworks.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a dynamic neuralnetwork that addresses nonlinear multivariate behavior and includeslearning of time-dependent behavior, such as transient phenomena anddelay effects. Transients may include behavior of progressing states.
In embodiments, cascade correlation may be used as an architecture andsupervised learning algorithm, supplementing adjustment of the weightsin a network of fixed topology. Cascade-correlation may begin with aminimal network, then automatically trains and add new hidden units oneby one, creating a multi-layer structure. Once a new hidden unit hasbeen added to the network, its input-side weights may be frozen. Thisunit then becomes a permanent feature-detector in the network, availablefor producing outputs or for creating other, more complex featuredetectors. The cascade-correlation architecture may learn quickly,determine its own size and topology, and retain the structures it hasbuilt even if the training set changes and requires no back-propagation.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a neuro-fuzzynetwork, such as involving a fuzzy interference system in the body of anartificial neural network. Depending on the type, several layers maysimulate the processes involved in a fuzzy inference, such asfuzzification, inference, aggregation and defuzzification. Embedding afuzzy system in a general structure of a neural net as the benefit ofusing available training methods to find the parameters of a fuzzysystem.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a compositionalpattern-producing network (CPPN), such as a variation of an associativeneural network (ANN) that differs the set of activation functions andhow they are applied. While typical ANNs often contain only sigmoidfunctions (and sometimes Gaussian functions. PPNs can include both typesof functions and many others. Furthermore, CPPNs may be applied acrossthe entire space of possible inputs, so that they can represent acomplete image. Since they are compositions of functions, CPPNs ineffect encode images at infinite resolution and can be sampled for aparticular display at whatever resolution may be optimal. This type ofnetwork can add new patterns without re-training. In embodiments,methods and systems described herein that involve an expert system orself-organization capability may use a one-shot associative memorynetwork, such as by creating a specific memory structure, which assignseach new pattern to an orthogonal plane using adjacently connectedhierarchical arrays.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a hierarchicaltemporal memory (HTM) neural network, such as involving the structuraland algorithmic properties of the neocortex. HTM may use a biomimeticmodel, such as based on memory-prediction. HTM may be used to discoverand infer the high-level causes of observed input patterns andsequences.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a holographicassociative memory (HAM) neural network, which may comprise an analog,correlation-based, associative, stimulus-response system. Informationmay be mapped onto the phase orientation of complex numbers. The memorymay be effective for associative memory tasks, generalization andpattern recognition with changeable attention.
The foregoing neural networks may have a variety of nodes or neurons,which may perform a variety of functions on inputs, such as inputsreceived from sensors or other data sources, including other nodes.Functions may involve weights, features, feature vectors, and the like.Neurons may include perceptrons, neurons that mimic biological functions(such as of the human senses of touch, vision, taste, hearing, andsmell), and the like. Continuous neurons, such as with sigmoidalactivation, may be used in the context of various forms of neural net,such as where back propagation is involved.
In many embodiments, an expert system or neural network may be trained,such as by a human operator or supervisor, or based on a data set,model, or the like. Training may include presenting the neural networkwith one or more training data sets that represent values, such assensor data, event data, parameter data, and other types of data(including the many types described throughout this disclosure), as wellas one or more indicators of an outcome, such as an outcome of aprocess, an outcome of a calculation, an outcome of an event, an outcomeof an activity, or the like. Training may include training inoptimization, such as training a neural network to optimize one or moresystems based on one or more optimization approaches, such as Bayesianapproaches, parametric Bayes classifier approaches, k-nearest-neighborclassifier approaches, iterative approaches, interpolation approaches,Pareto optimization approaches, algorithmic approaches, and the like.Feedback may be provided in a process of variation and selection, suchas with a genetic algorithm that evolves one or more solutions based onfeedback through a series of rounds.
In embodiments, a plurality of neural networks may be deployed in acloud platform that receives data streams and other inputs collected(such as by mobile data collectors) in one or more industrialenvironments and transmitted to the cloud platform over one or morenetworks, including using network coding to provide efficienttransmission. In the cloud platform, optionally using massively parallelcomputational capability, a plurality of different neural networks ofseveral types (including modular forms, structure-adaptive forms,hybrids, and the like) may be used to undertake prediction,classification, control functions, and provide other outputs asdescribed in connection with expert systems disclosed throughout thisdisclosure. The different neural networks may be structured to competewith each other (optionally including the use of evolutionaryalgorithms, genetic algorithms, or the like), such that an appropriatetype of neural network, with appropriate input sets, weights, node typesand functions, and the like, may be selected, such as by an expertsystem, for a specific task involved in a given context, workflow,environment process, system, or the like.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a feed forwardneural network, which moves information in one direction, such as from adata input, like an analog sensor located on or proximal to anindustrial machine, through a series of neurons or nodes, to an output.Data may move from the input nodes to the output nodes, optionallypassing through one or more hidden nodes, without loops. In embodiments,feedforward neural networks may be constructed with various types ofunits, such as binary McCulloch-Pitts neurons, the simplest of which isa perceptron.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a radial basisfunction (RBF) neural network, which may be preferred in some situationsinvolving interpolation in a multi-dimensional space (such as whereinterpolation is helpful in optimizing a multi-dimensional function,such as for optimizing a data marketplace as described here, optimizingthe efficiency or output of a power generation system, a factory system,or the like, or other situation involving multiple dimensions). Inembodiments, each neuron in the RBF neural network stores an examplefrom a training set as a “prototype.” Linearity involved in thefunctioning of this neural network offers RBF the advantage of nottypically suffering from problems with local minima or maxima.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a radial basisfunction (RBF) neural network, such as one that employs a distancecriterion with respect to a center (e.g., a Gaussian function). A radialbasis function may be applied as a replacement for a hidden layer (suchas a sigmoidal hidden layer transfer) in a multi-layer perceptron. AnRBF network may have two layers, such as the case where an input ismapped onto each RBF in a hidden layer. In embodiments, an output layermay comprise a linear combination of hidden layer values representing,for example, a mean predicted output. The output layer value may providean output that is the same as or similar to that of a regression modelin statistics. In classification problems, the output layer may be asigmoid function of a linear combination of hidden layer values,representing a posterior probability. Performance in both cases is oftenimproved by shrinkage techniques, such as ridge regression in classicalstatistics. This corresponds to a prior belief in small parameter values(and therefore smooth output functions) in a Bayesian framework. RBFnetworks may avoid local minima, because the only parameters that areadjusted in the learning process are the linear mapping from hiddenlayer to output layer. Linearity ensures that the error surface isquadratic and therefore has a single minimum. In regression problems,this can be found in one matrix operation. In classification problems,the fixed non-linearity introduced by the sigmoid output function may behandled using an iteratively re-weighted least squares function or thelike.
RBF networks may use kernel methods such as support vector machines(SVM) and Gaussian processes (where the RBF is the kernel function). Anon-linear kernel function may be used to project the input data into aspace where the learning problem can be solved using a linear model.
In embodiments, an RBF neural network may include an input layer, ahidden layer, and a summation layer. In the input layer, one neuronappears in the input layer for each predictor variable. In the case ofcategorical variables, N−1 neurons are used, where N is the number ofcategories. The input neurons may, in embodiments, standardize the valueranges by subtracting the median and dividing by the interquartilerange. The input neurons may then feed the values to each of the neuronsin the hidden layer. In the hidden layer, a variable number of neuronsmay be used (determined by the training process). Each neuron mayconsist of a radial basis function that is centered on a point with asmany dimensions as a number of predictor variables. The spread (e.g.,radius) of the RBF function may be different for each dimension. Thecenters and spreads may be determined by training. When presented with avector of input values from the input layer, a hidden neuron may computea Euclidean distance of the test case from the neuron's center point andthen apply the RBF kernel function to this distance, such as using thespread values. The resulting value may then be passed to the summationlayer. In the summation layer, the value coming out of a neuron in thehidden layer may be multiplied by a weight associated with the neuronand may add to the weighted values of other neurons. This sum becomesthe output. For classification problems, one output is produced (with aseparate set of weights and summation units) for each target category.The value output for a category is the probability that the case beingevaluated has that category. In training of an RBF, various parametersmay be determined, such as the number of neurons in a hidden layer, thecoordinates of the center of each hidden-layer function, the spread ofeach function in each dimension, and the weights applied to outputs asthey pass to the summation layer. Training may be used by clusteringalgorithms (such as k-means clustering), by evolutionary approaches, andthe like.
In embodiments, a recurrent neural network may have a time-varying,real-valued (more than just zero or one) activation (output). Eachconnection may have a modifiable real-valued weight. Some of the nodesare called labeled nodes, some output nodes, and other hidden nodes. Forsupervised learning in discrete time settings, training sequences ofreal-valued input vectors may become sequences of activations of theinput nodes, one input vector at a time. At each time step, eachnon-input unit may compute its current activation as a nonlinearfunction of the weighted sum of the activations of all units from whichit receives connections. The system can explicitly activate (independentof incoming signals) some output units at certain time steps.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a self-organizingneural network, such as a Kohonen self-organizing neural network, suchas for visualization of views of data, such as low-dimensional views ofhigh-dimensional data. The self-organizing neural network may applycompetitive learning to a set of input data, such as from one or moresensors or other data inputs from or associated with an industrialmachine. In embodiments, the self-organizing neural network may be usedto identify structures in data, such as unlabeled data, such as in datasensed from a range of vibration, acoustic, or other analog sensors inan industrial environment, where sources of the data are unknown (suchas where vibrations may be coming from any of a range of unknownsources). The self-organizing neural network may organize structures orpatterns in the data, such that they can be recognized, analyzed, andlabeled, such as identifying structures as corresponding to vibrationsinduced by the movement of a floor, or acoustic signals created by highfrequency rotation of a shaft of a somewhat distant machine.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a recurrent neuralnetwork, which may allow for a bi-directional flow of data, such aswhere connected units (e.g., neurons or nodes) form a directed cycle.Such a network may be used to model or exhibit dynamic temporalbehavior, such as those involved in dynamic systems including a widevariety of the industrial machines and devices described throughout thisdisclosure, such as a power generation machine operating at variablespeeds or frequencies in variable conditions with variable inputs, arobotic manufacturing system, a refining system, or the like, wheredynamic system behavior involves complex interactions that an operatormay desire to understand, predict, control and/or optimize. For example,the recurrent neural network may be used to anticipate the state (suchas a maintenance state, a fault state, an operational state, or thelike), of an industrial machine, such as one performing a dynamicprocess or action. In embodiments, the recurrent neural network may useinternal memory to process a sequence of inputs, such as from othernodes and/or from sensors and other data inputs from the industrialenvironment, of the various types described herein. In embodiments, therecurrent neural network may also be used for pattern recognition, suchas for recognizing an industrial machine based on a sound signature, aheat signature, a set of feature vectors in an image, a chemicalsignature, or the like. In a non-limiting example, a recurrent neuralnetwork may recognize a shift in an operational mode of a turbine, agenerator, a motor, a compressor, or the like (such as a gear shift) bylearning to classify the shift from a training data set consisting of astream of data from tri-axial vibration sensors and/or acoustic sensorsapplied to one or more of such machines.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a modular neuralnetwork, which may comprise a series of independent neural networks(such as ones of various types described herein) that are moderated byan intermediary. Each of the independent neural networks in the modularneural network may work with separate inputs, accomplishing subtasksthat make up the task the modular network as a whole is intended toperform. For example, a modular neural network may comprise a recurrentneural network for pattern recognition, such as to recognize what typeof industrial machine is being sensed by one or more sensors that areprovided as input channels to the modular network and an RBF neuralnetwork for optimizing the behavior of the machine once understood. Theintermediary may accept inputs of each of the individual neuralnetworks, process them, and create output for the modular neuralnetwork, such an appropriate control parameter, a prediction of state,or the like.
Combinations among any of the pairs, triplets, or larger combinations,of the various neural network types described herein, are encompassed bythe present disclosure. This may include combinations where an expertsystem uses one neural network for recognizing a pattern (e.g., apattern indicating a problem or fault condition) and a different neuralnetwork for self-organizing an activity or work flow based on therecognized pattern (such as providing an output governing autonomouscontrol of a system in response to the recognized condition or pattern).This may also include combinations where an expert system uses oneneural network for classifying an item (e.g., identifying a machine, acomponent, or an operational mode) and a different neural network forpredicting a state of the item (e.g., a fault state, an operationalstate, an anticipated state, a maintenance state, or the like). Modularneural networks may also include situations where an expert system usesone neural network for determining a state or context (such as a stateof a machine, a process, a work flow, a marketplace, a storage system, anetwork, a data collector, or the like) and a different neural networkfor self-organizing a process involving the state or context (e.g., adata storage process, a network coding process, a network selectionprocess, a data marketplace process, a power generation process, amanufacturing process, a refining process, a digging process, a boringprocess, or other process described herein).
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a physical neuralnetwork where one or more hardware elements are used to perform orsimulate neural behavior. In embodiments, one or more hardware neuronsmay be configured to stream voltage values that represent analogvibration sensor data voltage values, to calculate velocity informationfrom analog sensor inputs representing acoustic, vibration or otherdata, to calculation acceleration information from sensor inputsrepresenting acoustic, vibration, or other data, or the like. One ormore hardware nodes may be configured to stream output data resultingfrom the activity of the neural net. Hardware nodes, which may compriseone or more chips, microprocessors, integrated circuits, programmablelogic controllers, application-specific integrated circuits,field-programmable gate arrays, or the like, may be provided to optimizethe speed, input/output efficiency, energy efficiency, signal to noiseratio, or other parameter of some part of a neural net of any of thetypes described herein. Hardware nodes may include hardware foracceleration of calculations (such as dedicated processors forperforming basic or more sophisticated calculations on input data toprovide outputs, dedicated processors for filtering or compressing data,dedicated processors for decompressing data, dedicated processors forcompression of specific file or data types (e.g., for handling imagedata, video streams, acoustic signals, vibration data, thermal images,heat maps, or the like), and the like. A physical neural network may beembodied in a data collector, such as a mobile data collector describedherein, including one that may be reconfigured by switching or routinginputs in varying configurations, such as to provide different neuralnet configurations within the data collector for handling differenttypes of inputs (with the switching and configuration optionally undercontrol of an expert system, which may include a software-based neuralnet located on the data collector or remotely). A physical, or at leastpartially physical, neural network may include physical hardware nodeslocated in a storage system, such as for storing data within anindustrial machine or in an industrial environment, such as foraccelerating input/output functions to one or more storage elements thatsupply data to or take data from the neural net. A physical, or at leastpartially physical, neural network may include physical hardware nodeslocated in a network, such as for transmitting data within, to or froman industrial environment, such as for accelerating input/outputfunctions to one or more network nodes in the net, accelerating relayfunctions, or the like. In embodiments, of a physical neural network, anelectrically adjustable resistance material may be used for emulatingthe function of a neural synapse. In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a multilayeredfeed forward neural network, such as for complex pattern classificationof one or more items, phenomena, modes, states, or the like. Inembodiments, a multilayered feedforward neural network may be trained byan optimization technique, such as a genetic algorithm, such as toexplore a large and complex space of options to find an optimum, ornear-optimum, global solution. For example, one or more geneticalgorithms may be used to train a multilayered feedforward neuralnetwork to classify complex phenomena, such as to recognize complexoperational modes of industrial machines, such as modes involvingcomplex interactions among machines (including interference effects,resonance effects, and the like), modes involving non-linear phenomena,such as impacts of variable speed shafts, which may make analysis ofvibration and other signals difficult, modes involving critical faults,such as where multiple, simultaneous faults occur, making root causeanalysis difficult, and others. In embodiments, a multilayered feedforward neural network may be used to classify results from ultrasonicmonitoring or acoustic monitoring of an industrial machine, such asmonitoring an interior set of components within a housing, such as motorcomponents, pumps, valves, fluid handling components, and many others,such as in refrigeration systems, refining systems, reactor systems,catalytic systems, and others.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use a feedforward,back-propagation multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network, such asfor handling one or more remote sensing applications, such as for takinginputs from sensors distributed throughout various industrialenvironments. In embodiments, the MLP neural network may be used forclassification of physical environments, such as mining environments,exploration environments, drilling environments, and the like, includingclassification of geological structures (including underground featuresand above ground features), classification of materials (includingfluids, minerals, metals, and the like), and other problems. This mayinclude fuzzy classification.
In embodiments, methods and systems described herein that involve anexpert system or self-organization capability may use astructure-adaptive neural network, where the structure of a neuralnetwork is adapted, such as based on a rule, a sensed condition, acontextual parameter, or the like. For example, if a neural network doesnot converge on a solution, such as classifying an item or arriving at aprediction, when acting on a set of inputs after some amount oftraining, the neural network may be modified, such as from a feedforwardneural network to a recurrent neural network, such as by switching datapaths between some subset of nodes from unidirectional to bi-directionaldata paths. The structure adaptation may occur under control of anexpert system, such as to trigger adaptation upon occurrence of atrigger, rule or event, such as recognizing occurrence of a threshold(such as an absence of a convergence to a solution within a given amountof time) or recognizing a phenomenon as requiring different oradditional structure (such as recognizing that a system is varyingdynamically or in a non-linear fashion). In one non-limiting example, anexpert system may switch from a simple neural network structure like afeedforward neural network to a more complex neural network structurelike a recurrent neural network, a convolutional neural network, or thelike upon receiving an indication that a continuously variabletransmission is being used to drive a generator, turbine, or the like ina system being analyzed.
| 29,131 |
https://github.com/mariusz-kowalczyk/kusmierki/blob/master/app/controllers/HomeController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,014 |
kusmierki
|
mariusz-kowalczyk
|
PHP
|
Code
| 51 | 177 |
<?php
use MK\Weather;
/**
* Description of HomeController
*
* @author Mariusz Kowalczyk
*/
class HomeController extends BaseController {
public function index() {
$images = Image::orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')->take(6)->get();
$notice = Notice::orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')->first();
$weather = Weather::forecast();
$this->view
->with('notice', $notice)
->with('weather', $weather)
->with('images', $images)
;
}
public function testGG() {
MK\GG::test();
die;
}
}
| 41,272 |
https://github.com/Vermunds/SkyrimSoulsRE/blob/master/src/Controls/CameraMovement.cpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
SkyrimSoulsRE
|
Vermunds
|
C++
|
Code
| 155 | 792 |
#include "Controls/CameraMovement.h"
#include <xbyak\xbyak.h>
namespace SkyrimSoulsRE::CameraMovement
{
bool CameraMove_Hook(bool a_result)
{
Settings* settings = Settings::GetSingleton();
RE::UI* ui = RE::UI::GetSingleton();
RE::PlayerControls* pc = RE::PlayerControls::GetSingleton();
RE::ControlMap* controlMap = RE::ControlMap::GetSingleton();
RE::MenuControls* mc = RE::MenuControls::GetSingleton();
if (!ui->GameIsPaused() && (!ui->IsMenuOpen(RE::DialogueMenu::MENU_NAME) || settings->isUsingDME) && settings->enableCursorCameraMove &&
GetUnpausedMenuCount() && !IsFullScreenMenuOpen() && !mc->remapMode &&
pc->lookHandler->IsInputEventHandlingEnabled() && controlMap->IsLookingControlsEnabled())
{
RE::NiPoint2* cursorPosition = reinterpret_cast<RE::NiPoint2*>(Offsets::Misc::CursorPosition.address());
RE::INIPrefSettingCollection* prefs = RE::INIPrefSettingCollection::GetSingleton();
std::uint32_t resX = prefs->GetSetting("iSize W:DISPLAY")->GetUInt();
std::uint32_t resY = prefs->GetSetting("iSize H:DISPLAY")->GetUInt();
float speedX = settings->cursorCameraHorizontalSpeed;
float speedY = settings->cursorCameraVerticalSpeed;
if (cursorPosition->x == 0)
{
pc->data.lookInputVec.x = -speedX;
}
else if (cursorPosition->x == resX)
{
pc->data.lookInputVec.x = speedX;
}
if (cursorPosition->y == 0)
{
pc->data.lookInputVec.y = speedY;
}
else if (cursorPosition->y == resY)
{
pc->data.lookInputVec.y = -speedY;
}
}
return a_result;
}
void InstallHook()
{
struct CameraMove_Code : Xbyak::CodeGenerator
{
CameraMove_Code(uintptr_t a_hookAddr)
{
Xbyak::Label hookAddress;
add(rsp, 0x30);
pop(rdi);
mov(rcx, rax);
jmp(ptr[rip + hookAddress]);
L(hookAddress);
dq(a_hookAddr);
}
};
CameraMove_Code code{std::uintptr_t(CameraMove_Hook)};
void* codeLoc = SKSE::GetTrampoline().allocate(code);
SKSE::GetTrampoline().write_branch<5>(Offsets::Misc::ScreenEdgeCameraMoveHook.address() + 0x241, codeLoc);
}
}
| 35,372 |
https://github.com/lasugarbabe507/spree/blob/master/app/models/image.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,016 |
spree
|
lasugarbabe507
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 32 | 122 |
class Image < Asset
has_attached_file :attachment,
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| 18,850 |
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr%20Canyon%20%28walog%20sa%20Tinipong%20Bansa%2C%20Montana%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Carr Canyon (walog sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana)
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carr Canyon (walog sa Tinipong Bansa, Montana)&action=history
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Cebuano
|
Spoken
| 101 | 172 |
Alang sa ubang mga dapit sa mao gihapon nga ngalan, tan-awa ang Carr Canyon.
Walog ang Carr Canyon sa Tinipong Bansa. Ang Carr Canyon nahimutang sa kondado sa Beaverhead County ug estado sa Montana, sa sentro nga bahin sa nasod, km sa kasadpan sa ulohang dakbayan Washington, D.C.
Ang klima bugnaw nga ugahon. Ang kasarangang giiniton °C. Ang kinainitan nga bulan Hulyo, sa °C, ug ang kinabugnawan Pebrero, sa °C. Ang kasarangang pag-ulan milimetro matag tuig. Ang kinabasaan nga bulan Agosto, sa milimetro nga ulan, ug ang kinaugahan Oktubre, sa milimetro.
Ang mga gi basihan niini
Mga walog sa Montana (estado)
| 17,260 |
musiqueetmusicie01char_7
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,874 |
Musique et musiciens
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Charnacé, Guy, marquis de, 1825-1909 | Wagner, Richard, 1813-1883
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French
|
Spoken
| 1,931 | 3,161 |
A ce moment arrive le père du jeune lord qui, bientôt, s'aperçoit que le forgeron vient d'unir Pretty et sa fiancée croyant marier un jeune seigneur. Ainsi finit cette comédie, que traversent deux ou trois in cidents, prétextes à danser; et c'est, en somme, tout ce que voulait M. Nuitter, T habile librettiste. Je n'ai pas à présenter l'auteur de la musique à mes lecteurs ; on se souvient de sa suite d'orchestre ^ exécutée avec un grand succès, l'année dernière, aux Concerts-Populaires, ainsi que de Madame Turlupin, opéra en trois actes, joué dernièrement k l'Athénée où l'on rencontre d'agréables fragments. Le directeur de l'Opéra, en confiant à M. Guiraud le ballet de Gretna-Green ^ s'était donc rallié à la bonne opinion que faisaient concevoir ses débuts — 253 — En même temps il s'associait au mouvement qui s'est produit pendant la saison en faveur des com positeurs français, mouvement longtemps sollicité et qui ne s'arrêtera plus, nous l'espérons du moins. Nous retrouvons aujourd'hui dans la partition de Gretna-Green les qualités qui recommandent le ta lent de M. Guiraud aux sympathies des dillettantes : la clarté, un des dons de notre génie national, la fa cilité, la verve, le charme et une main sure, le plus souvent du moins. Rencontre-t-on chez le jeune mu sicien les signes d'une originalité bien accusée? Je n'oserais pas l'avancer, car il me semble qu'il était encore sous la dépendance des maîtres qu'il a le plus étudiés. L'instrumentation de Gretna-Green est ingé nieuse, trop ingénieuse même. Des détails voulus, cherchés, caressés k l'excès, dans l'harmonie, vien nent, parfois, nuire à l'efFet de l'ensemble des mor ceaux. A chaque mesure le compositeur se plaît à surprendre l'oreille, à l'étonner. Il s'adresse trop à ce qu'on est convenu d'appeler la note curieuse. C'est là un excès contre lequel M. Guiraud ferait sa gement de se tenir en garde, parce qu'il doit paraly ser l'inspiration, au moment du travail. — 254 Si je passe en revue les morceaux de Gretna Green, je rencontre, tout d'abord, la scène pleine d'entrain du marché; puis^ au moment où Pretty s'aperçoit qu'il manque une fleur à son bouquet, un élégant tempo di mazurka, dans le sentiment de Chopin , le cantabile suivant oii la flûte joue le prin cipal rôle , le numéro 5 de la partition, valse char mante, bien qu'entachée de préciosité et que je préfère à celle de la scène du Colin-Maillard, qui manque absolument d'originalité. La marche des clans et la gigue finale que le compositeur a pris pour thèmes de son ouverture, fort bien traitée d'ailleurs, ont du caractère et de l'éclat. En général, il faut bien le reconnaître, l'instru mentation de Gretna-Green n'a pas tout le brillant, tout le relief nécessaires de la musique de ballet. Mais qui donc atteint le but du premier coup ? Le génie seul, et pas toujours. Il suffit que M. Guiraud ait presque touché la perfection pour que M. Ha lanzier se félicite du bon accueil fait par le public au nouveau venu, qui est aussi le bienvenu. La mise en scène, bien que soignée^ ne présente rien de très-neuf et de bien heureux. Le rôle du for geron Toby est joué et mimé avec beaucoup de talent par M. Berthier. Mlle Fiocre a mis toute sa grâce — 255 dans son rôle de séducteur ; la séduction lui est fami lière. Quant à Mlle Beaugrand, je suis un peu em l)arrassé pour en parler puisque le public la goûte davantage à mesure qu'elle s'éloigne de mon idéal. Que voulez vous? je suis de la vieille école; je tiens pour la danse noble et ne fais pas grand cas de la virtuosité, des tours de force, des petits effets sur place^ du taqueté le plus merveilleux ; le pointu n'est pas ce que j'aime en art : je lui préfère la grâce d'une belle ligne courbe. M. L. Mérante mettant sous son bras la très exiguë Mlle Beaugrand, comme on ferait d'un parapluie^ ne me paraît pas non plus le comble de l'élégance. L'art de la danse qu'illustra la Taglioni s'en va ici, comme en Italie; Mmes Sangalli et Beaugrand, dans des genres différents, tournent au métier d'acro bate. Hélas 1 tout s'en va, absolument tout ! 1 Mais qu'importe, si M. Barodet est content ! i3 mai i813. LE ROI L'A DIT Opéra-Comique en trois actes de M. Edmond Gondinet, musique de ^ï. Léo Delïbes. L'idée première, dans la pièce de M. Gondinet, était heureuse et contenait tous les éléments néces saires à un polMiie d'opéra-comique, dans la manière (le Scribe; aussi le premier acte est-il parfait sous tous les rapports. C'est clair, gracieux, comique, animé, brillant. ^ïais à partir du second acte, Fac tion languit })our disparaître bientôt tout à fait. On n'aperçoit plus le point de départ, et il semble que le librettiste n'ait terminé son œuvre qu'à bâtons rompus, tant elle se traîne d'incidents en inci dents. La pièce, écriti; en v(ts libres et débarrassée de tous les liors-d'œiivre, peut se raconter en ipiehjues lignes. M. Gondinet nous ramène au temps du Roi 258 Soleil, dans ce même Versailles qui fait encore par ler de lui, comme dans son beau temps. Le marquis de Montcontour quitte sa province pour venir faire figure à la Cour, flanqué de la marquise et de ses quatre filles. Mais comment paraître devant le Grand Roi, sans en être troublé? Aussi le gen tilhomme en perd-il sa révérence et laisse-t-il tomber son chapeau, maladresse que le monarque feint de ne pas même apercevoir, tant la cause lui en paraît naturelle. « Vous avez un fils? » lui dit le roi. Et notre provincial répond sans hésiter un oui qui va le plonger tout à l'heure dans mille embarras. Mais comment dire non à une question qui semblait être un désir? Telle est, du moins, l'excuse que le mar quis donne à sa femme ! Le ménage se tire d'em barras en acceptant de Miton, le maître à danser de Mlles de Montcontour, un fils d'occasion, jeune paysan fort dégourdi, qui a quitté son village pour suivre Javotte, une soubrette de la maison du mar quis. Grâce à ce professeur de maintien et de belles façons, Benoît devient, en un tour de main, un raffiné endiablé, rossant ses fournisseurs, mettant le feu au couvent où la marquise a enfermé ses filles, — 259 — pour cause d émancipation hâtive , ferraillant enfin et se rendant sur le pré au moindre prétexte. L'un de ses duels sert le marquis, qui ne sachant plus à quel saint se vouer, au hruit des méfaits de son prétendu fils, le fait passer pour mort sur le terrain. Le roi fait porter ses compliments de condoléance au très fortuné père et le comte Benoît de Montcontour disparaît de la scène du monde comme il y était venu, parce que « le roi la dit ! » Il y a dans la partition de M. Delibes, comme dans la pièce de M. Gondinet, des parties excel lentes et d'autres sujettes à critique. Commençons par celles-ci, pour finir par Téloge. J'ai goûté assez peu l'ouverture, écrite en « po pourri » , et dont les liens paraissent rattachés à la hâte. L'entr'acte instrumental me semble meilleur, sans oflrir rien de bien saillant, toutefois. Les ariettes, les couplets et les duos de ces trois actes, sauf quelques phrases heureuses, sont généralement faibles. L'invention chez le musicien étant obligée de se proportionnei aux moyens des interprèles, il devenait dès lors malaisé d'écrire de beaux chants — 260 — pour des voix impuissantes à les chanter. Ce n'est certes pas pour des voix chevrottantes et mal posées que souffle la longue haleine des mélodies. Aussi pensons-nous qu'il y a, sous ce rapport, des cir constances atténuantes k faire valoir en faveur du compositeur. En revanche, on compte maints morceaux d'en semble charmants. Ils portent la marque d'un musicien distingué plein d'habileté, de grâce et de naturel. Quelques-uns de ces morceaux se rattachent aux vieilles écoles italienne et française. D'autres, au contraire, ont tout à fait l'allure de notre époque. Il faut citer parmi les meilleurs Votetto de la première scène, la marche et le chœur qui accom pagnent la sortie pompeuse du marquis, en chaise à porteurs. Toute cette scène est délicieuse. Celle où les filles du marquis prennent une double leçon de maintien et de musique, ne lui cède en rien. Celles-ci chantent là un petit chœur d'un opéra imaginaire et à la mode du temps : Les Filles du Ténare; c'est du Lulli ou du Campra. Au second acte, j'ai remarqué le charmant trio, en style sylla — 261 — bique, de Jacqiiot et des deux petits marquis, puis le final où se trouve la jolie phrase si hien déve loppée : « Ah! qu'il est doux d'a^oir un frère! » Citons enfin le final du troisième acte, l'un des morceaux les mieux réussis d'un ouvrage que l'on aura plaisir à revoir plusieurs fois. L'instrumentation de la nouvelle partition de M. Delibes est traitée avec élégance et discrétion, quoique les effets n'y manquent pas. Les sonorités y sont de bon goût et ne gênent pas la voix, mérite rare aujourd'hui. Si l'exécution vocale de Le Roi l'a dit laisse à désirer, la pièce est du moins fort bien jouée. L'excellent comédien Sainte-Foix retrouve dans le personnage de ^liton les bravos et les rires qu'il provoque toujours dans Cantarelli du Pré aux Clercs. M. Ismad serait parfait s'il voulait bien montrer un peu plus de gaîté. Le quatuor des jeunes filles et les deux petits marquis, ceux-ci représentés par Mesdemoiselles Canetti et Reine, forment un élément d'une grâce exquise, auquel revient la plus large part dans le succès de l'ouvrage. L'une des filles du marquis, Mademoiselle Chapuy, doit — -262 — être félicitée sur la façon dont elle dit et chante ses couplets, au troisième acte. L'orchestre, sous l'habile direction de M. De loffre, a satisfait les plus difficiles; enfin, la direc tion a fait œuvre d'artiste en composant la mise en scène du Roi Va dit, qui nous promet un véri table compositeur d'opéra-comique. 3 juin iS73, I Fl DU PnKMIF.P. VOLUME. TABLE DES MATIÈRES CONTENUES DANS LE PREMIER VOLUME LNTRODUCTION 1 Riemi, opéra en cinq actes, de M. Richard Wagner . . 33 BERLIOZ il La Messe solennelle de Rossini 49 Faust, à l'Opéra 19 Fidelio, aux Italiens 59 Le Freischiiti, à l'Opéra 73 Al'BER 87 Les Candidats au Fauteuil d'Auber 95 Gallia, cantate de M Golnod 103 fros/ra/e, opéra en deux actes de M. Reyer 109 REBER 123 LÉON KREUTZER 127 Il Matrimonio serjreto 135 Acis et Galathée et la.Féte d'Alexandre, de IIandel . . 145 Le Médecin malgré lui 157 Les Soces de Figaro 161 264 .s'y/rfl/ifl, drame lyrique de Ch. Marie de Weber 137 Le Passant, opéra-comique en un acte, de M. Paladilues 18H Djamileh, opéra-comique en un acte de M. Saint-Saens . 187 La princesse Jaune, opéra-comique en un acte, de M. Saint Saens 193 Le Quatuor Maurin 207 Manfred, àe Robert Schumann 217 Don César de Ba<an, opéra-comique en trois actes, de M. Massenet 221 La Coupe du roi de TItulé, opéra en trois actes de M. DiAz 231 3/(7n> 3/rt(/e/c//jc, oratorio de M. Jules Massenet. . . . 2iS Gretna-Green, ballet en un acte, de M. Guiraud .... 251 Le Roi l'a dit, opéra-comique de M. Léo Délires. . . . 257 ^ Imp. e( Stér. A. DERENNE, Mayenne. Paris, rue St-Séverin, 25. / PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY ML 160 C437 1874V V.1 Music.
| 39,668 |
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:History of the Fylde of Lancashire (IA historyoffyldeof00portiala).pdf/37
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Wikisource
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Open Culture
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Publc Domain
| null |
History of the Fylde of Lancashire (IA historyoffyldeof00portiala).pdf
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Unknown
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English
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Spoken
| 9,964 | 16,071 |
until finally the whole territory, forming the site of Lancaster
Bay, would be submerged and appropriated by the rapacious hosts
of Neptune. The "Shell Wharf" would be covered in a manner
exactly similar to the more recently lost fields off Rossall; and as
illustrations of land carried away from the west coast in that
neighbourhood, may be instanced a farm called Fenny, at Rossall,
which was removed back from threatened destruction by the
waves at least four times within the last fifty years, when its
re-building was abandoned, and its site soon swept over by the
billows; also the village of Singleton Thorp, which occupied the
locality marked by "Singleton Skeer" off Cleveleys until 1555,
when it was destroyed by an irruption of the sea. Numerous
other instances in which the coast line has been altered and driven
eastward, between Rossall Point and the mouth of Ribble, during
both actually and comparatively modern days might be cited,
but the above are sufficient to support our view of the former
connection of "Shell Wharf" with the main-land, and its gradual
submersion. If on the map, the Bay of Lancaster be detached
from that of Morecambe, the latter still retains a most imposing
aspect, and its identity with the Moricambe Æstuarium of
Ptolemy is in no way interfered with or rendered less evident.
The foregoing, as our antiquarian readers will doubtless have
surmised, is but a prelude to something more, for it is our purpose
to endeavour to disturb the forty years of quiet repose enjoyed by
the Portus Setantiorum on the banks of the Wyre and hurl it far
into the Irish Sea, to the very limits of the "Lune Deep," where,
on the original estuary of the river Lune, we believe to be its
legitimate home. No locality, as yet claiming to be the site of
the ancient harbour, accords so well with the distances given
by Ptolemy. Assuming the Dee and the Ribble to represent
respectively, as now generally admitted, the Seteia Æstuarium
and the Belisama Æstuarium, the Portus Setantiorum should lie
about seven miles<ref>Ptolemy gives the longitude as ten minutes, but at such a height a minute
would scarcely represent a mile.</ref> to the west and twenty-five to the north of the
Belisama. The position of the "Lune Deep" termination is just
about seven miles to the west of the estuary of the Ribble, but is,
like most other places whose stations have been mentioned by
Ptolemy, defective in its latitudinal measurement according to the record left by that geographer, being only fifteen instead of
twenty-five miles north of the Belisama or Ribble estuary.
Rigodunum, or Ribchester, is fully thirty miles to the east of the
spot where it is wished to locate the Portus, and thus approaches
very nearly to the forty-mile measurement of Ptolemy, whose
distances, as just hinted, were universally excessive. As an
instance of such error it may be stated that the longitude, east
from Ferro, of Morecambe Bay or Estuary given by Ptolemy, is
3° 40' in excess of that marked on modern maps of ancient Britannia,
and if the same over-plus be allowed in the longitude of the
Portus Setantiorum a line drawn in accordance, from north to
south, would pass across the west extremity of the "Lune Deep,"
showing that its distance from the Bay corresponds pretty
accurately with that of the Portus from the Morecambe
Æstuarium as geographically fixed by Ptolemy. In describing
the extent and direction of the Roman road, or Danes' Pad, in his
"History of Blackpool and Neighbourhood," Mr. Thornber writes:—"Commencing
at the ''terminus'', we trace its course from the
Warren, near the spot named the 'Abbot's walk';" but that the
place thus indicated was not the ''terminus'', in the sense of ''end'' or
''origin'', is proved by the fact that shortly after the publication of
this statement, the workmen engaged in excavating for a sea-wall
foundation in that vicinity came upon the road in the sand on
the very margin of the Warren. Hence it would seem that the
path was continued onwards over the site of the North Wharf
sand bank, either towards the foot of Wyre where its channel
joins that of Lune, and where would be the original mouth of the
former river, or, as we think more probable, towards the Lune
itself, and along its banks westward to the estuary of the stream,
as now marked by the termination of "Lune Deep." The Wyre,
during the period it existed simply as a tributary of the Lune, a
name very possibly compounded from the Celtic ''al'', chief, and
''aun'', or ''un'', contractions of ''afon'', a river, must have been a stream
of comparatively slight utility in a navigable point of view, and
even to this day its seaward channel from Fleetwood is obstructed
by two shallows, denominated from time out of mind the Great
and Little Fords. The Lune, or "Chief River," on the contrary,
was evidently, from its very title, whether acquired from its
relative position to its tributary, or from its favourable comparison with other rivers of the neighbourhood, which is less likely,
regarded by the natives as a stream of no insignificant magnitude
and importance. As far as its navigability was concerned the
Portus may have been placed on its banks near to the junction of
Wyre, but the distances of Ptolemy, which agree pretty fairly,
as shown above, with the location of the Portus on the west
extremity of the present "Lune Deep," are incompatible with
such a station as this one for the same harbour. The collection
of coins discovered near Rossall may imply the existence in early
days of a settlement west of that shore, and many remains of the
Romans may yet be mingled with the sand and shingle for
centuries submerged by the water of the still encroaching Irish
Sea. Leaving this long-argued question of the real site of the
Portus Setantiorum, in which perhaps the patience of our readers
has been rather unduly tried, and soliciting others to test more
thoroughly the merits of the ideas here thrown out, we will
hasten to examine the traces of the Anglo-Saxons and Danes.
Many, in fact most, of the towns and villages of the Fylde were
founded by the Anglo-Saxons, and have retained the names,
generally in a modified form, bestowed upon them by that race,
as instance Singleton, Lytham, Mythorp, all of which have Saxon
terminals signifying a dwelling, village, or enclosure. The word
''hearb'', genitive ''hearges'', indicates in the vocabulary of the same
people a heathen temple or place of sacrifice, and as it is to be
traced in the endings of Goosnargh, and Kellamergh, there need
be no hesitation in surmising that the barbarous and pagan rites
of the Saxons were celebrated there, before their conversion to
Christianity. Ley, or lay, whether at the beginning of a name, as
in Layton, or at end, as in Boonley, signifies a field, and is from
the Saxon ''leag''; whilst Hawes and Holme imply, respectively, a
group of thorps or hamlets, and a river island. Breck, Warbreck,
and Larbreck, derive their final syllables from the Norse ''brecka'', a
gentle rise; and from that language comes also the terminal ''by'',
in Westby, Ribby, and other places, as well as the ''kirk'' in Kirkham,
all of which point out the localities occupied by the Danes, or
Norsemen. Lund was doubtless the site of a sacred grove of these
colonists and the scene of many a dark and cruel ceremony, its
derivation being from the ancient Norse ''lundr'', a consecrated
grove, where such rites were performed. At the present time it is difficult, if indeed possible, to
determine from what races our own native population has
descended, and the subject is one which has provoked more than
a little controversy. Palgrave, in his "History of the Anglo-Saxons,"
says:—"From the Ribble in Lancashire, or thereabouts,
up to the Clyde, there existed a dense population composed of
Britons, who preserved their national language and customs,
agreeing in all respects with the Welsh of the present day; so
that even to the tenth century the ancient Britons still inhabited
the greater part of the west coast of the island, however much
they had been compelled to yield to the political supremacy of
the Saxon invaders." Mr. Thornber states that he has been
"frequently told by those who were reputed judges" that the
manners, customs, and dialect of the Fylde partook far more of
the Welsh than of the Saxon, and that this was more perceptible
half a century ago than now (1837). "The pronunciation," he
adds, "of the words—laughing, toffee, haughendo, etc., the
Shibboleth of the Fylde—always reminds me of the deep gutterals
of the Welsh,<ref>The Welsh language is the oldest of all living languages, and is of Celtic
origin, being in fact the tongue spoken by the ancient Britons but little altered
by modern innovations.</ref> and the frequent use of a particular oath is, alas!
too common to both." Another investigator, Dr. Robson, holds
an entirely different opinion, and maintains in his paper on
Lancashire and Cheshire, that there is no sufficient foundation
for the common belief that the inhabitants of any portion of
those counties have been at any time either Welsh, or Celtic;
and that the Celtic tribes at the earliest known period were
confined to certain districts, which may be traced, together
with the extent of their dominions, by the Celtic names of places
both in Wales and Cornwall. From another source we are
informed that at the date of the Roman abdication the original
Celtic population would have dwindled down to an insignificant
number acting as serfs and tillers of the land, and not likely
to have much influence upon future generations. Mr. Hardwick,
in his History of Preston, writes:—"Few women would accompany
the Roman colonists, auxiliaries, and soldiers into Britain;
hence it is but rational to conclude, that during the long
period of their dominion, numerous intermarriages with the native population would take place." Admitting the force of
reasoning brought forward by the last authority, it can readily be
conceived that the purity of the aboriginal tribes would in a great
measure be destroyed at an early epoch, and that subsequent
alliances with the Anglo-Saxons, Danes, and Normans, have
rendered all conjectures as to the race of forefathers to which the
inhabitants of the Fylde have most claim practically valueless.
The dense forests with which our district in the earliest historic
periods abounded must have been well supplied with beasts of
chase, whereon the Aborigines exercised their courage and craft,
and from which their clothing and, in a great measure, their
sustenance were derived. The large branching horns of the
Wild Deer have been found in the ground at Larbrick, and during
the excavations for the North Union and East Lancashire Railway
Bridges over the Ribble, in 1838 and 1846 respectively, numerous
remains of the huge ox, called the ''Bos primigenius'', and
the ''Bos longifrons'', or long-faced ox, as well as of wild boars
and bears, were raised from beneath the bed of the river,
so that it is extremely likely that similar relics of the brute
creation are lying deeply buried in our soil. Such a supposition
is at least warranted by the discovery, half-a-century ago, of
the skull and short upright horns of a stag and those of an
ox, of a breed no longer known, at the bottom of a marl pit
near Rossall. Bones and sculls, chiefly those of deer and oxen,
have been taken from under the peat in all the mosses, and two
osseous relics, consisting each of skull and horns, of immense
specimens of the latter animal, have been dug up at Kirkham.
In the "Reliquiæ Diluvianæ" of Mr. Buckland is a figure of
the scull of a rhinoceros belonging to the antediluvian age, and
stated to have been discovered beneath a moss in Lancashire. {{missing image}}
CHAPTER II.
THE NORMAN CONQUEST TO JAMES THE FIRST.
When the battle of Hastings, in 1066, had terminated in
favour of William the Conquerer, and placed him on
the throne of England, he indulged his newly acquired
power in many acts of tyranny towards the vanquished
nation, subjecting the old nobility to frequent indignities,
weakening the sway of the Church, and impoverishing the middle
and lower classes of the community. This harsh policy spread
dissatisfaction and indignation through all ranks of the people,
and it was not long before rebellion broke out in the old province
of Northumbria. The Lancastrians and others, under the earls
Morcar and Edwin, rose up in revolt, slew the Norman Baron set
over them, and were only reduced to order and submission when
William appeared on the scene at the head of an overwhelming
force. The two earls escaped across the frontier to Scotland, and
for some inexplicable reason were permitted to retain their possessions
in Lancashire and elsewhere, while the common insurgents
were afterwards treated with great severity and cruelty by their
Norman rulers. Numerous castles were now erected in the north
of England to hold the Saxons in subjection, and guard against
similar outbreaks in future. Those at Lancaster and Liverpool
were built by a Norman Baron of high position, named Roger de
Poictou, the third son of Robert de Montgomery, earl of Arundel
and Shrewsbury. When William divided the conquered territory
amongst his followers, the Honor<ref>An Honor has a castle or mansion, and consists of demesnes and services,
to which a number of manors and lordships, with all their appurtenances and
other regalities, are annexed. In an Honor an Honourable Court is held once
every year at least.</ref> of Lancaster and the Hundred of Amounderness fell, amongst other gifts, amounting in all to
three hundred and ninety-eight manors,<ref>A Manor is composed of demesne and services, to which belong a three
weeks Court, where the freeholders, being tenants of the manor, sit covered, and
give judgement in all suits that are pleading. To every manor a Court Baron is
attached.</ref> to that nobleman, and,
as he resided during a large portion of his time at the castle
erected on the banks of the Lune, our district would receive a
greater share of attention than his more distant possessions.
After the country had been restored to peace, William determined
to institute an inquiry into the condition and resources of
his kingdom. The records of the survey were afterwards bound
up in two volumes, which received the name of the Domesday
Book, from ''Dome'', a census, and ''Boc'', a book.
The king's commands to the investigators were, according to
the Saxon Chronicle, to ascertain—"How many hundreds of
hydes were in each shire, what lands the king himself had, and
what stock there was upon the land; or what dues he ought to
have by the year from each shire. Also he commissioned them
to record in writing, how much land his archbishops had and his
diocesan bishops, and his abbots and his earls; what or how much
each man had, who was an occupier of land in England, either in
land or stock, and how much money it was worth. So very
narrowly, indeed, did he commission them to trace it out, that
there was not one single hide, nor a yard of land; nay, moreover
(it is shameful to tell, though he thought it no shame to do it),
not even an ox, nor a cow, nor a swine, was there left that was
not set down in his writ." The examination was commenced in
1080, and six years afterwards the whole of the laborious task was
accomplished. In this compilation the county of Lancaster is
never once mentioned by name, but the northern portion is joined
to the Yorkshire survey, and the southern to that of Cheshire.
The following is a translation of that part of Domesday Book
relating to the Fylde:—
small caps
''Poltun'' (Poulton), two carucates;<ref>A ''carucate'' was generally about one hundred acres of arable soil, or land in
cultivation; this word superseded the Saxon ''hyde'', which signified the same thing.</ref> ''Rushale'' (Rossall), two carucates; ''Brune'' (Burn),
two carucates; ''Torentun'' (Thornton), six carucates; ''Carlentun'' (Carleton), four
carucates; ''Meretun'' (Marton), six carucates; ''Staininghe'' (Staining), six carucates.
''Biscopham'' (Bispham), eight carucates; ''Latun'' (Layton), six carucates.
''Chicheham'' (Kirkham), four carucates; ''Salewic'' (Salwick), one carucate; ''Cliftun''
(Clifton), two carucates; ''Newtune'' (Newton-with-Scales), two carucates; ''Frecheltune''
(Freckleton), four carucates; ''Rigbi'' (Ribby-with-Wray), six carucates; ''Treueles''
(Treales), two carucates; ''Westbi'' (Westby), two carucates; ''Pluntun'' (Plumptons),
two carucates; ''Widetun'' (Weeton), three carucates; ''Pres'' (Preese), two carucates;
''Midehope'' (Mythorp), one carucate; ''Wartun'' (Warton), four carucates; ''Singletun''
(Singleton), six carucates; ''Greneholf'' (Greenhalgh), three carucates; ''Hameltune''
(Hambleton), two carucates.
''Lidun'' (Lytham), two carucates.
''Michelescherche'' (St. Michael's-on-Wyre), one carucate; ''Pluntun'' (Wood Plumpton)
five carucates; ''Rodecliff'' (Upper Rawcliffe), two carucates; ''Rodecliff'' (Middle
Rawcliffe), two carucates; a third ''Rodecliff'' (Out Rawcliffe), three carucates;
''Eglestun'' (Ecclestons), two carucates; ''Edeleswic'' (Elswick), three carucates; ''Inscip''
(Inskip), two carucates; ''Sorbi'' (Sowerby), one carucate.
All these vills belong to ''Prestune'' (Preston); and there are three churches (in
Amounderness). In sixteen of these vills<ref>The whole of the ''vills'' of Amounderness, here signified, amounted to sixty-one.</ref> there are but few inhabitants—but how
many there are is not known.
The rest are waste. ''Roger de Poictou'' had [the whole].
When we read the concluding remark—"The rest are waste,"
and observe the insignificant proportion of the many thousands
of acres comprised in the Fylde at that time under cultivation, we
are made forcibly cognizant of the truly deplorable condition to
which the district had been reduced by ever-recurring warfare
through a long succession of years. There is no guide to the
number of the inhabitants, excepting, perhaps, the existence of
only three churches in the whole Hundred of Amounderness, and
this can scarcely be admitted as certain evidence of the paucity of
the population, as in the harassed and unsettled state in which
they lived it is not very probable that the people would be much
concerned about the public observances of religious ceremonials or
services. The churches alluded to were situated at Preston, Kirkham,
and St. Michael's-on-Wyre. The parish church at Poulton
was the next one erected, and appears to have been standing less
than ten years after the completion of the Survey, for Roger de
Poictou, when he founded the priory of St. Mary, Lancaster, in
1094, endowed it with—"Pulton in Agmundernesia, and whatsoever
belonged to it, and the ''church'', with one carucate of land,
and all other things belonging to it."<ref>Regist. S. Mariæ de Lanc.</ref> The terminal paragraph of the foundation-charter of the monastery states that Geoffrey,
the sheriff, having heard of the liberal grants of Roger de Poictou,
also bestowed upon it—"the tithes of Biscopham, whatever he
had in Lancaster, some houses, and an orchard." It is difficult to
determine whether a church existed in the township of Bispham
at that date or not, but as no such edifice is included in the above
list of benefactions, we are inclined to believe that it was not
erected until later. The earliest mention of it occurs in the reign
of Richard I., 1189 to 1199, when Theobald Walter quitclaimed
to the abbot of Sees "all his right in the advowson of Pulton,
with the ''church of Biscopham''."<ref>Regist. S. Mariæ de Lanc.</ref>
The rebellious and ungrateful conduct of Roger de Poictou
ultimately led to his banishment out of the country, and the
forfeiture of the whole of his extensive possessions to the crown.
The Hundred of Amounderness was conveyed by the King on the
22nd of April, 1194, being the fifth year of his reign, to Theobald
Walter, the son of Hervens, a Norman who had accompanied the
Conqueror. "Be it known," says the document, "that we give
and confirm to Theobald Walter the whole of Amounderness with
its appurtenances by the service of three Knights' fees, namely,
all the domain thereto belonging, all the services of the Knights
who hold of the fee of Amounderness by Knight's service, all the
service of the Free-tenants of Amounderness, all the Forest of
Amounderness, with all the Venison, and all the Pleas of the
Forest." His rights "are to be freely and quietly allowed,"
continues the deed, "in wood and plain, in meadows and
pastures, in highways and footpaths, in waters and mills, in
mill-ponds, in fish-ponds and fishings, in peat-lands, moors and
marshes, in wreck of the sea, in fairs and markets, in advowsons
and chapelries, and in all liberties and free customs." Amongst
the barons of Lancashire given in the MSS. of Percival is—"Theobald
Walter, baron of Weeton and Amounderness," but, as
Weeton never existed as a barony, it is clear that the former title
is an error. The "Black Book of the Exchequer," the oldest
record after the "Domesday Book," has entered in it the tenants
and fees ''de veteri feoffamento''<ref>Held in the reign of Henry I., 1100-1135.</ref> and ''de novo feoffamento'',<ref>Held in the reigns of Stephen and Henry II., 1135-1189.</ref> and
amongst others is a statement that Theobald Walter held Amounderness by the service of one Knight, thus the later
charter, just quoted, must be regarded as a confirmation of a
previous grant, and not as an original donation. He was an
extensive founder of monastic houses, and amongst the abbeys
established by him was that of Cockersand, which he endowed
with the whole Hay of Pylin (Pilling) in Amounderness. He was
appointed sheriff of the county of Lancaster by Richard I. in 1194,
and retained the office until the death of that monarch five years
afterwards. His son, Theobald, married Maud, sister to the
celebrated Thomas à Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, and
assumed the title of his office when created ''Chief Butler'' of
Ireland. The family of the same name which inhabited Rawcliffe
Hall until that property was confiscated through the treasonable
part played by Henry Butler and his son Richard in the rebellion
of 1715, was directly descended from Theobald Walter-Butler.
The Butlers of Kirkland, the last of whom, Alexander Butler,
died in 1811, and was succeeded by a great-nephew, were also
representatives of the ancient race of Walter, and preserved the
line unbroken. Theobald Walter, the elder, died in 1206, and
Amounderness reverted to the crown.
Richard I. a few years before his death presented the Honor of
Lancaster to his brother, the earl of Moreton, who subsequently
became King John, and it is asserted that this nobleman, when
residing at the castle of Lancaster, was occasionally a guest at
Staining Hall, and that during one of his visits he so admired the
strength and skill displayed by a person called Geoffrey, and
surnamed the Crossbowman, that he induced him to join his
retinue. How far truth has been embellished and disguised by
fiction in this traditional statement we are unable to conjecture,
but there are reasonable grounds for believing that the story is
not entirely supposititious, for the earl of Moreton granted to
Geoffrey l'Arbalistrier, or the Crossbowman, who is said to have
been a younger brother of Theobald Walter, senior, six carucates
of land in Hackinsall-with-Preesall, and a little later, the manor
of Hambleton, most likely as rewards for military or other services
rendered to that nobleman. John, as earl of Moreton, appears to
have gained the affection and respect of the inhabitants of
Lancashire by his liberal practices during his long sojourns in
their midst. He granted a charter to the knights, thanes, and freeholders of the county, whereby they and their heirs, without
challenge or interference from him and his heirs, were permitted
to fell, sell, and give, at their pleasure, their forest woods, without
being subject to the forest regulations, and to hunt and take
hares, foxes, rabbits, and all kinds of wild beasts, excepting stags,
hinds, roebucks, and wild hogs, in all parts within his forests
beyond the desmesne hays of the county.<ref>Duchy Rolls, Rot. f. 12.</ref> On ascending the
throne, however, he soon aroused the indignation of all sections of
his subjects by his meanness, pride, and utter inability to govern
the kingdom. His indolent habits excited the disgust of a
nobility, whose regular custom was to breakfast at five and dine
at nine in the morning, as proclaimed by the following popular
Norman proverb:—
<poem>
Lever à cinque, dîner à neuf,
Souper à cinque, coucher à neuf,
Fait vivre d'ans nonante et neuf.<ref>To rise at five, to dine at nine, to sup at five, to bed at nine, makes a man
live to ninety-nine.</ref>
</poem>
Eventually his evil actions and foolish threats so incensed the
nation, that the barons, headed by William, earl of Pembroke,
compelled him, in 1215, to sign the Magna Charta, a code of laws
embodying two important principles—the general rights of the
freemen, and the limitation of the powers of both king and pope.
About that time it would have been almost, if not quite,
impossible to have decided or described what was the national
language of the country. The services at the churches were read
in Latin, the aristocracy indulged only in Norman-French, whilst
the great mass of the people spoke a language, usually
denominated Saxon or English, but which had been so mutilated
and altered by additions from various sources that the ancient
"Settlers on the shores of the German Ocean" would scarcely
have recognized it as their native tongue. Each division of the
kingdom had its peculiar dialect, very much as now, and from the
remarks of a southern writer, named Trevisa, it must be inferred
that the ''patois'' of our own district, which he would include in the
old province of Northumbria,<ref>Although England had been divided into counties the different districts were
for long classified under the names of the old provinces or petty kingdoms of
the Heptarchy.</ref> was far from either elegant or musical. "Some," he says, "use strange gibbering, chattering,
waffling, and grating; then the Northumbre's tongue is so sharp,
flitting, floyting, and unshape, that we Southron men may not
understand that language." Such a list of curious and
uncomplimentary epithets inclines us at first sight to doubt the
strict impartiality of their author, but when it is remembered that,
in spite of the greatly increased opportunities for education and
facilities for intercommunion amongst the different classes, the
provincialisms of some of our own peasantry would be utterly
unintelligible to many of us at the present day, we are constrained
to admit that Trevisa may have had just reason for his remarks.
In 1268 the Honor of Lancaster, the Wapentake of
Amounderness, and the manors of Preston, Ribby-with-Wray,
and Singleton were given by Henry III. to his son Edmund
Crouchback, and in addition the king published an edict
forbidding the sheriffs of neighbouring counties to enter
themselves, or send, or permit their bailiffs to enter or interfere
with anything belonging to the Honor of Lancaster, or to the men
of that Honor, unless required to do so by his son. Edmund was
also created earl of Lancaster, and became the founder of that
noble house, whose possessions and power afterwards attained to
such magnitude as to place its representative, Henry IV., upon the
throne, although nearer descendants of his grandfather Edward III.
were still living.
We have now arrived at the unsettled era, comprising the
reigns of the three Edwards and Richard II., and during the
whole of the time these monarchs wore the crown, a period of one
hundred and twenty-six years, the nation was engaged in
continual wars—with the Welsh under Llewellyn, the Scotch
under Bruce and Wallace, and the French under Philip. The
reign of Richard II. was additionally agitated by the insurrection
of Wat Tyler. Looking at that long uninterrupted season of
excitement, we cease to wonder at the riotous and disorganized
state into which society was thrown. The rulers, whether local
and subordinate, or those of a higher grade, were too actively
engaged in forwarding the efficiency of the army, to devote much
attention to the welfare and proper government of the people.
Crimes and disturbances were allowed to pass unpunished, and
evil-doers, being thus encouraged to prosecute their unlawful purposes, carried their outrages to the very confines of open
rebellion against all power and order. It was not until such a
dangerous climax had been reached that a commission, consisting
of the following judges, Peter de Bradbate, Edmund Deyncourt,
William de Vavasour, John de Island, and Adam de Middleton,
was appointed to deal summarily and severely with all offenders
in the counties of Lancaster and Westmoreland. During those
troublesome times Sir Adam Banastre and a number of others
assaulted Ralph de Truno, prior of Lancaster, and his train of
attendants at Poulton-le-Fylde, seized and carried him off to
Thornton, where they brutally ill-used and finally imprisoned
him. An inquiry into the disgraceful proceeding was instituted
by order of Edward I., but the result has not been preserved, at
least no record of it has as yet been discovered amongst any of the
ancient documents concerning this county. Leyland, who was
antiquary to Henry VIII., alluding to the death of the disorderly
knight, says,—"Adam Banastre, a bachelar of Lancastershire,
moved ryot agayne Thomas of Lancaster by kraft of kynge
Edward II., but he was taken and behedid by the commandment
of Thomas of Lancaster." The first part of the quotation has
reference to a quarrel between the earl of Lancaster and Sir
Adam, who for his own aggrandizement and to curry favour with
the king, as well as to divert the attention of that monarch from
his own misdeeds, declared that Thomas of Lancaster wished to
interfere with the royal prerogative in the choice of ministers;
and, professedly, to punish such presumption he invaded the
domains of that nobleman. An encounter took place in
the valley of the Ribble, not far from Preston, in which the
followers of Sir Adam were vanquished and put to flight. Their
leader secreted himself in a barn on his own lands, but, being
discovered by the soldiers of his opponent, was dragged forth and
beheaded with a sword. Subjoined is an account of a disturbance
which occurred at Kirkham during the same period, transcribed
from the Vale Royal<ref>Vale Royal, Cheshire, obtained a grant of the manor, etc., of Kirkham in 1296.</ref> register:—"A narrative of proceedings in a
dispute between the abbot of Vale Royal, and Sir Will. de Clifton,
knt., respecting the tithes in the manor of Clifton and Westby, in
the parish of Kirkham, A.D. 1337, in the time of Peter's abbacy. The charges alleged against Sir William state, that he had
obtained twenty marks<ref>£13 6s. 3d.</ref> due to the abbot; had forcibly obstructed
the rector in the gathering of tithes within the manor of Clifton
and Westby; seized his loaded wain, and brought ridicule on his
palfrey: that he had also burst, with his armed retainers, into the
parish church of Kirkham, and thereby deterred his clerks from
the performance of divine service; had prevented the parishioners
from resorting to the font for the rite of baptism; and that,
having seized on Thomas, the clerk of the abbot of Vale Royal,
he had inflicted on him a flagellation in the public streets of
Preston. After a complaint, made to the abbot of Westminster, a
conservator of the rights and privileges of the order to which
Vale Royal belonged, Sir William confessed his fault and threw
himself on the mercy of the abbot of the Cheshire convent, who
contented himself, after receiving a compensation for his rector's
losses, with an oath from the refractory knight, that he would in
future maintain and defend the privileges of the abbey, and would
bind himself in forty shillings to offer no further violence to the
unfortunate secretary of the abbot."
During the reign of Edward III., Henry, earl of Lancaster, was
created duke of the county with the consent of the prelates and
peers assembled in parliament. This nobleman, whose pious and
generous actions earned for him the title of the "Good duke of
Lancaster," received a mandate from the king during the war with
France, when there were serious apprehensions of an invasion by
that nation, to arm all the lancers on his estates, and to set a strict
watch over the seacoasts of Lancashire. These precautions,
however, proved unnecessary, as the French made no attempt to
cross the channel. In his will, bearing the date 1361, (the year of
his death), Duke Henry bequeathed the Wappentakes or Hundreds
of Amounderness, Lonsdale, and Leyland, with other estates, to
his daughter Blanche, who had married John of Gaunt, the earl
of Richmond and fourth son of Edward III. John of Gaunt
succeeded to the dukedom in right of his wife.
"In the "Testa de Nevill'," a register extending from 1274 to
1327, and containing, amongst other matters, a list of the fees and
serjeanties holden of the king and the churches in his gift, it is stated under the latter heading:—"St. Michael upon Wyre; the
son of Count Salvata had it by gift of the present king, and he
says, that he is elected into a bishoprick, and that the church is
vacant, and worth 30 marks<ref>£20 0s. 0d.</ref> per an. Kyrkeham; King John
gave two parts of it to Simon Blundel, on account of his custody
of the son and heir of Theobald Walter. Worth 80 marks<ref>£53 6s. 8d.</ref> per
an." In another part of these records it is named that Richard de
Frekelton held fees in chief in Freckleton, Newton, and
Eccleston; Alan de Singilton, in Singleton, Freckleton, Newton,
and Elswick; and Adam de Merton, in Marton; also that Fitz
Richard held serjeanties in Singleton, by serjeanty of
Amounderness.
The earliest intimation of members being returned to represent
our own district, in conjunction with the other divisions of the
county, is to the parliament of Edward I., assembled in 1295,
when Matthew de Redmand and John de Ewyas were elected
knights of the shire for Lancaster, and in his report the sheriff
adds—"There is no city in the county of Lancaster." The
members of parliament in 1297 were Henricus de Kigheley and
Henricus le Botyler; in 1302 Willielmus de Clifton and
Gilbertus de Singleton; and in 1304 Willielmus de Clifton and
Willielmus Banastre. Henricus le Botyler, or Butler, belonged
to the family of the Butlers of Rawcliffe; Gilbertus de Singleton was
probably connected with the Singletons whose descendants
resided at Staining Hall; Willielmus de Clifton was an ancestor
of the Cliftons of Lytham, and here it may be stated that
Lancashire was represented in 1383 by Robt. de Clifton, of
Westby, and Ric'us de Hoghton; and in 1844 by J. Wilson
Patten, now Lord Winmarleigh, and Jno. Talbot Clifton, esq., of
Lytham Hall. Thos. Henry Clifton, esq., son of the last
gentleman, and the Hon. F. A. Stanley are the present members
for North Lancashire.
During the Scottish wars of Edward III., John de Coupland, of
Upper Rawcliffe, valiantly captured David II., king of Scotland,
at the battle of Durham, and although that monarch dashed out
Coupland's teeth and used every means to incite the latter to slay
him, the brave soldier restrained his wrath and delivered up his prisoner alive. For that signal service Edward rewarded him
with a grant of £500 per annum, until he could receive an
equivalent in land wherever he might choose, and created him a
knight banneret.<ref>Knights banneret were so called from a privilege they possessed of carrying
a small banner. This privilege and the title of "Sir" were conferred as a reward
for distinguished military service, and were usually accompanied by a pecuniary
provision.</ref> "I have seen," says Camden, "a charter of
King Edward III., by which he advanced John Coupland to the
state of a banneret in the following words, because in a battle
fought at Durham he had taken prisoner David the Second, King
of Scots:—'Being willing to reward the said John, who took
David de Bruis prisoner, and frankly delivered him unto us, for
the deserts of his honest and valiant service, in such sort as others
may take example by his precedent to do us faithful service in
time to come, we have promoted the said John to the place and
degree of a banneret; and, for the maintenance of the same state,
we have granted, for us and our heirs, to the same John, five
hundred pounds by the year, to be received by him and his heirs,"
etc.
For some time after a truce had been concluded with Scotland,
the war, in which the incident narrated occurred, continued with
little abatement, and in 1322 this county with others was called
upon to raise fresh levies. These constant drains upon its
resources, and the devastations committed by riotous companies
of armed men, so impoverished our district that the inhabitants of
Poulton forwarded a petition to the Pope, praying him to forego
his claims upon their town on account of the deplorably distressed
condition to which they had been reduced. The taxations of all
churches in the Fylde were greatly lowered in consideration of the
indigency of the people; that of Kirkham from 240 marks per
annum to 120, and the others in like proportion. Further
evidence of the poverty of this division may be gathered from a
census taken in 1377, which states, amongst other things, that—"There
is no town worthy of notice anywhere in the whole of the
county"; and again, twenty years later, when a loan was raised
to meet the enormous expenditure of the country, Lancashire
furnished no contributors.
In 1389, during the reign of Richard II., it was enacted, with a view to the preservation and improvement of the salmon fisheries
throughout the kingdom, "that no young salmon be taken or
destroyed by nets, at mill-dams or other places, from the middle
of April to the Nativity of St. John Baptist"; and special
reference is made to this neighbourhood in the following sentence
of the bill:—"It is ordained and assented, that the waters of Lone,
Wyre, Mersee, Ribbyl, and all other waters in the county of
Lancaster, be put in defence, as to the taking of Salmons, from
Michaelmas Day to the Purification of our Lady (2nd of February),
and in no other time of the year, because that salmons be not
seasonable in the said waters in the time aforesaid; and in the
parts where such rivers be, there shall be assigned and sworn good
and sufficient conservators of this statute." The foregoing is the
earliest regulation of the kind, and the wisdom and utility of its
provisions are evinced by the existence of similar measures at the
present day.
From the annals of the Duchy may be learnt some interesting
particulars relative to changes in ownership at that period of
certain portions of the territory comprised in the Fylde. In 1380
John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, issued a "precept to the
Escheator to give seisin of the Lands of William Botyler in
Layton Magna, Layton Parva, Bispham, Warthebrek, and Great
Merton," etc.; and shortly afterwards gave orders to "seize the
Lands of William Botyler." In 1385 mandates were issued by
the same nobleman to his Escheator to "seize into the Hands of
the King and himself the Lands of Thomas Banastre, (deceased,
1384), in Ethelswyk, Frekculton, Claughton in Amoundernes,
Syngleton Parva, Hamylton, Stalmyn," etc.; also those of
"Emund Banastre, (deceased, 1384), in Wodeplumpton, Preston,"
etc. In the Rolls the subjoined entries also occur:—
1381.
<poem>
small caps small caps small caps
John Botyler, Knt. Henry de Bispham, Enrolment of the Grant of the
Richard de Carleton, Manors of Great Layton, Little
Chaplains. Layton, Bispham, and Wardebrek;
lands in Great Merton,
and the whole Lordship of
Merton Town.
Henry de Bispham, John Botyler, Knt., Enrolment of the Grant of the
Richard de Carleton. and Alice his wife. above Manors, Lands, and
Lordship, in Fee Tail special.
</poem> 1382.
<poem>
Robert de Wasshyngton. William de Hornby, Enrolment of Grant of
Parson of Lands, etc., in Carleton
St. Michael-upon-Wyre, in Amounderness, for a Rose
and William le Ducton. Rent per ann. 8 years, and
increased rent £20 per ann.
</poem>
There is nothing of interest or importance to recount affecting
the Fylde from the death of Richard II. until the year 1455, when
the battle of St. Albans, resulting in the defeat of Henry VI. and
the royal forces by the Duke of York, initiated those lamentable
struggles between the rival houses of York and Lancaster; and
the inhabitants of our section shared, like the rest, in the ruin and
bloodshed of civil war. Those contests, which lasted no less than
thirty years, and included thirteen pitched battles, were finally
terminated in 1485, by the union of Henry VII. with Catherine of
York, daughter of Edward IV.
In 1485 a malady called the "Sweating Sickness" visited the
different districts of Lancashire, and so rapid and fatal were the
effects, that during the seven weeks it prevailed, large numbers
of the populace fell victims to its virulence. Lord Verulam,
describing the disease, says:—"The complaint was a pestilent
fever, attended by a malign vapour, which flew to the heart and
seized the vital spirits; which stirred nature to strive to send it
forth by an extreme sweat."
In 1487 the impostor Lambert Simnel, who personated Edward,
earl of Warwick, the heir in rightful succession to Edward IV.,
landed at the Pile of Fouldrey, (Peel harbour) in Morecambe Bay,
with an army raised chiefly by the aid of the Duchess of Burgundy,
and marched into the country. At Stoke, near Newark, he was
defeated and taken prisoner, and subsequently the adventurer
was made a scullion in the king's kitchen, from which humble
sphere he rose by good conduct to the position of falconer.
Henry VIII., soon after his accession in 1509, became embroiled
in war with France, and whilst he was engaged in hostilities on
the continent, James IV. of Scotland crossed the border, and
invaded England with a force of fifty thousand men. To resist
this aggression large levies were promptly raised in Lancashire
and other northern counties, and on the field of Flodden, in
Northumberland, a decisive battle took place in 1513, in which
the Scottish monarch was slain, and his army routed. The Lancashire troops were led by Sir Edward Stanley, and their
patriotism and valour are celebrated in an ancient song call the
"Famous Historie or Songe of Floodan Field." In the following
extract certain localities in and near the Fylde are mentioned as
having furnished their contingents of willing soldiers:—
<poem>
"All Lancashire for the most parte
The lusty Standley stowte can lead,
A stock of striplings stronge of heart
Brought up from babes with beef and bread,
From Warton unto Warrington,
From Wiggen unto Wyresdale,
From Weddecon to Waddington.
From Ribchester to Rochdale,
From Poulton to Preston with pikes
They with ye Standley howte forthe went,
From Pemberton and Pilling Dikes
For Battell Billmen bould were bent
With fellowes fearce and fresh for feight
With Halton feilds did turne in foores,
With lusty ladds liver and light
From Blackborne and Bolton in ye moores."
</poem>
The office of High Sheriff is one of considerable antiquity, and
in early times it was no uncommon thing for the elected person
to retain the position for several years together. Annexed is a
list of gentlemen connected with the Fylde who have been High
Sheriffs of the county of Lancaster at different times, with their
years of office:—
<poem>
1194 }
to } Theobald Walter, of Amounderness.
1199. }
1278. Gilbert de Clifton, of Clifton and Westby.
1287. Gilbert de Clifton, of Clifton and Westby.
1289. Gilbert de Clifton, of Clifton and Westby.
1393. Sir Johannes Butler, Knt., of Rawcliffe.
1394. Sir Johannes Butler, Knt., of Rawcliffe.
1395. Sir Johannes Butler, Knt., of Rawcliffe,
1397. Sir Richard Molyneux, Knt., of Larbrick (for life).
1566. Sir Richard Molyneux, Knt., of Larbrick.
1606. Edmund Fleetwood, of Rossall.
1677. Alexander Rigby, of Layton.
1678. Alexander Rigby, of Layton.
1691. Sir Alexander Rigby, Knt., of Layton.
1740. Roger Hesketh, of Rossall.
1797. Bold Fleetwood Hesketh, of Rossall.
</poem> <poem>
1820. Robert Hesketh, of Rossall.
1830. Peter Hesketh Fleetwood, of Rossall.
1835. Thomas Clifton, of Lytham.
1842. Thomas Robert Wilson ffrance, of Rawcliffe.
1853. John Talbot Clifton, of Lytham.
</poem>
It may be here noticed that Edmund Dudley, so notorious in
English history as the infamous agent of Henry VII. in the
wholesale and scandalous extortions that monarch practised upon
his subjects, held many and large territorial possessions in the
county of Lancashire, the reward in all probability of his
unscrupulous services to the king. After the death of his royal
patron a loud outcry for the punishment of Dudley was raised by
the nation, and in the first year of Henry VIII. a proclamation
was issued inviting those subjects who had been injured by
Dudley and his fellow commissioner, Sir Richard Empson, to
come forward and state their complaints; the number of
complainants who appeared was so great that it was found
impossible to examine all their claims, so in order to pacify the
universal indignation, the two obnoxious agents were thrown into
prison on a charge of treason. From the Inquisition for the
Escheat of the Duchy of Lancaster taken on the attainder of
Edmund Dudley, in 1509, it is discovered that amongst his
numerous estates, were lands in Elswick, Hambleton, Freckleton,
Thornton, Little Singleton, Wood Plumpton, Whittingham,
Goosnargh, and Claughton. Stow, writing about the circumstances
alluded to, says:—"Thereupon was Sir Richard Empson,
Knight, and Edmund Dudley, Esquire, by a politicke mean
brought into the Tower, where they were accused of treason, and
so remained there prisoners, thereby to quiet men's minds, that
made such suit to have their money restored. On the seventeenth
of July Edmund Dudley was arraigned in the Guildhall of
London, where he was condemned, and had judgement to be
drawn, hanged, and quartered. * * * Henry VIII. sent
commandment to the Constable of the Tower, charging him that
Empson and Dudley should shortly after be put to execution.
The Sheriffs of London were commanded by a special writ to see
the said execution performed and done, whereupon they went to
the Tower and received the prisoners on the 17th of August, 1510,
and from thence brought them unto the scaffold on Tower Hill,
where their heads were stricken off." The most conspicuous event which happened during the
sovereignty of Henry VIII. was the Protestant Reformation.
Henry, having quarrelled with the Supreme Head of the Church
at Rome, determined to suppress all religious houses in his
kingdom whose incomes amounted to less than £200 per annum.
Doctors Thomas Leigh and Thomas Layton were appointed to
inspect and report on those in Lancashire; and amongst the
number condemned on their visit was a small Benedictine Cell at
Lytham. This Cell owed its origin to Richard Fitz Roger, who
towards the latter part of the reign of Richard I. granted lands at
Lytham to the Durham Church, in order that a prior and
Benedictine monks might be established there to the honour of
St. Mary and St. Cuthbert. Its yearly revenue at the time of
suppression was only £55. A little later, in 1540, the larger
monastic institutions suffered the fate of the smaller ones; and
amongst the chantries closed were two at St. Michael's-on-Wyre.
All Catholic places of worship were closed by a proclamation,
bearing the date September 23rd, 1548, and issued by the lord
protector Somerset on behalf of the young king Edward VI. On
the death of that monarch in 1553 the crown descended to his
sister Mary, only daughter of Catherine of Arrogan; and one of
her first acts was to re-establish the old faith and re-open the
churches and chantries which her predecessors had closed. Mass
was again celebrated in the churches of St. Michael's-on-Wyre,
Kirkham, and Singleton, as in former days, the officiating priests
being:—
<poem>
Kirkham Thomas Primbet, annual fee £2 10s. 0d.
Singleton Richard Goodson, " " £2 9s. 0d.
St. Michael's-on-Wyre, Thomas Cross " " £4 13s. 10d.
</poem>
In the early part of this reign a grand military muster was
ordered to be made in the county palatine of Lancaster, and
towards the 300 men raised in the Hundred of Amounderness the
Fylde townships contributed as follows:—
<poem>
Warton 4 men.
Carleton 8 "
Hardhome with Newton 8 "
Much Eccleston 5 "
Clifton 6 "
Bispham and Norbreke 5 "
Freckleton 5 "
Thilston 8 "
Thornton 8 men.
Out Rawcliffe 4 "
Upper Rawcliffe and Tornecard 1 "
Pulton 3 "
Weton 3 "
Threleyle 6 "
Little Eccleston and Larbreke 6 "
Little Singleton and Grange 5 "
</poem> <poem>
Newton with Scales 3 men.
Layton with Warbrick 8 "
Elliswicke 5 "
Kelmyne and Brininge 5 "
Kirkham 3 "
Westbye and Plumpton 8 men.
Rigby with Wraye 8 "
Lithum 5 "
Much Singleton 7 "
Plumpton 11 "
</poem>
The commanders of the regiment were—Sir Thomas Hesketh,
Sir Richard Houghton; George Browne, John Kitchen, Richard
Barton, William Westby (of Mowbreck), and William Barton,
Esquires.
Dodsworth, who lived in the latter part of the sixteenth and
early part of the seventeenth centuries, informs us that sometime
during the year 1555 "a sudden irruption of the sea" took place
near Rossall grange, and a whole village, called Singleton Thorp,
was washed away by the fury of the waves. "The inhabitants
were driven out of their ancient home, and erected their tents at a
place called Singleton to this day." It has been surmised that
Singleton Thorp was the residence of Thomas de Singleton, who
opposed Edward I. in a suit to recover from that king the manors
of Singleton, Thornton, and Brughton. The site formerly
occupied by the ancient village is now called Singleton Skeer.
Dodsworth also declares that the Horse-bank lying off the shores
of Lytham was, in 1612, during the reign of James I., a pasture
for cattle, and that, in 1601, a village called Waddum Thorp
existed between it and the present main-land.
In January, 1559, about two months after the accession of
Elizabeth, another muster took place throughout the several
counties of the kingdom, and subjoined are enumerated the bodies
of soldiers furnished by the different Hundreds of Lancashire:—
<poem>
small caps—407 harnessed men, 406 unharnessed men.
small caps—213 harnessed men, 369 unharnessed men.
small caps—356 harnessed men, 114 unharnessed men.
small caps—80 harnessed men, 22 unharnessed men.
small caps—394 harnessed men, 649 unharnessed men.
small caps—459 harnessed men, 413 unharnessed men.
Sum Total of harnessed men 1919.
Sum Total of unharnessed men 2073.<ref>Harl. Mss. cod. 1926, fol. 4 b.</ref>
</poem>
An epidemic, described by Hollinworth as a "sore sicknesse,"
prevailed in this county during some months of 1565, and carried
off many of the inhabitants. Queen Elizabeth on her accession wrought another change in
the national religion, but taking warning from the outcries and
disturbances produced by the sudden and sweeping policies of
Henry VIII. and Mary, proceeded to affect her purpose in a more
deliberate manner. She retained some of her Catholic ministers,
taking care, however, to have sufficient of the reformed faith to
outvote them when occasion required, and appointed a commission
to inquire into the persecutions of the last reign, with orders to
liberate from prison all those who had been confined on account
of their attachment to Protestant principles. In her own chapel
she forbade several Popish practices, and commanded that certain
portions of the services should be read in the English tongue.
Shortly afterwards a proclamation was issued, ordering that all
chantries should conduct their services after the model of her
own chapel. This comparative moderation was succeeded at a
later period of her sovereignty by sterner measures, and many
Catholic recusants were placed in confinement, being subjected to
heavy penalties and degradations. During the same reign the
military strength of the nation was again ascertained by a general
muster. The gathering took place in 1574, when six gentlemen
of our neighbourhood were thus rated:—
Cuthbert Clifton, esq., to furnish:—Light horse 1, Plate-coate
1, Pyke 1, Long bows 2, Sheaves of arrows 2, Steel caps 2, Caliver
1, Morion 1.
James Massey, George Alane to furnish:—Plate-coat 1, Long
bow 1, Sheaf of arrows 1, Steel cap 1, Caliver 1, Morion 1, Bill 1.
William Hesketh to furnish of good will:—Caliver 1, Morion 1.
William Singleton, John Veale to furnish:—The same as
William Hesketh doth.
The whole complement raised in the Hundred of Amounderness
consisted of—5 Light horse, 1 Demi-lance, 2 Corslets, 17 Plate-coats,
11 Pykes, 22 Long bows, 22 Sheaves of arrows, 27 Steel
caps, 15 Calivers, 20 Morions, and 10 Bills.
Father Edmund Campion, the notorious Jesuit, was apprehended
in 1581, immediately after travelling through Lancashire
endeavouring to spread the doctrines of his faith, and imprisoned
in the Tower. Under the cruel influence of the rack he divulged
the names of several persons by whom he had been received and
entertained whilst on his journey, and amongst them were Mrs. Allen of Rossall Hall, the widow of Richard Allen, and John
Westby of Mowbreck and Burn Halls. Shortly before his
execution Campion deplored his compulsory confession in a letter
to a friend in these words:—"It grieved me much to have offended
the Catholic cause so highly, as to confess the names of some
gentlemen and friends in whose houses I have been entertained;
yet in this I greatly cherish and comfort myself, that I never
discovered any secrets there declared, and that I will not, come
rack, come rope."
The following extracts are taken from some manuscripts in the
Harleian collection, and will explain themselves:—
"Names of such as are detected for receiptinge of Priests, Seminaries, etc., in
the County of Lancashire.
<poem>
"This appeareth by the presentment One named little Richard receipted at
of the Vicar of Garstang. Mr. Rigmaden's of Weddicar by report.
"This appeareth by the presentment Ricard Cadocke, a seminary priest, also
of the Vicar of Kirkham. Deiv. Tytmouse conversant in the
Company of two widows—viz. Mistress
Alice Clyfton and Mistress Jane
Clyfton, about the first of October last,
1580, by the report of James Burie.
"This also appeareth by the presentment Richard Brittain, a priest receipted in
of the Vicar of Kirkham. the house of William Bennett of
Westby, about the beginning of June
last, from whence young Mr. Norrice
of Speke conveyed the said Brittain to
the Speke, as the said Bennett hath
reported.
</poem>
"The said Brittain remayneth now at the house of Mr. Norrice of the Speke, as
appeareth by the deposition of John Osbaldston.
<poem>
"Diocese of Chester
"Amounderness Deanery
Cuthb. Clifton, Esq. Obstinate.
Will. Hesketh, gent. Obstinate.
John Singleton, gent. Obstinate."
</poem>
At that period it was customary to levy a tax of live stock and
different articles of food on each county, for the supply of the
royal larder, and Sir Richard Sherburn, of Carleton and
Hambleton, and Alexander Rigby, of Middleton, near Preston,<ref>Alexander Rigby was related to the branch of that family residing at Layton
Hall.</ref>
ratified an agreement with the treasurer and controller of
Elizabeth's household, that Lancashire should provide annually forty great oxen, to be delivered alive at her majesty's pasture at
Crestow. Afterwards the sums to be contributed by each
Hundred for the purchase of these animals was arranged, and
Amounderness rated at £16 10s. 0d. per year. The latter agreement
was ratified by Sir Richard Sherburne and Edward Tyldesley,
of Myerscough, amongst others. Grievous complaints were made
in the Fylde and other parts of the county of the desecration of the
Sabbath by "Wakes, fayres, markettes, bayrebaytes, bull baits,
Ales, Maygames, Resortinge to Alehouses in tyme of devyne
service, pypinge and dauncinge, huntinge and all manner of
unlawfull gamynge." A letter praying that these profanations
might be reformed was signed by the magistrates of the several
districts, amongst whom were Edmund Fleetwood of Rossall, and
R. Sherburne of Carleton, etc., and forwarded to London. A
commission of inquiry was appointed, and after an investigation,
the commissioners charged all mayors, bailiffs, and constables, as
well as other civil officers, churchwardens, etc., to suppress by all
lawful means the said disorders of the Sabbath, and to present the
offenders at the quarter sessions, that they might be dealt with for
the same according to law. They also directed that the minstrels,
bearwards, and all such disorderly persons, should be immediately
apprehended and brought before the justices of the peace, and
punished at their discretion; that the churchwardens should be
enjoined to present at the sessions all those that neglected to
attend divine service upon the Sabbath day, that they might be
indicted and fined in the penalty of twelve pence for every
offence; that the number of alehouses should be abridged, that
the ale-sellers should utter a full quart of ale for one penny, and
none of any less size, and that they should sell no ale or other
victuals in time of divine service; that none should sell ale
without a license; that the magistrates should be enjoined not to
grant any ale-licenses except in public sessions; that they should
examine the officers of the commonwealth to learn whether they
made due presentment at the quarter sessions of all bastards born
or remaining within their several precincts; and that thereupon a
strict course should be taken for the due punishment of the
reputed parents according to the statute, as also for the convenient
keeping and relief of the infants.<ref>Harl. MSS. cod. 1926, fol. 80.</ref> In 1588, the year following the execution of Mary, Queen of
Scots, Philip of Spain, urged on by an ambition to conquer the
kingdom of England and re-establish the Romish religion,
equipped an immense fleet, consisting of seventy-two galliasses
and galleons, forty-seven second-class ships of war, and eleven
pinnaces, to which he gave the name of the "Invincible Armada."
