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https://github.com/NaturalHistoryMuseum/inselect/blob/master/inselect/gui/copy_box.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,021 |
inselect
|
NaturalHistoryMuseum
|
Python
|
Code
| 70 | 233 |
from functools import partial
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QMessageBox
def copy_to_clipboard(text):
QApplication.clipboard().setText(text)
def show_copy_details_box(icon, title, text, details):
"""Shows a QMessageBox with a detail box and a 'Copy details' button
"""
box = QMessageBox(icon, title, text)
box.setDetailedText(details)
copy_button = box.addButton('Copy details', QMessageBox.HelpRole)
# QMessageBox connects the clicked signal of the new button to a close
# action - disconnect this and connect to copy_to_clipboard
copy_button.clicked.disconnect()
copy_button.clicked.connect(partial(copy_to_clipboard, details))
box.addButton('OK', QMessageBox.AcceptRole)
return box.exec_()
| 22,437 |
https://github.com/konradwilk/sky130-chip-vis/blob/master/list-signals.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
sky130-chip-vis
|
konradwilk
|
Python
|
Code
| 29 | 102 |
#!/usr/bin/env python3
from vcdvcd import VCDVCD
import os
import sys
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print(f"Usage: {sys.argv[1]} <path to vcd file>")
sys.exit(1)
vcd = VCDVCD(sys.argv[1])
for x in vcd.signals:
print(x)
| 48,118 |
farmersmagazine3152lond_7
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,834 |
The Farmer's magazine
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,776 | 11,336 |
Class 1.— The first prize of 30 sovs., to Mr. William Heath, of Ludham-hall, Norwich, for a Hereford ox, purchased by Mr, Mann, of Croydon — a silver medal to the breeder, Mr. John Oakes, of Afcott, Church Stretton ; the second prize of 15 sovs., to Mr. William Henry Brickwell, of Leckhampstead, for a shorthorned steer (not sold) ; the third prize of 5 sovs., to his Royal Highness Prince Albert, for a Hereford ox, purchased by Messrs. Pratt and Best, of Bridport. Class 2. — The first prize of 30 sovs,, and silver medal as breeder, to Mr. Edward Longmore, Adforton, near Ludlow, for a Hereford steer, purchased by Mr. Nolt, of Birlcnhead ; the second prize of 15 sovs., to Mr. William Heath, of Ludhara- hall, Norwich, for a Hereford ox, purchased by Messrs. Riyhton and Farrow, of Reading; the third prize of 5 sovs., to his Royal Highness Prince Albert, for a Hereford ox, purchased by Mr. Jeffery, of Foubert-place, Regent-street. Class 3. — The first prize of 25 sovs., to Mr. Joseph Phillips, of Aldington, near Wantage, Berkshire, for a Hereford steer, purchased by Mr. Copeland, of Abingdon — a silver medal to the breeder, Mr. Thomas Carter, of Dodmoor, near Ludlow, Salop; the second prize of 15 sovs., to his Royal Highness Prince Albert, for a Hereford ox, purchased by Mr. Alder, of Egham ; the third prize of 5 sovs., to Mr. Isaac Nibiett, of Conygre Farm, Filtou, near Bristol, for a Hereford ox, purchased by Mr. Harris, ofChertsey. Class 4. — The first prize of 20 sovs., to the Right Hon. the Earl of Leicester, of Holkham-hall, Norfolk, for a North Devon ox, purchased by Mr. ColUngwood, of Lambs' Conduit- street — a silver medal to the breeder, Mr. William Baker, of Bishop's Nympton ; the second prize of 10 sovs,, to Mr. Daniel Maydwell, of Ashstead, Surrey, for a Hereford ox, purchased by Mr. Minton, of Windsor. THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. 