The rumour of this invasion spread great alarm throughout the
country; and the magistrates, gentry, and freeholders of Lancashire
were summoned to meet Lord Strange at Preston, to consider
what steps should be taken for the defence of their coast, on
which, at Peel in Morecambe Bay, it was deemed probable the
Spaniards would attempt a landing. So doubtful does Elizabeth
appear to have been of the loyalty of her Lancashire subjects that
Lord Strange was commanded to append to his summonses the
words,—"Fayle not at your uttermost peril." Nor were these
suspicions on the part of the queen without good reason, for the
principal landed proprietors and gentry of the county were
members of the Romish Church, and it was to be feared that they
would be only lukewarm in repelling, if not, indeed, active in
encouraging, an enemy whose professed object was the restoration
of their religion. Baines, in reviewing the Reformation, says,—"In
the county of Lancashire it was retrograde. The Catholics
multiplied, priests were harboured, the book of common prayer
and the service of the Church, established by law, were laid aside;
many of the churches were shut up, and the cures unsupplied,
unless by the ejected Catholics." Numerous crosses on the
highways, as well as the names of several places, as Low-cross,
High-cross, Norcross, etc., also testify to the Romish tendency of
the inhabitants. Cardinal Allen, who had for many years been
living on the continent at Douai and elsewhere<ref>See "Allen of Rossall," in Chapter vi.</ref> was suspected
of having, in conjunction with Parsons, the Jesuit, instigated
Philip to this invasion. The harbour of "Pille," (Peel) is
described in the Lansdowne manuscripts as the "very best haven
for landings with great shyppes in all the west coast of England,
called St. George's Channel," and further in the same folio we
read:—"What the Spanyerd means to do the Lord knows, for all
the countrie being known to Doctor Allen, who was born harde by
| 42,358 |
https://github.com/DeyV/filebrowser-frontend/blob/master/src/App.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
filebrowser-frontend
|
DeyV
|
Vue
|
Code
| 154 | 531 |
<template>
<router-view :dependencies="loaded" @update:css="updateCSS" @clean:css="cleanCSS"></router-view>
</template>
<script>
import { mapState } from 'vuex'
export default {
name: 'app',
computed: mapState(['recaptcha']),
data () {
return {
loaded: false
}
},
mounted () {
if (this.recaptcha.length === 0) {
this.unload()
return
}
let check = () => {
if (typeof window.grecaptcha === 'undefined') {
setTimeout(check, 100)
return
}
this.unload()
}
check()
},
methods: {
unload () {
this.loaded = true
// Remove loading animation.
let loading = document.getElementById('loading')
loading.classList.add('done')
setTimeout(function () {
loading.parentNode.removeChild(loading)
}, 200)
this.updateCSS()
},
updateCSS (global = false) {
let css = this.$store.state.css
if (typeof this.$store.state.user.css === 'string' && !global) {
css += '\n' + this.$store.state.user.css
}
this.removeCSS()
let style = document.createElement('style')
style.title = 'custom-css'
style.type = 'text/css'
style.appendChild(document.createTextNode(css))
document.head.appendChild(style)
},
removeCSS () {
let style = document.querySelector('style[title="custom-css"]')
if (style === undefined || style === null) {
return
}
style.parentElement.removeChild(style)
},
cleanCSS () {
this.updateCSS(true)
}
}
}
</script>
<style>
@import './css/styles.css';
</style>
| 26,041 |
https://github.com/zuijialuoji/stop-boot/blob/master/stop-boot-admin-vue/src/views/test/test4/index.vue
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
stop-boot
|
zuijialuoji
|
Vue
|
Code
| 375 | 2,052 |
<template>
<div class="app-container">
<!--分页过滤条件-->
<div v-permission="['P_TEST_TEST4_PAGE']" class="filter-container" >
<el-form ref="filterForm" :model="tableQuery">
<el-row>
<el-col :span="4">
<el-form-item prop="name" label="姓名">
<el-input v-model="tableQuery.name" placeholder="姓名" style="width: 180px;" class="filter-item"
@keyup.enter.native="handleFilter"/>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="4">
<el-form-item prop="age" label="年龄">
<el-input v-model="tableQuery.age" placeholder="年龄" style="width: 180px;" class="filter-item"
@keyup.enter.native="handleFilter"/>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<el-col :span="4">
<el-form-item prop="status" label="状态">
<el-select v-model="tableQuery.status" placeholder="请选择">
<el-option
v-for="item in this.dictValueMap.sex"
:key="item.id"
:label="item.dicDesc"
:value="item.dicValue">
</el-option>
</el-select>
</el-form-item>
</el-col>
<!--@click="cleanFilter"-->
<el-col :span="4">
<div class="el-form-item__label" style="width:50px"> </div>
<div class="el-form-item__content">
<div class="filter-item" style="width: 180px;">
<el-button v-permission="['P_TEST_TEST4_PAGE']" class="filter-item" type="danger" icon="el-icon-close" @click="cleanFilter" circle/>
<el-button v-permission="['P_TEST_TEST4_PAGE']" class="filter-item" type="primary" icon="el-icon-search" @click="handleFilter" circle/>
<el-button v-permission="['P_TEST_TEST4_ADD']" class="filter-item" type="success" icon="el-icon-plus" @click="preCreate" circle/>
</div>
</div>
</el-col>
</el-row>
</el-form>
</div>
<!--表格-->
<el-table
v-permission="['P_TEST_TEST4_PAGE']"
:key="tableKey"
v-loading="tableLoading"
:data="tableData"
border
stripe
empty-text
fit
highlight-current-row
style="width: 100%;"
>
<el-table-column prop="id" label="id" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.id }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column prop="name" label="姓名" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.name }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column prop="age" label="年龄" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.age }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column prop="birthday" label="生日" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.birthday }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column prop="info" label="信息" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.info }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column prop="headImg" label="头像" align="center">
<template slot-scope="scope">
<span>{{ scope.row.headImg }}</span>
</template>
</el-table-column>
<el-table-column class-name="small-padding fixed-width" label="操作" align="center">
<template slot-scope="{row}">
<el-button v-permission="['P_TEST_TEST4_ONE']" type="primary" size="mini" @click="preEdit(row)">
编辑
</el-button>
<el-button v-permission="['P_TEST_TEST4_DELETE']" size="mini" type="danger" @click="handleDelete(row)">
删除
</el-button>
</template>
</el-table-column>
</el-table>
<!--分页组件-->
<pagination v-permission="['P_TEST_TEST4_PAGE']" v-show="total>0" :total="total" :page.sync="pageNum" :limit.sync="pageSize"
@pagination="loadData"/>
<!--新增组件-->
<create-form v-permission="['P_TEST_TEST4_ADD']" ref="createForm" :rowData='createRowData' @loadData="loadData"></create-form>
<!--编辑组件-->
<edit-form v-permission="['P_TEST_TEST4_UPDATE']" ref="editForm" :rowData='editRowData' @loadData="loadData"></edit-form>
</div>
</template>
<script>
//分页组件
import Pagination from '@/components/Pagination'
//新增组件
import createForm from './create'
//编辑组件
import editForm from './edit'
//Test4 page 接口
import {Test4PageRequest} from '@/sdk/api/test/test4/page'
//Test4 delete 接口
import {Test4DeleteRequest} from '@/sdk/api/test/test4/delete'
//接口混入
import api from '@/mixins/api'
export default {
name: 'Test4-Table',
components: {Pagination, createForm, editForm},
mixins: [api],
data() {
return {
tableKey: 'Test4',
total: 0,
tableLoading: true,
tableQuery: {
name: undefined,
age: undefined,
status: undefined,
},
dialogFormVisible: false,
editRowData: {},
createRowData:{},
deleteParams:{
id:undefined
}
}
},
filters: {},
created() {
this.loadData()
this.dict('sex')
},
methods: {
loadData() {
this.$nextTick(() => {
//加载数据
let request = new Test4PageRequest();
request.setParams(this.tableQuery)
this.page(request)
})
},
handleFilter() {
this.tableQuery.pageNum = 1
this.loadData()
},
cleanFilter() {
this.$refs['filterForm'].resetFields();
this.loadData()
},
preCreate(row) {
this.createRowData = Object.assign({}, row)
this.$refs.createForm.dialogFormVisible = true
},
preEdit(row) {
this.editRowData = Object.assign({}, row)
this.$refs.editForm.dialogFormVisible = true
},
handleDelete(row) {
let request = new Test4DeleteRequest()
this.deleteParams.id = row.id
request.setParams(this.deleteParams)
this.delete(request).then(res => {
this.loadData()
})
}
}
}
</script>
| 15,554 |
BXA16265001362Y_1592_64
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,016 |
GREFFE DU TRIBUNAL DE COMMERCE DE PAU
|
BODACC
|
French
|
Semantic data
| 4,192 | 10,605 |
822 512 257
RCS
Pau
DPG LA PLAINE
Société civile immobilière de construction vente
Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : DPG (SASU)
500
EUR
2
rue
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
64140
Lons
Création
Etablissement principal
Construction d'un bâtiment en vue de sa vente en totalité ou par fractions à des tiers
2
rue
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
64140
Lons
2016-09-15
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2016-09-05
810 483 511
RCS
Périgueux
D R A
Société par actions simplifiée
9
route
de Sarlat
24120
La Feuillade
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
808 717 128
RCS
Toulouse
Electro Posé
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
5
rue
Saint Pantaléon
31000
Toulouse
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
793 831 116
RCS
Bordeaux
PHARMACIE REYNAUD
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
5
place
du Général de Gaulle
33490
Saint-Macaire
2015-03-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
353 428 378
RCS
Bourges
SAMOPTIC
Société à responsabilité limitée
2
rue
Porte Mutin
18200
Saint-Amand-Montrond
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
478 259 229
RCS
Paris
OBVIOUS
Société à responsabilité limitée
9
cité
Paradis
75010
Paris
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
ATOM
SAS
liquidateur : LEFRANC (Thomas)
799 073 598
RCS
Strasbourg
24
rue
de l'Altenberg
67370
Truchtersheim
dissolution de la société
2015-10-31
444 415 210
RCS
Bordeaux
FRANCEBLOCK
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
16
route
de Suzon
33830
Belin-Béliet
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
430 082 578
RCS
Paris
SOCIETE CIVILE PARTICULIERE "IMMOBILIA-SAINT-MARTIN"
Société civile immobilière
Gérant : Golinelli, Jean Louis Auguste, Gérant : Prugnaud, Danielle Martine, nom d'usage : Golinelli, Associé : Golinelli, Jean Louis Auguste, Associé : Prugnaud, Danielle Martine, nom d'usage : Golinelli, Associé : Golinelli, Floriand, Associé : Golinelli, Tristan
16769.39
EUR
6
rue
Henri Duchêne
75015
Paris
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
Acquisition, entretien, mise en valeur, administration, jouissance, vente de toutes propriétés immobilières.
6
rue
Henri Duchêne
75015
Paris
2002-10-04
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite à transfert de son siège social
2016-10-08
1959-02-23
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite au transfert du siège hors ressort
413 117 359
RCS
Nancy
BELLICINI SARL
Société à responsabilité limitée
17B
rue
du Point du Jour
54610
Abaucourt sur seille
2015-08-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
512 357 641
RCS
Tarascon
SOCIETE MACONNERIE CARRELAGE PEINTURE
Société à responsabilité limitée
SOCIETE MACONNERIE CARRELAGE PEINTURE SMCP
SMCP
Gérant : SICCARDI Nadia, Maryline, Fernande
2000
EUR
5
chemin
du Mas Barrelet
Quartier du Mas Neuf
13890
Mouriès
Transfert d'établissement
Etablissement principal
Tous travaux de second oeuvre du bâtiment : Revêtement sols et murs, carrelage, peinture
5
chemin
du Mas Barrelet
Quartier du Mas Neuf
13890
Mouriès
2016-11-10
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite à transfert de son siège social
2011-07-04
Immatriculation suite à transfert de son siège social hors ressort. Modification survenue sur l'administration
SCI BARITINE
Société civile immobilière
7622.45
EUR
391 668 159
RCS
Paris
37
quai
de Valmy
75010
Paris
37
quai
de Valmy
75010
Paris
modification survenue sur l'adresse du siège
353 025 844
RCS
Castres
LAMBERT DE CURSAY
Olivier, Marie, François, Robert
Etablissement principal acquis par achat au prix stipulé de 14000 Euros.
Etablissement principal
Nettoyage automobile professionnel, rénovation des tissus, cuir, lustrage smart repair, entretien et réparation de véhicules légers, vente de produits de nettoyage, vente de véhicules d'occasion.
28
avenue
Jacques Besse
81500
Lavaur
LEMPASZAK
Thomas
809 266 695
RCS
Castres
Achat d'un établissement principal par une personne physique (immatriculation)
2016-09-09
Me Patricia SAUX-TEIXEIRA notaire 11, avenue Georges Spénale 81500 Lavaur Les oppositions seront reçues dans les 10 jours suivant la publication prévue à l'article L.141-12 du Code de Commerce.
819 670 779
RCS
Lorient
PORHIEL
Emmanuel
CREPERIE SAINT-GERON
Etablissement principal acquis par achat au prix stipulé de 85000 Euros.
Etablissement principal
Crêperie, glaces, saladerie, bar (licence IV), fabrication de crêpes à emporter
27
rue
Trottier
56700
Hennebont
AUFFRET
Catherine
LE SAUCE
333 126 233
RCS
Lorient
Achat d'un établissement principal par une personne physique (immatriculation)
2016-04-01
Scp Comparot- Coulouarn 33, avenue Georges-Pompidou BP 32 56701 Hennebont Cedex Acte authentique en date du 29 mars 2016 de Me Gilberte COMPAROT notaire à Hennebont 56700 33 avenue Georges Pompidou - Adresse de l'ancien propriétaire : Hennebont 56700 2 rue du Docteur Saint Géron - Adresse du nouveau propriétaire : Ploemeur 56270 17 rue Raime. Les oppositions seront reçues dans les 10 jours de la présente publication
513 256 321
RCS
Bordeaux
FINANCIERE DPDN
Société par actions simplifiée à associé unique
27
rue
Alessandro Volta
Espace Phare
33700
Mérignac
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
379 192 289
RCS
Perpignan
FENETRE SUR...
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
73
avenue
DE LA COTE VERMEILLE
Résidence Annunziata 1
66140
Canet-en-Roussillon
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
537 517 070
RCS
Meaux
MEDIVERRE
Société par actions simplifiée (à associé unique)
1
rue
de la Merlette ZI de Sept Sorts
77260
Sept-Sorts
2015-10-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
MICHALEX
Société à responsabilité limitée
793 621 780
RCS
Bourg-en-Bresse
Restauration traditionnelle
1ter
rue
d'Izernore
01100
Bellignat
Jugement d'ouverture
Jugement d'ouverture d'une procédure de redressement judiciaire
15 juin 2016
Jugement prononçant l'ouverture d'une procédure de redressement judiciaire , date de cessation des paiements le 31 Mai 2016 , désignant mandataire judiciaire SELARL MJ SYNERGIE, représentée par Mes Belat et Desprat 22, rue du Cordier - BP 107 - 01003 Bourg-en-Bresse . Les créances sont à déclarer, dans les deux mois de la présente publication, auprès du Mandataire Judiciaire ou sur le portail électronique à l'adresse https://www.creditors-services.com.
522 961 069
RCS
Arras
APHYDIS
Société par actions simplifiée
20
rue
d'Etrun
62161
Maroeuil
2015-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
401 948 245
RCS
Nanterre
DELOITTE CONSEIL
Société par actions simplifiée à associé unique
3040000.00
EUR
185
Charles de Gaulle
92200
Neuilly-sur-Seine
Achat d'un fonds de commerce au prix stipulé de 256360 Euros
Etablissement principal
les seules branches d'activités Enterprise Resource planning (Erp) et business intelligence (bi) du fonds de commerce de la société Cleversys ayant pour activité la prestation de services en matière de systèmes d'information, de logiciels et d'offres d'Externalisation, étant précisé que le droit au bail est exclu.
114
avenue
Charles de Gaulle
92200
Neuilly-sur-Seine
CLEVERSYS
529 219 792
RCS
Nanterre
Achat d'un fonds par une personne morale (insertion provisoire)
2016-04-01
Au fonds vendu pour la validité et pour la correspondance ME HUBERT MOREAU 21 Rue GODOT DE MAUROY 75009 PARIS. - Délai pour les oppositions : 10 jours à compter de la présente insertion au Bodacc.
- Acte SSP en date du 31/03/2016 enregistré au SIE de Neuilly Pôle enregistrement le 27/04/2016 Bordereau 2016/328 Case 13 - Délai pour les oppositions : 10 jours à compter de la présente insertion au Bodacc - Adresse du cédant : 114 avenue Charles de Gaulle - 92200 Neuilly sur Seine.
488 670 142
RCS
Toulouse
LES PETITES FLEURS MODELES
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
40
place
Charles de Gaulle
31590
Verfeil
2016-03-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
RCS non inscrit.
de WAARD
Jean-Marc
Fonds acquis par achat au prix stipulé de 204500 Euros.
Etablissement principal
Fonds civil de courtier en assurances et d'agent général d'assurances
13
boulevard
Dugommier
Le Charme
06600
Antibes
GARNODIER
Elisabeth
353 459 597
RCS
Antibes
Achat d'un fonds par une personne physique (insertion provisoire)
2016-01-01
SCP Leplat,Biganzoli,Pieffet,Diméglio,Villemin,notaires associés,5 avenue Gambetta 06600 ANTIBES
Acte enregistré le 07/03/2016 N°2016/167 , bureau d'ANTIBES
450 201 769
RCS
Pontoise
SCHEIDT ET BACHMANN FRANCE
Société par actions simplifiée à associé unique
201
rue
Jules Ferry
95360
Montmagny
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
SARL BOULANGER
Société à responsabilité limitée
803 080 258
RCS
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Restauration traditionnelle
Pont Jacquard
62100
Calais
Jugement d'ouverture
Jugement d'ouverture d'une procédure de redressement judiciaire
10 août 2016
Jugement prononçant l'ouverture d'une procédure de redressement judiciaire , date de cessation des paiements le 01 Janvier 2016 , désignant mandataire judiciaire Selarl W R A - Wiart C. & Rouhier P-F. 56, rue de la Paix - 62100 Calais . Les créances sont à déclarer, dans les deux mois de la présente publication, auprès du Mandataire Judiciaire ou sur le portail électronique à l'adresse https://www.creditors-services.com.
388 235 749
RCS
Nanterre
PREVAT
Société par actions simplifiée à associé unique
2
avenue
Pasteur
92130
Issy-les-Moulineaux
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
NIRAM
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
531 200 426
RCS
Dax
349
chemin
de Campas
40300
Peyrehorade
O
821 335 403
RCS
Cusset
HENRI
Eric, Luc, Robert
Création
Etablissement principal
Agent d'assurances et activité de courtage en assurances.
2
place
Cortet
03000
Moulins
2016-09-29
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2016-08-01
334 270 956
RCS
Le Puy en Velay
CARROSSERIE GIRAUD
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
Le Buisson
43290
Raucoules
2015-03-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
J.P.L.F.
SAS
822 793 642
RCS
Metz
restauration traditionnelle
20
rue
Vignes-Saint-Avold
57000
Metz
20
rue
Vignes-Saint-Avold
57000
Metz
mise en activité de la société
2016-10-15
HAVEN 54
808 961 510
RCS
Pontoise
BODACC B
20150116
19 juin 2015
2914
392 094 066
RCS
Paris
SNC DE LA MAISON ROSE
Société en nom collectif
115
rue
de la Santé
75013
Paris
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
LA BONNE FONTAINE
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
531 307 361
RCS
La roche sur yon
débit de boissons restaurant.
64
rue
de la Bonne Fontaine
85300
Challans
Jugement de clôture
Jugement de clôture pour insuffisance d'actif
13 avril 2016
Jugement prononçant la clôture de la procédure de liquidation judiciaire pour insuffisance d'actif.
818 124 703
RCS
Annecy
J.S. MEG
Société Civile Immobilière
Gérant : GROSSET-JANIN Chrystelle Valérie Augusta nom d'usage : MURA. Gérant : GROSSET-JANIN Anne Geneviève nom d'usage : BURILLE.
326000.00
EUR
114
rue
de la Poste
74120
Megève
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, D) sans activité
Cette société n'exerce aucune activité.
SHOPPING AUTO
Société à responsabilité limitée
812 018 448
RCS
Chartres
1
rue
de l'Ormeteau
Et 12 rue de la Pointe à l'Hermite
28300
Lèves
O
500 508 577
RCS
Villefranche-Tarare
LE NEW GAMBETTA
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
5
rue
Gambetta
Thizy
69240
Thizy-Les-Bourgs
2015-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
SCI LEJOP
343 952 495
RCS
Pontoise
BODACC B
20150152
11 août 2015
2255
NOIR & MAT IMMO
Société civile
502 264 047
RCS
Paris
231
rue
Saint-Honoré
75001
Paris
O
820 844 165
RCS
Bordeaux
PAJOT
Vaea
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
livraison de repas à domicile à vélo.
32
rue
Émile Combes
1er Étage
33400
Talence
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2016-06-19
S C M 12 RUE D'ASTORG
Société civile de moyens
444 717 375
RCS
Paris
12
rue
d'Astorg
75008
Paris
O
552 008 443
RCS
Nanterre
SOCIETE B I C
Société anonyme
14
rue
Jeanne d'Asnières
92110
Clichy
2015-12-31
Comptes consolidés et rapports
MAIO PLOMBERIE
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
799 416 813
RCS
Versailles
3
rue
de la Fontaine Saint-Martin
78500
Sartrouville
O
823 210 067
RCS
Auch
LASSERRE
Société civile immobilière
Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : COUPEY Ludovic
1000
EUR
le Double
32480
La romieu
Création
Etablissement principal
L'acquisition de tout bien immobilier et/ou de tout terrain bâti ou non, l'exploitation et la mise en valeur de ces terrains par l'édification d'immeubles et l'exploitation par bail ou autrement de cette construction ou de tous autres immeubles bâtis dont elle sera propriétaire.
le Double
32480
La romieu
2016-10-19
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2016-10-11
429 189 095
RCS
Roanne
TEXTILES E. LECLERCQ
Société à responsabilité limitée
Saligny
42120
Parigny
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
WEIL
Nicolas, Jean
WEIL
BOULANGERIE WEIL
802 086 991
RCS
Lons-le-Saunier
48
Avenue Jacques Duhamel
39100
Dole
2016-08-31
532 707 528
RCS
de Strasbourg
HBS INVEST
SARL
4
rue
Foch
67450
Mundolsheim
2012-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
539 770 933
RCS
Perpignan
ASSAINISSEMENT HORIZON INGENIERIE
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
3
rue
du Vallon
66180
Villeneuve-de-la-Raho
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
380 280 065
RCS
Paris
CANAL
Société à responsabilité limitée
3
rue
du Jour
75001
Paris
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
392 774 907
RCS
Troyes
ADRAME
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
Zone Idustrielle Saint-Christophe
10500
Saint-Léger-sous-Brienne
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
450 081 401
RCS
Lille Métropole
P.H. Ingénierie (Partenaire de L'Habitat en Ingénierie)
Société à responsabilité limitée (à associé unique)
15
boulevard
du Général Leclerc
59100
Roubaix
2015-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
499 830 842
RCS
Paris
LE VILLAGE CHOREGRAPHIQUE
Société à responsabilité limitée
92
avenue
de Flandre
75019
Paris
2015-08-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
316 222 694
RCS
Compiegne
ELECTRO MONTAGE
Société par actions simplifiée
100
rue
Louis Blanc les Marches de
l'Oise Bâtiment Berlin Lot 7a
60160
Montataire
2014-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
821 854 296
RCS
Saint-Pierre de La Réunion
TECHER
Vanessa, Marie, Sandrine
BOYER
MY BABY'S & KIDS
française
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un fonds
commerce détail vêtements, accessoires et tous produits
4
rue
Joseph de Souville
97480
Saint-Joseph
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2016-08-02
504 879 693
RCS
Versailles
MSF
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
6
allée
d'Auvergne
78170
La Celle Saint-Cloud
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
453 533 317
RCS
Quimper
MOREL
Société à responsabilité limitée
64
Hent
Rosnabat
29170
Fouesnant
2015-08-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
452 592 710
RCS
Bobigny
KOSHER-PLANET
Société à responsabilité limitée
14
rue
Scandicci
93500
Pantin
2014-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
ESI
Société civile immobilière
Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : BAHLIL Bénamar
497 662 957
RCS
Arras
34
rue
de Beaumont
62950
Noyelles-Godault
34
rue
de Beaumont
62950
Noyelles-Godault
Modification survenue sur l'administration et transfert du siège social, transfert de l'établissement principal
790 801 252
RCS
Montpellier
CHROMATIC
Société à responsabilité limitée
2000
rue
Fontaine de la Banquière
34970
Lattes
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
821 387 305
RCS
Agen
LATGE
Alexandre
A.D.E 47
Création
Etablissement principal
Dépannage venté électroménager prestations de petit bricolage dites homme toutes mains marbrerie
517
avenue
de Gaillard
Appt A3
47000
Agen
2016-07-12
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2016-08-01
823 671 128
RCS
Mont-de-Marsan
PNEUS D'OC
Société à responsabilité limitée
PNEUDOC
Gérant : BERRY Samuel, Patrick ; Gérant : RUANO Ricky, Tony, David
500
EUR
839
avenue
du Maréchal Foch
40000
Mont-de-Marsan
Création
Etablissement principal
Commerce et montage pneumatique pour tous types de véhicules
839
AV
DU MARECHAL FOCH
40000
Mont-de-Marsan
2016-11-15
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2016-11-14
788 750 800
RCS
Romans
C & P Immobilier
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
47
avenue
Jean Jaurès
26200
Montélimar
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
DEFINITION DEVELOPPEMENT MULTIMEDIA
Société à responsabilité limitée
DDM
422 254 417
RCS
Saint etienne
67
chemin
de Laya
42100
Saint-Etienne
O
439 576 687
RCS
Bobigny
SAINT ALGUE BLANC MESNIL
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
Centre Commercial Plein Air
Zac Gustave Eiffel
93150
Le Blanc-Mesnil
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
529 272 791
RCS
Chalon-sur-Saône
LE PETIT RUBEY
Société à responsabilité limitée
27
rue
du Bourg
71350
Ciel
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
453 692 261
RCS
Manosque
LOU BIO
Société à responsabilité limitée
allée
Saint-Maurice
Zone Industrielle Saint-Maurice
04100
Manosque
2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
Les comptes annuels sont accompagnés d'une déclaration de confidentialité en application du premier ou deuxième alinéa de l'article L. 232-25.
522 326 685
RCS
Basse-Terre
PELLOILLE
Allan
française
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un fonds
conciergerie, majordome, management de villas
Lieu dit Anse des Cayes, Chez Nadia Greaux
97133
Saint-Barthélemy
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2016-01-15
DAVID
Frédéric
RCS non inscrit.
17
chemin
de Maupertuis
72330
Cerans Foulletourte
Avis de dépôt
Dépôt de l'état des créances
25 juillet 2016
L'état des créances est déposé au greffe où tout intéressé peut présenter réclamation devant le juge-commissaire dans le délai d'un mois à compter de la présente publication.
818 050 965
RCS
Angoulème
PATRIMOINE A.R
Société civile immobilière
Gérant, Associé indéfiniment responsable : AUGIER Valéry, René, Henri
600
EUR
166
rue
du Puits
les Maisons Blanches
16410
Dirac
Création
Etablissement principal
Acquisition de tous biens immobiliers, leur exploitation par tous moyens, la mise en valeur, la mise en location en totalité ou en partie.
166
rue
du Puits
les Maisons Blanches
16410
Dirac
2016-02-01
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2016-01-20
818 469 785
RCS
Bourges
ALTEX
Société à responsabilité limitée
ALTEX SARL
Gérant : ALTEMAIRE Michel
500
EUR
4
rue
de la Gadonnerie
18200
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Création
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Prestations de services et conseils pour les entreprprises d'achats de ventes de plumes et duvets neufs ou d'occasion
4
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18200
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2016-02-16
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511 730 566
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823 858 725
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Création d'un fonds de commerce
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75020
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2016-11-28
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
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819 959 172
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Alexandre, Julien
Création
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2016-05-02
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495 022 501
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820 210 722
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2000
EUR
3 Le Bois
59152
Gruson
Création
Etablissement principal
Prise de participation sous toutes formes dans toutes sociétés, gestion Desdites participation, acquisition propriété, construction, gestion et administration de tous terrains ou édifices à usage commercial ou même d'habitation en quelque lieu que ces immeubles soient situés
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59152
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2016-05-11
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491 070 116
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2014-12-31
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530 518 414
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2015-05-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
PAYRASTRE
Matthieu, Lucien, André
523 014 587
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35 B
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Ligne des Bambous
97410
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2016-06-22
821 915 162
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Christophe Constant Lucien
Création
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2
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378 119 242
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Comptes annuels et rapports
523 809 317
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539 195 651
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EURL RENARD
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432 114 288
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69007
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423 890 623
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2015-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
818 736 720
RCS
Saint etienne
SECC
Société civile
Gérant Associé : BERNHEIM Jean-Marie Associé : FORNAS Sylvie Marie Michèle Christiane
10000.00
EUR
32 Ter
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Noël Blacet
42000
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Etablissement principal
la prise de participations, la gestion et l'administration de Ces biens.
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
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484 983 390
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Modification de l'activité..
2005-11-08
507 508 588
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Expansio
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
67
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31000
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2015-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
809 089 022
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AB SOLUTION
Société par Actions Simplifiée
56 bis
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31180
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2015-12-31
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CHAROLAIS EXPANSION
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453 383 762
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Nevers
Modification survenue sur l'administration
518 621 073
RCS
Bobigny
TRANSUNIVERS SERVICES
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Gérant : D'ALMEIDA Kuassi Kodjo Mensan
40000.00
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5
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Ernest Renan
93200
Saint-Denis
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite à transfert de son siège social
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite au transfert du siège hors ressort..
823 768 668
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ALLIANCE TAXIS C et M FAYOLLE
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500
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63140
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2016-11-17
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749 921 300
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518 462 247
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63670
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2015-03-31
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503 786 972
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Gilette
2013-12-31
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BGP CONCEPTS
Société Civile
1000.00
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BOUSSEMART Louis Patrice nom d'usage : BOUSSEMART n'est plus gérant. BOUSSEMART Louis Patrice nom d'usage : BOUSSEMART devient liquidateur
504 622 085
RCS
Annecy
Modification de l'administration. Dissolution de la société. Cessation d'activité de la société.
818 249 526
RCS
Libourne
DOMAINES YURIGUSA
Société civile d'exploitation agricole
Gérant associé indéfiniment responsable : Yurigusa, Risa, nom d'usage : Kressmann, Associé indéfiniment responsable : KY VINS.
1000
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Lieu-Dit Vernon Est
33350
Saint Philippe d'Aiguille
2016-02-09
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803 930 726
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| 26,715 |
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%88%20%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%86%20%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
اشفو ام ویلدن کایسر
|
https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=اشفو ام ویلدن کایسر&action=history
|
Persian
|
Spoken
| 51 | 178 |
اشفو ام ویلدن کایسر یک منطقهٔ مسکونی در اتریش است که در ناحیه کوفستاین واقع شدهاست. اشفو ام ویلدن کایسر ۳۱٫۴۵ کیلومتر مربع مساحت دارد ۷۴۵ متر بالاتر از سطح دریا واقع شدهاست.
خواهرخوانده
شهر ووملژم خواهرخواندهٔ اشفو ام ویلدن کایسر هست.
جستارهای وابسته
فهرست شهرهای اتریش
منابع
پیوند به بیرون
| 20,676 |
US-37218773-A_1
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USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,973 |
None
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None
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English
|
Spoken
| 2,469 | 3,112 |
Brush for applying paint, varnish, lacquer and the like
ABSTRACT
A brush for application of paint or the like is formed of a handle and an applicator envelope. The applicator envelope is an integral piece without bristles formed of soft spongy material. It is connected to a holding extension which is capable of sliding into the handle by a clamping arrangement, such as inwardly bent lateral extensions of a clamping device secured to the holding member which engage the applicator envelope and are clamped against it by the insertion of the holding member into a pocket in the handle.
D United States Patent 1 1 1 3,897,603 Brennenstuhl 1 1 Aug. 5, 1975 1 BRUSH FOR APPLYING PAINT, VARNISH, 1,398,052 11/1921 Wansor 15/176 LACQUER AND THE LIKE 2,147,310 5/1935 MOrriSCm 1 1 1 1 15/194 X 3,081,475 3/1963 Vosblkian et a1. 15/244 R X Inventor: H g r nn n h Seestr- 3.353.203 11/1967 Ginter 15/244 R l-Albstr. 24/25, 3,381,883 5/1968 Harris 24/255 BC UX Tubingen-Pfrondorf, Germany FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLlCATlONS [22] Filed: June 21, 1973 1.008095 /1965 United Kingdom /244 R [21] Appl No.: 372,187
Related Applicafion Data Primary ExuminerDaniel Blurn [63] Continuation of Ser. No. 128.052, March 25, 1971.
[] Foreign Application Priority Data [57] ABSTRACT Mar. 26, 1970 Germany 701 l306lU] A brush for appllcation of paint or the like is formed Sept' 1970 Germany 7035025w] of a handle and an applicator envelope. The applica- 52 0.5. (:1. 15/244 R; 15/150 gig gfjfggfi fs z jif zgggzz g'fg i 51 lm. CI. A46b 15/00; B44d 3/28 holdin enemies il is ca a'ble of Slidin into the [58] Field of Search 5/147 handle b a clam in arran tfment such as inwardl 15/178, 194, 202. 209 AH, 244 R, 244 A, y P g g y 244 CH 401/207 bent lateral extenslons of a clamping devlce secured to the holding member which engage the applicator envelope and are clamped against it by the insertion of [56] Rflerences Clted the holding member into a pocket in the handle,
UNITED STATES PATENTS 842,965 2/1907 Masters 15/148 1 Claim, 7 Drawing Figures BRUSH FOR APPLYING PAINT, VARNISH, LACQUER AND THE LIKE This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 128,052, filed Mar. 25, 1971. t
The present invention refers to a brush for applying paint, varnish, lacquer and the like and more especially to a brush ofthe aforesaid kind which consists ofa handle and of an applicator envelope. the said handle being composed of an operating portion and of a holding extension on the side facing away from the said operating portion, the said applicator envelope being constructed as an integral piece without bristles and yielding in direction of the thickness, the said applicator envelope being connected to the said holding extension and con sisting of a yielding, soft spongy material in the manner of a spongy or foamed material, for example plastic material which takes up the material to be applied and transfers it to the surface to be treated in the form of a thin uniform film.
It is the aim of the present invention to provide a brush of the kind in question with which the condition is avoided that a reliable cleaning of the applicator envelope cannot be performed at all or only with diffi culty and that therefore, it is necessary to throw away the applicator envelope and eventually portions connected therewith.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a brush of the kind here in question with which the connection between the applicator envelope and the holding extension is such as to be easily releasable in order that the applicator envelope can be easily cleaned at any time.
A further object of the arrangement according to the present invention is to provide a brush of the general character described with which the handle and the applicator envelope are releasably connected with one another by having the applicator envelope connected with the holding extension and/or the handle with the aid of special mechanically acting means exerting clamping action between the parts to be interconnected.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a brush of the aforementioned kind which has the advantage that the applicator envelope and the holding extension or the handle can easily be detached from one another or connected with one another so that the replacement or the cleaning of the parts after use can easily be performed without it being necessary to throw away any parts. Another advantage of the arrangement according to the invention is that its construction is very simple.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become further apparent from the following detailed description thereof, whereby in the drawings several embodiments of the invention are shown.
FIG. 1 shows a sectional front view of a brush,
FIG. 2 shows a sectional side view of the arrangement according to FIG. 1,
FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 show a modified embodiment respectively before use in side view (FIG. 3), during use in side view (FIG. 4) and before use in plan view, as seen from below,
FIG. 6 shows a the preferred embodiment of the invention in a schematical partial side view;
FIG. 7 shows in cross sectin the modification of FIG. 6 in the condition of use.
The brush according to the invention, which serves preferably for applying paint, varnish, lacquer and comparable materials on walls or the like, consists ofan applicator envelope 1 and ofa handle 2, 3. The handle consists in its turn of a holding extension 3 and of an operating portion 2, this latter consisting of a grip and of a holding portion 10 having an excavation it into which the upper end of the holding extension can be inserted. The applicator envelope 1 is made of a single integral part without any bristles and has the shape of a flat prismatic body affixed to the handle portion. the length of said applicator envelope being several times greater than its thickness, said flat prismatic body tapering on the side opposed to the handle portion like a wedge. The envelope has a surface which does not present any openings apart from the pores of the material and consists of a sponge like foamed material, for example, of foamed plastic material which is yielding, soft and spongy and which takes up the material to be applied and transfers it to the surface to be treated in form ofa thin uniform film. The holding extension 3 is rigid in the direction of its width and, therefore. in the direction of the arrows 50, however, it is yielding in the direction of its thickness according to the arrows 5b to which purpose it has several stiffening ribs 6 extending in longitudinal direction and also corresponding slits 7. The holding extension has also on its end facing the handle 2 an enlarged or thickened portion 12 having the shape of a low longish prismatic body the ends of which project laterally from the holding extension and carry two abutment plates l3, 14 which hold the upper end of the applicator envelope between them upon the three parts I, 2 and 3 being inserted one into another from below or from the sides.
The applicator envelope which is pushed over or inserted onto the holding extension and receives this extension within it, as can best be seen from FIG. 2, can be secured in its position with the aid of a clamping organ which may be designed, for example, as a springy or yielding organ. Such a clamping organ may consist, for example, of a loop or noose of coiled wire which winds wholly round about the applicator envelope and thereby holds this latter securely between its legs, or of spring clamps on the ends or sides of the holding extension, said coiled wire or said clamps clamping the applicator envelope onto the holding extension, thereby connecting the said two parts securely and releasably to one another. In order to secure the applicator envelope to the holding extension there can be also provided rod-like clamping pieces constructed, for exam ple as separate individual part which may have a prismatic or cylindrical shape and may have, for example, a rectangular, circular or triangular cross section. Such clamping pieces in their effective position are jammed between the outer side of the applicator envelope pushed over the holding extension and receiving it therewithin and the inner side of the handle facing the applicator envelope, whereby these clamping pieces under the influence of the handle clamp the applicator envelope against the holding extension. However, the means effecting the clamping action can be provided also on the handle.
The means for providing the clamping connection between the applicator envelope and the holding extension or the handle may be constructed also as clamping jaws. According to FIGS. 1 and 2 there can be provided clamping jaws 3' integral with the holding extension which in their effective position project horizontally in opposite directions from the opposite longitudinal sides of the enlarged portion of the holding extension, whereby upon inserting the holding extension into the handle according to arrow 33 these clamping jaws are bent according to arrow 31 inwardly towards the holding extension and thereby jammed between the applicator envelope and the inner wall of the handle so as to clamp the applicator envelope against the holding extension. The clamping jaws may be connected with the holding extension in the area of the lower cross rib 340 or also in the area of the upper cross rib. they can be provided on their ends with enlarged portions. for example, with ball-like or hemispherical shape to which enlarged portions there are coordinated depressions of corresponding shape on the holding extension into which the enlarged portion are inserted after having been bent according to arrow 3] about an angle of approx. 90.
With the embodiment according to FIGS. 3, 4, and 5 the clamping jaws 50, 51 are carried by a part 52 separate from the holding extension with which part these jaws are integral. The jaws form with this part a longish strip which from above is loosely laid around the holding extension 330 in the shape ofa U-like flap. whereby the free ends in their effective position are clamped or jammed between the applicator envelope 54 pushed over the holding extension 23, 24 and the handle so as to clamp the applicator envelope 54 against the holding extension 23, 24. The free ends 50, 51 forming the clamping jaws carry pegs or plugs 50a, 5 la which in the effective position are being pressed into the foamed material 54 of the applicator envelope and ensure a secure clamping also in the case of the plastic material getting soft. In order to determine the position of the body carrying the clamping jaws 50, 51 and to avoid a displacement of this part in the direction of the width of the extension, the one part 52 the body carrying the clamping jaws or the holding extension is provided with projections 55 extending in the longitudinal direction and the other part is provided with correspondingly shaped depressions, into which the projections engage.
There can be also provided clamping jaws 71, 72 resiliently movable towards one another or away from one another or clamping jaws which according to FIG.
6 lie oppositely to one another and are constructed as levers which are pivoted to the middle portion 710, 720 on the holding extension 70, whereas their actuated ends 71b, 72b are removed from one another by means of the handle upon inserting the three parts here in question into one another according to the arrows 73c. 73d such that their free enlarged ends 71c, 72c cooperating with the depressions on the holding extension are pressed according to arrows 73a, 7317 against one another in order to hold the applicator envelope between them and to thereby clamp it against the holding extenslon.
Altough my invention has been illustrated and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, I wish to have it understood that it is in no way limited to the details of such embodiments, but is capable of numerous modifications within the scope of the appended claim.
Having thus fully disclosed our invention, what I claim is:
1. Brush for laying on of paints. varnish, lacquer or the like, which comprises a hollow handle part of substantially greater width than thickness having a downward opening therein and an applicator part including a yieldable porous sponge-like material which receives the coating material on the working surface in the form of a thin film, the applicator part further including a member insertable in the opening with a cross-piece and a downwardly projecting extension thereon extending across the greater part of the width and rigid in the direction of its width, said extension being enclosed within the yieldable material, clamping means for releasably holding the applicator part in the handle part, said clamping means comprising clamping jaws extending widthwise of and hinged along the longer sides of the cross-piece for movement between outwardly projecting and downwardly bent positions, said clamping jaws in released condition being spread apart and by insertion of the clamping means in the handle being positioned and clamped between the yieldable material and the inner wall of the handle part, whereby the yieldable material is held in the handle part and against the extension. the clamping jaws being hinged to the cross-piece intermediate their width, thereby extending above and below the cross-piece.
l i l t
1. Brush for laying on of paints, varnish, lacquer or the like, which comprises a hollow handle part of substantially greater width than thickness having a downward opening therein and an applicator part including a yieldable porous sponge-like material which receives the coating material on the working surface in the form of a thin film, the applicator part further including a member insertable in the opening with a cross-piece and a downwardly projecting extension thereon extending across the greater part of the width and rigid in the directioN of its width, said extension being enclosed within the yieldable material, clamping means for releasably holding the applicator part in the handle part, said clamping means comprising clamping jaws extending widthwise of and hinged along the longer sides of the cross-piece for movement between outwardly projecting and downwardly bent positions, said clamping jaws in released condition being spread apart and by insertion of the clamping means in the handle being positioned and clamped between the yieldable material and the inner wall of the handle part, whereby the yieldable material is held in the handle part and against the extension, the clamping jaws being hinged to the cross-piece intermediate their width, thereby extending above and below the cross-piece..
| 19,061 |
mmoiresdejacque02ligngoog_16
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,871 |
Mémoires de Jacques Casanova de Seingalt
|
Casanova, Giacomo, 1725-1798 | Ligne, Charles Joseph, prince de, 1735-1814
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,656 | 11,989 |
Aussitôt que son père fut guéri, il chassa sa servante et en prit une autre. Barbe me pria d'en prévenir son ami et de lui dire qu'elle espérait se rendre propice au moins pour pouvoir lui écrire. Je lui promis de m'acquitter de la commission, et, pour m'en témoigner sa reconnaissance, elle me prit la main qu'elle porta à ses lèvres ; mais Tajant retirée à temps pour m'empêcher d'embrasser : elle détourna modestement la tête en rougissant, et cela me fit plaisir. Barbe ayant réussi à mettre la nouvelle alliée dans ses intérêts, je cessai de me mêler de cette intrigue, sentant bien toutes les conséquences fâcheuses que cela pouvait avoir pour moi; malheureusement le mal était déjà fait. J'allais rarement chez don Gaspar, car l'étude de la langue française me prenait mes matinées, seul temps où je pouvais le voir; mais je allais tous les soirs chez l'abbé Georgi; et, quoique je ne figurasse chez lui qu'en qualité de cher audit abbé, cela me donnait cependant de la réputation. Je n'y parlais pas, mais je n'y éprouvais point de l'ennui. Dans sa réunion on critiquait sans médire, on parlait politique sans entêtement, littérature sans passion, et je m'instruisais. En sortant de chez ce sage moine, j'allais à la grande réunion du cardinal mon maître, par la raison que je devais y aller. Presque chaque fois la belle marquise, quand elle me voyait à la table où elle jouait, m'adressait quelques paroles obligeantes en français, auxquelles je répondais en italien, ne voulant pas la faire rire en si grande compagnie. C'est un sentiment singulier que j'abandonne à la sagacité du lecteur. Je trouvais cette femme charmante et je la fuyais : non que je craignisse d'en devenir amoureux, car j'aimais Lucrèce, et il me semblait que cet amour devait me servir d'égide contre tout autre; mais bien de crainte qu'elle ne le devînt de moi, ou au moins curieuse de me connaître. Était-ce fierté ou modestie, vice ou vertu? Ce n'était peut-être rien de tout cela. Un soir elle me fit appeler par l'abbé Gama; elle était debout auprès du cardinal mon patron, et, dès que je fus auprès d'elle, elle me surprit étrangement par une interrogation en italien, à laquelle j'étais loin de m'attendre: — Vi ha piacimento Frascati ? "Frascati vous a-t-il beaucoup plu?" Beaucoup, madame ; je n'ai jamais rien vu de si beau. — Ma, la compagnie con laquille était encore très héla, et assai galante, ehe il vostro vis-à-vis. Je ne réponds que par une révérence. Une minute après, le cardinal Acquaviva me dit avec bonté : — Étes-vous étonné qu'on le sache? — Non, monseigneur ; mais je le suis qu'on en parle. Je ne croyais pas Rome si petite. — Plus vous y resterez, me dit Son Éminence, et plus vous la trouverez petite. N'êtes-vous pas encore allé baiser le pied du Saint-Père? — Pas encore, monseigneur. — Vous devez y aller. Je répondis par une révérence. Après sortant, l'abbé Gama me dit que je devais aller chez le pape le lendemain ; ensuite il ajouta : Vous vous montrerez sans doute chez la marquise G. ? — Non, je n'y ai jamais été. — Vous m'étonnez. Elle vous fait appeler, elle vous parlera. — J'irai avec vous. — Je n'y vais jamais. — Mais elle vous parle aussi. — Oui, mais... Vous ne connaissez pas Rome. Allez-y seul, vous le devez. — Elle me recevra donc? — Vous badinez, je crois. Il ne s'agit pas de vous faire annoncer. Vous irez la voir quand les deux battants de sa chambre seront ouverts. Vous y verrez tous ceux qui lui font hommage. «» Me verra-t-elle? — N'en doutez pas. Le lendemain, je me rends à Monte-Cavallo et je vais droit à la chambre où était le pape dès qu'on m'eut dit que je pouvais entrer. Il était seul; je me prosterne et je baisais la sainte croix sur sa très-sainte mule. Le Saint-Père me CHAPITRE X. demande qui je suis, je le lui dis, et il me répond qu'il me connaît, me félicitant d'appartenir à un cardinal d'une aussi grande importance. Il me demande ensuite comment j'avais fait pour entrer chez lui. Je lui contais tout, en commençant de mon arrivée à Martorano. Après qu'il eut bien ri de tout ce que je lui dis du pauvre bon évêque, il me dit que, sans me gêner à lui parler toscan, je pouvais lui parler vénitien, de même qu'il me parlait le dialecte de Bologne. Me trouvant à mon aise avec lui, je lui dis tant de choses, je l'amusai si bien, qu'il me dit que je lui faisais plaisir toutes les fois que j'irais le voir. Je lui demandais la permission de lire tous les livres défendus, et il me la donna par une bénédiction, me disant qu'il me la ferait délivrer par écrit : ce qu'il oublia. Benoît XIV était savant, fort aimable et aimant le mot pour rire. Je le vis pour la seconde fois à la Villa Médicis. Il m'appela, et, tout en marchant, il me parla de bagatelles. Il était accompagné du cardinal Albani et de l'ambassadeur de Venise. Un homme, à l'air modeste, s'approche, le pape lui demande ce qu'il veut, l'homme lui parle bas, et le pape, après l'avoir écouté, lui dit : Vous avez raison, recommandez-vous à Dieu. En disant ces mots, il lui donne sa bénédiction. Le pauvre homme s'éloigne tristement, et le Saint-Père continue sa promenade. Cet homme, dis-je, à la Sainte Pitié, n'a pas été content de la réponse de Votre Sainteté. Pourquoi? Parce que il y a l'apparence qu'il s'était déjà recommandé à Dieu avant de vous avoir parlé ; et, quand Votre Sainteté l'y renvoie de nouveau, il se trouve renvoyé, comme dit le proverbe, d'Hérode à Pilate. Le pape éclate de rire, ainsi que les deux suivants ; je garde mon sérieux. Je ne puis, reprit le pape, faire rien qui vaille sans l'aide de Dieu. C'est vrai, Saint-Père ; mais cet homme sait aussi que Votre Sainteté est son premier ministre : il est donc facile de s'imaginer l'embarras où il se trouve actuellement qu'il se voit renvoyé au maître. Il ne lui reste d'autre ressource que d'aller donner de l'argent aux gueux de Rome, qui, pour un baquet qu'on leur donnera, prieront tous pour lui. Ils vantent leur crédit; mais moi, qui ne crois qu'à celui de Votre Sainteté, je vous supplie de me délivrer de cette chaleur qui m'enflamme les yeux en me dispensant de faire maigre. Mangez gras, mon enfant. Tres-Saint-Père, votre bénédiction. Il me la donna, en me disant qu'il ne me dispensait pas du jeûne. Le même soir, je trouvai à la réunion du cardinal la nouvelle de tout mon dialogue avec le pape. Tout le monde alors se montra jaloux de vouloir me parler. Cela me flatta ; mais ce qui me flattait bien plus encore, c'était la joie que le cardinal Acquaviva cherchait en vain à dissimuler. Ne voulant point négliger l'avis de l'abbé Gama, j'eus soin d'aller chez la belle marquise à l'heure où tout le monde avait chez elle un libre accès. Je la vis, je vis le cardinal et beaucoup d'autres abbés ; mais je crus être invisible, car madame ne m'ayant pas honoré d'un regard, personne ne m'adressa le mot. Je partis après avoir, pendant une demi-heure, joué ce rôle muet. Cinq ou six jours après, la belle me dit, d'un air noble et gracieux, qu'elle m'avait aperçu dans sa salle de compagnie. — J'y ai été effectivement, mais je ne soupçonnais pas que j'eusse eu l'honneur d'être vu de madame. — Oh ! je vois tout le monde. On m'a dit que vous avez de l'esprit. — Si ceux qui vous l'ont dit, madame, ne se sont point trompés, vous m'apprenez là une fort bonne nouvelle. — Oh ! ils s'y connaissent. — Il faut, madame, que ces personnes m'aient fait l'honneur de me parler ; sans cela, il est probable qu'elles n'auraient jamais pu faire cette remarque. — C'est certain ; mais laissez-vous voir chez moi. Nous avions cercle. S. E. me dit que, lorsque Madame la marquise me parlait français tête à tête, bien ou mal je devais lui répondre dans la même langue. Le politique Gama, m'ayant pris à part, me dit que mes reparties étaient trop tranchantes, et que je finirais par déplaire à la longue. J'avais fait d'assez rapides progrès dans le français ; je ne prenais plus de leçon, et l'exercice seul m'était nécessaire pour me perfectionner. J'allais chez Lucrezia quelquefois le matin, et le soir j'allais habituellement chez M. l'abbé Georgi qui connaissait ma partie de Frascati, et qui ne l'avait pas désapprouvée. Deux jours après l'espèce d'ordre de la marquise, je me rendis à son audience. Dès qu'elle me vit, elle m'accueillit d'un sourire, que je crus devoir reconnaître par une profonde révérence; ce fut là tout. Un quart d'heure après, je sortis. La marquise était belle, elle était puissante; mais je ne pouvais me déterminer à ramper; les mœurs de Rome, sous ce rapport, m'excédaient. Nous étions vers la fin de novembre, lorsqu'un matin le prétendu d'Angélique vint me faire visite avec l'avocat, et il m'invita à vouloir aller passer vingt-quatre heures à Tivoli, avec toute la société que j'avais traitée à Frascati. J'acceptai avec plaisir, car, depuis la Sainte-Ursule, je ne m'étais jamais trouvé seul avec Lucrezia. Je lui promis de me rendre chez dona Cecilia à la pointe du jour, dans ma même voiture. Il fallait partir de très bonne heure, parce que Tivoli est à seize milles de Rome et que la quantité de belles choses qu'il y avait à voir demandait beaucoup de temps. Devant découcher, j'en demandai la permission au cardinal lui-même, qui, ayant entendu avec qui je ferais cette partie, me dit que je faisais fort bien de saisir l'occasion de voir ce bel endroit en si belle compagnie. Au point du jour, je me trouvai, dans mon vis-à-vis à quatre chevaux, à la porte de dona Cecilia, qui, comme les autres fois, fut mon partage. Cette charmante veuve, malgré la pureté de ses mœurs, était ravie que j'aimasse sa fille. Toute la famille était dans un phaéton à six places que don Francesco avait loué. À sept heures et demie, nous fimes halte dans un endroit où don Francesco nous fit trouver un délicieux déjeuner qui, devant nous tenir lieu de dîner, fut parfaitement fêté par chacun. À Tivoli, nous ne pouvions avoir que le temps de souper. Après déjeuner, nous remontâmes en voiture, et à dix heures nous arrivâmes chez lui. J'avais au doigt la belle bague que Lucrezia m'avait donnée. J'avais fait faire derrière le chaton un champ d'émail portant un caducée avec un seul serpent. Il était entre les deux lettres grecques Alpha et Omega, Cette bague fut le sujet du discours tout le long du déjeuner, et Favocat et don Francesco s'évertuèrent à deviner l'hiéroglyphe, ce qui divertit beaucoup ma Lucrezia, qui était à part du secret. Nous visitâmes d'abord, avec beaucoup d'attention, la demeure du futur de Angélique, c'était un vrai bijou ; ensuite nous allâmes tous ensemble passer six heures à voir les antiquités de Tivoli. Lucrezia ayant dit quelque chose en secret à don Francesco, je saisis l'instant pour dire à Angélique que, lorsqu'elle serait mariée, j'irais passer quelques jours de la belle saison avec elle. — Monsieur, me dit-elle, je vous préviens que, dès que je serai maîtresse ici, la première personne à qui je ferai ouvrir ma porte, ce sera vous. — Je vous suis fort obligé, mademoiselle, de m'avoir averti. Ce qu'il y a de plaisant en ceci, c'est que je pris cette incartade pour une simple déclaration d'amour. J'étais pétrifié. Lucrezia, s'apercevant de mon état, me tira par le bras en me demandant ce que j'avais. Je le lui dis, et voici ce qu'elle me dit à son tour : "Mon ami, mon bonheur ne saurait durer longtemps ; je touche au moment cruel où il faudra que je me sépare de toi. Dès que je serai partie, impose-toi la tâche de la réduire à reconnaître son erreur. Elle me plaît, venge-moi." J'ai oublié de dire que, pendant que nous visitions la maison de don Francesco, il m'arriva de louer une petite chambre charmante qui donnait sur l'orangerie. Le galant propriétaire, m'ayant entendu, vint obligeamment me dire que je l'occuperais. Lucrezia ne fit pas semblant de l'entendre, mais ce fut pour elle le fil d'Ariane ; car, devant visiter en même temps les beautés de Tivoli, nous ne pouvions pas nous promettre de nous trouver un instant tête à tête pendant la journée. J'ai dit que nous fûmes six heures à parcourir les beautés de Tivoli, mais je dois avouer ici que, pour ma part, y vis fort peu de choses, et ce ne fut que vingt-huit ans plus tard que je connus ce beau lieu dans tous ses détails. Nous rentrâmes vers le soir rendus de fatigue et mourant de faim ; mais une heure de repos avant souper, un repas de deux heures, les mets les plus succulents, les vins les plus exquis, surtout l'excellent vin de Tivoli, nous remirent si bien, que chacun ne sentit plus que le besoin d'un bon lit pour en jouir selon ses goûts. Personne ne voulant coucher seul, Lucrezia dit qu'elle coucherait avec Angélique dans la chambre qui donnait sur l'orangerie, que son mari coucherait avec son frère le jeune abbé, et sa mère avec sa petite sœur. L'arrangement fut trouvé délicieux, et don Francesco, prenant une bougie, vint me conduire dans ma jolie petite chambre contiguë à celle que devaient occuper les deux sœurs; et, après m'avoir indiqué comment je pouvais m'enfermer, il me souhaita une bonne nuit et me laissa seul. Angélique ignorait que je dusse être son voisin; mais, sans nous être dit un mot, Lucrezia et moi nous nous étions entendus. L'œil fixé sur le trou de la serrure, je vois entrer les deux aimables sœurs, précédées de l'hôte officieux portant un flambeau, et qui, après leur avoir allumé une lampe de nuit, leur souhaita le bonsoir et s'en alla. Alors mes deux belles, après s'être enfermées, s'assirent sur un sofa et procédèrent à leur toilette de nuit, qui dans ce climat heureux est semblable à celle de notre première mère. Lucrezia, sachant que je l'attendais, dit à sa sœur d'aller se coucher du côté de la fenêtre. Alors la vierge, ne croyant pas exposer ses charmes à mon œil profane, traversa la chambre toute nue. Lucrezia éteint la lampe et les bougies et va se mettre à côté de sa chaste sœur. Moments heureux que je sais ne plus pouvoir espérer, mais dont la seule mort peut me faire perdre le délicieux souvenir! Je crois que je ne me suis jamais déshabillé plus rapidement que ce soir-là. J'ouvre la porte et je tombe dans les bras de Lucrezia, qui dit à sa sœur : C'est mon ange; tais-toi et dors. Quel tableau ravissant je offrirais ici à mes lecteurs s'il m'était possible de peindre la volupté dans tout ce qu'elle a d'enchanteur! Quels transports amoureux dès le premier instant! Quelles douces extases se succédèrent jusqu'à ce qu'un délicieux épuisement nous fit céder au pouvoir de Morphée! Les premiers rayons du jour, pénétrant à travers les fentes des jalousies, vinrent nous arracher à ce sommeil réparateur, et, semblables à deux guerriers valeureux qui n'ont suspendu leurs coups que pour recommencer le combat avec plus d'ardeur, nous nous livrâmes de nouveau à toute l'activité de la flamme dont nos sens étaient embrasés. Ô ma Lucrezia, que ton amant est heureux! mais, tendre amie, prends garde à ta sœur, elle pourrait se tourner et nous voir. — Ne crains rien, âme de ma vie; ma sœur est charmante; elle m'aime, elle me plaint; n'est-ce pas, ma chère Angélique, tu m'aimes? Oh! tourne-toi, vois ta sœur heureuse, connais le bonheur qui t'attend quand l'amour t'aura soumise à son doux empire. Angélique, jeune vierge de dix-sept ans, et qui devait avoir passé une nuit de Tantale, ne demandant pas mieux que d'avoir un prétexte de montrer à sa sœur qu'elle lui avait pardonné, se tourna, et, en lui donnant cent baisers, elle lui avoua qu'elle n'avait point fermé l'œil. Pardonne aussi, ma tendre Angélique; pardonne à l'objet qui m'aime et que j'adore, lui dit alors Lucrezia. Pouvoir incompréhensible du dieu qui soumet tous les êtres! Angélique me hait, dis-je; je n'ose. .. — Non, je ne vous hais pas! me dit cette charmante fille. Embrasse-la, mon ami, me dit Lucrezia en me poussant vers elle, et jouissant de la voir entre mes bras languissante et sans mouvement. Mais le sentiment, plus encore que l'amour, me défend de ravir à Lucrezia le témoignage de reconnaissance que je lui devais, et je vole vers elle avec toute la force d'un premier mouvement, sentant mesieux s'accroître par l'extase dans laquelle je voyais Angélique, qui pour la première fois fut spectatrice de la lutte la plus amoureuse. Lucrezia, mourante, me pria de unir ; mais me trouvant inexorable, elle trompa mon ardeur, et la douce Angélique fut le premier sacrifice à la mère des amours. C'est ainsi, sans doute, que, lorsque les dieux habitaient le séjour des mortels, la voluptueuse Arcadie, amoureuse du souffle doux et gracieux du vent d'occident, lui ouvrit un jour ses bras, et devint féconde. C'était le doux Zéphire. Lucrezia, étonnée et ravie, nous couvrait tour à tour de ses baisers. Angélique, heureuse autant que sa sœur, expira délicieusement entre mes bras, pour la troisième fois, et avec tant de feu et de tendresse, que je crus savourer le bonheur pour la première fois. Le blond Phébus avait quitté la couche nuptiale, et déjà ses rayons répandaient la lumière sur l'univers; la clarté, qui pénétrait à travers les fentes des jalousies, me fit sentir que je devais abandonner la place; et, après les plus tendres adieux, je laissai mes deux divinités et me retirai dans mon cabinet. Peu d'instants après, la voix joyeuse du bon avocat se fit entendre chez mes voisines: il reprochait à sa femme et à sa belle-sœur de se livrer trop longtemps au repos! Il vint ensuite frapper à ma porte, me menaçant de faire entrer ces dames; puis il partit pour m'envoyer un coiffeur. Après de nombreuses ablutions et une toilette soignée, je trouvai ma figure présentable et je me présentai stoïquement dans le salon. J'y trouvai les deux aimables sœurs au milieu de la société réunie, et le vermeil de leurs joues m'enchanta. Lucrezia était gaie et libre, son visage exprimait le bonheur; Angélique, fraîche comme la rosée du matin, plus radieuse que de coutume, mais mobile et soignée de ne pas me regarder une seule fois en face. M'étant aperçu qu'elle souriait de ce que je ne parvenais pas à la voir en face, je dis malicieusement à sa mère qu'il était dommage qu'elle mette du blanc. Dupe de ce stratagème calomnieux, Angélique m'obligea à lui passer un mouchoir sur le visage; alors elle fut bien forcée de me regarder. Je lui fis mes excuses, et don Francesco se montra enchanté que la blancheur de sa future eût obtenu un si beau triomphe. Après le déjeuner, nous allâmes nous promener dans le jardin, et, me trouvant avec ma Lucrezia, je lui fis de tendres reproches. Ne me reprocher, me dit-elle, quand je ne mérite que des éloges. J'ai porté la lumière dans l'âme de ma charmante sœur ; je l'ai initiée au plus doux des mystères ; et maintenant, au lieu de me plaindre, elle doit m'envier ; elle doit t'aimer au lieu de te haïr ; et as-tu malheureuse pour devoir bientôt te quitter, mon ami, je te laisse; qu'elle me remplace. — Ah ! Lucrezia, comment l'aimer ! — N'est-elle pas charmante ? — Sans aucun doute ; mais mon amour pour toi me met à l'abri de tout autre amour. D'ailleurs, don Prancesco doit désormais l'occuper tout entière ; et je ne voudrais pas être la cause d'un refroidissement entre eux, ni troubler la paix de leur ménage. Au reste, je suis sûr que ta sœur est évidemment différente de toi ; et je parierais qu'elle se réproche déjà de s'être laissé séduire par son tempérament. — Tout cela peut être, mon ami ; mais ce qui me dolore, c'est que mon mari compte obtenir la sentence dans le courant de la semaine, et qu'alors les instants du bonheur sont passés pour moi. Cette nouvelle m'attrista, et pour faire diversion je m'occupai beaucoup à table du généreux don Prancesco, auquel je promis un épithalame pour ses noces, qui devaient se faire au mois de janvier. Nous retournâmes à Rome, et Lucrezia fut pendant trois heures dans mon vis-à-vis sans qu'elle pût s'apercevoir d'aucune altération dans la vivacité de mes sentiments pour elle. À notre arrivée, me sentant fatigué, j'allai des coucher à l'hôtel d'Espagne. CHAPITRE X. Comme Lucrecia m'avait dit, son mari obtint la sentence trois ou quatre Jours après, et il vint m'annoncer son départ pour le surlendemain en me témoignant beaucoup d'amitié. Je passai les deux soirées avec Lucrecia, toujours au milieu de la tolérance, et le jour du départ, voulant lui causer une surprise agréable, je pris les devants et me rendis pour les attendre à l'endroit où je crois qu'ils devaient coucher; mais l'avocat ayant été retenu par divers contretemps et n'ayant pu partir que quatre heures plus tard qu'il ne s'était proposé, ils n'arrivèrent que le lendemain pour dîner. Après ce repas, nous nous fîmes de pénibles adieux; ils continuèrent leur chemin et je retournai à Rome. Après le départ de cette femme rare, je me trouvai dans une sorte de vide assez naturel à un jeune homme dont le cœur n'est point occupé de l'opera. Je passais les journées entières dans ma chambre à faire des sommarios des lettres françaises du cardinal lui-même, et Son Éminence eut la bonté de me dire qu'il trouvait mes extraits très judicieux, mais qu'il fallait absolument que je travaille moins. La belle marquise était présente lorsque je reçus ce compliment flatteur. Depuis la seconde fois que je lui avais fait visite, je ne m'étais plus représenté chez elle; aussi elle me boudait, et, ne voulant pas laisser passer l'occasion de me le faire sentir, elle s'empressa de dire à Son Éminence qu'il fallait bien que je travaille pour dissiper l'ennui que devait me causer le départ de Lucrecia. — Je ne dissimulerai pas, madame, que j'y ai été sensible. Elle était bonne et généreuse; elle me pardonnait surtout de ne pas l'aller voir souvent. Mon amitié d'ailleurs était innocente. "Je n'en doute pas, quoique votre ode prouve un poète amoureux." "Il n'est pas possible, ajouta le bienveillant cardinal, qu'un poète écrive sans faire semblant d'être amoureux." "Mais, répliqua la marquise, s'il l'est réellement, il n'a point besoin de feindre un sentiment qu'il possède. Tout en disant cela, la marquise tira de sa poche un papier qu'elle présenta à Son Éminence en lui disant : Voilà cette ode; elle fait honneur au poète et à lecrivain, car c'est un petit chef-d'œuvre avoué de tous les beaux esprits de Rome, et que dona Lucrezia sait par cœur. Le cardinal la parcourut et la lui rendit en souriant, lui disant qu'il ne goûtait pas la poésie italienne; que pour qu'il la trouvât belle, il fallait qu'elle se donne le plaisir de la mettre en français. "Je n'écris le français qu'en prose, dit la marquise, et toute traduction en en prose fait perdre aux vers les trois quarts de leur mérite. Je ne me mêle, ajouta-t-elle en me regardant significativement, que de faire parfois des vers italiens sans prétention." "Je me croirais heureux, madame, si je pouvais me procurer le bonheur d'en admirer quelques-uns." "Voici, me dit le cardinal S.C, un sonnet de ma dame. Je le prends respectueusement, et j'allais le lire, lorsque l'aimable marquise me dit de le mettre dans ma poche, que je pourrais le rendre le lendemain au cardinal, quoique son sonnet ne vaille pas grand-chose. Si vous sortez le matin, me dit le cardinal, vous pourrez me le rendre en venant dîner chez moi. Le cardinal Acquaviva prenant la parole dit : Dans ce cas, il sortira exprès." Après une profonde révérence qui disait tout, je m'éloignai peu à peu et je montai à ma chambre, impatiente de lire le sonnet. Cependant, avant de satisfaire cette impatience, je m'avisd de jeter un coup d’œil sur moi-même. Ma situation présente me parut mériter quelque attention, après le pas de géant qu'il me semblait que j'avais fait ce soir-là dans l'assemblée. La marquise de G., qui me déclare de la manière la moins équivoque l'intérêt qu'elle me porte, et qui, se donnant un air de grandeur, ne craint pas de se compromettre en me faisant en public les avances les plus flatteuses. Mais qui se serait avisé d'y trouver à redire? Un jeune abbé tel que moi, parfaitement sans conséquence, et pouvant à peine prétendre à sa haute protection; et elle était faite précisément pour accorder à ceux qui, s'en croyant indignes, n'avaient garde de montrer l'intention de prétendre. Sur un pareil article, ma modestie sautait aux yeux de tout le monde, et la marquise m'aurait sans doute insulté si elle m'avait cru capable d'oser me figurer qu'elle eût le moindre goût pour moi. Non, assurément une pareille fatuité n'est pas dans ma nature. Tout cela était si vrai, que son cardinal même m'invitait à dîner. L'aurait-il fait s'il eût pu penser qu'il fût possible que je puisse plaire à sa belle marquise? Non, sans doute; et il ne m'a invité à dîner avec lui qu'après avoir relevé des paroles mêmes de sa belle, que j'étais la personne qu'il leur fallait pour passer quelques heures à causer sans rien risquer, rien absolument. Pourquoi me déguiser aux yeux de mes lecteurs? Qu'ils me croient fat, je le leur pardonne; mais le fait est que je me sentis sûr d'avoir plu à la marquise. Je me félicitai de ce qu'elle avait fait ce premier pas, si important et si difficile. Sans cela, jamais, non-seulement, je n'aurais osé l'attaquer par les moyens convenables, mais je n'aurais pas même hasardé de jeter un dévolu sur elle. Je ne la crus enfin faite pour remplacer Lucrezia que de ce soir-là. Elle était belle, jeune, remplie d'esprit et d'instruction; elle était lettrée, et de plus puissante dans Rome; que fallait-il de plus? Je crus cependant devoir faire semblant d'ignorer son inclination, et de commencer le lendemain à lui donner motif de croire que je l'aimais, sans oser rien espérer. Je savais ce moyen infaillible en ménageant son amour-propre. Cette entreprise me parut être de nature à obliger le père Georgi lui-même à faire semblant d'y approuver. Au reste, j'avais vu avec une vive satisfaction que le cardinal Acquaviva avait témoigné un grand plaisir que le cardinal S. C. m'eût invité; honneur qu'il ne m'avait jamais fait lui-même. Cela pouvait aller loin. Je lus le sonnet de l'aimable marquise; je le trouvai bon, coulant, facile et parfaitement écrit. Elle y faisait l'éloge du roi de Prusse, qui venait de s'emparer de la Silésie par une espèce de coupdemain. Il me vint dans l'idée, en le copiant, de personifier la Silésie, et de la faire répondre au sonnet en se plaignant que l'Amour, que je feignais en être l'auteur, osât applaudir celui qui l'avait conquise, puisque ce conquérant était ennemi déclaré de l'Amour. Il est impossible que celui qui est habitué à faire des vers s'en abstienne dès qu'une idée heureuse vient sourire à son imagination charmée. Le feu poétique, qui circule alors dans ses veines, le consumerait s'il voulait arrêter son essor. Je fis mon sonnet, en observant les mêmes rimes; et, satisfait de mon Apollon, j'allai me coucher. Le lendemain matin, comme j'achevais de copier mon sonnet, l'abbé Gama vint me demander à dîner; c'était pour me faire compliment de l'honneur que le cardinal S.C. m'avait fait en m'invitant à dîner devant tout le monde: mais, ajoute-t-il, soyez prudent, car Son Éminence passe pour être jalouse. Je le remerciai de l'avis amical ayant soin de lui certifier que je n'avais rien à craindre, car je ne me sentais aucun penchant pour sa belle marquise. Le cardinal S.C. me reçut avec beaucoup de bonté, mais mêlée d'un certain air de dignité, faite pour me faire sentir toute la grâce qu'il me faisait. — Avez-vous, me dit-il, trouvé le sonnet de la marquise bien fait? — Monseigneur, je l'ai trouvé parfait et, qui plus est, charmant: le voilà. — Elle a beaucoup de talent. Je veux vous faire voir dix stances de sa façon, abbé, mais sous le sceau du plus grand secret. — Votre Éminence peut en être très sûre. Il tira de son secrétaire les stances dont il était le sujet. Je les lis, elles étaient bien faites, mais je n'y trouvai point de feu ; c'était l'œuvre d'un poète : c'était de l'amour dans un style passionné, mais où l'on ne trouvait point de ce sentiment qui en fait si bien discerner la vérité. Le ton cardinal commettait sans doute une grande indiscrétion ; mais l'amour-propre en fait tant commettre ! Je demandai à Son Eminence s'il y avait répondu. — Non, me dit-il ; — mais voudriez-vous, ajouta-t-il en riant, me prêter votre plume, toujours sous la condition d'un inviolable secret ? — CHAPITRE X. Quant à la condition du secret, monseigneur, j'en réponds sur ma tête; mais je crains que madame ne remarque la différence du style. — Elle n'a rien de moi, me dit-il; d'ailleurs je ne pense pas qu'elle me croie bon poète, et, pour cette raison, il faut que vos stances soient faites de manière qu'elle ne puisse pas les trouver trop au-dessus de ma capacité. — Je les ferai, monseigneur, et Votre Éminence en sera le juge ; et, si vous ne croyez pas pouvoir les lui donner comme votre propre ouvrage, vous ne les lui remettrez pas. — C'est bien dit. Voulez-vous les faire de suite? — De suite, monseigneur ? Ce n'est pas de la prose. — Eh bien, tâchez de me les donner demain. Nous dinâmes tête à tête, et Son Éminence me fit compliment sur mon appétit, en me disant qu'il voyait avec plaisir que je m'en acquittais aussi bien que lui. Je commençais à connaître mon original, et, pour le flatter, je lui dis qu'il me faisait trop d'honneur, que je lui cédais. Ce singulier compliment lui plut, et je vis tout le parti que je pouvais tirer de Son Eminence. Vers la fin du repas, comme nous discurions, voilà la marquise qui entre, comme de raison, sans se faire annoncer. Son aspect me ravit : je la trouvai beauté parfaite. Sans laisser au cardinal le temps d'aller à sa rencontre, elle vint s'asseoir auprès de lui; je restai debout; c'était dans l'ordre. La marquise, sans faire semblant de m'apercevoir, parla avec esprit de différentes choses jusqu'au moment où l'on apporta le café. Alors, m'adressant la parole, elle me dit de m'asseoir, mais comme si elle m'avait fait l'aveu. — À propos, abbé, dit-elle un instant après, avez-vous lu mon sonnet? — Oui, madame, et j'ai eu l'honneur de le remettre à monseigneur. Je l'ai trouvé si heureux que je suis sûr qu'il vous a coûté du temps. — Du temps? dit le cardinal, vous ne la connaissez pas. — Monseigneur, repris-je, sans du temps, on ne fait rien qui vaille; et c'est pour cette raison que je n'ai pas osé montrer à Votre Éminence une réponse que j'ai faite en une demi-heure. — Voyons-la, abbé, dit la marquise, je veux la lire. Réponse de la Silésie à l'Amour. Ce titre lui causa la plus aimable rougeur. Il n'est pas question d'amour, s'écria le cardinal. Attendez, dit la marquise : il faut respecter l'ardeur du poète. Elle lut et relut le sonnet, et trouva très justes les réproches que la Silésie adressait à l'Amour. Alors elle expliqua mon idée au cardinal, lui faisant sentir pourquoi la Silésie était offensée que ce fût le roi de Prusse qui eût fait sa conquête. Ah! oui, oui, dit le cardinal tout joyeux; c'est que la Silésie est une femme... c'est que le roi de Prusse... oh! oh! la pensée est divine! Et le cardinal de rire à gorge déployée pendant plus d'un quart d'heure. Je veux copier ce sonnet, dit-il, je veux absolument l'avoir. — L'abbé, dit obligement la marquise, vous en épargnez la peine. Je vais le lui dicter. — Je me mets en devoir d'écrire; mais Son Éminence de s'écrier: Marquise, c'est admirable, il l'a fait sur vos mêmes rimes: l'avez-vous bien remarqué? La belle marquise me donna alors un coup d'œil si expressif, qu'elle acheva de me subjuguer. Je compris qu'elle voulait que je connusse le cardinal comme elle le connaît et que nous fussions de moitié. Je me sentais parfaitement disposé à la seconder. Dès que j'eus écrit le sonnet sous la dictée de cette charmante femme, je me préparai à sortir; mais le cardinal, enchanté, me dit qu'il m'attendait à dîner le lendemain. J'avais de la besogne, car les dix stances que j'avais à faire étaient de l'espèce la plus singulière : aussi n'eus-je rien de plus pressé que de me retirer pour aller y réfléchir à mon aise. J'avais besoin de me maintenir en équilibre entre deux selles, et je sentais qu'il me fallait toute l'adresse dont j'étais susceptible. Je devais mettre la marquise en état de faire semblant de croire que le cardinal était l'auteur de ces stances, en même temps qu'elle serait obligée de me les attribuer et de ne pouvoir pas douter que je le sache. Je devais user d'assez de ménagements pour qu'elle ne put point soupçonner que j'eusse des espérances, et ce pendant répandre dans mes vers tout le feu du sentiment sous le voile transparent du poème. Quant au cardinal, je savais que, plus il trouverait les stances jolies, plus il serait disposé à se les approprier. Il ne s'agissait que de clarté, chose si difficile en poésie, tandis que l'obscurité aurait passé pour du sublime aux yeux de mon nouveau Midas. Mais, quoiqu'il m'importât beaucoup de lui plaire, l'Éminence n'était ici que l'accessoire, et la belle marquise l'objet principal. Si la marquise, dans ses vers, faisait une énumération pompeuse des qualités physiques et morales du cardinal, je ne devais pas négliger de lui rendre la pareille, d'autant plus que j'avais beau jeu. Enfin, pénétré de mon sujet, je me mis en besogne, et, donnant carrière à mon imagination et au double sentiment qui me possédait, je finis mes dix stances par ces deux beaux vers de l'Arioste : "La beauté anglaise nait au ciel, un si puissant charme se trouve sous son véil." Assez content de mon petit ouvrage, j'allai, le lendemain, le présenter à l'Éminence, en lui disant que je doutais qu'il voulût se déclarer auteur d'une production aussi médiocre. Il les lut et relut fort mal, et finit par me dire qu'en effet elles étaient peu de chose, mais que c'était précisément ce qu'il fallait. Il me remercia surtout des deux vers de l'Arioste, en me disant que cela contribuerait à le faire croire auteur des stances, en prouvant à celle qui en était l'objet qu'il en avait eu besoin. Enfin, comme pour me consoler, il me dit qu'en les copiant il aurait soin de fausser quelques vers, ce qui compléterait l'illusion. Nous dînâmes de meilleure heure que la veille, et j'eus soin de me retirer de suite après le dîner, pour lui laisser le temps de faire la copie avant l'arrivée de sa dame. Le lendemain soir, l'ayant rencontrée à la porte de son hôtel, je lui donnai le bras pour l'aider à descendre de voiture. Dès qu'elle fut à terre, elle me dit : — Si vous parvenez, dans Rome, à connaître vos stances et les miennes, vous pouvez compter sur mon inimitié. — Madame, j'ignore ce que vous voulez me dire. — Je m'attendais à cette réponse, reprit la marquise ; mais que cela vous suffise. Je la laissai à la porte de la salle, et, la croyant vraiment fâchée, je me retirai le désespoir dans le cœur. Messtances, me disais-je, ont trop de feu, elles compromettent sa gloire, et son orgueil aura été offensé de me voir si avant dans le secret de son intrigue. Cependant, je suis sûr que la crainte qu'elle témoigne de mon indiscrétion n'est, de sa part, qu'une feinte : c'est un prétexte pour me disgracier. Elle n'a pas compris ma réserve ! Qu'aurait-elle donc fait si je l'avais peinte dans la parure de l'âge d'or, libre de tous les voiles que la pudeur impose au sexe ! J'étais fâché de ne l'avoir pas fait. Je me déshabille, et me couche. Je rêvais encore sur mon chevet, lorsque l'abbé Gama vint frapper à ma porte. Je tire le cordon, il entre : — Mon cher, me dit-il, le cardinal demande à vous voir; la belle marquise et le cardinal S. C. désirent que vous descendiez. — J'en suis fâché, mais je ne le puis ; dites-leur la vérité, que je suis couché et malade. L'abbé ne revenant pas, je jugeai qu'il s'était bien acquitté de sa commission, et je passai la nuit assez tranquillement. Je n'étais pas encore habillé, le lendemain matin, que je reçus un billet du cardinal S. C, où il m'invitait à dîner, me disant qu'il s'était fait saigner, et qu'il avait besoin de me parler ; il finissait par m'inviter à me rendre chez lui de bonne heure, quand bien même je serais malade. C'était pressant; je ne pouvais rien deviner; mais ce billet ne paraissait pas annoncer quelque chose de désagréable. Je sors, et je vais à la messe, sûr d'être remarqué par le cardinal Acquaviva, ce qui ne manqua pas. Après la messe, monseigneur m'ayant fait signe d'approcher: — Êtes-vous vraiment malade? me dit-il. — Non, monseigneur, je n'avais qu'envie de dîner. ~ J'en suis charmé: mais vous avez tort, car ou vous aimez le cardinal se fait saigner. — Je le sais, monseigneur; il me l'apprend par ce billet, dans lequel il me prie d'aller dîner chez lui si Votre Éminence le permet. — Très volontiers. Mais c'est plaisant! Je ne croyais pas qu'il eût besoin d'un tiers. — Y aura-t-il donc un tiers? — Je n'en sais rien, et je n'en suis pas curieux. Le cardinal me quitta là-dessus, et tout le monde crut que Son Éminence m'avait entretenu d'affaires d'État. J'allai chez mon nouveau Mécène, que je trouvai dans son lit. — Je suis obligé de faire diète, me dit-il; vous dînerez seul, mais vous n'y perdrez rien : mon cuisinier n'en est point prévenu. Ce que j'ai à vous dire, c'est que je crains que vos stances ne soient trop jolies, car la marquise en est folle. Si vous me les aviez lues comme elle l'a fait, je ne me serais pas décidé à les admettre. — Mais elle les croit de Votre Éminence? — Certainement. — Voilà l'essentiel, monseigneur. — Oui ; mais que ferais-je s'il allait lui prendre envie de m'en faire d'autres? — Vous lui répondriez par le même moyen, car vous pouvez disposer de moi jour et nuit, et être parfaitement sûr du plus inviolable secret. Je vous prie d'accepter ce petit présent ; c'est du tabac de la Havane que le cardinal Acquaviva m'a donné. Le tabac était bon, mais l'accessoire était meilleur : c'était une superbe tabatière d'or émaillée. Je la reçus avec respect et l'expression d'une tendre reconnaissance. Si Son Éminence ne savait pas faire des vers, elle savait au moins donner, et donner convenablement : et cette science, dans un grand seigneur, est infiniment au-dessus de la autre. Vers midi, à ma grande surprise, je vois la belle marquise paraître dans le plus beau élégant déshabillé. — Si j'avais su, lui dit-elle, que vous aviez bonne compagnie, je ne serais pas venue. — Je suis sûr, chère marquise, que vous ne trouverez pas de trop notre abbé. — Non, car je le crois honnête. Je me tenais à une distance respectueuse, prêt à partir, avec ma belle tabatière, au premier mot qu'elle m'aurait lancé. Le cardinal lui avait demandé si elle dînerait : — Oui, dit-elle, mais mal, car je n'ai pas l'habitude de manger seule. — Si vous voulez lui faire cet honneur, l'abbé vous tiendra compagnie. Elle me regarda alors d'un air gracieux, mais sans ajouter une syllabe. C'était la première fois que j'avais affaire à une femme du grand ton, et cet air de protection, de quelque air de bienveillance qu'il fût accompagné, me démontait, car il ne peut rien avoir de commun avec l'amour. Cependant, comme elle était en présence du cardinal, je compris qu'il était probablement convenable qu'elle agisse ainsi. On mit la table auprès du lit du cardinal, et la marquise, qui ne mangait presque rien, encourageait mon heureux appétit. "Je vous ai dit que l'abbé ne me code pas, dit S.C. "Je crois, dit la marquise, qu'il s'en faut peu qu'il ne vous égale; mais, ajouta-t-elle flattement, vous êtes plus friand. "Madame la marquise, oserais-je vous prier de me dire en quoi je vous parais gourmand? car en toutes choses je n'aime que les morceaux fins et exquis. "Explication en toutes choses, dit le cardinal. Me permettant alors de rire, je dis en vers improvisés: tout ce qu'il me vint dans la tête d'appeler Ans et exquis; La marquise, en m'applaudissant, me dit qu'elle admirait mon courage. "Mon courage, madame, est votre ouvrage, car je suis timide comme un lapin quand on ne m'encourage pas : vous êtes l'auteur de mon impromptu. "Je vous admire. Pour moi, quand même celui qui m'encouragerait serait le dieu du Pindar, je ne saurais prononcer quatre vers sans les écrire. "Osez, madame, vous abandonner à votre génie, et vous direz des choses divines. "Je le crois aussi, dit le cardinal. Permettez, de grâce, que je montre à l'abbé vos dix stances. "Elles sont négligées ; mais je le veux bien, pourvu que cela reste entre nous. Alors le cardinal me donna les stances de la marquise, et je les lus en leur donnant tout le relief d'une lecture bien faite. "Comme vous avez lu cela ! dit la marquise ; il ne me semble plus en être l'auteur. Je vous remercie. Mais avez-vous la bonté de lire sur le mémo ton celles que Son Éminence m'a fait en réponse. Elles les surpassent de beaucoup." Ne croyez pas cela, abbé, dit le cardinal en me les donnant ; cependant, tâchez de ne leur rien faire perdre à la lecture. Son Éminence n'avait certes pas besoin de me faire une pareille recommandation, car c'étaient mes vers ; il m'aurait été impossible de ne pas les lire de mon mieux, surtout lorsque j'avais sous mes yeux l'objet qui m'était inspiré, et qu'en outre Bacchus réchauffait mon Apollon, autant que les beaux yeux de la marquise augmentaient le feu qui circulait dans tous mes sens. Je lis ces stances de manière à ravir le cardinal ; mais je fis monter le rouge sur le front de la charmante marquise, quand j'en fus à la description de ces beautés qu'il est permis à l'imagination poétique de deviner, mais que je ne pouvais pas avoir vues. Elle m'arracha le papier des mains avec un air de dépit, en disant que j'y substituais des vers; ce qui était vrai, mais ce que je me gardai bien d'avouer. J'étais tout de flamme, et elle ne brûlait pas moins que moi. Le cardinal s'étant endormi, elle se leva, pour aller s'asseoir sur le belvédère : je la suivis. Elle était assise à hauteur d'appui, je étais en face d'elle, de manière que son genou touchait ma montre. Quel poste ! Prendant avec douceur une de ses mains, je lui dis qu'elle avait porté dans mon âme une flamme dévorante, que je l'adorais, et que, si je ne pouvais espérer de la trouver sensible à ma peine, j'étais décidé à la fuir pour jamais. "Daignez, belle marquise, prononcer ma sentence !" "Je vous crois libertin et inconstant." Je ne suis ni l'un ni l'autre. En disant ces mots, je la pressai contre mon sein, et je déposai sur ses belles lèvres de rose un baiser délicieux qu'elle reçut de la meilleure grâce. Ce baiser, avant-coureur des plus doux plaisirs, ayant donné à mes mains la hardiesse la plus prononcée, j'allais... Mais la marquise, changeant de position, me pria avec tant de douceur de la respecter, que, trouvant une nouvelle volupté à lui obéir, je cessai non seulement de poursuivre une victoire possible, mais j'allai même jusqu'à lui demander un pardon qu'il me fut facile de lire dans le regard le plus suave. Elle me parla ensuite de Lucrezia, et elle dut être enchantée de ma discrétion. De là elle fit tomber la conversation sur le cardinal, tâchant de m'induire à croire qu'il n'existait entre elle et lui qu'un lien de pure amitié. Je savais à quoi m'en tenir, mais j'étais intéressé à faire semblant de la croire sans restriction. Nous en vînmes à nous réciter les vers de nos meilleurs poètes, et pendant ce temps elle était assise, et moi debout devant elle, libre de dévorer de mes regards des charmes auxquels je restais insensible en apparence, décidé à ne point chercher ce jour-là une plus belle victoire que celle que j'avais obtenue. Le cardinal ayant achevé son long et paisible somme, vint nous rejoindre en bonnet de nuit, et nous demanda bénigneement si nous ne nous étions pas impatientés à l'attendre. Je restai avec eux jusqu'à la brune ; après quoi je me retirai très-content de ma journée, mais déterminé à tenir mon ardeur en bride jusqu'à ce que le moment d'une victoire complète vienne s'offrir de lui-même.
| 14,742 |
https://github.com/jonschlinkert/parse-author/blob/master/test.js
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Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
parse-author
|
jonschlinkert
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 719 | 2,783 |
/*!
* parse-author <https://github.com/jonschlinkert/parse-author>
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2017, Jon Schlinkert.
* Released under the MIT License.