49 Class 5. — The first prize of 15 sovs., to tiie Eight Hou. the Earl of Leicester, of Holkham-hall, Norfolk, for a North Devon oyi, purcliased lij Mr. Webber, of the Edgcware-road — a siK'er medal to the breeder, Mr. George Turner, of Barton, near Exeter; the secoud prize of 5 sovs., to Mr. Thomas Bond, of Bishop's Lydeard, near Taunton, for a Devon steer, purcliased by Mr. Kiwj, ofPaddiwjlon. Class 6. — The prize of 10 sovs., to Mr. G. H. Kiuderley, of Kilpaisou, Pembroke, for a Pembrokeshire ox, purchased h'j Mr. ColUwjwood, of Lambs' ConduU-slreet. Cows AND HeIVEES. Class 7. — The first prize of 20 sovs. and silver medal as breeder to Mr. Samuel Druce, of Eynsham, near Oxford, for a Hereford heifer, purchased by Mr. Collinr/wood, of Weslbourne- place, Paddiiif/ton ; the second prize of 10 sovs. to Mr. Pvichard Strattou, of Broad Hinton, near Swindou, Wilts, for a short-homed cow (not sold) ; tlie third prize of 5 sovs. to Mr. John Phillips, of Ardington, near Wantage, Berkshire, for a short-horned Leifer, purchased by Mr. Copeland, of Ahimjdon. Class 8. — The first prize of 20 sovs. and silver medal as breeder to the Right Hon. Lord Feversham, of Duncombe- park, Helrasley, York, for a short-horned cow, purchased by Mr. Cruyy, of Mount-street ; the second prize of 10 sovs. to Mr. Joseph Giliett, of Little Haseley, near AVheatley, Oson, for a Durham cow (not sold). Class 9. — The first prize of 20 sovs. and silver medal as breeder to Mr. William Holland, of Lightclift", near Halifax, for a short-horned cow (not sold) ; the second prize of 10 sovs. to Mr. Robert Beman, of Moreton-in-the Marsh, Gloucester, for a Durham cow (not sold). LONG-'WOOLLED SHEEP. Class 10. — The first prize of 20 sovs. and silver medal as breeder to Mr. R. L. Bradshaw, of Burley-on-the-Hill, Oakham, for a pen of 3 Leicester wethers, purchased by Mr. Glass, of Lambeth Walk; the second prize of 10 sovs. to Mr. R. I. Hall, of Hesley, near Bawtry, for the like, purchased by Mr. Barclay, of Tichfield-slreet ; the third prize of 5 sovs. to Mr. George Walmsley, of Rudston, near Bridlington, for the like (not sold). Class 11. — The first prize of 20 sovs. and silver medal as breeder to Mr. Lawrence Willmore, of Whetstone, near Lei- cester, for a pen of 3 Leicester wethers, purchased by Mr. Caldwell, of Portland-place, New Kent-road ; the second prize of 10 sovs. to Mr. Thomas Pulver, of Broughton,near Kettering, for the like, purchased by Mr. Brooks, of Hampstcad-road ; the tliird prize of 5 sovs. to the Marquis of E.xeter, of Burghley- park, Stamford, for the like (not sold), LONG-WOOLLED (NOT BEING LeICESTEKs). Class 12. — The prize of 10 sovs. and silver medal as breeder to Mr. Robert Beman, of Moreton-in-the-Marsh, Gloucester, for 3 Cotswold wethers, jjio-c/iosecZ hy Mr. Lucking, of Wal- brook, City. Cross-brkd Sheep. Class 13. — The first prize of 10 sovs., and silver medal as breeder to Mr. J. R. Overman, of Burnham Sutton, near Burnham Market, for a pen of 3 cross-bred Southdown and Leicester wethers, purchased by Mr. Collimjwood, of Islington; the second prize of 5 sovs., to Mr. Samuel Drucc, of Eynsham, near Oxford, for a pen of 3 cross-bred long and short-wool i!;e.i]icis,, purchased by Mr. Pecklington, of Old 'Change, City. Class 14. — The prize of 10 sovs. and silver medal as breeder to Mt. J. R. Overman, of Burnham Sutton, near Burnham Market, Norfolk, for a pen of 3 Southdown and Leicester vethtTs, purchased by Mr. Holmes, of Fore-street, City. SnOKT-WOOLLED SlIEEP. Class 15.