*/
'use strict';
require('mocha');
var assert = require('assert');
var author = require('./');
describe('parse-author', function() {
describe('empty', function() {
it('should return an empty object when no matches are found', function() {
assert.deepEqual(author(''), {});
});
it('should not fail on empty url placeholders', function() {
assert.deepEqual(author(' ()'), {});
assert.deepEqual(author('Jon Schlinkert ()'), {name: 'Jon Schlinkert'});
assert.deepEqual(author('Jon Schlinkert <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com> ()'), {
name: 'Jon Schlinkert',
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com'
});
assert.deepEqual(author('<jon.schlinkert@sellside.com> ()'), {
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com'
});
});
it('should not fail on empty email placeholders', function() {
assert.deepEqual(author('<>'), {});
assert.deepEqual(author('Jon Schlinkert <>'), {name: 'Jon Schlinkert'});
assert.deepEqual(author('<> (https://github.com/jonschlinkert)'), {
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
it('should not fail on empty email and url placeholders', function() {
assert.deepEqual(author('<> ()'), {});
});
});
describe('name', function() {
it('should parse name only', function() {
assert.deepEqual(author('Jon Schlinkert'), {name: 'Jon Schlinkert'});
});
it('should work with leading or trailing whitespace', function() {
assert.deepEqual(author(' Jon Schlinkert'), {name: 'Jon Schlinkert'});
assert.deepEqual(author('Jon Schlinkert '), {name: 'Jon Schlinkert'});
assert.deepEqual(author(' Jon Schlinkert '), {name: 'Jon Schlinkert'});
});
});
describe('email', function() {
it('should parse email only', function() {
var fixture = '<jon.schlinkert@sellside.com>';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com'});
});
it('should parse email with leading or trailing whitespace', function() {
assert.deepEqual(author(' <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com>'), {email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com'});
assert.deepEqual(author('<jon.schlinkert@sellside.com> '), {email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com'});
assert.deepEqual(author(' <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com> '), {email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com'});
});
});
describe('url', function() {
it('should parse url only', function() {
var fixture = '(https://github.com/jonschlinkert)';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'});
});
it('should parse url with leading or trailing whitespace', function() {
assert.deepEqual(author(' (https://github.com/jonschlinkert)'), {url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'});
assert.deepEqual(author('(https://github.com/jonschlinkert) '), {url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'});
assert.deepEqual(author(' (https://github.com/jonschlinkert) '), {url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'});
});
});
describe('name and url', function() {
it('should parse name and url only', function() {
var fixture = 'Jon Schlinkert (https://github.com/jonschlinkert)';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
name: 'Jon Schlinkert',
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
});
describe('name and email', function() {
it('should parse name and email only', function () {
var fixture = 'Jon Schlinkert <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com>';
var actual = author(fixture);
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
name: 'Jon Schlinkert',
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com'
});
});
it('should parse name and email with leading whitespace', function () {
var fixture = ' Jon Schlinkert <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com>';
var actual = author(fixture);
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
name: 'Jon Schlinkert',
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com'
});
});
it('should parse name and email with trailing whitespace', function () {
var fixture = 'Jon Schlinkert <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com> ';
var actual = author(fixture);
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
name: 'Jon Schlinkert',
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com'
});
});
it('should parse name and email with leading and trailing whitespace', function () {
var fixture = ' Jon Schlinkert <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com> ';
var actual = author(fixture);
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
name: 'Jon Schlinkert',
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com'
});
});
});
describe('name, email and url', function() {
it('should parse name, email and url', function() {
var fixture = 'Jon Schlinkert <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com> (https://github.com/jonschlinkert)';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
name: 'Jon Schlinkert',
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com',
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
it('should parse name, email and url when email has no leading whitespace', function() {
var fixture = 'Jon Schlinkert<jon.schlinkert@sellside.com> (https://github.com/jonschlinkert)';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
name: 'Jon Schlinkert',
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com',
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
it('should parse name, email and url when url has no leading whitespace', function() {
var fixture = 'Jon Schlinkert <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com>(https://github.com/jonschlinkert)';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
name: 'Jon Schlinkert',
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com',
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
it('should parse name, email and url with no separating whitespace', function() {
var fixture = 'Jon Schlinkert<jon.schlinkert@sellside.com>(https://github.com/jonschlinkert)';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
name: 'Jon Schlinkert',
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com',
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
});
describe('email and url only', function() {
it('should parse email and url only', function() {
var fixture = '<jon.schlinkert@sellside.com> (https://github.com/jonschlinkert)';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com',
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
it('should parse email and url with leading whitespace', function() {
var fixture = ' <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com> (https://github.com/jonschlinkert)';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com',
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
it('should parse email and url with trailing whitespace', function() {
var fixture = '<jon.schlinkert@sellside.com> (https://github.com/jonschlinkert) ';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com',
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
it('should parse email and url with leading and trailing whitespace', function() {
var fixture = ' <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com> (https://github.com/jonschlinkert) ';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com',
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
it('should parse email and url with no separating whitespace', function() {
var fixture = '<jon.schlinkert@sellside.com>(https://github.com/jonschlinkert)';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com',
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
});
describe('misordered properties', function() {
it('should support misordered url and email properties', function() {
var fixture = 'Jon Schlinkert (https://github.com/jonschlinkert) <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com>';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
name: 'Jon Schlinkert',
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com',
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
it('should support misordered url and email properties only', function() {
var fixture = '(https://github.com/jonschlinkert) <jon.schlinkert@sellside.com>';
assert.deepEqual(author(fixture), {
email: 'jon.schlinkert@sellside.com',
url: 'https://github.com/jonschlinkert'
});
});
});
});
| 6,425 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51356126
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Nicolae Nițescu
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 896 | 2,688 |
Nicolae Nițescu
Romanian singer
Nicolae Nițescu date of birth 1930
Nicolae Nițescu date of death 2012
Nicolae Nițescu place of birth Galați
Nicolae Nițescu place of death Bucharest
Nicolae Nițescu sex or gender male
Nicolae Nițescu instance of human
Nicolae Nițescu languages spoken, written or signed Romanian
Nicolae Nițescu occupation singer
Nicolae Nițescu country of citizenship Romania
Nicolae Nițescu ISNI 0000000071290245
Nicolae Nițescu cause of death stroke
Nicolae Nițescu instrument voice
Nicolae Nițescu VIAF ID 100451690
Nicolae Nițescu given name Nicolae
Nicolae Nițescu family name Nițescu
Nicolae Nițescu GND ID 13914921X
Nicolae Nițescu WorldCat Entities ID E39PBJdrGRVMJX3jMk8HCVQg8C
Nicolae Nițescu
cântăreț român de muzică ușoară
Nicolae Nițescu data nașterii 1930
Nicolae Nițescu data decesului 2012
Nicolae Nițescu locul nașterii Galați
Nicolae Nițescu locul decesului București
Nicolae Nițescu sex sau gen bărbat
Nicolae Nițescu este un/o om
Nicolae Nițescu limbi vorbite sau scrise limba română
Nicolae Nițescu ocupație cântăreț
Nicolae Nițescu cetățenie România
Nicolae Nițescu ISNI 0000000071290245
Nicolae Nițescu cauza morții accident vascular cerebral
Nicolae Nițescu instrument muzical voce
Nicolae Nițescu identificator VIAF 100451690
Nicolae Nițescu prenume Nicolae
Nicolae Nițescu nume de familie Nițescu
Nicolae Nițescu identificator GND 13914921X
Nicolae Nițescu
zanger uit Roemenië (1930-2012)
Nicolae Nițescu geboortedatum 1930
Nicolae Nițescu overlijdensdatum 2012
Nicolae Nițescu geboorteplaats Galați
Nicolae Nițescu overlijdensplaats Boekarest
Nicolae Nițescu sekse of geslacht mannelijk
Nicolae Nițescu is een mens
Nicolae Nițescu taalbeheersing Roemeens
Nicolae Nițescu beroep zanger
Nicolae Nițescu land van nationaliteit Roemenië
Nicolae Nițescu ISNI 0000000071290245
Nicolae Nițescu doodsoorzaak beroerte
Nicolae Nițescu instrument stem
Nicolae Nițescu VIAF-identificatiecode 100451690
Nicolae Nițescu voornaam Nicolae
Nicolae Nițescu familienaam Nițescu
Nicolae Nițescu GND-identificatiecode 13914921X
Nicolae Nițescu WorldCat Entities-identificatiecode E39PBJdrGRVMJX3jMk8HCVQg8C
Nicolae Nițescu
Nicolae Nițescu datum rojstva 1930
Nicolae Nițescu datum smrti 2012
Nicolae Nițescu kraj rojstva Galați
Nicolae Nițescu kraj smrti Bukarešta
Nicolae Nițescu spol moški
Nicolae Nițescu primerek od človek
Nicolae Nițescu govorjeni, pisani ali kretani jeziki romunščina
Nicolae Nițescu poklic pevec
Nicolae Nițescu država državljanstva Romunija
Nicolae Nițescu ISNI 0000000071290245
Nicolae Nițescu vzrok smrti možganska kap
Nicolae Nițescu glasbilo vokal
Nicolae Nițescu VIAF 100451690
Nicolae Nițescu ime Nicolae
Nicolae Nițescu priimek Nițescu
Nicolae Nițescu GND 13914921X
Nicolae Nițescu
chanteur roumain
Nicolae Nițescu date de naissance 1930
Nicolae Nițescu date de mort 2012
Nicolae Nițescu lieu de naissance Galați
Nicolae Nițescu lieu de mort Bucarest
Nicolae Nițescu sexe ou genre masculin
Nicolae Nițescu nature de l’élément être humain
Nicolae Nițescu langues parlées, écrites ou signées roumain
Nicolae Nițescu occupation chanteur ou chanteuse
Nicolae Nițescu pays de nationalité Roumanie
Nicolae Nițescu identifiant ISNI 0000000071290245
Nicolae Nițescu cause de la mort accident vasculaire cérébral
Nicolae Nițescu instrument de musique pratiqué voix
Nicolae Nițescu identifiant VIAF 100451690
Nicolae Nițescu prénom Nicolae
Nicolae Nițescu nom de famille Nițescu
Nicolae Nițescu identifiant GND (DNB) 13914921X
Nicolae Nițescu identifiant WorldCat Entities E39PBJdrGRVMJX3jMk8HCVQg8C
Nicolae Nițescu
cantante rumanu (1930–2012)
Nicolae Nițescu fecha de nacimientu 1930
Nicolae Nițescu data de la muerte 2012
Nicolae Nițescu llugar de fallecimientu Bucarest
Nicolae Nițescu sexu masculín
Nicolae Nițescu instancia de humanu
Nicolae Nițescu llingües falaes rumanu
Nicolae Nițescu ocupación cantante
Nicolae Nițescu país de nacionalidá Rumanía
Nicolae Nițescu ISNI 0000000071290245
Nicolae Nițescu causa de muerte accidente vascular cerebral
Nicolae Nițescu instrumentu voz
Nicolae Nițescu identificador VIAF 100451690
Nicolae Nițescu nome Nicolae
Nicolae Nițescu apellíu Nițescu
Nicolae Nițescu identificador GND 13914921X
Nicolae Nițescu
cantant romanès
Nicolae Nițescu data de naixement 1930
Nicolae Nițescu data de defunció 2012
Nicolae Nițescu lloc de naixement Galați
Nicolae Nițescu lloc de defunció Bucarest
Nicolae Nițescu sexe o gènere masculí
Nicolae Nițescu instància de ésser humà
Nicolae Nițescu llengua parlada, escrita o signada romanès
Nicolae Nițescu ocupació cantant
Nicolae Nițescu ciutadania Romania
Nicolae Nițescu identificador ISNI 0000000071290245
Nicolae Nițescu causa de mort accident vascular cerebral
Nicolae Nițescu instrument veu
Nicolae Nițescu identificador VIAF 100451690
Nicolae Nițescu prenom Nicolae
Nicolae Nițescu cognom Nițescu
Nicolae Nițescu identificador GND (DNB-Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) 13914921X
Nicolae Nițescu identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJdrGRVMJX3jMk8HCVQg8C
Nicolae Nițescu
cantante rumano
Nicolae Nițescu fecha de nacimiento 1930
Nicolae Nițescu fecha de fallecimiento 2012
Nicolae Nițescu lugar de nacimiento Galați
Nicolae Nițescu lugar de fallecimiento Bucarest
Nicolae Nițescu sexo o género masculino
Nicolae Nițescu instancia de ser humano
Nicolae Nițescu lenguas habladas, escritas o signadas rumano
Nicolae Nițescu ocupación cantante
Nicolae Nițescu país de nacionalidad Rumania
Nicolae Nițescu ISNI 0000000071290245
Nicolae Nițescu causa de muerte accidente cerebrovascular
Nicolae Nițescu instrumento voz
Nicolae Nițescu identificador VIAF 100451690
Nicolae Nițescu nombre de pila Nicolae
Nicolae Nițescu apellido Nițescu
Nicolae Nițescu identificador GND (DNB) 13914921X
Nicolae Nițescu identificador WorldCat Entities E39PBJdrGRVMJX3jMk8HCVQg8C
Nicolae Nițescu
amhránaí Rómánach
Nicolae Nițescu dáta breithe 1930
Nicolae Nițescu dáta báis 2012
Nicolae Nițescu áit bhreithe Galați
Nicolae Nițescu áit bháis Búcairist
Nicolae Nițescu gnéas nó inscne fireann
Nicolae Nițescu sampla de duine
Nicolae Nițescu teangacha an Rómáinis
Nicolae Nițescu gairm amhránaí
Nicolae Nițescu tír shaoránachta an Rómáin
Nicolae Nițescu ISNI 0000000071290245
Nicolae Nițescu siocair bháis stróc
Nicolae Nițescu uirlis ceol gutha
Nicolae Nițescu VIAF 100451690
Nicolae Nițescu céadainm Nicolae
Nicolae Nițescu sloinne Nițescu
Nicolae Nițescu ID GND 13914921X
Nicolae Nitescu
këngëtar rumun
Nicolae Nitescu data e lindjes 1930
Nicolae Nitescu data e vdekjes 2012
Nicolae Nitescu vendi i lindjes Galați
Nicolae Nitescu vendi i vdekjes Bukureshti
Nicolae Nitescu gjinia mashkull
Nicolae Nitescu instancë e njeri
Nicolae Nitescu gjuhë që flet, shkruan ose këndon rumanisht
Nicolae Nitescu profesioni këngëtar
Nicolae Nitescu shtetësia Rumania
Nicolae Nitescu ISNI 0000000071290245
Nicolae Nitescu instrument vokal
Nicolae Nitescu VIAF ID 100451690
Nicolae Nitescu emri Nicolae
Nicolae Nitescu mbiemri Nițescu
Nicolae Nitescu GND ID 13914921X
| 17,782 |
94d804e4dfa7450f9d36f07661080946
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,001 |
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_19520016_00841.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
Occitan
|
Spoken
| 1,572 | 3,111 |
19 Janvier 1952
JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
841
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration j) la sous-préfecture de Mamers. Asso
ciation des parents d’élèves de l’école mixte privée Saint-Joseph et
Sainte-Jeanne-d’Arc de la Fresnaye-sur-Chédouet. But: grouper les
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfeclure de Lorient. Asso
chefs de famille ayant la garde des enfants inscrits à l’école; sou
tien de l’école et des maîtres. Siège social: école le Pigeon blanc,
la Fresnaye-sur-Chédouet.
à Auray. But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant la garde des enfants
Inscrits à l'école: soulien de l’école et des mailres. Siège social:
école privée de fil'es de Sainte-Anne, Auray.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration 5 la sous-préfeclure. de Lorient. Asso
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration <i la préfecture de l’Ailier. Les Amis
de l’école publique de Lusigny. But: établir un lien entre les
ciation des parents d’élèves de l’école privée mixte de Locmaria-enQuistinic. But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant la garde des
ciation des parents d’élèves de l’école privée de filles de Sainte-Anne,
lamilles et l’école. Siège social: école puldique de Lusigny.
enfants inscrits à l’école; soutien de l’école et des maîtres. Siège
social: école privée mixte de Locmaria-en-Quislinic.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfeclure de Montmorillon.
Association des parents d’élèves de l’école privée de Sainte-Jeanned’Arc de Couhé-Yeyrac. But: gestion matérielle de l’école, son fonc-
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration 5 l.T sous-préfecture de Lorient. Asso
ciation des parents d’ésèves de l’école privée de garçons de Çuistinic.
iionnement et son développement. Siège social: école Sainle-Jeanned’Jrc, place de la M'arne, Couhé.
But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant la garde des enfants inscrits
h l’école; soutien de l’école et des maîtres. Siège social: école privée
de garçons de Quistinic.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Villefranche.
26 décembre 195L Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Lorient. Asso-
Association des parents d’élèves de l’école libre de garçons de SaintRomain-de-Popey. But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant la garde
oes enfants inscrits à l’école; soutien de l’école et des maîtres,
Siège social: école'de Saint-Romain dc-Popcv
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la préfecture de Cahors. Associa
tion des parents d’élèves de l’école privée de Vers. But: grouper
les chefs de famille ayant la charge des enfants inscrits à l’école.
Siège social: école privée de Vers.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Villefraqche.
Assoc a'ion d’éducation populaire de Saint-Romain-de-Popey. But:
organiser le fonctionnement des écoles privées de Saint-Romain,
notamment recruter directeurs et mailres. acquérir ou louer tous
immeubles, établir tous rapports avec les "associations s’intéressant
<\ l'enseignement libre, etc. Siège social: salle du foyer artistique
et social, Saint-Romain-de-Popey.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration îi la sous-préfecture de Villefranche.
dation des parents d’élèves de l’école privée mixte de Pont-Augarf
en Quistinic. But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant la garde des
enfants inscrits il l’école; soutien de l'école et des maîtres. Siège
social: école privée mixte de Pont-Augan en Quistinic.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfeclure de Lorient. Asso-'
dation des parents d’élèves de l’école privée de filles de Quistinic*
But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant la garde des enfants inscrits
à l’école; soutien de l’école et des maîtres. Siège social: éco'e pr;véc
de filles de Quistinic.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration ii la sous-préfecture de Villefranche.
Association d’éducation populaire de Pontcharra-sur-Turdine. But:
organiser le fonctionnement des écoles privées de Pontchacra notam
ment recruter directeurs et maîtres, acquérir ou louer tous immeu
bles, établir tous rapports avec les associations s’intéressant à l’en
seignement libre, etc. Siège social: Grande-Rue, Pontcharra-surTurdine.
Association des parents d’élèves de l’école libre de tilles (avec classe
enfan’ine) de Saïnt-Romain-de-Popey. But: grouper les chefs de
27 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Gaslres. Asso
ciation des parents d’élèves de l’école de la Souque-d’Anglès. Lut:
grouper les chefs de famille ayant la garde des enfants inscrits h
l’ccole; soutien de l’école et dès maîtres. Siège social: école privée
de la Souque par Saint-Amans-Soult.
26 décembre J951. Déclaration îi la sous-préfeclure de Villefranche.
27 décembre 1951. Déclaration h la préfecture de Seine-et-Marne.
famille ayant ia garde des enfants inscrits à l’école; soutien de
l’école et des mailres. Siège social: école, Saint-Romain-de-Popey.
Association des parents d’élèves de I école libre de garçons de Pontcharra-sur-Turdine. But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant la garde
des enfants inscrits îi l’école; soulien de l’école et des maîtres.
Siège social: école, Pontcharra-sur-Turdine.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration 5 la sous-préfeclure de Pontivy. Asso
ciation des parents d’élèves de l’école privée mixte de Coëtbugat en
Guegon. But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant la garde des enfants
inscrits îi l’école; soutien de l’école et des mailres. Siège social:
école privée mixte, Coëtbugat en Guegon.
26 décembre 1951 Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Montluçon
Association des parents d’élèves de l’école privée de garçons de Marcillat. But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant ]a garde des enfants
inscrits à l’école; soutien de l’école et des maîtres. Siège social:
école privée de gardons, Marcillat.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration <\ la préfecture du Dard. Association
Association des parents d’élèves de l’école primaire privée de filles
Sainte-Marie. But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant la charge des
enfants inscrits à l’école; réunir toutes activités susceptibles d’ap
porter un soutien matériel et moral à l’école, aux familles et aux
maîtres; assurer l’entente avec toutes associations semblables. Siège
social: école, 15, rue Pierre-Curie, Dammarié-lès-Lys.
27 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfecture d’Aulun. Associa
tion des parents d’élèves de l’école libre rie Broyé. But: grouper les
chefs de famille ayant la garde des enfants inscrits à l'école; sou’icn
de l’école et des "maîtres. Siège social: école libre de filles, Broyé,
27 décembre 1951. Déclaration il ia préfecture
de Saône-et-Loire.
Amicale laïque des parents d’é'èves et des anciens élèves de l'école
mixte du Tartre. But: éducation scolaire, péri el postscolaire. Siège
social: école mixle du Tartre, par Erangy.
des parents d’élèves et amis de l’école laïque de Saint-Laurenld’Aigouze. But: défense de l’école laïque, développement des œuvres
27 décembre 1951. Déclaration ti la préfecture de Melun. Association
des parents d’élèves de l’école Saint-Joseph de Chevry-Cossïgny. But :
grouper les chefs de famille ayant la garde des enfants inscrits à
l'école; soutien de l’école et dès maîtres. Siège social: école SaintJosenh, rue Ambolet, Ghcvry-Gossigny.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration il la préfecture du Rhône. Association
des parents d’élèves de l’école privée de filles. But: grouper les chefs
de famille ayant la garde des enfants inscrits à l’école: soutien de
l’école et des maîtres. Siège social: école, 6, rue Grataloup, Lyon.
27 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la préfecture de police. Association
des parents d’élèves rie l'institution Saint-André, 12, avenue LéonGourdault, Choisy-le-Roi. But: soutien à l’école, aux familles cl aux
mailres, groupement dès parents. Siège social: 12, avenuè LéonGourdaull, Choisy-ie-Roi.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la préfecture du Rhône. Association
des parents d’élèves de l’école de filles de Saint-Eucher. But: grouper
les chefs de famille ayant la garde des enfants inscrits a l’école;
soutien de l’école el des maîtres. Siège sociai: 56, rue E.-Pons, Lyon.
27 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfeclure du Blanc. Asso
ciation des parents d’é'èves de l’école privée de Prissac. Tiul: grouper
les chefs de famille ayant la garde des enfants inscrits
l’école;
soutien de l’école et des maîtres. Siège social: école privée, Prissac.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la préfecture du Rhône. Association
des parents d’élèves de l’école privée de garçons. But: grouper .ts
chefs de famille ayant la garde des enfants inscrits à l’école; soutien
de l’école eL des maîtres. Siège social: école, 5, rue Grataloup, Lyon.
27 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfeclure de Ponlivy. Asso
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfeclure de Nantua. Asso
27 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sons-préfecture de Pontivy. Asso
scolaires et postscolaires. Siège social: école publique de garçons,
boulevard Gambetta, Saint-Laurent-d’Aigouze.
ciation des parents d’élèves de l’école libre de filles de Jujurieux,
But: assurer la gestion matérielle, le fonctionnement et le dévelop
pement de cette école. Siège social: école libre de Jujurieux.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la préfecture du Rhône. Association
des parents d’élèves de l’école libre de filles Sainte-Jeanne-d’Arc de
Craponne. But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant la garde des
enfants inscrits à l’école; soutien de l’école et des maîtres. Siège
social: Craponne.
26 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfeclure de Vile franche.
Association des parents d’élèves de l’école libre de filles (avec classe
enfantine) de Pontcharra-sur-Turdine. But: grouper les chefs de
famille ayant la garde des enfants inscrits iï l’école; soutien de
l’école et des maîtres. Siège social: école de Pontcharra-sur-Turdine,
ciation des parents d’élèves de l’école privée de garçons de Radenac.
But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant la garde des enfants inscrits
A L’école: soutien de l’école et des maîtres.' Siège social: école privée
de garçons, Radenac.
ciation des parents d’élèves de l’école privée de filles de Priziac.
But: grouper les chefs de famille ayant ia garde des enfants inscrits
à l’école; soutien de l’école et des maîtres. Siège social: école privée
de filles, Priziac.
27 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfeclure de Ponlivy. Asso
ciation des parents d’élèves de l’école privée de garçons de Priziac.
But: grouper les chefs de famiile ayant la garde des enfants inscrits
à l’école; soulien de l’école el des maîtres. Siège social: école privée
de garçons, bourg de Priziac.
______________________
27 décembre 1951. Déclaration à la sous-préfeclure de Lorient. Asso
ciation des parents d’élèves de l’école privée de garçons de SamtYves, à Auray. But: enseignement libre et éducation populaire. Singe
social: école Saint-Yves, Auray.
| 42,413 |
https://github.com/bilalesi/pro-gallery/blob/master/packages/ssr-simulator/src/components/gallery/layoutFixer.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
pro-gallery
|
bilalesi
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 20 | 92 |
import { createLayoutFixer } from 'pro-gallery';
const mediaUrlFixer = (existingUrl, newWidth, newHeight) => {
return existingUrl.replace(/w_\d*/, `w_${Math.round(newWidth)}`).replace(/h_\d*/, `h_${Math.round(newHeight)}`)
}
createLayoutFixer(mediaUrlFixer);
| 17,920 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar%20Township
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Lamar Township
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamar Township&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 27 | 58 |
Lamar Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:
Lamar Township (Madison County, Arkansas)
Lamar Township (Yell County, Arkansas)
Lamar Township (Missouri)
Lamar Township (Pennsylvania)
| 44,701 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIPERS%20406194466%20%28%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
VIPERS 406194466 (مجره)
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VIPERS 406194466 (مجره)&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 159 | 445 |
VIPERS 406194466 هى مجره بتتبع كوكبة الدلو.
معلومات المجره
الانزياح الأحمر: 0.7928.
السرعه الشعاعيه: 157513.
المطلع المستقيم: 334.926995.
الميل: 1.659321.
مصطلحات تعريفيه
الكوكبه هيا مجموعه من النجوم اللى بتكون شكل أو صوره و هيا مجال الكره السماويه اللى المجره جزء منها.
الانزياح الاحمر هو زيادة طول الموجه الكهرومغناطيسيه اللى جايه لينا من المجره بسبب سرعه ابتعادها عننا. ده بيستخدم فى حسابات الفلك.
السرعه الشعاعيه هيا سرعه الجرم الفضائى فى اتجاه الراصد و بتنقاس بالانزياح الاحمر.
المطلع المستقيم هوا الزاويه المحصوره بين الدايره الساعيه لجرم سماوى و الدايره الساعيه لنقطة الاعتدال الربيعى. المطلع المستقيم ممكن يتقاس بقوس دايره الاستواء السماويه من نقطه الاعتدال الربيعى لحد نقطه تقاطع الدايره الساعيه لجرم سماوى مع دايره الاستواء السماويه.
الميل هوا المكافئ الفلكى لخط العرض و بيتقس بقيمة الزاويه بين أى جسم سماوى و خط الاستوا السماوى. لو كان النجم شمال خط الاستوا السماوى تكون قيمة بعده بالموجب (+) و لو النجم جنوب خط الاستوا السماوى تكون قيمة بعده بالسالب (-).
مصادر
مجرات
فضاء
| 15,672 |
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diges
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Diges
|
https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diges&action=history
|
Basque
|
Spoken
| 403 | 1,118 |
Diges Frantziako udalerria da, Yonne departamenduan dagoena, Borgoina-Franche-Comté eskualdean. 2013an biztanle zituen.
Demografia
Biztanleria
2007an Diges udalerrian erroldatutako biztanleak 1.138 ziren. Familiak 438 ziren, horien artean 100 pertsona bakarrekoak ziren (52 bakarrik bizi ziren gizonak eta 48 bakarrik bizi ziren emakumeak), 145 seme-alabarik gabeko familiak ziren, 169 seme-alabak dituzten bikoteak ziren eta 24 seme-alabak dituzten guraso-bakarreko familiak ziren.
Biztanleriak, denboran, ondorengo grafikoan ageri den bilakaera izan du:
Erroldatutako biztanleak
<noinclude>
Etxebizitza
2007an 551 etxebizitza zeuden, 445 familiaren etxebizitza nagusia ziren, 88 bigarren erresidentzia ziren eta 18 hutsik zeuden. 537 etxeak ziren eta 8 apartamentuak ziren. 445 etxebizitza nagusietatik 405 bere jabearen bizilekua ziren, 35 alokairuan okupaturik zeuden eta 5 doan lagata zeuden; 4 etxek gela bat zuten, 31 etxek bi zituzten, 59 etxek hiru zituzten, 121 etxek lau zituzten eta 230 etxek bost zituzten. 372 etxek euren parking plaza propioa zuten azpian. 185 etxetan ibilgailu bat zegoen eta 224 etxetan bat baino gehiago zituzten.
Biztanleria-piramidea
2009an sexu eta adinaren araberako biztanleria-piramidea hau zen:
Ekonomia
2007an lan egiteko adina zuten pertsonak 706 ziren, horien artean 529 aktiboak ziren eta 177 inaktiboak ziren. 529 pertsona aktiboetatik 493 lanean zeuden (264 gizon eta 229 emakume) eta 36 langabezian zeuden (16 gizon eta 20 emakume). 177 pertsona inaktiboetatik 71 erretiraturik zeuden, 58 ikasten zeuden eta 48 "bestelako inaktibo" gisa sailkaturik zeuden.
Diru sarrerak
2009an Diges udalerrian 460 unitate fiskal zeuden, 1.166,5 pertsonek osaturik. Pertsona bakoitzeko diru-sarrera fiskalaren mediana urteko 18.158 euro zen.
Ekonomia jarduerak
2007an zeuden 35 komertzioetatik, 1 bestelako produktu industrialen fabrikazioko enpresa zen, 13 eraikuntza enpresak ziren, 4 ibilgailuen saltze eta konpontze enpresak ziren, 1 garraio enpresa zen, 1 ostalaritza eta jatetxe enpresa zen, 1 informazio eta komunikazio enpresa zen, 1 finantziazio enpresa zen, 3 higiezinen enpresak ziren, 5 zerbitzu enpresak ziren, 3 administrazio publikoko enpresak ziren eta 2 «beste zerbitzu jarduera batzuk» multzoan sailkatutako enpresak ziren.
2009an zeuden norbanakoentzako 13 zerbitzu publikoetatik, 1 ibilgailuen alokairu bulegoa zen, 1 autoeskola, 1 igeltseroa, 4 margolariak, 2 zurginak, 3 iturginak eta 1 jatetxe.
2009an zegoen establezimendu komertzial bakarra 120 m2 baino gutxiagoko denda bat zen.
2000. urtean Diges udalerrian 32 nekazaritza-ustiategi zeuden, 1.984 hektarea erabiltzen.
Hezkuntza eta osasun ekipamenduak
2009an lehen-hezkuntzako eskola bat zegoen.
Gertuen dauden herriak
Diagrama honek gertuen dauden herriak erakusten ditu.
Erreferentziak
Kanpo estekak
Résumé statistique INSEEren udalerriko estatistiken laburpena.
Évolution et structure de la population INSEEren udalerriko datuen fitxa.
France par comune Frantziako udalerri guztietako datu zehatzak mapa baten bitartez eskuragarri.
Yonneko udalerriak
| 5,277 |
https://github.com/flashlin/Samples/blob/master/PreviewLibrary/PreviewLibrary/Exceptions/PrecursorException.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
Samples
|
flashlin
|
C#
|
Code
| 40 | 124 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
namespace PreviewLibrary.Exceptions
{
public class PrecursorException : Exception
{
public PrecursorException() : base()
{
}
public PrecursorException(string message) : base(message)
{
}
public PrecursorException(string message, Exception innerException) : base(message, innerException)
{
}
}
}
| 26,500 |
https://openalex.org/W2914890781
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,019 |
Negative differential resistance as a critical indicator for the discharge capacity of lithium-oxygen batteries
|
Yoko Hase
|
English
|
Spoken
| 9,471 | 17,397 |
Corrected: Publisher correction ARTICLE 1 Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan. 2 Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3
Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan. 3 Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama,
Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Y.H. (email: y-hase@mosk.tytlabs.co.jp)
or to S N (email: nakanishi@chem es osaka-u ac jp) Results Li2O2:
ð4Þ ð4Þ In contrast, when the solvated complex is stabilized, LiO2 is
precipitated via a disproportionation reaction (known as the
solution pathway): In contrast, when the solvated complex is stabilized, LiO2 is
precipitated via a disproportionation reaction (known as the
solution pathway): 2LiOs
2 ! Li2O2 þ O2:
ð5Þ ð5Þ The discharge product, Li2O2, is insoluble in common aprotic
solvents and has inherently low electron conductivity, and thus
acts as an insulator on the cathode. Therefore, separation of the
reaction sites at which the ORR occurs and Li2O2 is formed,
which is realized by the solution pathway (Eq. (5)), is advanta-
geous for the sustained discharge of Li–O2 batteries21–39. That is,
displacement of the equilibrium in Eq. (3) to the right by
increasing the solubility of LiO2* is necessary to improve the
discharge capacity29–40. Previous studies have revealed several
factors capable of increasing the solubility of LiO2*. As an
example, the Gutmann donor number (DN) of the solvent, which
is an index of Lewis basicity, is an important factor affecting the
equilibrium, and it has been reported that there is a positive
correlation between the discharge capacity and the DN value of
the solvent29. It is also known that the use of additives such as
H2O30, K+35, and NH4+36 is an effective approach to increasing
the solubility of LiO2*. However, the effect of these additives also
depends on the solvent used, and certain solvents produce no
effect. In addition, Kwabi et al. reported that the cathode potential
is another important factor that determines the equilibrium37. Considering these results, it is evident that the main parameters
that decide between the solution pathway and the surface path-
way have not yet been elucidated. This is unfortunate, because a
systematic understanding of the conditions determining a sus-
tained discharge is important in the design of a Li-O2 battery
system with superior performance. p
p
The discharge capacities in the DMSO/CP and MeCN/CP
systems acquired during the experimental trials were in the
ranges of 25–54 mAh gcathode−1 and 200–270 mAh gcathode−1,
respectively. Thus, the capacities obtained in MeCN/CP system
were always much larger (greater by factors of 4 to 10) than those
obtained in DMSO/CP system at 0.2 mA cm−2 (Supplementary
Fig. 1). Previous reports have shown that the thickness of the
Li2O2 growth via the surface pathway is limited to approximately
6 nm because of the insulating properties of the oxide42,43. Negative differential resistance as a critical
indicator for the discharge capacity of lithium-
oxygen batteries Yoko Hase
1, Yasuhiro Komori2, Takayoshi Kusumoto2, Takashi Harada
3, Juntaro
Kazuhide Kamiya
2,3 & Shuji Nakanishi
2,3 Yoko Hase
1, Yasuhiro Komori2, Takayoshi Kusumoto2, Takashi Harada
3, Juntaro Seki1, Tohru Shiga
1,
Kazuhide Kamiya
2,3 & Shuji Nakanishi
2,3 In non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries, the one-electron reduction of oxygen and sub-
sequent lithium oxide formation both occur during discharge. This lithium oxide can be
converted to insulating lithium peroxide via two different pathways: a second reduction at the
cathode surface or disproportionation in solution. The latter process is known to be advan-
tageous with regard to increasing the discharge capacity and is promoted by a high donor
number electrolyte because of the stability of lithium oxide in media of this type. Herein, we
report that the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction during discharge typically exhibits
negative differential resistance. Importantly, the magnitude of negative differential resistance,
which varies with the system component, and the position of the cathode potential relative to
the negative differential resistance determined the reaction pathway and the discharge
capacity. This result implies that the stability of lithium oxide on the cathode also contributes
to the determination of the reaction pathway. 1 Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan. 2 Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, Osaka University, 1-3
Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan. 3 Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama,
Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Y.H. (email: y-hase@mosk.tytlabs.co.jp)
or to S.N. (email: nakanishi@chem.es.osaka-u.ac.jp) 1 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:596 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z | www.nature.com/naturecommunications ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z T T
he non-aqueous Li-O2 battery has received much attention
in the last decade due to its high specific energy, which is
required for automotive applications and future energy
devices1–17. In such units, the anodic dissolution of Li metal and
the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), accompanied by
the formation of Li2O2, both occur during discharge, producing a
high theoretical energy density that surpasses values obtainable
from state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries. The mechanism for
the ORR-based generation of Li2O2 during discharge has been
studied extensively18–20. During the initial step of the Li–O2
battery discharge process, surface-bound LiO2 is generated on the
cathode surface via the one-electron ORR consisting of the
reactions: adsorbs/desorbs in response to the potential. Results Effects of the electrolyte and the cathode on discharging. A
schematic diagram of the electrochemical cell used in the present
study is shown in Fig. 1a. All components of the electrochemical
cell were dehydrated prior to use, and the water content of the
electrolytes, as measured by Karl Fischer titration, was confirmed
to be less than 30 ppm. The cell was assembled in a glove box
filled with dry argon, after which discharge tests were performed
at a constant temperature of 25 °C under atmospheric conditions. Carbon paper (CP) or gold mesh (Au-mesh) was used as the
substrate for the positive electrode. Other details of the experi-
mental protocols are described in the section of Methods. O2 þ e ! O
2
ð1Þ ð1Þ and and O
2 þ Liþ ! LiO
2;
ð2Þ ð2Þ where the asterisk denotes surface-bound species. The resulting
LiO2* can partially dissolve in the electrolyte to establish an
equilibrium with soluble LiO2s: p
Figure 1b presents representative discharge profiles on CP
obtained in electrolytes consisting of 0.5 M lithium bis(trifluor-
omethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in MeCN, DMSO, N,N-diethyl-
N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethane-
sulfonyl)imide (DEME-TFSI) or tetraethylene glycol dimethyl
ether (TEGDME) at 0.2 mA cm−2. The results shown here are
partially consistent with those provided in a previous report in
which Au was used as the positive electrode29. The discharge
capacity generally increases in order of the DN value: DEME-
TFSI (green, DN = 10)41, TEGDME (black, DN = 17)18, and
DMSO (blue, DN = 30)18. However, the discharge capacity
obtained using MeCN/CP, which has a relatively low DN of
1418, was much greater than that observed with DMSO/CP,
which has a high DN. A typical discharge profile acquired in
MeCN/CP system, exceeding 200 mAh gcathode−1 and represent-
ing a five-fold increase in capacity compared to DMSO/CP
system, is shown in Fig. 1b (red). These data also demonstrate
that the potential sometimes oscillated in MeCN/CP, and this
peculiar phenomenon is discussed further on. LiO
2$LiOs
2 solvated complex : solvent
½
n Liþ
½
O
2
:
ð3Þ ð3Þ In the case that the equilibrium lies to the left, the LiO2* can
undergo a second reduction to form insulating Li2O2 on the
cathode surface (known as the surface pathway): LiO
2 þ Liþ þ e ! Negative differential resistance as a critical
indicator for the discharge capacity of lithium-
oxygen batteries In the case of the
system with large NDR, the discharge capacity is found to change
dramatically as the positional relationship between NDR and the
discharge potential is varied. This result suggests that it appears
that the adsorption/desorption of the inhibitor is closely related to
the stability of LiO2* on the cathode. These findings provide
valuable insights regarding the importance of the stability of LiO2*
in determining the discharge properties of Li–O2 batteries. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:596 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z | www.nature.com/naturecommunications NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z a
d
b
300
200
0
100
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
Potential (V vs. Li/Li+)
2.5
3.5
CP
MeCN (14)
DMSO (30)
TEGDME (17)
DEME-TFSI (10)
Solvent (DN)
2.2
2.3
2.4
120
Potential (Li/Li+)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
Li+ conducting plate (LIC-GC)
Anode end-plate
Insulating plate
Cathode
Cathode end-plate
Spring
O2
O-ring
Li metal
c
4.0
Potential (V vs. Li/Li+)
0
2
1
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
Au
MeCN
DMSO
1.5
2.0
3.0
2.5
3.5
Potential (V vs. Li/Li+)
0
4000
2000
1
2
4
5
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
3
Ketjenblack sheet
MeCN
DMSO
4
124
122
3
6000
g. 1 Discharge and charge curves of Li-O2 cells employing various solvents with 0.5 M LiTFSI electrolytes. a The schematic illustration of an
ctrochemical cell for a Li-O2 battery. b–d The discharge and charge curves of the Li-O2 cells employing carbon paper (CP) (b), Au-mesh (c),
d Ketjenblack sheet (d) as cathodes. The applied current densities were 0.2 mA cm−2 (b), 0.02 mA cm−2 (c), 1.25 mA cm−2 (d, discharge), and
25 mA cm−2 (d charge). b The inset shows the magnified image of b a
Li+ conducting plate (LIC-GC)
Anode end-plate
Insulating plate
Cathode
Cathode end-plate
Spring
O2
O-ring
Li metal a b
300
200
0
100
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
Potential (V vs. Li/Li+)
2.5
3.5
CP
MeCN (14)
DMSO (30)
TEGDME (17)
DEME-TFSI (10)
Solvent (DN)
2.2
2.3
2.4
120
Potential (Li/Li+)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
124
122 d
Potential (V vs. Li/Li+)
0
4000
2000
1
2
4
5
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
3
Ketjenblack sheet
MeCN
DMSO
6000 c
4.0
Potential (V vs. Li/Li+)
0
2
1
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
Au
MeCN
DMSO
1.5
2.0
3.0
2.5
3.5
4
3 d Fig. 1 Discharge and charge curves of Li-O2 cells employing various solvents with 0.5 M LiTFSI electrolytes. a The schematic illustration of an
electrochemical cell for a Li-O2 battery. b–d The discharge and charge curves of the Li-O2 cells employing carbon paper (CP) (b), Au-mesh (c),
and Ketjenblack sheet (d) as cathodes. The applied current densities were 0.2 mA cm−2 (b), 0.02 mA cm−2 (c), 1.25 mA cm−2 (d, discharge), and
0.25 mA cm−2 (d charge). b The inset shows the magnified image of b coulombic efficiency was confirmed to be significantly improved
upon employing a Ketjenblack sheet cathode (Fig. 1d). Results The
specific surface area of the CP cathode was 0.31 ± 0.20 m2BET g−1,
and so the maximum capacity via the surface pathway was
calculated to be 3.6 mAh gcathode−1. The results shown in Fig. 1b
imply that at least some of the Li2O2 was formed via the solution
pathway in both the MeCN/CP and DMSO/CP systems. Notably,
the same trend was also observed even when the cell was
discharged in a glove box filled with dry argon. Based on these
results, together with other supporting data discussed further on,
we concluded that any potential contamination with water did
not affect the results obtained in the present work (see Supple-
mentary Information for a discussion of the possible effects of
contamination by water). It was also confirmed that the specific Li
salt used was not a factor in obtaining a prolonged discharge, by
changing the Li salt from LiTFSI to lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)
(Supplementary Fig. 2). It is noteworthy that potential oscillations
do not appear in Supplementary Fig. 2, indicating that these In the present work, we report that the discharge reaction on
the positive electrode generally shows negative differential resis-
tance (NDR) in a specific potential region of the ORR. The
appearance of NDR suggests that an ORR inhibitor species 2 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z 1600
800
400
1200
Raman shift (cm−1)
Intensity (a. u.)
Li2O2 (ref.)
Discharged CP
* Li2O2
*
*
a
0
Intensity (a. u.)
2 (deg)
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
* Li2O2
*
*
*
*
*
Pristine CP
Discharged CP
*
b
Fig. 2 Characterization of the discharged obtained from the MeCN system. a Raman spectra of the discharged CP and Li2O2 reagent as a reference. b PXRD
patterns of CP obtained before and after discharging 1600
800
400
1200
Raman shift (cm−1)
Intensity (a. u.)
Li2O2 (ref.)
Discharged CP
* Li2O2
*
*
a
0 Intensity (a. u.)
2 (deg)
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
* Li2O2
*
*
*
*
*
Pristine CP
Discharged CP
*
b b a Intensity (a. u.) Fig. 2 Characterization of the discharged obtained from the MeCN system. a Raman spectra of the discharged CP and Li2O2 reagent as a reference. b PXRD
patterns of CP obtained before and after discharging a
DMSO
23 mAh gcathode
−1 c
MeCN
100 mAh gcathode
−1
MeCN
23 mAh gcathode
−1
b
d
Pristine CP
a
DMSO
23 mAh gcathode
−1
Fig. 3 Solvent and cathode substrate effects on morphology of discharge
product. SEM images of CP obtained after discharge in the DMSO (a),
MeCN (b, c), and pristine state of CP (d). All scale bars, 1 μm MeCN
23 mAh gcathode
−1
b is attributed to various previously reported side reactions. On the
basis of these quantitative experiments, it was concluded that
Li2O2 formation proceeded primarily via the ORR in Eq. (1), in
agreement with previous reports. Negative differential resistance. As noted, a spontaneous
potential oscillation appeared over a specific current density
range in the case of the MeCN/CP system, in which a significantly
higher discharge capacity was obtained (Fig. 1b and Supple-
mentary Figs. 5 and 6). This potential oscillation was not a
necessary condition for the sustained discharge observed in the
MeCN/CP system. However, the appearance of these oscillations
is important with respect to understanding the origin of the
sustained discharge in the low-DN MeCN/CP system29, as dis-
cussed further on. c
MeCN
100 mAh gcathode
−1 d
Pristine CP c NDR is typically observed in electrochemical systems that
exhibit spontaneous oscillations of current and/or potential48. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z The existence of NDR in the battery systems that we investigated
is evident from the potential oscillation in Fig. 1b and from the
results obtained from the electrochemical analysis of the ORR, as
described below. Figure. 4a shows two consecutive cyclic
voltammetry (CV) cycles acquired in MeCN. It should be
emphasized that the CV data in Fig. 4a were obtained at a slow
scan rate of 0.5 mV s−1, and CV data essentially equivalent to
those in the literature were obtained when the scan rate was
increased to 100 mV s−1 (Supplementary Fig. 7). The absolute
value of the cathodic current (Iabs) initially increased during the
negative sweep and reached a peak at approximately 2.5 V (the
region between points a and b in Fig. 4a). A second reduction
peak then occurred at lower potentials (points b–c). During the
positive sweep, a constant Iabs was observed in the region between
points c and d. However, when the voltage exceeded approxi-
mately 2.3 V, Iabs began to slightly increase, despite the decrease
in the overpotential (points d–e), which clearly indicates the
presence of the NDR. The onset of NDR was also confirmed for
the DMSO systems as well during trials in which the positive
electrode was changed from CP to Au (Supplementary Fig. 8). These results indicate that NDR is inherent to the positive
electrode reaction during the discharge process. Fig. 3 Solvent and cathode substrate effects on morphology of discharge
product. SEM images of CP obtained after discharge in the DMSO (a),
MeCN (b, c), and pristine state of CP (d). All scale bars, 1 μm of 100 mAh gcathode−1 exhibits more columnar-shaped deposits
(Fig. 3c), which strongly suggest that Li2O2 was preferentially
formed via the solution pathway in the MeCN/CP system at
0.2 mA cm−2. The amounts of Li2O2 formed and O2 consumed during
discharge were subsequently quantified, and the associated e−/O2
ratios were estimated. It was confirmed from the O2 consumption
values calculated from the pressure inside the cell during
discharge that the e−/O2 ratio during the discharge reaction
was ~2.0 (Supplementary Fig. 4). The yields of Li2O2 (YLi2O2)
based on the discharge capacity values were compared to values
determined
using
the
iodometric
titration
method44. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z oscillations were not a necessary condition for the sustained
discharge in the MeCN/CP system. On the other hand, when the same experiment was conducted
with the cathode substrate changed from CP to Au-mesh, the
capacity in MeCN was smaller than that in DMSO (Fig. 1c), in
good agreement with the previous study29. (Note that the effective
surface area of the Au-mesh electrode is significantly smaller than
that of the CP electrode. See the section of Methods for details.)
These results indicate that an appropriate combination of
electrolyte solvent and cathode substrate is critical for significant
improvement of the discharge capacity. This is an essential point
we claim in this research, and will be discussed carefully later. Characterization of the discharge products. Figure 2a, b pre-
sents respectively the results of Raman and powder X-ray dif-
fraction (PXRD) analyses of the products deposited on CP during
the discharge reaction in an MeCN electrolyte containing 0.5 M
LiTFSI at 0.2 mA cm−2. In both cases, it was confirmed that Li2O2
was formed as the discharge product. Figure 3a and Supple-
mentary Figs. 3a and 3b present scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) images of the cathode extracted from the cell of
the DMSO/CP system after discharge at a capacity of 23 mAh
gcathode−1. The CP surface is seen to be fully covered with Li2O2
flakes. In contrast, in the MeCN/CP system, Li2O2 was deposited
non-uniformly and many parts of the CP surface remained bare,
as shown in Fig. 3b and Supplementary Figs. 3c and 3d. These
images were obtained using the MeCN/CP system after dischar-
ging under the same conditions as used to obtain the specimen in
Fig. 3a. The sample examined in the case of a discharge capacity Although the discharge capacity was considerably enhanced in
the MeCN/CP system at a higher current density of 0.2 mA cm−2,
the charging reaction did not proceed and the coulombic
efficiency was only 3.5% (Fig. 1b). This low coulombic efficiency
was due to the two-dimensional nature of the CP substrate, which
was unable to re-trap all the LiO2s formed in the electrolyte and
allow this compound to precipitate on the cathode substrate. The 3 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:596 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z | www.nature.com/naturecommunications ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z These discharge capacities undergo a significant change
in the vicinity of 1.9 to 2.0 V. When the positive electrode
potential was varied across this potential, it was confirmed that
the current reversibly increased and decreased, just as in Fig. 4b
(Supplementary Fig. 11), indicating the presence of NDR in this
potential region. Notably, the discharge capacity at lower
potentials almost coincided with the theoretical value for the
reaction solely by the surface pathway (the horizontal dashed line
in Fig. 5d). However, a large discharge capacity exceeding 100
mAh gcathode−1 was obtained at higher potentials, suggesting that
the solution pathway was predominant in this potential region
(see Supplementary Information for a more detailed discussion of
the relationship between the NDR and the reaction pathway). that a reaction-inhibiting species other than Li2O2 was reversibly
adsorbed and desorbed on/from the cathode surface in response
to the potential change. The 2e−reduction reaction to form Li2O2
was also slow in this potential region, as has been previously
suggested based on in situ spectroscopic investigations49. Thus,
these CV results confirmed that Iabs increased (or decreased) with
a decrease (or increase) in the overpotential within a specific
potential region, demonstrating that NDR appears in this
electrochemical system. The presence of NDR (and the reversible
activation/passivation of the cathode) was further confirmed by
observing the time course of the Iabs at different potentials. Figure 4b shows that Iabs increased and decreased repeatedly
when the cathode potential was alternated between 2.0 and 2.4 V
using the MeCN/CP system, providing further evidence for
NDR. NDR potential region and correlation with discharge capacity. As detailed above, the ORR in aprotic electrolytes containing Li+
ions typically shows the occurrence of NDR. Meanwhile, it has
been reported that Li2O2 is preferentially formed via either the
solution or surface pathways at higher or lower potentials,
respectively37,38. Based on the above, we hypothesized that the
transition from the solution pathway to the surface pathway
results in the expression of NDR. To verify this hypothesis, it was
necessary to investigate the correlation between the working
potential of the positive electrode and the discharge capacity. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z –60
–40
–20
0
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
b
c
d
e
Potential sweep
direction
a
14th cycle
15th cycle
Potential
(V vs. Li/Li+)
Current density (µA cm−2)
Current density (µA cm−2)
2.0
2.4
Time (min.)
–300
–250
–200
–150
–100
–50
0
0
20
40
60
80
a
b
MeCN
Potential (V vs. Li/Li+)
Fig. 4 Negative differential resistance (NDR) of ORR potential region. a The CVs of the 14th and 15th cycles for MeCN system using 2-electrode set up with
CP for working electrode. The potential scan rate was 0.5 mV s−1. The current increase between point d and e in the positive sweep shows the NDR. b The
time course of the ORR current for the MeCN system at the constant potential of 2.0 and 2.4 V obtained after 10 cycles of CV measurement. The potential
was switched at 10-min intervals –60
–40
–20
0
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
b
c
d
e
Potential sweep
direction
a
14th cycle
15th cycle
Current density (µA cm−2)
a
MeCN
Potential (V vs. Li/Li+) Potential
(V vs. Li/Li+)
Current density (µA cm−2)
2.0
2.4
Time (min.)
–300
–250
–200
–150
–100
–50
0
0
20
40
60
80
b b a Fig. 4 Negative differential resistance (NDR) of ORR potential region. a The CVs of the 14th and 15th cycles for MeCN system using 2-electrode set up with
CP for working electrode. The potential scan rate was 0.5 mV s−1. The current increase between point d and e in the positive sweep shows the NDR. b The
time course of the ORR current for the MeCN system at the constant potential of 2.0 and 2.4 V obtained after 10 cycles of CV measurement. The potential
was switched at 10-min intervals Figure 5b presents the discharge profiles acquired at different
potentials employing the MeCN/CP system. At a positive
electrode potential lower than 1.9 V, a large current was initially
observed but gradually decreased with time. The final discharge
capacity was only approximately 2.5 mAh gcathode−1 (cut-off
current
density:
0.05 mA cm−2). Conversely,
at
a
positive
electrode potential higher than 2.0 V, a small but steady current
continued to flow and the discharge capacity reached more than
110 mAh gcathode−1. The discharge capacities measured at various
potentials using the MeCN electrolyte are summarized in Fig. 5d
(circles). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z The
amounts of Li2O2 produced corresponded to approximately
80% of the values estimated from the discharge capacity, and the
ratio of Li2O2 formation to the electrochemical reduction reaction
was equivalent to that reported in a previous publication
(Supplementary Table 1)44–47. The missing 20% of the discharge
capacity that was not evident from the iodometric titration results The second reduction peak observed in this study is typically
assigned to the reductive formation of Li2O218–20,29. Although
Li2O2 will not decompose in the potential range over which the
CV data were acquired in the present work, Iabs increased
between points d and e. In addition, the Iabs value was almost the
same as that during the previous cycle (Fig. 4a). Thus, it appears NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:596 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 4 4 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:596 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z | www.nature.com/naturecommunications NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z Li/Li+)
Current density (mA cm−2)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
Current density
(mA cm−2)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
a
b 0
–0.6
–0.5
–0.4
–0.3
–0.2
–0.1
0
0
50
100
150
2.1 V
2.0 V
1.9 V
1.8 V
Potential
MeCN
–0.6
–0.4
–0.2
0
0
1
2
3
4
Current density (mA cm−2)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
Current density
(mA cm−2)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
b b c –0.3
–0.2
–0.1
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2.7 V
2.6 V
2.5 V
2.4 V
Potential
Current density (mA cm−2)
DMSO
p
y (
gcathode
)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
c 0
0
50
100
150
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
MeCN
DMSO
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
p
y (
gcathode
)
Potential (V vs. Li/Li+)
d d Fig. 5 Estimation of NDR potential region. a Galvanostatic discharge curves obtained in 0.05 M LiTFSI electrolytes. The applied current densities were 0.2
mA cm−2. b, c Potentilstatic discharge curves obtained in 0.05 M LiTFSI electrolytes with pre-discharging. The cut off current density was 0.05 mA cm−2. b
The inset shows the magnified image of b. d Discharge capacities of potentiostatic discharging at various potentials corresponding to Fig. 5b (MeCN, red
circles) and 5c (DMSO, blue squares). The horizontal dashed line shows the capacity supposed to be obtained with surface pathway (3.6 mAh gcathode−1) different systems. Based on this, we can qualitatively explain the
larger discharge capacity obtained from the MeCN electrolyte
(having a lower DN) compared to the DMSO electrolyte (having
a high DN). Figure 5a demonstrates that the operating potential
for the MeCN system is in the range of 2.2 to 2.3 V (that is, higher
than the NDR potential region), at which the discharge proceeds
via the solution pathway. The discharge capacity is therefore
significantly increased, exceeding that obtained from the DMSO
system (Fig. 5d). This occurs because the operating potential is in
the potential region over which the reaction proceeds via the
solution pathway in MeCN, as shown in Fig. 5d surface pathway is dominant in low-DN electrolyte, MeCN, at all
potentials29. Here, let us briefly summarize the similarities and differences
in all the systems (i.e., MeCN/CP, DMSO/CP, MeCN/Au, and
DMSO/Au systems). As described above, Supplementary Fig. 8
was the clear evidence that the ORR in Li–O2 batteries inherently
involve the NDR. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z 1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0
10
20
30
40
DMSO
MeCN
0.2 mA cm−2
–0.3
–0.2
–0.1
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2.7 V
2.6 V
2.5 V
2.4 V
Potential
Current density (mA cm−2)
DMSO
–0.6
–0.5
–0.4
–0.3
–0.2
–0.1
0
0
50
100
150
2.1 V
2.0 V
1.9 V
1.8 V
Potential
MeCN
–0.6
–0.4
–0.2
0
0
1
2
3
4
0
50
100
150
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
MeCN
DMSO
Potential (V vs. Li/Li+)
Current density (mA cm−2)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
Potential (V vs. Li/Li+)
Current density
(mA cm−2)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
a
b
c
d
Fig. 5 Estimation of NDR potential region. a Galvanostatic discharge curves obtained in 0.05 M LiTFSI electrolytes. The applied current densities were 0.2
mA cm−2. b, c Potentilstatic discharge curves obtained in 0.05 M LiTFSI electrolytes with pre-discharging. The cut off current density was 0.05 mA cm−2. b
The inset shows the magnified image of b. d Discharge capacities of potentiostatic discharging at various potentials corresponding to Fig. 5b (MeCN, red
circles) and 5c (DMSO, blue squares). The horizontal dashed line shows the capacity supposed to be obtained with surface pathway (3.6 mAh gcathode−1) 1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0
10
20
30
40
DMSO
MeCN
0.2 mA cm−2
Potential (V vs. Li/Li+)
Capacity (mAh gcathode
−1)
a 1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0
10
20
30
40
DMSO
MeCN
0.2 mA cm−2
–0.6
–0.5
–0.4
–0.3
–0.2
–0.1
0
0
50
100
150
2.1 V
2.0 V
1.9 V
1.8 V
Potential
MeCN
–0.6
–0.4
–0.2
0
0
1
2
3
4
Potential (V vs. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z However, in general, the relationship between the set and
observed potential in an experiment, U, and the true electrode
potential (or Helmholtz double layer potential), E, that is a critical
factor determining electrode reaction mechanisms, will differ
based on the ohmic drop (IR, where R is the resistance of the
solution between the electrode surface and the reference electrode
and I is negative for the reduction current) according to the
equation U = E + IR. Furthermore, during the discharge of a Li-
O2 battery, Li2O2, which is a poor conductor, accumulates and
gradually covers the cathode surface so that the IR value changes
with time during the discharge process. Because of this compli-
cated set of interconnections, potentiostatic experiments are more
suitable for a qualitative evaluation of the correlation between the
NDR region of the true electrode potential (ENDR) and the dis-
charge capacity, than potentiodynamic experiments shown in
Fig. 4a and Fig. 1a. For this reason, we conducted discharge tests
under constant potential conditions, as described below. p
p
y
Qualitatively similar potential-dependency data were obtained
for the DMSO/CP system, as shown in Fig. 5c and d. As
previously observed in Supplementary Fig. 8, the NDR also occurs
in the DMSO/CP system although, unlike the MeCN/CP results,
the NDR is not clearly evident in Fig. 5d (squares). Nevertheless,
the discharge capacity is evidently lowered as the potential
becomes negative. Another notable difference from the MeCN/
CP system is that the discharge capacity is much greater than
3.6 mAh gcathode−1 (dashed line) even at lower potentials (Fig. 5d). These results suggest that the solution pathway was dominant
over the entire potential region in the DMSO/CP system,
although the proportional contributions of the solution and
surface pathways depend on the potential, which has NDR
characteristics. The ENDR value is, in principle, determined by the adsorption
isotherm of the inhibitor. That is, ENDR will vary with the system
components, such as the electrolyte and electrode material. In
addition, as described earlier, U and E will differ due to the ohmic
drop, the value of which changes with the electrode structure and
with past battery operation. Therefore, the NDR potential region
is not absolutely set and will appear in a specific region in 5 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z In contrast, at an operating potential higher than the NDR
potential region, the solution pathway become relatively domi-
nant, which led to an enhanced discharge capacity (Fig. 6b-(ii)). The formed LiO2s disproportionates immediately to form Li2O2 in
the MeCN electrolyte because MeCN has low DN. However, the
deposition of Li2O2 and the ORR of Eq. (1) proceed at the dif-
ferent positions of the cathode, therefore, the whole surface of the
cathode cannot be covered by the deposition, as shown in Fig. 3b,
resulting in a higher discharge capacity. Meanwhile, the DMSO/
CP and DMSO/Au systems draw the adsorption isotherm of
Type-2 where the solution pathway was encouraged at all
potentials. The adsorption isotherm for the MeCN/Au-mesh
system is assigned to Type-3 where the surface pathway was fully
dominant (Fig. 6a). Differences in the geometry of the CP and
Au-mesh might affect the actual adsorption isotherm. However,
the result that the discharge capacity obtained in MeCN/CP
system was larger than that in DMSO/CP in a specific potential
region implies that the difference in adsorption isotherm derived
from the cathode material is more essential. Therefore, for NDR to appear, either dA/dE < 0 or dk/dE < 0 must
be true. Each of these two conditions can be induced with an
increase of the overpotential by an increase in the coverage of
the reaction-inhibiting adsorbed species or by a decrease in the
coverage of the reaction-promoting adsorbed species. In the
present work, the current was found to decrease over time during
the discharge of Li-O2 batteries, indicating that the former
mechanism was associated with the appearance of NDR. At this point, it is helpful to consider the identity of the
reaction-inhibiting species. It is known that the cathode potential
partly affects the equilibrium in Eq. (3). More specifically, the
extent of coverage by LiO2* is larger or smaller at lower or higher
cathode potentials, respectively, which determines whether the
surface or solution pathway occurs29,37. Density functional theory
(DFT) calculations have also suggested that the stability of LiO2* is
affected by potential38. Furthermore, it is believed that the ORR
cannot proceed on LiO2* because O2 must be adsorbed on the
active sites of the cathode during the ORR. Therefore, as the
potential is lower (or higher), the coverage of LiO2* becomes
larger (or smaller), and eventually the ORR current becomes
smaller (or larger). In other words, the system exhibits NDR
characteristics. NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-0853 NATURE COMMUNIC High
Potential
Cathodic current
0
(i)
Low
NDR
NDR
(ii)
O2
–
O2
LiO2*
LiO2
s
Li2O2
Solution
pathway
Li2O2
Cathode
O2
–
O2
Surface
pathway
Cathode
Cathode
LiO2
s
Cathode
LiO2*
Surface pathway
Solution pathway
Type-1
Type-2
(ii)
Small
LiO2*/LiO2
s
Type-3
Type-2
Type-1
Type-3
Large
(i)
(i)
(ii)
b
a
Fig. 6 Schematic illustration of the proposed mechanism for the formation of Li2O2. a The changes of ratio, LiO2*/LiO2s (above) and cathodic current
(below) with potentials. The NDR potential region indicates the transition region of the ratio (LiO2*/LiO2s) in each system. b The numbers of illustration (i)
and (ii) are corresponded with the numbers plotted in a. In the case of Type-1, the surface pathway is dominant at the state (i) of lower potential than the
NDR potential region. In contrast, the solution pathway is encouraged at the state (ii) in higher potential region than NDR NDR
(ii)
Surface pathway
Solution pathway
Type-1
Type-2
Small
LiO2*/LiO2
s
Type-3
Large
(i)
a b (i) High
Potential
(i)
Low
NDR
(ii)
Type-2
Type-1
Type-3 Solution
pathway
Li2O2
Cathode
O2
–
Cathode
(ii) (ii) Cathodic current Fig. 6 Schematic illustration of the proposed mechanism for the formation of Li2O2. a The changes of ratio, LiO2*/LiO2s (above) and cathodic current
(below) with potentials. The NDR potential region indicates the transition region of the ratio (LiO2*/LiO2s) in each system. b The numbers of illustration (i)
and (ii) are corresponded with the numbers plotted in a. In the case of Type-1, the surface pathway is dominant at the state (i) of lower potential than the
NDR potential region. In contrast, the solution pathway is encouraged at the state (ii) in higher potential region than NDR resistance in an electrochemical system can be expressed as48:
dIF=dE ¼ d nFckA
ð
Þ=dE ¼ nFCk dA=dE þ nFCA dk=dE:
ð6Þ resistance in an electrochemical system can be expressed as48: small at all potentials, and Type-3 where the ratio is totally large. The results of potentiostatic discharging shown in Fig. 5 and
Supplementary Fig. 13 provided a clue to how each system draws
its specific adsorption isotherm. The MeCN/CP system, which is
attributed to Type-1, the reaction proceeded predominantly via
the surface pathway at an operating potential lower than the NDR
potential region resulting in inevitable early cell death (Fig. 6b-
(i)). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z However, the magnitude of NDR and potential
dependency of the discharge capacity varies with the combination
of electrolyte and electrode substrate of each system which is
classified in three types, Type-1, 2 and 3 for the later discussion. The MeCN/CP system, which is classified as Type-1, showed a
clear potential dependency of the discharge capacity and a large
NDR (Fig. 5d, circles). For the other three systems, unlike the
MeCN/CP
system,
both
of
the
NDR
and
the
potential
dependence of the discharge capacity were not clear as those in
the MeCN/CP system. The discharge capacity in the DMSO/CP
and
DMSO/Au
systems
was
significantly
larger
than
the
maximum capacity via the surface pathway, indicating that the
solution pathway is dominant in these two systems (Type-2). Meanwhile, the discharge capacity for the MeCN/Au system was
nearly equivalent to the theoretical capacity via surface pathway
at all potentials (Type-3). When Au-mesh was applied to the cathode, significant
differences
in
discharge
capacity
were
observed
between
DMSO/Au and MeCN/Au systems although both systems
showed a gentle potential dependence of the discharge capacity
as shown in Supplementary Fig. 13. The average discharge
capacities at each potential for the MeCN/Au system were around
60 μAh gcathode−1, while the higher capacity than 100 μAh
gcathode−1 were obtained for the DMSO/Au system when the
measurement potentials were set above 2.2 V (cut-off current
density: 0.005 mA cm−2). The theoretical maximum capacity via
surface pathway on Au-mesh, which was based on the specific
surface area of Au-mesh (8.7 × 10−3 m2BET g−1), was estimated at
61 μAh gcathode−1, therefore, the results shown in Supplementary
Fig. 13 suggest that the surface and solution pathways were
dominant in the MeCN/Au and DMSO/Au systems, respectively. The conclusions regarding the Au-mesh systems derived from
Supplementary Fig. 13 are in good agreement with reports in
the literature that Li2O2 on Au electrode formed mainly via the
solution pathway in the high-DN DMSO electrolyte, while the Possible origin of NDR and correlation with the reaction
pathway. The Faraday current (IF) in an electrochemical system
can be expressed as the product of the number of electrons (n),
the Faradaic constant (F), the reaction rate constant (k), the
effective surface area (A), and the concentration of electroactive
species (c). Because n, F, and c are all constants, the differential NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:596 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z | www.nature.com/naturecommunication 6 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z On this basis, LiO2* is considered to be the most
likely ORR inhibitor (Fig. 6a). However, it should be noted that
the precise identity of the adsorbed species was not identified by
spectroscopic means in this work. It is noteworthy that the extent of NDR in the MeCN/CP
system was significantly higher than that in the other three sys-
tems of DMSO/CP, MeCN/Au, and DMSO/Au systems, although
NDR was commonly observed in all of them. Given that elec-
trochemical oscillations tend to occur more readily in systems
having more pronounced NDR48, it is not unexpected that elec-
trochemical oscillations were observed only in the MeCN system
(Fig. 1b and Supplementary Figs. 5 and 6). A detailed mechanism
for these oscillations is provided in Supplementary Information. In conclusion, we demonstrated that ORR-inhibiting species
are generated during the discharge of Li-O2 batteries, resulting in
the appearance of NDR. When the operating potential is higher
than the NDR potential region, more continuous discharge is It is noteworthy that the extent of NDR in the MeCN/CP
system was significantly higher than that in the other three sys-
tems of DMSO/CP, MeCN/Au, and DMSO/Au systems, although
NDR was commonly observed in all of them. Given that elec-
trochemical oscillations tend to occur more readily in systems
having more pronounced NDR48, it is not unexpected that elec-
trochemical oscillations were observed only in the MeCN system
(Fig. 1b and Supplementary Figs. 5 and 6). A detailed mechanism
for these oscillations is provided in Supplementary Information. I
l
i
d
d h
ORR i hibi i
i NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:596 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z | www.nature.com/naturecommunications Methods
El
t
h Electrochemical measurements. Assembly of cells and introduction of oxygen gas
were carried out in the glovebox filled with dry Ar gas, using fully dried instru-
ments and materials. All electrolytes were dried for several days over freshly
activated molecular sieves. The water content of the prepared electrolytes, mea-
sured by Kerl Fischer titration, are <30 ppm except for the DEME-TFSI electrolyte
(the water content of DEME-TFSI electrolyte is <60 ppm). A typical experimental
procedure is described below. The anode and cathode compartments of the
Swagelock-type cell were separated by a solid-state Li ion-conductive glass-ceramic
film (LIC-GC, Ohara Inc., 150 μm of thickness) to prevent side reactions between
the Li metal and electrolytes applied to the cathode side (Fig. 1a). This cell system
allows us to employ MeCN as an electrolyte solvent to a Li–O2 battery with Li
metal anode, even though MeCN shows crucially poor reductive stability. CP
(TGP-H-060, Toray Industries, Inc., 190 μm of thickness) or Au-mesh (Nilaco, 100
mesh) was used in a diameter of 20 mm for a cathode electrode. After drying CP
cathodes in vacuo at 150 °C for 5 h, the cathodes were transferred to a glove box
without exposure of ambient air. Au-mesh was cleaned in acetone with ultrasonic
cleaning apparatus before use. The average masses of CP and Au-mesh were
0.0260 g and 0.180 g, respectively. The specific surface areas were 0.31 ± 0.20 m2BET
g−1 and 0.0087 m2BET g−1, respectively, which were measured by Kr (99.999%)
physisorption with a BELSOAP-MAX (MicrotracBEL) at 77 K employing the
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller isotherm. 200 μL of 0.5 M LiTFSI (Tokyo Kasei) in
MeCN (Wako) was added into the cathode-side chamber of the cell and high-
purity O2 gas (0.15 MPa, > 99.99%) was introduced into a 50 mL cylinder which
was attached to the cell during the electrochemical measurements. Li foil (Honjo
Metal, 0.4 mm of thickness) and 1 M LiTFSI in the mixed solvent of EC and DEC
(Kishida Chemical) were used as an anode and an electrolyte for the anode-side,
respectively. After that, the assembled cells were taken out from the glovebox, and
the battery characteristics were determined using an Aska Electronic ACD-01
battery performance analyzer under atmospheric condition at 25 °C. The cell was
allowed to rest at open circuit voltage for at least 12 h before measurements. Methods
El
t
h The
galvanostatic discharging experiments were performed to a reductive potential of
1.5 V at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2. 6. Imanishi, N, Luntz, A. C. & Bruce, P. G. Lithium Air Batteries: Fundamentals
(Springer, New York, 2014) p
g
7. Luntz, A. C. & McCloskey, B. D. Nonaqueous Li−Air batteries: a status report. Chem. Rev. 114, 11721–11750 (2014). 8. Chang, Z.-W., Xu, J.-J., Liu, Q.-C., Li, L. & Zhang, X.-B. Recent progress on
stability enhancement for cathode in rechargeable non-aqueous lithium-
oxygen battery. Adv. Energy Mater., 1500633 (2015). 9. Grande, L. et al. The lithium/air battery: still an emerging system or a practical
reality? Adv. Mater. 27, 784–800 (2015). 10. McCloskey, B. D., Burke, C. M., Nichols, J. E. & Renfrew, S. E. Mechanistic
insights for the development of Li–O2 battery materials: addressing Li2O2
conductivity limitations and electrolyte and cathode instabilities. Chem. Commun. 51, 12701–12715 (2015). 11. Geng, D. et al. From lithium-oxygen to lithium-air batteries: challenges and
opportunities. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1502164 (2016). 12. Aurbach, D., McCloskey, B. D., Nazar, L. F. & Bruce, P. G. Advances in
understanding mechanisms underpinning lithium–air batteries. Nat. Ener 1,
128 (2016). 13. Feng, N., He, P. & Zhou, H. Critical Challenges in Rechargeable Aprotic Li–O2
Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 6, 1502303 (2016). 14. Yao, X., Dong, Q., Cheng, Q. & Wang, D. Why Do Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Fail: Parasitic Chemical Reactions and Their Synergistic Effect. Angew. Chem.,
Int. Ed. 55, 11344–11353 (2016). 15. Luo, W.-B. et al. Investigation of promising air electrode for realizing ultimate
lithium oxygen battery. Adv. Energy Mater. 1700234 (2017). yg
y
gy
16. Li, F. & Chen, J. Mechanistic evolution of aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 1602934 (2017). 17. Hase, Y. et al. A highly efficient Li2O2 oxidation system in Li–O2 batteries. Chem. Commun. 52, 12151–12154 (2016). 18. Laoire, C. O., Mukerjee, S., Abraham, K. M., Plichta, E. J. & Hendrickson, M. A. Influence of Nonaqueous Solvents on the Electrochemistry of Oxygen in the
Rechargeable Lithium-Air battery. J. Phys. Chem. C. 114, 9178–9186 (2010). Potentiostatic discharging was performed using Li-O2 cell setup which was
assembled in the same way described above. The potentiostatic discharge
characteristics were determined using a Bio-Logic VMP3 system at 25 °C. For the
pre-discharging experiment of the MeCN/CP system, 1 mAh g−1 of discharging
was performed at 2.4 V. Discussion
Th
l The operating potential is generally determined by the balance
between the applied current density and the external load, the
latter of which is affected by various factors, including reaction
kinetics and the geometrical structure of the cathode. Therefore,
these parameters should be adjusted accordingly for sustained
discharge along with verifying the specific NDR for each system. This fundamental study of the ORR in Li–O2 batteries is expected
to lead to an improved understanding of the underlying chem-
istry, which is necessary to realize the development of more
sophisticated Li–O2 units. Characterization of the discharged cathodes. For the characterization of dis-
charged cathodes, the cells were disassembled in an Ar glovebox and the discharged
cathodes were extracted from the cells. The cathodes were immersed in anhydrous
MeCN for 24 h and rinsed with MeCN for three times to remove electrolytes and
dried in vacuo at room temperature for 2 h. SEM images were obtained using SEM
system (Hitachi high-technologies, S-4300) at an acceleration voltage of 1 kV. The
samples were transferred from a glove box to the SEM chamber using a closed
vessel to avoid exposure to the air. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of
the discharged cathodes were measured with a powder X-ray diffractometer
(Rigaku, UltimaIV) in an air-sensitive sample holder. Measurements were per-
formed at room temperature from 5 to 70˚ 2θ. Raman spectra were measured in an
airtight quartz cell on a Raman spectrometer (JASCO, NRS-3200). Discussion
Th
l The correlation between the LiO2*/LiO2s ratio and the potential,
which represents the LiO2* adsorption isotherm and ENDR, varies
with the system components such as the electrolyte and electrode
material. Figure 6a schematically shows the LiO2* adsorption
isotherm with respect to the potential in the ORR region. The
adsorption isotherms are classified into the following three types. That is, Type-1 in which the ratio of LiO2*/LiO2s varies largely
below and above the NDR region, Type-2 in which the ratio is In conclusion, we demonstrated that ORR-inhibiting species
are generated during the discharge of Li-O2 batteries, resulting in
the appearance of NDR. When the operating potential is higher
than the NDR potential region, more continuous discharge is 7 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z CV (2-electrode setup) was performed using the Li–O2 cell setup which was
similar to the above and HZ-5000 (Hokuto) at 25 °C. obtained as a result of the solution pathway because of the
reduced coverage of the cathode by the inhibitor. It is evident that
the NDR potential region is an important factor determining the
continuity of the ORR. Considering the behavior of the inhibitor
formed along with the ORR on the cathode and adsorption/
desorption in the potential region of the ORR, the inhibiting
species is most likely LiO2* or a related compound. In principle,
the equilibrium potential of Eq. (3), and thus the NDR potential
region, is determined by the relative stabilities of LiO2* and LiO2s. The stability of LiO2s is affected by the DN value of the solvent
and also by the presence of additives or contaminants, as pre-
viously reported, while the stability of LiO2* is determined by the
electrolyte as well as the cathode material and potential. A greater
discharge capacity can be achieved even in a solvent having a low
DN value if the cell is operated such that the cathode potential is
more positive than the NDR potential region when the system
shows a large NDR. Our results demonstrated that the discharge
capacity can be increased higher than the value which is obtained
in a solvent with a high DN even in a solvent having a low DN
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Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give
appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative
Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party
material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless
indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the
article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory
regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
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and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area data, respectively, as well as to Mr. T. Uyama
for performing PXRD measurements. The authors thank Dr. S. Matsuda and Dr. K. Takechi for valuable discussions. The
authors are also grateful to Dr. Y. Kato and Dr. N. Setoyama for acquiring Raman spectra
and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area data, respectively, as well as to Mr. T. Uyama
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influence of water and protons on Li2O2 crystal growth in aprotic Li-O2 cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, A573–A584 (2015). Author contributions All authors contributed to the design of the research and performed the experimental
data analysis. Y.H., Y.K., T.K., J.S. and T.H. prepared materials and carried out the
experimental work. T.S. and K.K. provided some scientific suggestion. Y.H., Y.K. and S. N. co-wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and commented on the
manuscript. All authors contributed to the design of the research and performed the experimental
data analysis. Y.H., Y.K., T.K., J.S. and T.H. prepared materials and carried out the
experimental work. T.S. and K.K. provided some scientific suggestion. Y.H., Y.K. and S. N. co-wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and commented on the
manuscript. 32. Burke, C. M., Pande, V., Khetan, A., Viswanathan, V. & McCloskey, B. D. Enhancing electrochemical intermediate solvation through electrolyte anion
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K. M. A study of the influence of lithium salt anions on oxygen reduction
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battery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 5300–5307 (2016). 33. Gunasekara, I., Mukerjee, S., Plichta, E. J., Hendrickson, M. A. & Abrahama,
K. M. A study of the influence of lithium salt anions on oxygen reduction
reactions in Li-Air batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, A1055–A1066 (2015). + Methods
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h After that, the potentials of the cells were immediately
shifted to various potentials for the potentiostatic discharging test and
potentiostatic discharging was performed until the current density reached 0.05
mA cm−2. For the DMSO/CP system, the pre-discharging experiment was carried
out for 1 mA g−1 at 2.7 V. g
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19. Abraham, K. M. Electrolyte-directed reactions of the oxygen electrode in
lithium-air batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, A3021–A3031 (2015). 20. Peng, Z. et al. Oxygen reactions in a non-aqueous Li+ electrolyte. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 50, 6351–6355 (2011). 21. Adams, B. D. et al. Current density dependence of peroxide formation in the
Li–O2 battery and its effect on charge. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 1772–1778
(2013). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:596 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z | www.nature.com/naturecommunication 8 Additional information The impact of
solvent properties on the performance of oxygen reduction and evolution in
mixed tetraglyme-dimethyl sulfoxide electrolytes for Li-O2 batteries:
mechanism and stability. Electrochim. Acta 245, 967–680 (2017). 41. Park, J.-W. et al. Solvent effect of room temperature ionic liquids on
electrochemical reactions in lithium−sulfur batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 117,
4431–4440 (2013). 42. Viswanathan, V. et al. Electrical conductivity in Li2O2 and its role in
determining capacity limitations in non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries. J. Chem. Phys. 135, 214704 (2011). 43. Luntz, A. C. et al. Tunneling and polaron charge transport through Li2O2 in Li
−O2 batteries. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 3494–3499 (2013). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019) 10:596 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08536-z | www.nature.com/naturecommunicatio 9
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ಶಿರಬೂರ ಗ್ರಾಮವು ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯದ ವಿಜಯಪುರ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆಯ ವಿಜಯಪುರ ತಾಲ್ಲೂಕಿನಲ್ಲಿದೆ.
ಭೌಗೋಳಿಕ
ಗ್ರಾಮವು ಭೌಗೋಳಿಕವಾಗಿ ೧೬* ೩೨' ೧೦"x ಉತ್ತರ ಅಕ್ಷಾಂಶ ಮತ್ತು ೭೫* ೩೧' ೧೯" ಪೂರ್ವ ರೇಖಾಂಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಬರುತ್ತದೆ.
ಹವಾಮಾನ
ಬೆಸಿಗೆ-ಚಳಿಗಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಹವಾಗುಣವು ಹಿತಕರವಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಸಾಧಾರಣ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದ ಮಳೆಯಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬೇಸಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅತಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಉಷ್ಣತೆ ಅಂದರೆ ೪೨.೭ ಡಿಗ್ರಿವರೆಗೆ(ಎಪ್ರೀಲನಲ್ಲಿ) , ಅತೀ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಅಂದರೆ ೯.೫ ಡಿಗ್ರಿ ಸೆಲ್ಸಿಯಸವರೆಗೆ (ಡಿಸೆಂಬರನಲ್ಲಿ) ಉಷ್ಣತೆ ದಾಖಲಾಗಿದೆ.
ಬೇಸಿಗೆಕಾಲ - ೩೫°C-೪೨°C ಡಿಗ್ರಿ ಸೆಲ್ಸಿಯಸ್
ಚಳಿಗಾಲ ಮತ್ತು
ಮಳೆಗಾಲ - ೧೮°C-೨೮°C ಡಿಗ್ರಿ ಸೆಲ್ಸಿಯಸ್.
ಮಳೆ - ಪ್ರತಿ ವರ್ಷ ಮಳೆ ೩೦೦ - ೬೦೦ಮಿಮಿ ಗಳಸ್ಟು ಆಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.
ಗಾಳಿ -ಗಾಳಿ ವೇಗ ೧೮.೨ ಕಿಮಿ/ಗಂ (ಜೂನ), ೧೯.೬ ಕಿಮಿ/ಗಂ (ಜುಲೈ)ಹಾಗೂ ೧೭.೫ ಕಿಮಿ/ಗಂ (ಅಗಸ್ಟ್) ಇರುತ್ತದೆ.
ಸಾಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಕ
ಮುಖ್ಯ ಭಾಷೆ ಕನ್ನಡ. ಆದರೆ ವಿವಿಧ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಗಳ ಪ್ರಭಾವದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಉರ್ದು, ಮರಾಠಿ ಮತ್ತು ಹಿಂದಿ ಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಠವಾದ ಕನ್ನಡ. ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಆಹಾರ ಧಾನ್ಯ ಜೋಳ. ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಗೋಧಿ, ಅಕ್ಕಿ,ಮೆಕ್ಕೆ ಜೋಳ ಬೇಳೆಕಾಳುಗಳು. ಜವಾರಿ ಎಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಲ್ಪಡುವ ವಿಶೇಷ ರುಚಿಯ ಕಾಯಿಪಲ್ಯ, ಸೊಪ್ಪುಗಳು ಹೆಸರುವಾಸಿ ಮತ್ತು ಸದಾಕಾಲವೂ ಲಭ್ಯ. ಜೋಳದ ರೊಟ್ಟಿ,, ಸೇಂಗಾ ಚಟ್ನಿ,, ಎಣ್ಣಿ ಬದನೆಯಕಾಯಿ ಪಲ್ಯ,, ಕೆನೆಮೊಸರು ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಮೂಲೆಮೂಲೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧಿ ಪಡೆದಿವೆ.
ಕಲೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ
ಅಪ್ಪಟ ಉತ್ತರ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಶೈಲಿಯ ಕಲೆಯನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಪುರುಷರು ದೋತ್ರ, ನೆಹರು ಅಂಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ರೇಷ್ಮೆ ರುಮಾಲು(ಪಟಕ) ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಇಲಕಲ್ಲ ಸೀರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಖಾದಿ ಬಟ್ಟೆಗಳನ್ನು ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.
ಧರ್ಮ
ಗ್ರಾಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಂದೂ ಮತ್ತು ಮುಸ್ಲಿಂ ಧರ್ಮದ ಜನರಿದ್ದಾರೆ.
ಭಾಷೆ
ಗ್ರಾಮದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಭಾಷೆ ಕನ್ನಡ. ಇದರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಹಿಂದಿ, ಮರಾಠಿ ಹಾಗೂ ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾತನಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ.
ದೇವಾಲಯ
ಶ್ರೀ ಮಹಾಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿ ದೇವಾಲಯ
ಶ್ರೀ ದುರ್ಗಾದೇವಿ ದೇವಾಲಯ
ಶ್ರೀ ಮಲ್ಲಿಕಾರ್ಜುನ ದೇವಾಲಯ
ಶ್ರೀ ಬಸವೇಶ್ವರ ದೇವಾಲಯ
ಶ್ರೀ ಹಣಮಂತ ದೇವಾಲಯ
ಮಸೀದಿ
ಗ್ರಾಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಸ್ಲಿಂ ಸಮುದಾಯದ ದರ್ಗಾ ಹಾಗೂ ಮಸೀದಿ ಇದೆ.
ನೀರಾವರಿ
ಗ್ರಾಮದ ಪ್ರತಿಶತ 50 ಭಾಗ ಭೂಮಿ ಕಾಲುವೆ, ತೆರದ ಬಾವಿ, ಕೊಳವೆ ಬಾವಿಯಿಂದ ನೀರಾವರಿ ಇದ್ದು ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾಗಿ ಕಬ್ಬು , ಮೆಕ್ಕೆಜೋಳ, ಜೋಳ, ಉಳ್ಳಾಗಡ್ಡಿ (ಈರುಳ್ಳಿ), ನಿಂಬೆಹಣ್ಣು , ಪಪ್ಪಾಯ, ಅರಿಶಿನ, ನೆಲಕಡಲೆ, ಶೇಂಗಾ(ಕಡಲೆಕಾಯಿ), ಸೂರ್ಯಕಾಂತಿ , ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ , ದಾಳಿಂಬೆ, ಗೋಧಿ ಹಾಗೂ ಇತರೆ ಬೆಳೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ.
ಕಾಲುವೆ
ಕೃಷ್ಣಾ ನದಿಯ ಆಲಮಟ್ಟಿ ಆಣೆಕಟ್ಟುಯಿಂದ ಮುಳವಾಡ ಏತ ನೀರಾವರಿ ಕಾಲುವೆ ಕಾಲುವೆಯಿದ್ದು ಗ್ರಾಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಕೃಷಿಗೆ ಸಹಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿದೆ.
ಕೃಷಿ ಮತ್ತು ತೋಟಗಾರಿಕೆ
ಗ್ರಾಮದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಉದ್ಯೋಗವೇ ಕೃಷಿ ಮತ್ತು ತೋಟಗಾರಿಕೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಮಾರು ೭೫% ಜನರು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಗ್ರಾಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೇವಲ ೧೫% ಭೂಮಿ ಮಾತ್ರ ನೀರಾವರಿ ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ಉಳಿದ ೮೫% ಭೂಮಿ ಮಳೆಯನ್ನೇ ಅವಲಂಭಿಸಿದೆ.
ಆರ್ಥಿಕತೆ
ಗ್ರಾಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ ಮಧ್ಯಮ ತರಗತಿಯಲ್ಲಿದೆ.
ಉದ್ಯೋಗ
ಗ್ರಾಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಫಲವತ್ತಾದ ಭೂಮಿ ಇದುವುದರಿಂದ ೭೦% ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ಕೃಷಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಿರತರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಕೃಷಿಯು ಗ್ರಾಮದ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಉದ್ಯೋಗವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಹೈನುಗಾರಿಕೆ, ಕೋಳಿ ಸಾಕಾಣಿಕೆ, ದನಗಳ ಸಾಕಾಣಿಕೆ ಉಪ ಕಸುಬುಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.
ಬೆಳೆ
ಆಹಾರ ಬೆಳೆಗಳು
ಜೋಳ, ಗೋಧಿ, ಮೆಕ್ಕೆಜೋಳ, ಸಜ್ಜೆ , ಕಡಲೆ, ತೊಗರಿ, ಹೆಸರು ಮತ್ತು ಕಡಲೆ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ
ವಾಣಿಜ್ಯ ಬೆಳೆಗಳು
ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ, ಕಬ್ಬು, ದಾಳಿಂಬೆ, ನಿಂಬೆ, ಮಾವು, ಬಾಳೆ, ಸೂರ್ಯಕಾಂತಿ, ಅರಿಸಿಣ, ಪಪ್ಪಾಯಿ, ಕಲ್ಲಂಗಡಿ, ಉಳ್ಳಾಗಡ್ಡಿ (ಈರುಳ್ಳಿ) ಮತ್ತು ಶೇಂಗಾ(ಕಡಲೆಕಾಯಿ) ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ.
ತರಕಾರಿ ಬೆಳೆಗಳು
ಬದನೆಕಾಯಿ, ಟೊಮ್ಯಾಟೊ, ಹೀರೇಕಾಯಿ, ನುಗ್ಗೆಕಾಯಿ, ಗೆಣಸು, ಗಜ್ಜರಿ, ಮೆಣಸಿನಕಾಯಿ, ಸೌತೆಕಾಯಿ, ಮೊಲಂಗಿ, ಅವರೆಕಾಯಿ, ಪಡವಲಕಾಯಿ, ಕುಂಬಳಕಾಯಿ, ಮೆಂತೆ ಪಲ್ಲೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕೊತಂಬರಿ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ.
ಸಸ್ಯ
ಆಲದ ಮರ, ಬೇವಿನ ಮರ, ಜಾಲಿ ಮರ, ಹೈಬ್ರೀಡ್ ಜಾಲಿ ಮರ, ಮಾವಿನ ಮರ ಮತ್ತು ಅರಳಿ ಮರ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ.
ಪ್ರಾಣಿ
ತೋಳ, ನರಿ, ಹಾವು, ಮೊಲ, ನವಿಲು, ಬೆಳ್ಳಕ್ಕಿ, ಗುಬ್ಬಿ, ಕಾಗೆ, ಕೋಗಿಲೆ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ.
ಹಬ್ಬ
ಪ್ರತಿವರ್ಷ ಕಾರ ಹುಣ್ಣುಮೆ, ಯುಗಾದಿ, ದಸರಾ, ದೀಪಾವಳಿ, ನಾಗರ ಪಂಚಮಿ, ಉರಸು ಹಾಗೂ ಮೊಹರಮ್ ಹಬ್ಬಗಳನ್ನು ಆಚರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.
ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ
ಗ್ರಾಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಸರಕಾರಿ ಹಿರಿಯ ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಶಾಲೆ ಇದೆ.
ಸಾಕ್ಷರತೆ
ಗ್ರಾಮದ ಸಾಕ್ಷರತೆಯ ಪ್ರಮಾಣ ಸುಮಾರು ೬೭%. ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ೭೫% ಪುರುಷರು ಹಾಗೂ ೫೫% ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ಸಾಕ್ಷರತೆ ಹೊಂದಿದೆ.
ರಾಜಕೀಯ
ಗ್ರಾಮವು ಬಿಜಾಪುರ ಲೋಕಸಭಾ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬರುತ್ತದೆ.
ಬಿಜಾಪುರ
ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ
ವಿಜಯಪೂರ ತಾಲ್ಲೂಕಿನ ಹಳ್ಳಿಗಳು
ಬಿಜಾಪುರ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ
| 18,601 |
https://github.com/GrandLarseny/FHIRModels/blob/master/Sources/ModelsBuild/CodeSystemHTTPVerb.swift
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
FHIRModels
|
GrandLarseny
|
Swift
|
Code
| 181 | 393 |
//
// CodeSystems.swift
// HealthRecords
//
// Generated from FHIR 4.5.0-a621ed4bdc
// Copyright 2020 Apple Inc.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
import FMCore
/**
HTTP verbs (in the HTTP command line). See [HTTP rfc](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231) for details.
URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/http-verb
ValueSet: http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/http-verb
*/
public enum HTTPVerb: String, FHIRPrimitiveType {
/// HTTP GET Command.
case GET = "GET"
/// HTTP HEAD Command.
case HEAD = "HEAD"
/// HTTP POST Command.
case POST = "POST"
/// HTTP PUT Command.
case PUT = "PUT"
/// HTTP DELETE Command.
case DELETE = "DELETE"
/// HTTP PATCH Command.
case PATCH = "PATCH"
}
| 11,946 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4150828
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,010 |
Stack Exchange
|
Alexander Sharagov, Alvaro Requena, Christos Melas, Hossein Aliabadi, James Sheehy, Maestro, Marin Angelov, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8738523, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8738524, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8738525, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8738601, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8738603, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8738604, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8738773, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8740612, user8738773
|
English
|
Spoken
| 366 | 874 |
Python: referencing lines in a table
I am trying to take lines from a file and put them into a table that will be displayed on the web. I need to be able to reference these lines individually to alter the table information using an if...else statement.
Can anyone help me find a way to reference these lines when they are pulled through - this is my code so far.