— The first prize of 20 sovs. and silfct medal as breeder to his Grace the Duke of Richmond, of Goodwood, Chichester, for a pen of 3 Southdown wethers, purchased by Mr. Jeffery, of Fourbert's-place, Regent-street ; the second prize of 10 sovs. to Mr. William Sainsbury, of West Lavington, Devizes, for the like, purchased by Mr. King, of Paddington. Class 16. — The prize of 10 sovs. and silver medal as breeder, to Mr. William Sainsbury, of West Lavington, Devizes, for a pen of 3 Southdown wethers, purchased by Mr. King, of Paddington. Class 17. — The first prize of 20 sovs. and silver medal as breeder, to his Grace the Dulie of Richmond, of Goodwood, Chichester, for a pen of 3 Southdown wethers, purchased by Mr. Kirkby, purveyor to Her Majesty ; the second prize of 10 sovs., to Mr. J. V. Shelley, of Maresfield Park, Maresfield, for the Yike, purchased by Mr. Phijjps, of Lower Belgrave-street. SnORT-WOOLLED (NOT BEING SOUTIIDOVVNS). Class 18. — The prize of 10 sovs. and silver medal to the breeder (withheld). Pigs. Class 19. — The first prize of 10 sovs. and silver medal as breeder to Mr. John Coate, of Hammoon, near Blandford, Dorset, for 3 Dorset pigs, purchased by Mr. Haymaier, of High-street, Poplar; the second prize of 5 sovs. to Mr. Wiliiam I\IilU Barber, of Langley Broom, Slough, Bucks, for 3 Mid- dlesex pigs, purchased by Mr. S(p(ire, of Tottenham Court-road. Class 20. — The first prize of 10 sovs. aud silver medal as breeder, to Mr. John Coate, of Hammoon, near Blaudford, Dorset, for 3 Dorset pigs, purchased by 3fessrs. Hedges and Co., of the Harrow-road ; the second prize of 5 sovs. to His Royal Highness Prince Albert, for 3 Bedford and Suffolk pigs, purchased by Mr. Wall, of Jermyn-street. Class 21. — The fiist prize of 10 sovs. and silver medal as breeder to Mr. John Coate, of Hammoon, near Blandford, for 3 Dorset pigs ; the second prize of 5 sovs. to the Earl of Radnor, Coleshill, near Farringdon, for 3 Coleshill pigs — bot/t pens purchased by Mr. Garland, of Market-place, Oxford-street. GOLD MEDALS. The gold medal for the best ox or steer in Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, to Mr. Edward Longmore, of Adforton, near Lud' low, Salop, for his Hereford steer, in Class 2, The gold medal for the best cow or heifer in Classes 7, 8, or 9, to Mr. Samuel Druce, of Eynsham, near Oxford. The gold medal for the best pen of long-woolled sheep iii Classes 10, 11, or 12, to Mr. E. L. Bradshaw, of Burley-on- the-Hill, Oakham. The gold medal for the best pen of short-wooUed sheep in Classes 15, 16, or 18, to his Grace the Duke of Richmond, of Goodwood. The gold medal forthe best pen of pigs in Classes 19, 20, or 21, to Mr. John Coate, of Hammoon, near Blandford, for his pen of Dorset pigs. SILVER MEDALS FOR EXTRA STOCK. A silver medal for the best beast in extra stock to Mi"; William Heath, of Ludham-hall, Norwich, for a Hereford ox, purchased hy Mr. Bromwich, of Not ting Hill. A silver medal for the best long-woolled sheep to Mr. Law- rence Willmore, of Whetstone, near Leicester (not sold). A silver medal for the best short-wooUed sheep to Mr. William Sainsbury, West Lavington, near Devizes, purchased by Mr. King, of Paddington-street. A silver medal for the best cro8s*bre(3 sheep to Mr. John E ;•)() The FARMER'S MAGAZINE. IJitclimaii, of J.liilc Million, \Vl;cu'iIy, iutnluised by Mr. Adds, of Epsom. A silver mediil /"or llic best pi^- to Mr. William CuUifoid, of Hajliiig Islam], llavant, Ilauts, for liis old Ilampshirc and Sussex pig, ;)((n7f«s('(; by Mr. Start, of Briijhlon. — This animal attracted great attention, crowds surrounding the pen from morning till night : its weight is said to be half a ton, less seven pounds. niGni,Y COMMENDED. Class 2. — Mr. Alfred Beisley, of Timshury, near Korasey, a Hereford ox, 2>urc/uised by Mr. Ilanslie, of Winchester. Class 7. — Mr. William Gibbs, of Bishops Lydeard, near Tauutou, a Devon heifer, piircJiaseil by Mr. King, of Fiiddi nylon. Class 15. — Mr, John Williams, of Buckland, near Farring- don, a pen of Southdown wethers, purchased by Mr. Maynard, of Queens-road, Chelsea ; "William and Thos. Arkcoll, of Lang- iiey, near Eastbourne, a pen of Southdown wethers, purchased by Mr.Bolterill, of llochesler-row, rrcslminslcr. Class 20. — Sir John Conroy, Old Arborfield pigs, purchased by Mr. Woodley, ofReadiny; Mr. Stewart Majoribauks, York and Suffolk pigs, ^Jiere/ioserf by Mr.Sinkler, of Bromplon ; and Mr. Thos. Kiug, of Paddingtou- street, a pen of Old Bedfordshire pig3,^)H)T//rtsc«' by Mr. Taylor, of Little PuUney-streel. COMMENDED. Class 2.