#for each line in emaildomains - print out on page to view
print '<form method=\'post\' name="updateUsers">'
print '<table border="1">'
print '<tr>'
print '<th>Email Address</th>'
print '<th>Delete Email</th>'
print '<th>Make Changes?</th>'
print '</tr>'
n=1
for line in emaildomains:
print '<tr>'
print '<td><input type="text" name=\"useraddress\", n, value ="%s">' %line
print '<input type="hidden" name=useraddress_org value ="%s"></td>' %line
print '<td><input type=\"radio\" name=\"deleteRadio\", n, style=margin-left:50px></td>'
print '<td><input type="submit" value="Edit Users" /></td>'
print '</tr>'
n+=1
print '</table>'
print '</form>'
Set an id HTML attribute for each table entry (or row, depending on your needs). E.g.
<tr id="Foo">
Use format strings to your advantage. For instance, If I wanted to conditionally add a greeting, I would default the variable to the empty string and change it, based on my mood. Also:
Instead of instantiating and maintaining a counter, consider using enumerate().
Try to steer clear of escaping characters.
Maintain a clean consistent style (i.e. you had some html attributes using ', some using ", and one not using anything).
Example:
#for each line in emaildomains - print out on page to view
table_fs = """
<form method="post" name="updateUsers">
%s
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Email Address</th>
<th>Delete Email</th>
<th>Make Changes?</th>
</tr>
%s
</table>
</form>
"""
line_fs = """
<td>
%s
<input type="text" name="useraddress" %s value ="%s">
<input type="hidden" name="useraddress_org" value ="%s">
</td>
<td><input type="radio" name="deleteRadio", n, style=margin-left:50px></td>
<td><input type="submit" value="Edit Users" /></td>
"""
good_mood = ''
if i_have_cookies:
good_mood = '<h1>I LOVE COOKIES!</h1>'
lines = []
for n, line in enumerate(emaildomains, 1):
greeting = ''
if i_like_this_persion:
greeting = 'Hi!'
line = []
line.append(line_fs%(greeting, n, line, line))
cells_string = '\n'.join(['<td>%s</td>'%x for x in line])
row_string = '<tr>%s</tr>'%(cells_string)
lines.append(row_string)
rows_string = '\n'.join(lines)
print table_fs%(good_mood, rows_string)
P.S. It's a little late, and I'm a bit tired, so I'm sorry if I can't spell, or I missed anything.
| 41,249 |
https://github.com/A-LinCui/Discriminator-Guiding-Knowledge-Distillation-MAR/blob/master/aw_nas/rollout/__init__.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Discriminator-Guiding-Knowledge-Distillation-MAR
|
A-LinCui
|
Python
|
Code
| 79 | 301 |
"""
Rollouts, the inferface of different components in the NAS system.
"""
# pylint: disable=unused-import
from aw_nas.utils.exception import expect
from aw_nas.rollout.base import (
BaseRollout,
Rollout,
DifferentiableRollout
)
from aw_nas.rollout.mutation import (
MutationRollout,
CellMutation,
Population,
ModelRecord
)
from aw_nas.rollout.dense import (
DenseMutationRollout,
DenseMutation,
DenseDiscreteRollout
)
from aw_nas.rollout.ofa import (
MNasNetOFASearchSpace,
MNasNetOFARollout,
SSDOFASearchSpace,
SSDOFARollout
)
from aw_nas.rollout.compare import (
CompareRollout
)
from aw_nas.rollout.general import (
GeneralSearchSpace,
GeneralRollout
)
def assert_rollout_type(type_name):
expect(type_name in BaseRollout.all_classes_(),
"rollout type {} not registered yet".format(type_name))
return type_name
| 41,118 |
US-201113229697-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,011 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,662 | 9,774 |
Flexible Metadata Composition
ABSTRACT
Various embodiments provide an ability to abstract type resolution between multiple type systems. At least one type can be described in one or more programmatically accessible file(s). In some embodiments, an application using a different type system can programmatically access and resolve a type of the at least one type system without knowledge of a location of where a description of the type resides. Alternately or additionally, type descriptions contained in the one or more programmatically accessible file(s) can be analyzed and restructured into one or more new programmatically accessible file(s) based, at least in part, upon the type descriptions.
BACKGROUND
Computing devices often run operating systems as a way to managehardware and/or software resources of the computing devices. In somecases, an operating system can provide simplified, programmatic accessto the resources. For example, the operating system can includeApplication Programming Interfaces (APIs) to expose various components.An application can successfully call an API through a differentprogramming language and/or type system than that of the API, providedthe application knows what types are associated with the API. Forexample, the API can include one or more input and/or outputparameter(s). To call the API, the programmer determines not only theAPI's parameters, but what data types are associated with parameters.
As discussed above, an API can be described with a different type systemthan that of a calling programming language. To bridge the differingtype systems, a programmer typically writes wrapper code to translatebetween type systems. One way for the programmer to include API accessin a program is to include the API definitions into source code throughone or more file(s) and/or namespaces. To successfully incorporate thefiles and/or namespaces into the source code, the source code can beconfigured to include a reference to the specific location of thefiles/namespaces (e.g. hardcoded path, accessing a registry key with thepath, etc.). If the location, file name, and/or namespace name changes,the linkage is broken until the code and/or software tools are updatedwith appropriate changes.
SUMMARY
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This Summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended tobe used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
Various embodiments provide an ability to abstract type resolutionbetween multiple type systems. At least one type can be described in oneor more programmatically accessible file(s). In some embodiments, anapplication using a different type system can programmatically accessand resolve a type of the type system without knowledge of a location ofwhere a description of the type resides. Alternately or additionally,type descriptions contained in the one or more programmaticallyaccessible file(s) can be analyzed and restructured into one or more newprogrammatically accessible file(s) based, at least in part, upon thetype system descriptions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The same numbers are used throughout the drawings to reference likefeatures.
FIG. 1 a illustrates an operating environment in which variousprinciples described herein can be employed in accordance with one ormore embodiments.
FIG. 1 b illustrates an operating environment in which variousprinciples described herein can be employed in accordance with one ormore embodiments.
FIG. 2 illustrates an architecture in accordance with one or moreembodiments.
FIG. 3 illustrates a flow diagram in accordance with one or moreembodiments.
FIG. 4 illustrates a relationship diagram in accordance with one or moreembodiments.
FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram in accordance with one or moreembodiments.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example system that can be utilized to implementone or more embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Overview
Various embodiments provide an ability to abstract type resolutionbetween multiple type systems. An application using one type system cancall into a second type system provided the application has knowledge onhow to bridge between type systems. For example, characteristics of atype system (e.g. data types, behavior of data types, function callparameters, events, and the like) can be described in one or moreprogrammatically accessible file(s). An application can access the filesand resolve the differing type systems. In some embodiments, typeresolution can be abstracted such that the application can access thedescriptions without prior knowledge of which file to access, and/orwhere the files reside.
In the discussion that follows, a section entitled “OperatingEnvironment” is provided and describes multiple environments in whichone or more embodiments can be employed. Following this, a sectionentitled “Type Resolution Architecture” describes an architecture thatenables programmatic type system resolution. Next, a section entitled“Type Description Storage” describes various methods that can be used toenable flexible storage of type descriptions. Last, a section entitled“Example System” describes an example system that can be utilized toimplement one or more embodiments.
Having provided an overview of various embodiments that are to bedescribed below, consider now example operating environments in whichone or more embodiments can be implemented.
Operating Environment
FIGS. 1 a and 1 b illustrate operating environments in accordance withone or more embodiments, shown generally at 100 a and 100 b. FIG. 1 aillustrates an example operating environment that can be utilized withreference to generation of one or more metadata files, as describedbelow. The environment of FIG. 1 a can be considered as a “build time”environment. FIG. 1 b illustrates an example operating environment thatcan be utilized with reference to flexible type system resolution. Theenvironment of FIG. 1 b can be considered as a run time environment. Insome embodiments, operating environments 100 a and 100 b have at leastsome similar components. Accordingly, for the purposes of brevity, FIG.1 a and FIG. 1 b will be described together. Similar componentsassociated with FIG. 1 a will be identified as components having anaming convention of “1XXa”, while components associated with FIG. 1 bwill be identified as components having a naming convention of “1XXb”.Similarly, components specific to an operating environment will simplybe identified as “1XX”.
Environments 100 a and 100 b include, respectively, a computing device102 a, 102 b having one or more processor(s) 104, 104 b, and one or morecomputer-readable storage media 106 a, 106 b. The computer-readablestorage media can include, by way of example and not limitation, allforms of volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage media that aretypically associated with a computing device. Such media can includeROM, RAM, flash memory, hard disk, removable media and the like. Onespecific example of a computing device is shown and described below inFIG. 6.
In addition, computing devices 102 a, 102 b include operating system(s)(OS) 108 a, 108 b and application(s) 110 a, 110 b. Operating systems 108a, 108 b represent functionality configured to manage software and/orhardware resource(s) of computing devices 102 a, 102 b. This can includememory management, file management, services, functions, resourcemanagement, peripheral device management, and the like. Application(s)110 a, 110 b represent software configured to execute on computingdevices 102 a, 102 b, typically assisted by operating system(s) 108 a,108 b. Application(s) 110 a, 110 b can be implemented in a same and/ordifferent type system than that of operating system(s) 108 a, 108 b, asfurther described below.
Computing devices 102 a, 102 b also include one or more softwareinterface(s) 112 a, 112 b, which represent programmatic access intofunctions, services, data, and the like provided by softwareand/application(s). Software interface(s) 112 a, 112 b can enableprogrammatic access into operating system(s) 108 a, 108 b and/orapplication(s) 110 a, 110 b. For example, application(s) 110 a, 110 bcan access functionality provided by operating system(s) 108 a, 108 b bycalling the software interface(s) 112 a, 112 b. In some embodiments,application(s) 112 a, 112 busing a different type system than that ofthe software interface can programmatically resolve type differences, asfurther described below.
In addition, computing devices 102 a, 102 b also include one or moremetadata file(s) 114 a, 114 b, which represent one or moremachine-readable file(s) that include information associated withsoftware interface(s) 112 a, 112 b, operating system(s) 108 a, 108 b,and/or application(s) 110 a, 110 b, such as input parameter types,parameter calling order, relationships between the interfaces, and thelike. Alternately or additionally, software interface(s) can beassociated with peripheral devices connected to computing devices 102 a,102 b, such as a printer, a scanner, a smart phone, and the like. Insome embodiments, metadata file(s) 114 a, 114 b can be configured todescribe interface(s) in any suitable way, as further described below.
Computing device 102 a also includes merge module(s) 116. Mergemodule(s) 116 represents functionality that can read one or moremetadata file(s), analyze the content of the files, and output one ormore new metadata file(s) containing restructured content. In someembodiments, the content can be reorganized based, at least in part,upon type descriptions.
Computing device 102 b includes type resolution module(s) 118. Typeresolution module(s) 118 represent functionality configured to receive arequest to access associated type data, and locate type resolutioninformation. In some embodiments, type resolution module(s) 118 canlocate, without user input, the type resolution information, independentof the information changing locations. For example, type resolutionmodule(s) 118 can locate, without user input, interface descriptioninformation when the information has been moved from a first file to asecond file, as further described below.
Computing devices 102 a, 102 b can be embodied as any suitable computingdevice such as, by way of example and not limitation, a desktopcomputer, a portable computer, a notebook computer, a handheld computersuch as a personal digital assistant (PDA), cell phone, and the like.
Having described example operating environments, consider now adiscussion of a type resolution architecture configured to enable typeresolution independent of location file name and/or location.
Type Resolution Architecture
As programming languages advance technically, so do their capabilities.For example, applications written in a first programming language cancall into software written in a second programming language Inherently,the programming languages have different type systems. Thus, in order tosuccessfully call software residing in a different type system, thefirst programming language uses techniques to resolve the varying types.For instance, a programmer can manually write wrapper code to convertbetween the types. Alternately, type system definitions can be stored ina file and programmatically accessed.
Programmatically accessing a file containing type definitions enables anapplication to determine capabilities and descriptions at runtime.However, accessing a file implies knowing not only which file to access,but the location of the file. If content of the file changes and/orlocation of the file changes, applications accessing the file canpotentially fail unless properly updated. This can sometimes create anunintentional coupling between the application(s) and file(s).
Various embodiments provide an ability to abstract type resolutionbetween multiple type systems. Information associated with typeresolution can be stored in programmatically accessible files. In someembodiments, an application using one type system can dynamicallyresolve a second type system through access to the files. Alternately oradditionally, the application can access the files without knowledge ofwhich file(s) to access, and/or where the file(s) reside.
Consider FIG. 2, which illustrates an example architecture 200, inaccordance with one or more embodiments. Architecture 200 includesoperating system 202, which can be configured to execute on a computingdevice. It should be understood that for the sake of brevity, operatingsystem 202 is not illustrated in its entirety. Operating system 202includes one or more operating system component(s) 204 configured tomanage resources associated with a computing device. In someembodiments, operating system component(s) 204 can provide programmaticaccess to the resources, as well as one or more service(s) and/orfeature(s) associated with managing the resources. Operating systemcomponent(s) 204 can also include basic elements associated withoperating system 202, as well as complex elements built from the basicelements. While this example illustrates an architecture exposingfunctionality provided by operating system 202, it is to be appreciatedand understood that the architecture can be applied to exposefunctionality provided by other suitable types of applications withoutdeparting from the spirit of the claimed subject matter.
In some embodiments, operating system component(s) 204 can be exposedvia one or more interface(s), illustrated here as operating systeminterface(s) 206. This can be any suitable form of an interface, such asan Application Programming Interface (API). An application can accessfunctionality provided by operating system component (s) 204 by callingand/or executing operating system interface(s) 206, as further describedbelow. In some cases, the application utilizes a type system differentthan a type system used to describe operating system interface(s) 206.In some cases, operating system interface(s) 206 can include anapplication binary interface(s) (ABI). An ABI describes, at amachine-level, a binary contract for calling functions, methods, APIs,and the like. The binary contract can include an identification or nameassociated with a function, a signature that can be used to call thefunction, an order of parameters passed to the function and/or datatypes associated with parameters, etc. Alternately or additionally, thebinary contract can include definitions and/or rules for exposingbehavior associated with at least one type of a type system.
Operating system 202 also includes various metadata 208. Metadata 208can include type resolution information that describes various aspectsof associated operating system interface(s) 206, such as versioninformation, what methods are available, what parameters theinterface(s) take, data types of the parameters, the order in which topass the parameters, data type behavior and/or resolution information,etc. In some embodiments, the metadata can include hierarchicalinformation associated with an interface, such as information describingrelationships between interface(s) and/or describing the interface(s) inan object-oriented manner. Metadata can also include class descriptions,associated methods and parameters of a class, and the like. In somecases, the metadata can describe the interface using an abstract typesystem (e.g. a type system that is independent of a specific programminglanguage). Alternately or additionally, the metadata can includedescriptions of a particular type system, such as the abstract typesystem. In turn, the specific programming language(s) can mapdescriptions of a particular type system (e.g. the abstract type system)to the specific programming language(s). Further, a programmer wantingto determine which interfaces are available can manually and/orprogrammatically access descriptions of each interface. For example, todetermine what interfaces exist for operating system component(s) 204,what type system the interfaces are described in, and how to call them,the programmer can access associated metadata 208.
Architecture 200 also includes one or more application(s) 210.Applications 210 can include one or more application(s) generated fromone or more programming language(s), such as HTML, JavaScript, VisualBasic, C#, C++, and the like. In some embodiments, applications 210include one or more call(s) into an operating system component. In somecases, application(s) 10 can be configured to first programmaticallydetermine what interface(s) are available, and then make a call into oneor more of the determined interface(s). In some cases application(s) 210accesses the interface(s) with help from one or more generated languageprojection module(s) 212 as further described below.
In one or more embodiments, generated language projection module(s) 212maps an abstract type definition to a specific programming language. Anysuitable programming language can be mapped, examples of which areprovided above. In some embodiments, a generated language projectionmodule can be unique for each programming language. In otherembodiments, a generated language projection module can be multi-purposeand utilized by multiple programming languages. A mapping enablescurrent and future interfaces that are described using the abstract typesystem to be accessible to a specific programming language withoutadditional programming statements (e.g. a wrapper function). The mappingfurther allows a specific programming language to call an interface in amanner that is native to the specific programming language. Any suitabletype of information can be mapped, such as classes, data types, functionpointers, structures, and the like.
Descriptions of the interface(s) can be used to describe how anapplication should call an interface, as well as describe behavior of atype system associated with the interface. Responsive to thedescriptions being located, the application can dynamically determinehow to call an interface and resolve type system differences between theapplication and interface. In some embodiments, an application using adifferent type system can programmatically access and resolve a typeutilized by the interface without knowledge of a location of where thetype description resides. Alternately or additionally, how descriptionsare grouped can enable automatic type resolution, as further describedbelow.
Consider a programmer writing an application using JavaScript. Whilethis example describes an implementation using JavaScript, it is to beappreciated and understood that any programming language can be usedwithout departing from the spirit of the claimed subject matter. Toaccess external functionality, the programmer can include a statement insource code configured to identify a namespace and/or type associatedwith the functionality. For instance, an external type can be includedand/or described in the source code as follows:
- - OperatingSystem.Foo.Bar.Type1
In this particular example, Type1 represents the functionality beingaccessed. This can be any suitable type of functionality, examples ofwhich are provided above and below. The above syntax represents amulti-level namespace hierarchy traversable to locate Type1. At thehighest level, Type1 resides in a namespace identified as“OperatingSystem”. Within “OperatingSystem” resides a namespaceidentified as “Foo”. Similarly, within “Foo” resides a namespaceidentified as “Bar”, where Type1 resides. Accordingly, syntax can beused to identify a logical location of Type1. However, a physicallocation of Type1 (e.g. what file Type1 information resides in and/orwhat directory the file resides in) can sometimes change. In the past,the physical location could be determined by hard coding a path andfilename within the application (directly or indirectly). Thus, if thefilename and/or path of Type1 information changed, any direct orindirect references to the file name and/or path utilized by theapplication would be incorrect until updated. Further, until the director indirect references were updated, the application could potentiallynot function properly.
Various embodiments provide an ability to abstract type resolution. Forexample, a type can be programmatically resolved by an applicationwithout exact knowledge of a location of associated type resolutioninformation. In some embodiments, the type resolution information can berelocated without updating applications utilizing the resolutioninformation with new location information. The applications can beconfigured to locate the type resolution information regardless of whichfile the type resolution information resides in.
Consider FIG. 3, which illustrates a flow diagram that describes stepsin a method in accordance with one or more embodiments. The method canbe performed by any suitable hardware, software, firmware, orcombination thereof. In at least some embodiments, aspects of the methodcan be implemented by one or more suitably configured software module(s)executing on one or more computing device(s), such as type resolutionmodule(s) 118 of FIG. 1 b. In some embodiments, the method can beperformed without user intervention.
Step 302 searches for a file with a filename that matches a type beingresolved. This can include searching a plurality of metadata files asdescribed above. Referring to the above syntax illustration, responsiveto an application accessing OperatingSystem.Foo.Bar.Type1, step 302searches for a file with the name “OperatingSystem.Foo.Bar.Type1”. Anysuitable type of search can be performed. For example, the search can beconfigured to look for an exact match between the type and filename, apartial match between the type and filename, and the like. Alternatelyor additionally, the search can be configured to search in onedirectory, multiple directories and/or subdirectories, or anycombination thereof.
Step 304 determines whether the file exists. Responsive to determiningthe file exists, step 306 sends information indicating the type is anamespace. Responsive to determining the file does not exist, step 308searches for a filename that matches a namespace associated with thetype being resolved. In some cases, this can include manipulating astring that contains the namespace hierarchy to determine what namespaceto search on. In the above example, Type1 is illustrated as beinglocated three levels down in a namespace hierarchy. The string can bemanipulated to remove the type (e.g. Type1) and leave the namespacehierarchy. Here, step 308 would search for a name associated with thenamespace hierarchy “OperatingSystem.Foo.Bar”. Similar to above, thissearch can be configured to search for an exact-match, a partial-match,search in one directory, subdirectories, etc.
Step 310 determines whether a file associated with the filename exists.Responsive to determining the file exists, step 312 processes the filefor the information associated with the type.
Step 314 determines whether information associated with the type islocated within the file. Responsive to determining the informationassociated with the type is within the file, step 316 returns theinformation. For example, the information can be returned to a callingprogram. However, responsive to determining the information associatedwith the type is not within the file, the process proceeds to step 318.
Step 318 searches for a filename that matches a higher-level namespace.This can be in response to determining a file does not exist, such as inresponse to step 310, or in response to not locating informationassociated with a type within a file, such as in response to step 314. Ahigher-level namespace can be determined in any suitable fashion. Forinstance, in the above example, the string can be further manipulated toreflect one level up in the namespace hierarchy (e.g.“OperatingSystem.Foo”). Step 318 determines the higher-level namespaceand searches for a file with an associated name.
Step 320 determines whether a file associated with the filename exists.As in the case of step 310, if the file is determined to exist, theprocess proceeds to steps 312, 314, and/or 316, where the file isprocessed for associated type information.
Responsive to determining the file does not exist, step 322 determineswhether another namespace hierarchy level exists. This can be determinedin any suitable manner. For example, the string can be searched for alevel separator. In the above example, syntax of a “.” distinguishesbetween levels of namespace hierarchy.
Responsive to determining another namespace hierarchy level exists, theprocess repeats, and the process returns to step 318 to search for afile with the newly determined namespace. Steps 318, 320, and 322 repeatthemselves until an appropriate file is found or the top of thenamespace hierarchy has been reached and searched. Responsive todetermining another namespace hierarchy level does not exist, step 324returns an error. This can include throwing an exception, displaying apopup dialog box, etc.
Through the use of the method described above, multiple files and/orlocations can be searched for type resolution information. Asillustrated, a type search can be based, at least in part, onhierarchical namespace information. FIG. 3 describes a type search thatstarts at a lower namespace hierarchy level (e.g“OperatingSystem.Foo.Bar.Type1”) and traverses up each namespace leveluntil the type is located or the top namespace hierarchy level isreached (e.g. “OperatingSystem”). However, this search can execute inany suitable order. In some embodiments, a type search can start at ahigher namespace hierarchy level (e.g. “OperatingSystem”) and traversedown each namespace level until the type is located or the bottomnamespace hierarchy level is reached (e.g“OperatingSystem.Foo.Bar.Type1”). Searching on a namespace hierarchy canabstract where type resolution information can reside, and furtherenable type resolution information to change locations without impact toapplications accessing the type resolution information.
Having considered type resolution architecture configured to enable typeresolution independent of location file name and/or location, considernow a discussion of flexible type description storage in accordance withone or more embodiments.
Type Description Storage
As metadata files can be used to describe various aspects of softwareinterfaces. As described above, metadata files can include informationdescribing interfaces in terms of a class hierarchy, an abstract typesystem, associated methods, properties, and events, and the like. Insome cases, associated information can reside in multiple files. Forexample, different metadata files can include information pertaining toa same namespace. While multiple metadata files can give flexibility todevelopers of the metadata files, it can sometimes hinder users of themetadata files when searching. Consider an example where each namespacehas its own associated metadata file. From a partitioning standpoint,separate files for each namespace can isolate changes to a namespace toan associated file. From a searching standpoint, however, having tosearch through multiple files for information can slowdown performancewhen searching at runtime. Further, from a knowledge standpoint, keepingtrack of what information is in what file can be compounded as thenumber of files increases.
Various embodiments enable type resolution without prior knowledge of afile name and file location of where type resolution informationresides. Content of a set of input files can be analyzed and partitionedbased, at least in part, on composition rules. A set of output files canbe produced and are configured to include the partitioned content. Theoutput files can enable locating the content without prior knowledge ofwhere the content resides.
As an example, consider FIG. 4, which illustrates a relationship betweendescriptive language files, metadata files, and a merge module inaccordance with one or more embodiments. In at least some embodiments,modules illustrated in the relationship diagram can be implemented assoftware, hardware, or any combination thereof, such as merge module(s)116 of FIG. 1 a.
In the illustrated and described embodiment, Foo.idl 402 represents adescriptive language file configured to describe one or moreinterface(s). In some embodiments, an interface can be associated withan operating system and/or an application, such as operating systeminterface(s) 108 and/or application(s) 110 of FIG. 1. The descriptionlanguage files can describe the interfaces using any suitabledescription, markup language, and/or syntax, such as with an InterfaceDefinition Language (IDL), eXtensible Markup Language (XML), and thelike. In this particular example, Foo.idl is representative of an IDLfile.
Foo.idl 402 includes descriptions of three types: Type Foo.Bar.Type1404, Type Foo.Bar.Type2 406, and Type Foo.Bar.Type3 408. Whileillustrated with three entries, it is to be appreciated and understoodthat any suitable number of descriptions, as well as types ofdescriptions, can be included in Foo.idl 402 without departing from thespirit of the claimed subject matter. For instance, types can includedescriptions of classes, interfaces, methods, properties, events, andthe like. In this example, types 404, 406, and 406 are described asbeing included in the hierarchical namespace of “Foo.Bar”.
FIG. 4 also illustrates a second description language file, Bar.idl 410.Similar to Foo.idl 402, Bar.idl 410 represents a description languagefile that includes three types: Type Foo.Bar.Type4 412, TypeFoo.Quux.Type1 414, and Type Foo.Quux.Type2 416. Referring to the syntaxof types 412, 414, and 416, Bar.idl 410 includes at least one type inthe namespace “Foo.Bar”, and at least two types in the namespace“Foo.Quux”.
Foo.metadata 418 represents a machine-readable metadata file based, atleast in part, on Foo.idl 402. While not illustrated, in someembodiments, Foo.metadata 418 can be generated by a compiler fromFoo.idl 402. Similar to Foo.idl 402, Foo.metadata 418 includesdescriptions of types Foo.Bar.Type1420, Foo.Bar.Type2 422, andFoo.Bar.Type3 424 in a format native to a metadata file. Bar.metadata426 also represents a machine-readable metadata file which is based, atleast in part, on Bar.idl 410. As in the case of Foo.metadata 418,Bar.metadata 426 includes type descriptions Foo.Bar.Type4 428,Foo.Quux.Type1 430, and Foo.Quux.Type3 432.
Included in FIG. 4 is merge module 434. Merge module 434 can accept oneor more input file(s) and, in turn, generate one or more output file(s)based upon a set of criteria and/or rules. For example, input commandsand/or rules can be applied to merge module 434 that specify an inputdirectory in which to search for input files, an output directory inwhich to place output files, a level of validation to apply, what levelof namespace hierarchy to consolidate and/or partition at, how to nameoutput files, what number of output files to generate, what depthmetadata files should be generated at, and the like. Criteria and/orrules can be given to merge module 434 in any suitable manner, such asthrough a command line and/or a “makefile” that contains one or morerule(s).
In this example, Foo.metadata 418 and Bar.metadata 426 are inputs tomerge module 434. Merge module 434 parses through the input files andgenerates output file(s) as directed. Here, merge module 434 generatestwo output files: Foo.Bar.metadata 436 and Foo.Quux.metadata 438.Foo.Bar.metadata 436 includes types pertaining to the “Foo.Bar”namespace (e.g. Foo.Bar.Type1 440, Foo.Bar.Type2 442, Foo.Bar.Type3 444,and Foo.Bar.Type4 446). Similarly, Foo.Quux.metadata 438 includes typespertaining to the “Foo.Quux” namespace (e.g. Foo.Quux.Type1 448,Foo.Quux.Type2 450). As in the case above, Foo.Bar.metadata 436 andFoo.Quux.metadata 438 represent machine-readable metadata files thatpotentially contain reorganized and/or regrouped data from associatedinput files. Thus, merge module 434 can analyze content from multiplefiles and restructure the content according to a set of criteria.
In some embodiments, a file naming convention can be utilized to enableabstract type resolution. For example, a namespace hierarchy can be usedas the naming convention. In FIG. 4, files Foo.Bar.metadata 436 andFoo.Quux.metadata 438 include an associated namespace hierarchy in theirfile name (e.g. “Foo.Bar” and “Foo.Quux”, respectively). By utilizingthis naming convention, type information can be searched for based uponits associated namespace, rather than a specific file name. Alternatelyor additionally, an output file can include multiple levels of namespacehierarchy data. In FIG. 4, Foo.Bar.metadata 436 is illustrated ascontaining data in the “Foo.Bar” namespace. However, Foo.Bar.metadata436 can also be configured to include type information residing at anamespace hierarchy level of “Foo.Bar.level1.level2.Level3”. Thus, thenaming convention indicates a highest level namespace that can becontained within the file.
Additionally, a search algorithm, such as that described in FIG. 3, canbe employed to traverse the different levels of the hierarchicalnamespace (and associated files) until an appropriate type is located.By configuring all type information at the same namespace hierarchylevel to reside in the same file, the information associated with aparticular level can be moved from file to file without impact toapplications utilizing the information. Information associated withnamespace hierarchies can be partitioned in any suitable way. Forexample, multiple hierarchy levels can reside in a same file (e.g.Foo.Bar, Foo.Bar.Level1, and Foo.Bar.Level2 all reside in a file named“Foo.Bar.metadata”), or each file can have its own associated file (e.g.information at the Foo.Bar level resides in “Foo.Bar.metadata”,information at the Foo.Bar.Level1 resides in a “Foo.Bar.Level1.metadata”file, etc. Provided the information is placed according to itsassociated namespace hierarchy, type resolution can be abstracted byremoving dependencies on a specific file name.
Consider now FIG. 5, which illustrates a flow diagram that describessteps in a method in accordance with one or more embodiments. The methodcan be performed by any suitable hardware, software, firmware, orcombination thereof. In at least some embodiments, aspects of the methodcan be implemented by one or more suitably configured software module(s)executing on one or more computing device(s), such as merge module(s)116 of FIG. 1 a.
Step 502 receives one or more input criteria associated with generatingone or more output file(s). In some embodiments, the input criteria caninclude rule(s) that specify how to partition information into one ormore output files. For example, the input criteria can specify one ormore namespace hierarchy levels to group together in an output file.Alternately or additionally, the input criteria can describe where tofind the information, such as by specifying what files and/ordirectories to pull information from.
Responsive to receiving the one or more input criteria, step 504receives one or more input file(s) that include information associatedwith one or more software interfaces. The information can be anysuitable type of information, such as descriptions of the softwareinterfaces using an abstract type system, object-oriented associations,methods, properties, function pointers, input and/or output parameters,type system information, and the like. In some embodiments, typeinformation can include namespace hierarchy information.
Responsive to receiving the one or more input file(s), step 506 analyzesthe information based, at least in part, on the one or more inputcriteria. This can include analyzing the input files(s) to determinewhat namespace hierarchy type information exists within each file.
Responsive to analyzing the information, step 508 generates at least oneoutput file that includes the information. In some embodiments, theoutput files can include information that has been repartitioned intodifferent files based, at least in part, on the input criteria. Theoutput file can be configured in any suitable manner, examples of whichare provided above. For example, the output file(s) can be configured asa metadata file named with a naming convention based upon a namespacehierarchy included in the metadata file. Alternately or additionally,the output file(s) can be configured to include multiple levels of anamespace hierarchy. By grouping namespace hierarchy informationtogether into an output file, applications can search for informationbased upon a namespace hierarchy level, rather than a specific filename.This enables flexible partitioning of the information without impact tothe applications. As long as an application knows what namespacehierarchy level a particular type resides in, associated typeinformation can be located in the output files, regardless of how thenamespace hierarchy levels are grouped.
Having considered flexible type description storage, consider now adiscussion of an example system in accordance with one or moreembodiments.
Example System
FIG. 6 illustrates an example computing device 600 that can be used toimplement the various embodiments described above. Computing device 600can be, for example, computing devices 102 a and/or 102 b of FIGS. 1 aand 1 b or any other suitable computing device.
Computing device 600 includes one or more processor(s) or processingunit(s) 602, one or more memory and/or storage component(s) 604, one ormore input/output (I/O) devices 606, and a bus 608 that allows thevarious components and devices to communicate with one another. Bus 608represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures,including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, anaccelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of avariety of bus architectures. Bus 608 can include wired and/or wirelessbuses.
Memory/storage component 604 represents one or more computer hardwarestorage media. Component 604 can include volatile media (such as randomaccess memory (RAM)) and/or nonvolatile media (such as read only memory(ROM), Flash memory, optical disks, magnetic disks, and so forth).Component 604 can include fixed media (e.g., RAM, ROM, a fixed harddrive, etc.) as well as removable media (e.g., a Flash memory drive, aremovable hard drive, an optical disk, and so forth).
One or more input/output device(s) 606 allow a user to enter commandsand information to computing device 600, and also allow information tobe presented to the user and/or other components or devices. Examples ofinput devices include a keyboard, a cursor control device (e.g., amouse), a microphone, a scanner, and so forth. Examples of outputdevices include a display device (e.g., a monitor or projector),speakers, a printer, a network card, and so forth.
Various techniques may be described herein in the general context ofsoftware or program modules. Generally, software includes routines,programs, objects, components, data structures, and so forth thatperform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Animplementation of these modules and techniques may be stored on ortransmitted across some form of computer readable media. Computerreadable media can be any available medium or media that can be accessedby a computing device. By way of example, and not limitation, computerreadable media may comprise “computer-readable storage media”.
“Computer-readable storage media” include volatile and non-volatile,removable and non-removable hardware media implemented in any method ortechnology for storage of information such as computer readableinstructions, data structures, program modules, or other data.Computer-readable hardware storage media include, but are not limitedto, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM,digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magneticcassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magneticstorage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store thedesired information and which can be accessed by a computer.
CONCLUSION
Various embodiments provide an ability to abstract type resolutionbetween multiple type systems. At least one type can be described in oneor more programmatically accessible file(s). In some embodiments, anapplication using a different type system can programmatically accessand resolve a type of the at least one type system without knowledge ofa location of where a description of the type resides. Alternately oradditionally, type descriptions contained in the one or moreprogrammatically accessible file(s) can be analyzed and restructuredinto one or more new programmatically accessible file(s) based, at leastin part, upon the type descriptions.
Although the subject matter has been described in language specific tostructural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understoodthat the subject matter defined in the appended claims is notnecessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above.Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed asexample forms of implementing the claims.
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7. A computer-implemented method comprising: searching aplurality of files for a first file associated with a type beingresolved; responsive to determining the first file exists, sendinginformation indicating the type is a namespace; responsive todetermining the first file does not exist, searching the plurality offiles for a filename matching a first namespace level hierarchyassociated with the type; responsive to determining a filename matchinga first namespace level hierarchy associated with the type exists,processing a file associated with the filename for informationassociated with the type; responsive to determining the filenamematching the first namespace level hierarchy associated with the typedoes not exist, determining whether another namespace hierarchy levelassociated with the type exists; and responsive to determining anothernamespace hierarchy level exists, searching the plurality of files for afilename associated with the another namespace hierarchy level.
8. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 7, the searching a plurality offiles for a first file further comprising searching the plurality offiles for a file with a filename matching a name associated with thetype.
9. The computer-implemented method of claim 8, the searching aplurality of files for a first file further comprising searching for thefirst file without knowledge of a location of where the type resides.10. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, the searching aplurality of files for a first file further comprising searching theplurality of files over multiple directories.
11. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 7 performed without userintervention.
12. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, theplurality of files comprising metadata files individual ones of whichcontain descriptions associated with an operating system softwareinterface.
13. The computer-implemented method of claim 12, the metadatafiles configured to describe the type independent of a specificprogramming language.
14. The computer-implemented method of claim 7,the determining whether another namespace hierarchy level associatedwith the type exists further comprising performing said determining bymanipulating a string that includes the namespace hierarchy levels. 15.One or more computer-readable hardware storage media comprising computerreadable instructions which, when executed, implement: a type resolutionmodule configured to, without user intervention: search one or moremetadata files for a file with a filename that matches a namespace of atype associated with a type system; responsive to determining the fileexists, process the file for information associated with the type;responsive to determining the file does not exist, perform, at least onetime: determine whether another namespace hierarchy level associatedwith the type exists; and responsive to determining another namespacehierarchy level exists, search the one or more metadata files for a filewith a filename that matches the another namespace hierarchy level; saidperform, at least one time, terminating responsive to: determining thefile with a filename that matches the another namespace hierarchy levelexists; or determining another namespace hierarchy level does not exist.16. The one or more computer-readable hardware storage media of claim15, the search the one or more metadata files for a file with a filenamethat matches the another namespace hierarchy level comprising a searchfor at least a partial filename match to the namespace hierarchy level.17. The one or more computer-readable hardware storage media of claim15, the determining another namespace hierarchy level exists comprisingmanipulating a string containing the namespace hierarchy.
18. The one ormore computer-readable hardware storage media of claim 15, the typeassociated with a type system comprising an Application ProgrammingInterface (API) associated with an operating system.
19. The one or morecomputer-readable hardware storage media of claim 15, the search one ormore metadata files for a file with a filename that matches a namespaceof a type associated with a type system further comprising a searchwithout knowledge of a location of where the type resides.
20. The oneor more computer-readable hardware storage media of claim 19, thelocation of where the type resides comprising a file and directoryassociated with the file.
21. One or more computer-readable hardwarestorage media comprising computer readable instructions which, whenexecuted, implement a method comprising: searching a plurality of filesfor a first file associated with a type being resolved; responsive todetermining the first file exists, sending information indicating thetype is a namespace; responsive to determining the first file does notexist, searching the plurality of files for a filename matching a firstnamespace level hierarchy associated with the type; responsive todetermining a filename matching a first namespace level hierarchyassociated with the type exists, processing a file associated with thefilename for information associated with the type; responsive todetermining the filename matching the first namespace level hierarchyassociated with the type does not exist, determining whether anothernamespace hierarchy level associated with the type exists; andresponsive to determining another namespace hierarchy level exists,searching the plurality of files for a filename associated with theanother namespace hierarchy level.
22. The one or more computer-readablehardware storage media of claim 21, the searching a plurality of filesfor a first file further comprising searching the plurality of files fora file with a filename matching a name associated with the type.
23. Theone or more computer-readable hardware storage media of claim 22, thesearching a plurality of files for a first file further comprisingsearching for the first file without knowledge of a location of wherethe type resides.
24. The one or more computer-readable hardware storagemedia of claim 21, the searching a plurality of files for a first filefurther comprising searching the plurality of files over multipledirectories.
25. The one or more computer-readable hardware storagemedia of claim 21, wherein the method is performed without userintervention.
26. The one or more computer-readable hardware storagemedia of claim 21, the plurality of files comprising metadata filesindividual ones of which contain descriptions associated with anoperating system software interface..
| 7,162 |
https://github.com/guilhermebs/pdtable/blob/master/pdtable/io/_json.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| null |
pdtable
|
guilhermebs
|
Python
|
Code
| 304 | 762 |
"""Conversion to JSON-serializable data structure.
"""
import datetime
from typing import Union, Dict, List
import numpy as np
from pdtable.table_metadata import TableOriginCSV
# Typing alias:
# JSON-like data structure of nested dicts ("objects"), lists ("arrays"), and JSON-native values
JsonData = Union[Dict[str, "JsonData"], List["JsonData"], str, float, int, bool, None]
# Typing alias: Same as JsonData, extended with a few non-JSON-native but readily JSONable types
JsonDataPrecursor = Union[
Dict[str, "JsonDataPrecursor"],
List["JsonDataPrecursor"],
np.ndarray,
str,
float,
int,
bool,
None,
datetime.datetime,
TableOriginCSV,
]
_json_encodable_value_maps = {
dict: lambda obj: {kk: to_json_serializable(obj[kk]) for kk in obj.keys()},
list: lambda obj: [to_json_serializable(kk) for kk in obj],
float: lambda obj: obj if (not np.isnan(obj)) else None,
int: lambda obj: obj,
str: lambda obj: obj,
bool: lambda obj: obj,
type(None): lambda obj: obj,
}
def to_json_serializable(obj: JsonDataPrecursor) -> JsonData:
"""Converts object to a JSON-serializable data structure.
Converts an object to a JSON-serializable hierarchical data structure of
nested dicts ("objects"), lists ("arrays"), and values directly mappable to JSON-native types
{float, int, str, bool} as well as None ("null").
The types mentioned above are left as is.
Also, additional element types are supported, mapping as follows:
- numpy array -> list
- values of type {datetime, table origin} -> string representation thereof
"""
object_type = type(obj)
if object_type in _json_encodable_value_maps:
return _json_encodable_value_maps[object_type](obj)
# Vanilla JSON encoder will choke on this value type.
# Represent value as a JSON-encoder-friendly type.
if isinstance(obj, np.ndarray):
if f"{obj.dtype}" == "float64":
return [val if (not np.isnan(val)) else None for val in obj.tolist()]
# Note: would fail for obj.ndim > 1, but this is never the case here (columns are 1 dim)
else:
return [to_json_serializable(val) for val in obj.tolist()]
if isinstance(obj, TableOriginCSV):
return str(obj._file_name)
if isinstance(obj, datetime.datetime):
jval = str(obj)
return jval if jval != "NaT" else None
raise NotImplementedError(
"Converting this type to a JSON-encodable type not yet implemented", type(obj)
)
| 26,118 |
00243365-2024_1
|
TEDEUTenders
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 200 | 410 |
Accordo in modalità Enterprise Agreement (EA) triennale per l'utilizzo di prodotti basati su tecnologia ESRI
Il GSE da oltre 10 anni utilizza la soluzione ArcGIS (Geographic Information System), basata su tecnologia ESRI, per visualizzare, interrogare, analizzare e integrare dati geografici a supporto delle applicazioni che gestiscono gli atlanti degli impianti presenti sul territorio italiano (Elettricità, Calore, Teleriscaldamento).
Il GSE, in vista dell’attuazione del D.M. MASE del 07/12/2023 prot. n. 414, ha reso necessario adeguare ulteriormente i volumi delle licenze d’uso della soluzione, il cui fabbisogno puntuale sarà identificabile sulla base degli accordi in corso di definizione.
supplies
48326000
LOT-0001
ORG-0003
true
22188
Accordo in modalità Enterprise Agreement (EA) triennale per l'utilizzo di prodotti basati su tecnologia ESRI
Il GSE da oltre 10 anni utilizza la soluzione ArcGIS (Geographic Information System), basata su tecnologia ESRI, per visualizzare, interrogare, analizzare e integrare dati geografici a supporto delle applicazioni che gestiscono gli atlanti degli impianti presenti sul territorio italiano (Elettricità, Calore, Teleriscaldamento).
Il GSE, in vista dell’attuazione del D.M. MASE del 07/12/2023 prot. n. 414, ha reso necessario adeguare ulteriormente i volumi delle licenze d’uso della soluzione, il cui fabbisogno puntuale sarà identificabile sulla base degli accordi in corso di definizione.
supplies
48326000.
| 26,747 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor%20Matchuk
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Viktor Matchuk
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viktor Matchuk&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 97 | 173 |
Viktor Yosypovych Matchuk (; born 5 June 1959, Rivne, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian electrical engineer and later politician, member of the Verkhovna Rada.
In 1992-2006 he worked as a director at the "Renome" company.
In 2006-2010 Matchuk served as a Governor of Rivne Oblast.
In 2010-2012 he was a member of the Verkhovna Rada representing Our Ukraine.
References
External links
Profile at the Official Ukraine Today portal
1959 births
Living people
Politicians from Rivne
Kyiv Polytechnic Institute alumni
Ukrainian electrical engineers
Governors of Rivne Oblast
Sixth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Our Ukraine (political party) politicians
| 40,442 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarnaci%C3%B3n%20Tabares%20Plasencia
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Encarnación Tabares Plasencia
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encarnación Tabares Plasencia&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 536 | 1,145 |
Encarnación Tabares Plasencia (* 1973 in San Bartolomé auf Lanzarote) ist eine spanische Juristin, Übersetzerin und Sprachwissenschaftlerin.
Seit 2003 lehrt sie im Bereich iberoromanische Sprach- und Übersetzungswissenschaft am Institut für Angewandte Linguistik und Translatologie (IALT) an der Universität Leipzig.
Leben und beruflicher Werdegang
Von 1992 bis 1997 studierte sie an der Philologischen Fakultät der Universität La Laguna Philologie und schloss das Studium mit dem Abschluss Licenciada en filología (Magister der Philologie) ab. Der Schwerpunkt lag hierbei auf Klassischer Philologie und Hispanistik.
Von 1997 bis 2002 studierte sie an der Juristischen Fakultät derselben Universität und beendete dieses Studium erfolgreich als Volljuristin.
Zeitgleich promovierte sie von 1998 bis 2004 am Institut für Hispanistik der Philologischen Fakultät der Universität La Laguna zu dem Thema El habla tradicional de la Gomera (Die traditionelle Sprache auf La Gomera). Für ihre Promotion erhielt Tabares Plasencia das Prädikat summa cum laude.
Seit 2003 lehrt sie am Institut für Angewandte Linguistik und Translatologie der Universität Leipzig. Neben ihrer Lehrtätigkeit arbeitet sie als freiberufliche Übersetzerin und publiziert in den Bereichen Linguistik, Übersetzungswissenschaft und Recht.
Tabares Plasencia ist verheiratet und lebt in Leipzig. Sie hat eine Tochter.
Forschungsschwerpunkte
Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte sind spanische Dialektologie, Lexikographie und Phraseologie sowie Judenspanisch, komparative Linguistik und Stilistik der Fachsprachen, Terminologie und Phraseologie der Rechtssprache, Beziehungen zwischen Sprache, Literatur und Recht sowie deutschsprachige Reiseliteratur über die Kanarischen Inseln.
Lehre
Übersetzung (Einführung, allgemeinsprachliche Texte, wissenschaftliche Texte, Konferenztexte, juristische Fachtexte)
Terminologiearbeit
Kulturstudien Spaniens
Dolmetschen
Sprachpraxis Spanisch
Textanalyse
Wortbildung
Sprachwandel
Internationale Projekte und Forschungsgruppen
Mitglied der Forschungsgruppe: Can-Al (Canarias-Alemania) der Universität La Laguna (Spanien) (seit 2006).
Mitglied der Forschungsgruppe: Estudio y enseñanza de discursos especializados y nuevas tecnologías der Universität Málaga.
Mitglied des Projekts: Descripción funcional contrastiva de textos especializados en español, alemán y francés enfocada hacia la traducción (Translationsorientierte Beschreibung ausgewählter Textsorten im Sprachenpaar Spanisch – Deutsch) (mit Ausweitung auf das Sprachenpaar Französisch-Deutsch) in Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität Granada.
Mitglied der Forschungsgruppe: Estudio y enseñanza de discursos especializados y nuevas tecnologías der Universität Málaga.
Mitglied der Forschungsstelle: Judenspanisch der Universität Leipzig.
Mitglied der Forschungsgruppe: Análisis semántico del lenguaje. Projektleiter: Marcial Morera Pérez (Universität La Laguna).
Mitglied des Forschungsprojekts: Estudio global de los gentilicios en la lengua española.
Mitglied des Programms Internationale Studien- und Ausbildungspartnerschaften (ISAP) (Universität Leipzig – Universität Concepción (Chile)).
Publikationen (Auswahl)
Encarnación Tabares Plasencia hat zahlreiche Beiträge für deutsch- und spanischsprachige Fachzeitschriften verfasst.
Literatura y Derecho en el Libro de buen amor. La fábula del lobo y la raposa. Sevilla: Editorial Doble J. (2005)
Islas Canarias. Cuadros de viaje (in Zusammenarbeit mit José Juan Batista Rodríguez). La Laguna: Centro de la Cultura Popular Canaria. (2006)
Vocabulario tradicional de La Gomera. Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Academia Canaria de la Lengua. 2 Bände. (2006)
Mikrofunktionen in Arbeitsverträgen. Deutsch-spanisch (in Zusammenarbeit mit Karin Vilar Sánchez, Mirjam Reischert, Elke Krüger und Vessela Ivanova), Bern: Peter Lang (Publikation auf CD, 2007)
Translatione via facienda. Festschrift für Christiane Nord zum 65. Geburtstag (Mitherausgabe mit Gerd Wotjak und Vessela Ivanova). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang (2009)
Tiempo, espacio y relaciones espacio-temporales en la fraseología y paremiología españolas (Mitherausgabe mit Esteban Montoro del Arco und Carsten Sinner). München: Peniope (2012)
Einzelnachweise
Übersetzungswissenschaftler
Übersetzer aus dem Deutschen
Übersetzer aus dem Französischen
Übersetzer ins Spanische
Hochschullehrer (Universität Leipzig)
Spanier
Geboren 1973
Frau
| 3,303 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Leber
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Matt Leber
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt Leber&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 288 | 413 |
Matt Leber is an American politician and Republican member of the South Carolina House of Representatives, representing District 116. In the 2022 general election for South Carolina House of Representatives District 116, he defeated Democratic incumbent Chardale Murray who had been a member of the South Carolina House since 2020. Leber serves on the House Judiciary Committee and as Chairman of the Freshman Caucus.
Prior to being elected to office, Leber, a combat veteran, served eight years as a paratrooper in the United States Army.
Leber supports term limits.
Statements were issued by Henry McMaster, Governor of South Carolina who won his re-election bid, and Drew McKissick, chair of the South Carolina Republican Party.
In 2023, Leber was briefly among the Republican co-sponsors of the South Carolina Prenatal Equal Protection Act of 2023, which would make women who had abortions eligible for the death penalty; he was later one of the first legislators to withdraw his sponsorship, telling NBC News "I wouldn't want to prosecute or charge women at all, that's never been my philosophy on pro-life issues... It was my intention to offer amendments. Clean it up. I'm very clear that the current language [in] this bill is not what I stand for".
In April 2023, Leber was the first South Carolina lawmaker to endorse Vivek Ramaswamy in the 2024 presidential election. Leber serves as Ramaswamy's State Chair for South Carolina.
In September, 2023, Leber announced his candidacy for South Carolina State Senate District 41. In the Republican primary, Leber will face incumbent Sandy Senn, who controversially voted with Democrats on key issues such as abortion, COVID-19 restrictions, and the Second Amendment.
References
Members of the South Carolina General Assembly
Living people
21st-century American politicians
1973 births
| 25,090 |
https://openalex.org/W4383757256
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,021 |
Sejarah Sosial Reformasi Pendidikan Islam
|
Anang Romli
|
Indonesian
|
Spoken
| 4,177 | 10,662 |
Abstrak Tulisan ini akan memaparkan tentang pengertian reformasi pendidikan Islam, kondisi riil
umat Islam, Garis besar reformasi pendidikan Islam. Seiring dengan perubahan konfigurasi
negara dan reformasi politik di beberapa negara Islam yang sering terjadi di negara-negara
Islam atau negara dengan penduduk mayoritas Muslim juga berdampak pada perubahan
formasi pendidikan dimana perubahan tersebut terjadi. Suatu keniscayaan adalah bahwa
di mana ada perubahan, di situ juga ada tantangan dalam kondisi perubahan itu. Dalam hal
ini Negara Islam yang kita maksud ada dua istilah yang pertama, Negara Islam dalam arti
Negara yang asas dan hukumnya menggunakan ajaran Islam sebagai sumbernya. Pada Abad Pertengahan, Islam dalam masa kemunduran, hegemoni Barat hampir terjadi di
semua negara mayoritas Muslim. Umat Islam mulai menyadari situasi yang mereka hadapi. Terutama keterbelakangan Islam dalam berkembang di luar kebenaran wahyu. Negara-
negara Islam dijajah oleh bangsa Eropa. Oleh karena itu, umat Islam terpaksa melepaskan belenggu dan cengkeraman Barat. Dengan itu, masyarakat Islam mulai merombak pola pikirnya melalui lembaga pendidikan. Di sini diharapkan umat Islam mulai berpikir tentang kemandirian bangsa, budaya politik
dan pendidikan. p
Kata kunci: Reformasi, pendidikan Islam, dan negara Islam SEJARAH SOSIAL REFORMASI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM Anang Romli
Institut Agama Islam Tarbiyatut Tholabah Lamongan, Indonesia
Email: anangromli@gmail.com ISSN 2620-9985 (Printed), 2656-5595 (Online)
Link https://ejournal.iai-tabah.ac.id/index.php/Darajat
Diterima : 5 Juli 2021
Direvisi : 25 Juli 2021
Dipublikasi : 16 Desember 2021
DOI : https://doi.org/10.58518/darajat.v4i2.711 ISSN 2620-9985 (Printed), 2656-5595 (Online)
Link https://ejournal.iai-tabah.ac.id/index.php/Darajat
Diterima : 5 Juli 2021
Direvisi : 25 Juli 2021
Dipublikasi : 16 Desember 2021
DOI : https://doi.org/10.58518/darajat.v4i2.711 PENDAHULUAN Reformasi secara umum berarti perubahan terhadap suatu sistem yang telah ada
pada suatu masa. Di Indonesia, kata Reformasi umumnya merujuk kepada gerakan
mahasiswa pada tahun 1998 yang menjatuhkan kekuasaan presiden Soeharto atau era
setelah Orde Baru Kendati demikian, kata Reformasi sendiri pertama-tama muncul dari
gerakan pembaruan di kalangan Gereja Kristen di Eropa Barat pada abad ke-16, yang
dipimpin oleh Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, Yohanes Calvin1. Sedangkan reformasi dalam
kajia islam sering identik dengan pembaruan atau tajdid. Lebih lanjut I Gusti Nyoman Aryana menguraikan bahwa Reformasi, merupakan
pernyataan sikap kompromis antara, golongan yang memiliki pengaruh lebih besar, di
masyarakat dengan kekuatan sosial yang pengaruhnya relatif lebih kecil. Jalan menuju
kompromis, tak selamanya mulus. Artinya, tak tertutup kemungkinan terjadi konflik atau
penggunaan kekerasan. Kompromis berarti ‘genjatan senjata’. Karena, legitimasi reformasi
bersumber pada keputusan yang diambil berdasarkan suara mayoritas; demokratis. Dinamika, proses reformasi timbul sebagai akibat dari krisis yang ada di
masyarakat. Karena, baik aturan-main ataupun institusi tak berfungsi semestinya. Sehingga
pemerintah pun tak sanggup lagi mengatasi berbagai macam problem, yang timbul sebagai
akibat dari perubahan sosial. Namun penyebab krisis sesungguhnya, adalah, hubungan
timbal balik antara masalah ekonomi dan kesenjangan sosial. Disamping itu, sistim lama
terbukti sudah kropos, tak berfungsi. Karena itu, sekelompok masyarakat kemudian
mengambil inisiatif. Mereka menggunakan kesempatan. Dengan kata lain, pembagian ‘kue’
yang fair dari pemerintah. Tuntutan itu, kemudian mendapat pengakuan dari masyarakat
luas. Dan berkesinambungan. Strategi reformasi jangka panjang disebut reformisme. Yang
berarti mengantarkan masyarakatatau lembaga kepada kondisi yang lebih baik. Ini bukan
berarti, tanpa kendala sama sekali. Malah sebaliknya. Musuh utama reformisme:
konservatisme2. Mula mula reformasi bertujuan formal. Merubah struktur masyarakat atau lembaga. Merubah undang-undang atau konstitusi. Mencari akses ke lembaga-lembaga tertentu. Membuat peraturan. Membentuk lembaga-lembaga baru, yang sudah pasti, bertujuan
membatasi, kekuasaan, yang tak terkontrol sebelumnya. Karena itu, selama proses
reformasi berlangsung: masalah moral, norma, etika serta perubahan prilaku (habitus)
terasa semakin penting. Karena itu, yang jelas misalnya, masalah emansipasi wanita,
problem minoritas (etnis/religius) dan sebagainya. John Dewey, mengemukakan bahwa pendidikan adalah suatu proses pembaharuan
makna pengalaman, hal ini mungkin akan terjadi di dalam pergaulan biasa atau pergaulan
orang dewasa dengan orang muda, mungkin pula terjadi secara sengaja dan dilembagakan
untuk untuk menghasilkan kesinambungan social. Proses ini melibatkan pengawasan dan
perkembangan dari orang yang belum dewasa dan kelompok dimana dia hidup. ISSN 2620-9985 (Printed), 2656-5595 (Online)
Link https://ejournal.iai-tabah.ac.id/index.php/Darajat 113 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021
1 http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformasi
2 I Gusti Nyoman Aryana, Teori Reformasi, Dalam http://www.oocities.org/capitolhill/
3 http://kumpulanilmu2.blogspot.com/2013/03/pengertian-dan-definisi-pendidikan.html
4 UU RI No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Abstract This paper will describe the meaning of Islamic education reform, the real condition of
Muslims, The outline of Islamic education reform. Along with changes in state configuration
and political reforms in several Islamic countries that often occur in Islamic countries or
countries with a majority Muslim population also have an impact on changes in educational
formation where these changes occur. An inevitability is that where there is a change there
are also challenges in the conditions of that change. In this case the Islamic State we mean
there are two first terms, the Islamic State in the sense of a State whose principles and laws
use Islamic teachings as sources. In the Middle Ages, Islam in a period of decline, Western hegemony almost occurred in all
Muslim-majority countries. The Muslim community is starting to realize the situation they are
facing. Especially the backwardness of Islam in developing outside the truth of revelation. Islamic countries were colonized by Europeans. Therefore, Muslims are forced to let go of the shackles and stranglehold of the west. With that,
the Islamic community began to overhaul the pattern of thinking through educational
institutions. Here, it is hoped that Muslims will start thinking about the independence of the
nation, political culture and education. Keywords: Reform, Islamic education, and Islamic state 112 112 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 PENDAHULUAN John Stuart Mill (filosof Inggris, 1806-1873 M) menjabarkan bahwa Pendidikan itu
meliputi segala sesuatu yang dikerjakan oleh seseorang untuk dirinya atau yang dikerjakan
oleh orang lain untuk dia, dengan tujuan mendekatkan dia kepada tingkat kesempurnaan3. Pendidikan adalah usaha sadar dan terencana untuk mewujudkan suasana belajar
dan proses pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya
untuk memiliki kekuatan spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, kecerdasan,
akhlak mulia, serta keterampilan yang diperlukan dirinya, masyarakat, bangsa dan negara4. 3 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 113 ISSN 2620-9985 (Printed), 2656-5595 (Online)
Link https://ejournal.iai-tabah.ac.id/index.php/Darajat Pendidikan Islam telah didefenisikan secara berbeda-beda oleh orang yang
berlainan sesuai dengan pendapatnya masing-masing. Istilah pendidikan dalam bahasa
Arab dikenal dengan istilah tarbiyah yang berakar akar kata rabba, berarti mendidik. Dengan demikian, tarbiyah Islamiyah diterjemahkan dengan Pendidikan Islam. Berikut
pendapat beberapa pakar pendidikan dan pendidikan Islam, mengenai pengertian
pendidikan Islam Pendidikan Islam telah didefenisikan secara berbeda-beda oleh orang yang
berlainan sesuai dengan pendapatnya masing-masing. Istilah pendidikan dalam bahasa
Arab dikenal dengan istilah tarbiyah yang berakar akar kata rabba, berarti mendidik. Dengan demikian, tarbiyah Islamiyah diterjemahkan dengan Pendidikan Islam. Berikut
pendapat beberapa pakar pendidikan dan pendidikan Islam, mengenai pengertian
pendidikan Islam
al-Baidhawi mengatakan bahwa pada dasarnya al-rabb (dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti
mendidik) yang bermakna tarbiyah (pendidikan), selengkapnya berarti menyampaikan
sesuatu hingga mencapai kesempurnaan, sementara rabb yang mensifati Allah
menunjukkan arti yang lebih khusus yaitu sangat atau paling. Al A hf h
k
b h
l
bb b
b
h
k k
d al-Baidhawi mengatakan bahwa pada dasarnya al-rabb (dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti
mendidik) yang bermakna tarbiyah (pendidikan), selengkapnya berarti menyampaikan
sesuatu hingga mencapai kesempurnaan, sementara rabb yang mensifati Allah
menunjukkan arti yang lebih khusus yaitu sangat atau paling. Al-Ashfahani mengatakan bahwa al-rabb berarti tarbiyah menunjuk kepada arti
menumbuhkan prilaku secara bertahap hingga mencapai batasan kesempurnaan. al-Bani melengkapi pendapat al-Asfahani, bahwa di dalam pendidikan tercakup tiga unsur
yaitu; menjaga dan memelihara anak; mengembangkan bakat dan potensi anak sesuai
dengan kekhasan masing-masing; mengarahkan potensi dan bakat agar mencapai
kesempurnaan dan kebaikan. Al-Ashfahani mengatakan bahwa al-rabb berarti tarbiyah menunjuk kepada ar
mbuhkan prilaku secara bertahap hingga mencapai batasan kesempurnaan. p
Menurut al-Nahlawi bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah pengaturan pribadi dan
masyarakat yang karenanya dapatlah memeluk Islam secara logis dan sesuai secara
keseluruhan baik dalam kehidupan individu maupun kolektif. PENDAHULUAN Yusuf al-Qardhawi memberi pengertian pendidikan Islam sebagai Pendidikan
manusia seutuhnya, akal dan hatinya, rohani dan jasmaninya, akhlak dan keterampilannya. Mustafa al-Gulayaini bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah menanamkan akhlak yang mulia di
dalam jiwa anak dalam masa pertumbuhannya dan menyiraminya dengan air petunjuk dan
nasehat, sehingga akhlak itu menjadi salah satu kemampuan meresap dalam jiwanya
kemudian buahnya berwujud keutamaan, kebaikan dan cinta bekerja untuk kemanfaatan
tanah air. Endang Syaifuddin Anshori memberikan pengertian bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah
proses bimbingan (pimpinan, tuntunan, usulan) oleh obyek didik terhadap perkembangan
jiwa (pikiran, perasaan, kemauan, intuisi dan lain-lain) dan raga obyek didik dengan
bahan-bahan materi tertentu dan dengan alat perlengkapan yang ada ke arah terciptanya
pribadi tertentu diserta evaluasi sesuai dengan ajaran Islam. p
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Ahmad D. Marimba mendefenisikan pendidikan Islam dengan bimbingan jasmani-
rohani, berdasarkan hukum-hukum agama Islam menuju kepada terbentuknya
kepribadian utama menurut ukuran-ukuran Islam. Hasan Langgulung memberikan
pengertian bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah proses penyiapan generasi muda untuk
mengisi peranan, memindahkan pengetahuan dan nilai-nilai Islam yang diselaraskan
dengan fungsi manusia untuk beramal di dunia dan memetik hasilnya di akhirat. Naquib al-Attas bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah upaya yang dilakukan pendidikan
terhadap anak didik untuk pengenalan dan pengakuan tempat-tempat yang benar dari
segala sesuatu di dalam tatanan penciptaan sehingga membimbing ke arah pengenalan dan
pengakuan akan tempat Tuhan yang tepat di dalam tatanan wujud dan kepribadian. Naquib al-Attas bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah upaya yang dilakukan pendidikan
terhadap anak didik untuk pengenalan dan pengakuan tempat-tempat yang benar dari
segala sesuatu di dalam tatanan penciptaan sehingga membimbing ke arah pengenalan dan
pengakuan akan tempat Tuhan yang tepat di dalam tatanan wujud dan kepribadian. Dengan demikian, bagi penulis, pendidikan Islam adalah suatu usaha untuk
mengembangkan fitrah manusia dengan ajaran Islam agar terwujud kehidupan manusia
yang makmur dan bahagia dunia dan akhirat. Karena pendidikan Islam tidak hanya bersifat
teoritis, tetapi juga praktis, maka pendidikan Islam merupakan pendidikan iman sekaligus
pendidikan amal5. Naquib al-Attas bahwa pendidikan Islam adalah upaya yang dilakukan pendidikan
terhadap anak didik untuk pengenalan dan pengakuan tempat-tempat yang benar dari
segala sesuatu di dalam tatanan penciptaan sehingga membimbing ke arah pengenalan dan
pengakuan akan tempat Tuhan yang tepat di dalam tatanan wujud dan kepribadian. PENDAHULUAN Dengan demikian, bagi penulis, pendidikan Islam adalah suatu usaha untuk
mengembangkan fitrah manusia dengan ajaran Islam agar terwujud kehidupan manusia
k
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i d
khi
t K
didik
I l
tid k h
b
if t Dengan demikian, bagi penulis, pendidikan Islam adalah suatu usaha untuk
mengembangkan fitrah manusia dengan ajaran Islam agar terwujud kehidupan manusia
yang makmur dan bahagia dunia dan akhirat. Karena pendidikan Islam tidak hanya bersifat
teoritis, tetapi juga praktis, maka pendidikan Islam merupakan pendidikan iman sekaligus
pendidikan amal5. 114 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021
5 http://www.referensimakalah.com/2012/02/definisi-pendidikan-islam-menurut-para_2655.html 114 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021
5 http://www.referensimakalah.com/2012/02/definisi-pendidikan-islam-menurut-para_2655.html 114 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 114 ISSN 2620-9985 (Printed), 2656-5595 (Online)
Link https://ejournal.iai-tabah.ac.id/index.php/Darajat Krisis yang dialami bangsa Indonesia baik ekonomi, politik dan keamanan belum
juga dapat di atasi. Berbagai krisis tersebut di atas berdampak negatif terhadap dunia
pendidikan dengan memunculkan keseimbangan baru pendidikan. Pada keseimbangan
baru ini, pelayanan pendidikan tidak dapat dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan cara
seperti biasa (bussines as ussual). Orientasi pelayanan pendidikan dengan menggunakan
cara berfikir lama tidak dapat diterapkan dengan begitu saja, dan bahkan mungkin tidak
dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi permasalahan pendidikan pada keseimbangan baru ini. Cara-cara berpikir baru dan terobosan-terobosan baru harus diperkenalkan dan diciptakan
untuk mengatasi permasalahan pendidikan pada saat ini dan di masa mendatang. Dengan
kata lain, reformasi pendidikan merupakan suatu imperative action. Reformasi pendidikan adalah proses yang kompleks, berwajah majemuk dan
memiliki jalinan tali-temali yang amat interaktif, sehingga reformasi pendidikan
memerlukan pengerahan segenap potensi yang ada dan dalam tempo yang panjang. Betapa
kompleksnya reformasi pendidikan dapat difahami karena tempo yang diperlukan amat
panjang, jauh lebih panjang apabila dibandingkan tempo yang diperlukan untuk melakukan
reformasi ekonomi, apalagi dibandingkan tempo yang diperlukan untuk reformasi politik. Seminar reformasi di Jerman Timur yang diselenggarakan sehabis tembok Berlin
diruntuhkan mencatat bahwa untuk reformasi politik diperlukan waktu cukup enam bulan. Untuk reformasi ekonomi diperlukan waktu enam tahun, dan untuk reformasi pendidikan
diperlukan waktu enam puluh tahun. Sungguhpun demikian, hasil dan produk setiap fase
atau periode tertentu dari reformasi pendidikan harus dapat dipertanggung jawabkan. Di
samping itu, yang lebih penting adalah reformasi pendidikan harus memberikan peluang
(room for manoeuvre) bagi siapapun yang aktif dalam pendidikan untuk mengembangkan
langkah-langkah baru yang memungkinkan peningkatan mutu pendidikan. Reformasi pendidikan pada dasarnya memiliki tujuan agar pendidikan dapat
berjalan lebih etektif dan efisien mencapai tujuan pendidikan nasional. Untuk itu dalam
reformasi dua hal yang perlu dilakukan: a) mengidentifikasi atas berbagai problem yang
menghambat terlaksananya pendidikan, dan, b) merumuskan reformasi yang bersifat
strategik dan praktis sehingga dapat diimplementasikan di lapangan. Oleh karena itu,
kondisi yang diperlukan dan program aksi yang harus diciptakan merupakan titik sentral
yang perlu diperhatikan dalam setiap reformasi pendidikan. Dengan kata lain, reformasi
pendidikan harus mendasarkan pada realitas sekolah yang ada, bukan mendasarkan pada
etalase atau jargon-jargon pendidikan semata. Reformasi hendaknya didasarkan fakta dan
hasil penelitian yang memadai dan valid, sehingga dapat dikembangkan program reformasi
yang utuh, jelas dan realistis. 115 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021
6 http://pakguruonline.pendidikan.net/pradigma_pdd_ms_depan_38.html 7 Fazlur Rahman, Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intelektual Tradition, (Terj. Ahsin
Mohammad) , Pustaka Bandung, 1985. Hal : 99
8 Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Tsarist Central Asia, Desertasi Ph.D.,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1993. Hal: 22-23
9 Ibid 114 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021
5 http://www.referensimakalah.com/2012/02/definisi-pendidikan-islam-menurut-para_2655.html Apa syarat utama yang harus dipenuhi untuk dapat mencapai tujuan reformasi yang
memadai? Terdapat tuntutan yang merupakan keharusan untuk dipenuhi agar reformasi
dapat berjalan mencapai tujuan. Meskipun demikian, tidak ada senjata pamungkas yang
dapat memastikan keberhasilan reformasi. Pendekatan sistemik mengisyaratkan agar
dalam reformasi tidak ada faktor yang tertinggal. Reformasi harus menekankan pada faktor
kunci yang akan mempengaruhi faktor-faktor lain secara simultan, sehingga reformasi
akan melibatkan seluruh faktor 'yang penting, dan menempatkan semua faktor tersebut
dalam suatu sistem yang bersifat organik. y
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Implementasi reformasi pendidikan yang berada di antara kebijakan publik dan
kebijakan yang mendasarkan pada mekanisme pasar tersebut, memusatkan pada empat
dimensi: Dimensi Kultural-Fondasional, dimensi Politik-Kebijakan, dimensi Teknis-
Operasional, dan dimensi Kontekstual6. 6 http://pakguruonline.pendidikan.net/pradigma_pdd_ms_depan_38.html 6 http://pakguruonline.pendidikan.net/pradigma_pdd_ms_depan_38.html Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 115 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 ISSN 2620-9985 (Printed), 2656-5595 (Online)
Link https://ejournal.iai-tabah.ac.id/index.php/Darajat PEMBAHASAN Pada awal abad ke 20 dunia islam sebagian besar adalah dalam kekuasaan dan
hegemoni barat yaitu inggris, perancis dan belanda. Dan pada saat itu pula umat islam
mulai sadar akan keadaan yang sedang dihadapai setelah ratusan tahun dijajah oleh
Negara-negara barat tersebut. Menurut fazlur rahman bahwa Reformasi pendidikan islam
di bagi atas dua fase pertama, pada awal abad ke 20 yakni pada masa Negara Negara
muslim dalam penjajahan dan hegomini barat secara total. Dalam hal ini reformasi
bersentuhan langsung dengan kaum imperial dan membentu kesadaran nasionalisme. Kedua reformasi pendidikan islam pada pertengahan abad ke 20 reformasi ini di hadapkan
pada internal lembaga pendidikan islam7. Dalam bahasan ini penulis memfokuskan pada
fase yang pertama. Sebagaiman yang telah kita kaji pada awal bahwa pendidikan islam mencapai
puncak keemasan pada saat tegaknya islam dengan system pemerintah dan politik yang
kuat. Mulai pada dinasti umayaah dan pada saat ahir kekuasaan islam. Pada ahir kekuasaan
islam ini juga pendidikan islam mulai redup. Pendidikan islam mulai berubah bentuk dan
sangat menonjol pada pendidikan di lingkungan persaudaraan sufi atau tarekat. Pada saat ini pulah para kaum muslim menjauh dari politik kekuasaan dan
membentuk kelompok dan pendidikan yang berorientasi pada spiritual. Kajian kajian uang
dilakukan nyaris hanya urusan urusan islam sebagi doktrin. Begitu juga para murid murid
mengenbangkan lembaga pendidikan yang tidak jauh dengan para syaikh yang
mengajarnya. Disi terjadi stagnasi keilmuan. Hal ini juga di ulas oleh Adeeb Khalid dalam bukunya “The Politics of Muslim Cultural
Reform: Jadidism in Tsarist Central Asia” bahwa kondisi pendidikan islam pada abad ke 19
dan berlanjut pada abad ke 20 menuai kritik yang tajam. Bahwa pendidikan islam di asia
tengah terjadi setagnasi yang sangat akut. Lemabaga lembaga pendidikan muncul dengan
sia-sia tidak efesien dan bahkan berbahaya8. Tranmisi keilimuan hanya terbatas pada kebenaran yang diwahyukan tuhan .aturan
yang ketat dan dipaksa untuk hafalan diluar kemampuan murid. Termasuk hukuman fisik
juga sangat massif dilakukan. Kemudian pendidikan di madrasah jiga samasekali tidak di
orientasikan pada dunia kerja9. Reformasi Pendidikan islam awal abad ke 20 Untuk mengurai terjadinya reformasi pendidikan islam kita dpat mengkajinya
dalam buku yang di tulis fazlur rahman. Sebagaimana yang penulis sebutkan di atas bahwa
reformasi pendidikan islam terbagi dalam dua fase yakni pada awal abad ke 20 dan
pertengahan abad ke 20. Disini penulis mengkhususkan pada yang pertama. Mengenai keadaan perkembangan system pendidikan islam pada abad pertengahan
sebelum datangnya dampak barat bahwa di abad abad ini terjadi kemerosatan yang nyata
bahkan kemacetan dalam kehidupan intelektual dunia islam. Dari abad ke tigabelas,
empatbelas dan seterusnya, era buku pegangangan buku-buku komentar dan sub-
komentar. Bahwa banayak kemampuan kreatif asli menjadi terpendam begitu sajadalam
karya-karya yang umumnya sangat membosankan dan mengulang ulang, dan bahwa di iran
terdapat orisinalitas dalam filsafat, adalah tidak bisa diragukan tetapi secara keseluruahan
literature literature ini tidak orisinal using dan superficial. Sekalipun demikian negeri yang
paling berkembang dalam hal spesifikasi, kalaupun tidak orisinal adalah turki dan mesir 16 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 116 Di Indonesia ilmu ilmu ortodoks pada tingkat tinggi hamper hamper tidak terlihat
tinggi hamper hamper tidak terlihat tumbuh sebelum awal abad ke duapuluh. Bermulah
pada tahun 1900, beberapa orang Indonesia telah pergi ke makkah dan bermukim
bertahun tahun di sana dan mengembangkan intelektualisme islam ortodoks terutama
thologi ortodoks dan hadist. Meraka mulai menyebarkan ilmu mereka di pesantren
pesantren Indonesia, yang sedikit demi sedikit berkembang menjadi madrasah madrasah. Pada tahun 1930-an pengaruh al-azhar memperoleh dominasi tertentu pada pendidikan
islam di Indonesia. Adalah sangat menarik dan signifikan bahwa ulama ulamak Indonesia
yang terdidik di kairo kemudian menjadi anggota MUhammadiyah yang modernis dan
progresif sementara yang pulang dari makkah pada umumnya masuk pada Nahdhatul
Ulama yang konservatif dan lebih khas jawa yang lebih dekat denga kaum muslimin jawa
dari pada Muhammadiyah11. Misalkan pembaruan atas aligar di india Muhammad syibli nu’mani seorang
sejarawan sangat kecewa dengan westernisasi ekstrim dari produk pertama lemabaga ini. Dalam merespon hal itu syibli nu’mani mempelopori nadwatul ulama (dewan ulama) yang
orientasinya banyak pada pengembangan kepercayaan diri dan kebanggaan atas pencapain
islam di masa lampau dari pada untuk menanamkan semangat historis yang sejati12. 117 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021
10 Fazlur Rahman, Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intelektual Tradition, (Terj. Ahsin Mohammad) ,
Pustaka Bandung, 1985. Hal : 52.
11 Ibid hal : 53
12 Ibid hal: 66
13 Ali Rahnema, ed. Pioneers of Islamic Revival (Terj Ilyas Hasan), Bandung: Mizan, 1996. Hal : 59-60 14 Fazlur Rahman, Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intelektual Tradition, (Terj. Ahsin Mohammad) ,
Pustaka Bandung, 1985.
15 ibid Garis Garis Besar Feformasi Pendidikan Islam Kita ketahui bahwa paham sekularisme muncul didunia islam di masa-masa pra
modernis karena macetnya pemikiran islam pada umumnya, dan lebih khusus lagi karena
kegagalan hokum dan lembaga-lembaga syariah untuk mengembangkan diri guna
memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhan masyarakat yang selalu berubah dan berkembang. Hal ini
sangat mempengaruhi jalanya islam modern khususnya pendidikan. Dari reformasi pendidikan islam yang digulirkan di beberapa Negara muslim
memang berbeda beda. Namu disini ada dua hal yang kemudian menjadi generalisir atau
kesimpulan dalam reformasi tersebut. Pertama mengenai cita-cita pendidikan islam. Sebagimana kondisi abad ke 19 bahwa pendidikan islam banyak diorientasikan pada
pengajaran pada kebenaran wahyu dan mengabaikan analis analisis ilmiah sehingga para
pelajar muslim sangat asing pada perkembangan dunia luar khususnya dengan teknologi-
teknologi canggi dan persenjataan yang dimiliki oleh militer Negara-negara barat. Masih dalam hal cita cita pendidikan islam disini para pemikir pendidikan islam
telah menyadari bahwa jiwa nasionalisme perluh di tanamkan pada para pelajar agar
mampu menguasi negaranya. Juga pada orientasi lulusan di sini juga mendidik para pelajar
agar mampu menjadi tega dalam bidang pemerintahan dan mengisi pos pos penting dalam
birokrasi. Kedua, perubahan secara intitusi atau kelembagaan dibeberapa Negara muslim. Misalkan di turki, pendidikan dasar modern baru di perkenalkan kira kira pada tahun
1908. Dengan menjadi tiga kelas: kelas dasar, kelas primer dan kelas ketrampilan teknik14. Pengaruh modernisasi di Indonesia berkat dari para jamaah haji yang datannng dari
Indonesia dan para pelajar Indonesia yang berada di al-azahar mesir. Pembaruan yang
terjadi di Indonesia secara kelembagaan dikenalkan system belajar menggunakan kursi
bangku dan papan tulis. Yang sebelumnya hal ini belum di kenal di system pendidikan
islam di Indonesia. Juga pengaruh penggunaan bahasa contoh istilah ilmu pengetahuan
modern yang sebelumnya dikenal dengan ilmu yang bermanfaat atau pengetahuan
instrumental15. Reformasi Pendidikan islam awal abad ke 20 g
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Di mesir tokoh reformasi pendidikan islam adalah syaikh mohammad abduh
memperjuangkan system pendidikan fungsional yang bukan impor, yang mencakup
pendidikan universal bagi semua anak, laki laki maupun perempuan. Semuanya harus
mempunyai kemampuan dasar seperti membaca, menulis, berhitung. Semua harus
mendapatkan pendidikan agama, yang mengabaikan sektariandan menyoroti perbedaan
Kristen dan islam. Isi dan lama pendidikan haruslah beragam sesuai dengan profesi yang dikehendaki
pelajar. Abduh percaya bahwa anak petani dan tukang harus mendapat pendidikan
minimum, agar mereka bisa meneruskan jejak ayah mereka. Kurikulum sekolah harus
meliputi: ikhtisar doktrin islam yang berdasarkan sunni dan tidak menyebut perbedaan
perbedaan sectarian, teks ringkas yang memaparkan garis besar fondasi kehidupan etika
dan moral dan menunjukkan mana yang bebnar dan man ayang salah; dan teks ringkas
sejarah nabi, kehidupan sahabat, dan sebab sebab kejayaan islam. Dalam system abduh siswa sekolah menegah haruslah meraka yang ingin
mempelajari syariat, militer, kedokteran, atau ingin bekerja pada pemerintah. Kurikulumnya harus meliputi antara lain: buku yang member pengantar pengetahuan, seni
logika, prinsip penalaran, protocol berdebat,teks tentang doktrin yang menyampaikan soal
soal dalil rasional, menentukan tengah dalam menghindarkan konflik, pembahasan lebih
rinci mengenai perbedaan Kristen dan islam, dan keefektifan soal doktrin islam dalam
membettuk kehidupan dunia dan ahirat, serta teks sejarah yang meliputi berbagi
penahlukkan dan penyebaran islam. Pendidikan yang lebih tinggi lagi untuk guru dan kepala sekolah, dengan kurukulum
yang lebih lengkap mencakup tafsir al-qur’an, ilmu bahasa dan bahasa arab,ilmu hadist,
studi moralitas,prinsip-prinsip fiqih, historiografi, seni bicara dan meyakinkan, serta
teologi dan pemahaman rasional terhadap doktrin13. ISSN 2620-9985 (Printed), 2656-5595 (Online)
Link https://ejournal.iai-tabah.ac.id/index.php/Darajat Garis Garis Besar Feformasi Pendidikan Islam Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 KESIMPULAN Bahwa
reformasi
pendidikan
adalah
suatu
keniscayaan
karena
seiring
perkembangan zaman dan teknolgi maka pendidikan islam harus dapat mampu
mengahadap tantangan zaman agar tidak ketinggalan dengan peradaban peradaban di
sekitarnya. Reformasi pendidikan islam yang bergulir dinegara Negara muslim terjadi karena
adanaya kesadaran bersama bahwa umat islam dalam zaman yang begitu kalah jauh
dengan peradaban barat. Disini terjadi karena kemandekan dan setagnasi kehidupan
intelektual islam. Pada zaman pertenagahn kondisi umat islam sangat memperihatingkan
secara kultur keilmuan. Karena pada saat itu umat islam dalam biddang pendiidkan dan
literature hanya menggunakan dan memproduksi kitab kitab komentar atas karya karya
yang lampau. y
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Pembaruan pendidikan islam di dunia islam memang tidak dapat di katakana sama
namun pada dasarnya dapat ditarik kesimpulan mengenai pertama: cita cita pendiikan
islam telah mengalami reorientasi. Dan kedua, perubahan pada lembaga dan kurikulum
pendiidkan yang mulai akomodatif terhadap keperluan pelajar. Sehingga pelajar dapat
mempersiapkan setelah lulus dari pendidikan sesuai dengan profesi yang dicita-citakan. Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 118 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abdul Kadir, ddk, Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Multikultural Dalam Pembelajaran
Pendidikan Agama Islam, Jurnal Edu Riligia Vol. 3, 2019 g
J
g
Abdul Majid, Pendidikan Agama Islam (KBK 2004), Bandung : Remaja Rosda Karya, 2004 Abdul Majid, Pendidikan Agama Islam (KBK 2004), Bandung : Remaja Rosda Karya, 2004
Ahmad Tafsir, Imu Pendidikan Dalam Perspektif Islam, Bandung: Remaja
Rosdakarya,1992 Aryana,
I
Gusti
Nyoman,
Teori
Reformasi,
Dalam
http://www.oocities.org/capitolhill/3925/sd8/teori_8.html http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformasi http://kumpulanilmu2.blogspot.com/2013/03/pengertian-dan-definisi-pendidikan.html http://www.referensimakalah.com/2012/02/definisi-pendidikan-islam-menurut
para_2655.html http://pakguruonline.pendidikan.net/pradigma_pdd_ms_depan_38.html p //p
g
p
/p
g
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Khalid, Adeeb, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Tsarist Central Asia,
Desertasi Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1993 Rahman, Fazlur, Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intelektual Tradition, (Terj. Ahsin Mohammad) , Pustaka Bandung, 1985. Rahman, Fazlur, Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intelektual Tradition, (Terj. Ahsin Mohammad) , Pustaka Bandung, 1985. Ahsin Mohammad) , Pustaka Bandung, 1985. Rahnema, Ali, ed. Pioneers of Islamic Revival (Terj Ilyas Hasan), Bandung: Mizan, 1996. UU RI No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional )
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Rahnema, Ali, ed. Pioneers of Islamic Revival (Terj Ilyas Hasan), Bandung: Mizan, 1996. UU RI No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional 19 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 Sejarah Sosial Reformasi... . | Anang Romli
Darajat.jpai, Volume 4, Nomor 2, Desember 2021 119
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summingituptreat00hubb_3
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Summing it up : a treatise on economical, moral and religious conditions of the present time, showing how they have been evolved through the centuries, with suggestions as to how the mistakes can be rectified, and universal happiness and equality assured
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Whatever the cause of discontent may be it will al- ways be traced to want of happiness. If a home is not maintained for the purpose of dif- fusing happiness to all its members — if there is al- lowed to enter a spirit of strife and jealousy — that home becomes eventually a detriment to society. 62 SUMMING IT UP If a government shall allow to exist that which shall tend to create strife, then the government is cheating the home. Much is claimed for individual energy and perse- verance, and the want of it as responsible for the lack of those surroundings that shall create happiness. It is hard to believe, however, that any man, other than a tippler, or degenerate, would not improve his condi- tions for happiness if the opportunities were more ac- cessible. When associated government shall become so full of perplexities that existence becomes an hourly struggle by seven-eighths of its people, while the other eighth shall, by their great wealth and protected monopoly, perpetuate and strengthen from day to day the barriers in the road to opportunities, its moral energy is not at a high ratio. That which some men regard as right moral senti- ment might be compared to a house-coat, to be hung in the hall of their homes, and put on and taken off on entering and departing. The sentiment of Lord Chesterfield was not the same as that of Captain Webb when the latter jumped from the deck of an ocean-liner to save the life of a drowning sailor. And the world's greatest want to-day is more Webbs and less Chesterfields. When the people of a nation shall set their minds upon improving the moral conditions and social prin- ciples by combining of forces, undivided by section- alism, they will have accomplished the feat of estab- lishing a righteous trust, and the seven-eighths shall not be strangled by the power of money in the hands of the other eighth. They shall win the battle on superior principles, for right makes might, and the so-called mighty shall learn that money does not de- velop moral right, and therefore that which does shall become the real law. SUMMING IT UP 63 The development of character in man can have no greater lesson than that which the propagation of im- proved vegetation offers. The development of the richer and more luxuriant fruit, and the bringing out of a greater character in the rose and other flowers, by proper culture, is a lesson to prove that the de- sirable characteristics in man may be developed by, the proper study of cause and effect. Laws that do not bring forth and nourish, in the broadest fullest sense, man's higher moral nature are poorly constructed, and rather in the nature of in- sults to our Creator, wrho, it is presumed, planned us on no lesser ideal than that of His Own Divine Be- ing; and placed us in His world full of natural ele- ments for our support of the temporal bodies that shall contain His souls. Instead of observing His Divine Natural laws, we have ignored them for the lawTs of monarchs and politicians, and have disregarded the instincts of our consciences. We have lent our energies in creating laws to deal with every conceivable detail, w7hich simply tend to promote and safeguard greed, and a belief in acquisi- tiveness and power over one another. This has had no other than the natural result: MALICE, ENVY, HATE— where it should be CHAEITY, LOVE, TRUTH, and which it would be did we but apply the intellectuality, or philosophy, to our existence i that the successful florist does in his development of a greater character in his flowers. The florists hold their conventions and from their i abstract opinions they gather a concrete knowiedge which broadens their science of culture, and enables ; them, step by step, year by year, to show the world I the real law of nature that cannot be perceived by a single power of thought. 64 SUMMING IT UP It must and will be through this plan of the conven- tion system that the higher and more humane prin- ciples of man's social perfection shall be brought forth, Natural philosophy is the true adjunct of reason, and that which, preached more from the pulpits, shall draw us nearer to the truth than the prolixity of sec- tarian dogmas. The earnest Christian women, we find are doing more to uphold the moral principles of the nation than ever before. Where men see the truth at times, most women feel it, for it is a characteristic of their physical sen- sitiveness. It is apparently this very reason that compels some to drop to the lowest depths of sin to drown the moral aspirations that seek to subdue. And if this inbred super-sensitiveness leads some to be over-zealous for co-ordination in the affairs of life it is largely the fault of the one-sided equality plan. The tendency of men to separate women from their right to participate in the vital questions of the hour is responsible for that body who bear the cognomen of "Suffragettes." And when men would seek to stigmatize them with being the weaker, and therefore only capable of motherhood, and the homage of man, they not only see the hypocrisy but they feel it. If there are occasionally physical mistakes among women, it is far from being noteworthy, for not only Joan of Arc, but everywhere, to day, are those in evi- dence to refute the claim of inherited weakness. If some women have become political haranguers it is because they have been goaded to a state of abnor- malism by the continued indifference shown them. It was women who did more in the past to perpetu- ate that spark of Divine reasoning in the minds of SUMMING IT UP 65 men, and save them from the force of licentious law, than the moral qualities of the world's statesmen. Mormonism, once so defiant, bid fair to encompass the nation's homes, but the fervent spirit of Ameri- can women would not permit it to prevail. It has been considered beneath the dignity of so great a republic to pay its president the paltry sum of |50,000 a year, but it is hard for the benevolent (?) congress to consider the grey-haired widow of the old soldier entitled to more than a meager stipend. The education of the future generations to higher principles of humanity must come largely through women's tutelage of the young. And were they more universally represented on the boards of education we would have a system vastly superior to that at pres- ent. To place the education of children entirely in the hands of "stepping-stone" politicians is but to com- mercialize our posterity. We cannot dispute the fact that the accommodation of the minds of the young can best be broadened by appealing to their conscience. The motives of conscience as connected with re- pentance and the feeling of duty, are the most im- portant differences which separate man from the ani- mal.— Darwin. To hold that all men are equal is noble, but we are ever forced to acknowledge the great part educa- tion and association plays in giving them their in- dividual characteristics. The principles that shall govern our posterity shall not be made, but rather applied, for somewhere with- in the triangle of reason there shall be found the philosophical rule that will establish the true princi- ples of brotherhood. It shall not come in 1914 in the form of Socialism, nor by the principles declared by Bismarck, viz. : "The 66 SUMMING IT UE great questions of the time are solved not by speech- making and the resolutions of majorities, but by BLOOD and IRON." How shall it come, you ask? It shall come through the application of higher moral reasoning, as exem- plified by our Creator, for all are to Him alike; and man has not discovered in his research that the beau- tiful display of planets, seen in the heavens, are plano- convex from one having consumable power over the other. That we, as human forms of this Wonderful Crea- tor, placed in this world as equals, should in this ad- vanced and enlightened age be dominated by greed, and seek to attain happiness by no higher method than the proportion of wealth that can be acquired, is a sad commentary on moral advancement, or belief in Di- vine Law. The unnatural and unhappy condition of the people at large, who, living in a land of plenty cannot hope for better conditions, under established social laws, is the strongest argument for an educational system that shall tend to teach higher principles. The vital element that sustains society — the family man — should not forever be sacrificed upon the altar of established precedents to furnish the unnatural re- past of an unlimited aristocracy, whose only argu- ment is ever "the survival of the fittest"; and which claim is as false as those set up in the kingdoms and empires of the old world. "The survival of the fittest" has a stimulating ring, but does it have the tone of heroism, or licentious law? Those to-day who are ever proclaiming this preda- tory principle right are often at the head of our great monopolies, and are crying out for better men. They are even resorting to espionage in order to compel their employes to be strictly honest with them. They SUMMING IT UP 67 want the men of moral calibre as servitors — men who will give them the best that is in them. The situation is not unlike that where the father gets drunk and curses, but does not expect his son will even learn to smoke. The principles that are good for the masters of men are not good for the servants, apparently. If God had created the passions of men to forever allow of this unequal existence, harmony would pre- vail under the so-called law of Destiny, and if Destiny of man be thus arranged, as some contend, it would be useless to endeavor to change the plan of our Creator. As we trace the evolutions of mankind through their different periods, we are forced to acknowledge it is their environments that make, or unmake, their social tranquillity. There is far less individuality exemplified among the rich than among the middle class, or even the poorer class in some instances. And it is not so strange, after all, that our greatest benefactors, both leaders and teachers, come most often from the two latter classes. "There is often more character in the cabman than the clubman." Early in the eighteenth century numerous clubs, lodges and societies sprang into existence in England. The masons, both brick and stone, had maintained their guilds, or lodges, for many years, but their ob- ject had been merely to promote their interests as craftsmen. In Covent Garden, London, in the year 1717, a num- ber of brick-masons met and formulated the plan of taking in those wiio were not operative masons. They used every effort to enlist those that had 63 SUMMING IT UP some title to their names, for they realized their mem- bership would draw others in rapidly. It did, and the air of mystery that eventually surrounded it created much comment — as all secrets are wonderful until they are known. There was soon little left of the old guild ritual to identify it with operative masonry. When the blooded gentry had perfected their de- grees, with the opulent airs of the days of knight- hood, it began to draw in like a vortex many of the prominent men of the time. It soon became established in other countries, and its growth in the United States was rapid. It boasted of George Washington, and other leading men, and became a feature of the republic, both politically and socially. It embellished its different degrees with awe-in- spiring nomenclature to give them added significance, and satisfy that class of gentlemen who cannot be content with open-book principles, but seek to per- petuate the orientalism of the days of class distinc- tion. With the success of masonry came many imitators to vie with select brotherhood, and perpetuate, as it were, another form of "The survival of the fittest." Their showy parades, at times, would remind one of the historical account of Scipio's return into Rome, after defeating the Carthaginians. And lest his heart should burst with pride, his slave kept repeating to him: "Kemeniber, Scipio, that thou art but a man." Thousands of men to-day as members of the differ- ent lodges accept lodge virtues as their only faith, and regard as inspiration for the mind the working tools and architectural designs resurrected from the SUMMING IT UP 69 days of mythology and the temples erected to the wor- ship of gods of idolatry. The division of men in a republic into different orders and sects is not unlike a house divided against itself, and it is little wonder that the true social better- ment of men has not kept pace with the strides of in- dustrialism. To learn to believe in the obligations of one to an- other, that religious duties consist of justice, loving mercy, and an endeavor to make fellow beings happy is as noble as it is necessary to the contentment of man that he be mentally faithful to himself. The education that teaches a mastery of thought power is the most essential, for it gives minds the power to reason better for their needs of real enjoy- ment. These minds become the real christians; not merely singing and praying, but exemplifiers of the laws of the Divine Creator by their own principles. These are those we see living the grand full life, de- voted to the truth, eloquently proclaiming, if no word be spoken, the triumphs of the serene mind. The proper direction of the mind does not create imprudent and selfish minds, but on the contrary im- bues them daily with a pride in their moral control. The education that trains minds only to take pride in passing from one class to another is that which teaches them mere selfish principles, and is stimu- lated by the belief that they are nearing the goal where their selfish desires shall be fully gratified, through acquiring early supremacy. Individuality, being controlled by thought, is nour- ished by that which feeds thought. The internal forces of the mind are ever changing, advancing or retrograding, toward a moral or a physical domina- tion. 70 SUMMING IT UP That which calms, pacifies; that which excites irri- tates. The one creates obedience to Divine Laws; the other creates insubordination. The one a blue light to the soul — the other a red light. Those who learn to understand this subtle force, and seek to apply it, are the actual teachers of men. They shape the destinies eventually of the nation; and the greater this energy is spiritualized by high ideals, the greater is their service to mankind. Each thought has its peculiar origin and emotional wave, and its individual influence on the future sus- ceptibilities. And when realized, fully, can be di- rected through the science of thought into the channel that leads to the true beatitude of wisdom. Thoughts may be likened to visitors paying us an informal call, and if received with consideration they prolong their visit sufficiently for us to acquire their principles. We are thus enabled to regard them, one by one. as beads upon a pearl-chain which encircles our lives, and will ever remind us of past, present, and possibly future principles, that shall, or shall not, make for our peace. PART FIFTH ANALYTIC CONCLUSION From the first can be traced with little difficulty man's susceptibility to greed. It came in the time of Adam, but history offers abundance of examples from the time that man began wholly dependent upon his own efforts for sustenance, which became the prin- cipal aim of life. Men's estimation of each other was soon measured by that which they possessed, rather than that which they were, mentally or morally, and gold became the master of men. It brought power, it subdued enemies, and enabled men to intensify and gratify their passions. It be- came the ruling passion of the more crafty and vi- cious, and so far as their viciousness was exemplified, it rarely failed to connect itself with the names of all the early rulers. They compelled their subjects to look at them in humble and idealic pride, and these self-made superior majesties made their every word a law over the people. As time passed by we note that the middle classes became the studious classes and solved many mys- teries, and brought light to those natural elements in the world for enlightenment that gradually decreased the power of the rulers. When this period of enlightenment had shown what the power of knowledge could do in combating the 71 72 SUMMING IT UP power of gold, the rulers gladly accepted the church as an assistant in governing the people, and directing their education as they desired, for they would have them submissive to both. When the inventions began to come forth the king- doms began to feel another change, and the wealth of the few lords, dukes, counts, etc., was put to insig- nificance by the power of the new industries. This order of change started a new class of aristo- crats, and they in turn have sought to affiliate with royalty that they may have that which they imagine will distinguish them as above their countrymen. Their money and advantage of time for research has not expanded their minds above thinking that royalty really means blue blood, and they have con- tinued to build up an aristocracy that has little less for its object than the acquiring of all wealth possible, by any and all means, that their posterity may be per- petuated as the kings and emperors perpetuated their hierarchy against the weaker, by war. As the kings and emperors expected their slaves of war to look with sublime reverence to their majesties' great directive ability, and be satisfied with their ra- tions and bodily covering, so it became the kings of in- dustries to expect a similar condition of hostage. Not being wholly subservient to the interests of the new monied barons, as was the people of kingdoms to the king and his church allies, they failed to control the people's minds if they did their bodies. When the f ramers of the Constitution of the United States drafted that wonderful document, "Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" appeared to be all suf- ficient to designate the immortal rights of men for all time to come. They were looking through powerful glasses at the SUMMING IT UP 73 possibilities for happiness if life and liberty were but guaranteed by the State to her citizens. If the judiciaries of the state defined the citizen's rights as laid down in the Constitution, his liberty was of a certainty assured him, and the problem of happiness was simply a matter up to himself. That there could ever develop a condition akin to the days of the patricians and the plebeians seemed impossible. For unlike the plebeians who were only occasionally allowed to vote, though they held prop- erty and conducted business, the right of all men to vote in the United States would safeguard their every interest. But quite as in the far away days of old Koine, the patrician consuls and the patrician Senate in the New World began to use their power for the benefit of their own interests. When the soldier of the New World returned from the front he was fortunate if he was not obliged to seek a loan from some of the New World patricians until the next harvest could be gathered. This comparison, however, is only used as a parable, for the commoner was not termed a plebeian, of course; their citizenship had been guaranteed them and their greatest struggle had been to defend citizen- ship. Monopoly of productive machinery and combination of wealth to control the necessities of life was pooh- poohed when mentioned as a possible menace to real liberty, although this enemy was cited in the history of England during the sixteenth century. So while the citizens' inalienable rights were being thus looked after, the unlimited right of ownership and control was left to run its course, and enslave citi- zenship, as it had in the centuries past. That a time might come when the only great dif- ference between a lord owning a whole province in U SUMMING IT UP the Old World, and the capitalistic controllers of the industries of the New World, would be little more than the fact that the latter paid real money to its laborers — their produce being sold back to the con- sumers at whatever profit was necessary to complete their sovereignty over the producers — does not appear to have occurred to them. Now, after long years of argument as to the Con- stitutional rights of capital and labor, the enlightened minds of the Nation are trying to emphasize the fact that true liberty and happiness does not depend sim- ply on keeping out of jail. Nor forfeiting all claims on equality observance, and graciously submitting to the purloined Old World principles of established precedents, which have become as firmly intrenched as the predaceous law of possession. That portion, small as it is, of truly cultured citi- zens has done much to assuage the feeling of injus- tice in the past, and tide the old ship of gold over troubled seas. # # # * While many of the very eager rich have sought their protection in standing close to their favorite officials of the government, and subscribing liberally to the election of their political champions, they are fast awakening to the fact that even this will not protect their principles for much longer time. And the threat of withdrawal of their capital from the industries only tends to bring the truth nearer to their homes. The honorableness of labor has not been justly considered, nor entitled to more than its ability to serve could command under the law of supply and demand; arguing that labor's opportunity through prudence and ability to advance in service value was all sufficient to equalize any advantage great wealth SUMMING IT UP 75 might have; and that the wealth of the capitalistic class invested in great enterprises was affording op- portunity for all worthy labor to advance itself by its own honest effort. If capital was to take the chance of loss it was also entitled to all the profits that could be derived. Labor having advanced intellectually, year by year, has studied the principles of invested capital and cannot figure how the so-called opportunities could possibly go around if considered on a basis of fairness to all worthy individuals. The benefits of advanced science and inventions do not redound to the benefit of the vast majority, only in the way of sanitary conditions, communication and transportation. The great money earning inventions are monopolized, as from the first, by the capitalists, and labor must sell its time for what it will bring in competition with the labor-saving devices. The demand, principally, for the products, are fur- nished by labor, therefore the scale of wages could never advance materially beyond the cost of their necessities. This cold-blooded law becomes more apparent as the pinnacle of civilization's advancement is ap- proached, and the double load must ever be carried by the producers and consumers. The small army of rich, with their advantage of the inside information on finance, inheritance of accu- mulated fortunes from rise in property values, and their monopoly of labor-saving inventions, might con- tinue the w7ar against equality observance forever. As this order of law is not only illogical, but inhu- man, to a people advancing in intelligence from day to day, and as each month adds thousands of immigrants, and labor-saving inventions are brought out daily, it is only reasonable to believe the integrity and safety of not only the Nation, but the rights of future poster- 76 SUMMING IT UP ity depend upon a more honest manipulation of the scales in the hands of the "Goddess of Justice.'' If advanced learning and moral observances shall not lead the people to declare for more justice in the law of the land, what shall? The conditions as stated, if not remedied, will, of a necessity, bring labor to a dependency more deplor- able than in the centuries past. Education and refinement cannot allow of retro- gression, and the same moral principles that have led the majority to bear with it and hope, will force them to a belief in the Divine right of removing the cause of the abnormal and unrighteous condition. Happiness derived from equality rights, which is of a necessity supported by a moral basis, cannot be attained until the physical forces that have predomi- nated shall be neutralized by an Emmanuel consum- mation that shall enable mankind to admit that money really can become the root of a nation's evils, when its unlimited accumulation and consequent power in that nation's law-making is permitted. When money shall be made to serve its rightful mis- sion as a medium of exchange, rather than a medium of sovereignty over the people at large, then greater happiness, National happiness! can become a possi- bility. What can be done to bring such an epoch in the affairs of a government is naturally a tantalizing ques- tion; and this question remains unanswered, save by way of suggestion — for example : by regulating money power through the establishment of a sane profit-shar- ing system. And when this step had been taken, un- doubtedly the next, and more essential one, would suggest itself. SUMMING IT UP 77 Legal rates of charges for services are already es- tablished in many lines, and if the legal compensation of an agent can be defined, it does not seem impossible op preposterous that the same right of definition could be claimed as to how much profit the seller was legally entitled to — it's quite the way one looks at it. While some might presume the owner of the cottage was entitled to more profit if it had not been bringing him any rental for some months, the same principle might likewise be claimed applicable if the agent had not been blessed with a commission for so long a time that his grocery bill had reached embarrassing pro- portions. And finally, it might be argued that under a more righteous profit-sharing system there would be more renters, and more buyers-. O that wonderful word possible! It seems to have been the range-light of philosophers from the time of Plato. There are always two sides, the esoteric and the exoteric, the practical and the sentimental. The philosopher's sympathy is generally with the esoteric, the Spiritual side, while the practical man looks to the exoteric, the material side. The builder is more interested in the time of com- pletion and the profits. The sentimental Newly-weds who may purchase the bungalow are but the means to the end with him. And while both builder and purchaser are subserving society's aim, the transac- tion hinges on the delicate principle of confidence. And we pause to consider that possibly the proper study of mankind is — Confidence! 78 SUMMING IT UP The man who employs 100 or 500 may have little of the sentimental makeup in him, but he is never- theless supplying that which feeds sentiment. There is a sacrificial brotherhood required in a nation no matter how it is figured. Some men are developing opportunities uncon- sciously, while others are confidently seeking them. While some men have been making slaves of them- selves in their business greed, they have been creat- ing opportunities for other men. So we discover some who are more deserving of sympathy than vilification. The era of understanding is rapidly approaching. The Capitalists are beginning to understand the plain point of view the people are taking of them, and the people are becoming more sane in their classification of them, and their relative value to the world. If they have taken more privileges than was expected they would, it ig a matter calling for brotherhood regula- tion, as with the liquor traffic, for the equal benefit of all. While the radical publications classed as socialistic propaganda have been flooding the country, it is a question as to its being a menace or a benefit to the Nation. While its dignity at times assumes an atti- tude similar to a man cursing himself, it has apparent- ly been serving the purpose of educating the masses to a realization of some vital fundamental errors. The pioneer days of America were certainly lucra- tive for the unscrupulous and* criminal clashes, but thanks to the searching and exposing power of the daily press, the people have been kept informed, of its vices as well as its virtues. If the socialistic scathings are showing up the sin against humanism, and making the people more care- SUMMING IT UP 79 ful in their in vestments, it is only what might be reasonably expected. Socialists of the past have been quite similar to food faddists. In their eagerness they first suggested a plan which would so change the existence of man- kind that they would soon have about the same ambi- tion as soldiers about a government barrack. They would finally have little or no desire left for invention, or amplified energy. It might be reasonable to suppose that every man in the world has a right to all he can produce, if he be content with just that much. But when he demands so much of that which other men produce, the law of the "endless chain" must be subserved. To ge.t down to their first economic proposition it would be necessary to establish a law of compensation where all men's labors be measured alike. They might then contend that the man with the. larger fam- ily should have the larger and more costly residence, because he had better deserved it. The desire of one class to obtain that which shall give them a power over their fellows, and the desire of the fellows to take away that power has ever ap- peared the euphemism of the socialistic plan. A noted physician once declared he could count all the drugs of a specific value on the fingers of his hands; but the hairs of one's head would seem to be insufficient to enumerate the remedies needed in the old school of socialistic reform. So it would appear that these pastime fanatics, recognizing this, finally proposed nothing better than SURGERY. * * * # The right to appropriate the entire property of all persons at their death, as some have contended, is 80 SUMMING IT UP" about the limit of old time socialistic acrimony, and a principle that a majority in any community would not at present entertain. Those who are clamoring for a government owner- ship of all trade and industries, transportation and communication, can find no stronger argument than that borrowed from the trusts. There is so much that can be accomplished for the betterment of the commonwealth, ere becoming jus- tified in such an assumptive undertaking, that it seems little less than folly to handicap our natural progres- sion with such premature agitation. Can one imagine what a condition of mind we would have to acquire to accept an industrial plan where each must serve three years on a garbage-wagon, in the pit, or as some other menial, ere being allowed to select our preferred vocation, as one writer has po- litely suggested? To expect the nation to change its laws, so all might have equal valuation in property holdings, may some day be considered logical. But to claim under gov- ernment ownership of all, all should receive alike, ap- pears quite like "ale-house philosophy." And again, such an indefeasible condition of citizen- ship would be nothing short of militarism, and the impetus and zest of life would be lost by such com- monplace existence. Good citizenship is allied with the soul and does not seek to exist in a manner that shall stifle its individ- uality. To do away with private capital and the directive cautiousness that accompanies it, and place all in- dustries and trade under the direction of appointees, would certainly be going to the unreasonable extreme. The regulating of the entire commerce of a state to SUMMING IT UP 81 the exigencies of the market on inter-state production, or exchange, would be vastly different than under the watchful eyes of men who have their private capital at stake. When a government consisting of nearly ninety mil- lions of people, with its numerous large cities, cannot afford to rent a small lock-box in its post-office for less than f 8 a year, while a respectable sized private safe-deposit may be had from a security company for $5, then consider that the Post-Office Department runs from $6,000,000 to f 16,000,000 per annum behind in its expenditures, it furnishes little evidence of gov- ernment appointee ability to handle all * * * # Co-operation for the benefit of all would seem to necessitate absolute equality — not equality as con- tained in the Constitution — but an equality of inter- ests in all things, and finally — a Christian perfection insisting that all should be garbed alike, lest there be some distinction. The glittering domes of Byzantine structures called "Equality Cafes," where all may dine by presenting a card of good conduct, will possibly be observed when social regeneration has finally established that goodness of heart that all, except one man, possessed at the "Lord's Supper." If the conception of the real duty of the church to the people has been held as pertaining to the saving of the soul for a transitional life beyond, the clergy are beginning to read between the lines of the New Testament a duty to perform, that if less dignified to their cloth, is more convincing of its Christlike pur- pose. S2 SUMMING IT UR That the Church should continue along in the same make-believe manner as when allied with the State in governing the people, or that the different sec- tional arms should follow their old dogmas estab- lished at the time of their segregation, it would seem unreasonable to suppose. In evolution all things move. The demand for universality of language is but a demand for universality of culture, which must lead to a universality of opinion regarding the duties of the church, and quite reasonably we may presume it will rise on stepping stones of its dead self to its im- mediate duties and less superfluous prayers. For has it not been said: "And when ye spread forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes from you; yea, when ye make many prayers I will not hear; your hands are full of blood." Would to God the longest prayer to-day might be for a universal faith and an allied interest for the perfection of man's happiness on earth, that he might be the better home of the Spirit of God that would dwell within. The ceremonies and ritual side of religion have been applied as best suited the requirements of its eccles- iastical bodies, as lodges have taken such parts of its principles as best suited their purposes. If this zeal could be applied for the edification of the people, by supporting and preaching their cause and necessities, it would not be long ere the world would witness a revival that would please God and man alike. The time when ecclesiastical bodies can appeal to the superstitions, like the hypothetical reasoning in the political world, is fast approaching its final rest- ing place. There is no time to be wasted by mankind to-day in a compromise with truth. If historical sleuths shall SUMMING IT UP 83 prove that certain parts of the Bible are prophetic falsehoods, they cannot destroy its appeal to reason in so far as its teachings can be applied to the evolu- tion of man's existence. If all the world were to believe with the assumptive Tom Paine, that the existence of Christ was but an allegory to. fulfil the prophecies of the Emmanuel visit of God to earth, it would nevertheless remain the most beautiful and edifying allegory ever devised, and one that the world was sorely in need of. The world has ceased to look for miracles, but there is little doubt if Christ were on earth to-day a devil would present himself, ready to place the Redeemer upon the pinnacle of the Temple of Gold and defy his Lord to come down. While the church shall remain capitalized as a sec- tarian property asset, and its clergy preach that only which pleases its subscribers, the ozone shall not be- come so purified that it shall fail to nourish those who are devilishly spiritual minded. When the conferences shall have some higher ob- ject in view than the balloting over some honorary position at its head, or the corollary over its sectional doctrines, the man of the world, even unto the base- ball "fan" may conclude it is time to unwrap his legs and lay down his paper and pipe, and the women folk may be obliged to come earlier if they wish seats. And possibly the minister's salary would not have to depend on the auctioning of the pews to the highest bidder. And the true relations of mankind to their spiritual and material welfare would be preached as it should be. As the despotisms of the empires were shaken off, and the egotistical authority of the religious conju- rors of the Old World were relegated to the rear, so might the universal religion of man be instituted and 84 SUMMING IT UP the higher perfection of the soul attained by other means than in sack-cloth and ashes. That a kingdom of God could be established: with- out mountains being moved, and seas dried up by His Own Hands, has appeared so remote that the church- men have contented themselves with the facts that Christ came to save sinners; that the word was being preached to all nations; and that the Sabbath day services and weekly prayer meetings were being main- tained. The regeneration of man's soul to the consumma- tion possibilities of a Godlike kingdom on earth has been left to that inspiration derived from the Lord's Prayer: Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. * * * * As a champion of humanism in the Old World the church did not add to its name any lasting laurels. If its progress in the New World has been held back by the maddened rush of industrialism, the time seems propitious for another reasoning, and its opportunity to rehabilitate itself is only shadowed by the expected attention that may be given to the developments in the navigation of the air. That there is an intense moral movement taking place, outside the church, cannot be denied. Travel where you may, there is something noticeable in the people's minds as to the use of government, equality rights, humanism, or something akin to human wel- fare. Whatever it may be, it has been far too long in com- ing to be simply a wave of religious emotion move- ment. It is apparently the realization that it is the common duty of mankind to promote conditions that are more conducive to health and happiness, if not social equality. And that the shirking of this duty is not only cowardly, but an act of treason unto Him SUMMING IT UP 85 whom they have been so hypocritically pretending to serve. In a land where more than one-third of the people are professing Christianity, it would seem wholly possible that such a mighty brotherhood could be in- augurated with a governmental principle strong enough to win the support of a majority, and lift the people from a madness like unto that nation of Le- vites of old, to one of good will toward all men. The power of education and true religious enlight- enment is fast bringing the people to a condition for a moral crisis. It is not, however, to the writer's belief, the mil- lennial day, as predicted by imaginative translators of the Bible, and foretold as due at different times during the past century. Nor can it be reasonably defined as the day of educated mob rule. The day of men's interest in their fellowmen's earthly existence, and their education to the power of moral principles to overcome fallacious laws and antiquated precedents is fast approaching. The boom of the past, with its increased wealth, inflated values, credits and debts, absorbed capital from watered stock, and juggled securities, cannot continue much longer. Over-production is witnessed in many lines of busi- ness, and when a panic comes it shows up the many weak spots in the regulating of trade. Iron, steel, and other constructive material cannot be depended upon to support a nation always. The time will come when machinery will not equal- ize the cost of raw material, and the increased demand for necessities will boost prices to such proportions 80 SUMMING IT VV that the present system of profll sharing will be un- bearable. The time will come when buying homes will be even more difficult than at present. Wages cannot keep up wiih the advance in realty; and the over-populating of cities and manufacturing centers will hut tend to increase the hardships of the struggle. There an* many who will claim that as the cities become too great for the poor wage-earners they will migrate to the rural districts and this will equalize the situation. If this is true optimism, it is not horn oi' facts gathered through investigating conditions in the larger cities. The law of supply and demand must always be con- sidered, whether it he in a republic or a co-operative government, therefore, it must stand for reason that a regulation of the hours oi' labor would tend to equal- ize this law and insure family incomes. With such assurance the laboring classes would be inclined to purchase more of the v;ood things oi' life than the lew rich do now. With the confidence oi' being able to support families, other than in penury, the marriage question would at least be partially solved. The competitive theory would still exist, hut more fair than under the present plan of haggling with labor for greater profits. The rich and impellent will never cease to maintain a haughty mien, hut it would he more easily tolerated than at present. "The fruit cannot he greater than the tree," and political representatives of a nation cannot be greater than the nation. it is useless to expect them, in their now sometimes willing minority, to advance measures potent enough to accomplish results necessary to real reform. Legislation must conform sooner ov later to the wel- SUMMING IT OP 87 fare of the people as a whole. Hours of labor must be arranged to give work to the greatest number with- out over-production. interest on money musl be made lower in order 1o check its antagony to the betterment of the people at large. Transportation companies' charges must be ar- ranged on a basis of real investment. Corporations must be restricted from using monopo- listic principles in I heir business that rob the people of their Constitutional guarantee. Wealth and power must be governed in a measure of law that shall bring more general benefits. Legislators in the different states should be elected that would enad measures for the taxing of incomes beyond a maximum amount. The prohibiting of over-capitalization is a most necessary duty and one that must be performed. Ad valorem taxation should apply to all corpora- tions using transportation or communication privi- leges for revenue. The currency and banking system must come in for needed reforms, and the Federal Government will have to associate itself more closely with the banks for the protection of the people, and thc^ avoidance of business depression. The establishment of a National Labor Bureau for the settlement of all labor differences should1 do away with the necessity for active organized labor unions. The good citizens of the country should feel it their duty to become as active for the betterment of the world as the pernicious have been individually active in blocking all reforms. The unjust and arrogant must be dealt with as inimical to the body politic, and the interests and well-being of the people must be safeguarded by the 88 SUMMING IT UP law, as the possessions of the rich are ever protected by it. "That which cannot be cured must be endured, but that which can be cured it is foolish to bear." The nineteenth century will ever be remembered as the wonderful transformation period ; when that great stride in progression was made that revolutionized the power of governments. The twentieth century is most likely to be featured in history as that in which the regulation of wealth and the distribution of profits on the products of labor was accomplished. This is the problem that is making all mankind think as never before, and will, sooner or later, re- solve into a principle, and be hailed* as the Lex Divino for greater character building and higher brotherhood of man. It was the acknowledgment of hated facts that led minds on to break the bondage of the kingdoms and empires. Progressive religious reasoning is feeling to-day the necessity of removing the curse upon labor's products, as applied through the power of industrial monopoly and the manipulation of values in the sustaining prod- ucts, which requires too much sweat of the face here, and too little there to be consistent with the law of nature. Labor groped about for some plan to escape this aggravating condition, only to find that every avenue of escape was nicely guarded by the masters of men, who fixed the price of their necessities, and seemed to mock them with, I will give it to you to-day, but I shall take it from you to-morrow. When the business panics came the well-groomed SUMMING IT UP 89 statesman explained to the commoners that over- production was the cause, but diplomatically avoided mentioning the fact that woman and child labor in- creased one hundred and fifty per cent, following these periods. History does not teach us that the progressive spirit of American men and women can tolerate these nox- ious conditions, and false reasonings. There has been too little difference between great- ness and meanness; the supposition of greatness was quite often discovered to be the companion of mean- ness, though often so nicely disguised as to be able to amass great wealth, and honorable mention, before being discovered in actual crime against society. That part of human greatness that represents the interests in common is that only which can produce, and maintain, the ideal civic relations of society, whose world shall not be canopied by clouds of in- famy. Facts sometimes astonish, but need no verifying, even to the minds of the commonest hearers. Thus facts become the eternal law, and that only which all men alike obev. We are still men, citizens of a great nation, not merely by the largeness of our possessions, our intel- lectual development, nor our patriotism — but because of the moral spark that has been kept alive. Our moral spirit has ever striven to modify ambig- uous principles. It has nourished hope for economic improvement, and prevented organized disorder. As the past has been marked by physical accom- plishments, it is believed, by many, that the next epoch in our advancement to higher civilization will he marked by a reform in our social organization. <)() SUMMING IT DP Since the mothers of men were taken from under the yoke of bondage, there has been a glorious ad- vancement, and it is reasonable to believe thai with the lightening of the burden borne by the producers o( man's necessities, the benefits will be equally ;is glorious. Reformations come at a crisis, which has always occurred a( different lapses of time, in the several countries, as (he analysis of history proves. That this crisis (or a reform will occur in America, before i( shall be due in the older nations, is appar- ently a certainty. The Intelligent constructive forces of (his great re- public are becoming daily imbued with the spirit of more humanism, and when their real objective point shall become featured in these minds, barriers shall be cast aside, our fundamental fallacies repudiated, and a government untrammeled by antiquated precedents shall prevail. And Abraham Lincoln's greatest utterances, con- cerning the laws governing the people, shall be lived. Harmony oi' interests shall then be in truth a part of all, and though all may not have equal wealth, all shall have plenty, and all shall be rich in the posses- sion of man's greatest redeeming principle, that shall not covet the possessions of their neighbors. A republic where all shall be brave, not as soldiers, but as men patriotic to the marrow: proud of the land they shall have changed from the nourisher of STRIFE, BATHED, GREED and EGOTISM to that which for all time shall succor CHARITY, TRUTH, JUSTICE and MORALITY, Never in the history of the world are men seemingly so hungering after righteous principles as in this morning of the Twentieth Century.
| 19,680 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33500661
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Petter Friberg, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5292302
|
English
|
Spoken
| 189 | 794 |
Can't connect to Oracle with Glassfish JDBC connection pool, AccessControlException is thrown
When I try to ping Oracle 11g from Glassfish 3 admin console I get the following exception:
Caused by: java.security.AccessControlException: access denied ("java.util.PropertyPermission" "javax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword" "read")
at com.sun.enterprise.security.ssl.SSLUtils.checkPermission(SSLUtils.java:336)
at com.sun.enterprise.security.J2EESecurityManager.checkProperty(J2EESecurityManager.java:146)
at com.sun.enterprise.security.J2EESecurityManager.checkPropertyAccess(J2EESecurityManager.java:131)
at java.lang.System.getProperty(System.java:744)
at oracle.jdbc.driver.PhysicalConnection$1.run(PhysicalConnection.java:3117)
at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
at oracle.jdbc.driver.PhysicalConnection.getSystemProperty(PhysicalConnection.java:3113)
at oracle.jdbc.driver.PhysicalConnection.readConnectionProperties(PhysicalConnection.java:1300)
at oracle.jdbc.driver.PhysicalConnection.(PhysicalConnection.java:517)
at oracle.jdbc.driver.T4CConnection.(T4CConnection.java:228)
at oracle.jdbc.driver.T4CDriverExtension.getConnection(T4CDriverExtension.java:32)
at oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver.connect(OracleDriver.java:521)
at oracle.jdbc.pool.OracleDataSource.getPhysicalConnection(OracleDataSource.java:280)
at oracle.jdbc.pool.OracleDataSource.getConnection(OracleDataSource.java:207)
at oracle.jdbc.pool.OracleDataSource.getConnection(OracleDataSource.java:157)
at com.sun.gjc.spi.DSManagedConnectionFactory.createManagedConnection(DSManagedConnectionFactory.java:115)
at com.sun.enterprise.resource.allocator.LocalTxConnectorAllocator.createResource(LocalTxConnectorAllocator.java:87)
at com.sun.enterprise.resource.pool.ConnectionPool.createSingleResource(ConnectionPool.java:907)
... 61 more
Standalone app with the same JDBC driver works just fine. I am running Glassfish 3.1.2 on my local Ubuntu 12.04 box with Oracle 11g XE deployed as Docker image. I have AppArmor stopped, no firewalls active and no idea what it has to do with SSL. I also try to add javax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword permission to Glassfish server.policy and JDK java.policy files but it didn't fix the issue.
The same Glassfish instance has a MySQL pool and there is no such error. May be I need to configure something on the Oracle server to make it work?
https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E21764_01/web.1111/e13753/usedriver.htm#JDBCD115
This error was resolved by putting Oracle JDBC driver jar file to ../glassfish/lib instead of ../domain1/lib.
| 23,837 |
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videografia%20de%20Iggy%20Azalea
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Videografia de Iggy Azalea
|
https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Videografia de Iggy Azalea&action=history
|
Portuguese
|
Spoken
| 570 | 1,042 |
A videografia de Iggy Azalea, uma rapper australiana, consiste na sua participação em vinte e dois vídeos musicais (incluindo catorze como artista principal e cinco como uma artista em destaque), um filme, entre várias aparições em outras produções audiovisuais. Em 2011, Azalea publicou no YouTube seu primeiro vídeo musical para "Pu$$y", uma canção de sua mixtape de estreia, Ignorant Art, onde subsequentemente passou a se tornar um viral, ajudando a impulsionar a rapper à notoriedade, depois de compartilhar anteriormente vídeos caseiros como uma rapper underground. Ela lançou mais dois vídeos do projeto nos meses seguintes, "My World" e "The Last Song." Em 2012, ela se junta com o rapper southern T.I. em sua gravadora, a Grand Hustle. Ela foi, então, apresentada em "Murda Bizness", retirada do EP Glory, também aparecendo nos visuais, marcando o início de múltiplas colaborações entre os dois. Por esta altura, Azalea faz sua primeira aparição na televisão americana na BET Hip Hop Awards de 2012 ao lado de outros companheiros de gravadora. Azalea anunciou que iria lançar uma segunda mixtape intitulada TrapGold além de estrear um vídeo para a faixa "Bac 2 Tha Future (My Time)". Ela foi uma artista convidada no VH1 Divas de 2012.
Em 2013, Azalea assina um acordo de gravação com a Virgin EMI e Def Jam, enquanto programava o lançamento de seu álbum de estreia, The New Classic. O vídeo musical para o primeiro single, "Work", que retrata o percurso biográfico de Azalea da vida nas ruas para Hollywood depois que ela se mudou da Austrália para os Estados Unidos para iniciar uma carreira no rap, recebeu elogios da crítica e foi nomeado para o MTV Video Music Award de Best New Artist. "Bounce", o segundo single, filmado em Mumbai provocou uma discussão na representação do estilo e da cultura indiana. O vídeo para o terceiro single "Change Your Life" com participação de T.I., foi lançado no mesmo ano. Azalea também começou a fazer outras aparições na televisão e performances para promover os lançamentos.
Azalea lançou "Fancy", com participação de Charli XCX, em 2014, fazendo uma refilmagem do filme Clueless, alcançar o sucesso em todo o mundo e ganhar a sua atenção mais mainstream, incluindo quatro nomeações no MTV Video Music Awards de 2014 e uma participação no Saturday Night Live. Após o lançamento do álbum, o vídeo musical de "Black Widow", com participação de Rita Ora, estreou recebendo comparações com o filme Kill Bill, de Quentin Tarantino, com o ator Michael Madsen fazendo uma participação, além do mesmo vídeo ter recebido uma nomeação para Best Video no MTV Europe Music Awards 2014. Azalea também apresentou uma nova versão da série House of Style para o MTV.com. Ela também foi destaque em músicas de outros artistas no mesmo ano, tais como "Problem", de Ariana Grande, e "Booty", de Jennifer Lopez, aparecendo nos respectivos vídeos. Um vídeo para "Trouble", com participação de Jennifer Hudson, da reedição de seu álbum de estreia, Reclassified, também foi lançado na Vevo. Azalea co-dirigiu o vídeo de seu single colaborativo com Britney Spears, "Pretty Girls," em 2015, marcando a terceira vez que ela foi creditada oficialmente como diretora, depois de seu trabalho em "Black Widow" e "Trouble" com Director X. Ela fez sua estreia no cinema em Furious 7 (2015).
Vídeos musicais
Como intérprete
Como artista principal
Como artista convidada
Participações especiais
Filmografia
Televisão
Participações como ela mesma
Como performer
Internet
Comerciais
Ligações externas
Videografia
Iggy Azalea
| 42,572 |
https://github.com/devmarcelosantos/vipcar/blob/master/routes/web.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
vipcar
|
devmarcelosantos
|
PHP
|
Code
| 231 | 1,047 |
<?php
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Web Routes
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Here is where you can register web routes for your application. These
| routes are loaded by the RouteServiceProvider within a group which
| contains the "web" middleware group. Now create something great!
|
*/
Auth::routes();
// ROTAS PARA DESLOGAR E ENVIAR PARA VIEW DE LOGIN
Route::get('/logout', 'Auth\LoginController@logout');
// ROTAS PARA A CONTROLLER HOME - METODO INDEX
Route::get('/', 'HomeController@index')->name('home');
Route::get('/home', 'HomeController@index')->name('home');
//================================== ROTAS PARA CLIENTE ==================================//
// ROTAS PARA ADICIONAR CLIENTES
Route::get('/client/add', 'ClientController@get_add_client')->name('client.add'); // Rota da view
Route::post('/client/add', 'ClientController@post_add_client')->name('client.postAdd'); // Rota do formulário
// ROTAS PARA LISTAR CLIENTES
Route::get('/client', function() { return redirect()->route('clients'); });
Route::post('/client', 'ClientController@post_list_client')->name('client.list');
Route::get('/clients', 'ClientController@list_clients')->name('clients');
// ROTAS PARA EDITAR CLIENTE NO BANCO DE DADOS
Route::get('/client/edit/{id}', 'ClientController@get_edit_client')->name('client.edit');
Route::post('/client/edit/{id}', 'ClientController@post_edit_client')->name('client.postEdit');
Route::get('/client/delete/{id}', 'ClientController@delete_client')->name('client.delete');
//========================================================================================//
//================================== ROTAS PARA VEÍCULO ==================================//
// ROTAS PARA ADICIONAR VEICULO
Route::get('/vehicle/add/searchclient', 'VehicleController@get_search_client')->name('vehicle.addSearchClient'); // Rota para procurar cliente
Route::get('/vehicle/add', 'VehicleController@get_add_vehicle')->name('vehicle.add'); // Rota da view
Route::post('/vehicle/add', 'VehicleController@post_add_vehicle')->name('vehicle.postAdd'); // Rota do formulário
// ROTAS PARA LISTAR VEICULO
Route::get('/vehicle', function() { return redirect()->route('vehicles'); });
Route::post('/vehicle', 'VehicleeController@post_list_vehicle')->name('vehicle.list');
Route::get('/vehicles', 'VehicleController@list_vehicles')->name('vehicles');
// ROTAS PARA EDITAR VEICULO
Route::get('/vehicle/edit/{id}', 'VehicleController@get_edit_vehicle')->name('vehicle.editPage');
Route::post('/service/edit/{id}', 'VehicleController@post_edit_vehicle')->name('vehicle.postEdit');
Route::get('/vehicle/delete/{id}', 'VehicleController@delete_vehicle')->name('vehicle.delete');
// ROTAS PARA DELETAR VEICULO
//========================================================================================//
//================================== ROTAS PARA SERVICO ==================================//
// ROTAS PARA ADICIONAR SERVICO
Route::get('/service/add', 'ServiceController@get_add_service')->name('service.add'); // Rota da view
Route::post('/service/add', 'ServiceController@post_add_service')->name('service.postAdd'); // Rota do formulário
// ROTAS PARA LISTAR SERVIÇOS
Route::get('/service', function() { return redirect()->route('services'); });
Route::post('/service', 'ServiceController@post_list_service')->name('service.list');
Route::get('/services', 'ServiceController@list_services')->name('services');
//ROTAS PARA EDITAR SERVIÇOS
Route::get('/service/edit/{id}', 'ServiceController@get_edit_service')->name('service.editPage');
Route::post('/service/edit/{id}', 'ServiceController@post_edit_service')->name('service.postEdit');
Route::get('/service/delete/{id}', 'ServiceController@delete_service')->name('service.delete');
| 43,073 |
https://github.com/heathercodes/bridge-applications-backend/blob/master/db/seeds/01_students.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
CC-BY-4.0
| 2,019 |
bridge-applications-backend
|
heathercodes
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 180 | 693 |
const faker = require('faker');
const identifyingInfoArray = [
{
name: 'Woman',
is_gender: true,
is_user_generated: false
},
{
name: 'LGBTQIA+',
is_gender: false,
is_user_generated: false
},
{
name: 'Non Binary',
is_gender: true,
is_user_generated: false
},
{
name: 'Indigeous Person',
is_gender: false,
is_user_generated: false
},
{
name: 'Agender',
is_gender: true,
is_user_generated: false
},
{
name: 'Man',
is_gender: false,
is_user_generated: false
},
{
name: 'Prefer not to disclose',
is_gender: false,
is_user_generated: false
},
{
name: 'Unicorn',
is_gender: true,
is_user_generated: true
},
{
name: 'Chinese',
is_gender: false,
is_user_generated: true
},
{
name: 'First Nations',
is_gender: false,
is_user_generated: true
},
];
const createStudent = () => {
const firstName = faker.name.firstName();
const lastName = faker.name.lastName();
return {
first_name: firstName,
last_name:lastName,
email: faker.internet.email(firstName, lastName),
pronouns: "she/they",
employment_status: "full_time",
employer: faker.company.companyName(),
role: 'user'
};
};
const createNStudents = n =>
Array.from(Array(n)).map(element => createStudent());
exports.seed = knex => {
// Deletes ALL existing entries
return knex("users")
.del()
.then(() => {
// Inserts seed entries
return knex("identifying_info").del().then(() => {
knex("identifying_info").returning("id").insert(identifyingInfoArray)
.then((info_ids) => {
return knex("users").returning('id').insert(createNStudents(20))
.then((user_ids) => (
knex("users_identifying_info").insert(user_ids.map((user_id) => ({
user_id,
identifying_info_id: faker.helpers.randomize(info_ids)
})))
));
})
})
});
};
| 24,194 |
1013871_2001_1
|
SEC
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,984 | 9,238 |
ITEM 1 -- BUSINESS
GENERAL
NRG Energy, Inc. (NRG Energy or the Company) is a leading global energy company, primarily engaged in the acquisition, development, ownership, and operation of power generation facilities and the sale of energy, capacity and related products in the United States and internationally. NRG Energy believes it is one of the three largest independent power generation companies in the world, measured by its net ownership interest in power generation facilities. As of December 31, 2001, NRG Energy owned all or a portion of 76 generation projects, including projects under construction, that have a total generating capacity of 38,388 megawatts (MW). Its current net ownership interest in those projects is 24,357 MW, of which 19,077 MW are located in the United States.
As the following table illustrates, NRG Energy has grown significantly during recent years, primarily as a result of its success in acquiring domestic power generation facilities:
- ---------------
(1) Includes projects under construction; MW under construction for the years 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 were 616, 284, 252, 747, and 4,775, respectively.
(2) EBITDA is the sum of income (loss) before income taxes, interest expense (net of capitalized interest) and depreciation and amortization expense. EBITDA is a measure of financial performance not defined under generally accepted accounting principles, which should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income, cash flows from operations or other income or cash flow data prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles or as a measure of a company's profitability or liquidity. In addition, EBITDA as calculated by NRG Energy may not be comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies, and therefore could be misleading because all companies and analysts do not calculate it in the same fashion.
NRG Energy has experienced significant growth in the last year, expanding from 15,007 MW of net ownership interests in power generation facilities (including those under construction) as of December 31, 2000, to 24,357 MW of net ownership interests as of December 31, 2001. NRG Energy has a well diversified portfolio in terms of location, fuel and dispatch mode.
NRG Energy is organized into four regionally-based divisions: NRG North America, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota; NRG Europe, based in London; NRG Asia-Pacific based in Brisbane, Australia and NRG Latin America, based in Miami, Florida. Most of NRG Energy's North American projects are grouped under regional holding companies corresponding to their domestic core market. NRG Energy operates its generation facilities within each region as a separate operating unit within its power generation business. This regional portfolio structure allows NRG Energy to coordinate the operations of its assets to take advantage of regional opportunities, reduce risks related to outages, whether planned or unplanned, and pursue expansion plans on a regional basis.
NRG Energy's international power generation projects are managed as three distinct markets, Asia-Pacific, Europe and Other Americas.
In addition to NRG Energy's power generation projects, NRG Energy also has interests in district heating and cooling systems and steam transmission operations.
NRG Energy intends to continue its growth through a combination of targeted acquisitions in selected core markets, the expansion or repowering of existing facilities and the development of new greenfield projects. However, in the short term, recognizing market conditions, NRG Energy anticipates that its growth level will be lower than in recent years. As of December 31, 2001, NRG Energy had signed agreements to acquire an additional 3,571 MW of net ownership interest in existing generation projects. Currently, NRG Energy has scheduled expansion, repowering or greenfield generation projects that would add 5,308 MW of net ownership interest.
NRG Energy has also expanded its power marketing activities, which allow NRG Energy to optimize the value of its power generation assets and enable it to better meet its customers' energy requirements. By linking NRG Energy's capabilities and access to fuel supplies with its power marketing and risk management expertise, NRG Energy believes that it effectively manages risk, and has secured and will continue to secure favorable pricing for its fuel purchases and power sales.
NRG Energy was incorporated as a Delaware corporation on May 29, 1992. Its headquarters and principal executive offices are located at 901 Marquette Avenue, Suite 2300, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55402. NRG Energy's telephone number is (612) 373-5300.
On June 5, 2000, NRG Energy completed its initial public offering. Prior to its initial public offering, NRG Energy was a wholly owned subsidiary of Northern States Power (NSP). In August 2000, NSP merged with New Century Energies, Inc. (NCE), a Colorado-based public utility holding company. The surviving corporation in the merger was renamed Xcel Energy Inc. (Xcel Energy), and the shares of NRG Energy's class A common stock previously owned by NSP are now owned by a wholly-owned subsidiary of Xcel Energy. As of December 31, 2000, Xcel Energy indirectly owned an 82% interest in NRG Energy's outstanding common and class A common stock, representing 98% of the total voting power of NRG Energy's common stock and class A common stock. Xcel Energy directly owns six utility subsidiaries that serve electric and natural gas customers in 12 states. Xcel Energy also owns or has interest in a number of nonregulated businesses, the largest of which is NRG Energy.
In March 2001, NRG Energy completed a public offering of 18.4 million shares of its common stock. Following this offering, Xcel Energy indirectly owns a 74% interest in NRG Energy's common stock and class A common stock, representing 96.7% of the total voting power of NRG Energy's common stock and class A common stock.
XCEL ENERGY EXCHANGE OFFER
In February 2002, Xcel Energy announced its intention to commence an exchange offer by which Xcel Energy would acquire all of the outstanding publicly held shares of NRG Energy. In its announcement, Xcel Energy stated its intention to close the transaction in April 2002, and stated that NRG Energy shareholders would receive 0.4846 shares of Xcel Energy common stock in a tax-free exchange for each outstanding share of NRG Energy common stock.
After completion of the merger, NRG Energy would be an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Xcel Energy. NRG Energy's debt and other obligations will continue to be the sole obligation of NRG Energy.
On March 13, 2002, Xcel Energy filed a registration statement on Form S-4 with the Securities and Exchange Commission and commenced the exchange offer. In its registration statement, Xcel Energy stated that, if the exchange offer and merger are completed, its plans for NRG Energy in 2002 include: infusing an additional $300 million of equity into NRG Energy, in addition to an initial loan of $300 million recently made to NRG Energy; slowing NRG Energy's growth in megawatt capacity and the possible sale of $1.9 billion of existing generating assets; canceling or deferring approximately $1.6 billion of planned projects; and beginning the process of selling unassigned turbines and deferring installment of additional unassigned turbines.
In addition, Xcel Energy stated in its registration statement that if the offer and merger are completed and its plans for NRG Energy are implemented, it expects to reduce NRG Energy's business development activities and administrative and general costs, with annual estimated cost savings of approximately $45 million, and to capture infrastructure savings by consolidating trading and marketing organizations, where appropriate.
MARKET OPPORTUNITY
The power industry is one of the largest industries in the world, accounting for approximately $225 billion in annual revenues and approximately 830,000 MW of installed generating capacity in the United States alone. The generation segment of the industry historically has been characterized by regulated electric utilities producing and selling electricity to a captive customer base. However, the power generation market has been evolving from a regulated market based on cost of service pricing to a competitive market. In response to increasing customer demand for access to low-cost electricity and enhanced services, new regulatory initiatives have been and are continuing to be adopted to increase competition in the power industry.
Outside of the United States, governments in developed economies are privatizing their utilities and developing regulatory structures that are expected to encourage competition in the electricity sector, having realized that their energy assets can be sold to raise capital without hindering system reliability. In developing countries, the demand for electricity is expected to grow rapidly. In order to satisfy this anticipated increase in demand, many countries have adopted active government programs designed to encourage private investment in power generation facilities. NRG Energy believes that these market trends will continue to create opportunities to acquire and develop power generation facilities globally.
STRATEGY
NRG Energy's vision has been to be a leading global generation company with a top three position in selected core markets, which provides superior performance to all stakeholders. Central to this vision is the development and management of diverse regional portfolios of competitive power generating facilities. This diversity incudes geographic location, fuel type and dispatch profile. Currently, approximately 78% of NRG Energy's net MW of generation in operation and under construction is located in the United States in five core markets: Northeast, South Central and West Coast regions and the recently added North Central and Mid Atlantic regions. With NRG Energy's diversified asset base, NRG Energy seeks to have generating capacity available to back up any given facility during its outages, whether planned or unplanned, while having ample resources to take advantage of peak power market price opportunities and periods of constrained availability of generating capacity, fuels and transmission. NRG Energy's primary focus has been on generation assets powered primarily by natural gas, coal, oil and to a lesser extent landfill gas, hydro, refuse derived fuel and biomass technologies.
NRG Energy's strategy is to capitalize on its acquisition, development, construction and operating skills to build a balanced portfolio of power generation assets. NRG Energy intends to implement this strategy by continuing a disciplined acquisition program, recognizing current market conditions. NRG Energy believes that its facility operations and engineering expertise, fuel and environmental strategies, labor and governmental relations expertise, legal and financial skills give it a competitive advantage in the independent power market.
NORTH AMERICAN POWER GENERATION
While NRG Energy expects the North American power generation market to continue to evolve from a regulated, utility dominated market based upon cost-of-service pricing to an independent power generation market based on competitive market pricing, the pace of this evolution slowed in 2001 as a result of the energy crisis in California, and more recently, the Enron bankruptcy. Most domestic generation capacity is still utility owned and subject to cost-of-service regulation. NRG Energy expects the evolution to continue as non-regulated power generators build new capacity to meet demand, but, in view of current market and forward
prices, and the credit and liquidity constraints reported by many competitive power producers in recent months, NRG Energy expects such new capacity development to be less than has been forecast.
Most of NRG Energy's North American projects are grouped under regional holding companies corresponding to their domestic core markets. In order to better manage NRG Energy's North American projects and to develop new projects in these regions more effectively, NRG Energy has established regional offices in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Northeast region), Baton Rouge, Louisiana (South Central region) and San Diego, California (West Coast region). NRG Energy's recently added North Central and Mid Atlantic regions are managed from its Minneapolis headquarters and Wilmington, Delaware offices, respectively.
NRG Energy operates its generation facilities within each region as a separate operating unit within its power generation business. This regional portfolio structure allows NRG Energy to coordinate the operations of its assets to take advantage of regional opportunities, reduce risks related to outages, whether planned or unplanned, and pursue expansion plans on a regional basis.
NORTHEAST REGION
As of December 31, 2001, NRG Energy owned approximately 7,676 MW of net generating capacity (including projects under construction) in the Northeast United States and Canada, primarily in New York, Connecticut and Massachusetts. These generation facilities are well diversified in terms of dispatch level (base-load, intermediate and peaking), fuel type (coal, natural gas and oil) and customers. In addition, NRG Energy believes certain of its facilities and facility sites in the Northeast provide opportunities for repowering or expanding existing generating capacity.
NRG Energy's Northeast facilities are generally competitively positioned within their respective market dispatch levels with favorable market dynamics and locations close to the major load centers in the New York Power Pool (NYPP) and New England Power Pool (NEPOOL).
SOUTH CENTRAL REGION
As of December 31, 2001, NRG Energy owned approximately 4,716 MW of net generating capacity (including projects under construction) in the South Central United States, primarily in Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas and Mississippi. NRG Energy's South Central generating assets consist primarily of its net ownership of 1,947 MW of power generation facilities in New Roads, Louisiana (which are referred to as the Cajun facilities) that were acquired in March 2000 and the recently completed Big Cajun Peakers (238 MW). The South Central region also includes the Sterlington (202 MW), McClain (400 MW), Batesville (837 MW), Mustang (122 MW), and Sabine River (210 MW) generating facilities. In addition, the Bayou Cove (320 MW) and Brazos Valley (633 MW) facilities are under construction. The construction of the following additional facilities with a net generating capacity of 2,680 MW is planned: Kaufman (545 MW), Batesville expansion (292 MW), Big Cajun II, Unit 4 (675 MW) and Pike (1,168 MW).
WEST COAST REGION
As of December 31, 2001, NRG Energy owned approximately 1,596 MW of net generating capacity on the West Coast of the United States, primarily California and Nevada. NRG Energy's West Coast generation assets consist primarily of a 50% interest in West Coast Power LLC (West Coast Power), a 58% interest in the Crockett Cogeneration facility (138 MW)and a 50% interest in the Saguaro generation facility (53 MW). In May 1999, Dynegy Power Corporation (Dynegy) and NRG Energy formed West Coast Power to serve as the holding company for a portfolio of operating companies that own generation assets in Southern California. This portfolio currently is comprised of the El Segundo Generating Station (510 MW), the Long Beach Generating Station (265 MW), the Encina Generating Station (483 MW) and 17 combustion turbines in the San Diego area (127 MW). Dynegy provides power marketing and fuel procurement services to West Coast Power, and NRG Energy provides operations and management services. NRG Energy believes certain of its facilities and facility sites on the West Coast provide opportunities for repowering or expanding generating capacity.
NORTH CENTRAL REGION
As of December 31, 2001, NRG Energy owned approximately 3,706 MW of net generating capacity in the north central United States, primarily in Illinois, Missouri and Michigan. NRG Energy's North Central portfolio includes the 640 MW simple cycle, gas-fired Audrain power generation facility, located in Vandalia, Missouri. In August 2001, NRG Energy purchased a project portfolio from Indeck Energy Services which includes the Rockford I (342 MW) and Rockford II (171 MW) Energy Centers, located 75 miles west of Rockford, Illinois. Rockford II is currently under construction with commercial operation expected in June 2002. Other North Central projects in operation include Rocky Road (175 MW), Morris Cogeneration (23 MW) and Cadillac Renewable Energy (19 MW). Two additional projects in Illinois currently under construction will add 1,168 MW each to NRG Energy's North Central portfolio. Kendall is estimated to be in commercial operation in May 2002, and Nelson in the third quarter of 2003.
MID-ATLANTIC REGION
As of December 31, 2001, NRG Energy owned approximately 1,199 MW of net generating capacity in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, primarily Delaware, Maryland, Ohio and Pennsylvania. In June 2001, NRG Energy completed the acquisition of approximately 1,081 MW of operational generating facilities from Conectiv. In January 2002, NRG Energy closed the acquisition of the Commonwealth Atlantic generating facility (188 MW) and the James River generating facility (55 MW) from Edison Mission and expects to close on the FirstEnergy acquisition of approximately 2,535 MW of generating facilities during the second quarter of 2002.
COMPETITIVE POWER GENERATION -- INTERNATIONAL
Historically, the majority of power generating capacity outside of the United States has been owned and controlled by governments. During the past decade, however, many foreign governments moved to privatize power generation plant ownership through sales to third parties and by encouraging new capacity development and refurbishment of existing assets by independent power developers. Governments have taken a variety of approaches to encourage the development of competitive power markets, from awarding long-term contracts for energy and capacity to purchasers of power generation to creating competitive wholesale markets for selling and trading energy, capacity and related products.
NRG Energy has taken advantage of opportunities to invest in attractive projects in international markets. To manage NRG Energy's international asset portfolio risks, NRG Energy utilizes a portfolio risk management discipline based upon country risk, as identified by an independent, internationally recognized organization. Using this tool, NRG Energy is able to monitor the exposure it is taking in emerging markets to maintain an appropriate balance in its asset portfolio. NRG Energy's international power generation projects are managed as three distinct markets, Asia Pacific, Europe and Other Americas.
ASIA PACIFIC
NRG Energy is one of the largest competitive power producers in Australia and, with its 2001 acquisitions in Taiwan and India, now has a net ownership interest of 2,297 MW, as of December 31, 2001, in power generation facilities.
EUROPE
NRG Energy is a participant in the competitive power generation markets in Germany, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, and Hungary. As of December 31, 2001, NRG Energy has a net ownership interest of 1,854 MW in power generation facilities (including projects under construction) in Europe. During 2001, NRG Energy increased its ownership interest in the MIBRAG and Schkopau projects in April 2001, both of which are located in Germany and completed its acquisition of the Csepel facility located in Hungary in June 2001.
OTHER AMERICAS
NRG Energy has pursued acquisition and development opportunities in Latin America since the mid-1990s. Initially, NRG Energy participated as one of four original sponsors of the Latin Power Fund, a private equity investment fund managed by Scudder. As of December 31, 2001, NRG Energy has ownership of 1,107 MW in Latin America. NRG Energy currently owns and operates 270 MW of hydro and thermal electric operating assets in Bolivia and is the second largest generator in that country. Similarly, NRG Energy owns and operates 111 MW of hydro and thermal electric operating assets in Peru. NRG Energy owns a 99% interest in a 156 MW hydro facility under construction in Brazil set to enter commercial operation in the third quarter 2002. In addition, NRG Energy recently formed a partnership venture with Petrobras Brazileros SA, the large state owned Brazilian oil company, to construct, own and operate a 1,040 MW gas-fired thermal facility in which it will own a 50% share. The TermoRio Project, currently under construction, is expected to enter full commercial operations in March 2004.
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
NRG Energy provides alternative energy through NEO Corporation (NEO), one of the largest landfill gas generation companies in the United States, and NRG Resource Recovery, which processes municipal solid waste as fuel used to generate power.
NEO CORPORATION
NEO is a wholly owned subsidiary of NRG Energy that was formed to develop power generation facilities, ranging in size from 1 to 50 MW, in the United States. NEO is currently focusing on the development and acquisition of distributed generation and peaking facilities and the acquisition of small hydroelectric projects. NEO owns and operates 31 landfill gas collection systems and has 46 MW of net ownership interests in related electric generation facilities utilizing landfill gas as fuel. NEO also has 42 MW of net ownership interests in 18 hydroelectric facilities and 109 MW of net ownership interests in seven distributed generation facilities. The company's operations are located primarily in the east and west coast regions of the United States. NEO derives a substantial portion of its income as a result of the generation of Section 29 tax credits, which, for 2001, totaled $48.6 million. The existing tax law authorizing these credits is scheduled to expire after 2007.
RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITIES
NRG Energy's Resource Recovery business is focused on owning and operating alternative fuel/"green power" generation and fuels processing projects. The alternative fuels currently processed and combusted are municipal solid waste (MSW), of which more than 90% is processed into refuse derived fuel (RDF), urban wood waste (pallets, clean construction debris, etc.), forest industry waste wood (bark, sawmill waste, tree trimmings, etc.), agricultural waste (walnut shells, olive pits, peanut shells, etc.), and non-recyclable waste paper and compost. Processing and recovery for generation into electricity and other products is an environmentally superior method of waste management when compared to adding to existing or creating new landfills. NRG Energy's Resource Recovery business has MSW processing capacity of over 4,000 tons per day and generation capacity of 35 MW, of which its net ownership interest is 26 MW.
NRG Energy's Resource Recovery business owns and operates MSW processing and/or generation facilities in Maine and Minnesota. This business also owns and operates a biomass fired generation facility in Florida and a wood processing facility in Georgia, which supplies a portion of the biomass fuel to the power plant in Florida. In addition to the fuels processing and generation portfolio, Resource Recovery owns and operates several mono-ash landfills that receive ash from the biomass and waste-to-energy power plants that are owned and operated. Resource Recovery also owns and operates NRG Processing Solutions that includes thirteen composting and biomass fuel processing sites in Minnesota of which three sites are permitted to operate as MSW transfer stations. A majority of Resource Recovery's facilities are under long-term contract for either the fuel processing and/or its generation capacity.
THERMAL
NRG Energy has interests in district heating and cooling systems and steam transmission operations. NRG Energy's thermal and chilled water businesses have a steam and chilled water capacity equivalent to approximately of 1,641 MWt, of which its net ownership interest is 1,514 MWt.
NRG Energy owns and operates, through its holding company NRG Thermal Corporation, five district heating and cooling systems in Minneapolis, Minnesota, San Francisco, California, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and San Diego, California. These systems provide steam heating to approximately 600 customers and chilled water to 90 customers. In addition, NRG Energy's thermal division operates five projects that serve industrial/government customers with high-pressure steam and hot water. NRG Thermal also owns and operates an 88 MW combustion turbine peaking generation facility and an 18 MW coal-fired cogeneration facility in Dover, Delaware.
POWER MARKETING
NRG Energy's energy marketing subsidiary, NRG Power Marketing, Inc. (NRG Power Marketing), began operations in 1998 to maximize the utilization of and return from its domestic generation assets and to mitigate the risks associated with those assets. This subsidiary markets energy and energy related commodities, including electricity, natural gas, oil, coal and emission allowance credits. By using internal resources to acquire fuel and market electricity, NRG Energy believes it can secure the best pricing available in the markets in which it sells power and enhance its ability to compete. NRG Power Marketing provides a full range of energy management services for NRG Energy's generation facilities in its Northeast, South Central, North Central and Mid Atlantic regions. These services are provided under power sales and agency agreements pursuant to which NRG Power Marketing manages the sales and marketing of energy, capacity and ancillary services from these facilities and also manages the purchase and sale of fuel and emission allowance credits needed to operate these facilities.
NRG Energy is very disciplined in its approach to power marketing risk management. NRG Power Marketing conducts its activities in accordance with risk management guidelines approved by the NRG Power Marketing Board of Directors, which has primary responsibility for oversight of NRG Power Marketing activities. Accordingly, NRG Energy has established counter-party concentration limits and portfolio VaR limits. NRG Energy's risk management guidelines require that its treasury department perform a credit review and approve all counter-parties and credit limits prior to NRG Power Marketing entering into a transaction with such counter-parties. NRG Energy attempts to balance its fixed-price physical and financial purchases and sales commitments in terms of contract volumes and the timing of performance and delivery obligations. However, uncovered market positions are taken within guidelines established by the board of directors of NRG Power Marketing. Contracts for the transmission and transportation of these commodities are also authorized, as necessary, in order to meet physical delivery requirements and obligations.
HOW NRG ENERGY SELLS ITS GENERATING CAPACITY AND ENERGY
NRG Energy's operating revenues are derived primarily from the sale of electrical energy, capacity and other energy products from its power generation facilities. Revenues from these facilities are received pursuant to:
- long-term contracts of more than one year including:
- power purchase agreements with utilities and other third parties (generally 2-25 years);
- standard offer agreements to provide load serving entities with a percentage of their requirements (generally 4-9 years); and
- "transition" power purchase agreements with the former owners of acquired facilities (generally 3-5 years).
- short-term contracts or other commitments of one year or less and spot sales including:
- spot market and other sales into various wholesale power markets; and
- bilateral contracts with third parties.
NRG Energy strives to mitigate variability in its earnings by having approximately 50% of its capacity contracted for under contracts with lengths of greater than one year, generally seeking to enter into contracts with lengths of 1-5 years, selling half of its remaining capacity (25%) in the forward market for 30-365 days, and selling the other half of its remaining capacity (25%) in the spot market to capture opportunities in the market when prices are higher. By following this strategy, NRG Energy seeks to achieve positive, stable returns while retaining the flexibility to capture premium returns when available.
NRG Power Marketing handles fuel procurement and trading of emissions allowances in order to support NRG Energy's overall needs. Generally, NRG Energy seeks to hedge prices for 50% to 70% of its expected fuel requirements during the succeeding 12 to 24 month period. This provides NRG Energy with certainty as to a portion of its fuel costs while allowing it to maintain flexibility to address lower than expected dispatch rates and to take advantage of the dual fuel capabilities at many of its facilities.
SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMERS
During 2001, NRG Energy derived approximately 40.5% of its 2001 revenues from majority owned operations from two customers: New York Independent System Operator (26.7%) and Connecticut Light and Power Company (13.8%). During 2000, NRG Energy derived approximately 34.4% of its 2000 revenues from majority owned operations from two customers: New York Independent System Operator (22.2%) and Connecticut Light and Power Company (12.2%). During 1999, NRG Energy derived approximately 51.2% of total revenues from wholly owned operations from three customers: Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation (21%), Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. (19.7%) and Eastern Utilities Associates (10.5%).
SEGMENT INFORMATION
For financial information on NRG Energy's operations on a geographical and on a segment basis, see Item 8 -- Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
PLANT OPERATIONS
NRG Energy's success depends on its ability to achieve operational efficiencies and high availability at its generation facilities. In the new unregulated energy industries, minimizing operating costs without compromising safety or environmental standards while maximizing plant flexibility and maintaining high reliability is critical to maximizing profit margins. NRG Energy's operations and maintenance practices are designed to achieve these goals.
NRG Energy's overall corporate strategy of establishing a top three presence in certain core markets is in part driven by its operational strategy. NRG Energy's approach to plant management emphasizes the operational autonomy of its individual plant managers and staff to identify and resolve operational and maintenance issues at their respective facilities. NRG Energy has also implemented a regional shared practices system in order to facilitate the exchange of information and best practices among the plants in its various regions. NRG Energy has organized its operations geographically such that inventories, maintenance, backup and other operational functions are pooled within a region. This approach enables NRG Energy to realize cost savings and enhances its ability to meet its facility availability goals.
SIGNIFICANT ASSET AND BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS
GRANITE POWER PARTNERS
In January 2001, NRG Energy purchased from LS Power LLC a 5,339 MW portfolio of operating projects and projects in construction and advanced development that are located primarily in the north central
and south central United States. Approximately 3,295 MW are currently in operation or under construction. Each facility employs natural gas-fired, combined-cycle technology. Through December 31, 2005, NRG Energy also has the opportunity to acquire ownership interests in an additional 3,000 MW of generation projects developed and offered for sale by LS Power and its partners.
BATESVILLE
In March 2001, NRG Energy purchased from Cogentrix the remaining 430 MW or 51.37% interest, in a 837 MW natural gas-fired combined-cycle plant in Batesville, Mississippi. NRG Energy acquired a 48.63% interest in the plant in January 2001 from LS Power.
AUDRAIN
In June 2001, NRG Energy purchased a 640 MW natural gas-fired power plant in Audrain County, Missouri from Duke Energy North America LLC.
BRAZOS VALLEY
In June 2001, NRG Energy closed on the construction financing for the Brazos Valley generating facility a 633 MW gas-fired power plant in Fort Bend County, Texas that NRG Energy will build, operate and manage. At the time of the closing, NRG Energy also became 100% owner of the project by purchasing STEAG Power LLC's 50% interest in the project. Commercial operation is expected in June 2003.
CONECTIV
In June 2001, NRG Energy purchased 1,081 MW of interests in power generation plants from a subsidiary of Conectiv. NRG Energy acquired a 100% interest in the 784 MW coal-fired Indian River Generating Station located near Millsboro, Delaware and in the 170 MW oil-fired Vienna Generating Station located in Vienna, Maryland. In addition, NRG Energy acquired 64 MW of the 1,711 MW coal-fired Conemaugh Generating Station located approximately 60 miles east of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and 63 MW of the 1,711 MW coal-fired Keystone Generating Station located approximately 50 miles east of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
POWERGEN
In June 2001, NRG Energy purchased a 389 MW gas-fired power plant and a 116 MW thermal power plant, both of which are located on Csepel Island in Budapest, Hungary, from PowerGen. In April 2001, NRG Energy also purchased from PowerGen its interest in Saale Energie GmbH and its 33.3% interest in MIBRAG BV. By acquiring PowerGen's interest in Saale Energie, NRG Energy increased its ownership interest in the 960 MW coal-fired Schkopau power station located near Halle, Germany from 200 MW to 400 MW. By acquiring PowerGen's interest in MIBRAG, an integrated energy business in eastern Germany consisting primarily of two lignite mines and three power stations, and following MIBRAG's buy back of the shares NRG Energy acquired from PowerGen, NRG Energy increased its ownership of MIBRAG from 33.3% to 50%. The Washington Group International, Inc., MIBRAG's other shareholder, owns the remaining 50% of MIBRAG.
INDECK
In August 2001, NRG Energy acquired an approximately 2,255 MW portfolio of operating projects and projects in advanced development, including projects that NRG Energy intends to develop, that are located in Illinois and upstate New York from Indeck Energy Services, Inc. Approximately 402 MW are currently in operation.
MCCLAIN
In August 2001, NRG Energy acquired Duke Energy's 77% interest in the approximately 520 MW natural gas-fired McClain Energy Generating facility located near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Oklahoma Municipal Power Authority owns the remaining 23% interest. The McClain facility became operational in June 2001.
TERMORIO
In September 2001, NRG Energy acquired a 50% interest in TermoRio SA, a 1,040 MW gas-fired cogeneration facility currently under construction in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil from Petroleos Brazileiros SA. Commercial operation is expected to begin in March 2004. NRG Energy has the option to put its interest in the project back to Petrobras after March 2002 if by that time certain milestones have not been met, including final agreement on the terms of all project documents.
MERIDEN
In December 2001, NRG Energy acquired a 540 MW natural gas fired generation facility being developed in Meriden, Connecticut. The plant has a planned commercial operation date of August 2003.
COMMONWEALTH ATLANTIC AND JAMES RIVER
In July 2001, NRG Energy signed agreements to acquire from Edison Mission Energy a 50% interest in the 375 MW Commonwealth Atlantic gas and oil-fired generating station located near Chesapeake, Virginia, and a 50% interest in the 110 MW James River coal-fired generating facility in Hopewell, Virginia. NRG Energy closed the acquisition of the Commonwealth Atlantic and James River generating facilities in January 2002.
OTHER PROJECTS
During fiscal year 2001, NRG Energy also acquired interests in projects in Taiwan, India, Peru and the State of Nevada.
SIGNIFICANT EQUITY INVESTMENTS
The following are the more significant equity investments included in NRG Energy's Power Generation Segment.
MIBRAG
NRG Energy indirectly purchased a 33 1/3% interest in the equity of Mitteldeutsche Braunkohlengesellschaft mbH (MIBRAG) in 1994 for $10.6 million. In April 2001, NRG Energy purchased from PowerGen its 33.3% interest in MIBRAG Bv for $35.3 million which was repaid by the project company in June 2001. By acquiring PowerGen's interest in MIBRAG, and following MIBRAG's buy back of the shares, NRG Energy acquired from PowerGen, NRG Energy increased its ownership of MIBRAG from 33.3% to 50%. The Washington Group International, Inc., MIBRAG's other shareholder owns the remaining 50% of MIBRAG. MIBRAG owns coal mining, power generation and associated operations, all of which are located south of Leipzig, Germany. MIBRAG was formed by the German government following the reunification of East and West Germany to hold two open-cast brown coal (lignite) mining operations, a lease on an additional mine, three lignite-fired industrial cogeneration facilities and briquette manufacturing and coal dust plants, all located in the former East Germany. MIBRAG's cogeneration operations consist of the 115 MW Mumsdorf facility, the 86 MW Deuben facility and the 37 MW Wahlitz facility. These facilities provide power and thermal energy for MIBRAG's coal mining operations and its briquette manufacturing plants. All power not consumed by MIBRAG's internal operations is sold under an eight-year power purchase agreement with
ENVIA the regional energy provider. MIBRAG's lignite mine operations include Profen and Schleenhain with total estimated reserves of 776 million metric tons, which are expected to last for more than 40 years. A dispute has arisen as to coal transportation compensation payments to be made to MIBRAG pursuant to the acquisition agreement by Bundesanstalt fur vereinigungsbedingte Sonderaufgaben (BvS), a German governmental entity that facilitated the privatization of MIBRAG. The size of the annual coal transportation compensation payments fluctuates based on the volume of coal transported to the Schkopau facility. The parties have reached a settlement, pending approval by the European Union. The settlement is not expected to have a material adverse impact on MIBRAG's operations.
GLADSTONE POWER STATION
The Gladstone facility is a 1,680 MW coal-fired power generation facility located in Gladstone, Australia. NRG Energy acquired a 37.5% ownership interest in the Gladstone facility for $64.9 million when the facility was privatized in March 1994.
NRG Energy is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the Gladstone facility pursuant to a 17-year operation and maintenance agreement that commenced in 1994, which includes an annual bonus based on availability targets. The Gladstone facility sells electricity to the Enertrade, a government owned entity, and to Boyne Smelters Limited. Pursuant to an interconnection and power pooling agreement, Enertrade is obligated to accept all electricity generated by the facility, subject to merit order dispatch, for an initial term of 35 years.
Enertrade also entered into a 35-year capacity purchase agreement with each of the project's owners for such owner's percentage of the capacity of the Gladstone facility, excluding that sold directly to Boyne Smelters. Under the capacity purchase agreements, Enertrade pays the facility owners both a capacity and an energy charge. The capacity charge is designed to cover the projected fixed costs allocable to Enertrade, including debt service and an equity return, and is adjusted to reflect variations in interest rates.
The owners of Boyne Smelters have also entered into a power purchase agreement with each of the project's owners, providing for the sale and purchase of such owner's percentage share of capacity allocated to Boyne Smelters. The term of each of these power purchase agreements is 35 years. The owners of Boyne Smelters are obligated to pay to each of the project's owners a demand charge that is intended to cover the fixed costs of supplying capacity to Boyne Smelters, including debt service and return on equity. The owners of Boyne Smelters are also obligated to pay an energy charge based on the fuel cost associated with the production of energy from the Gladstone facility.
ENERGY CENTER KLADNO
The Energy Center Kladno project, located in Kladno, the Czech Republic consists of two phases. In 1994, NRG Energy acquired an interest in the existing coal-fired electricity and thermal energy facility that can supply 28 MW of electrical energy and 150 MW equivalent of steam and heated water. This facility historically supplied electrical and thermal energy to a nearby industrial complex and to a municipal heating company. The second phase was the expansion of the existing facility, which started commercial operation in January 2000, by the addition of 345 MW of new capacity, 271 MW of which is coal-fired and 74 MW of which is gas/oil-fired, facility acceptance was awarded in December 2001. The original project is owned by Energy Center Kladno, a Czech limited liability company in which NRG Energy owns a 44.5% interest. The expansion is held separately through ECK Generating, a Czech limited liability company in which NRG Energy owns a 44.5% interest.
COLLINSVILLE POWER STATION
The Collinsville Power Station is a 192 MW coal-fired power generation facility located in Collinsville, Australia. In March 1996, NRG Energy acquired a 50% ownership interest in the idled Collinsville facility for $11.9 million when the Queensland State government privatized it. The Collinsville facility was recommis-
sioned and commenced operations on August 11, 1998. Transfield Holdings Pty Ltd, the project's other 50% owner, and NRG Energy have entered into an 18-year power purchase agreement with Enertrade under which Enertrade will pay both a capacity and an energy charge to the project's owners. The capacity charge is designed to cover the projected fixed costs allocable to Enertrade, including debt service and an equity return. The energy charge is based on the fuel costs associated with the production of energy from the facility.
ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS LTD
Energy Developments Limited, a publicly traded company listed on the Australian Stock Exchange, owns and operates approximately 357 MW of generation with 77% of that generation located in Australia. Between February 1997 and April 1998, NRG Energy acquired a total of 14,609,670 common shares and 16,800,000 convertible, non- voting preference shares of Energy Developments. NRG Energy paid a total of approximately AUD$69.1 million (US$44.5 million at the time of acquisition), or AUD$2.20 (US$1.42) per share, for the shares, which represented approximately 29.1% ownership interest in Energy Developments. Since the acquisition NRG Energy's holding has been diluted to 26.3%. NRG Energy has agreed to restrictions on its ability to purchase more shares or to dispose of any existing shares of Energy Developments. The preference shares do not become convertible into common shares unless a takeover bid is made for Energy Developments. In such event, if Energy Developments fails to comply with an obligation to appoint directors, NRG Energy is entitled to nominate under the terms of the agreement with Energy Developments. In either of those circumstances, the preference shares can be converted at the option of the owner to common shares on a share-for-share basis.
LOY YANG POWER
NRG Energy has a 25.4% interest in Loy Yang Power, which owns and operates the 2,000 MW Loy Yang A brown coal fired thermal power station and the adjacent Loy Yang coal mine located in Victoria, Australia. This interest was purchased for AUD $340 million (approximately US $264.3 million at the time of the acquisition) in 1997. The power station has four units, each with a 500 MW boiler and turbo generator, which commenced commercial operation between July 1984 and December 1988. In addition, Loy Yang manages the common infrastructure facilities that are located on the Loy Yang site, which service not only the Loy Yang A facility, but also non-NRG facilities such as the adjacent Loy Yang B 1,000 MW power station, a pulverized dried brown coal plant, and several other nearby power stations.
The wholesale electricity market in Australia is regulated under the National Electricity Law, which provides for a legally enforceable National Electricity Code, which defines the market rules. The code also makes provision for the establishment of the National Electricity Market Management Company to manage the power system, maintain system security and administer the spot market. Under the rules of the National Electricity Market, the Loy Yang facility is required to sell all of its output of electricity through the competitive wholesale market for electricity operated and administered by the National Electricity Market. In the National Electricity Market power pool system, it is not possible for a generator such as Loy Yang to enter into traditional power purchase agreements. In order to provide a hedge against pool price volatility, generators have entered into "contracts for differences" with distribution companies, electricity retailers, industrial customers and other generators. These contracts for differences are financial hedging instruments, which have the effect of fixing the price for a specified quantity of electricity for a particular seller and purchaser over a defined period.
Energy prices in the Victoria region of the National Electricity Market of Australia into which the Loy Yang facility sells its power have been significantly lower than NRG Energy expected when it acquired its interest in the facility. Prices improved during 2001 producing a 14% increase in revenue improvement over the prior year.
| 7,806 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/61373491
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,020 |
Stack Exchange
|
RipChol, Romain Valeri, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1057485, https://stackoverflow.com/users/13384544, https://stackoverflow.com/users/341994, matt
|
English
|
Spoken
| 300 | 410 |
Bitbucket workflow
I want to know the flow for git and bitbucket with branches.
Lets say I have the following branches created on Bitbucket:
Master
Feature1
Feature2
On phpstorm I cloned the repository and now I checked out branch Feature1
I did my changes and committed.
What should I do next?
Should I
1.checkout master
pull the changes for master
then merge it to Feature1 branch
before I push my Feature1 branch changes to the remote Feature1 and then create a pull request?
I tried looking on the bitbucket documentation but couldn't find this.
The concern I have is how can I sync with the master branch before I push my feature1 to the remote feature1 so that I can do a pull request?
There are many workflow variants, but I'd suggest this typical process :
# update your local master
git checkout master
git pull
# integrate recent changes from master into your branch
git checkout Feature1
git rebase master
# at this point, if any, resolve all conflicts normally and proceed
# then you can send your branch to the remote
git push origin HEAD
...then finally, on Bitbucket, create a pull request Feature1 > master
Is there a way to do it without rebase?
@RipChol Absolutely. You could as well do git merge master instead, but many people prefer a more linear workflow. Overall, this is mostly a matter of preference, as both do the job.
This is exactly what I was going to say. Switch to master, pull it, then rebase your branch on top of it. Now push your branch. You have thus ensured that your branch can be merged with minimal fuss thru a pull request, because you have made your branch look as if it branched from the most recent state of master.
| 15,859 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1389230
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,009 |
Stack Exchange
|
Lam Xuan, Sneha Rathi, Tryggvi Örn Gunnarsson, aleksandrgilfanov, ashish amin, eivamu, enguerran, https://stackoverflow.com/users/178575, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2742229, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2742230, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2888970, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3249457, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3358941, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3979449, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4854049, user2742229
|
English
|
Spoken
| 475 | 743 |
Which Documentum APIs should I use?
There seems to be a number of options for interfacing to Documentum; WDK, DMCL, DFC, DFS, DQL, etc.
What else is there?
When whould you use which interface? For .NET developers, for Java developers?
WDK is for making websites.
DMCL is an old api for communicating with Documentum, in last versions it's only present as an emulation layer, so it should be avoided.
DFC is the preferred API to interact with Documentum, provides all functionality.
DFS is for using Documentum from webservices.
DQL is for querying, it's SQL-like.
DFC and WDK are Java, the others are probably usable from .Net
a link for general documentum development information: [http://www.dmdeveloper.com/]
David provides a good overview but to expand a bit...
DFC is the base Java api for interacting with Documentum. WDK is actually built on top of DFC. The DMCL is the legacy api built in C(or C++ I'm not 100% sure). Prior to D6, all DFC calls used the DMCL under the covers but that layer was rewritten in java for D6 and the DMCL is there just to provide backwards compatibility at this point.
As for accessing Documentum via .NET there is a Documentum PIA that you can use to access the DFC libraries from a .Net project rather than using the traditional Java route.
You could also consider using the CMIS (Content Management Interoperability Services) interface that's being developed for Documentum. It's a web service interface that expands upon AtomPub. It won't be able to leverage all the bells and whistles of the Documentum platform, but it should allow you to use other backends like Alfresco and SharePoint. There's an Early Access Release available via EMC for Documentum.
Massive operation, like bulk upload, you must use DFC, because some feature are accesible only via DFC.
Web operation, I suggest the use of DFS, with is own caching system (can be a problem) and session manager.
The code is more decoupled using DFS instead using of DFC.
DFC use is deprecated, but at the moment you cannot have the same result using DFS.
There is also some technical difference: for example DFC is RMI shared object, so the object is connect to the content server. Instead DFS after web service give you the object, the object is disconnect from content server.
In DFC you have to manage Session, connection, and so many other things tipical of RMI.
DQL is only a way to make query, and so other basic operation on Documentum.
Both David and shsteimer is right.
But Documentum PIA for .Net is not encouraged now because it will be deprecated in future edition of Documentum.
Do you have a source for this information (future deprecation)?
I just found this old discussion, but based on the following link, the "EMC Documentum REST Services" is something to consider:
https://community.emc.com/community/edn/documentum/blog/2013/06/22/announcing-emc-documentum-rest-services-70
| 33,821 |
https://github.com/Almazishe/messagesDjangoBot/blob/master/django_messages_bot/views.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
messagesDjangoBot
|
Almazishe
|
Python
|
Code
| 114 | 246 |
from django.conf import settings
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from .bot import bot
from django_tgbot.types.update import Update
import logging
@csrf_exempt
def handle_bot_request(request):
update = Update(request.body.decode("utf-8"))
"""
All of the processing will happen in this part. It is wrapped in try-except block
to make sure the returned HTTP status is 200. Otherwise, if your processors raise Exceptions
causing this function to raise Exception and not return 200 status code, Telegram will stop
sending updates to your webhook after a few tries. Instead, take the caught exception and handle it
or log it to use for debugging later.
"""
try:
bot.handle_update(update)
except Exception as e:
if settings.DEBUG:
raise e
else:
logging.exception(e)
return HttpResponse("OK")
| 35,486 |
https://github.com/bashkirtsevich/macaque/blob/master/api.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
macaque
|
bashkirtsevich
|
Python
|
Code
| 326 | 1,419 |
from uuid import uuid4
import db_api
from utils import sha1
class APIException(Exception):
pass
def _create_comment_identifiers(text):
return str(uuid4()), sha1(text)
async def add_comment(connection, entity_type, entity_token, user_token, text):
entity_type_id = await db_api.get_or_create_entity_type(connection, entity_type)
entity_id = await db_api.get_or_create_entity(connection, entity_type_id, entity_token)
user_id = await db_api.get_or_create_user(connection, user_token)
result, text_hash = _create_comment_identifiers(text)
await db_api.insert_comment(
connection,
entity_id=entity_id,
user_id=user_id,
unique_key=result,
text=text,
text_hash=text_hash
)
return result
async def reply_comment(connection, parent_comment_token, user_token, text):
comment = await db_api.get_comment_by_key(connection, parent_comment_token)
if not comment:
raise APIException("Comment with token '{}' was not found".format(parent_comment_token))
user_id = await db_api.get_or_create_user(connection, user_token)
result, text_hash = _create_comment_identifiers(text)
await db_api.insert_comment(
connection,
entity_id=comment["entity"],
user_id=user_id,
unique_key=result,
text=text,
text_hash=text_hash,
parent_comment_id=comment["id"]
)
return result
async def _try_get_comment(connection, user_token, comment_unique_key):
user_id = await db_api.get_user_id_by_token(connection, user_token)
comment = await db_api.get_comment_by_key(connection, comment_unique_key)
if comment["user"] != user_id:
raise APIException("Access denied. Invalid user token.")
else:
return comment
async def edit_comment(connection, user_token, comment_unique_key, text):
comment = await _try_get_comment(connection, user_token, comment_unique_key)
result = await db_api.add_or_update_comment_text(
connection,
comment_id=comment["id"],
text=text,
text_hash=sha1(text)
)
return result
async def remove_comment(connection, user_token, comment_unique_key):
comment = await _try_get_comment(connection, user_token, comment_unique_key)
if not await db_api.delete_comment(connection, comment["id"]):
raise APIException("Could not delete comment")
else:
return True
async def get_entity_comments(connection, entity_type, entity_token, limit, offset, with_replies,
timestamp_from=None, timestamp_to=None):
type_id = await db_api.get_or_create_entity_type(connection, entity_type, create_if_none=False)
if not type_id:
raise APIException("Unknown entity type '{}'".format(entity_type))
entity_id = await db_api.get_or_create_entity(connection, type_id, entity_token, create_if_none=False)
if not entity_id:
raise APIException("Entity '{}' was not found".format(entity_token))
async for item in db_api.get_entity_comments(connection, entity_id, with_replies, limit, offset,
timestamp_from, timestamp_to):
yield {
"text": item["text"],
"created": str(item["created"]),
"updated": str(item["updated"]),
"user": item["token"],
"key": item["key"],
"parent_key": item["parent_key"]
}
async def get_user_comments(connection, user_token, limit=0, offset=0, timestamp_from=None, timestamp_to=None):
user_id = await db_api.get_user_id_by_token(connection, user_token)
if not user_id:
raise APIException("User '{}' not found".format(user_token))
async for item in db_api.get_user_comments(connection, user_id, limit, offset, timestamp_from, timestamp_to):
yield {
"text": item["text"],
"created": str(item["created"]),
"updated": str(item["updated"]),
"entity_type": item["entity_type"],
"entity_token": item["entity_token"]
}
async def get_comment_replies(connection, comment_token, limit=0, offset=0):
comment = await db_api.get_comment_by_key(connection, comment_token)
if not comment:
raise APIException("Comment '{}' not found".format(comment_token))
async for item in db_api.get_comment_replies(connection, comment["id"], limit, offset):
yield {
"text": item["text"],
"created": str(item["created"]),
"updated": str(item["updated"]),
"key": item["key"],
"parent_key": item["parent_key"],
"user_token": item["user"]
}
| 13,102 |
https://github.com/BauweraertsWouter/programmeren3/blob/master/hardware_shop/src/main/java/be/kdg/shop/persistence/dao/impl/MapStockDAO.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
programmeren3
|
BauweraertsWouter
|
Java
|
Code
| 474 | 1,393 |
package be.kdg.shop.persistence.dao.impl;
import be.kdg.shop.model.stock.Product;
import be.kdg.shop.model.stock.StockItem;
import be.kdg.shop.model.stock.exceptions.StockException;
import be.kdg.shop.persistence.dao.interfaces.StockDAO;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
public class MapStockDAO implements StockDAO
{
private final Map<String, Product> productsByDescription;
private final Map<String, Collection<Product>> productsByCategoryName;
private final Map<Product, StockItem> stockItemsByProduct;
public MapStockDAO()
{
this.productsByDescription = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Product>();
this.productsByCategoryName = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Collection<Product>>();
this.stockItemsByProduct = new ConcurrentHashMap<Product, StockItem>();
}
/**
* Haal een product op a.d.h.v. zijn unieke beschrijving
*
* @param description
* @return
*/
public Product getProductByDescription(String description)
{
return this.productsByDescription.get(description);
}
/**
* Haal de producten op a.d.h.v. de categorienaam
*
* @param categoryName
* @return
*/
public Collection<Product> getProductsByCategoryName(String categoryName)
{
return this.productsByCategoryName.get(categoryName);
}
/**
* Haal alle categorieën op die bekend zijn in het systeem. Deze functie
* wordt gebruikt in de backend
*
* @return
*/
public Collection<String> getCategories()
{
return this.productsByCategoryName.keySet();
}
/**
* Voeg een product toe aan de stock. Maakt ook indien nodig een nieuwe
* categorie als deze nog niet bestond
*
* @param product
* @param amount
* @throws StockException
*/
public void addProduct(Product product, int amount) throws StockException
{
synchronized (this)
{
updateStockItem(product, amount);
this.productsByDescription.put(product.getDescription(), product);
addProductToCategory(product);
}
}
/**
* Verwijdert een product uit de stock. Verwijdert indien nodig ook de
* categorie indien deze geen producten meer heeft.
*
* @param product
* @throws StockException indien het product niet (meer) aanwezig is
*/
public void removeProduct(Product product) throws StockException
{
synchronized (this)
{
if (stockItemsByProduct.containsKey(product))
{
this.stockItemsByProduct.remove(product);
this.productsByDescription.remove(product.getDescription());
removeProductFromCategory(product);
}
else
throw new StockException("Product niet gevonden in stock");
}
}
/**
* Wijzigt de stockcount voor een gegeven product
*
* @param product
* @param amount
* @throws StockException
*/
public void updateStockItem(Product product, Integer amount) throws StockException
{
synchronized (stockItemsByProduct)
{
StockItem item = this.stockItemsByProduct.get(product);
if (item == null)
{
// Er was nog geen StockItem voor dit product
this.stockItemsByProduct.put(product, new StockItem(amount));
}
else
{
// Er is wel reeds een StockItem voor dit product
int newAmount = item.getAmount() - amount;
if (newAmount >= 0)
{
stockItemsByProduct.put(product, new StockItem(newAmount));
}
else
throw new StockException("De voorraad voor het product " + product.getDescription() + " bedraagt " + item.getAmount());
}
}
}
/**
* Geef de huidige stockcount voor een gegeven product
*
* @param product
* @return
*/
public Integer getStockcount(Product product)
{
synchronized (stockItemsByProduct)
{
return stockItemsByProduct.get(product).getAmount();
}
}
/**
* Utility functie om automatisch een product te verwijderen uit een categorie
* Deze verwijdert ook automatisch de categorie indien er geen producten
* meer voor bestaan.
*
* @param product
*/
private void removeProductFromCategory(Product product)
{
this.productsByCategoryName.get(product.getCategoryName()).remove(product);
if (productsByCategoryName.get(product.getCategoryName()).isEmpty())
{
productsByCategoryName.remove(product.getCategoryName());
}
}
/**
* Utility functie om automatisch een product te toe te voegen aan een categorie
* Deze voegt ook automatisch de categorie toe indien deze nog niet bestaat
*
* @param product
*/
private void addProductToCategory(Product product)
{
if (!this.productsByCategoryName.containsKey(product.getCategoryName()))
this.productsByCategoryName.put(product.getCategoryName(), new HashSet<Product>());
this.productsByCategoryName.get(product.getCategoryName()).add(product);
}
}
| 4,257 |
https://github.com/klou23/LouUI/blob/master/src/LouUI/DropDownMenu.hpp
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
LouUI
|
klou23
|
C++
|
Code
| 598 | 1,276 |
/**
* @file DropDownMenu.hpp
* @brief DropDownMenu class for drop-down selection menus
* @details Header file for the DropDownMenu class, which displays a
* single-selection drop-down menu on the screen and can return which value
* is currently selected
* @author Kevin Lou
* @date December 3, 2021
*
* Copyright (c) 2021 Kevin Lou
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
* SOFTWARE.
*/
#ifndef LOUUI_DROPDOWNMENU_HPP
#define LOUUI_DROPDOWNMENU_HPP
#include "../../include/api.h"
#include "../../include/display/lv_core/lv_obj.h"
#include <vector>
#include "Align.hpp"
#include "Label.hpp"
namespace LouUI {
class DropDownMenu {
public:
using Action = lv_action_t;
enum State{
OPEN,
CLOSE
};
enum StyleType{
BACKGROUND,
SELECTED,
SCROLLBAR
};
private:
lv_obj_t *obj;
lv_style_t *backgroundStyle;
lv_style_t *selectedStyle;
lv_style_t *scrollbarStyle;
std::vector<std::string> options;
void alignArrow();
public:
/**
* Creates a new drop down menu
* @param parent The object the drop down menu is created in
*/
explicit DropDownMenu(lv_obj_t *parent);
/**
* Creates a new drop down menu as a copy of another drop down menu
* @param parent The object the button is created in
* @param d The drop down menu from which the copy is made
*/
DropDownMenu(lv_obj_t *parent, DropDownMenu d);
/**
* Getter for obj
*/
lv_obj_t *getObj() const;
/**
* Getter for backgroundStyle
*/
lv_style_t *getBackgroundStyle() const;
/**
* Getter for pressedStyle
*/
lv_style_t *getSelectedStyle() const;
/**
* Getter for scrollBarStyle
*/
lv_style_t *getScrollbarStyle() const;
/**
* Getter for options
*/
const std::vector<std::string> &getOptions() const;
/**
* Sets the x position
*/
DropDownMenu* setX(int x);
/**
* Sets the y position
*/
DropDownMenu* setY(int y);
/**
* Sets the position
*/
DropDownMenu* setPosition(int x, int y);
/**
* Aligns the drop down menu to another object
* @param ref object to align to
* @param alignType type of alignment
*/
DropDownMenu* align(lv_obj_t *ref, Align alignType);
/**
* Aligns the drop down menu to another object
* @param ref object to align to
* @param alignType type of alignment
* @param xShift pixels to shift in the x-direction
* @param yShift pixels to shift in the y-direction
*/
DropDownMenu* align(lv_obj_t *ref, Align alignType, int xShift,
int yShift);
DropDownMenu* setOptions(std::vector<std::string> options);
/**
* Manually sets the state of the drop down menu
* @param animate true if state change should be animated, false
* otherwise
*/
DropDownMenu* setState(State s, bool animate);
std::string getSelected();
/**
* Sets an action to execute when a new option is chosen
* @param a The function to be executed. The function must meet the
* following requirements:
* - Return type: lv_res_t
* - Single parameter: lv_obj_t *
* - Returns LV_RES_OK
*/
DropDownMenu* setAction(Action a);
};
}
#endif //LOUUI_DROPDOWNMENU_HPP
| 49,439 |
https://github.com/emipa606/MoreFactionInteraction/blob/master/Source/MoreFactionInteraction/MoreFactionWar/FactionWarPeaceTalks.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
MoreFactionInteraction
|
emipa606
|
C#
|
Code
| 250 | 998 |
using System.Collections.Generic;
using MoreFactionInteraction.MoreFactionWar;
using RimWorld;
using RimWorld.Planet;
using UnityEngine;
using Verse;
namespace MoreFactionInteraction
{
public class FactionWarPeaceTalks : WorldObject
{
private Texture2D cachedExpandoIco;
private Material cachedMat;
private bool canRemoveWithoutPostRemove;
private Faction factionInstigator;
private Faction factionOne;
public override Material Material
{
get
{
if (cachedMat == null && Faction != null)
{
cachedMat = MaterialPool.MatFrom(def.texture, ShaderDatabase.WorldOverlayTransparentLit,
factionOne?.Color ?? Color.white, WorldMaterials.WorldObjectRenderQueue);
}
return cachedMat;
}
}
public override Color ExpandingIconColor => Color.white;
public override Texture2D ExpandingIcon
{
get
{
if (cachedExpandoIco == null)
{
cachedExpandoIco = MatFrom(def.expandingIconTexture, ShaderDatabase.CutoutComplex, factionOne.Color,
factionInstigator.Color, WorldMaterials.WorldObjectRenderQueue).GetMaskTexture();
}
return cachedExpandoIco;
}
}
public void Notify_CaravanArrived(Caravan caravan)
{
var pawn = BestCaravanPawnUtility.FindBestDiplomat(caravan);
if (pawn == null)
{
Messages.Message("MessagePeaceTalksNoDiplomat".Translate(), caravan, MessageTypeDefOf.NegativeEvent,
false);
}
else
{
CameraJumper.TryJumpAndSelect(caravan);
var dialogue = new FactionWarDialogue(pawn, factionOne, factionInstigator, caravan);
var nodeRoot = dialogue.FactionWarPeaceTalks();
Find.WindowStack.Add(new Dialogue_FactionWarNegotiation(factionOne, factionInstigator, nodeRoot));
canRemoveWithoutPostRemove = true;
Find.WorldObjects.Remove(this);
}
}
private static Material MatFrom(string texPath, Shader shader, Color color, Color colorTwo, int renderQueue)
{
var materialRequest = new MaterialRequest(ContentFinder<Texture2D>.Get(texPath), shader)
{
renderQueue = renderQueue,
color = colorTwo,
colorTwo = color,
maskTex = ContentFinder<Texture2D>.Get(texPath + Graphic_Single.MaskSuffix, false)
};
return MaterialPool.MatFrom(materialRequest);
}
public void SetWarringFactions(Faction one, Faction instigator)
{
factionOne = one;
factionInstigator = instigator;
}
public override IEnumerable<FloatMenuOption> GetFloatMenuOptions(Caravan caravan)
{
foreach (var o in base.GetFloatMenuOptions(caravan))
{
yield return o;
}
foreach (var f in CaravanArrivalAction_VisitFactionWarPeaceTalks.GetFloatMenuOptions(caravan, this))
{
yield return f;
}
}
public override void PostRemove()
{
base.PostRemove();
if (!canRemoveWithoutPostRemove)
{
Find.World.GetComponent<WorldComponent_MFI_FactionWar>()
.DetermineWarAsIfNoPlayerInteraction(factionOne, factionInstigator);
}
}
public override void ExposeData()
{
base.ExposeData();
Scribe_References.Look(ref factionInstigator, "MFI_PeaceTalksFactionInstigator");
Scribe_References.Look(ref factionOne, "MFI_PeaceTalksFactionOne");
}
}
}
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sn86072143_1867-01-04_1_1_1
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
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English
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Spoken
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VOL. XXXV. NEW SERIES VOL. XXII BURLINGTON, VT., FRIDAY MORNING, JANUARY 4, 1867 NUMBER TWENTY-SEVEN New Year's day, December 1st, 1867. Kind friends, all hail! A year has passed, Is numbered now among the dead. Into his shoes a new year's trip. And claims a welcome Cross all eyes. But ere with joy we greet the New, We'll pay the Old his tribute due Win our turn him truly, though we barrow The words in which we sent our sorrow. Yes, the year is growing old. And his eye is pale and bleared: Death, with frosty hand and cold. Flocks the old man by the beard Sorely! sorely Through woods and mountain passes The winds like anthem ralL They are chanting solemn Basses: Singing, "Pray for this poor soul, "Pray! pray!" And the hooded clouds, like friars, Tell their beads in drops of rain. And patter their doleful prayers! But their prayers are all in rain: All in rain! Ah, then, the Old Year dies. And the forests utter a moan, Like the voice of one who crieth In the wilderness alone, "Vex not his ghost!" Then come with wrath, wrung roar. Gathering and sounding on. The storm wind from Labrador, The wind over the ocean, The storm wind! Howl! and from the sea! Sweep the red leaves away. Voil the sins that thou abhorrest, Oh, Soul! could thus decay, And be swept away! For there shall come a mightier blast; There shall be a darker day; And the stars, from heaves cast. Like red leaves, be swept away. Kyrie's! That was a song as is no such Can torn at your poor Carr's touch; Whose bumble muse will dare no more Than chirp, like snow-birds at your door. Of what she daily sees and feels. As Time drives on his chirp wheels. Now cast he drives, relentless Cite! Catch him, and hold him! Make him wait Till you can fresco that bald pate. You'll earn the thanks of small and great. No use; he's off, with rapid wing; Beware his scythe's relentless swing! Not this the day, or ears the clime. Where everyone can "take his Time." How strange the earth is never a peace! No sooner does our own war cease. Than other powers begin, to fight. Though they don't equal "we-uns" quite Austria. Let's slashed across the face, And takes the beating with ill grace; Flinging meanwhile a stave of "Linden when the son runs out;" While Prussia, now her "domin's riz," She has a mark as knows! It's To battle kingdoms proves is art As stork the frogs in ancient faith. Cute Louis Napoleon don't eat fish. Cut watches chases for a bite; While Italy goes is all over. Gets a rebuff, but now in clot or, With Venice, hand in hand, we stand, Lady of Ugends and the sea. Napoleon took a harder job, To hold. Out Max, that he might have it. For eels in Montezuma's hike; But stead of eels he caught a still; For Uncle Samuel, mare at leisure, Since he had not settled, to his pleasure. The mox-in-the-quan, took the chance To cast that way a sidelong glance. And, pulling up his shirt collar, said: "X jw, Louis, just you go ahead, If you think best. But that here water is fishing ground that I look after; And if we should once disagree, If things might drop and 'twould be me" Louis dropped Max as quick as a wink, Leaving him floundering in the drink; And whether he can yet crawl out. Or get home safe, is quite in doubt. His prospects are so very hazy, In such a way that I have often been empress crazy. While wars and rumors fill the air with loud and thunder over there. Our time at home is mostly spent In our planet. Peripatetic flossophagus. Holding his nicely buttered hand, Sprinkles "constantly" and the stars With perfect looseness from the ears. Leaves people puzzling to know If Judas was a saint, or how; And in his intellectual flashes, A room, lishing unheard of smashes, He does himself "particular ashes." How a lot the circle round he swung, How he wrenched him with his tongue. How this they snared all men's affections, And how it told on the elections, He needed to tell. Election came. Vermont maintained her ancient name, Maine followed; Pennsylvania too; And all the North proved just as true. Into the outlaws the Hoffman Mare, And not a state but Delaware And Maryland would take its stand Where Johnson held his outstretched hand. Poor Andrew! Now no man of sense So poor to do him reverence! He hears them say they will not bear A merry-andrew in the chair; And mutter of impeachment toll As thunders swing from pole to pole. The book alone, amid scowls, rejoice. And when he "man of their first choice" Thinking their time has surely Been welcomed, when they Turn to repentance meet, Which They may think less handy In the "mystery" of Andy, Then tell the remainder Of the "tare and on the platform" - "No need to say to anyone to mention The story of Hyde Park Convention, When it was found and "bled" in collections law, It was got hurt before 'twas thraseth: That libel suit, and how it tared. And who was hoisted by his petard; Would make, if one had words and time, A pretty story, told in rhyme. But let it pass, nor be it said That we "stuck sticks" into the Atlantic Telegraph's no table! Cus at last has laid his cable! Nay, more! he's fished the old one up, And both run, like a tear-eld pan! But though we're not sad, 'twas By former years' experience taught. Not best to illuminate our walls, Or burn our largest City Halls; More sensible in views, folks say, "A pound for every word to pay "Is cutting it a little fat: "Of course he pays his debts on that!" Still everyone, with joy, comes That it's the biggest of successes. The year is famous, now just over. Among the years, for one thing must Long cyphering astronomers had figured out, among the stars, a heavenly shower there should be of meteors, as in thirty-three. They even dared the day to name. The 18th of November came. And with it many a summer night, when not to sleep that night. In the midst of the shower, what he saw, I drove to one and one to two And Jukness into morning grew. We too, on noge-p le sat; Perchance wandering owl or bat But nary mett. Of no more Than mightily course the Mitfa o'er. In vain his eyes and cats be scanned Silence alone rewards his pama, 'Till sore in back and cramped in knees With fingers bordering on the freest. Aim, it too stiff and cold to curse, It comes indoors to meet with worse, As countless stars fly unawares In tumbling down the garret stairs. But England saw the wondrous sight Upon that still November night, Thousands of meteors flashing far, With glory lambent round each star. While here we missed the splendid view By only just in hour or two; And so Astronomy, in sooth. I roved her disciples men of truth; And Sixty-six, a year of fame, The "neter year," bears gilded name. What shall the year to some of mark: The "glory" Who knows? The future's dark. But this one thing, the carrier knows: Through rain or shine or sleet or mows. He'll bring the Fat Venus to your door. With latest news the wide world o'er, And thanking you for kindly cheer. He bids you, now, a glad New Tune. The weather friend. Because I mourned to see thee fall From where I mounted thee, Because I did not find thee all I felt a friend should be; Because things are not what they seem, And this our world is full of dream Because thou lovest sunny weather, Am I to keep thee altogether? I know harsh words have found their way, Which I would fain recall; And angry passions had their day, But now forget them all; Now that I only ask to share Thy presence, like some pleasant air. Now that my gravest thoughts will bend To my light mind, fair-weather mean: See! I am careful to atone By spirit's voice to thine; My talk shall be of mirth alone, Of music, flowers, and wine! I will not breathe an honest breath, I will not think of life or death, I will not dream of any end, While thou art here, fair-weather friend! Or, if I see my doom is traced By fortune's sterner pen. And pain and sorrow must be faced Well, thou canst leave me then; And feel not lest some faint reproach Should on thy happy hoars encroach; Kay, biasings on thy steps attend. Where'er they torn, fair-weather friend! Moxcrox Musis (Lord Uocatrros.) It is the most interesting story. At D( witz. in the neighborhood of Prague, there once lived rich and whimsical old farmer, who had a beautiful daughter. The students ol Prague cf whom there were at that time twenty-five thousand, often walked in the direction of Dew itz and moie than one of them offered to follow tbe pluogh, in hopes of becoming ibe soc-ui-Uw of the fartmr. The first condition that the cun ning peasant set on cacb cew servant wan this : "I engage you," he would say, "for a year, that is, till the cuckou sings the re turn ol spring ; but if , from now till then, you ray once you are not satisfied, I will cut t ff the end of your nos.-. 1 give you the same right over me," be added, laughing. And be did as be said. Prague was lull of students with toe ecds ot their noses glued on, which did not prevent an ugly sear, and, si ill less, bad iokes. To return from tbe h.:ai disfigured and ridiculed was well eal ctilaUd : coul the wannest passion I A Yuur-g man by the name of Coranda, j p. nu w tat ungainly in manner, but cool, '-it. and cunning, which art njt had aids :i. m ikuif. une's lirtunc, "cx-k it in his head i. iry tl.e adventure. The farmer received ' . itii " iih : i-i usual good nature, nnd, the , Ij.ii -i in made, sent him to the field to work. I. t.riaksdst-tnse the other servants were called. But good care was taken to forget C'urat.da. At dinner it was the same. Cor and a gaye himself no trouble about it. He went to the house, and while the farmer's wife was feeding the chickens, unbooked an enoTiuous ham from the kitchen rafters, took a huge loaf from the cupboard, and went back to the fields to dine and take a nap. "Are you satisfied?" cried the farmer, when muiuvu at nigua. "Perfectly satisfied," said Coran. "I have done better than you have." At that instant the farmer's wife came rushing in, crying that her ham was gone. Coranda laughed, and the farmer turned pale. "Are you not satisfied?" asked Coranda. "A ham is only a ham." answered his master. "Such a trifle does not trouble me." But after that time he took good care not to leave the student fasting. Sunday came. The farmer and his wife seated themselves in the wagon to go to church, saying to Coranda, "It is your business to cook the dinner. Cut up the niece of meat you see yonder, with onions, carrots, leeks, and parsley, and boil them all together in the great rut over the kitchen fire." "Ter well, answered Coranda. There was a little pet dog at the farmhouse by the name of Parsley. Coranda failed. Bun, skinned nun, cut bun op with the meat and vegetables, and put the whole to boil over the kitchen fire. When the farmer's wife returned, she called her favorite; but, alas! she saw nothing but a good skin hanging by the window. "What have you done?" said she to Caranda. What you ordered me, mistress. I have boiled the meat, onions, carrots, and leeks and parsley in the bargain." "Wicked wretch," cried the farmer, "did you the heart to kill the innocent creature that was the joy of the house?" "Are you not eating?" said the farmer, taking his knife from his pocket. "I did not say that," said the farmer. A dead dog is nothing but a dead dog." But he sighed. A few days after, the farmer and his wife went to market. Flaring their terrible servant, they said to him, "Stay at home, and do exactly what you see others do." "I very well," said Horanua. There was an old shed in the yard, the roof of which was falling to pieces. The carpenters came to repair it, and began, as usual, by tearing down the roof. Coranda took a ladder and mounted the roof of the house, which was quite new. Hanging posts, nails, and tiles, he tore on everything, tract scattered them all to the winds. When the farmer returned, the house was open to the winds. "Mamma, please, "West new tries have you played me?" "Have one year you, master, answered Coranda. "You told me to go exactly what I saw others do. Are you not satisfied?" And he took out his knife. "Satisfied!" returned the farmer; "why should I not be satisfied. A few shingles more or Less will not ruin me." But be signed. Night came the farmer and his wife said to each other that it was high time to get rid of this incarnate demon. As is always the case with sensible people, they never did anything without consulting their daughter, it being the custom in Bohemia to think that children always have more than their parents. "Rather," said Helen, "I will let in the great tear tree early in the morning, and call like the cuckoo. You can tell Coranda that the year is up, since the cuckoo is singing; pay him, and send him away." Early in the morning, we plaintive cry of the cuckoo was heard through the fields. The farmer seemed surprised. "Well, my boy, Spring is come," said he. "Do you hear the cuckoo singing yonder? I will pay you, and we will part good friends." "A cuckoo!" said Coranda; "that is a bird which I have always wanted to see." He ran to the tree and shook it with all his might, when, behold! a voting girl fell from the branches, fortunately more frightened than hurt. "Villain!" cried the farmer. "Are you not satisfied?" said Coranda, opening his knife. "Yretch ! you kill my daughter, and you think that 1 oubt to be satitfied. lorn fur ious. Be gone, if you would not die by my hand." "1 wfll go when I have cut off your nose" said Cora mis. "1 baye kept my word ; do you keep yours." , "fT1- cried the farmer, putting hii hwJd teforc bis lace. "You will eurcly let me redeem mv nnM" "It depenason what yon offer," said Co- l&UUOa " WiHjou take ten sheep far it ?' 'Ten oows?" "No-; L would rather cutoff yBUr uom." And ho ehErpcned his knllo on tbe door-step, "Father,'1 said IIcloi, "the fault wai mine ; it belongs to me to repair it. Coran tls, will you teko my bind instead of my j father's note?" "Yes," replied Coranda. j "I mike one condition," said the young girl We will make tbe same bargain ; tbe first of us that is not satisfied alter mar- tiace shall liare his noso cnt off by tbe Otncr. "Good," replied Coranda. rather it was the touguc ; but "I would that will ooaic next." Never was a Goer weUdit seen in Prague, and never was there a happier household. Coranda and the beuatiful Helen were a model pair. Tbe husband and wife were never heard to complain of each other ; they loved with drawn swords, and, thanks to their ingenious bargain, they kept fur long yeais both their lore and their uoees. FromJEJtmmrd JMtmJaut's "Fairy Taks of All Nations:' IX TI1H OJIMIJU?. A mighty woman with a bundle, a cross woman with a baby, an uncomfortable woman with a dug, an old gentleman with an expanse of crinoline, and the usual complement of nothing-particular people, including mine self, jonn Hayes, gentleman at large. I would not have been inside if I could have helped it; and, judging from the surrounding faces, we were all of us in the same plight. We were all of us, we all hated one another. When a fellow-creature is visibly radiating the caloric one already has in excess, hatred for him, or even her, follows in logical sequence, and we were waiting for more passengers. "Please help me," said I, "I'm blind!" It was the tiniest, sweetest voice; we all turned to see a little girl lay her hand confidingly on the Conductor's arm. I took her from him as fearfully as if she had been in truth what she looked like! My Syrian Clytie, the same poor, old face, with the delicate features and drooping white trimmings; but the sadness of her pallor was relieved by the vivid dark gold of her hair, which fell in soft thick rosy-colored curls upon her neck. "Isn't there a dog here?" said she presently. "Yes, darling," said the dog's owner, as she handed it to the child, looking uncomfortable no longer; the blind face turned to hers seemed to charm away its nervousness. "What a dear little fellow?" said Clytie, and the rough terrier grew popular. "Do they let you go far alone?" said the cross woman. "Oyes." The little one gave a low, glad laugh of triumph. "I've been to the blind school! I can do everything for myself," said the old gentleman, she meant her sentence, adding with an odd womanly pity, "It must be so sad to be deaf." "I said, involuntarily, "You don't look as though you were very sad." "I! Oh, no, I never am now sorry is well," said the old gentleman, "Who is Emily?" "Who is Emily?" "Oh, my little sister; but she was ill for a long time and long." Clytie's voice faltered, as though she were living over again a great sorrow. "But she was now?" I said. "Oh, quite strong; and it's so nice." "Have you many sisters and brothers?" asked the young lady. "No, only Emily, and one brother, baby Tom; he's such a great, fat fellow, and he laughs you can't think how he laughs?" If it was anything like the musical girl his sister sent rippling through the air, I should like to have heard that baby. "What does he laugh at?" said the cross woman. "O everything; at Emv and me, when we play Punch and Judy; and at dinner, when there's dumplings; and sometimes he lies on the nw and laughs at himself; and we laugh, too, it's so funny." The little one's mirth was infectious, we all joined in, with various modifications of the roar of the deaf gentleman, who couldn't stop himself, and setting us off again, little Clytie clapping her soft closed hand till she made the dog bark, and the conductor looked in to say, "Well, if ever I saw such a row." "Euston road, please." said Clytie, turning into a business woman all at once. The unwelcome niece seemed to be in the act, as I thought, out, I saw the cross woman's face break in upon tears. It's queer," she said, "that I feel like to see her so merry. I was unpleasantly conscious of what my dear mother used to call the apple of my heart. I was grateful to the dear gentleman for saying so much!" and saving the effort for replying, we all fell into quietness, but it was curious to notice how forbearing we grew to one another the child's great loss, worn like a flower-crown on the head of some pictured man, made our petty discernment away, the young lady began to play with the habile, the old gentleman with the dog, and I, who object to all gratuities on the principle of never having any money to spare, was absolutely pleased when the mighty woman handed back her charge to her vanquished toe, saying, "Never mind the penny, conductor!" Even the awful woman grew quite interesting over the reminiscence of a youth she had known when she was a girl, who had recovered his sight after being blind for a year. I think if, instead of being a plucked civil service candidate, I could be a woman with a mischievous, I would choose that of my unconscious little Clytie. "Set them for the other Army. At Antietam our boys (One hundred and seventy-five) supported Cotbem's battery. The rebels advanced in a solid mass. One of our boys, a sporting character from Elmira, climbed." A high rock where he could view the whole scene. The rebels came on until we could see their faces, and then Cottern poured the canister into them. The advancing column was literally turned to pieces by the fire. Our friend on the rock grew frantic in his demonstrations of delight, and as one of the battery sections sent a schrapnel which mowed down a long line of Juncture, he swung his cap, and, snatching go the flying rebels could have heard him, sang out: "Bald, set 'em up on the other side." Mrs. HEPHERD in Cora. When ordered by the Court to answer the interrogatories of the opposing counsel, she positively refused in the following words, or rather to that effect: "Answer him, is it answer him? I'll never answer him and my son'll tell you I'll never answer him, and my daughter too, she'll tell you I'll never answer him. And why should I answer him, you can't put it into me in that way at all, sir, see my son, he'll tell you, and I have daughter, she'll tell you that you can't put it into me in that way at all, sir, see my son, he'll tell you, that I gave him as good as he sent, Harry! Jim-net at all the quarter-r-r-1 to be hated by that devil about giving him as good as he said, by son, as my daughter, I tell you that by James, I can like the head off him, and spoke the eyes of him down." His ugly troat. My son'll tell you, and my daughter will tell you, that I have been through. I rasp my fingers at you, you little agony of extravagantly lawyers. My son '11 tell ye an' my daughter '11 tell ye that it is little I care for the like of Now, Jidge, let mc jUt spoke till ye jidge, tare my son'll tell ye and my daughter '11 tell ye that I've cverrr been a horcit wcmin, Judge, all my life, an' my ecu '11 tell yc an my daughter '11 tell yc, Jidje, an' this rrrraseally, rrrrarapi- cious, rrmmbunctious, rrrrrowdyiib, rrir- uuui ..--'- 1 j prrc-arrring, rrrapscallioa,- has been b: me. an 'basin of me, an' dubbin' oft Diun' c: me, an' kieiln' of mc. an' punehtn of me, an tmitin' of me, an wallcpiu' of me, an playin the devil on me, Jidgt, for the past fbarr yearns, Jidge, an' my son JiJgt, an' my daughter Jidge will tell ye." Ilere she was by the ecnUucJ efforts of tho Court and all its officers choked off and com pelled to tubiide, bat the way she trilled all her " It's " has filled the Court room so fall of that superfluous consonant thit they will probably be rollin; about there for the next two weeks in the greatest profusion. mm rJim satm ' fr G. C. A: IS. L.. HK. EDICT. EDITORS ADD rtUIPIITCHS. j - FRIDAY MORNING, JANUARY 1. 1867. A Groivint,- Country. As long ago a 1815 Elkanah Watson, Port Kent, published some statistics of the growth of the United States, and some esti mates drawn, thercfrom.o fits further growth. The latter were ridiculed at the time by many; but time has singularly verified their correctness. Mr. Weston's estimates for 1820, 1830, and 1840 do not in any case vary from the actual census. He estimated that our population in 1860 would be 23,135,363. It was by the census 23,191,670. It placed our population in 1860 at 31,753,821. The census of 1860 makes it 31,145,080. His calculations extended to the year 1900, his estimate for which was 100,350,985. Regarding the population of Great Britain, it is but 29,000,000; of France 37,000,000, or Austria 35,000,000; of the World 1,000,000, it will be allowed that if the estimates for the future approximate anywhere near as closely to the truth as those for the past, we are likely to have here a "great Country." That it will be one of the countries of a generation to come, certain; that it will offer greater attraction than ever to immigrants from other lands is likely; and it is by no means a wild anticipation to conclude that many who have been mourning in years past over the ruin of the country may live to see it contain one-tenth of all the population of the globe, and standing confessedly the mightiest nation of the world. The Pes Moines or Co. In a lecture in Boston on the 27th ult, Hon. Geo. S. Boutwell, of Massachusetts, said: "From what I know of the purpose and opinion of Congress, I do not hesitate to say, that the great majority of the loyal men here of the two Houses are in favor of declaring a solemn resolution or public act, that the governments of these ten (Southern) States are in favor of a constitutional amendment, and shall exercise authority no longer; and by legislative authority establish governments in those districts, call them territorial governments, or what you will; and in the setting up of these governments decide that loyal male citizens shall be entitled to a right of suffrage." This is an important statement. That the majority of Congress, believing that there has been undue assumption of authority by the President, in the reconstruction of the Southern States, is unquestionable; that they propose that Congress, not Mr. Johnson, shall establish the terms of admission, and undoubtedly the case. But that Congress would formally adopt the doctrine of "State suicide," and undertake to legislate for the late rebel States as territorial, we are not believed, nor do we, Mr. Boutwell, the contrary is that it is what he means to understand. The governments which Congress will organize, will be, we take it, State governments, based on the loyal population. Washington dispatches say that the Government is in possession of advices which leave no room to doubt that the British Cabinet will recognize the A Is hams claims, and, in return, our own Cabinet will recognize the British claims against this country. Indus Hostilities Despatches from Fort Laramie report a grand coalition of twelve tribes of Indians, for hostilities against the whites in Dakota and Montana territories. The number of warriors was estimated as high as 11,000; but this is doubtless an exaggeration. The recent massacre near Port Kearney is confirmed. Cul. Feltermac and many men went after the Indians, and were finally drawn on until at a point four miles from the fort they were surrounded, slaughtered. Not a man escaped. The bodies were stripped of every article of clothing, scalped and mutilated. Thirty bodies were found in a space not larger than a good sized room. Nearly all the bodies were colored and buried in the fort. Senator Evans introduced in the Senate last week a bill to prevent illegal voting in the District of Columbia. It punishes with imprisonment of not less than two months or more than six months any attempt to vote without being duly registered as a voter, or the voting or attempting to vote more than once, and further disqualifies him in voting thereafter in the District, any one who so offends against the law. The bill, if it becomes a law, will render it difficult for the people to evade its provisions; and there is no reason why it should not pass. In the bill establishing equal suffrage in the District of Columbia has been followed by the adoption of the resolution of Mr. Stevens providing for the organization of free schools in the District of Columbia, in which no distinction shall be made on account of color. Mr. Trumbull, of Illinois, made a speech, in the U. S. Senate, about a week ago in which he showed that the tanning power could not be taken from the President of the United States by any action of Congress. His power to grant reprisals and pardons comes from a provision of the Constitution; and by judicial decisions he can grant pardons to the latter, as well as after conviction. From the Washington Republican says that Culberson Lyon of Lonsdale, N. Y., late Governor of the Territory of Idaho, who reports that he was of an Governor of the United States, has accounted for about $100,000 advanced to him by the Government at various times. The Admission of Excluded States. From the Richmond Examiner. Washington, Dec. 20, 1806. A very important movement is on foot for the consideration of excluded States upon the adoption of the Constitutional Amendment. The South Carolina Legislature will receive, in a day or two, ample assurances that Senators and Representatives from that State, duly qualified, will be admitted upon the oath of that body to the Congressional Amendment. Mr. Wetherby, came here a day or two ago as a Deputy from members of the Legislature from South Carolina, to inquire whether the State would be restored if she ratified the Amendment, there being among the members of the Legislature a majority on the subject. Mr. Wetherby had a conference with leading Radical Senators and members upon the subject. The returned last night, on his way to Columbia, with satisfactory assurances that the State should be admitted upon the terms mentioned. The test oath will, however, exclude perhaps some of those who were elected for the Thirty-ninth Congress, and could not take the oath. It is not certain that Gov. Perry, or either of the Senators elect, could take it. But the Senate might remove the doubts in regard to them, as it did in the Patterson case. A new election would necessarily occur in the four Representatives of the State to the Forty-first Congress. Senator Wilson declared in the Senate yesterday that, in his opinion, the Southern States would be admitted upon the same terms as the States. States now excluded would accept the Constitutional Amendment by the 4th of March next. Many here thought that South Carolina would take the lead in securing the terms of restoration by Congress, and it now looks very much like it. Mexico. Gen. Sherman stopped at St. Louis by a telegram from the President, directing him to return to New Orleans, where he will remain. Minister Campbell and the two will again visit Mexico, to establish a government by the election. They were directed to do that when they went there before, but the expected action of Maximilian prevented their carrying out the instructions given them. A Lecture from a New Yorker. We have had for several days upon our table a reply from a democrat in New York, to a recent article in the New York Times, in which we alluded to the importance of the Chicago Times, Boston Post, and other democratic journals, in favor of universal suffrage, as an evidence of the demoralization and coming break up of the Democratic party. "Acquis," stoutly denies, with more word than we can find room for, that there is any prospect of such a break up, or that the papers alluded to are true representatives of the democratic party. He goes on to say: No journal, however it may have appeared with their previous opinions, may be said to lead them (the Democracy). When they discover a sheet, hitherto their friend, advocating the cause of their obliquity adversaries, let it be stated that an act transfer their patronage to one more worthy of it. So far from producing the essence of political sentiment which, on predict, such a one only brings upon itself the reason of those who once admired and favored it. It will be denied access to the households whose doors had prevailed over it, and it is now, in a thousand tongues, gratified, not long since, to declare its praises. Its influence will be gone; its popularity as an exponent of Democratic sentiment will have fled; and, as a consequence, it will be powerless to produce the results, to which you look forward with so much of evident exultation. It can have no hand in producing, while it holds its place in our ranks, that tamed day of social repose, which you so classically term the "Political Millennium" which is, in fact, nothing more, in your conceit, than the complete triumph of the Radical cause. Even could it be under these circumstances, retain my influence over the Democratic Party, and by its arts persuade its unwilling members to enter the Radical fold, we would dare to draw that picture of the "millenium." whose approach it would thus assist to accelerate? That you might, perhaps, I prevailed upon to make the attempt I shall not dispute; but I would be little inclined to credit its tremendous effect upon its completion. If its contemplation be as repulsive to you as it is to me, you would certainly hesitate to disclose its most characteristic features. If the Radicals triumph without bloodshed, a "millenium" will follow which we would willingly avoid. It will be characterized by repose; but it will be the repose of a people held in bonds by the chains which they have forged with their own hands, and too unambitious to aspire to a better condition. It will arise, not from the reciprocal affections of a magnanimous people, but from the absolute necessities of our political condition. It will be a result, not of mutual concern, but of the entire absence of public spirit and patriotic impulse in the nation. It will come when the American spirit shall have left our bosom; when our resentment for the Constitution shall be directed to a less worthy object; when all the barriers, erected in 1738 against oppression, shall be leveled; and when the power, now running through a thousand well-chosen channels, shall pass over the bed of A single wide and swollen stream. Its blessings will be deferred, till we are dissatisfied and unable to appreciate them; till we are weary and disinclined to enjoy them; till we are ever ready and powerless to maintain them. Such an issue of the struggle, now going on in this country, may be dull; but, unless the work of the last few years be undone, it is inevitable. Agitation originated in the late civil strife, brought on through Radical agency for that exclusive purpose, has invigorated it; it derives new energy from the oppression of the South, the privilege to the actual oppression of the whole people; and half of the citizens have, at the late election, unnecessarily, the right to decide their verdict in its favor. It seems as we may, but little more will be required to consummate the infamous scheme. Already the rights of the State, and the true principles of Republican Government are secured; already the work of concentration is half accomplished. To conclude, let me assure you that in what I have said I have intended to say nothing derogatory to yourself. I am much pleased with the general moderation of your editorials, no less than the ability which marks the publication under your charge. However, I may look upon the intentions of the leaders of your party, I consider that your advocacy of their cause consists with your view of your duty to your Country. I exonerate. You from any participation in their schemes. I can only regret that so good an understanding and so honest a heart should enlist the interest in to bad a cause. We suppose we ought to doff our hat and make our best bow in recognition of such altogether unmerited praise from a political opponent, as well as to tender our thanks for the kind (and equally undeserved) exoneration from the guilt of a charge in the terrible schemes and responsibilities of the radicals. Will Acolis please consider the proper thing done, on our part! In one thing evidently our correspondent and we agree, he sees, as plainly as we do, in our near and full triumph of republican principles in our Country. And if he would look at it rightly it would be cause with him not for such gloomy forebodings, but for thanks and rejoicing. He makes the common mistake of overlooking one class of "lights" in his care for another. What are the rights which will be destroyed by the consequences of what he calls radicalism, but which is true conservatism? They are the right of men with skins of one color to hold men of another color, or whose ancestors were once of another color, in bondage; right of exclusive possession of civil, social and political power, education and influence, by an aristocratic class, in a dozen States the union: the rights of Secession, or other words, the right of a State to dissolve the Union, and to destroy the Constitution for the sake of the Union; the right to "wallop one's nigger," and to tar and feather abolitionists. The loss of these "rights" will doubtless be a great deprivation to a portion of our people; but how will the balance stand, it will gain for the whole people, the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; the right of education and of suffrage without distinctions of class or color; the right of free speech, and of free travel in every State, for every citizen of the land; if we thus establish, at last, a free, intelligent, homogeneous, and truly great as well as powerful nations? For each an end we labor, with such powers as God has given us. What is "Acolis" doing to help on the great result? The Great Ocean Yacht Race. The famous yacht race across the ocean, resulted in the triumph of the Britannia. which arrived at Cowcson Christmas day, at forty-five minutes past five o'clock. As the yachts left their starting point at Sandy Hook at one forty-five on the 11th, the passage was made by the Henrietta in thirteen days and twenty-five minutes. The others were less than twelve hours behind, the Futurity arriving at 2 and the Vesta at 3:30 the next morning. This is very extraordinary time for sailing vessels. The result, which makes Mr. James Coedo-v Bennett Jr. the winner of one of the most notable races on the water ever known, and puts in his pocket the comparative little sum of $90,000, stake money, though somewhat different from the anticipations of many of the "knowing ones" and betting men in New York, with whom the Futurity was the favorite, will be very satisfactory to the public. The Herald has been for years stirring up the Yacht Club to an ocean race, and Mr. Bennett was the only one of the three owners who had the pluck to win in his own yacht. He has fairly won his laurels, and his triumph will effectually wipe out the memory of "Plum gut." The following detail, by the Cable, should have been received last week Wednesday; but when detained by the interruption of the Newfoundlands lines: Saratoga, Dec 28. The Henrietta arrived at the Redcliffe off Cowes at forty-five minutes past five last evening, and the Fleetwing arrived at two o'clock this morning, and the Vesta at half past three. The Fleetwing had a very rough passage, and six men were washed off the bowsprit while falling in a gale. The Vesta reports nothing of the passage, and all on board both boats were well. A despatch from the Henrietta says: "Up to the night of the Fleetwing and Vesta on the night after we started and have not seen either of them since. We kept the regular steamer track the whole afternoon. During the first seven days of the storm, the weather was very bad with rain, and the light was one hundred and thirteen miles, which was causing a heavy storm when she hove to fire several hours. All the leading London netters are in London, with the latest news from the Yachts and their crews, which took part in the great race. Great interest has been felt in the race in England and it is being discussed among all of the Yachts. The Yachts have been invited to visit the Queen who is staying at Osborne House. The Royal Yacht Club of England fired a salute of eleven guns in the order of the winning vessel. All parties seem to devote themselves to the contest. During the year, the Captain of Her Majesty's ironclad Hector has offered the facilities of the Portsmouth Dock Yard for repairs but none are needed. The offer was received with great enthusiasm.
| 25,723 |
https://github.com/gabrielDpadua21/monorepo-univesp/blob/master/algoritimos/src/Exercicios6/Pessoa2Teste.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
monorepo-univesp
|
gabrielDpadua21
|
Java
|
Code
| 80 | 283 |
package Exercicios6;
public class Pessoa2Teste {
public static void main(Exercicio7[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
// Frajola
// Thor
// Lucifer
// Ordem crecente
// Thor
// Lucifer
// Frajola
Pessoa2 p1 = new Pessoa2("Frajola", 12, 8, 2015);
Pessoa2 p2 = new Pessoa2("Thor", 15, 3, 2014);
Pessoa2 p3 = new Pessoa2("Lucifer", 11, 3, 2015);
Pessoa2[] pessoas = new Pessoa2[3];
pessoas[0] = p1;
pessoas[1] = p2;
pessoas[2] = p3;
p1.ordenaPessoas(pessoas);
for(Pessoa2 pessoa: pessoas ) {
System.out.println(pessoa.nome);
}
}
}
| 39,938 |
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagell%20binc%20pinwydd
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Tagell binc pinwydd
|
https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tagell binc pinwydd&action=history
|
Welsh
|
Spoken
| 177 | 459 |
Math a rhywogaeth o ffwng yn nheulu'r Entolomataceae yw'r Tagell binc pinwydd (Lladin: Entoloma nitidum; Saesneg: Pine Pinkgill). Y Tegyll Pinc yw'r enw ar lafar ar y grwp mae'r ffwng yma'n perthyn iddo, ond nid yw'n derm gwyddonol. Lluosog 'tagell' yw 'tegyll'. Mae'r teulu Entolomataceae yn gorwedd o fewn urdd yr Agaricales.
Ffyngau
Credir fod rhwng 2.2 a 3.8 miliwn o wahanol rywogaethau o ffwng, a'u bod yn perthyn yn nes at grwp yr anifeiliaid nag at blanhigion. Gelwir yr astudiaeth o ffwng yn "feicoleg", sy'n dod o'r Groeg μύκης (mykes) sef 'madarchen'. Mae tua 120,000 o'r rhain wedi'u disgrifio gan naturiaethwyr megis Carolus Linnaeus, Christiaan Hendrik Persoon ac Elias Magnus Fries. Oherwydd mai prin iawn yw gwybodaeth gwyddonwyr am y pwnc hwn, mae tacson y ffyngau'n newid o ddydd i ddydd. Credir bod oddeutu 20,000 o rywogaethau o ffyngau yng ngwledydd Prydain.
Aelodau eraill o deulu'r Entolomataceae
Mae gan Tagell binc pinwydd ambell aelod arall yn y teulu hwn, gan gynnwys y canlynol:
Gweler hefyd
Rhestr Goch yr IUCN
Llên Natur
Cyfeiriadau
Agaricales
Y Tegyll Pinc
| 30,449 |
https://github.com/llzzhh/GISShare.Controls.WinForm/blob/master/GISShare.Controls.WinForm/WFNew/Interface/Owner/IBaseItemOwner2.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
GISShare.Controls.WinForm
|
llzzhh
|
C#
|
Code
| 33 | 99 |
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Data;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace GISShare.Controls.WinForm.WFNew
{
public interface IBaseItemOwner2 : IBaseItemOwner
{
bool CancelItemsDrawEvent { get; }
bool CancelItemsEvent { get; }
}
}
| 1,620 |
197501050030
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,975 |
Association technique pour l'amélioration des pépinières viticoles de France
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 15 | 27 |
favoriser la recherche, l'étude et l'expérimentation concernant l'amélioration des techniques de multiplication de la vigne
| 29,002 |
https://github.com/yanikou19/fireworks/blob/master/fireworks/user_objects/firetasks/script_task.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-hdf5, BSD-2-Clause, LicenseRef-scancode-generic-cla
| 2,013 |
fireworks
|
yanikou19
|
Python
|
Code
| 318 | 1,085 |
import shlex
import subprocess
import sys
from fireworks.core.firework import FireTaskBase, FWAction
from fireworks.utilities.fw_serializers import FWSerializable
__author__ = 'Anubhav Jain'
__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2013, The Materials Project'
__version__ = '0.1'
__maintainer__ = 'Anubhav Jain'
__email__ = 'ajain@lbl.gov'
__date__ = 'Feb 18, 2013'
# TODO: document!
# TODO: add maximum length of 10,000 chars for stored fields
class ScriptTask(FireTaskBase, FWSerializable):
_fw_name = "Script Task"
def __init__(self, parameters):
self.parameters = parameters
self.stdout_file = parameters.get('stdout_file', None)
self.stderr_file = parameters.get('stderr_file', None)
self.stdin_file = parameters.get('stdin_file', None)
self.stdin_key = parameters.get('stdin_key', None)
if self.stdin_file and self.stdin_key:
raise ValueError("Script Task cannot process both a key and file as the standard in!")
self.use_shlex = parameters.get('use_shlex', True)
self.script = str(parameters['script']) # Mongo loves unicode, shlex hates it
self.use_shell = parameters.get('use_shell', False)
self.store_stdout = parameters.get('store_stdout', False)
self.store_stderr = parameters.get('store_stderr', False)
self.defuse_bad_rc = parameters.get('defuse_bad_rc', False)
if self.use_shlex and isinstance(self.script, basestring) and not self.use_shell:
self.script = shlex.split(self.script)
self.shell_exe = parameters.get('shell_exe', None)
def run_task(self, fw_spec):
# get the standard in and run task internally
if self.stdin_file:
with open(self.stdin_file) as stdin_f:
return self._run_task_internal(fw_spec, stdin_f)
stdin = subprocess.PIPE if self.stdin_key else None
return self._run_task_internal(fw_spec, stdin)
def _run_task_internal(self, fw_spec, stdin):
# run the program
stdout = subprocess.PIPE if self.store_stdout or self.stdout_file else sys.stdout
stderr = subprocess.PIPE if self.store_stderr or self.stderr_file else sys.stderr
p = subprocess.Popen(self.script, executable=self.shell_exe, stdin=stdin, stdout=stdout,
stderr=stderr, shell=self.use_shell)
# communicate in the standard in and get back the standard out and returncode
if self.stdin_key:
(stdout, stderr) = p.communicate(fw_spec[self.stdin_key])
else:
(stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
returncode = p.returncode
# write out the output, error files if specified
if self.stdout_file:
with open(self.stdout_file, 'a+') as f:
f.write(stdout)
if self.stderr_file:
with open(self.stderr_file, 'a+') as f:
f.write(stderr)
# write the output keys
output = {}
if self.store_stdout:
output['stdout'] = stdout
if self.store_stderr:
output['stderr'] = stderr
output['returncode'] = returncode
if self.defuse_bad_rc and returncode != 0:
return FWAction('DEFUSE', output)
return FWAction('CONTINUE', output)
@classmethod
def from_str(cls, shell_cmd, parameters=None):
parameters = parameters if parameters else {}
parameters['script'] = shell_cmd
parameters['use_shell'] = True
return ScriptTask(parameters)
| 1,380 |
hal-01519852-ecobrush.txt_1
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,017 |
EcoBrush: Interactive Control of Visually Consistent Large-Scale Ecosystems. Computer Graphics Forum, 2017, 36 (2), pp.63-73. ⟨10.1111/cgf.13107⟩. ⟨hal-01519852⟩
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,218 | 10,504 |
EcoBrush: Interactive Control of Visually Consistent
Large-Scale Ecosystems
James Gain, Harry Long, Guillaume Cordonnier, Marie-Paule Cani
To cite this version:
James Gain, Harry Long, Guillaume Cordonnier, Marie-Paule Cani. EcoBrush: Interactive Control
of Visually Consistent Large-Scale Ecosystems. Computer Graphics Forum, 2017, 36 (2), pp.63-73.
�10.1111/cgf.13107�. �hal-01519852�
HAL Id: hal-01519852
https://hal.science/hal-01519852
Submitted on 9 May 2017
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access
archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from
teaching and research institutions in France or
abroad, or from public or private research centers.
L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est
destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents
scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,
émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de
recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
publics ou privés.
EUROGRAPHICS 2017 / L. Barthe and B. Benes
(Guest Editors)
Volume 36 (2017), Number 2
EcoBrush:
Interactive Control of Visually Consistent Large-Scale Ecosystems
J. Gain1,2 , H. Long1 , G. Cordonnier2 and M.-P. Cani2
1 Computer Science Department, University of Cape Town
2 University Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS(LJK), and Inria
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 1: Terrain conditions (a), such as temperature, soil moisture, and sunlight exposure, are used to index a database of plant distributions
(b) and synthesise an initial complete ecosystem (c), which can then be modified with semantic brushes, to adjust age, density and variability
(d).
Abstract
One challenge in portraying large-scale natural scenes in virtual environments is specifying the attributes of plants, such as
species, size and placement, in a way that respects the features of natural ecosystems, while remaining computationally tractable
and allowing user design. To address this, we combine ecosystem simulation with a distribution analysis of the resulting plant
attributes to create biome-specific databases, indexed by terrain conditions, such as temperature, rainfall, sunlight and slope.
For a specific terrain, interpolated entries are drawn from this database and used to interactively synthesize a full ecosystem,
while retaining the fidelity of the original simulations. A painting interface supplies users with semantic brushes for locally
adjusting ecosystem age, plant density and variability, as well as optionally picking from a palette of precomputed distributions.
Since these brushes are keyed to the underlying terrain properties a balance between user control and real-world consistency
is maintained. Our system can be be used to interactively design ecosystems up to 5 × 5 km2 in extent, or to automatically
generate even larger ecosystems in a fraction of the time of a full simulation, while demonstrating known properties from plant
ecology such as succession, self-thinning, and underbrush, across a variety of biomes.
Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-dimensional graphics and
realism—
1. Introduction
Natural landscapes serve an important function in computer graphics and virtual environments. Indeed, in applications ranging from
computer games and movies to landscape design and VR-based
training, virtual landscapes are frequently a dominant visual element. One key aspect, particularly in larger scenes, is the depicc 2017 The Author(s)
Computer Graphics Forum c 2017 The Eurographics Association and John
Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
tion of plant ecosystems, from the modelling of individual plant
specimens, to their collective placement, and final rendering. While
models of individual plants [DL06], and rendering of large-scale
ecosystems [DCDS05] have received significant attention, the ecoplacement problem, which extends beyond plant position to include
J. Gain et al. / EcoBrush
attributes such as species, age, height, vigour and canopy extent, is
less well studied.
Broadly speaking, there are two approaches to eco-placement:
bottom-up simulation of individual plant interactions [BSK∗ 15]
or top-down randomised synthesis from statistical distributions [EVC∗ 15]. Simulation has the advantage that it explicitly encodes plant dynamics and supports known emergent ecosystem behaviour, such as succession, where slower growing but more suited
plants gradually dominate, and self-thinning, where the overall
number of plants is reduced in favour of fewer mature specimens.
Unfortunately, it can take hours or even days to generate large-scale
ecosystems, even with appropriate n-body parallelisation [NHP07].
Synthesis, on the other hand, uses random placement guided by statistical properties, and is capable of interactively populating large
terrains with hundreds of thousands of plants. However, the difficulty lies in encoding ecosystem properties in the distributions so
that the results are visually consistent with real landscapes.
Our key strategy is to complete the loop between simulation
and synthesis, enabling many small-scale but high-fidelity simulations to be fed as inputs to distribution analysis and later synthesis.
Figure 1 shows the typical workflow and key components of our
system. The user supplies a base terrain and some non-biological
(abiotic) input parameters, such as monthly rainfall, from which
monthly terrain conditions for temperature, soil moisture, sunlight
exposure and slope are derived. Off-line a database is pre-populated
with histogram-based disk-distributions, which capture the statistical interactions between plant canopies and are derived from sandbox simulations of a particular biome. These samples capture the
biological (biotic) competition for resources between individual
plants. Based on the abiotic maps, distributions are drawn from the
database and synthesised across the terrain to rapidly populate an
initial ecosystem. A user can then overpaint the ecosystem to locally modify age, variability and plant density, while respecting the
underlying terrain conditions.
Our technical contributions include:
1. Extensions to the state-of-the-art in both ecosystem simulation and synthesis. On the simulation side, we derive abiotic
maps automatically rather than expecting artists to paint complex geomorphological attributes manually, and enhance plant
simulation by separating between moisture (root) and sunlight
(canopy) competition, as well as by incorporating gradiations of
canopy density. On the synthesis side, we depart from the use of
point processes, to include disk-based statistics. This is vital to
reproducing the canopy-based spacing of plants and for placing
shade-tolerant species under cover.
2. Two alternative approaches for using sandbox ecosystem simulations: First, uniform conditions can be sampled from the range
of the input biome. Alternatively, terrain conditions can be clustered and cluster means used as simulation inputs, for a manageable set of seed distributions. This second solution enables us to
generate very large ecosystems (10 × 10 km2 ) without the need
for a large distribution database.
3. Consideration of the balance between artistic freedom and realworld consistency. Since distributions are indexed by terrain
conditions, we can offer freedom to the user - such as overpainting a region with another distribution or arbitrarily tuning
plant density - while providing a suitability map that indicates
consistency with terrain conditions. If desired, the user can then
use a "healing brush" to progressively shift the new distribution
towards the closest consistent state.
These key contributions enable the efficient creation and interactive
editing of large-scale landscapes that accord with known emergent
properties from plant ecology.
2. Related Work
There are many challenges to effectively portraying natural environments in computer graphics, including modelling the fine-scale
geometry of individual plants and rendering the resulting scenes,
which exhibit both large scale and high depth complexity. The rendering problem is typically addressed by a custom combination
of techniques based on distance from the viewpoint, including instancing [DHL∗ 98], level-of-detail [DCSD02], volumetric textures
[DN04], and ray tracing [DHL∗ 98,DCDS05]. Plant modelling also
has a long history [DL06], with the use of L-systems as a dominant
approach [PL12]. Notable in ecosystem terms is the inclusion of
context sensitivity [MP96, PMKL01] in which plants adapt to environmental factors, such as light, moisture, and obstacles. While
rendering and plant geometry are vital to computer-generated natural scenes, our focus here is on the problem of plausible plant
placement.
If we scope our problem as populating a terrain with a collection of plants, i.e. assigning attribute values to individual specimens, such as position, species, height, canopy extent, and vigour,
then there are two broad approaches: bottom-up simulation and topdown statistical synthesis.
Simulation takes the Lagrangian approach of treating plants as
particles. Using either simple radial interactions [DHL∗ 98, AD05],
L-systems [LP∗ 02] or more complex agent-based models [Ch’13,
BSK∗ 15], plants are seeded at a location, grow in size asymmetrically [AD05] under competition for resources, propagate on reaching maturity, and die due to lack of resources or old age. The fidelity of these simulations varies depending on which abiotic features, such as temperature, sunlight, moisture, wind, and slope,
are considered and on the biotic complexity of individual plant
models and their local interactions. For instance, ecosystem disturbance by humans, grazing animals, and fire is, with a few exceptions [BE03, Ch’13], otherwise neglected. In the simulation literature, Ch’ng’s models [Ch’09, Ch’13] are the most complete, incorporating layered soils, various forms of seeding and seasonal differences in evergreen and deciduous species. Nevertheless, the botanical literature [FPR∗ 96, SIK07, SHG∗ 08] goes further to model in
detail cycles such as evapotranspiration, photosynthesis and carbon dynamics. With some exceptions [SIK07] this is in the service
of Dynamic Global Vegetation Models, which are grid-based Eulerian simulations of climate impact on plant distributions. These
typically provide dry-mass proportions for species in cells ranging
from 30m to several kilometres on a side, and do not directly enable
plant placement.
There is, however, a tension between simulation fidelity and
performance. Complex models, even with approximate nearestneighbour acceleration, do not scale well to large, dense environc 2017 The Author(s)
Computer Graphics Forum c 2017 The Eurographics Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The issue of user interaction in ecosystem modelling has received less attention than is warranted. The ideal is direct, interactive and intuitive control over the final state of the ecosystem in a way that respects both the users’ intentions and physical plausibility, perhaps through a sculpting, painting or sketching interface. Unfortunately, the interfaces of ecosystem simulators [DHL∗ 98, Ch’13] commonly take the form of painting input image maps (e.g., water, soil type, temperature). Users without a deep understanding of geomorphology and plant dynamics have difficulty designing final lengthy simulation outcomes
from the poorly understood inputs of these systems. Bradbury
et al. [BSK∗ 15] partially address this problem by allowing userdefined regions of a simulation to be paused, edited and then
restarted to run at different simulation rates. WorldBrush [EVC∗ 15]
provides more direct and immediate interaction through a palette of
distributions that can be painted directly onto a landscape, with regions then modified through copy and paste, gradient interpolation,
and seam-carved stretching. Unfortunately, WorldBrush neither enforces nor guides realism and instead relies on the user to maintain
the link between abiotic conditions and selected distributions.
3. Overview
Our goal is to allow users to interactively design large-scale ecosystems that accord with observed landscapes and botanical principles. Regrettably, interactive simulation of ecosystems larger than
a few hundred metres on a side is generally infeasible, because, all
other things being equal, the number of plants is proportional to the
simulation area. Instead, we use precomputed distributions derived
from small sandbox simulations. Analyzing simulation results enables us to derive an ecosystem with the same statistical properties
at least two orders of magnitude faster, enabling subsequent interactive editing while preserving consistency.
c 2017 The Author(s)
Computer Graphics Forum c 2017 The Eurographics Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Abiotic and
Cluster Maps
Terrain Anlysis and
Clustering
Semantic Painting of
Plant Distributions
Cluster Conditions
Synthesized
Distributions
Sandbox Simulation
Disk-based Distribution
Analysis and Synthesis
Plants Attributes
Statistical synthesis, on the other hand, generates plant positions
randomly to fit a given distribution. Solutions range from straightforward half-toning of a density image [DHL∗ 98] and dart throwing [ACV∗ 14], which exhibit little more than basic plant separation, to Wang tiles, with an underlying Field-of-Neighbourhood
plant distribution model [AD06], kernel-based deformation of
probability density maps [LP∗ 02] and derived cross-species distribution histograms [EVC∗ 15], which can capture complex interspecies and environmental interactions. These approaches fall under the umbrella of the probability theory of statistical point processes [Dig13]. In fact, plant ecologists have long drawn on this
theory [LIB∗ 09] to extract summary statistics for field-based sampling. It has also seen recent application in computer graphics
[OG12, EVC∗ 15] for the analysis and synthesis of point distributions. While building on this vein of research, we extend it by explicitly incorporating the extent of plant canopies into distributions.
This enables us to capture effects such as the coverage of shadeloving plants.
Simulation
Inputs
ments and may take minutes or even hours to execute. A viable
approach is to tailor models so that they consider abiotic and biotic
factors only to the extent that emergent properties such as succession, self-thinning, clustering and shading are correctly exhibited.
We adopt this strategy in precomputing ecosystems over small areas.
Abiotic Inputs
J. Gain et al. / EcoBrush
Figure 2: Method overview: The user provides a heightfield and
other abiotic input parameters to a simulation process, which generates abiotic terrain maps for temperature, soil moisture, slope,
and sunlight exposure. A clustering process then groups terrain regions according to similar abiotic conditions. As a separate preprocess, the range of possible abiotic conditions are sampled and
small scale sandbox simulations are executed and then analysed to
create a database of distributions. The abiotic maps, clusters, and
distribution database are used to synthesise an ecoystem, which can
then be modified by the user using semantic painting and resynthesised interactively.
More precisely, our system automatically populates the input terrain with an initial ecosystem, where plants match local abiotic conditions computed on the terrain. This ecosystem is generated from
a meaningful set of sandbox simulations, analyzed and stored in a
distribution database: the right plant distribution is synthesized on
each region of the terrain, depending on the local abiotic conditions
(see Figure 2). Users are then able to paint with a set of modifying
brushes that can increase or decrease ecosystem age, variability,
and density, even targeting individual species types. They can also
select and paint specific distributions by treating the distribution
database as a palette, while being guided by the system to maintain
consistency.
To initially populate an ecosystem, the user supplies some simple inputs: a terrain heightfield, latitude, soil type, yearly temperature extremes, and average monthly rainfall. Rather than requiring
users to paint abiotic maps, which is difficult to do without domain expertise, we use these inputs to simulate terrain conditions
and automatically generate the maps. They include monthly abiotic
condition maps for temperature (as affected by altitude), daily sunlight exposure (influenced by latitude and terrain self-shadowing),
and soil moisture (a combination of rainfall, slope, soil absorption
and runoff). An important insight of our approach is to cluster regions with similar conditions, enabling us to factorize the need for
ecosystem simulations. This is done by collectively applying kmeans clustering to the abiotic maps. This first stage of the pipeline
is detailed in Section 4.
The clusters of abiotic conditions can either be used to uniformly
J. Gain et al. / EcoBrush
sample conditions for ecosystem simulations, such as temperature,
sunlight exposure, and soil moisture, from the range of the corresponding biome; or alternatively the cluster means can be directly
used to trigger a minimal set of such simulations. In both cases, we
use small scale (100×100m2 ) sandbox simulations (See Section 5).
Also supplied to these simulations are viability parameters for a
set of plant archetypes (or Plant Functional Types (PFT’s) in plant
ecosystem parlance), representing collections of similar species,
such as “Tropical Broad-leaved Evergreens” or “Boreal Needleleaved Summergreens”. This approach avoids having to exhaustively determine parameters for hundreds of species [FPR∗ 96].
Next, plant attributes (type, position and canopy extent) from
simulation results are analysed to derive a new type of statistical distribution, where point processes are extended to distributions of overlapping disks representing plant canopies (See Section 6). Stored as pairwise interaction histograms relating expected
distances between and within PFT categories, these distributions
are placed in a database ready for subsequent synthesis to reproduce the simulation characteristics on a larger scale. Populating the
database is kept manageable by restricting the simulation dimensions and executing them as a pre-process.
The ecosystem we generate from these distributions (where individual species are finally mapped from PFT’s using a statistical
post-process) can be used for rapidly and automatically populating
large terrains without the need for any user intervention. We also
believe this initial ecosystem with typical plant coverage is more
helpful as a starting point for users than a blank canvas. We then
provide a set of high-level painting tools enabling users to interactively and locally modify distributions and hence synthesised plant
populations. The challenge is to design tools that provide freedom
to the user while maintaining consistency in terms of abiotic constraints. This last interactive editing stage is described in Section 7.
4. Simulation and Clustering of Abiotic Terrain Conditions
In deriving abiotic conditions our aim is to require only a limited set
of comprehensible user inputs, while still capturing significant terrain effects that impact ecosystems, including shadowing in defiles,
increased runoff on slopes, water table access near rivers, temperature lapse with altitude, and the effects of latitude on growth cycles.
Nevertheless, in the interests of efficiency our approach remains approximate and many secondary factors are not considered. In particular, our simulations are forward directed and do not consider
feedback cycles, such as evaporation due to canopy interception
and soil nutrients from decomposing litterfall.
The product of our simulation of abiotic conditions is a set of
monthly abiotic maps over the terrain (see Figure 3) with averaged
daily values for maximum temperature, sunlight exposure, and soil
moisture, derived as follows:
Temperature – Our consideration of temperature is straightforward: the user provides maximum daily temperatures (averaged
over a month) for the middle of winter and summer, at the lowest point on the terrain. These temperatures are linearly interpolated to the remaining months and reduced with altitude (at a userconfigurable lapse rate, which defaults to 6.5 ◦ C per 1000m) to provide average daily maximum temperatures for each month.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 3: Abiotic maps and final clusters: (a) temperature from altitude lapse, (b) sunlight exposure from latitude, affected by terrain
shadowing, (c) soil moisture as a consequence of rainfall, absorption and runoff, and (d) clusters formed by grouping combined abiotic conditions. The simulation uses monthly abiotic maps, which
are averaged here for illustration purposes.
Sunlight Exposure – From a latitude and compass direction provided for the terrain, and factoring in the earth’s axial tilt, it is
possible to derive the sun’s trajectory at the middle of a given
month [SIK07]. We cast rays from the sun, sampled at hourly intervals, to each heightfield position. If a ray is intersection free then
the terrain position is not in shadow for that hour. This allows us
to derive a map of the daily hours of direct sunlight on a monthly
basis.
Soil Moisture – In reality the water content of soil is governed by
a complex combination of precipitation, evaporation, runoff, seepage, soil type and water uptake by plants, among other factors. We
approximate this with an equilibrium model that dynamically adjusts a single plant uptake value k p so that over multiple yearly cycles with the same precipitation the soil moisture achieves a rough
balance. Also, instead of modelling soil type explicitly, the user
configures a single maximal monthly soil absorption value, ka , and
overall reservoir capacity, kc . Slope acts as a proxy for soil type by
linearly weighting the absorption to represent the transition from
loamy soils in valleys to rock on cliff faces. Any rainfall above this
value contributes directly to runoff. Thus, we model the soil moisture Mi,m for a given cell i and month m as:
Mi,m = min(kc , Mi,m−1 + min(Pm , Ai ) − k p ),
where Pm is the monthly precipitation provided by the user, and
Ai is the per cell absorption threshold. Any excess absorbed moisture, Si,m , above the soil capacity is spread as seepage over the next
three months. Free surface water is then defined as a combination
of runoff and seepage, as follows:
3
1
Si,m− j
j=1 3
Fi,m = max(0, Pm − Ai ) + ∑
c 2017 The Author(s)
Computer Graphics Forum c 2017 The Eurographics Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
J. Gain et al. / EcoBrush
M 0j,m = M j,m + max(0, max
i∈N j
Dm − di j ∗ (1 + ks si j )
fr ),
Dm
where si j is the slope, N j is a set of cells in the neighbourhood of j,
and km and ks are weighting constants for slope and distance, used
to adjust the extent of riverbanks.
The final step in this pipeline is to identify clusters over the parameter space of abiotic conditions. These serve as seeds for an
initial ecosystem and, in the absence of a distribution database, can
supply a usefully constrained set of simulation parameters. Despite
the large number of dimensions (12 each for temperature, moisture, illumination, 1 for slope, and 1 for age = 38), conditions are
correlated and continuous to the extent that clusters are relatively
contiguous and simple k-means clustering [Jai10] suffices. Typically, a choice of 6 − 10 clusters results in cluster means that do not
diverge too markedly from the underlying conditions (as evident in
Figure 3).
5. Sandbox Simulation
In order to supply plausible
plant distributions to our analysis and synthesis procedure,
C
a series of simulations is unA
dertaken in small-scale 100 ×
100m2 regions with uniform input conditions. Conceptually, a
B
sandbox simulation proceeds as
follows: In each month, the
Figure 4: Competition for sun- vigour, V (p) ∈ [−1, 1], of every
light and moisture. The circular plant, p, is calculated. If posicanopy (green) and root extent tive, this vigour value weights
(brown) of a plant are discre- the plant’s growth rate; if negtised on a grid and plants com- ative, it provides a probability
pete in individual cells of over- of mortality, as does a plant
lap (shaded) to derive averaged reaching the age of senescence.
scores for moisture uptake and Vigour is a function of the
Plant Functional Type (PFT) atsunlight exposure.
tributes of a specimen, the abiotic conditions in the plant’s neighbourhood and biotic competition
with other plants that impinge on a specimen’s root or canopy extent. Note that unlike previous work we consider these separately.
c 2017 The Author(s)
Computer Graphics Forum c 2017 The Eurographics Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
If a plant has reached maturity and has sufficient vigour it will annually seed new plants randomly out to a radius determined by the
PFT-specific propagation (cones, fruit, etc.).
Viability
From this runoff and seepage, a network of waterways can be established. For our purposes, plant growth is prevented in areas of
open water but enhanced along riverbanks due to a more accessible water table. We employ the drainage model of Cordonnier et
0
al. [CBC∗ 16], which provides water volume (Fi,m
) taking into account excess initial moisture (Fi,m ), inflow from neighbouring cells
and outflow to the lowest neighbour. Any cell above a threshold
0
(Fi,m
> ko ) is marked as open water. These waterways are then
expanded to neighbouring cells j within distance di j < 0.5 Wi using Tucker et al.’s [TH10] rough river-width formula: Wi = 10 Fi0.5
(with Fi in m3 s−1 ). A second shell of cells within di j < 0.5 km Wi =
Dm has its soil moisture (M j ) increased by a set amount ( fr ) that is
tailed off in proportion to relative slope and distance from the river,
so as to represent water infiltration along riverbanks. For each nonriver cell j:
1
Emax
Emin
Imin
Imax
Condition
-1
Figure 5: Piecewise linear functions define PFT-specific viability in terms of climatic extremes [Emin , Emax ] and an ideal range
[Imin , Imax ] for each abiotic condition.
Each Plant Functional Type has a viability function that models
response to temperature (BT ), sunlight (BL ), soil moisture (BM ),
and slope (BS ), based in part on the corresponding abiotic maps.
These are piecewise linear functions (see Figure 5) that range from
−1 at the climatic extremes to a plateau of 1 over the optimal inner
range. A plant’s vigour is then the minimum over all viability function values: V (p) = min(BT (p), BL (p), BM (p), BS (p)). Taking the
minimum in this way is motivated by the consequences of a limiting resource. It matters little, for example, that a plant has abundant
water if it is starved of light.
Slope and temperature values are submitted directly to the corresponding viability functions (BS , BT ), but sunlight and moisture
are affected by inter-plant canopy and root interaction (see Figure 4). From a plant’s height and type, the circular extent of root
and canopy can be derived (such ratios are known as allometries
and widely used in plant biology simulation [SIK07, SHG∗ 08]).
The intersection of these extents is integrated over a fine-scale grid
(we use 20 × 20cm2 cells). For sunlight, the tallest plant in a given
cell receives the full sunlight and transmits a proportion, based on
its type-specific alpha, to the undercanopy of shorter plants. For
moisture, in cases where the minimum needs ∑i Emin of all incident
plants i cannot be met, assignment is weighted according to relative
root radius. Our motivation is that larger plants tend to dominate
through deeper roots and better access to the water table. Finally,
a plant’s sunlight and moisture values are averaged over all cells
within the canopy and root radii, respectively. This allows for partial shading and also seamlessly scales the greater resource requirements of larger plants.
Grass is a special case: a count of grass clumps over a reasonable
expanse will likely number in the billions, and synthesising them on
the same individual basis as plants is thus clearly infeasible. Rather,
as a final pass after plant placement, we subsample the terrain grid
and establish grass height per cell. The growth cycle is bypassed
and vigour values, based on averaged yearly abiotic conditions, are
translated directly into grass height. In terms of biotic factors, we
ignore moisture competition on the basis that grass accesses only
the topmost layer of soil, but consider sunlight competition by applying a concentric burn of grass heights (moderated by appropriate
PFT alpha values) under plant canopies. Because abiotic conditions
are sampled more coarsely than grass cells, we also found it necessary to introduce some random variation and low-pass averaging.
J. Gain et al. / EcoBrush
B
B
B
RA
RB
B
A
A
A
kA − Bk > RA + RB
RA < kA − Bk ≤ RA + RB
RA − RB < kA − Bk ≤ RA
RB < kA − Bk ≤ RA + RB
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
A
Figure 6: The different pair-wise disk configurations for plant B with respect to A: (a) bands of distances between the disks, (b) less than
half shaded, (c) more than half shaded, (d) fully shaded.
6. Disk-based Distribution Analysis and Synthesis
One of the main features of our method is to use the ecosystem simulations described above to derive statistical distributions, which
can be used to synthesize plants over a much larger terrain at interactive rates. In contrast to conventional point processes, we analyze distributions of possibly overlapping circles of different radii,
representing canopies instead of mere points. This extension is an
original contribution to point-based analysis and synthesis methods.
Our point of departure is the WorldBrush system of Emilien et
al. [EVC∗ 15]. WorldBrush is based on categories Ci of scene elements (e.g., trees, plants, buildings, and roads) that are ranked
to establish both dependencies and an order of evaluation. In our
context, each plant functional type is separated by age (seedling,
young, mature) into three categories, and all PFT categories are
then prioritized according to their relative dominance over resources.
At its core, WorldBrush is built on pair-wise distance histograms
between and within categories. Given categories Cx and Cy where x
has higher priority than y, these encode the probability of a plant in
Cx falling within a certain distance band of a plant from Cy . Such
discretised pair correlation functions have proven capable of capturing irregularity, such as clustering and clumping, far better than
noise functions [OG12]. Analysis involves counting the incidence
of elements of Cx within concentric annular shells of points in Cy
and normalizing over the total number of elements (nx , ny ) and the
area of the shells to generate a probability distribution. A population of points can then be synthesised by various forms of stochastic
search (dart throwing, Metropolis-Hastings) depending on whether
the correlation functions are used to score a given distribution or its
iterative update.
As mentioned, a pure point process is unable to adequately capture the nuance of plant interaction. Simply drawing a plant’s size
from a distribution irrespective of position can lead to implausible
configurations, such as canopies that intersect the trunks of neighbouring plants or shade-seeking plants that are exposed to direct
sunlight. It is thus necessary to simultaneously consider both plant
position and canopy radius. (This could, of course, be extended to
roots, but we have chosen to focus on the canopy due to its obvious
visibility.)
This problem can be classified as a continuous marked point pro-
cess [Dig13], in that additional attributes (marks) are associated
with positions (points). An obvious approach would be to shrink
or grow a plant’s radius based on its local neighbourhood, but this
necessitates expensive iterative adjustment spanning all categories
that quickly devolves into a form of simulation. Another option
would be to divide plant types into subcategories by canopy radius, significantly extending our existing age-based categorisation.
In a similar vein, we could develop 2D distribution histograms with
distance on one axis and radius on the other. Alas, these are costly
solutions: the dependence between categories is O(N 2 ), while introducing an extra histogram axis will increase distributions by a
multiple of the number of canopy bins.
Instead, our strategy is to measure distances between disks rather
than points. By jointly considering the positions of two plants (B
relative to A), the distance between them (d = ||A − B||), and their
respective radii (RA and RB ), we define a new class of histogram
bins (see Figure 6) that encodes the degree of canopy overlap: lessthan-half shaded, more-than-half shaded and fully shaded. For the
non-overlapping case (Figure 6(a)) we populate the distribution histograms according to the closest approach between disks (replacing
d with d − RA − RB in such calculations). Histogram normalisation
also needs to be suitably adjusted to account for RB in both overlapping and non-overlapping cases. This has the virtues of conceptual
simplicity and computational efficiency. The only caveat is that it
introduces a form of non-uniform spatial distortion in that the areas represented by histogram bins are no longer consistent between
distributions, but this seems to have negligible impact in practice.
We also need to adapt the synthesis process. We begin with a
dart-throwing process to match expected plant density, while obeying some simple validity rules (d > RA , d > RB and f (X) 6= 0,
where f (X) is the probability density function of the distribution
X). This has the benefit of providing rapid initial feedback to the
user. Next, eco-placement is refined by iterating between cycles
of random position perturbation and radius adjustment of individual plants. A candidate perturbation is accepted with a probability
that is proportional to the improvement in the probability density
function. In spirit, this is closer to the synthesis of Öztireli and
Gross [OG12] than the Metropolis-Hastings sampling of WorldBrush [EVC∗ 15].
c 2017 The Author(s)
Computer Graphics Forum c 2017 The Eurographics Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
J. Gain et al. / EcoBrush
(1a)
(1b)
(2a)
(2b)
Figure 7: Semantic brushes can be applied locally to an existing ecosystem to, for example, adjust age (increased from (1a) to (1b)), and
density (increased (2a) to (2b)).
7. Semantic Brushes for Plant Distributions
By coupling simulations and distributions we are now able to automatically generate full-scale ecosystems over varied terrain conditions, but it is important to also provide meaningful interactive
controls to artists and designers. The WorldBrush solution has users
pick a particular distribution from a palette and paint it directly onto
the terrain. In our case, this could spoil the plausibility of plant
distributions. In contrast, we provide high-level semantic control
through a range of context-sensitive brushes to modify the ecosystem age, variability, and plant density while maintaining consistency (see Figures 7 and 9).
(1a)
(1b)
First a palette of possible distributions needs to be provided to
the user. Our sandbox simulation and disk-based distribution analysis pipeline can be interpreted as a mapping (E : T 7→ D) from
a space of terrain conditions (T ) to distributions (D). To support
full ecosystem variety and semantic brush editing we approximate
E by building a database of distributions that sample terrain conditions on a regular grid, g ∈ T . Since a naive sampling would
be intractable due to the high-dimension of the parameter space,
we make the following approximations: First, we decrease parameter dimensionality from <38 to <5 using a single seed value
for moisture, sunlight and temperature, from which monthly patterns are derived prior to simulation. This approximation sacrifices some of the nuance of monthly variation and captures only
broad seasonal effects but reduces the number of sandbox samples reasonably required to cover the search space and hence the
cost of pre-processing. Second, we limit the sampling range to the
climatic bounds of a particular biome. This makes the database
biome specific, but is consistent with our selection of biome specialised Plant Functional Types. Third, we use a coarse sampling
only, completed using interpolation between samples: given some
non-sampled terrain conditions, we derive a distribution by fivefold linear interpolation of the sampling grid, with a set of interpolations for each dimension, using mass transport of distribution
histograms [EVC∗ 15].
In the final ecosystem modelling phase, a design map of conditions over the terrain is drawn from T and used to index the
distribution database. Interactive design starts from an ecosystem
automatically populated by synthesising the obtained distributions
according to the design map (see §4 and Figure 3). A set of semantic brushes of controllable radius can be used to modify the design map within a distance (d ≤ r0 ) of the brush centre. We support
feathering on the edges of the brush by gradiating the weight of any
modification between an inner and outer brush radius (r0 < d ≤ r1 ).
(2a)
(2b)
Figure 8: The fit of an ecosystem (1a) is presented to users as
a suitability map (1b), where closeness of fit ranges from green
(good) to orange (poor). A semantic healing brush enables users
to shift ecosystems closer to the underlying terrain conditions (2a),
as reflected by improved suitability (2b).
c 2017 The Author(s)
Computer Graphics Forum c 2017 The Eurographics Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The various brushes function as follows:
• Age – Since ecosystem age is one of the dimensions of T , an
ecosystem can be made older or younger by shifting along this
axis while holding other coordinates constant.
• Variability – Moving conditions towards or away from the local mean of the design map, enables ecosystem variation to be
smoothed or exaggerated.
• Density – A common summary statistic of distributions is the ex-
J. Gain et al. / EcoBrush
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 9: Iterative editing of a Mediterranean canyon landscape. An initial cluster-based plant assignment (a) is modified by the user to
introduce grass surrounds and young dense plants along the riverbank (b), followed by painting a varied spread of evergreen shrubs (in
yellow and dark green) on the slopes (c), with final Terragen rendering (d).
pected number of plants. By looking up distributions in the local
T -space neighbourhood of a condition from the design map, a
T -vector that increases or decreases plant density can be found.
This can even be specialised to particular plant types or size categories.
The original abiotic conditions (the source map) can be regarded
as a ground truth of sorts. Differences between the design and
source maps are necessary for design freedom and can be motivated by ecosystem effects not catered for in our simulations, such
as microclimates, local soil types, and fire disturbance. Nevertheless, in the interests of visual consistency it is useful to reflect this
divergence back to the user in the form of a suitability map (see
Figure 8), which uses colour gradiation based on the normalised
L2 distance between the source and design maps. We also provide
a healing brush that shifts overpainted areas of the design map towards the source map.
8. Results and Discussion
In the interests of visual consistency, it is necessary to establish
the validity of our underlying simulation engine. In line with previous work [DHL∗ 98, LP∗ 02, BL09, Ch’11] we have checked for expected emergent behaviour, such as self-thinning, where the number of plants is reduced over time as larger specimens crowd out
smaller, and succession of a slower-growing but more climaticallysuited species over a fast-growing competitor. In figure 10 we show
the introduction of a niche-suited invader species to a Mediterranean biome (patterned on Gritti et al. [GSS06]), which results
in dominance over other species.
The variety of achievable landscapes is shown in Figures 11-13,
all at 5 × 5 km2 scale. The Plant Functional Type parameters for
these biomes are summarised in Table 2 and the input abiotic maps
and clusters appear in Figures 1 and 3. In our interactive editor each
PFT is provided a simplified iconic geometric model (see the key of
Table 2) and rendered using OpenGL instancing with per instance
transformations for size and placement. Export for final rendering
is to Terragen.
Figure 11 is a Mediterranean landscape characteristic of the
south of France that shows a variety of plant densities and types,
ranging from pastures and scrubland to woodlands and dense
forests.
(a)
(b)
Figure 10: Simulation validation: (a) a Mediterranean biome, (b)
after the introduction of a fast-growing invader species (shown in
purple), which overwhelms other plants.
An important use-case is the generation of terrains in the absence
of a database from simulations run on the means of a set of clustered conditions. Figure 12 demonstrates the results of this process,
for an Alpine biome with 7 clusters, such as might be found in the
Swiss Alps. Of note here is transition from temperate to boreal trees
due to changes in mean temperature with increasing altitude.
One shortcoming of our simulations is that they do not cater for
disturbance effects. This is particularly evident in Tropical Savannahs, which, without the impact of fires and grazing herds would
be relatively dense because of the high rainfall. However, as shown
in Figure 13, users can compensate for this with appropriate overpainting of the ecosystem.
The performance of our system was tested on a 3.3 GHz quadcore Intel Haswell, with 7 GB RAM, and an NVIDIA GTX 960
with 4 GB and the results are shown in Table 1. The system performs with reasonable interactive response (< 1s per update) for
synthesis with up to 50, 000 plants, which roughly equates to a terrain area of 1 × 1 km2 , depending on plant density. This does place
a limit on brush radius in larger landscapes if interactivity is to
be retained. However, it is possible to provide an initial placement
estimate (the dart throwing phase) and then run refinements as a
background thread (the perturbation phase).
c 2017 The Author(s)
Computer Graphics Forum c 2017 The Eurographics Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
J. Gain et al. / EcoBrush
A weakness of our system is the need for manual calibration of
plant functional type parameters. Poor calibration tends to result
either in homogenization through a lack of niche specialization,
or a complete dearth of particular plants. Fortunately, the decision
to avoid simulating individual species greatly reduces the search
space. Nevertheless, the issue is complicated by the difficulty of
mapping botanical data (such as the bioclimatic limits available
for Global Vegetation Models) onto our model. This necessitates
a cyclic process of adjusting parameters and checking on the emergent properties. Another key parameter is the density of sandbox
sampling of terrain conditions. Undersampling leads to particular
sub-niches of plant distributions being missed and disparities between the results of our system and a full terrain-spanning simulation, while oversampling unnecessarily increases pre-processing
times. This could be improved with a mechanism for scattered sampling of the space of terrain conditions. In general, such parameter
tuning is painstaking and could certainly benefit from automation,
perhaps through some form of machine learning.
Number of plants
44,377
232,921
543,335
991,981
1,568,848
2,245,103
Time (s)
0.82
5.79
18.49
49.29
103.60
180.15
Extent (m)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Table 1: Computation cost of synthesis with varying ecosystem size
(in number of plants). The peturbation phase of synthesis allows up
to 2 adjustments per plant.
9. Conclusions
To summarize: we create a database of plant distributions by sampling the space of abiotic terrain conditions (moisture, sunlight,
temperature, slope, and ecosystem age) for a given biome and supplying these samples as parameters to small-scale eco-position simulations. Statistical distributions are then derived from the resulting
plant placements via disk-based distance analysis. By synthesising
distributions drawn from the database a large ecosystem (5 × 5 km2
in extent with up to a million plants) with varying terrain conditions
can be populated in under a minute while retaining the visual consistency of the source simulations. Users can locally modify meaningful high-level attributes of the ecosystem, such as age, density,
and variability, using an overpainting interface. Modifier brushes
are interactive even on larger terrains, requiring 0.6s to update a
500 × 500m2 subsection of an ecosystem.
There are several possibilities for future work. Most existing
simulations, including our own, do no fully address either ecosystem disturbance (the impact of fires, storms, grazing, logging, disease, and the like) or two-way interaction with the terrain (such as
litterfall enriching the soil, roots acting as barriers to erosion, and
plant canopies intercepting rainfall). We compensate for this to an
extent by allowing users to guide the ecosystems. For instance, fire
damage can be approximated by applying an age brush, but this
fails to account for fire-prompted seeding and germination or varying topkill and plant mortality. Certainly, there is an opportunity
c 2017 The Author(s)
Computer Graphics Forum c 2017 The Eurographics Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
to improve simulation fidelity by borrowing more extensively from
plant ecology models [SIK07, SHG∗ 08].
Another challenge lies in parameter selection and validation. It
is very difficult to obtain accurate species information even for relatively simple plant models, such as ours. Our strategy has been to
tune plant parameters based on expected emergent behaviour, such
as ecological specialisation, succession, and self-thinning, but this
suffers from being qualitative rather than quantitative. One alternative would be to validate against physical plot samples undertaken
by plant ecologists. The difficulty here lies in finding a mapping
from the specifics of this data to more generic parameter inputs and
plant functional type outputs.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge advice and assistance on histogram distributions from Ulysse Vimont, and on Botany from Adam West
and Glenn Moncrieff.
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Daring the Meaning, or Cyberspace that Matters. Criticism-Creativity and Online Education
|
Edyta Just
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English
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Spoken
| 10,922 | 18,320 |
Creative Education, 2018, 9, 2016-2036
http://www.scirp.org/journal/ce
ISSN Online: 2151-4771
ISSN Print: 2151-4755 Abstract This paper focuses on online education and generic competences such as
criticism and creativity. It brings to the fore theories that address processes of
meaning making (i.e., a psychological constructionist account of the brain
basis of emotion-the conceptual act model (Lindquist et al., 2012; Barrett et
al., 2014) and reflect on various patterns of meaning making comprising
those that lead to criticism and creativity (i.e., the Deleuzian and Guattarian
(1987; 2009) philosophical accounts of affect, concept and stratum) to inspire
pedagogical practices that aim to create critically-creative abilities among
students. Concomitantly, it seeks to reflect on how such pedagogical under-
takings can be actualized in online education and on the possibilities online
environment offers to promote criticism and creativity among graduates. By
posing questions related to teaching methods, learning activities, software
and hardware, and their combinations in online education, and by addressing
and problematizing concepts and phenomena of immersion and DFI-digital
facial image, I will make an effort to not only highlight, what I call, the prom-
ises of cyberspace, but also ponder on how the aforementioned pedagogical
practices can be actualized online. Received: September 4, 2018
Accepted: October 22, 2018
Published: October 25, 2018 Received: September 4, 2018
Accepted: October 22, 2018
Published: October 25, 2018 Keywords Generic Competences, Criticism and Creativity, Online Education,
Cyberspace, Immersion, DFI-Digital Facial Image Generic Competences, Criticism and Creativity, Online Education,
Cyberspace, Immersion, DFI-Digital Facial Image Edyta Just Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden How to cite this paper: Just, E. (2018). Daring the Meaning, or Cyberspace that
Matters. Criticism-Creativity and Online
Education. Creative Education, 9, 2016-2036. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2018.913147 1. Introduction The ability to be critical and creative constitutes an important generic skill that
should be acquired by students during their academic training (Waaldijk & Just,
2010). In the article “Daring to Dare—Theoretical Experiment for Pedagogical DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Oct. 25, 2018 Creative Education 2016 E. Just E. Just Practices and Body-Brain-Embedded Subject” (2016), I suggest that criticism
and creativity can be approached as an ability to challenge and problematize
meaning of the experienced external and internal sensations including experi-
ence of emotions, to become surprised, to generate and conjure new meaning,
which is new forms of thinking, feeling and acting, and to continually dare it. Indisputably, my particular take on criticism and creativity, influenced by the
theories by Lindquist et al. (2012), Barrett et al. (2014), Deleuze and Guattari
(1987, 2009), is one of the many possible yet, I do believe that the ability to re-
flect on and question meaning of the experienced sensations, to welcome sur-
prise and to dare creating new meanings (new forms of thinking, feeling and
acting)is crucial if one wants to ethically and constructively face the present cul-
tural, social, political, environmental and economic challenges. The question that remains is how to promote an achievement of such skill by
students? How to support students in challenging meaning of the experienced
external and internal sensations, in becoming astounded and in creating new
meaning—that is new ways of thinking, feeling and acting? Which pedagogical
practices to use to do so? And, even more timely given the constant growth of
online teaching and learning, which pedagogical practices to use in online edu-
cational context? I am convinced that theories, especially those that address and advance an
understanding of meaning making processes, may inspire the ways one thinks
about criticism and creativity, and can inform educational practices. Two theo-
ries, which I work with, have significantly influenced my thinking about criti-
cism and creativity. Importantly, they have also become an inspiration for
pedagogical undertakings, which hopefully can assist students in becoming
critical and creative. The first theory is known as psychological constructionist
account of the brain basis of emotion—the conceptual act model (Lindquist et
al., 2012; Barrett et al., 2014). This theory addresses process of meaning making
of external and internal sensations. DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 2. Meaning Making—Criticism and Creativity In this sub-section of the article I will provide a short yet substantial and com-
prehensive overview of the theories that I predominately focus on, namely, a
psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion—the con-
ceptual act model (Lindquist et al., 2012; Barrett et al., 2014) and the Deleuzian
and Guattarian (1987; 2009) philosophical accounts of affect, concept and stra-
tum, and present the outcomes of the theoretical experiment in which they be-
come joined together.1 The brief overview of the theories and the presentation of
the results of the theoretical experiment will be followed by a paragraph high-
lighting how those theories separately and when combined together can inspire
pedagogical undertakings that intend to create critical-creative abilities among
students. A psychological constructionist account of the brain basis of emotion—the
conceptual act model (Lindquist et al., 2012; Barrett et al., 2014) is a neuroscien-
tific theory that concerns the processing of external (exteroceptive sensory in-
formation) and internal, bodily sensations (interoceptive sensory information)
by the brain. According to this theory, to make meaning of the experienced ex-
ternal and internal sensations is to create a situated conceptualization that is to
link external and internal sensations with accumulated knowledge (conceptual
knowledge) determining what the sensory input “is, why it is, and what to do
with it” (Barrett et al., 2014: p. 451). Crucially, emotions also stand for situated
conceptualizations and they “emerge when people make meaning out of sensory
input from the body and from the world using knowledge of prior experiences”
(Lindquist et al., 2012: p. 123). Conceptual knowledge for a given category de-
velops for properties, relations, rules, other objects, setting, actions, words,
events or internal states related to that category (Barrett et al., 2014: p. 452). To
make meaning of sensorial input the brain uses the conceptual knowledge to 1For an extensive description of the theories and the theoretical experiment, please consult the ar-
ticle Just, E. (2016), “Daring to Dare—Theoretical Experiment for Pedagogical Practices and
Body-Brain-Embedded Subject.” For more on the discussed psychological constructionist account
of the brain basis of emotion—the conceptual act model, please consult the following publications:
Barrett, L. F. (2006). “Solving the emotion paradox: categorization and the experience of emotion”;
Barrett, L. F. (2009). “The Future of Psychology: Connecting Mind to Brain”; Barrett, L. F. (2012). “Emotions are real”; Barsalou, L. W. (2009). “Simulation, situated conceptualization, and predic-
tion”; Lindquist, K., A. 1. Introduction The second concerns the Deleuzian and
Guattarian (1987; 2009) philosophical accounts of affect, concept and stratum,
and provides a substantial reflection on various patterns of making meaning in-
cluding those that lead to novel, yet sustainable ways of thinking, feeling and
doing. In this article I aim to present how those theories influence my thinking about
criticism and creativity, and can motivate pedagogical practices that aim to help
students to develop critical-creative abilities. In order to do that, I briefly discuss
the aforementioned theories and present the results of the theoretical experi-
ment in which they become combined together. Then, I discuss how those theo-
ries alone and when experimentally brought together can set off pedagogical
practices which then can hopefully result in critical-creative abilities among stu-
dents. It is crucial to sign that the outline of the theories, the presentation of the
results and the discussion concerning the pedagogical practices are based on the
article “Daring to Dare” (Just 2016). Importantly, however, due to the aforesaid
development of online education, I will also seek to reflect on how the peda- DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2017 E. Just gogical undertakings, which can motivate students’ criticism and creativity, can
be actualized in online context, and on the possibilities online environment of-
fers to promote criticism and creativity amongst students. By posing questions
related to content, teaching methods, learning activities, software and hardware,
and their combinations in online education, and by addressing and problema-
tizing concepts and phenomena of immersion and DFI-digital facial image, I will
make an attempt to reflect on and debate the possibilities of teaching and learn-
ing criticism and creativity in online educational context. DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 2. Meaning Making—Criticism and Creativity & Barrett, L. F. (2012). “A functional architecture of the human brain: In-
sights from Emotion”; Russell, J. A. (2003). “Core affect and the psychological construction of
emotion.” DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2018 E. Just E. Just “create a novel situated conceptualization, integrating current sensory input and
retrieved (modal) conceptual knowledge” (Barrett et al., 2014: p. 452). The the-
ory suggests that the past experience, the existing conceptual knowledge play
important role in meaning making process. Conceptual knowledge, which one
has, is thought about as being able to add new features to and modify sensorial
input (Barrett et al., 2014: p. 448). Importantly, however, a present/novel ex-
perience can also influence/add to/change existing conceptual knowledge. Cru-
cially, process of meaning making may engender certain internal states and ac-
tions. In this sense, this theory not only problematizes the dualism of cognition
and affectivity but also undermines the conviction of the separation between
thinking, feeling and acting in the brain (Lindquist et al., 2012: p. 142). A crea-
tion of a situated conceptualization that is meaning making process entails tight
interconnection between thinking, feeling and doing—to make meaning does
not only mean to think but also to feel and to do. Moreover, mental causation is
said to be probabilistic, namely, it cannot be easily foretold how process of
meaning making will proceed and develop. It depends on conceptual knowledge
and internal and external sensations how what one experiences will be concep-
tualized. One’s experience, embodiment and embeddedness (past and present)
play an important role in process of meaning making. With regard to emotions
this indicates that an experienced internal sensation may or may not be concep-
tualized as an emotion. Furthermore, if an internal sensation becomes conceptu-
alized as an emotion then how this emotion becomes conceptualized (whether it
is conceptualized as fear or anger or joy, etc.) depends on, to repeat briefly, con-
ceptual knowledge, sensations and on how external and internal sensations and
conceptual knowledge become linked in the brain (Lindquist et al., 2012; Barrett
et al., 2014). For Deleuze and Guattari (2009), “[t]hinking is thought through concepts (…)
or sensations and no one of these thoughts is better than another, or more fully,
completely, or synthetically ‘thought.’ (…) The [two] thoughts intersect and in-
tertwine (…)” (2009: p. 198). 2. Meaning Making—Criticism and Creativity The brain stands for “a faculty of concepts (…) the
faculty of their creation” yet, “[s]ensation is no less brain than the concept”
(2009: p. 211). Thus, the brain is both a concept and a sensation. A concept “has
an irregular contour defined by the sum of its components (…) being a matter of
articulation, of cutting and cross-cutting” (2009: p. 16); it is “a heterogenesis (…)
in a state of survey (…) in relation to its components, endlessly traversing them
according to an order without distance” (2009: p. 20). Concept or conceptual
becoming might be then approached as a creation of new meaning and novel
sense concomitantly embodying in itself, so to say, a desire for a constant
movement engendering forever rejuvenating meaning and sense. A sensation or
an affect is “a zone of indetermination, of indiscernibility” (2009: p. 173) and
“otherness caught in a matter of expression” (2009: p. 177). It “contracts the vi-
brations of the stimulant on a nervous surface or in a cerebral volume: what
comes before has not yet disappeared when what follows appears” (2009: p. 211). Sensation/affect or sensory becoming can be then comprehended, among its DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2019 E. Just other possible readings, as a moment of deterritorialization, suspension, hesita-
tion, surprise, wonder, and a lack of meaning. For Deleuze and Guattari, con-
cepts and sensations need to interlope (2009: pp. 199, 217). Sensation/affect/
sensory becoming can be read as laying ground for concept/conceptual becom-
ing and securing that conceptual becoming happens and it does not cease to
happen—i.e., meaning is always on the move; never finished and complete. As
such, conceptual becoming should be interconnected with sensory becoming. With regard to stratum, “[t]he strata are phenomena of thickening on the Body
of the earth, simultaneously molecular and molar: accumulations, coagulations,
sedimentations, foldings” (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987: p. 502). Thus, stratum can
be understood, among its other readings, as a habitual and customary meaning. Stratum is an ambivalent concept as on the one hand, it seems to contradict
criticism and creativity yet, on the other hand, it can support one in enduring
and sustaining an experienced indetermination of affect and novelty of concept. In my theoretical experiment, I propose to approach situated conceptualiza-
tion as the Deleuzian/Guattarian sensation/affect/sensory becoming, con-
cept/conceptual becoming and stratum. What are then the results of such sug-
gestion? 2. Meaning Making—Criticism and Creativity Those two, above outlined theories separately and when experimentally joined
together have inspired me to think about criticism and creativity as an ability to
challenge and problematize meaning of the experienced external and internal
sensations including experience of emotions; to become surprised; to generate
and conjure new meaning and to continually dare it. Yet, how those theories can inspire pedagogical practices that intend to create
critical-creative abilities (i.e., to repeat briefly, ability to challenge and problema-
tize meaning of the experienced external and internal sensations; to become
surprised; to generate new meaning and to constantly dare it) among students? What should those pedagogical practices aim for? To begin with, it seems that educators should be attentive to the fact that there
might be limits on predicting the outcomes of the meaning making process (i.e.,
manners of thinking, feeling and acting) among students, and as such educa-
tional efforts, undertaken by educators, might not result in the expected out-
comes. Secondly, it seems that it might be difficult for pedagogues to encounter
students’ existing conceptual frameworks though it concomitantly may be possi-
ble for them to try to understand, appreciate and challenge students’ patterns of
conceptualization. Thirdly, it seems that pedagogical undertakings should aim to
support students in generating new meanings of external and internal sensations
(to help them think, feel and act differently) that is in creating new combinations
of external and internal sensations (and actions) and by doing so producing new
conceptual knowledge for given categories. How this can be done then? I suggest
that “incoming external sensations must be delivered in combinations different
from those that students have; different from habitual combinations” (Just, 2016:
p. 299). Teachers can make an effort to “challenge with their own actions and
words e.g., the rules, relations and actions customarily related to a given cate-
gory. They can also create events that bridge and expose students to e.g.,
words/objects/rules related to one category with actions related to another”
(ibid.). Furthermore, I also suggest that educators may try to “monitor meaning
making of the internal sensations by addressing and talking about them. [They]
simultaneously cannot and can predict (an educator’s paradox) what internal
states and actions they may evoke, yet, they may hope that the created internal
states and actions will follow new and daring paths forming (…) new conceptu-
alizations” (ibid.). 2. Meaning Making—Criticism and Creativity First of all, associating conceptualization with sensation/affect/sensory be-
coming reinforces the hypothesis that it may not be easily anticipated how ex-
ternal and internal sensations will become conceptualized. This indicates a
rather unpredictable “nature” of the embodied and embedded subject. Secondly,
given that sensation/affect/sensory becoming indicates lack of meaning, con-
ceptualization can be seen as potentially turning into a particular surprise or
state of the brain’s and subject’s wonder. Thirdly, to approach conceptualization
as concept/conceptual becoming is to strengthen an idea that the brain and so
the subject is able to generate new meaning of given sensations, i.e., to create a
new combination of external and internal sensations (and actions), and as such
create a new conceptual knowledge for a given category that incorporates prop-
erties, relations, rules, objects, settings, actions, words, events or internal states
related to that category thus, able to think, feel and act differently. Furthermore,
as sensation/affect/sensory becoming apparently facilitates concept/conceptual
becoming, it can be speculated that once a given input leads to a confusion of the
brain (and the subject), such confusion can facilitate a creation of a novel mean-
ing for a given external and/or internal input. Moreover, to think about conceptu-
alization as intertwinement of sensation/affect/sensory and concept/conceptual
becoming is to envision it as a state where new meaning is continually engen-
dered and as a state where final meaning is postponed and/or perhaps never
reached. As such it seems possible to propose that the brain might be seen not
only as being able to produce novel sense, but also postpone creating final
meaning of a given sensation. Importantly, associating conceptualization with
stratum strengthens an idea of the role the experience may play in meaning
making process—pointing out the difficulties of creating new meaning of given
sensations, and of challenging and changing the existing conceptual knowledge, DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2020 E. Just E. Just but also, interestingly, demonstrating that sometimes it can be predicted how
certain external and internal sensations will become conceptualized. Finally,
approaching conceptualization as necessary intertwinement of sensation/affect/
sensory becoming, concept/conceptual becoming and stratum, where lack of
meaning, new meaning and habitual meaning complement each other, may
show that for the subject to remain open to indetermination, novelty and change
it has sometimes to think in the customarily ways. This is mostly in order to en-
dure and sustain an occurring and experienced lack of meaning and novel sense. 2. Meaning Making—Criticism and Creativity Importantly, it seems that students should experience a mo-
ment of surprise, wonder and lack of meaning in order to be able to generate DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2021 E. Just new meaning of given sensations. Furthermore, surprise/wonder/lack of mean-
ing and new meaning should be intertwined in order to secure the fluctuations
and movement of meaning. It seems to me that by securing intertwinement of
lack of and new meaning, “an educator may hope to activate thinking, feeling
and acting that are always on the move, never finished, never taken for granted,
and never believed to be final, the only one or finite in their righteousness and
certainty” (ibid., p. 300). Intertwinement of wonder, surprise, lack of meaning
with new sense, new meaning is also crucial because surprise/lack of meaning
may not be productive if endlessly prolonged. It seems then that lack of meaning
should be followed by new meaning to prevent students from getting stuck in, so
to say, “permanent” meaning-deterritorialization and indetermination. More-
over, it appears that pedagogical practices should also stimulate intertwinement
of lack of, new and habitual meaning. As mentioned above too much of won-
der/lack of meaning and new meaning may be unsustainable. How then to do
that? One suggestion would be to e.g., present students with an input that is si-
multaneously unknown and familiar or “input that changes over quick succes-
sion of time from unknown to familiar and from familiar to unknown or input
that may be associated with e.g., two opposite concepts” (ibid.). To summarize, it seems that pedagogical practices that aim to motivate critical-
creative abilities among students should aim at understanding-appreciating-
challenging students’ patterns of conceptualization. Furthermore, they should
focus on supporting students in generating new meaning of external and inter-
nal sensations (i.e., new conceptual knowledge) and thus, in thinking, feeling
and acting differently. Moreover, pedagogical undertakings should try to sur-
prise and make students wonder in order to stimulate a formulation of new
meaning but also to allow meaning to tremble and be on the move. At the same
time, an infused lack of meaning should indeed be followed by new meaning and
sense to prevent students from an endless indetermination. Finally, pedagogical
practices should secure students’ endurability and sustainability by focusing on
intertwining lack of meaning with new meaning and habitual meaning. 2. Meaning Making—Criticism and Creativity This is
because too much of both lack of meaning and new meaning might be unsus-
tainable for students, colloquially saying: it might be too much to take. 3. The Promises of Cyberspace How then to actualize and materialize such pedagogical practices online? Before attempting an answer, it is important to acknowledge that much has
been written on the specificity of online educational environment, the applied
teaching methods and learning activities, and the outcomes of online teaching
and learning (e.g., Tu & McIsaac, 2002; Boler, 2002; Land, 2004; Land & Bayne,
2005; Lowenthal & Parscal, 2008; Cobb, 2009; Lowenthal, 2009; Land & Bayne,
2011; Frisby, Limperos, Record, Downs, & Kercsmar, 2013; Stack, 2015) includ-
ing a possible achievement of generic competences (e.g., Gvaramadze, 2012). Despite the fact that the scholarship on online education is broad, and in spite of DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2022 E. Just E. Just differing approaches to it, it seems to me that two trends somehow dominate
when it comes to an assessment of online teaching and learning. Some scholars
argue that there is no significant difference between online and offline education
with regard to learning outcomes, and that what really matters, is the method
and not the media per se: “(…) it is the method and not the media that matters
the most in learning effectiveness” (Rovai, 2002: p. 41). Importantly, some other
scholars, contend that: “(…) online education cannot possibly replicate the
learning that occurs in traditional face-to-face classrooms” (Bejerano, 2008: p. 411). With regard to the outlined approaches, I would be prone to agree with the
idea that there might be no difference between online and offline education
when it comes to an achievement of learning outcomes. For example, I strongly
believe that the ability to be critical and creative (with this ability understood as
an ability to challenge and problematize meaning of the experienced external
and internal sensations including experience of emotions; to become surprised;
to generate and conjure new meaning, and to continually dare it) can be gained
by students as in the course of offline as of online education. And yet, contrary
to the first approach and more in an alignment with the second one, I would ar-
gue that media do matter when it comes to learning outcomes. First of all, ap-
plied teaching methods do not function outside of the media but are strongly
connected with and quite often conditioned by them, as such media can logically
influence the very skill itself. DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 3. The Promises of Cyberspace For example, generic competences such as inter-
personal and interaction skills, ability to work in a team or ability to motivate
people and move towards common goals can certainly be achieved in offline and
online teaching and yet, I wonder whether the interpersonal and interaction
skills or ability to work in a team, which students obtain while studying online,
are exactly the same as those achieved in face to face classrooms? Secondly, while
striving to promote a given skill among students, educators have other possibili-
ties (comparing to face to face classrooms) enabled precisely by media to do
so—after all online environment differs significantly from offline one. Given the goals of this article, I will not discuss the extent to which media may
influence a given skill—though such discussion is crucial and ultimately neces-
sary. This, however, will be a task for yet another publication. For now, I would
like to focus on the thinkable actualization of the previously mentioned peda-
gogical practices in online educational environment, and on the possibilities that
media offer to promote critical-creative abilities among students. Yes, possibili-
ties. I tend to approach specificity of the media and a space they create i.e., cy-
berspace, not as an obstacle to be overcome, but rather as, precisely, a possibility. In my opinion, the constant attempt to create a so-called social presence2 in 2There is not a single definition concerning social presence. Social presence online is discussed,
among others, in terms of online social interaction, social context, online communication, interac-
tivity, feeling of community, intimacy, immediacy, “making” interactions to resemble those that
occur offline, and a degree of perceiving other persons as “real” (degree of salience of the other
person in interaction), (Rourke, Anderson, Garrison, & Archer, 1999; Tu & McIsaac, 2002; Lowen-
thal & Parscal, 2008; Cobb, 2009; Lowenthal, 2009; Frisby, Limperos, Record, Downs, & Kercsmar
2013). DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2023 E. Just online teaching, which is considered to be a facilitator of learning effectiveness
and satisfaction, may conceivably indicate, I dare say, rather hostile or at least
ambiguous character of cyberspace that needs to be overcome and transformed. 3. The Promises of Cyberspace Unquestionably, I support and recognize the importance of the efforts under-
taken to make students feel as if in offline environment (and this is one of the
objectives of creating social presence).Similarly, I am in favour of applying
teaching methods that will increase social presence in online teaching, methods
that, to mention just few, allow for expression of emotions, humour and
self-disclosure, mutual awareness and recognition, sense of belonging; methods
that encourage asking questions, promote conversations or rely on collabora-
tions (Lowenthal & Parscal, 2008; Cobb, 2009). However, supporting as I am
towards the creation of social presence in online education, I concomitantly
strongly believe that cyberspace is full of affirmative potential that matters when
it comes to a promotion of critical-creative abilities amongst students. Certainly,
this is not to say that social presence may impair criticism and creativity, but
rather to indicate that next to making online environment resemble an offline
one, it would also be advisable to focus on the cyberspace potential per se as it
might be helpful in promoting criticism and creativity among graduates. So what has been said about cyberspace? The term cyberspace has been in use
since the 80’s. Needless to say that there exists an extensive scholarship, which
addresses, ethically assesses, problematizes and complexifies the phenomenon
and concept of cyberspace. Cyberspace, among others, has become known as the
fourth epoch (Stone, 1992); void-like, deep, overflowing, inescapable (Henrik-
sen, 2016); replacement of the physical world of spatial distance (Nunes, 1997);
space of imagination and creation of worlds (Siwak, 1997); simulated environ-
ment within which it is possible to interact (Featherstone & Burrows, 1995);
immersion in an environment (Featherstone & Burrows, 1995), and a no-
where-somewhere space that can be entered but has no location (Robins, 1995). Furthermore, it has also been approached as a new universe, “[a] world in which
the global traffic of knowledge, secrets, measurements, indicators, entertain-
ments, and alter-human agency takes on form: sights, sounds, presences never
seen on the surface of the earth blossoming in a vast electronic night” (Benedikt,
1992 quoted in Bukatman, 1993: p. 193). 4. Immersion The most common way, in which dictionaries tackle the issue of immersion, is to
define it as a deep mental involvement in something. A sort of engagement, rev-
erie and subsidence. Apparently cyberspace enables a “cyber-traveller” this kind
of an experience. The screen (similarly to a book shape—I dare say) is an en-
trance gate, the rabbit-hole3 that transports one to another space-time dimen-
sion. Once one is in it, one lives it, engages with it, immerses in it. Moreover, the
screen allows or better enables a full attention as it frames perception, allures the
senses and anchors them in itself with a magnetic force. The full attention may
lead to immersion. Yet, the screen is only a start, an invitation to immersion. There must be something that makes one want to live through and engage with
what is on the other side of the entrance gate, at the end of the rabbit-hole. There
must be something that keeps the senses magnetically anchored. Could it be cu-
riosity? Dean Burnett in his book Idiot Brain. What Your Head Is Really Up To
(2016), writes that people are “inherently curious,” “drawn to novelty value” and
are inclined to explore something novel if there is an opportunity to do so (2016:
p. 98). Curiosity, the desire for and interest in something new, in experiencing
what is unknown and unfamiliar, apparently can keep one, well, on experienc-
ing! (e.g., Leslie, 2014). But, I want to suggest, this curiosity should be also, so to
say, internally oriented: what/who am I? What do I think/feel/do and why? I am
unknown to myself and I am curious about myself and so I keep on experiencing
(precisely as Alice in Wonderland did). So it seems plausible to propose that to
be able to engage and to be attentive thus immersed (once the screen sparks to
life) one needs to be curious. But how to become curious? One suggestion might
be: relay on unfamiliarity, “speed of change” and interaction. It seems to me that
the landscape that is interactive, unfamiliar, highly diverse with many “turns and
twists” requires more engagement and attention, and generates more curiosity,
including self-curiosity, than the monotonous one. And cyberspace, to which a
screen leads, may facilitate the creation of unfamiliar/unknown, and generate
interaction, speed of change, turns and twists, and so, ultimately, an immersion. 3. The Promises of Cyberspace Moreover, cyberspace has also been
described as a space where a sense (and eventually a concept) of identity and
lived bodies might bequestioned and challenged (Shapiro & McDonald, 1992;
Bukatman, 1993; Sobchack, 1995; Balsamo, 1996; Boler, 2002; Løvlie, 2005) and a
space where people’s awareness and understanding of reality can be dared and
transformed. In addition, cyberspace has also been thought and written about in
terms of violence, crime, abuse, alienation, isolation and loss (Kee, 2005; Citron,
2009; Henriksen, 2016). All in all, cyberspace, as presented above, has become a
profoundly discussed and a deeply problematized phenomenon. Being aware of this complexity and not falling into either an uncritical admi-
ration or an ethically unproblematic appreciation of media and cyberspace, still I DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2024 E. Just E. Just will try to focus on what I call “the promises of cyberspace” i.e., possibilities me-
dia and cyberspace offer to promote critical-creative abilities among students. In
particular, I will bring to the fore two concepts or better two cyber-
space-phenomena that are: immersion and DFI-Digital Facial Image. By ad-
dressing those concepts/phenomena, and by posing questions related to content,
teaching methods, learning activities, software and hardware, and their combi-
nations in online education, I will make an effort to not only highlight the
promises of cyberspace, but also to ponder on how an educator can actualize the
aforementioned pedagogical practices in online context. 4. Immersion It seems to me that twists and turns, interaction, engagement, attention and
3From this paragraph on I will be occasionally using the following expressions: the rabbit-hole, Al-
ice, and Wonderland which are taken from and concomitantly refer to the book Alice’s Adventures
in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (1865). DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2025 E. Just (self-) curiosity can help students to wonder (and allow meaning to tremble and
to be on the move) concomitantly supporting them in acquiring an ability to
challenge and problematize meaning of the experienced external and internal
sensations, be surprised, generate new meaning and ceaselessly dare it on the
level of thinking, feeling and doing. As such, I approach immersion, understood
here as “twists and turns,” interaction, engagement, attention and (self-) curios-
ity as the cyberspace’s promise; as the offer an educator can use to promote criti-
cism and creativity among students. (self-) curiosity can help students to wonder (and allow meaning to tremble and
to be on the move) concomitantly supporting them in acquiring an ability to
challenge and problematize meaning of the experienced external and internal
sensations, be surprised, generate new meaning and ceaselessly dare it on the
level of thinking, feeling and doing. As such, I approach immersion, understood
here as “twists and turns,” interaction, engagement, attention and (self-) curios-
ity as the cyberspace’s promise; as the offer an educator can use to promote criti-
cism and creativity among students. Another take on immersion is related to the work on and discussions about
virtual reality (VR). Virtual reality, Is a computer-generated visual, audible and tactile multi-media experience. Using stereo headphones, head-mounted stereo television goggles
(“eyephones”) able to stimulate three-dimension, wired gauntlets (“datag-
loves”) and computerized clothing (“data suits”), VR aims to surround the
human body with an artificial sensorium of sight, sound and touch. (…) It
is actually an interactive system as the computer that creates the simulated
environment in which a person is immersed, constantly reconfigures the
environment in response to body movements. (…) Therefore it can be said
that VR is a medium which simulates a sense of presence through the use of
technology (Featherstone & Burrows, 1995: p. 6). The applied technology allows one to feel present in a virtually created envi-
ronment. “The computer must generate a convincing simulation of the look,
feel, and sound of another environment. DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 4. Immersion And this could
be, I dare say, because once the virtual world is created as an interactive,
changeable, unfamiliar and unknown one then the immersion, which I define as
a cyberspace’s promise to possibly stimulate criticism and creativity among stu-
dents, is in a sense doubled, namely, it is a sense of presence coupled with twists
and turns, interaction, engagement, attention and (self-) curiosity. —You are
Alice in Wonderland: the meaning is (always) in the making. Certainly, it can occur in a real life too, but VR enables to create situations that
cannot be easily experienced in real life or are impossible to experience. Thus,
indeed VR may be seen as having “the potential to create an extremely reach
perceptual and cognitive environment” and interactions “with such environment
may tax mental capacities” (Shapiro & McDonald, 1992: p. 104). I would suggest
that the more interactive, changeable and unknown the VR is, the higher are the
changes (for a user) to wonder, challenge and problematize meaning of the ex-
perienced external and internal sensations, be surprised, generate new meaning
and ceaselessly dare it on the level of thinking, feeling and doing. And this could
be, I dare say, because once the virtual world is created as an interactive,
changeable, unfamiliar and unknown one then the immersion, which I define as
a cyberspace’s promise to possibly stimulate criticism and creativity among stu-
dents, is in a sense doubled, namely, it is a sense of presence coupled with twists
and turns, interaction, engagement, attention and (self-) curiosity. —You are
Alice in Wonderland: the meaning is (always) in the making. 4. Immersion The eyes, ears, hands, and inner pro-
prioceptive senses receive electromechanical stimuli that attempt to simulate a
world pressing upon the senses” (Biocca, 1992: p. 27). —You are in it, my Dear. In this sense, immersion becomes equal to the feeling of presence in a com-
puter-generated world. It is “the degree to which a virtual environment sub-
merges the perceptual system of the user in virtual stimuli” and “[t]he more the
system captivates the senses and blocks out stimuli from the physical world, the
more the system is considered immersive (ibid., p. 25). Interestingly, both, enti-
ties to interact with and a user hirself, become virtual, cyber entities in the vir-
tual environment (Heim, 1995: p. 70). —You are immersed, you are present, yet,
you are transformed and so is the world around you. A user and the world are
both simulation (Heim, 1993). Apparently, a user can distinguish the real from
the simulated. According to the elsewhere mentioned Burnett, “the human brain
recognizes what’s real and not real” (2016: p. 100). Nonetheless, in VR a user is
immersed, present and so interacts, thinks, feels and acts. The question, most
interesting and challenging one I would say, concerns precisely thoughts, feel-
ings and actions that are (or can be) born on the crossroads of the real and
simulated (and it of course matters what is simulated/created). But the answer is
far from simple and requires further research. Yet, it can be expected that the
interactions in VR may challenge and boost the ways one think, feels and acts. DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2026 E. Just E. Just Certainly, it can occur in a real life too, but VR enables to create situations that
cannot be easily experienced in real life or are impossible to experience. Thus,
indeed VR may be seen as having “the potential to create an extremely reach
perceptual and cognitive environment” and interactions “with such environment
may tax mental capacities” (Shapiro & McDonald, 1992: p. 104). I would suggest
that the more interactive, changeable and unknown the VR is, the higher are the
changes (for a user) to wonder, challenge and problematize meaning of the ex-
perienced external and internal sensations, be surprised, generate new meaning
and ceaselessly dare it on the level of thinking, feeling and doing. 5. Few Questions about the Praxis As I have argued in the preceding paragraph, immersion (i.e., sense of presence,
twists and turns, interaction, engagement, attention and (self-) curiosity), which
might be generated by cyberspace, can possibly surprise and make students
wonder, and cause meaning to tremble concomitantly supporting students in
becoming critical and creative. The pedagogical practices, which I encourage, are
meant to, so to say, do the same. Therefore, I want to suggest that in order to
actualize these practices online, perhaps, it is worthy trying to create/generate/
stimulate immersion. This means, design and combine content, teaching meth-
ods, learning activities, software and hardware in such way as to engender im-
mersion. Yet, as argued elsewhere in this article, for these practices to result in
students’ critical-creative abilities, they should also try to understand-appreciate-
challenge students’ patterns of conceptualization and secure students’ endurabil-
ity and sustainability. Thus, content, teaching methods, learning activities, soft-
ware and hardware apart from stimulating immersion, also need to mind stu-
dents’ patterns of meaning making, and their endurability. Therefore, the chal-
lenge now is to think about content, teaching methods, learning activities, soft-
ware and hardware (and their combinations), which—in relation to the topics
and issues that are planned to be addressed in a given class or/and pro-
gramme—are able to engender sense of presence (as in VR, if possible), interac-
tive, changeable, unknown, unfamiliar space full of twists and turns (i.e., trans-
formations, becomings, metamorphoses) that keep one engaged, active, partici-
patory, attentive, (self-) curious, surprised, lacking/finding/loosing/finding the
meaning thus, ultimately critical and creative. Content, teaching methods, learning
activities, software and hardware that will help understanding-appreciating-
challenging students’ patterns of conceptualization, and will support them in
dealing with either a lack of sense or new (sometimes unexpected) meaning of DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2027 E. Just the self or of whatever there is that they experience. The latter is especially cru-
cial as apparently too much of indetermination and too much of novelty might
be unsustainable, namely, as it has been already said, it might be too much to
take. I dare say that interdisciplinary cooperation, true imagination and, indeed,
creative thinking, are necessary to design (and combine) content, teaching
methods, learning activities, software and hardware to have the effects outlined
above. Indisputably, there could be many ways in which content, teaching
methods, learning activities, software and hardware could be designed and com-
bined. 5. Few Questions about the Praxis The more ideas, the better, and interdisciplinary cooperation is indispen-
sable to form a platform on which those ideas can grow. As such, I do not want
to provide clear-cut answers, but rather pose an invitation to think together on
online pedagogical practices that can lead to immersion (in the sense outlined
above), students’ sustainability, and ultimately to criticism and creativity. How-
ever, to initiate the thinking process I want to suggest that, among many other
possible ways, we could perhaps design and combine content, teaching methods,
learning activities, software and hardware in such way that they will engender
a Wonderland yet, a Wonderland that will help understanding-appreciating-
challenging students’ patterns of conceptualization and entail landmarks of an
“epistemic rest”? Why a Wonderland? To me Wonderland, as imagined by Lewis Carroll, is “‘Begin at the beginning,’ the King said gravely, ‘and go on till you come to
the end; then stop.’”; “‘Why is a raven like a writing-desk?’”; 2) an unknown space: “‘What sort of people live about here?’ ‘In that direction,’ the Cat said, waving
its right paw round, ‘lives a Hatter; and in that direction,’ waving the other paw,
‘lives a March Hare. Visit either you like: they’re both mad.’”; 3) a full of twists and turns space: “‘it’s no use going back to yesterday, because I was a different person then.’” 4) a space that keeps Alice engaged: 4) a space that keeps Alice engaged: “‘-so long as I get somewhere,’ Alice added as an explanation. ‘oh, you’re sure
to do that,’ said the Cat, ‘if you only walk long enough.’”; 5) surprised: 5) surprised: “‘How puzzling all these changes are! I’m never sure what I’m going to be,
from one minute to another!’”; 6) (self-) curious: 6) (self-) curious: “‘Let me think: was I the same when I got up this morning? I almost think I
can remember feeling a little different. But if I’m not the same, the next question
is, Who in the world am I? Ah, that’s the great puzzle!’”; “‘Let me think: was I the same when I got up this morning? I almost think I
can remember feeling a little different. But if I’m not the same, the next question
is, Who in the world am I? DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 5. Few Questions about the Praxis Ah, that’s the great puzzle!’”; “‘Curiouser and curiouser.’”; “‘Curiouser and curiouser.’”; 7) and in a constant search for meaning: 7) and in a constant search for meaning: DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2028 E. Just E. Just “‘Well! I’ve often seen a cat without a grin,’ thought Alice, ‘but a grin without
a cat!’”; “‘Take care of the sense and the sounds will take care of themselves’”; “‘Take care of the sense and the sounds will take care of themselves’”; “it seemed quite dull and stupid for life to go on in the common way.” “it seemed quite dull and stupid for life to go on in the common way.” Can we then think about and imagine teaching methods, learning activities,
software and hardware that can create Wonderlands for different topics/issues in
various academic fields? Wonderlands that will help understanding-appreciating-challenging students’
patterns of conceptualization, “We had the best of educations—in fact, we went to school every day— (…)
And how many hours a day did you do lessons?” said Alice (…). “Ten
hours the first day,” said the Mock Turtle, “nine the next, and so on.”
“What a curious plan!” exclaimed Alice. “That’s the reason they’re called
lessons,” the Gryphon remarked, “because they lessen from day to day.”
This was quite a new idea to Alice and she thought it over a little before she
made her next remark, “Then the eleventh day must have been a holiday?” Wonderlands but with an “epistemic rest” that is moments when the familiar,
the recognizable, the habitual comes to the fore so that students can experience,
endure and welcome instants of indetermination and a new (never final) mean-
ing, Down, down, down. There was nothing else to do, so Alice soon began
talking again. “Dinah’ll miss me very much to-night, I should think!”
(Dinah was the cat.) “I hope they’ll remember her saucer of milk at
tea-time. Dinah my dear! I wish you were down here with me! There are no
mice in the air, I’m afraid, but you might catch a bat and that’s very like a
mouse, you know. But do cats eat bats, I wonder?” And here Alice began to
get rather sleepy and went on saying to herself, in a dreamy sort of way,
“Do cats eat bats? Do cats eat bats?” and sometimes, “Do bats eat cats?” So, Do bats eat cats? interface (HCI), interface (HCI), Whereas the HCI functions precisely be reducing the wide-bandwidth of
embodied human expressivity to a fixed repertoire of functions and icons,
the DFI transfers the site of this interface from computer-embodied func-
tions to the open-ended positive feedback loop connecting the digi-
tal-facial-image and the entire affective register operative in the embodied
viewer-participant. Thus, rather than channelling the body’s contribution
through the narrow frame of preconstituted software options, the DFI
opens the interface to the richness of the bodily processing of information. For this reason, the DFI allows us to reconceptualize the very notion of the
interface: by bypassing investment in more effective technical “solutions”, it
invests in the body’s capacity to supplement technology—the potential it
holds for “collaborating” with the information presented by the interface in
order to create images. (ibid., p. 207) In an encounter with the DFI the body becomes affected (the ability to be-
come affected is the body’s potential to collaborate with the information). In this
sense, the DFI “forms the very vehicle of contact between our bodies and the
domain of information that would otherwise remain largely without relations to
us” (ibid., p. 208). Importantly, affectivity springs to life precisely during an en-
counter, “the crucial element is neither image nor body alone, but the dynamical
interaction between them” (ibid., p. 208). It seems that above other images, an
image of a face plays crucial role with regard to affectivity. Face, as Hansen ar-
gues after Deleuze and Guattari (1987), in capitalist semiotics has become a sig-
nifier of the entire body, and the body operates as a signifier because it ‘has’ a
face or rather because it “has been entirely facialized” (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987
in Hansen, 2003: p. 208). Yet, with the DFI a face, a “rich source for meaning
and the precondition of communication,” is sensu stricto a digital one, funda-
mentally heterogeneous from a “real” one (Hansen, 2003: p. 208). As such, it af-
fects the body of the viewer, and it affects the body precisely because it [DFI]
presents “radical heterogeneity to already developed human perceptual capaci-
ties” (Stern, 1985 in Hansen, 2003: p. 209). By affecting the body, the DFI allows
the body a new experience, “opens embodied experience to that which does not
conform to already contracted bodily habits” and “attune[s] the body to a
stimulus that is novel” (Hansen, 2003: p. 207, 209). 6. DFI-Digital Facial Image The discussion on the DFI-Digital Facial Image is based on the article “Affect as
medium, or the ‘digital-facial-image’” (2003) by Mark B.N. Hansen. In this arti-
cle, Hansen defines the DFI as “digitally generated close-up image of a face” able
to engender an affective4 response in a viewer (2003: p. 206). In the encounter
with the DFI the viewer “comes to function as the very medium for the interface
between the embodied human and the domain of digital information” (Hansen,
2003: p. 206). Hansen sees the DFI as an advanced form of human-computer- 4In his discussion about affectivity, Hansen explicitly emphasizes his different to Deleuze (1986)
take on affect. In this article, I, however, combine Hansen’s approach to affect and affectivity with
my reading of the Deleuzian and Guattarian concepts of affect and concept outlined in A Thousand
Plateaus (1987) and What is Philosophy? (2009). DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2029 E. Just interface (HCI), Importantly, this affec-
tion/affectivity “introduces the power of creativity into the sensorimotor body”
(ibid., p. 208). To summarize: the contact between the digital and the corporeal
is established through affectivity. The more different and alien an image is (or
becomes, as the initial indiscernibility might be beneficial to affectivity); the less
it is “of the same ‘reality’ as we are;” the odder the interaction between a viewer
and an image is; the more a viewer’s senses are challenged, the more intense be-
comes affectivity. To illustrate his argument, Hansen refers to some artistic
works that use the DFI. He brings to the fore, among others, an example of an
image of an artist kissing her boyfriend, whose face is not present (Inez van DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2030 E. Just Lamsweerde, Me Kissing Vinoodh (Passionately), 1999); a virtual persona called
Marie who is much more into self-reflection than into interaction with a viewer
(Luc Corchesne, Portrait No. 1, 1990); an image that upon touch is replaced with
a live video image of the viewer (Alba d’Urbano, Touch Me, 1995), or a digital
female face who remains indifferent to a viewer’s efforts to commence a conver-
sation with her (Kirsten Geisler, Dream of Beauty 2.0, 1999). All those works,
according to Hansen, result in an affective response of the viewer who may even-
tually e.g., experience the impossibility of connection, “cannot take it any longer,”
feel irrelevant, unnecessary and unimportant, or “see himself or herself as a
transitory punctuation in the ongoing and inhuman digital flux” (ibid., p. 215). I read the affective response of a viewer, which Hansen describes, (apart from
the link it establishes between the body and the realm of digital) as both affect
and concept; sensory and conceptual becoming. To me, an encounter with a
radical difference embodied by the DFI results in indetermination, indiscernibil-
ity, surprise, and wonder (affect), but also in a new meaning (concept) concern-
ing e.g., the self (irrelevance and unimportance of the viewer) or connec-
tion/interaction with the other (can one ever connect and/or comprehend/feel
the other?). In this sense, I approach the DFI as able to generate criticism and
creativity in a viewer. I see it as a tool that engenders wonder and surprise, but
also allows one to challenge, problematize and conjure a new meaning (what is
this? why is this? who am I? do I matter? interface (HCI), why do I feel like that? what to do? can
I see it like this?). The digital facial image apparently has a special potential to do
so, mostly due to the fact that, as Hansen argues, it is a “face” thus, to repeat
briefly, a “rich source for meaning and the precondition of communication.” But
because the face is digital, it, so to say, automatically becomes alien, and the less
it communicates with the viewer in the expected, more obvious and habitual
manners, the stronger are both an engendered affect and an evoked concept. Furthermore, because the DFI stands for an unknown and unfamiliar “space” it
can also, I want to argue, create a sensation of immersion (as outlined in the
preceding subchapter), and in this sense strengthen a viewer’s ability to become
critical and creative. Importantly, however, an encounter with the DFI, at least
the way I see it, should not cause an exhaustion of the viewer. It is precisely the
sustainability and endurance of the viewer that has to be taken under considera-
tion and respected. The meaning interestingly disappears; is challenged; trans-
forms; becomes, but it should not be thrown away and rejected, but rather faced
with curiosity, with a desire for more. Think, feel and act differently—cyberspace
may promise you that. 7. Few Questions about the Praxis Since the DFI may apparently boost criticism and creativity in a viewer, can it
then be used in online teaching and learning? What kinds of the DFI (in terms of
software, hardware and the content/interaction/expression) can be useful for
pedagogical practices (in various academic fields) that strive to make students DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2031 E. Just wonder and generate a new meaning of the experienced external and internal
sensations? How to incorporate and, so to say, combine the DFI with online
teaching methods, learning activities and content so that students will learn to
welcome surprise and lack of meaning; will accept, but also attempt to generate a
new one, and ultimately will be able to sustain and endure the experienced inde-
termination and novelty? Since, as argued before, the pedagogical practices,
which can hopefully lead to criticism and creativity, ought to help understand-
ing-appreciating-challenging students’ patterns of conceptualization, the DFI
and the ways in which it is combined with teaching methods/learning activi-
ties/content should also aim at that. Again, to bring answers to the questions posed above, and to actualize the DFI
in teaching practices (if possible), interdisciplinary cooperation is crucial and
indispensable. Therefore, once more, I voice an invitation for collective and
cross-disciplinary thinking on online pedagogical practices, criticism and crea-
tivity and the DFI (digital facial image), which to me carries an incredible poten-
tial to positively and affirmatively affect a viewer-participant-student. There
could be countless ways in which the DFI can be designed and combined with
teaching methods/learning activities/content, and a wide range of forms of in-
teraction between a digital face and a student. In my opinion, there are endless
possibilities to teach creativity and criticism online, as conceptualized in this ar-
ticle, with the DFI, regardless the academic field and the addressed topics/issues. Yet, can we, at least, try to commence to imagine? And again, I will evoke the
landscapes of the Wonderland—to me a blueprint for meaning-challenging in-
teractions and a space of the radically different yet, affirmatively positive forms
of embodiment. Imagine, after a pre-recorded lecture, an encounter with the DFI who like the
White Rabbit does not seem to notice or care about you, but who is with you
nonetheless, and who leads though without really leading you. 7. Few Questions about the Praxis Tell me
that first, and then, if I like being that person, I’ll come up: if not, I’ll stay down
here till I’m somebody else.’” So, what happens when you come to the beginning again? 7. Few Questions about the Praxis This DFI shows
you hidden passages, possibilities, throws you gloves so you can learn to swim in
the pool of your own tears and even win an everybody-winning Caucus-race, or
leaves you in a room where you realize that “‘there’s no room to grow up any
more.’” The DFI remains indifferent, but interesting; magnetic—you do not
want to run away, to the contrary, you want to open the doors, which the DFI is
passing by, and if you are too small or too large there will be ways to reflect,
measure and play with your own size. Or imagine, the Hatter/March Hare-like
DFI just after an online seminar. Puzzling you about ravens and writing-desks
(there are no easy answers). Staring with eyes wide shut at the meaning: “‘Then
you should say what you mean,’ the March Hare went on. ‘I do,’ Alice hastily re-
plied, ‘at least—at least I mean what I say—that’s the same thing, you know.’
‘Not the same thing a bit!’ said the Hatter, ‘You might just as well say that “I see
what I eat” is the same thing as “I eat what I see”!’ ‘You might just as well say,’
added the March Hare, ‘that “I like what I get” is the same thing as “I get what I
like”!’” (wonder and a new meaning always on the move). Or accidently freezing DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2032 E. Just E. Just time so that little-sustaining-one-habits are engendered (only to push the
meaning forward): “‘It’s always six o’clock now.’ A bright idea came into Alice’s
head. ‘Is that the reason so many tea-things are put out here?’ she asked. ‘Yes,
that’s it,’ said the Hatter with a sigh, ‘it’s always tea-time and we’ve no time to
wash the things between whiles.’ ‘Then you keep moving round, I suppose?’ said
Alice. ‘Exactly so,’ said the Hatter, ‘as the things get used up.’ ‘But what happens
when you come to the beginning again?’ Alice ventured to ask. ‘Suppose we
change the subject,’ the March Hare interrupted (…).” Or the DFI who, just be-
fore an online meeting with a tutor, wants to know you concomitantly appreci-
ating that you may possibly not know you yourself: “‘Who am I then? Statement This article has been written during the author’s stay as a visiting researcher at
Deusto International Tuning Academy (Short-Term Visits Scholarship Scheme),
University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain. tices which ultimately can be applied. tices which ultimately can be applied. Conflicts of Interest The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
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terdam: Sense Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-580-2 Land, R., & Bayne, S. (2005). Education in Cyberspace. London and New York, NY:
Routledge. Land, R. (2004). Issues of Embodiment and Risk in Online Learning. In R. Atkinson, C. McBeath, D. Jonas-Dwyer, & R. Phillips (Eds.), Beyond the Comfort Zone: Proceedings
of the 21st ASCILITE Conference (pp. 530-538). Perth, 5-8 December 2004. http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/perth04/procs/land.html Leslie, I. (2014). Curious: The Desire to Know and Why Your Future Depends on It. To-
ronto: House of Anansi Press. Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012). The
Brain Basis of Emotion: A Meta-Analytic Review. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35,
121-202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11000446 Lindquist, K. A., & Barrett, L. F. (2012). A Functional Architecture of the Human Brain:
Insights from Emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 533-540. DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2035 E. Just https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.09.005 Lowenthal, P. (2009). The Evolution and Influence of Social Presence Theory on Online
Learning. In T. T. Kidd (Ed.), Online Education and Adult Learning: New Frontiers for
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bildning & Demokrati, 14, 115-130. Nunes, M. (1997). What Space Is Cyberspace? The Internet and Virtuality. In D. Holmes
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rows (Eds.), Cyberspace, Cyberbodies, Cyberpunk. Cultures of Technological Em-
bodiment (pp. 135-157). London: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446250198.n8 Rourke, L., erson, T., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (1999). Assessing Social Presence in
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50-71. Rovai, A. A. P. (2002). A Preliminary Look at the Structural Differences of Higher Educa-
tion Classroom Communities in Traditional and ALN Courses. JALN, 6, 41-56. Russell, J. A. (2003). Core Affect and the Psychological Construction of Emotion. Psy-
chological Review, 110, 145-172. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145 Shapiro, M., & McDonald, D. (1992). I Am Not a Real Doctor, But I Play One in Virtual
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munication, 42, 94-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00813.x Siwak, W. (1997). Wirtualna rzeczywistość-ucieczka czy wyzwolenie? In S. Krzemień-Ojak (Ed.), Kultura i Sztuka u progu XXI wieku (pp. 43-54). Białystok: Wy-
dawnictwoTrans-Humana. Sobchack, V. (1995). Beating the Meat/Surviving the Text, or How to Get Out of This
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cations. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446250198.n12 Stack, S. (2015). Learning Outcomes in an Online vs. Traditional Course. International
Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 9, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.20429/ijsotl.2015.090105 Stern, D. (1985). The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A View from Psychoanalysis and
Developmental Psychology. New York, NY: Basic Books. Stone, R. (1992). Will the Real Body Please Stand Up? In M. Benedikt (Ed.), Cyberspace:
First Steps (pp. 81-118). Cambridge: The MIT Press. Tu, Ch., & McIsaac, M. (2002). The Relationship of Social Presence and Interaction in
Online Classes. The American Journal of Distance Education, 16, 131-150. Tu, Ch., & McIsaac, M. (2002). DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.09.005 The Relationship of Social Presence and Interaction in
Online Classes. The American Journal of Distance Education, 16, 131-150. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15389286AJDE1603_2 Waaldijk, B., & Just, E. (2010). Tuning Educational Structures in Europe. Reference
Points for the Design and Delivery of Degree Programmes in Gender Studies. Bilbao:
Universidad de Deusto. DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.913147 Creative Education 2036
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No account of the tendencies of higher learning in the United Slates could be complete without some adequate reference to the work of Johns Hopkins University. No other institution within the past few years has attracted so much attention. This has been owing partly to the great excellence of the instruction given, partly to the peculiarities of its organization and methods, and partly to the fact that it has laid great stress on the publication of accomplished results. Through the various journals and serials that were established at the university early in its history, the i)ublic has been kept advised iu a very cflScient manner of the work that has been done in the several departments of knowledge. But it can hardly bo said that the Johns Hopkios Uni- versity has a very intimate liistoric connection w ith the educational system cif the couutry. It did not grow out of the root, but was rather gvafte( into the old stock. It was founded in the belief that the time had eom< for the estublishmeot of a university that should do for American scholars what the German universities are doing for them. Durinij the last twenty-five years some hundreds of American students, after completing their collegiate course, have annually gone to Germany for more advanced instruction than could be obtained on this side of the Atlantic, Why should there not be established iu America some one institution that should obviate the necessity of a Transatlantic voyage? The fundamental idea should be the giving of instruction in the most improved methods that would supplement the instruction given in the other colleges and universities of the country. It should be a university established ])rimarily for thope who had already taken theEachelor's<Iegree. Here was the field which Johns Hopkins University undertook to occupy. It was not absolutely new ground, for all of the older universitivs had provided courses of iustruction for graduates and fellows. But its peculiarity was in the fact that all its strength was primarily devoted to instruction to those students who had silreaily taken the first degree. It was as though one cf the colleges tf Oxtbrd or Cambridge shoidd say, \Vc will not teach undergraduates; we will only have to do with those who have already received the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Our ellbrt wUl be simply to do the most advanced grade of work as a means of preparing specialists for the profession jo{ teachers. This was the position of Johns Piopkins University. It did not aim to secure the attendance of large numbers ; it desired rather to attract those who, desirous of completing their outfit for the work of teachers and pro- fessors, would otherwise have been attracted to the universities of Germany. The success of the experiment has been abundant and gratifying. The nature of the work has afl'orded every encouragement to advanced LIFE AND THOUGHT IN THE UNITED STATES. 139 and original investigation, and the results of such investigations as have been made have been given very generously to the world. Whether in founding the university the necessity of establishing ultimately an undergraduatii course was contemplated, is not perhaps very certain. But such a necessity has made itself felt. This und was probably favoured, on the one hand, by local demand ; on the other, by the assist- ance that a preparatory department would give to the advanced work for which the university was more especially established. It still remains true, however, that the prominent characteristic of the Johns Hopkins University is its work with graduate students, while it receives such undergraduates as offer themselves. The stress of its efforts is devoted to its advanced classes. It is perhaps needless to add that it is from this characteristic that the university is so widely and so favourably known. In the various realms of university work there is nothing more interesting, or indeed more important, than the change that has been going on in the minds of scholars during the past few years on the sabject of political economy. Twenty years ago the scholars and the politicians were separated in their beliefs by a sort of impassable gulf. The political economy of Adam Smith and his followers was accepted by the aeademic teachers almost without exception. The books that made an impression were those of the great founders of the science— of Bicardo and of Mill. The doctrine of laissez-faire, as ordinarily accepted, was universally taught in the colleges and universities. It w^ a common remark that in the schools everybody was taught " free trade," while in business everybody came to believe in "protection." This sharply defined difference was not the result of accident. Both classes followed their own teachers. The system of protection advocated with such power by Henry Clay and Mr. Carey was given to the multi- tude with consummate skill by Mr. Grrecley and the other editorial writers of the day. The consequence of these diverging tendencies was, that while the policy of the nation was firmly held to the doctrines of a protective tarifi^ what might be called the more scholarly part of the community was coming more and more into an acceptance of the doctrines of Mill and Catrnes. Fifteen years ago, among all the teachers of political economy in the country, not more than one or two of any prominence could be named who did not advocate the policy of free trade. The political economy of the Manchester school came to be regarded as the only orthodox form of economic faith and doctrine. It is patent, however, that a great change has now taken place. While on the one hand a very considerable number of prominent manufacturers have declared themselves advocates of free trade, on the other a still more conspicuous number of teachers of political economy either are avowed advocates of protection, or, what is perhaps more common, are in favour of occupying -a middle ground between the opposing theories. There has grown up what may be called a new school of economists. These, for the most part, are young men who, under the influence of Q^man instruction, have adopted the German historical method?. Nearly all of the younger economists have studied in Germany, and have fallen under the powerful influence of Roscher, Wagner, or Conrad, and have brought the ideas so acquired to their new fields of instruction. While in several of the universities upholders of the d prion methods are 140 THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, still in positions ofpredominant inflaence, it is undoubtedly trae tbat afe the present moment a majority of the teachers in our colleges and uni- versities are to be ranked as belonging to the historical school. It goes without saying, therefore, that the doctrines of free trade are not 80 generally or so dogmatically taught as they were ten or fifteen years ago. The tendency is probably very nearly akin to that which appears to be prevailing in England. The views and methods of Rogers, Jevons, and Sidgwick are now much more generally accepted than the views and methods of the economists that led public opinion a genera- tion ago. ^ The movement as a whole, however, is to be regarded as a favourable sign of the times. It is certain that at no time in the past has the study of political economy been carried on so earnestly and so thoroughly as at the present moment. In all of the universities the classes in this subject are large, and in many of them the most difficult questions are considered with a care and a thoroughness that was formerly unknown. More than all this, within the last few months two important journals have come into existence for the discussion of questions of politicaleconomy and political science. The Political Science Quarterly^ edited by the Faculty of Political Science in Columbia College, is devoted to the whole rang^ of questions indicated by its title; while the QviaHerly Journal of Economics, edited by the Professors of Political Economy at Harvard, is to be confined more narrowly to a special field. Both of these journals have the flavour of a careful scholarship, and their first appearance, almost simultaneously, must be regarded as among the more auspicious signs of the times. Chables Kkxdall Adams. 142 THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. 13 it before Chemosh in Kirjath; and I settled therein the men of Sinn and the men of 14 Mokhrath. And Chemosh said to me : Go, take Nebo of Israel; and I 15 went in the night and fought against it from the break of day until noon, and took IG it and slew them all, 7,000 men and boys and women and maidens 17 and female slaves (?), since I had devoted them to Ashtar-Chemosh ; and I took from thence the altars {arelc) 18 of Yahveh (Jehovah) and dragged them before Chemosh. Now the king of Israel had built 19 Jahaz and dwelt therein while he made war against me, and Chemosh drove him out before me, and 20 I took of Moab 200 men, all its princes, and I led them against Jahaz and took it 21 in order to add it to Dibon. 1 have built Kirkhah, the wall of tiie forest and the wall 22 of the hill {ophcl), and I have built its gates and 1 have built its towers, and 23 I have built the house of the king, and I have made the sluices of the reservoir for the water (?) within 24 the city. Now there was no cistern within the city in Kirkhah, and I spake to all the people : make 25 you each one a cistern in his house; and I cut the cutting for Kirkhah by means of the prisoners 26 of Israel. I have built Aroer and I have made the roads by the Arnon, and 27 I have built Beth-Bamoth, since it was destroyed ; I have built Bezer, since it lay in ruins, 28 of Dibon fifty, since all Dibon is subject (to mc), and I rule (?) 29 a hundred in the cities which I have added to the land. And I built 00 (Modeba) and Bcth-Diblathain. And Beth-Baalmeon, thither I brought the sheep ;»1 the flocks of the land. And as for Horonain, therein dwelt the sons of Dedan, and Dodan said (?).... 32 and Chemosh said to me : go down, fight against Horonain ; and I went down (and fought) :i3 Chemosh restored it in (my) days and from thence 34 And I " Dr. Neubauer lias criticised one or two points in this translation, and has drawn attention to the remarkable reference to the a*W« or "altars" ot* Dodo and Yahveh.* He would identify arel with arid, which jippears in the book of Isaiah as an old name of Jerusalem. It is noticeable that, while in Genesis xxii. li, the only correct rendering of the proverb current on the Temple Hill is " In the Mount of the Lord is Jireh," or Ycru, a town called Har-el, or " the Mount of God/' seems to occupy the site of the Jebusite city, which afterwards became Jerusa- lem in the Karnak lists of Thothmes III. However this may be, Dodo or David is represented in the inscription in parallelism to Yahveh a« worshipped by the northern Israelites. The name means "the beloved one," and must have been a title given to the Deity by the Fhosniciana^ * Athenaum, September 25, 1886, and my own Letter. October 9, 1880. CONTEMPORARY RECORDS, UZ MTioe Dido, the patron-goddess of Carthage, is merely its correspou Jiog ieminine form in a Latin dress. The revised version of the inscription further serves to clear up the history of the Mnabite revolt from Israel. It shows that the recovery of jNIedeba and other portions of Moabite territory took place in the middle of Aliab's reign, and that consequently Moab regained its inde- pendence before the death of Ahab, and not after it, as has been hitherto uupposed. It will be observed that, in accordance with the statement of the Old Testament, INIesha represents himself as a great " shcep-ma&ter." Next perhaps in interest to the revised text of the Moabite Stone *is Professor Maspero's report of " the excavations carried on in Egypt from 1S81 to ISS'j," which is published in the Bullelin dc VlnstiUit Sjjypden (II. 0). It is, in fact, a good deal more than a report. Pro- fessor Maspero explains in it the bearing of his recent discoveries upon the history and rcligiou of ancient Kgypt, and states, with his usual felicity, conclusions which will be new not only to the general public, but to Egyptian students as well. The discovery of a necropolis of the twelfth dynasty at Sakkarah, and tho tombs of the eleventh dynasty he has uncovered at Thebes, have refuted Mariette's theory of a break between the Egypt of the Old Empire and the Egj'pt of the Thebmi dynasties. On the contrary, the art and religion of Thebes is now shown to be bat a continuation and development of the art and religion of Memphis. Tlie early Theban tomb is but a modification of the lateT Memphite pyramids ; the funereal texts painted on the walls of the mastaba or the pyramid of a Pepi find themselves on the walls of the torabs of Thebes : " Far from altering the ideas and images of the Memphite epoch, the first Theban epoch has copied them servilely ; the sole innovation it has permitted itself hits consisted in adding the scenes of the private sepulchral chambers to the texts of the royal chairibera of the sixth dynasty. The artistic style is the same in bcilli cases, and the figures of the objects appear to have been copied from the same model. They prove that the Egyptian pantheon of that remote age was as thickly peopled with divine beings as the pantheon of the age of the Karacssides. " Tho myths," says Professor JVIaspero, " which corre- spond to each of the divine names are already fully developed and fully complete. To cite one example only, the Osirian religion is precisely what it was when revealed to us in the monuments of the Theban age. The struggle between Osiris and Sit, the action of Nephthys and Isis, the intervention of Anubis, of Thoth, of Horus and of his ministers are already settled even in their most minute details.*' To tind the origins i>( the ofticial cult, or to trace Egyptian religion through the earlier stages of its growth, we must go back to that prehistoric period of which dim traditions alone survived. But the phrases fossilized as it were in the religious texts have enabled Professor Maspero to discover more than one feature of the early faith. Thus he points out that "the two religions which chiefly contributed to the mortuary ritual in use, if not through- M 144 THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. out Egypt, at all events at Memphis under the Old Empire^ were tiK of the two cities of Heliopolis and Abydos/' and ho further believes tl the religion of Abydos was modiHed and remodelled at lleUopolis. More startlinf!^ arc the conclusions which he draws from the expreedions that describe " the absorption and digestion of the gods by the dead/' Thus the double or spirit oT Unas is declared to " eat men and to nourish. himself upon them." " Shosmu has dismembered (the gods) for Unas, and has cooked their limbs in his burning chaldrons. It is Unas who devours their magic virtues and who eats their souls, and the great among them are the food of Unas in the morning, the inferior among them are his dinner, the small among them arc the supper of Unas in the evening, the old men and old women are for his ovens." Only one inference can be drawn from such words. Not only must human sacrifice have once been practised in Egypt — a rite, indeed which seems never to have become altogether extinct in the country, but, as among the Polynesian islanders, it must have been accompanied by caunibalisna. The courage and strength of the enemy were supposed to be transferred to those who devoured him, and it is plain that when the sacred texts of the Old Egyptian Empire were composed the same belief must still have lingered at all events in the language. The symbolic cannibalistu of the soul points to a real cannibalism practised at the religious feasts of the prehistoric days. The excavations carried on by Mr. Flinders Petrie, the winter before last, on the site of Naukralis, form tiie subject of a goodly-sized volume issued by the Eujypt Exploration Fund ; * those conducted last winter by INfr. Gardner being reserved for a future volume. Chapters have born added to the work by Messrs, C. Smith, E. Gardner, and B. V. Head, on the early pottery, inscriptions, and coins found on the spot, and the latter portion of the book is occupied by a long series of valuable plates. I have already anticipated the account given in it by Mr. Petrie of his recovery of the long-lost city, as well as of the most important results derived from its disirilerment. Its foundation seems to go back to the time of Psammetikhos I., when a manufacture of scarabaji was started in the town, and the first temple of Apollo, of which traces only have been discovered, was probably founded a little later, about b,c. 610. It is from a trench within the precinct* of this temple, into which the broken or discarded pottery of the sanctuary was thiown, that inscriptions of the highest importance for the history of the Greek alphabet have been taken. The majority of them are written in the Ionic form of the alphabet, and are in many instances older than the famous inscriptions engraved by the Greek mercenaries of Psammetikhos II. on the colossi of Abu-Simbel. They prove that the latter do not belong to the reign of Psammetikhos I. — as indeed has long been maintained by Egyptologists, despite the assertion of Herodotos that it was Psammetikhos I, who pursued the Egyptian deserters into Ethiopia. The great Temenos, or sacred enclosure, which was the joint work of nine of the chief cities of Asia Minor and the rallying-point of the Greeks in Egypt, lies at the southern end of the ruined town. It was called the Helleniou, according to Herodotos, and within it stood the altar on which the representatives of the nine cities oii'ered sacrifice. • " Naukratu," p»rt i,, 1884-5. Loadon ; TrUbner & Co. 136 THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. Eome of the advocates of the reform this assertion is denied, by othew it is admitted. Those who admit the position still maintain that tbe assertion proves very little, inasmuch as the question i», not whether Greek and Latin are the studies best adapted to the improvement of those who pursue them, but whether if Greek and Latin are not taken there shall not be certain nther studies oHered in their place. In other words, if the student \rill not take Greek and Latin, shall he be com- pelled to take nothings, or shall he be permitted to take some other stu<ij even though it be of secondary importance ? llie other objection to the reform is founded on what may be called a mi»tru>t of the ability or disposition of the stndent to use tbe liberty of choice without abusing it. It is an odd anomaly that in a country that prides itself so much on the liberties of tbe people there should be so little faith in the beneficial effects of liberty amun^ the students of our universities. At the middle of their course the students in the American universities are now ubout twenty-one years of ajje. In many of the universities the average age at the time of taking the degree varies not more than a mouth or two from twenty-three years. And yet in many quarters it continues to bethought that the student of twenty-one and more should still be held to as rigid a course of study as that which was marked out for him at sixteen or seventeen. Within a i'mvi: mouths at least as many as two formidable articles in as many of our leading Reviews have made ponderous eflbrts to prove that students cannot he trusted, and that if they are given their liberty they will elect the easy things, neglect the hard things, and so spoil their education. In many quarters this distrust of the student's judgment or purpose has been strong enough to stand up in face of all experience. It seems to forget that even if an opportunity is sometimes lost, the fact is only the concomitant of every form of human liberty. Everybody knows that liberty is always sulijoct to abuse. Under the privileges it grants, it is the more possible to do the wrong thing, for the simple reason that there can be no opportunity of doing the right thing without a corresponding possibility of doing the wrong one. The possibility of taking the easy and unimportant things must be granted; for along with such a possibility goes also that opportunity of thorough- ness which is tlie only condition of the highest success. And thus it happens that the very best attainments are found only in those schools where neghgenee is possible, and even not uncommon. It is only under the stimnlus of liberty that the largest results are possible; it is only under tbe opportunities atlbrded by the; same liberty that neglect of opi>ortanity is most easy, if not most prevalent. That the new system has not resulted in any general abuse has been abundantly shown. Five years ago the impression became somewhat prevalent that the large freedom now given to the Harvard students resulted in somewhat general neglect and abuse. The Overseers of the university were said to share this opinion. But whether the current report on this subject was correct or not, it was certainly true that they imposed a decisive check on the further moveuients in the same direction proposed, by the President and Corporation of the University. This action led to a very important investigutiou of the whole subject. The next report of the President contained a very elaborate system of tables, jshowing precisely what each student had elected during the series of [rears since the elective system was introduced. The result could hardly CONTEMPORARY RECORDS. 147 articles for a certain number of years. Among' the most important parU of his work are hJH treatment of the exceptionally large production of silver towards the close of last century — to wl»ich, indeed, he is the first to draw special attention ; and his discussion of the depreciation of silver since 1S76, in which he shows that the German sale of demonetized silver was too small to cause that depreciation^ or even to have any effect whatever on the price of silver, and that the decline in the annual production at tlie mines is also too small to account for it, the production of silver having been three times as great as that of gold at the beginning of this century, but only *5i7 times as great in 1852, and only '68 times now. His own belief is — and in this he is probably right — that the true cause of the present depreciation lies in deeper and more permanent chances affecting the demand for gold and silver. With the growth of wealth, gold more and more supplants silver for omamonts, and with the growth of commerce for transporting money. Silver has suflered because it is less sought after since gold has grown cheaper and more abundant. It is tliis strong natural preference that has, in his opinion, depreciated the white metal, and that bimetallists arc now vainly seeking to turn back. In the new edition of Knies's important work, " Das Geld " (Berlin: Weidmaim), the only considerable change is a new chapter discussing the theory of international bimetallism, which had been first propounded by Cemuschi after the publication of the previous edition. His discussion is acute and valuable, and he comes to the con- clusion that international bimetallism is impracticable — (1) because an international agreement cannot possibly lix the relative price of silver and gold, unless all the mines in the world are put under inter- national management, and production regulated so us to maintain unity of price J and (2) because nations are too divided in interests ever to adhere to any agreement they might come to on the subject. A war might at any moment drive a weak nation into a forced paper currency, and at all times the gold-producing countries would have opposite interests to the silver-producing^ For the second of these points tlie history of the Latin monetary union is of some importance, because it is an actual experiment of a liimetallic League, and its experiences have been lately described in " Die Scliicknale des Liiteinischen Munzbundes,^' by the well-known Gorman politician, L. Bamberger (Berlin : L. Simon), and " Die I^ateiniache Munzconvention und der Internationale Bimetallismus " (Basel : H. Georg), by the Swiss financier, A. Burckhardt-Bischotl. Both are instruc- tive and clearly written books,and show forcibly the practical dilliculties of maintaining a permanent international monetary union. "The Theory of Bimetallism," by Mr. D. Barbour, rinancial Secretary of India (London : Cassell & Co.), contains a very lucid and candid statement of the theory of the subject, though it is rather weak in its facts, and not free from economic mistakes that are really surprising in a financier. Of the other recent economic books the most important are still in the region of finance. The venerable economist Koscher has pubUshed a new volume of his " System der Volkswirthschaft," devoted to the department of finance (Stuttgart : Cotta). It is marked by lloscher's well-known characteristics — immense reading, and concise, sensible exposition — and it constitutes an invaluable repertory of facts and opinions on all questions relating to State domains, royalties, taxes, 136 THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, some of the advocates of the reform this assertion is denieJ, by othefV it is admitted. Those who admit the position stiil maintain that the assertion proves very little, inasmuch as the question is, not whether Greek and Latin are the studies best adapted to the improvement of those who piii'sue them, but whether if Greek and Latin are not taken there shall not be certain (»ther studies offered in their place. In other words, if the student vill not take Greek and Latin, shall he be com- pelled to take notlnng, or shall ho be permitted to take some other study even though it be of secondary import-ance? The other objection to the reform is founded on what may be called a mistrust of the ability or disposition of the student to use the liberty of choice without abusing* it. It is an odd anomaly that in a country that prides iUeif so much on the liberties of the people there should be so little faith in the beneficial eflFects of liberty amonfi; the students of our universities. At the middle of their course the students in the American universities are now about twenty-one years of aj^e. In many of the universities the averag* age at the time of taking the degree varies not more than a month or two from twenty-three years. And yet in many quarters it continues to be thought that the student of twenty-one and more should still be held to as rigid a course of study as that which was marked out for him at sixteen or seventeen. Everybody knows that lliberty is always subject to abuse. Under the privileges it grants, it is the more possible to do the wrong thing, for the simple reason that there can be no opportunity of doing the ri^ht thing without a corresponding possibility of doing the wrong one. The possibility of taking the easy and unimportant things must be granted; for along with such a possibility goes also that opportunity of thorough- ness which is the only condition of the highest success. And thus it happens that the very best attainments are found only in those schools where negligence is possible, and even not uncommon. It is only under the stimulus of liberty that the largest results are possible; it is only under the opportunities afforded by the same liberty that neglect of op|)ortunity is most easy, if not most prevalent. That the new system has not resulted in any general abuse has been abundantly shown. Five years ago the impression became somewhat prevalent that the large freedom now given to the Harvard students resulted iu somewhat general neglect and abuse. The Overseers of the university were said to share this opinion. But whether the current report on this subject was correct or not, it was certainly true that they imposed a decisive check on the further movcu\ents in the same direction proposed by the President and Corporation of the University. This action led to a very important investigation of the whole subject. The next report of the President contained a very elaborate system of tables, showing precisely what each student had elected during the series of years since the elective system was introduced. The result could hardly CONTEMPORARY RECORDS, 149 preach Socialism tis a claim of right on the part of the labouring class, but nioderu Socialism calls itself gcientifio becaiue it builds tliat claim on a misnnderstamling" of a particular economic — i.e., scieutific — theory, which did not intlucncc Godwin's speculations. In connection with Socialism, the new edition of Carl Jilarlo's " Untersuchuujjen iiber die Organization der Arbeit" (Tubing"en : Laupp), which was looked forward to with much interest, will prove disappointing", inasmuch as the hitherto unpublished matter it contains is small, and includes no account of the practical scheme by which the author meant to complete his system. Still, it is well to have so valuable a work, bearing on every page the stamp of original and elevated thought, made more accessible. Professor Foxwell's seasonable little work, "Irregularity of Employment and Fluctuations of Prices " (Edinburgh : Co-operative Printing Co.) deserves the attention of all social reformers, both for its admirable analysis of the causes of indus- trial fluctuations and for its important practical suggestions towards remedial and preventive action. He discusses successively the influence of changes in the value of the currency, of periodical inflations and contrao- tionsin credit, and of changes in fashion and in productive methods, and concludes that these may all be greatly mitigated by publicity and organization. By publicity he means more than a system of commercial fetatietics wl>ich would enable people to know better what they were doing, and leave less room for rash speculation and misdirected enterprise, for he would in certain circumstances publish names ; and by organiza- tion he understands various specific measures of State or trade-guild control. One of his most useful ideas is that the liability of directors of limited companies ought to be increased to four or live times their share interest; he would also impose a royalty on inventions, to provide the means of giving temporary uid to the workmen who have been deprived of their livelihood through the changes the inventions have caused. The present fall in prices he attributes, with so many other economists, to the scarcity of gold ; aud for tliat and other reasons he is inclined to bimetallism, though he does not commit himself to the ordinary pro- posals of bimetallists, but speaks with approval of a plan which would be both more cfl'ectual and more easily practicable for tiio same purpose — the issue of a £1 paper currency on a double or alternative basis of gold or silver, presumably at their market rates. The American Trade Unions form the subject of a very instructive book by Professor Sartorius Freiherr v. Waltershausen, of Ziirich — " Die Nordamerik»jfaischen Gewerkschaften " (Berlin: H. Pahr) — showing the independent rise of those Unions out of American conditions, and the peculiarities which those same conditions contributed to their development. The most important of these peculiarities are the concentration of the action of American Unions on the attainment of shorter hours rather than of higher wages, aud the tendency, arising for the most part since the civil war, to merge the true trade union in a more universal organiza- tion, like that of the Knights of Labor. The author states the American experience of an eight-hours day of labour to be that production has fiulTered nothing from the reduction, because in trades employing little machinery the labourer was less exhausted and did as much in the eight hours as he did previously in ten, and in trades employing much machinery the employer was forced to lind compensation in some new invention. If this is so^ it is another argument against the Socialist THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. 138 ma . . jgg in political economy, and in all the Bciences, are carried ...»tnc farther than it was possible to carry thera twenty or even very ro ^^ inspection of the conrses of instruction now given ten year ^^^^^^ typical universities named above will show, that univer- . . ]- of a lii''!' character lias at last become possible and practicable, sity ^^^^\ t.tudies caniccl on in the methods of the German " Seminar " Advance .^^^^.^j^j^jj into the University of Michigan, but they have ^^**^*^ I ccome common at Cornell, and have finally been somewhat gene- ""?!'*' 1 «fi.«1 at Harvard. The beneficial results cannot fail to show ";"'' iffiuovcry fi^d of learning. V • -ount of the tendencies ot higher learning in the United States n be complete without some adequate reference to the work of roiilu jj-y i-ins University. No other institutiun within the past few !'"l MS attracted so much attention. This has been owing partly to yenis • • '^,j^j,yU(jnce of the instruction given, partly to the peculiarities v\^- \'-jran'^"^*'^" ""^ methods, and partly to the fact that it has laid { ' tn-srt on the publication of accomplished results. Through the '''**'" jiiurnals and serials that were established at the university early yiirm" i" j^jj^py^ the public has been kept advised in a very efficient '" **. of the work that has been done in the several departments of manner J ^^^^^ .^ ^^ hardly be said that the Johns Hopkins Uni- oiop''' i.„,,„.(.d instruction than could be obtained on this side of the ''''^'*"' I- . Why !-hould there not be established in America some one w !«" ' ■'• ■ ,j „bKol"t<'ly now ground, for all of the older universities had *'■'* \' j.piiiMH of instruction for graduates and fellows. But its *"'•' ^vii»< '" *^''^* '"^t that all its strength wns primarily devoted ' '* .ii«iii t'» thoi^e slud(;nts who had nlieady taken the first degree. .j„,iigli one (J the college's (f Oxford or Cambridge should ' * ill not teJich uiKhrgraduates ; we will only have to do with ^^ , \\tnvf already rcccivid the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Our • '* ■.'. j,^, dimply t<' do lliL most advanced grade of work as a means " i> fint'f'i'dists Inr the profession jof teachers. This was the l\.|,iiH Ilo])kins University. It did not aim to secure the , \,\ liirge niiuibers ; it desired rather to attract those who, ' ^.^.mph'ting their outfit for the work of teachers and pro- * ' '».l t)therwise have been attracted to the universities of * .^ of ^^'<^ experiment has been abundant and gratifying. ' ' "^ "^ ",« ihw work has aflbrded every encouragement to advanced CONTEMPORARY RECORDS. 151 the imagination so much as the emancipation of the slaves, but they have probably done as much good in the world, and thoy were won by a much more trying battle. There is a curious letter in these volumes, in which Lord Shaftesbury himself remarks that Wilberforce had Parlia- ment and society at his back, while he himself had to contend against many of the best men of the time. — The first impression of "The Hayward Letters " * is one cf disappointment. A prince of gossips, moving constantly among the great, if his letters were anything like his essays, they would have been, as more than one of his correspondents tells him, an inimitable mirror of the inner side of the literature, politics, and society of his time. But, as it turns out, his own letters are the flattest in the book. They contain little more than the mention of a dinner party he attended, or of a political rumour he heard, and give us no idea of the entertaining gifts or the political sagacity that secured for him hifl peculiar position in society. Still, there is much to interest in these volumes, especially the letters of some of his correspondents, such as Lady DulTerin, Mrs, Norton, and Sydney Smith. Occasionally we get an excellent anecdote or hmi mot, and we have all through the pleasing sense of having to do with a man of genuine character, true to his friends and his convictions, and most conscientiously laborious in his literary undertakings down to the very close of his long career. — Hugh Stowell Brown s " Autobiography " f is a manly and most interesting account of a manly and useful career. Mr. Brown's youth seems to have had its share of checks and troubles, but his manhood ran on with onu.sual smoothnes?, spent indeed in many labours, but in almost unvary- ing success. The book is marked throughout by great candour, freedom from affectation of any sort, and strong common-sense. His remarks are often singularly shrewd, and are often very amusing. Mr. Caine adds to the autobiography some hundred odd pages of extracts from Mr. Brown's commonplace book — which seems to have partaken to some ex- tent of the character of a journal — and two hundred more pages of sermons. Tkavel. — In a well-written and beautifully got.up work on "Persia and the Persians," \ Mr, S. G. W. Benjamin gives us the fruits of his three years^ experience of Persia as United States Minister at Teheran, lie has manifestly studied the people and country with great care and success ; for that end he enjoyed oonsiderablo advantages in having had a previous familiarity with Eastern life, and in the opportunities he derived from hia official position. He has much to say of every ph.ase of Persian life — political, religious, economic, social — and as he endeavours as far as possible to explain as well as describe, his work is exceedingly instructive on tho whole present condition of the nation. His words about the English loss of influence and the Russian gain, in spite of tho Shah's dislike of Kussia, deserve attention in this country, as the words of an independent witness. He considers the active interference of Russia to be already a great obstacle to all internal progress in Persia, and he com- plains not merely of Russian bribery of officials, but of her inveigling Nestorian and Armenian subjects of Persia across the frontier by fair promises^ and then, after they have settled, denying them the free exercise • " A Selection from the Corresiiondenoe of Abralmm Hayward, Q.C." Henry E. Carlisle. London : J. Murmy. tE<lited liy W. S. Caine, M.l\ London ; Roatlodge. i Loudon : JoLn Murray. Edited by i^m 140 THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW, Btill in positions ofpredominant influence, it is undonbtedly true that at the present moment a majority of the teachers in our colleges and uni- versities are to be ranked as belonging to the historical school. It goes without saying, therefore, that the doctrines of free trade are not so generally or so dogmatically taught as they were ten or fidteen yean ago. The tendency is probably very nearly akin to that which appears to be prevailing in England. The. views and methods of Rogers, Jevons, and Sidgwick are now much more generally accepted than the views and methods of the economists that led public opinion a genera- tion ago. The movement as a whole, however, is to be regarded as a favourable sign of the times. It is certain that at no time in the past has the study of political economy been carried on so earnestly and so thoroughly as at the present moment. In all of the universities the classes in this subject are large, and in many of them the most difficult questions are considered with a care and a thoroughness that was formerly unknown. More than all this, within the last few months two important journals have come into existence for thediscussion of questions of political economy and political science. The Political Science Quarterly, edited by the Faculty of Political Science in Columbia College, is devoted to the whole range of questions indicated by its title; while the Quarterly/ Jouimal of Economics, edited by the Professors of Political Economy at Harvard, is to be confined more narrowly to a special field. Both of these journals have the flavour of a careful scholarship, and their first appearance, almost simultaneously, must be regarded as among the more auspicious signs of the times. Charles Kkxdall Adams. 154 THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW. porated with due regard to the efficient management of her OWtr internal affairs. Tlie Ministry of Lord Rockingham had come into office on the 27th of March, 1782. The moment was one of the gloomieet in English history. The nation had just been stunned by the neirs of the great surrender at York Town ; it was an open question whether the intelligence of the surrender of Gibraltar might not be expected to follow ; the power of the fleet to cope successfully with the combined navies of France, Spain, and Holland, was doubtful ; an invasion was discussed in every household in the land as a aerious possibility, and the resources of the country to meet it were dia-l puted by competent judges. Ireland was in the hands of the armed Volunteers, and England's difficulty was, as usual, Ireland's oppor- tunity. "The liberties of America were inseparable from ours." said Grattan in 1799, referring to this period; *'they were the only hope of Ireland, and the only refuge of the liberties of mankind." * The satisfaction of Ireland was therefore, in 1782, the first condition of the safety of England, and imposed itself on the Ministers as their first and most imperious duty.
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Combined Use of Shear Wave Elastography, Microvascular Doppler Ultrasound Technique, and BI-RADS for the Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Breast Masses
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Bin Wang
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English
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Spoken
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
published: 24 May 2022
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.906501 Bin Wang 1, Yu-Yuan Chen 1, Si Yang 1, Zhen-Wen Chen 1, Jia Luo 1, Xin-Wu Cui 2*,
Christoph F. Dietrich 3 and Ai-jiao Yi 1* Bin Wang 1, Yu-Yuan Chen 1, Si Yang 1, Zhen-Wen Chen 1, Jia Luo 1, Xin-Wu Cui 2*,
Christoph F. Dietrich 3 and Ai-jiao Yi 1* Edited by:
Abhishek Mahajan,
Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS
Foundation Trust, United Kingdom 1 Department of Medical Ultrasound, Yueyang Central Hospital, Yueyang, China, 2 Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji
Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 3 Department Allgemeine
Innere Medizin, Kliniken Hirslanden Beau Site, Salem und Permanence, Bern, Switzerland Reviewed by:
Sung Bin Park,
Chung-Ang University Hospital,
South Korea
Ays¸egül Altunkeser,
University of Health Sciences (Turkey),
Turkey Reviewed by:
Sung Bin Park,
Chung-Ang University Hospital,
South Korea
Ays¸egül Altunkeser,
University of Health Sciences (Turkey),
Turkey Reviewed by:
Sung Bin Park,
Chung-Ang University Hospital,
South Korea
Ays¸egül Altunkeser,
University of Health Sciences (Turkey),
Turkey Objective: To evaluate the value of the combined use of Breast Imaging Reporting and
Data System (BI-RADS), qualitative shear wave elastography (SWE), and AngioPLUS
microvascular Doppler ultrasound technique (AP) for distinguishing benign and malignant
breast masses. *Correspondence:
Xin-Wu Cui
cuixinwu@live.cn
Ai-Jiao Yi
938186822@163.com *Correspondence:
Xin-Wu Cui
cuixinwu@live.cn
Ai-Jiao Yi
938186822@163.com Materials and Methods: A total of 210 pathologically confirmed breast lesions in 210
patients were reviewed using BI-RADS, qualitative SWE, and AP. The sensitivity,
specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), accuracy,
and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of BI-RADS and the
combination of qualitative SWE and/or AP with BI-RADS were compared, respectively. Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
Cancer Imaging and
Image-directed Interventions,
a section of the journal
Frontiers in Oncology Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
Cancer Imaging and
Image-directed Interventions,
a section of the journal
Frontiers in Oncology
Received: 28 March 2022
Accepted: 25 April 2022
Published: 24 May 2022
Citation:
Wang B, Chen Y-Y, Yang S,
Chen Z-W, Luo J, Cui X-W, Dietrich CF
and Yi A-j (2022) Combined
Use of Shear Wave Elastography,
Microvascular Doppler Ultrasound
Technique, and BI-RADS for the
Differentiation of Benign and
Malignant Breast Masses. Front. Oncol. 12:906501. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.906501 Results: Compared with using BI-RADS alone, the use of combined qualitative SWE and/
or AP with BI-RADS had higher AUC values (P < 0.001). Besides this, the combination of
qualitative SWE and AP with BI-RADS had the best diagnostic performance for
differentiating between benign and malignant masses. When AP and SWE were
combined with BI-RADS, 49/76 benign masses were downgraded from BI-RADS
category 4a into BI-RADS category 3, while no benign masses were upgraded from BI-
RADS category 3 into BI-RADS category 4a. Three sub-centimeter malignant masses
were downgraded from BI-RADS category 4a into BI-RADS category 3, while three
malignant masses remain in BI-RADS category 3 due to a benign manifestation in both AP
and qualitative SWE. Moreover, 5/6 of them were sub-centimeter masses, and 4/6 of them
were intraductal carcinoma. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, accuracy, and AUC
were 91.0%, 81.1%, 69.3%, 95.1%, 84.3%, and 0.861 (95% confidence interval, 0.806–
0.916; P < 0.001), respectively. Compared with BI-RADS alone, the sensitivity slightly
decreased, while the specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were significantly improved. INTRODUCTION mechanical vibration. The SWE images are displayed in a real-
time color overlay box with different colors to indicate the speed
of the shear wave (in meters per second, m/s) or the degree of
tissue stiffness (Young’s modulus; in kilopascal, kPa) in each
pixel. The stiffness of a tissue can be assessed by a quantitative
measurement or a qualitative map. Previous studies have found
that a quantitative measurement or a qualitative map is useful in
the diagnosis of breast lesions, and it had been proven to be a
reproducible technique (17–19). Breast cancer is the leading cause in the morbidity and mortality
of women all over the world. In recent years, the incidence of
breast cancer has been increasing (1, 2). Breast ultrasound gives
real-time results, is convenient, is of a low cost, and is non-
radiative; thus, it has been a crucial tool for screening of breast
lesions. The fifth edition of the Breast Imaging Reporting and
Data System (BI-RADS) was widely used to standardize the risk
evaluation of breast lesions (3). However, there was a highly
variable rate of breast cancer and a high rate of benign lesions
(61.2%) (4) in BI-RADS category 4, which might cause
unnecessary biopsies. To our best knowledge, there was no study on the combined
use of SWE and AP with BI-RADS for the differentiation of
benign and malignant breast masses. The purpose of this study
was to compare the diagnostic efficiency of AP, SWE, and the
combined use of SWE and/or AP with BI-RADS for breast
lesions. We attempt to find optimal methods to differentiate
benign breast lesions from malignant ones. Some studies showed that breast cancer was highly related to
the angiogenesis of microvessels (5). Microvessels are essential to
the growth, invasion, and survival of breast tumors. Furthermore, the microvascular architecture in benign tumors
was markedly different from that of the malignant ones (6). Currently, color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI), power Doppler
imaging (PDI), contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), and
dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-
MRI) are widely used to detect vascularity in breast tumors (7–
9). CDFI is the most widely used method, which is noninvasive
and simple to operate, and it can provide some vascularity
characteristics which suggest malignancy, such as
hypervascularity, central or penetrating vessels, and a
branching or disordered morphology (5, 10, 11). INTRODUCTION Compared
with CDFI, PDI has an advantage in the detection of low-
velocity vessels and allows one to observe blood vessels in real
time. However, CDFI was limited in evaluating vessels <0.2 mm
in diameter, PDI has low sensitivity in the detection of
microvessels, and the differences of vascularity between
malignant and benign lesions had great overlaps (12, 13),
which impacted their differentiation ability compared with
other invasive methods, such as CEUS and CE-MRI (14). Citation: Wang B, Chen Y-Y, Yang S,
Chen Z-W, Luo J, Cui X-W, Dietrich CF
and Yi A-j (2022) Combined
Use of Shear Wave Elastography,
Microvascular Doppler Ultrasound
Technique, and BI-RADS for the
Differentiation of Benign and
Malignant Breast Masses. Front. Oncol. 12:906501. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.906501 May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501 1 Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org Wang et al. Combined Use of SWE and AP Combined Use of SWE and AP Conclusion: Combination of qualitative SWE and AP with BI-RADS improved the
diagnostic performance in differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions, which is
helpful for avoiding unnecessary biopsies. However, we should be careful about the
downgrading of sub-centimeter BI-RADS 4a category lesions. Keywords: breast mass, ultrasound, shear wave elastography, Angio PLUS, Breast Imaging Reporting and
Data System MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study was approved by the ethics committee of
our institution. Patients From August 2018 to July 2019, a total of 210 patients with solid
breast masses were recruited. The inclusion criteria were patients
aged 18 years or older with at least a solid mass detected on the
B-mode ultrasound, and the pathology of all the breast masses
was confirmed via ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy and/or
surgery in 1 month according to standard clinical protocols. People were excluded if lactating or pregnant, had a previous
needle biopsy, or had any treatment of the same lesions. When
one patient had multiple lesions, the most suspicious lesion
was included. Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org Ultrasound Examination The morphologic and distribution features detected on AP
were divided into five patterns according to the shape of the
vascular networks: (1) non-vascular pattern, which was due to a
lack of vessels; (2) a linear or curvilinear pattern, with a single or
a few straight or slightly curved vessels without crossing which
were found inside the lesion; (3) a treelike pattern, which
consisted of proportioned microvessels branching within the
lesions; (4) a root hair-like pattern, which was dominated by a
twist and a chaotic arrangement, and the irregular vessels within
the lesions had less than two enlarged and twisted vessels
surrounding the lesion; and (5) a crab claw-like pattern, which
was characterized by radial vessels and with small speculated
vessels commonly seen in the peripheral region (Figure 1). In terms of the setting for AP, gain settings were tuned to the
optimum degree without color noise for each imaging. During
the examination of CDFI and AP, the patients were asked to hold
their breath for a while, and no pressure was applied through the
transducer to prevent the vessels from collapsing (12). As for the qualitative SWE features, we used seven color
patterns in this study (20): (1) no finding: no difference is
observed at the margin of or inside the lesion with the color
around the lesion (homogeneously blue); (2) vertical stripes
pattern: a color is observed at the margin of or inside the
lesion, which differs from the color around the lesion. The
differing color extends beyond the lesion and continues
vertically in cords on the cutaneous side and/or the thoracic
wall; (3) spots pattern: colored areas are visible above and/or
below the lesion; and (4) rim of stiffness pattern: a localized
colored area appears at the margin of the lesion and creates a
continuous closed circle; (5) colored lesion pattern: colored areas
are heterogeneously visible inside the lesion; (6) void center
pattern: There is a lack of SWE signal inside the lesion. The rest
of the SWE Box fills correctly; and (7) horseshoe pattern: a
localized colored area appears at the margin of the lesion and
creates an open circle (Figure 2). After the AP imaging, SWE imaging was obtained by the
following recommendations: SWE imaging examination was
induced by the transducer without pressure. The region of
interest included the whole lesion and breast tissue surrounding
the lesion for at least 3 mm. Ultrasound Examination Angio PLUS microvascular Doppler ultrasound technique
(AP) is an innovative Doppler ultrasound technique
(Aixplorer, Supersonic Imaging, France). AP relies on two key
pillars to achieve unfocused or plane waves and 3D wall filtering. Plane or unfocused waves are sent into the body at the maximum
allowed pulse repetition, and all pixels of the explored tissue can
be reconstructed from a single unfocused insonification with a
significantly higher sampling rate than in classical CDFI. Thus,
AP can increase the imaging sensitivity and resolution to get a
better detection of microvessels (15, 16). All ultrasound examinations, including grayscale ultrasound, CDFI,
AP, and SWE were performed with a high-frequency transducer
(L15-4 or L10-5 Aixplorer, Supersonic Imaging, France). Bilateral breast ultrasound was performed. When a target
lesion was detected, the general characteristics were observed. The B-mode features of the lesion were clearly depicted,
including the shape, margin, orientation, echo pattern,
posterior features, calcifications, and associated features. Each
lesion was classified as either category 3 (probably benign), 4a
(low suspicion for malignancy), 4b (moderate suspicion for
malignancy), 4c (high suspicion for malignancy), or 5 (highly Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a technique that can
assess tissue stiffness by using acoustic radiation to induce May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501 Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org 2 Combined Use of SWE and AP Wang et al. The third investigator evaluated the lesions when a disagreement
occurred. Pathology was considered to be a golden standard. suggestive of malignancy) according to the fifth edition of BI-
RADS (3). Two orthogonal planes containing the richest vascularity of
each lesion were scanned with CDFI and AP. The following
settings were used for the CDFI examination: the color velocity
scale was adjusted at 3 cm/s, and the color gain was adjusted
adequately as the background noise was just suppressed. The
region of interest included the whole masses and the breast tissue
surrounding the lesion for at least 3 mm. For those large breast
masses (>40 mm) that were not single-screen included, we
observed the lesions in different planes to cover all the masses
and the surrounding areas. Ultrasound Examination The stiffness range of the color map
was from blue to red (0–180 kPa). The standard SWE imaging
was obtained with several seconds of immobilization. All sonographic scanning was performed by the same
investigator who had more than 20 years of experience in
breast ultrasound and 2 years of experience in AP and SWE. Imaging Analysis The imaging data were analyzed by two radiologists (about 10
years of experience in breast ultrasound and 2 years of experience
in AP and SWE) who were blinded to the pathological results. FIGURE 1 | The morphologic and distribution features of Angio PLUS. (A) Non-vascular pattern. (B) A linear or curvilinear pattern. (C) A treelike pattern. (D) A root
hair-like pattern. (E) A crab claw-like pattern. FIGURE 1 | The morphologic and distribution features of Angio PLUS. (A) Non-vascular pattern. (B) A linear or curvilinear pattern. (C) A treelike pattern. (D) A root
hair-like pattern. (E) A crab claw-like pattern. ic and distribution features of Angio PLUS. (A) Non-vascular pattern. (B) A linear or curvilinear pattern. (C) A treelike pattern. (D) A
claw-like pattern. May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501 Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org 3 Combined Use of SWE and AP Wang et al. FIGURE 2 | The color pattern features of shear wave elastography. (A) No finding. (B) Vertical stripes pattern. (C) Spots pattern. (D) Rim of stiffness pattern. (E) Colored lesion pattern. (F) Void center pattern. (G) Horseshoe pattern. FIGURE 2 | The color pattern features of shear wave elastography. (A) No finding. (B) Vertical stripes pattern. (C) Spots pattern. (D) Rim of stiffness pattern. (E) Colored lesion pattern. (F) Void center pattern. (G) Horseshoe pattern. RESULTS According to the final pathological results, the sensitivity,
specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive
value (NPV), accuracy, and area under the receiver operating
characteristic curve (AUC) of BI-RADS and the combination of
BI-RADS, qualitative SWE, and AP were calculated and compared,
respectively. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically
significant. SPSS 22.0 was used for all statistical analysis. Pathological Findings Of the 210 enrolled breast lesion cases (Figure 3),
histopathologically, 67 (67/210) lesions were malignant, and
143 (143/210) lesions were benign (Table 1). Finally, 70
(33.3%) lesions were assigned to BI-RADS category 3, of which
3 (4.3%) were malignant. A total of 140 lesions were assigned to May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501 Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org 4 Wang et al. Combined Use of SWE and AP FIGURE 3 | Flow chart for the selection of breast lesions. FIGURE 3 | Flow chart for the selection of breast lesions. SWE features of BI-RADS category 4a showed no finding,
vertical stripes, and spots above/below, which were
downgraded to BI-RADS category 3. The qualitative SWE
features of BI-RADS category 3 showed rim of stiffness, horse
shoe, void center, and colored lesion, which were upgraded to BI-
RADS 4a category (Table 2). When combining SWE and AP
with BI-RADS, BI-RADS 4a category was downgraded into BI-
RADS 3 category with the morphologic and distribution features
that manifested a non-vascular pattern, linear or curvilinear
pattern, and treelike pattern, and the qualitative SWE features
showed no finding, vertical stripes, and spots above/below, while
BI-RADS 3 category was upgraded into BI-RADS 4a category
with the morphologic and distribution features manifested as
root hair-like pattern and claw-like pattern, and the qualitative
SWE features showed rim of stiffness, horse shoe, void center,
and colored lesion. BI-RADS categories 4 and 5 (4a, 68 lesions; 4b, 32 lesions; 4c, 35
lesions; and 5, 5 lesions), and the confirmed malignant rates for
4a, 4b, 4c, and 5 were 10.3, 56, 97, and 100%, respectively. Reclassification for BI-RADS Category 3
and 4a Lesions In this study, the modified BI-RADS category combining SWE
or/and AP with ultrasound (US) was only for BI-RADS
categories 3 and 4a. When combining AP with BI-RADS, the
morphologic and distribution features of BI-RADS category 4a
manifested a non-vascular pattern, a linear or curvilinear
pattern, and a treelike pattern which were downgraded into
BI-RADS category 3. The morphologic and distribution features
of BI-RADS category 3, which manifested a root hair-like pattern
and a claw-like pattern, were upgraded into BI-RADS category
4a. When combining SWE with BI-RADS alone, the qualitative Diagnostic Performance of BI-RADS,
BI-RADS + AP, and BI-RADS + SWE
and the Combination of SWE and
AP With BI-RADS TABLE 1 | Pathology of 210 breast lesions. Pathology result
Number of lesions
Benign
143
Fibroadenoma
98
Fibrocystic mastopathy
29
Benign phyllodes tumor
2
Mastitis
9
Breast abscess
3
Intraductal papilloma
2
Malignant
67
Invasive ductal carcinoma
47
Intraductal carcinoma
11
Invasive lobular carcinoma
5
Papillary carcinoma
2
Mucinous carcinoma
2
Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org TABLE 1 | Pathology of 210 breast lesions. Pathology result
Number of lesions
Benign
143
Fibroadenoma
98
Fibrocystic mastopathy
29
Benign phyllodes tumor
2
Mastitis
9
Breast abscess
3
Intraductal papilloma
2
Malignant
67
Invasive ductal carcinoma
47
Intraductal carcinoma
11
Invasive lobular carcinoma
5
Papillary carcinoma
2
Mucinous carcinoma
2
Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org DISCUSSION Our studies found that qualitative SWE can provide extra
stiffness information of breast masses, AP can depict the
morphologic and distribution features of microvessels, and the
combination of qualitative SWE and AP with BI-RADS could
significantly improve the diagnostic specificity to avoid
unnecessary biopsy. The American College of Radiology (ACR) BI-RADS lexicon
mainly focused on morphology, which is widely used in
ultrasound examination. This system could improve the
reproducibility and reliability of cancer risk assessment (21,
22), and it has high sensitivity but with a low PPV with a
substantial number of false-positive findings that cause
unnecessary biopsies, which is the major limitation (13, 14). In
this study, the sensitivity and specificity of using BI-RADS alone
were 95.5 and 46.9%, respectively. According to the 2013 ACR BI-RADS guideline, vascularity is
one of the associated features. It is classified into 3 types in CDFI
or PDI, including absent, internal vascularity, and vessels in rim. However, angiogenesis plays a critical role in tumor development
and metastasis. Therefore, it is important to use vascularity as a
diagnostic feature. However, microvessel detection was limited in
CDFI or PDI, and AP can display more internal small vessels. malignant lesions. The AUC of BI-RADS and AP was 0.828 (95%
CI, 0.767–0.889). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and
accuracy were 86.6, 79.0, 65.9, 92.6, and 81.4%, respectively. When SWE was combined with BI-RADS, the sensitivity was
reduced from 95.5 to 91%, while the specificity increased from
46.9 to 74.1%. Four malignant breast masses were downgraded
from BI-RADS category 4a into BI-RADS 3 category, and one
malignant breast mass was upgraded from BI-RADS category 3
into BI-RADS category 4a. The AUC of BI-RADS and SWE was
0.826 (95% CI, 0.767–0.885). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV,
NPV, and accuracy were 91.0, 74.1, 62.2, 94.6, and 79.5%,
respectively. When AP and SWE were combined with BI-
RADS, 49/76 (64.5%) benign masses were downgraded into BI-
RADS category 3, while no benign masses were upgraded from
BI-RADS category 3 into BI-RADS category 4a. Three sub-
centimeter malignant masses were downgraded into BI-RADS
category 3, and three malignant masses remain in BI-RADS
category 3 due to benign manifestation in both AP and
qualitative SWE—5/6 of them were sub-centimeter masses, and
4/6 of them were intraductal carcinoma. Compared with BI-
RADS alone, the diagnostic performance of the combination of
AP and qualitative SWE improved. AP With BI-RADS BI-RADS category 3 was regarded as benign, while BI-RADS
categories 4a, 4b, 4c, and 5 were regarded as malignant. The AUC
of B-mode US with BI-RADS was 0.712 [95% confidence interval
(CI), 0.643–0.781]. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and
accuracy were 95.5, 46.9, 45.7, 95.7, and 62.4%, respectively. The
sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of AP alone were
59.7, 87.4, 69.0, 82.2, and 78.6%, respectively. The sensitivity,
specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of SWE alone were 83.6, 79,
65.1, 91.1, and 80.5%, respectively (Table 3). When AP was
combined with BI-RADS, 89.7% (61/68) of BI-RADS 4a lesions
were downgraded into BI-RADS 3, including 9.8% (6/61) May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501 5 Combined Use of SWE and AP Wang et al. TABLE 2 | Comparison of qualitative SWE and AP features between benign and
malignant lesions with pathological results. TABLE 2 | Comparison of qualitative SWE and AP features between benign and
malignant lesions with pathological results. TABLE 2 | Comparison of qualitative SWE and AP features between benign and
malignant lesions with pathological results. Benign
Malignant
P
Agea
44 (37–49)
53 (47–49)
<0.001
Size (mm)a
12 (9–18)
20 (13–28)
<0.001
APb
<0.001
Non-vascular pattern
44
4
Linear or curvilinear pattern
73
19
Treelike pattern
9
1
Root hair-like pattern
10
13
Crab claw-like pattern
7
30
SWEb
<0.001
No finding
84
9
Vertical stripes pattern
15
1
Spots pattern
14
1
Rim of stiffness pattern
21
31
Colored lesion pattern
6
15
Void center pattern
1
3
Horseshoe pattern
2
7
aData are expressed as median (interquartile range). bData are expressed as numbers. AP, Angio PLaneWave UltraSensitive ultrasound imaging; SWE, shear wave elastography. May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501 DISCUSSION FIGURE 4 | ROC of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System alone and combined qualitative shear wave elastography and/or AngioPLUS microvascular Doppler
ultrasound technique. ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUC, area under the ROC curve. features of AP manifested a claw-like pattern. Therefore, it was
useful but insufficient to consider morphologic and distribution
features as the only diagnostic feature in the interpretation. because the vascular velocity of some microvessels was lower
than the threshold for AP, and some ductal carcinoma in situ or
invasive cancers manifested low blood perfusion (26), which also
indicates that the angiogenesis in malignant breast tumors was
heterogeneous (27). In recent years, there were many studies on the differentiation
of benign and malignant breast lesions with elastography. Lin et
al. (20) found that malignant breast lesions mainly manifested rim
of stiffness pattern, colored lesion pattern, void center pattern, and
horseshoe pattern with qualitative SWE, while benign breast
lesions mainly manifested no finding, vertical stripes pattern,
and spots pattern, which were consistent with our study. When AP was combined with BI-RADS, 6/61 malignant
lesions were missed. All these 6 malignant lesions manifested a
non-vascular or linear pattern. The final pathological results of
these lesions were different grades of intraductal carcinoma or
mucinous carcinoma: two were high-grade intraductal
carcinoma, two were intermediate-grade intraductal carcinoma,
one was low-grade intraductal carcinoma, which may be related
to that part of intraductal carcinomas where there is a lack of
blood supply, and two intraductal carcinoma were located at a
depth of over 20 mm. The maximal diameter of one lesion was
5 mm, so AP could not depict a complete vascular caliber. What
is more, one benign lesion was upgraded from BI-RADS 3 to BI-
RADS 4a category because the morphologic and distribution When SWE was combined with BI-RADS, four malignant
breast lesions were missed. All these masses showed no finding
with qualitative SWE, and 2/4 of these lesions were high-grade
intraductal carcinoma, 1/4 of these was intermediate-grade
intraductal carcinoma, 1/4 of these was invasive ductal carcinoma,
and 3/4 of these lesions were sub-centimeter masses. Intraductal
carcinoma is a precancerous lesion with a complicated pathological
entity, so the lack of morphologic changes was difficult to be TABLE 4 | Diagnostic performance of the combined qualitative parameters of shear wave elastography (SWE) or/and AngioPLUS microvascular Doppler ultrasound
technique (AP) with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) in distinguishing malignant from benign lesions. DISCUSSION The AUC was increased from
0.712 (95% CI, 0.643–0.781) to 0.861 (95% CI, 0.806–0.916) (P <
0.001) (Figure 4), and the sensitivity slightly decreased, while the
specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were increased from 46.9,
45.7, and 62.4% to 81.1, 69.3, and 84.3%, respectively (Table 4). There were a few studies on morphologic and distribution
features in differentiating benign breast lesions from malignant
ones. Feng et al. (23) found that breast lesions with a centrally
distributed branching or chaotic vessels were informative signs of
breast malignancy. Chang et al. (24) found morphologic and
tortuous features of microvessels in 3D power Doppler
ultrasound, which was useful in distinguishing benign from
malignant lesions. Xiao et al. (25) found that malignant lesions
always showed penetrating vessels and spiculated or radial
vessels in the peripheral regions, displaying root hair-like or
crab claw-like patterns, whereas benign lesions mainly showed
peripheral annular, non-vascular, linear, and treelike patterns. In this study, we observed the morphologic and distribution
features of AP in breast lesions. It was consistent with Xiao’s
study, but we found that there was an overlap between benign
and malignant breast lesions, especially between inflammatory
lesions and malignant breast lesions. Furthermore, since
vascularity is an important factor for tumor differentiation, and
AP performed well in vascular detection, in our study, we tried to
combine AP with BI-RADS. When the morphologic and
distribution features in AP were used alone, the sensitivity was
reduced from 95.5 to 59.7%, while the specificity increased from
46.9 to 87.4%. Furthermore, 40.3% (27/67) malignant lesions
were manifested in a non-vascular or linear pattern. It may be TABLE 3 | Diagnostic performance of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, shear wave elastography, and AngioPLUS microvascular Doppler ultrasound
technique in distinguishing malignant from benign lesions. Sensitivity (%)
Specificity (%)
Positive predictive value (%)
Negative predictive value (%)
Accuracy (%)
BI-RADS
95.5
46.9
45.7
95.7
62.4
AP
59.7
87.4
69
82.2
78.6
SWE
83.6
79.0
65.1
91.1
80.5
Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org
May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501
6 May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501 Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org Combined Use of SWE and AP Wang et al. FIGURE 4 | ROC of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System alone and combined qualitative shear wave elastography and/or AngioPLUS microvascular Doppler
ultrasound technique. ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUC, area under the ROC curve. Data are expressed as percentage (numbers). DISCUSSION Sensitivity
(%)
Specificity
(%)
Positive predictive
value (%)
Negative predictive
value (%)
Accuracy
(%)
Area under the receiver operating
characteristic curve (95%CI)
pa
BI-RADS
95.5 (64/67)
46.9
45.7
95.7
62.4
71.2 (0.643–0.781)
–
BI-RADS + AP
86.6 (58/67)
79
65.9
92.6
81.4
82.8 (0.767–0.889)
<0.001
BI-RADS + SWE
91.0 (61/67)
74.1
62.2
94.6
79.5
82.6 (0.767–0.885)
<0.001
BI-RADS + AP +
SWE
91.0 (61/67)
81.1
69.3
95.1
84.3
86.1 (0.806–0.916)
<0.001
Data are expressed as percentage (numbers). aComparison of the diagnostic performance between BI-RADS alone with the combination of the qualitative SWE and/or AP with BI-RADS. the combined qualitative parameters of shear wave elastography (SWE) or/and AngioPLUS microvascular Doppler ultrasound
porting and Data System (BI-RADS) in distinguishing malignant from benign lesions. TABLE 4 | Diagnostic performance of the combined qualitative parameters of shear wave elastography (SWE) or/and AngioPLUS
technique (AP) with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) in distinguishing malignant from benign lesions. May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501 Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org 7 Wang et al. Combined Use of SWE and AP detected by ultrasound (28), and the stiffness may be lower than that
of invasive carcinoma, which caused the no-finding manifestation
of qualitative SWE. In addition, 1 malignant breast mass manifested
a horseshoe pattern and was upgraded into BI-RADS category 4a. The final pathology result was invasive ductal carcinoma, and the
maximum diameter of the lesion was 9 mm. Therefore, SWE
features were useful for differentiation between benign and
malignant lesions, and compared with AP, 4 sub-centimeter
malignant lesions manifested malignant qualitative SWE features
earlier than the malignant morphologic and distribution features of
AP. However, 4 malignant breast lesions were downgraded into BI-
RADS category 3, which was recommended with a short-time
follow-up. Thus, it is insufficient to use SWE alone to differentiate
benign from malignant breast lesions. detected by ultrasound (28), and the stiffness may be lower than that
of invasive carcinoma, which caused the no-finding manifestation
of qualitative SWE. In addition, 1 malignant breast mass manifested
a horseshoe pattern and was upgraded into BI-RADS category 4a. The final pathology result was invasive ductal carcinoma, and the
maximum diameter of the lesion was 9 mm. Therefore, SWE
features were useful for differentiation between benign and
malignant lesions, and compared with AP, 4 sub-centimeter
malignant lesions manifested malignant qualitative SWE features
earlier than the malignant morphologic and distribution features of
AP. CONCLUSION The diagnostic specificity was significantly improved, thus avoiding
a lot of unnecessary biopsies. However, 6 malignant masses were
misdiagnosed due to benign manifestation in both AP and
qualitative SWE; 5/6 of them were sub-centimeter, and 4/6 of
them were intraductal carcinoma (Figure 6). For some sub-
centimeter intraductal carcinoma masses, AP and SWE cannot
detect obvious malignant features, which may be caused by
heterogeneous angiogenesis or a small collagen fiber area. Thus,
we should be careful in downgrading sub-centimeter BI-RADS
category 4a lesions, and especially for sub-centimeter intraductal
carcinoma masses, mammography and MRI can be combined
if necessary. The diagnostic specificity was significantly improved, thus avoiding
a lot of unnecessary biopsies. However, 6 malignant masses were
misdiagnosed due to benign manifestation in both AP and
qualitative SWE; 5/6 of them were sub-centimeter, and 4/6 of
them were intraductal carcinoma (Figure 6). For some sub-
centimeter intraductal carcinoma masses, AP and SWE cannot
detect obvious malignant features, which may be caused by
heterogeneous angiogenesis or a small collagen fiber area. Thus,
we should be careful in downgrading sub-centimeter BI-RADS
category 4a lesions, and especially for sub-centimeter intraductal
carcinoma masses, mammography and MRI can be combined
if necessary. In conclusion, the morphologic and distribution features of
microvessels in AP and the stiffness information in SWE were
useful in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant
lesions. The combination of qualitative SWE and AP with BI-
RADS could improve specificity, thus avoiding unnecessary
biopsy. However, we should be careful when downgrading sub-
centimeter BI-RADS category 4a lesions. DISCUSSION May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501 Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org 8 Combined Use of SWE and AP Wang et al. FIGURE 6 | A 33-year-old woman with breast lesions. (A) The conventional B-mode ultrasound revealed an 8 × 7-mm round, hypoechoic lesion with unclear margin
in the right breast, which was categorized as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 4a. (B) The morphologic and distribution features of the
microvessels in AngioPLUS microvascular Doppler ultrasound technique followed a linear pattern. (C) The qualitative shear wave elastography (SWE) feature showed
no finding. Considering the benign manifestation both in AP and qualitative SWE, the final category was downgraded into BI-RADS 3. The ultrasound-guided biopsy
revealed the lesion as intermediate-grade intraductal carcinoma. FIGURE 6 | A 33-year-old woman with breast lesions. (A) The conventional B-mode ultrasound revealed an 8 × 7-mm round, hypoechoic lesion with unclear margin
in the right breast, which was categorized as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 4a. (B) The morphologic and distribution features of the
microvessels in AngioPLUS microvascular Doppler ultrasound technique followed a linear pattern. (C) The qualitative shear wave elastography (SWE) feature showed
no finding. Considering the benign manifestation both in AP and qualitative SWE, the final category was downgraded into BI-RADS 3. The ultrasound-guided biopsy
revealed the lesion as intermediate-grade intraductal carcinoma. DISCUSSION However, 4 malignant breast lesions were downgraded into BI-
RADS category 3, which was recommended with a short-time
follow-up. Thus, it is insufficient to use SWE alone to differentiate
benign from malignant breast lesions. There was a study (29) which reported that the combination of
the quantitative values of SWE and the vascular index in SMI could
significantly improve the accuracy and specificity, but the sensitivity
decreased slightly, which was consistent with this study. However,
the ultrasound system of a previous study is different with this study,
and the cutoff values of quantitative SWE and vascular index for
differentiating benign from malignant breast masses may be varied
in different ultrasound systems. The SWE technique of this study
had been widely used and recognized in official clinical guidelines
(20, 30). This study first found that the combination of qualitative
SWE and AP with BI-RADS had an added value. When we
combined SWE and AP with BI-RADS to modify the original BI-
RADS category, we found that 64.5% of benign BI-RADS category
4a masses were downgraded into BI-RADS category 3 (Figure 5). FIGURE 5 | A 45-year-old woman with breast lesions. (A) Conventional B-mode ultrasound revealed a 10 × 6-mm round, hypoechoic lesion with a clear margin in
the right breast, which was categorized as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 4a. (B) The morphologic and distribution features of the
microvessels in AngioPLUS microvascular Doppler ultrasound technique (AP) followed a linear pattern. (C) The qualitative shear wave elastography (SWE) feature
showed no finding. Considering the benign manifestation both in AP and qualitative SWE, the final category was downgraded into BI-RADS 3. The ultrasound-
guided biopsy revealed the lesion as fibroadenoma. FIGURE 5 | A 45-year-old woman with breast lesions. (A) Conventional B-mode ultrasound revealed a 10 × 6-mm round, hypoechoic lesion with a clear margin in
the right breast, which was categorized as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 4a. (B) The morphologic and distribution features of the
microvessels in AngioPLUS microvascular Doppler ultrasound technique (AP) followed a linear pattern. (C) The qualitative shear wave elastography (SWE) feature
showed no finding. Considering the benign manifestation both in AP and qualitative SWE, the final category was downgraded into BI-RADS 3. The ultrasound-
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to Response to Therapy. J Nucl Med (2002) 43(4):500–9. 14. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT There were several limitations in this study. First, it was a
preliminary study in one center with a small sample. Second, some
final pathology results of the patients were not available, which
may have caused a selection bias of enrollment. Third, the time
span was short, and the pathological categories were limited. The datasets presented in this article are not readily available
because the raw dataset contain the information of the enrolled
patients. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to
Xin-wu Cui (cuixinwu@live.cn). May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501 Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org 9 Combined Use of SWE and AP Combined Use of SWE and AP Wang et al. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (numbers 82071953 and 21878237) and
the Science and Technology Department of Hunan Province
(number 2020SK52705). This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (numbers 82071953 and 21878237) and
the Science and Technology Department of Hunan Province
(number 2020SK52705). Conception and design: BW, AY, X-WC, and CD. Drafting of
the article: BW, Y-YC, and SY. Critical revision of the article Conception and design: BW, AY, X-WC, and CD. Drafting of
the article: BW, Y-YC, and SY. Critical revision of the article ETHICS STATEMENT for important intellectual content: BW, JL, and Z-WC. All
authors contributed to the article and approved the
submitted version. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and
approved by the ethics committee of Yueyang Central Hospital. The patients/participants provided their written informed
consent to participate in this study. 29. Lee EJ, Chang YW. Combination of Quantitative Parameters of Shear Wave
Elastography and Superb Microvascular Imaging to Evaluate Breast Masses.
Korean J Radiol (2020) 21(9):1045–54. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0765 Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the
absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a
potential conflict of interest. 30. Xu HX, Yan K, Liu BJ, Liu WY, Tang LN, Zhou Q, et al. Guidelines and
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29. Lee EJ, Chang YW. Combination of Quantitative Parameters of Shear Wave
Elastography and Superb Microvascular Imaging to Evaluate Breast Masses.
Korean J Radiol (2020) 21(9):1045–54. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0765
30. Xu HX, Yan K, Liu BJ, Liu WY, Tang LN, Zhou Q, et al. Guidelines and
Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Shear Wave Elastography for
Evaluating Thyroid Nodule1. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc (2019) 72(1):39–60.
doi: 10.3233/CH-180452 Using B-Mode Ultrasonography and Real-Time Sonoelastography. Int J
Breast Cancer (2012) 2012:376032. doi: 10.1155/2012/376032 REFERENCES Heywang-Köbrunner SH, Schreer I, Heindel W, Katalinic A. Imaging Studies
for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer. Dtsch Arztebl Int (2008) 105:541–7. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2008.0541 28. Soliman AA, Wojcinski S, Degenhardt F. The Effect of Accompanying in Situ
Ductal Carcinoma on Accuracy of Measuring Malignant Breast Tumor Size May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501 Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org 10 Wang et al. Combined Use of SWE and AP Publisher’s Note: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors
and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of
the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in
this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or
endorsed by the publisher. Copyright © 2022 Wang, Chen, Yang, Chen, Luo, Cui, Dietrich and Yi. This is an
open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted,
provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the
original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic
practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with
these terms. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the
absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a
potential conflict of interest. May 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 906501 Frontiers in Oncology | www.frontiersin.org
| 25,751 |
https://github.com/mkesicki/csharp-excel-validator/blob/master/ExcelValidator/Yaml.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
csharp-excel-validator
|
mkesicki
|
C#
|
Code
| 113 | 462 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using YamlDotNet.Serialization;
using YamlDotNet.Serialization.NamingConventions;
namespace ExcelValidator
{
internal class Yaml
{
private static Dictionary<String, List<Validator.IValidator>> Validators;
public static Dictionary<String, List<Validator.IValidator>> ParseConfig(String path)
{
Validators = new Dictionary<String, List<Validator.IValidator>>();
using (var reader = File.OpenText(path))
{
var deserializer = new DeserializerBuilder()
.WithNamingConvention(new CamelCaseNamingConvention())
.Build();
var validators = deserializer.Deserialize<YamlParser>(reader);
List<Validator.IValidator> defaults = new List<Validator.IValidator>();
if (validators.defaults != null)
{
foreach (YamlValidator item in validators.defaults)
{
defaults.Add(Validator.AbstractValidator.CreateValidator(item.name, item.GetOptions(), item.message));
}
Validators.Add("defaults", defaults);
}
List<Validator.IValidator> columns;
if (validators.columns != null)
{
foreach (KeyValuePair<String, List<YamlValidator>> kvp in validators.columns)
{
columns = new List<Validator.IValidator>();
foreach (YamlValidator validator in kvp.Value)
{
columns.Add(Validator.AbstractValidator.CreateValidator(validator.name, validator.GetOptions(), validator.message));
}
Validators.Add(kvp.Key, columns);
}
}
}
return Validators;
}
}
}
| 4,285 |
https://github.com/tthorn47/xv6-riscv/blob/master/user/pipetest.c
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT-0
| null |
xv6-riscv
|
tthorn47
|
C
|
Code
| 211 | 649 |
#include "xorshift.c"
#include "user.h"
#define TEN_MEG 1024 * 1024 * 10
#define TM_INT (TEN_MEG/4)
int main(){
int k, i;
int flags[2];
uint32 seed = getpid() + uptime() * 96;
uint32* writeVals = malloc(TEN_MEG);
struct xorshift32_state* state = malloc(sizeof(struct xorshift32_state));
state->a = seed;
for (i = 0; i < TM_INT; i++)
{
writeVals[i] = xorshift32(state);
}
//printf("Send = %d\n", writeVals[0]);
if((k = pipe(flags)) < 0){
exit(k);
}
if(fork() == 0){
int err;
//Since write loops internally, no need to complicate outside code
if((err = write(flags[1], writeVals, TEN_MEG) < 0)){
printf("couldn't write %d", err);
exit(0);
}
exit(0);
}
int start = uptime();
uint32* readVals = malloc(TEN_MEG);
int err;
int readCount = 0;
while(readCount < TEN_MEG){
//Loop on 512 is the best fit, it never reads more than that anyway
if((err = read(flags[0], ((char*)readVals)+readCount, 1024)) < 0){
printf("couldn't read %d", err);
exit(0);
}
readCount+=(err);
}
int fin = uptime() - start;
printf("Total ticks = %d\n", fin);
int checkCount = 0;
//check against another xorstate just to be sure
struct xorshift32_state* checkState = malloc(sizeof(struct xorshift32_state));
checkState->a = seed;
while(checkCount < TM_INT){
int check = xorshift32(checkState);
if(readVals[checkCount] != check){
printf("Data Corruption!\n Val = %d | xor = %d | checkCount = %d \
\nExiting!\n", readVals[checkCount], check, checkCount);
exit(-1);
}
checkCount++;
}
int status;
wait(&status);
exit(0);
}
| 16,629 |
US-202318476511-A_14
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,023 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,325 | 9,040 |
As described above, the item tracking device 104 may perform auto-exclusion for the imaging device 102 using a process similar to the process described in operation 302 of FIG. 3 . For example, during an initial calibration period, the platform 202 may not have any items 204 placed on the platform 202. During this period of time, the item tracking device 104 may use one or more cameras 108 and/or 3D sensors 110 to capture reference images and reference depth images 124, respectively, of the platform 202 without any items 204 placed on the platform 202. The item tracking device 104 can then use the captured images 122 and depth images 124 as reference images to detect when an item 204 is placed on the platform 202. At a later time, the item tracking device 104 can detect that an item 204 has been placed on the surface 208 of the platform 202 based on differences in depth values between subsequent depth images 124 and the reference depth image 124 and/or differences in the pixel values between subsequent images 122 and the reference image 122.
In one embodiment, to detect the triggering event, the item tracking device 104 may use a process similar to process 700 that is described with reference to FIG. 7 and/or a process similar to method 3200 that is described with reference to FIGS. 32A and 32B for detecting a triggering event, such as, for example, an event that corresponds with a user's hand being detected above the platform 202 and placing an item 204 on the platform 202. For example, the item tracking device 104 may check for differences between a reference depth image 124 and a subsequent depth image 124 to detect the presence of an object above the platform 202. For example, based on comparing the reference depth image 124 with a plurality of subsequent depth images 124, item tracking device 104 may determine that a user's hand holding the first item 204A entered the platform 202, placed the first item 204A on the platform 202, and exited the platform 202. In response to determining that the first item 204A has been placed on the platform 202, the item tracking device 104 determines that the triggering event has occurred and proceeds to identify the first item 204A that has been placed on the platform 202.
At operation 5004, item tracking device 104 in response to detecting the triggering event, item tracking device 104 captures a plurality of images 4901 (shown in FIG. 49 ) of the first item 204A placed on the platform 202 using two or more cameras (e.g., 108A-D) of a plurality of cameras 108. For example, the item tracking device 104 may capture images 4901 with an overhead view, a perspective view, and/or a side view of the first item 204A on the platform 202. In one embodiment, each of the images 4901 is captured by a different camera 108. For example, as shown in FIG. 49 , image 4901 a is captured by camera 108A and image 4901 b is captured by camera 108C.
After generating a plurality of images 4901 of the first item 204A, item tracking device 104 may be configured to perform operations 5008-5018 for each of the images 4901 to determine whether the image 4901 includes sufficient image information relating to the first item 204A for reliably identifying the first item 204A, and to determine an item identifier 1604 (e.g., shown in FIG. 42 ) for the first item 204A in response to determining that the image 4901 includes sufficient image information relating to the first item 204A.
At operation 5006, item tracking device 104 selects an image 4901 (e.g., 4901 a, 4901 b) of the first item 204A.
At operation 5008, item tracking device 104 generates a cropped image 4902 (shown in FIG. 49 ) for the selected image 4901 by editing the image 4901 to isolate at least a portion of the first item 204A. For example, when the selected image 4901 is the image 4901 a, item tracking device 104 generates a cropped image 4902 a based on the image 4901 a. In another example, when the selected image 4901 is image 4901 b, item tracking device 104 generates a cropped image 4902 b based on the image 4901 b. As shown in FIG. 49 each of the images 4901 a and 4901 b depicts the first item 204 a as well as the second item 204B. For example, image 4901 a captured by camera 108A depicts a complete image of the first item 204A (shown as a bottle of soda) and a partial image of the second item 204B (shown as a bag of chips), wherein the bottle of soda partially blocks the view of the bag of chips as viewed by the camera 108A. Image 4901B captured by camera 108C depicts a complete image of the second item 204B (bag of chips) and a partial image of the first item 204A (bottle of soda), wherein the bag of chips partially blocks the view of the bottle of soda as viewed by the camera 108C. Item tracking device 104 may be configured to generate a cropped image 4902 a or 4902 b by editing the respective image 4901 a or 4901 b to isolate (e.g., separate) the first item 204A or a portion of the first item 204A depicted in the respective image 4901 a or 4901 b. In other words, generating a cropped image 4902 of the first item 204A includes removing the second item 204B or portion thereof from a respective image 4901 and isolate the depiction of the first item 204A from the image 4901. For example, as shown in FIG. 49 , cropped image 4902 a depicts the complete image of first item 204A isolated from the image 4901 a. Similarly, cropped image 4902 b depicts the partial image of the first item 204A isolated from the image 4901 b.
In one embodiment, the item tracking device 104 may generate a cropped image 4902 of the first item 204A based on the features of the first item 204A that are present in an image 4901 (e.g., one of the images 4901). The item tracking device 104 may first identify a region-of-interest (e.g., a bounding box 4904 as shown in FIG. 49 ) for the first item 204A in an image 4901 based on the detected features of the first item 204A that are present in an image 4901 and then may crop the image 4901 based on the identified bounding box 4904. The bounding box 4904 includes an enclosed shape around the first item 204A depicted in the respective image 4901, wherein the first item 204A occupies a portion 4912 (e.g., 4912 a, 4912 b) of a total area 4910 (e.g., 4910 a, 4910 b) contained within the bounding box 4904. For example, item tracking device 104 identifies a bounding box 4904 a for the first item 204A depicted in image 4901 a and identifies a bounding box 4904 b for the first item 204A depicted in image 4901 b. It may be noted that while the shape of the bounding boxes 4904 a and 4904 b is shown as a rectangular shape, a person having ordinary skill in the art may appreciate that a bounding box 4904 may take any shape that encloses the first item 204A as depicted in a respective image 4901.
The bounding box 4904 comprises a plurality of pixels that correspond with the first item 204A in the captured image 4901 of the first item 204A on the platform 202. The item tracking device 104 may employ one or more image processing techniques to identify a bounding box 4904 for the first item 204A within the image 4901 based on the features and physical attributes of the first item 204A. After identifying a bounding box 4904 for the first item 204A, the item tracking device 104 crops the image 4901 by extracting the pixels within the bounding box 4904 that correspond to the first item 204A in the image 4901. By cropping the image 4901, the item tracking device 104 generates another image (e.g., cropped image 4902) that comprises the extracted pixels within the bounding box 4904 for the first item 204A from the original image 4901. For example, as shown in FIG. 49 , cropped image 4902 a includes a complete image of the first item 204A within bounding box 4904 a. Similarly, cropped image 4902 b includes a partial image of the first item 204B within a bounding box 4904 b.
In some embodiments, the item tracking device 104 may use a process similar to process 900 described with reference to FIG. 9 to generate the cropped images 4902 of the first item 204A. A detailed description of generating a copped image is presented above with reference to FIG. 9 and will not be repeated here.
At operation 5010, item tracking device 104 determines/calculates a ratio between the portion 4912 of the total area 4910 within the bounding box 4904 occupied by the first item 204A and the total area 4910 within the bounding box 4904. For example, when the selected image is 4901 a, item tracking device 104 calculates a ratio between the portion 4912 a of the total area 4910 a within the bounding box 4904 a (associated with cropped image 4902 a) occupied by the first item 204A and the total area 4910 a within the bounding box 4904 a. Similarly, when the selected image is 4901 b, item tracking device 104 calculates a ratio between the portion 4912 b of the total area 4910 b within the bounding box 4904 b (associated with cropped image 4902 a) occupied by the first item 204A and the total area 4910 b within the bounding box 4904 b. This ratio indicates an amount (e.g., percentage) of the total area 4910 of the respective bounding box 4904 that is occupied by the first item 204A. Essentially, the ratio indicates an amount of image information relating to the first item 204A contained in the bounding box 4904 corresponding to a cropped image 4902.
In one embodiment, assuming that the total area 4910 of a bounding box 4904 associated with a particular cropped image 4902 includes a total number of pixels, item tracking device 104 calculates the ratio between the portion 4912 of the total area 4910 occupied by the first item 204A and the total area 4910 by dividing a sum of all pixels corresponding to the portion 4912 of the bounding box 4904 by the total number of pixels (e.g., sum of all pixels) corresponding to the total area 4910 of the bounding box 4904. To identify the pixels in the portion 4912 occupied by the first item 204A within the bounding box 4904, item tracking device 104 fills a remaining portion 4914 (e.g., 4914 a in cropped image 4902 a, 4914 b in cropped image 4902 b) of the bounding box 4904 that is not occupied by the first item 204A with pixels of a particular pre-selected color that is different from one or more colors included in the portion 4912 occupied by the first item 204A depicted in the respective cropped image 4902. For example, assuming that each pixel is made up of different amounts/combination of three component colors red, green and blue (RGB), each pixel of the particular pre-selected color is associated with a unique combination of numerical values assigned to component colors red, green and blue (RGB) of the pixel. In one embodiment, the particular pre-selected color associated with each pixel in the portion 4914 of the bounding box 4904 that is not occupied by the first item 204A is a particular shade of white color generated by assigning the unique combination of numerical values including (255, 255, 255) to the components (RGB) of each pixel. Once all pixels in the portion 4914 of the bounding box 4904 that are not occupied by the first item 204A is assigned the pre-selected color (e.g., RGB, (255, 255, 255)), item tracking device 104 identifies the pixels in the portion 4912 occupied by the first item 204A by identifying and counting all pixels within the bounding box that are not associated with the unique combination of RGB values (e.g., RGB, (255, 255, 255)).
At operation 5012, item tracking device 104 determines whether the ratio between the portion 4912 of the total area 4910 within the bounding box 4904 occupied by the first item 204A and the total area 4910 within the bounding box 4904 equals or exceeds a minimum threshold area occupied by the first item 204A in the bounding box 4904. Essentially, item tracking device 104 determines whether a cropped image 4902 contains sufficient image information relating to the first item 204A in the respective bounding box 4904 to reliably identify the first item 204A, wherein the minimum threshold area is indicative of a minimum image information that may be needed to reliably identify the first item 204A. For example, the minimum threshold may be set to 60% of the total area of the bounding box 4904.
At operation 5014, in response to determining that the ratio is less than the threshold area, method 5000 moves to operation 5016 where item tracking device 104 discards the corresponding cropped image 4902. As described above, the ratio indicates an amount of the total area 4910 of the respective bounding box 4904 that is occupied by the first item 204A, and thus, indicates an amount of image information relating to the first item 204A contained in the bounding box 4904 corresponding to a cropped image 4902. When the ratio is less than the threshold area, it means that the corresponding cropped image 4902 for which the ratio is calculated does not have sufficient image information relating to the first item 204A to reliably identify the first item 204A. Thus, in order to avoid erroneous identification of the first item 204A, item tracking device 104 discards the cropped image 4902 when the ration calculated at operation 5010 is less than the threshold. In other words, item tracking device 104 removes from consideration a cropped image 4902 that lacks sufficient image information relating to the first item 204A to reliably identify the first item 204A. For example, the ratio calculated for cropped image 4902 b, which depicts a partial image of the first item 204A, may be less than the threshold area, indicating that cropped image 4902 b lacks sufficient image information relating to the first item 204A to reliably identify the first item 204A. Thus, in this example, item tracking device 104 may discard cropped image 4902 b.
At operation 5014, in response to determining that the ratio equals or exceeds the threshold area, method 5000 moves to operation 5018 where item tracking device 104 identifies an item identifier 1604 (e.g., shown in FIG. 42 ) for the first item 204A based on the corresponding cropped image 4902 for which the ratio was calculated. When the ratio equals or exceeds the threshold area, it means that the corresponding cropped image 4902 for which the ratio is calculated contains sufficient image information relating to the first item 204A to reliably identify the first item 204A. For example, the ratio calculated for cropped image 4902 a, which depicts a complete image of the first item 204A, may equal or exceed the threshold area, indicating that cropped image 4902 a includes sufficient image information relating to the first item 204A to reliably identify the first item 204A. Thus, in this example, item tracking device 104 identifies an item identifier 1604 of the first item 2044A based on the cropped image 4902 a.
Item tracking device 104 may identify an item identifier 1604 based on a cropped image 4902 using a process similar to method 4300 described above with reference to FIGS. 42 and 43 , method 4500 described above with reference to FIGS. 44 and 45 , method 4800 described with reference to FIGS. 47A, 47B, 48A and 48B, or a combination thereof. Accordingly, these aspects will not be repeated here.
Item tracking device may be configured to repeat the operations 5008-5018 for each image 4901 (e.g., including 4901 a, 4901 b) of the first item 204A. For example, at operation 5020, item tracking device 104 checks whether all images 4901 have been processed. In other words, item tracking device 104 determines whether operations 5008-5018 have been performed for each image 4901. In response to determining that all images 4901 have not been processed, method 5000 proceeds to operation 5022 where the item tracking device 104 selects a next image 4901 (e.g., a remaining/unprocessed image 4901) for processing. Item tracking device 104 then performs operations 5008-5018 for the selected image 4901. Item tracking device 104 repeats operations 5008-5018 until all images 4901 have been processed.
This process may yield a set of item identifiers 1604 identified based on a set of cropped images 4902 (e.g., including 4902 a) that include sufficient image information (e.g., ratio≥Threshold) relating to the first item 204A to reliably identify the first item 204A.
In response to determining that all images 4901 have been processed and an item identifier 1604 has been identified for all cropped images 4902 that include sufficient image information relating to the first item 204A, method 5000 proceeds to operation 5024 in FIG. 50B.
Referring to FIG. 50B, item tracking device 104 selects a particular item identifier (e.g., first item identifier 4204 shown in FIG. 42 ) that was identified for a particular cropped image 4902. Item tracking device 104 may select the particular item identifier from the item identifiers 1604 identified for one or more cropped images 4902 using a process similar to method 4300 described above with reference to FIGS. 42 and 43 , method 4500 described above with reference to FIGS. 44 and 45 , method 4800 described with reference to FIGS. 47A, 47B, 48A and 48B, or a combination thereof. Accordingly, these aspects will not be repeated here.
At operation 5026, item tracking device 104 associates the particular item identifier to the first item 204A.
At operation 5028, item tracking device 104 displays an indicator of the particular item identifier on a user interface device.
Identifying an Item Based on an Interaction History Associated with a User
In general, certain embodiments of the present disclosure describe improved techniques for identifying an item placed on a platform of an imaging device. A second unidentified item that is placed on the platform is identified based on an association of the second item with an identified first item placed on the platform, wherein the association between the first item and the second item is based on a transaction history associated with a user who placed the first and second items on the platform. For example, the user may have placed the first item and the second item on the platform as part of one or more previous transactions. Based on the previous transactions, an association between the first item and the second item may be recorded as part of the user's transaction history. In a subsequent transaction, when the user places the first item and the second item on the platform, and the first item has been successfully identified, the second item is identified based on the recorded association with the first item.
As described above, when the item tracking device 104 is unable to identify an item 204 placed on the platform, the item tracking device 104 asks the user to identify the item 204. For example, item tracking device 104 displays a plurality of item identifiers 1604 identified for the item 204 on a user interface device and prompts the user to select one of the displayed item identifiers 1604. Asking the user to identify an item 204 placed on the platform interrupts the seamless process of identifying items 204 placed on the platform 202 and results in a subpar user experience.
Embodiments of the present disclosure describe improved techniques for identifying an item 204 placed on a platform 202 of an imaging device 102. As described below in accordance with certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the item tracking device 104 monitors a plurality of transactions performed by a particular user over a given time period and records repetitive behavior associated with the user. For example, the user may buy a cup of coffee and a donut every morning. In another example, the user may buy a bottle of soda along with a bag of chips at least three times every week. Such repetitive behavior is recorded by the item tracking device 104 as part of a transaction history associated with the user. The recorded transaction history associated with the user may then be used by the item tracking device 104 to identity an item 204 placed by the user on the platform 202 as part of a subsequent transaction. For example, when the user places a bottle of soda along with a bag of chips on the platform 202 as part of a subsequent transaction and the item tracking device 104 successfully identifies the bottle of soda but is unable to identify the second item, the second item may be identified as the bag of chips based on the transaction history of the user. This technique avoids the item tracking device 104 from asking the user to identify the unidentified second item, and thus improves the overall user experience of the user.
FIG. 51 illustrates an example imaging device 102 of FIG. 2 with items 204 placed on the platform 202 for identification based on user transaction history, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
As shown in FIG. 51 , a first item 204A (a bottle of soda) and second item 204B (a bag of chips) is placed on the platform 202 of the imaging device 102 as part of an example purchase transaction initiated by a user 5111. The placement of the first item 204A and the second item 204B may correspond to a user 5111 placing the first item 204A on the platform 202 as part of a first interaction associated with a transaction (e.g., purchase transaction at a store) and the user 5111 placing the second item 204B as part of a second interaction also associated with the same transaction. As shown, a transaction history 5112 associated with a user ID 5110 assigned to the user 5111 includes an association 5114 between an item identifier 1604 a (shown as I1) associated with the first item 204A and an item identifier 1604 d (shown as I2) associated with the second item 204B. In one embodiment, the item tracking device 104 may be configured to record (e.g., in memory 116 shown in FIG. 1 ) the transaction history 5112 associated with the user 5111 based on monitoring a plurality of transactions performed by the user 5111 over a pre-configured time period (e.g., a week, a month, a year etc.) preceding the current transaction. For example, based on monitoring transactions performed by the user 5111 over the pre-configured time period, item tracking device 104 may identify a plurality of transactions in which the user 5111 purchased a particular bottle of soda associated with item identifier 1604 a (I1) along with a particular bag of chips associated with item identifier 1604 d (I2). The item tracking device 104 may store (e.g., as part of the encoded vector library 128) this user behavior identified over multiple transactions as an association 5114 between the item identifier 1604 a (I1) associated with the bottle of soda and the item identifier 1604 d (I2) associated with the bag of chips.
Referring to FIG. 51 , when the user 5111 places the same bottle of soda shown as the first item 204A and the same bag of chips shown as the second item 204B as part of a subsequent transaction, the item tracking device 104 attempts to identify both items 204 using a method similar to method 4300 described above with reference to FIGS. 42 and 43 , method 4500 described above with reference to FIGS. 44 and 45 , method 4800 described with reference to FIGS. 47A, 47B, 48A and 48B, method 5000 described with reference to FIGS. 49, 50A and 50 b, or a combination thereof. When the item tracking device 104 successfully identifies the first item 204A as a bottle of soda associated with item identifier 1604 a (I1) but is unable to identify the second item 204B (the bag of chips), instead of asking the user 5111 to identify the unidentified second item 204B, the item tracking device 104 identifies the second item 204B as the bag of chips associated with item identifier 1604 d (I2) based on the association 5114 between the item identifiers 1604 a (I1) and 1604 d (I2) stored as part of the transaction history 5112 of the user 5111.
In one embodiment, as part of each transaction performed by the user 5111, before starting to place items 204 on the platform 202 or at any time during the transaction, the user 5111 may scan a transaction device 5122 associated with the user 5111 using a scanning device 5120 provided at the imaging device 102. The transaction device 5122 may be associated with a unique user ID 5110 assigned to the user 5111. In one example, the transaction device 5122 may include a rewards card issued to the user 5111 by a store at which the imaging device 102 is deployed to help users purchase items 204 sold at the store. In one embodiment, when the transaction device 5122 is scanned using the scanning device 5120, the item tracking device 104 detects that the transaction device 5122 has been scanned, extracts the information included in the transaction device 5122 and determines an identity (e.g., user ID 5110) associated with the transaction device 5122 based on the extracted information. The item tracking device 104 associates the identified user ID 5110 from the scanned transaction device 5122 with the transaction being performed by the user 5111. This allows the item tracking device 104 to associate a transaction with the particular user 5111 and identify a repetitive behavior of the user 5111. In response to identifying a particular repetitive behavior of the user 5111 based on monitoring a plurality of transactions performed by the user 5111, item tracking device 104 may store this repetitive behavior as part of transaction history 5112. The item tracking device 104 may map the transaction history 5112 of the user 5111 with the user ID 5110 assigned to the user 5111. This allows the item tracking device 104 to retrieve the transaction history 5112 of the user 5111 based on the user ID 5110 of the user 5111, when the user 5111 scans the transaction device 5122 during a subsequent transaction.
These aspects will now be described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 51 52A and 52B.
The system and method described in certain embodiments of the present disclosure provide a practical application of intelligently identifying an item based on a transaction history associated with a user. As described with reference to FIGS. 51, 52A and 52B, based on monitoring transactions performed by the user 5111 over a pre-configured time period, item tracking device 104 identifies an association 5114 between a first item 204A and a second item 204B. The item tracking device 104 stores (e.g., as part of the encoded vector library 128) this user behavior identified over multiple transactions as an association 5114 between the item identifier 1604 a (I1) associated with the first item 204A and the item identifier 1604 d (I2) associated with the second item 204B. In a subsequent transaction conducted by the same user 5111, when the item tracking device 104 successfully identifies the first item 204A associated with item identifier 1604 a (I1) but is unable to identify the second item 204B, the item tracking device 104 identifies the second item 204B as associated with item identifier 1604 d (I2) based on the association 5114 between the item identifiers 1604 a (I1) and 1604 d (I2) stored as part of the transaction history 5112 of the user 5111. This technique improves the overall accuracy associated with identifying items 204 and saves computing resources (e.g., processing and memory resources associated with the item tracking device 104) that would otherwise be used to re-identify an item that was identified incorrectly. This improves the processing efficiency associated with the processor 602 (shown in FIG. 6 ) of item tracking device 104. Thus, the disclosed system and method generally improve the technology associated with automatic detection of items 204.
It may be noted that the systems and components illustrated and described in the discussions of FIGS. 1-29 may be used and implemented to perform operations of the systems and methods described in FIGS. 51, 52A and 52B. Additionally, systems and components illustrated and described with reference to any figure of this disclosure may be used and implemented to perform operations of the systems and methods described in FIGS. 51, 52A and 52B.
FIGS. 52A and 52B illustrate a flow chart of an example method 5200 for identifying an item based on a transaction history associated with a user, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Method 5200 may be performed by item tracking device 104 as shown in FIG. 1 . For example, one or more operations of method 5200 may be implemented, at least in part, in the form of software instructions (e.g., item tracking instructions 606 shown in FIG. 6 ), stored on tangible non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., memory 116 shown in FIGS. 1 and 6 ) that when run by one or more processors (e.g., processors 602 shown in FIG. 6 ) may cause the one or more processors to perform operations 5202-5228. It may be noted that operations 5202-5228 are described primarily with reference to FIG. 51 and additionally with certain references to FIGS. 1, 2A, 16, and 17.
Referring to FIG. 52A, at operation 5202, item tracking device 104 detects a first triggering event corresponding to placement of a first item 204A (shown in FIG. 51 as a bottle of soda) on the platform 202. In a particular embodiment, the first triggering event may correspond to a user 5111 placing the first item 204A on the platform 202.
As described above, the item tracking device 104 may perform auto-exclusion for the imaging device 102 using a process similar to the process described in operation 302 of FIG. 3 . For example, during an initial calibration period, the platform 202 may not have any items 204 placed on the platform 202. During this period of time, the item tracking device 104 may use one or more cameras 108 and/or 3D sensors 110 to capture reference images and reference depth images 124, respectively, of the platform 202 without any items 204 placed on the platform 202. The item tracking device 104 can then use the captured images 122 and depth images 124 as reference images to detect when an item 204 is placed on the platform 202. At a later time, the item tracking device 104 can detect that an item 204 has been placed on the surface 208 of the platform 202 based on differences in depth values between subsequent depth images 124 and the reference depth image 124 and/or differences in the pixel values between subsequent images 122 and the reference image 122.
In one embodiment, to detect the first triggering event, the item tracking device 104 may use a process similar to process 700 that is described with reference to FIG. 7 and/or a process similar to method 3200 that is described with reference to FIGS. 32A and 32B for detecting a triggering event, such as, for example, an event that corresponds with a user's hand being detected above the platform 202 and placing an item 204 on the platform 202. For example, the item tracking device 104 may check for differences between a reference depth image 124 and a subsequent depth image 124 to detect the presence of an object above the platform 202. For example, based on comparing the reference depth image 124 with a plurality of subsequent depth images 124, item tracking device 104 may determine that a user's hand holding the first item 204A entered the platform 202, placed the first item 204A on the platform 202, and exited the platform 202. In response to determining that the first item 204A has been placed on the platform 202, the item tracking device 104 determines that the first triggering event has occurred and proceeds to identify the first item 204A that has been placed on the platform 202.
The first triggering event may correspond to the placement of the first item 204A on the platform 202 as part of a first interaction associated with a transaction initiated by the user 5111. For example, when checking out items 204 for purchase at a store, the user 5111 may initiate the transaction at the imaging device 102 by placing items 204 (e.g., 204A and 204B) one by one on the platform 202. Placement of each item 204 on the platform is a distinct interaction associated with the same transaction. In one embodiment, before starting to place items 204 on the platform 202 or at any time during the transaction, the user 5111 may scan a transaction device 5122 associated with the user 5111 using a scanning device 5120 provided at the imaging device 102. The transaction device 5122 may be associated with a unique user ID 5110 assigned to the user 5111. In one example, the transaction device 5122 may include a rewards card issued to the user 5111 by a store at which the imaging device 102 is deployed to help users purchase items 204 sold at the store. In one embodiment, when the transaction device 5122 is scanned using the scanning device 5120, the item tracking device 104 detects that the transaction device 5122 has been scanned, extracts the information included in the transaction device 5122 and determines an identity (e.g., user ID 5110) associated with the transaction device 5122 based on the extracted information. The item tracking device 104 associates the identified user ID 5110 from the scanned transaction device 5122 with the transaction being performed by the user 5111.
In one embodiment, when the transaction device 5122 is scanned using the scanning device 5120 before any items 204 are placed on the platform 202, the scanning of the transaction device 5122 using the scanning device 5120 initiates a new transaction (e.g., for purchase of items 204) at the imaging device 102. In alternative embodiments, placement of the first item 204A on the platform 202 may initiate a new transaction at the imaging device 102.
At operation 5204, in response to detecting the first triggering event corresponding to the placement of the first item 204A on the platform 202, item tracking device 104 captures a plurality of images 5101 (shown in FIG. 51 ) of the first item 204A placed on the platform 202 using two or more cameras (e.g., 108A-D) of a plurality of cameras 108. For example, the item tracking device 104 may capture images 5101 with an overhead view, a perspective view, and/or a side view of the first item 204A on the platform 202. In one embodiment, each of the images 5101 is captured by a different camera 108.
At operation 5206, item tracking device 104 identifies a first item identifier 1604 (e.g., item identifier 1604 a (I1)) associated with the first item 204A based on the plurality of images 5101 of the first item 204A. For example, item tracking device 104 identifies the first item 204A as a bottle of soda associated with the first item identifier 1604 a (I1).
Item tracking device 104 may identify the first item identifier 1604 a (I1) associated with the first item 204A using a method similar to method 4300 described above with reference to FIGS. 42 and 43 , method 4500 described above with reference to FIGS. 44 and 45 , method 4800 described with reference to FIGS. 47A, 47B, 48A and 48B, method 5000 described with reference to FIGS. 49, 50A and 50 b, or a combination thereof.
For example, item tracking device 104 generates a cropped image 5102 for each of the images 5101 by editing the image 5101 to isolate at least a portion of the first item 204A, wherein the cropped images 5102 correspond to the first item 204A depicted in the respective images 5101. In other words, item tracking device 104 generates one cropped image 5102 of the first item 204A based on each image 5101 of the first item 204A captured by a respective camera 108. As shown in FIG. 51 , item tracking device 104 generates three cropped images 5102 a, 5102 b and 5102 c of the first item 204A from respective images 5101 of the first item 204A. In some embodiments, the item tracking device 104 may use a process similar to process 900 described with reference to FIG. 9 to generate the cropped images 5102 of the first item 204A.
Item tracking device 104 identifies an item identifier 1604 based on each cropped image 5102 of the first item 204A. For example, as described above with reference to operation 4308 of FIG. 43 , item tracking device 104 generates an encoded vector 1702 (shown in FIG. 17 ) relating to the unidentified first item 204A depicted in each cropped image 5102 of the first item 204A and identifies an item identifier 1604 from the encoded vector library 128 (shown in FIG. 16 ) based on the encoded vector 1702. Here, the item tracking device 104 compares the encoded vector 1702 to each encoded vector 1606 of the encoded vector library 128 and identifies the closest matching encoded vector 1606 in the encoded vector library 128 based on the comparison. In one embodiment, the item tracking device 104 identifies the closest matching encoded vector 1606 in the encoded vector library 128 by generating a similarity vector 1704 (shown in FIG. 17 ) between the encoded vector 1702 generated for the unidentified first item 204A depicted in the cropped image 5102 and the encoded vectors 1606 in the encoded vector library 128. The similarity vector 1704 comprises an array of numerical similarity values 1710 where each numerical similarity value 1710 indicates how similar the values in the encoded vector 1702 for the first item 204A are to a particular encoded vector 1606 in the encoded vector library 128. In one embodiment, the item tracking device 104 may generate the similarity vector 1704 by using a process similar to the process described in FIG. 17 . Each numerical similarity value 1710 in the similarity vector 1704 corresponds with an entry 1602 in the encoded vector library 128.
After generating the similarity vector 1704, the item tracking device 104 can identify which entry 1602, in the encoded vector library 128, most closely matches the encoded vector 1702 for the first item 204A. In one embodiment, the entry 1602 that is associated with the highest numerical similarity value 1710 in the similarity vector 1704 is the entry 1602 that most closely matches the encoded vector 1702 for the first item 204A. After identifying the entry 1602 from the encoded vector library 128 that most closely matches the encoded vector 1702 for the first item 204A, the item tracking device 104 may then identify the item identifier 1604 from the encoded vector library 128 that is associated with the identified entry 1602. Through this process, the item tracking device 104 is able to determine which item 204 from the encoded vector library 128 corresponds with the unidentified first item 204A depicted in the cropped image 5102 based on its encoded vector 1702. The item tracking device 104 then outputs the identified item identifier 1604 for the identified item 204 from the encoded vector library 128. The item tracking device 104 repeats this process for each encoded vector 1702 generated for each cropped image 5102 (e.g., 5102 a, 5102 b and 5102 c) of the first item 204A. This process may yield a set of item identifiers 1604 (shown as 1604 a (I1), 1604 b (I1) and 1604 c (I5) in FIG. 51 ) corresponding to the first item 204A, wherein the set of item identifiers 1604 corresponding to the first item 204A may include a plurality of item identifiers 1604 corresponding to the plurality of cropped images 5102 of the first item 204A. In other words, item tracking device 104 identifies an item identifier 1604 for each cropped image 5102 of the first item 204A.
It may be noted that a more detailed description of generating an item identifier 1604 for each of the cropped images 4202 is given above with reference to operation 4308 of FIG. 43 and will not be described here in the same level of detail.
Once an item identifier 1604 has been identified for each cropped image 5102, item tracking device 104 may be configured to select a particular item identifier from the item identifiers 1604 (e.g., 1604 a (I1), 1604 b (I1) and 1604 c (I5)) for association with the first item 204A. For example, item tracking device 104 selects the first item identifier 1604 (e.g., item identifier 1604 a (I1)) associated with the first item 204A. In other words, item tracking device 104 identifies the first item 204A as a bottle of soda associated with the first item identifier 1604 a (I1). The process for selecting an item identifier 1604 (e.g., first item identifier 1604 a) from a plurality of item identifiers 1604 (e.g., 1604 a-c) identified for plurality of cropped images 5102 (e.g., cropped images 5102 a-c) is given above, for example, with reference to FIGS. 43, 45, 48A, 48B, 50A and 50B and will not be described here in the same level of detail.
At operation 5208, item tracking device 104 assigns the identified first item identifier 1604 a (I1) to the first item 204A. In one embodiment, the item tracking device 104 displays an indicator of the first item identifier 1604 a (I1) on a user interface device associated with the imaging device 102.
At operation 5210, item tracking device 104 detects a second triggering event corresponding to placement of a second item 204B (shown in FIG. 51 as a bag of chips) on the platform 202. In a particular embodiment, the second triggering event may correspond to the user 5111 placing the second item 204B on the platform 202.
Item tracking device 104 may detect the second triggering event using a process similar to the method discussed above with reference to operation 5202 for detecting the first triggering event. For example, the item tracking device 104 may check for differences between a reference depth image 124 and a subsequent depth image 124 to detect the presence of an object above the platform 202. Based on comparing the reference depth image 124 with a plurality of subsequent depth images 124, item tracking device 104 may determine that a user's hand holding the second item 204B entered the platform 202, placed the second item 204B on the platform 202, and exited the platform 202. In response to determining that the second item 204B has been placed on the platform 202, the item tracking device 104 determines that the second triggering event has occurred and proceeds to identify the second item 204B that has been placed on the platform 202.
The second triggering event may correspond to the placement of the second item 204B on the platform 202 as part of a second interaction that is associated with the same transaction initiated by the user 5111 in which the user 5111 previously placed the first item 204A on the platform as part of a first interaction.
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C_2022202EN.01000501.xml
19.5.2022
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
C 202/5
COUNCIL DECISION
of 16 May 2022
adopting the Council’s position on draft amending budget No 3 of the European Union for the financial year 2022
(2022/C 202/02)
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 314 thereof, in conjunction with the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, and in particular Article 106a thereof,
Having regard to Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 July 2018 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union, amending Regulations (EU) No 1296/2013, (EU) No 1301/2013, (EU) No 1303/2013, (EU) No 1304/2013, (EU) No 1309/2013, (EU) No 1316/2013, (EU) No 223/2014, (EU) No 283/2014, and Decision No 541/2014/EU and repealing Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012 (1), and in particular Article 44 thereof,
Whereas:
—
the Union’s budget for the financial year 2022 was definitively adopted on 24 November 2021 (2);
—
on 22 April 2022, the Commission submitted a proposal containing draft amending budget No 3 to the general budget for the financial year 2022;
—
the Council needs to proceed without delay with the adoption of its position on draft amending budget No 3 to the general budget for 2022, which would contribute to the financing, in the Member States, of the first reception and registration costs of people fleeing Ukraine as a consequence of the Russian aggression against Ukraine. It is therefore justified to provide for an exception to the eight-week period referred to in Article 4 of Protocol No 1 on the role of national Parliaments in the European Union, annexed to the Treaty on European Union, to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and to the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community.
HAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS:
Sole Article
The Council’s position on draft amending budget No 3 of the European Union for the financial year 2022 was adopted on 16 May 2022.
The full text is available for consultation or download on the Council’s Internet: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/.
Done at Brussels, 16 May 2022.
For the Council
The President
J. BORRELL FONTELLES
(1) OJ L 193, 30.7.2018, p. 1.
(2) OJ L 45, 24.2.2022, p. 1.
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MR. JUSTICE SHEA
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Fred E. Schwenk, Jr., appeals from an order of the district court granting summary judgment for S-W Company and from the denial of the district court to amend the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.
The action is on a contract involving interests in land in Fallon County. S-W Company, a promisor to the contract, brought the action against Schwenk, Pacific National Bank of Washington and Shell Oil Company, promisees. The latter two parties are stakeholders who do not join Schwenk on appeal. John Wight was a copromisor on the contract. He was not made a party to the action but filed a brief on leave of this Court as amicus curiae on appeal after receiving notice of the judgment of the district court. On appeal Wight requests joinder as an interested party to the action.
In settlement of a former dispute, Schwenk agreed to accept the sum of $15,000 as full payment to him for his interest in the particular lands described in the agreement with S-W Company and Wight. The agreement stated:
“First Party [Schwenk] shall accept the sum of Fifteen Thous- and ($15,000.00) Dollars as full payment to him for his right, title, interest and claims in to the above described lands and working interest embracing those lands, which shall be paid in the following manner: One-half of the net proceeds derived by SW Company from its working interest in and to said lands, and one-half of the net proceeds to be derived from the Wight Trust interest held by the First National Bank of Denver embracing the said described lands.” (Bracketed material added.)
According to the agreement, instruments regarding the interests in the land were to be held in escrow and delivered to S-W Company “when the terms and conditions of this agreement and the escrow agreement have been complied with fully.”
*484Shell Oil, the producer of oil from the lands, later made monthly payments towards the $15,000 debt, applying one-half the monthly income fo S-W Company. Wight Trust funds, meanwhile, were indefinitely impounded by another unrelated lawsuit. When more than $7,500 had been paid to Schwenk by income from S-W Company, S-W Company sued Schwenk, the Bank and Shell Oil alleging that it had fulfilled its obligations of the agreement. Schwenk answered, alleging that the agreement did not limit S-W Company’s obligation to one-half of the $15,000 debt, and that instead, S-W Company was jointly and severally liable for the whole amount. Wight, the cosigner on the debt, was not joined or notified of the proceedings until after judgment. Neither party to the action nor the court raised the question of joinder prior to appeal.
The only evidence submitted to the court for interpretation was a copy of the agreement itself. The trial court granted a motion of S-W Company ruling that the language in dispute was not ambiguous and accordingly that S-W Company was liable to pay only $7,500 of the $15,000 debt. After the trial court refused to amend any of its findings and conclusions, Schwenk appealed from the granting of the summary judgment.
Schwenk’s appeal raises three main issues:
1. Was the district court in error in determining there was no ambiguity in the contract?
2. Did issues of fact exist which precluded the granting of summary judgment?
3. Should the district court have required the joinder of Wight as an interested party whose interests were affected by the judgment?
If the district court was correct in determining that the disputed language was not ambiguous, it would follow that there were no material questions of fact as to the liability of S-W Company. However, we determine that the language is ambiguous and accordingly that there were material facts in dispute.
*485 Where ambiguity does exist on the face of the contract, the question of the parties’ intent as to the language involved is submitted to the trier of fact. Shell v. Peters, 147 Mont. 21, 410 P.2d 152. Ambiguity exists when a contract taken as a whole in its wording or phraseology is reasonably subject to two different interpretations. Watson v. Barnard, 155 Mont. 75, 82, 469 P.2d 539. Here, the crux of the case is whether S-W Company is jointly and severally liable for the total $15,000 debt, or only severally liable for half, $7,500. The only language in the agreement relating to liability is phrased in terms of the source of funds to pay the debt:
“One-half of the net proceeds derived by S-W Company from its working interest in and to said lands, and one-half of the net proceeds to be derived from the Wight Trust interest * *
What was meant by this language? Does it mean that the S-W Company is liable to pay only $7,500 as the trial court held, or does it mean that one-half of the net proceeds (however large or small that amount may be) of the S-W Company’s working interest in the land involved, shall go towards payment of the $15,000 debt? Similarly, does it mean that one-half of the net proceeds of the Wight Trust (however large or small that amount may be) shall go towards payment of the $15,000 debt? We cannot conclude as a matter of law that the meaning of this contract language was clearly stated or unambiguous.
Nowhere in the agreement is the extent of each promisor’s liability defined other than to the extent of one-half of each source of income. There are no time limitations, furthermore, on payment from either S-W Company or Wight Trust; documents in escrow were to be released only after the agreement was fully performed.
Under Montana law, obligations imposed upon several persons may be (1) joint, (2) several, or, (3) joint and several. Section 58-201, R.C.M.1947. Section 58-202, R.C.M.1947, states:
“When joint and several. All joint obligations and covenants *486shall hereafter be taken and held to be joint and several obligations and covenants.”
Sections on the interpretation of contracts, sections 13-725 and 13-726, R.C.M.1947, raise the presumption of joint and several liability. They provide:
Again, there is nothing in the contract as it pertains to sick leave wherein 260 is interjected into the formula to establish the sick leave. While the sick leave provision clearly contemplates having every administrator of the School District come under its coverage, a casual look at the clause pertaining to vacations, Article XXVII, specifies that it only applies to administrators employed on a twelve-month basis.
If the School Board desired to have the formula for twelve-month employees based on 260 rather than 190, obviously the place to bring this up was at the bargaining table.
The School District wants this Court to interpret the sick leave clause in such a way as to give effect to its position which, up to the time in question, it has been unsuccessful in accomplishing through the collective bargaining process. The courts have no power to make contracts for parties. Horst v. Staley, 101 Mont. 543, 54 P.2d 876; Reeves v. Littlefield, 101 Mont. 482, 54 P.2d 879. The language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, and the courts have no authority to change the contract or disregard the express language used. Williams v. Insurance Co. of North America, 150 Mont. 292, 434 P.2d 395. This Court is not at liberty under the guise of construction to alter the contract of the parties. Ryan Mercantile Co. v. Great Northern Railway Co., D.C., 186 F.Supp. 660, affirmed 9 Cir., 294 F.2d 629. In the interpretation of contracts, the language employed must be given its ordinary meaning. Quirk v. Rich, 40 Mont. 552, 107 P. 821. There are no inconsistencies in the contract clause in question. There are no ambiguities in question. The clause is clear. Driscoll was to receive retirement pay as decreed by the district court.
The School District attempted to justify its rationale by premising its argument on a survey of Montana administrative salaries. *487The court properly sustained the objection of Driscoll that this exhibit was not relevant to the issues here.
The School District erroneously relies upon Zderick v. Silver Bow County, 154 Mont. 118, 460 P.2d 749, for the proposition that it had no authority to enter into a contract for sick leave or severance pay. That case involved a county, not a school district, and held that because, in 1969, the legislature had not get granted to county commissioners the authority to contract over the subject matter, to-wit; the accumulation .of unused sick leave to be used as severance pay, the particular clause was to be stricken. In 1973 the state legislature enacted into law Title 59, Chapter 16, R.C.M. 1947, granting all public employers the right to bargain collectively with their employees over rates of pay, hours, fringe benefits and other conditions of employment. Sections 59-1601 through 59-1617, R.C.M.1947. However, since 1971 school districts have had the authority to enter into binding collective bargaining contracts over such matters. Sections 75-6115 through 75-6128, R.C.M. 1947 (repealed 1975). Zderick mandated the legislature must act in this area before such a clause could be enforced, and that is precisely what the legislature has done.
Additionally, in 1974 the state legislature enacted Chapter 374, Montana Session Laws, which amended section 68-1602, R.C.M. 1947. That particular law concerns the proposition that a public employee who is a member of a retirement system funded through monies established under a collective bargaining agreement also remains eligible as a member of a public employment retirement system. By enacting that particular provision into law, it is clear the state legislature reaffirmed its policy that the parties could collectively bargain for such things as retirement pay.
The School District cites Bitney v. School District No. 44, 167 Mont. 129, 135, 535 P.2d 1273, which dealt in part with the amount of unused sick leave pay a superintendent of schools was to receive when his contract was terminated. Here, Bitney does little to support the School District’s position; rather it supports the district court’s decision. In Bitney there was no collective bargaining *488contract covering the issue, and the School District policy was silent on the matter. This Court held that the terms of the contract entered into by and between the superintendent and the school district should be enforced and said:
“Therefore, we find plaintiff contracted for the regular sick leave granted to all teachers of the school district.” (Emphasis added.) 167 Mont. 135, 535 P.2d 1276.
Similarly, in the instant case, it is contended the contract rights, as the district court held, should be enforced. We agree.
The employment facts are not in dispute. Driscoll had been Director of the Vo-Tech Center for several years. On January 25, 1975, he notified the School District that he intended to retire on June 30, 1975. He requested a temporary director be appointed effective February 28, 1975 and that he would remain as a consultant through June 30, 1975. On February 18, 1975, Dave Keltz was appointed assistant director in charge of operations effective February 28,-1975. Driscoll was paid as a consultant through April 1975. He was informed on April 29, 1975 that the Board of Trustees had rescinded its motion of January 20, 1975 and he was dismissed from all duties effective May 5, 1975. Driscoll performed services in May and June, but was not paid for them.
Issue I. The district court did not err in finding that Driscoll was entitled to receive 71 days sick leave multiplied by his daily rate of pay which is determined by dividing his annual salary by 190 as set forth in Article XXIV of the collective bargaining agreement entered into by and between Butte Teamsters Union, Local No. 2 and School District No. 1.
The relevant part of the collective bargaining agreement, Article XXIV, Sick Leave, reads:
“Every administrator of School District No. 1 shall be allowed an annual fifteen (15) days sick leave with full salary cumulative for one hundred fifty (150) days. Retirement pay will be 50% of accumulated sick leave and shall be included as part of the administrator’s yearly salary for the year in which he retires. * * * Said *489daily rate of pay shall be determined by dividing his annual salary or wage by 190.”
It was stipulated between the parties that Driscoll had accumulated 142 days of annual sick leave. The School District contends that in determining how much accumulated sick leave should be paid to Driscoll as retirement pay, his yearly salary of $24,000 should be divided by 260, and then, that figure should be multiplied by 71 days (50% of the accumulated sick leave — Article XXIV, Sick Leave). Driscoll contends, and it was found by the district court, that he should be paid sick leave pay in terms of retirement at the rate of $127.46 bydividing his annual salary of $24,000 by 190 x 71 days, as is clearly set forth in Article XXIV of the contract.
We note the quoted portion of Article XXIV of the contract relates to benefits and coverage for every administrator. The School District concedes that the contract generally, and that clause particularly, covers Driscoll. There is nothing whatsoever in this particular clause indicating the parties should use the figure “260” in the formula for determining how much accumulated sick leave will be received as retirement pay by the administrator. The chairman of the Board of Trustees admitted that the figure “260” was picked out of the air; while the school clerk asserted that the figure “260” should be used because it has reference to the number of days Driscoll was employed under his contract. That is not part of the contract agreed upon by the parties; rather, the parties agreed to use the figure “190”.
It is clear the language of the particular contract clause was what was contracted for. Jim Roberts, secretary-treasurer of the Teamsters Union, who negotiated the contract testified:
“Q. Will you relate to the Court, if you can remember that, particularly in the 1974 negotiations the meetings concerning this particular provision? A. During the course of all collective bargaining processes with the administrators we have submitted demands to the Board to improve sick leave as it is spelled out in the current contract and during all of the collective bargaining nego*490tiations you reach a point where some of the things have to go by the wayside and during the ’74 and ’75 negotiations we reached that point and we went into caucus without committees and it was decided that based on the, as our understanding of the negotiated provisions as it exists, that we were adequately protected and to back off on our proposals and in doing so we tried to make it known to the school board that we felt, with the fact that the 190 days was a formula used that we were adequately protected on our sick leave.
“Q. It was your interpretation that the 190 figure divided into their annual salary applied to every administrator in the district? A. Without question.
“Q. And the Board, to your understanding, fully understood that? A. Yes, definitely.
“Q. In regard to that, what have they done as far as the negotiations that are presently involved in this regard to that article? A. At the last bargaining session we had with the Board of Trustees on February 24,1 believe that’s when it was, the Board submitted a proposal to us even though it may have been untimely to modify the current sick leave provisions to spell out that the 190 days be changed to read the actual number of days that each administrator has worked, his work year schedule.”
“(2) he claims an interest relating to the subject of the action and is so situated that the disposition of the action in his absence may (i) as a practical matter impair or impede his ability to protect that interest * * *.”
Since Wight did not claim an interest in the case below the court was not required to join him as a party, but because his interests would clearly have been affected by the court’s judgment, the court should have joined him as a party. Under Rule 21, M.R.Civ.P., the district court may drop or add parties on motion of any party “or of its own initiative” at any time during the proceedings.
In this situation Wight was not bound by the court’s conclusions of law and judgment since he was not a party. However, he would be limited in exercising his right of contribution *491from S-W Company on the debt if S-W’s liability was decided in Wight’s absence. The basis of the rule on joinder is founded on due process considerations of notice and a right to be heard. On remand Wight should be joined as a party so that he is not deprived of due process.
We reverse the summary judgment of the district court, set aside the findings of fact and conclusions of law, and order further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HATFIELD, and JUSTICE HASWELL, HARRISON and DALY concur.
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|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
Leonid Kichman, Miro J., https://stackoverflow.com/users/311063, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5727548
|
English
|
Spoken
| 47 | 109 |
How to make text selectable on my web page?
All text and all elements on website acting like image when I trying to do any selection.
website:
http://esther.vladimirmilovanovic.rs
If you use Chrome Check if you have this https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46883622/user-select-all-inheritance-not-working-in-chrome-62
Selection not work in any browser not just Chrome
| 44,332 |
https://github.com/Playfloor/Modia3D.jl/blob/master/src/renderer/DLR_Visualization/visualize.jl
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Modia3D.jl
|
Playfloor
|
Julia
|
Code
| 412 | 2,208 |
# License for this file: MIT (expat)
# Copyright 2017-2018, DLR Institute of System Dynamics and Control
#
# This file is part of module
# Modia3D.DLR_Visualization (Modia3D/renderer/DLR_Visualization/_module.jl)
#
@enum ShapeType SimVisBox=1 SimVisSphere=2 SimVisCylinder=3 SimVisCone=4 SimVisCapsule=5 SimVisCoordSys=6 SimVisSpring=7 SimVisGearWheel=8 SimVisPipe=9 SimVisGrid=10 SimVisBeam=11
const mvecSize = MVector{3,Cdouble}(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
const DefaultMaterial = Shapes.VisualMaterial()
const emptyShaderName=" "
@inline function visualizeShape(simVis::SimVis_Renderer,
rabs::SVector{3,Float64},
Rabs::SMatrix{3,3,Float64,9},
shape::ShapeType,
id::Ptr{Nothing},
material::Shapes.VisualMaterial,
Lx::Float64, Ly::Float64, Lz::Float64;
extras::MVector{3,Float64}=@MVector[0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
mvecSize[1] = Lx
mvecSize[2] = Ly
mvecSize[3] = Lz
SimVis_setBaseObject(simVis, id, Cint(0), Cint(shape), rabs, Rabs, mvecSize,
material.color, Cint(material.wireframe), Cint(material.reflectslight),
material.shininess, extras, material.transparency, Cint(0), Cint(material.shadowMask))
end
function visualizeObject(obj::Composition.Object3D, id::Ptr{Nothing}, simVis::SimVis_Renderer)
shapeKind = obj.shapeKind
if shapeKind == Modia3D.SphereKind
sphere::Modia3D.Sphere = obj.shape
visualizeShape(simVis, obj.r_abs, obj.R_abs, SimVisSphere, id, obj.visualMaterial,
sphere.diameter, sphere.diameter, sphere.diameter)
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.EllipsoidKind
ellipsoid::Modia3D.Ellipsoid = obj.shape
visualizeShape(simVis, obj.r_abs, obj.R_abs, SimVisSphere, id, obj.visualMaterial,
ellipsoid.lengthX, ellipsoid.lengthY, ellipsoid.lengthZ)
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.BoxKind
box::Modia3D.Box = obj.shape
visualizeShape(simVis, obj.r_abs, obj.R_abs, SimVisBox, id, obj.visualMaterial,
box.lengthX, box.lengthY, box.lengthZ)
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.CylinderKind
cylinder::Modia3D.Cylinder = obj.shape
if cylinder.innerDiameter == 0.0
visualizeShape(simVis, obj.r_abs, Shapes.rotateAxis2z(cylinder.axis, obj.R_abs), SimVisCylinder, id, obj.visualMaterial,
cylinder.diameter, cylinder.diameter, cylinder.length)
else
visualizeShape(simVis, obj.r_abs, Shapes.rotateAxis2z(cylinder.axis, obj.R_abs), SimVisPipe, id, obj.visualMaterial,
cylinder.diameter, cylinder.diameter, cylinder.length; extras=@MVector[0.0, cylinder.innerDiameter/cylinder.diameter, 1.0])
end
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.ConeKind
cone::Modia3D.Cone = obj.shape
if cone.axis == 1
dr = @MVector[cone.length/4, 0.0, 0.0]
elseif cone.axis == 2
dr = @MVector[0.0, cone.length/4, 0.0]
else
dr = @MVector[0.0, 0.0, cone.length/4]
end
r_abs = obj.r_abs + obj.R_abs' * dr
visualizeShape(simVis, r_abs, Shapes.rotateAxis2z(cone.axis, obj.R_abs), SimVisCone, id, obj.visualMaterial,
cone.diameter, cone.diameter, cone.length; extras=@MVector[cone.topDiameter/cone.diameter, 0.0, 0.0])
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.CapsuleKind
capsule::Modia3D.Capsule = obj.shape
visualizeShape(simVis, obj.r_abs, Shapes.rotateAxis2z(capsule.axis, obj.R_abs), SimVisCapsule, id, obj.visualMaterial,
capsule.diameter, capsule.diameter, capsule.length)
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.BeamKind
beam::Modia3D.Beam = obj.shape
visualizeShape(simVis, obj.r_abs, Shapes.rotateAxis2x(beam.axis, obj.R_abs), SimVisBeam, id, obj.visualMaterial,
beam.length, beam.width, beam.thickness)
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.CoordinateSystemKind
coordinateSystem::Modia3D.CoordinateSystem = obj.shape
visualizeShape(simVis, obj.r_abs, obj.R_abs, SimVisCoordSys, id, DefaultMaterial,
coordinateSystem.length, coordinateSystem.length, coordinateSystem.length)
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.GridKind
grid::Modia3D.Grid = obj.shape
visualizeShape(simVis, obj.r_abs, Shapes.rotateAxis2z(grid.axis, obj.R_abs), SimVisGrid, id, DefaultMaterial,
grid.length, grid.width, grid.length; extras=@MVector[grid.distance, grid.lineWidth, 0.0])
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.SpringKind
spring::Modia3D.Spring = obj.shape
visualizeShape(simVis, obj.r_abs, Shapes.rotateAxis2z(spring.axis, obj.R_abs), SimVisSpring, id, obj.visualMaterial,
spring.length, spring.diameter, spring.diameter; extras=@MVector[spring.windings, spring.wireDiameter/2, 0.0])
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.GearWheelKind
gearWheel::Modia3D.GearWheel = obj.shape
visualizeShape(simVis, obj.r_abs, Shapes.rotateAxis2z(gearWheel.axis, obj.R_abs), SimVisGearWheel, id, obj.visualMaterial,
gearWheel.diameter, gearWheel.diameter, gearWheel.length; extras=@MVector[gearWheel.innerDiameter/gearWheel.diameter, gearWheel.teeth, gearWheel.angle*180/pi])
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.ModelicaKind
modelica::Modia3D.ModelicaShape = obj.shape
visualizeShape(simVis, obj.r_abs, obj.R_abs, ShapeType(modelica.type), id, obj.visualMaterial,
modelica.lengthX, modelica.lengthY, modelica.lengthZ; extras=modelica.extra)
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.FileMeshKind
fileMesh::Modia3D.FileMesh = obj.shape
SimVis_setFileObject(simVis, id, Cint(0), obj.r_abs, obj.R_abs,
MVector{3,Float64}(fileMesh.scaleFactor), Cint(obj.visualMaterial.reflectslight), obj.visualMaterial.shininess, obj.visualMaterial.transparency, Cint(obj.visualMaterial.wireframe), Cint(0),
fileMesh.filename, Cint(fileMesh.smoothNormals), fileMesh.useMaterialColor, MVector{3,Cint}(obj.visualMaterial.color),
Cint(obj.visualMaterial.shadowMask), emptyShaderName)
elseif shapeKind == Modia3D.TextKind
textShape::Modia3D.TextShape = obj.shape
SimVis_setTextObject(simVis, id, Cint(textShape.axisAlignment), textShape.text, 0.0, Cint(0), obj.r_abs, obj.R_abs,
textShape.font.charSize, textShape.font.fontFileName, MVector{3,Cint}(textShape.font.color), textShape.font.transparency,
textShape.offset, Cint(textShape.alignment), Cint(0))
end
end
| 40,282 |
https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%2C%20%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
ফিলিপস কাউন্টি, মন্টানা
|
https://bpy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ফিলিপস কাউন্টি, মন্টানা&action=history
|
Bishnupriya Manipuri
|
Spoken
| 96 | 667 |
ফিলিপস কাউন্টি (ইংরেজি:Phillips County), এহান তিলপারাষ্ট্র বা মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রর পিছ বারার টেঙারা লয়াগর মন্টানা ষ্টেইট/রাজ্যর কাউন্টি আহান।
ভৌগলিক উপাত্ত
শহর এহার মাপাহানর অক্ষাংশ বারো দ্রাঘিমাংশ ইলতাই । আয়তনহান (হুকানা বারো পানিহান পুলকরিয়া): ৫২১২.১৭ বর্গমাইল, অতার মা পানিহান ৭২.৬ বর্গমাইল (১.৩৯%) বারো হুকানাহান ৫১৩৯.৫৭ বর্গমাইল।
জনসংখ্যার উপাত্ত
তিলপারাষ্ট্রর (যুক্তরাষ্ট্র) ২০০০ মারির মানুলেহা (লোক গননা) অনুসারে ফিলিপস কাউন্টি-র জনসংখ্যা ইলাতাই ৪৬০১ গ। ২৫০২গ ঘরর ইউনিট আসে। হারি বর্গ মাইলে ০.৫গ ঘর পরিসে বারো হারি বর্গ মাইলে ০.৯গ মানু থাইতারা।
ইতিহাসহান
প্রশাসনিক অঞ্চলগি
ফিলিপস কাউন্টির অধীনর শহরগি
নাংকরা মানু
সাকেই আসে ইকরা
পাসিতা
তিলপারাষ্ট্রর প্রশাসনিক লয়াগি
মন্টানা রাজ্যর কাউন্টিহানি
| 24,259 |
https://github.com/oehf/ipf/blob/master/modules/hl7/src/main/groovy/org/openehealth/ipf/modules/hl7/dsl/Null.groovy
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
ipf
|
oehf
|
Groovy
|
Code
| 214 | 500 |
/*
* Copyright 2008 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.openehealth.ipf.modules.hl7.dsl
import ca.uhn.hl7v2.HL7Exception
import ca.uhn.hl7v2.Location
import ca.uhn.hl7v2.model.AbstractType
import ca.uhn.hl7v2.model.DataTypeException
import ca.uhn.hl7v2.model.Message
import ca.uhn.hl7v2.model.MessageVisitor
/**
*
* Null helps to handle non-existing repeatable elements transparently
* without throwing an Exception.
*
* @author Christian Ohr
*
*/
class Null extends AbstractType {
Null(Message message) {
super(message)
}
def getAt(int idx) {
this
}
static String getValue() {
null
}
static String getValueOr(String defaultValue) {
defaultValue
}
static String valueOr(String defaultValue) {
defaultValue
}
String toString() {
null
}
static void setValue(String value) throws DataTypeException {
throw new DataTypeException("Cannot assign a value Null")
}
@Override
boolean isEmpty() throws HL7Exception {
true
}
@Override
boolean accept(MessageVisitor visitor, Location currentLocation) throws HL7Exception {
return false
}
}
| 4,446 |
https://github.com/NONONOexe/JavaSample/blob/master/src/jp/ac/aitech/maslab/ando/javasample/designpattern/bridge/SortImple.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
JavaSample
|
NONONOexe
|
Java
|
Code
| 13 | 48 |
package jp.ac.aitech.maslab.ando.javasample.designpattern.bridge;
public abstract class SortImple {
public abstract void sort(int a[]);
}
| 25,063 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.