— Mr. Richard Strattou, of Broad Huuton, near SwiudoD, a shorthorued steer, purchased by Mr. Botterill, of Rochester-row, Westminster; Sir C. E. Isham, of Lamport, Northampton, a Hereford ox, purchased by Mr. Collier, of Coventry. Class 7.— Mr. Ilichard Healy, of Laugliton, near Folking- ham, a shorthorned heifer (not sold) ; Mr. Joseph Phillips, of Ardington, near Wantage, a shorthorned heifer fnot sold) ; lit. Isaac Niblett, of Conygre Farm, near Bristol, a shorthorued cow (not soldj. Class 15.— A pen of Southdown wethers. Lord Walsiugham —purchased by Mr. Lancefield, of Camberwell— and Mr. J. R. Overman, of Burnham Sutton, near Burnham Market, for the like, purchased by Mr. Collingwood, of Westbourne-plaee, PaddinytOH. Class 16. — The Duke of Richmond, a pen of Southdown wethers, purchased by Mr. Kirlcby, purveyor to Her Majesty. Class ] 9.— Mr. William Goodson, of Hill Farm, Carshalton, a pen of Esses pigs, purchased by Mr. Ilaymaier, of High- street, Poplar; Sir John Conroy, of Reading, a pen of improved Arborfield pigs, purchased by Mr. Woodley, of Reading ; and Mr. Stewart Majoribanks, of Watford, a pen of York and Sutfolk pigs, purchased by Mr. Russell, of Watford. B. T. BRANDRETH GIBBS, Hon. Sec. Another anniversary of the exhibition whicli the coun- try annually aflbrds the metropolis has just taken place — an exhibition open to the siglit of all, either in the living cattle themselves, or afterwards in the butchers' shops, ornamented with holly and misletoe — an exhibition not, like the majority of shows, for the eye alone, but which, it is to be hoped, will supply many a poor as well as rich man with his Christmas dainties, in the " roast beef of Old England," or in the suet of the plum-pudding, in the sausages not German, and in the pork as cer- tainly not town-fed. It is plain that Londoners owe much to this institu- tion for what they are supposed to value highly at all (iiuc.-, and more cspfcially at ('Inistmao — goocl living. How mucli fatter this compclitioa causes stock generally to be made than it would if no Smithlield Club existed ! How much docs the fat- ting of these animals improve the general character of live stock over the whole of England, by the sight of them in London, and the report carried down into the counties, of the extraordinary fat stock, to say nothing, at the present moment, of the efTects of these shows in improving breeds, in proving whicli fatten earliest, and which are the best fatting kinds, as shown by the perfection of particular specimens ! We allude merely to its effect this year and this Christmas on the fatness of the stock sent up to Smithfield for the immediate consumption of Londoners ; and that this is considered a point of no mean importance, is proved by the number of Londoners who favour the show with their presence this year, as in years gone by. The Bazaar in Baker-street, although considerably enlarged, is throughout the day, and until a late hour iu the evening, filled with crowds of people, the majority of whom, to judge from their criticisms on the cattle, are inhabitants of the metropolis. While we congratulate ourselves upon the unabated interest taken in this exhi- bition, it is also gratifying to perceive that each year brings with it improvements in the arrangements as re- gards additional space for the stock, and for the conve- nience and comfort of the visitors. With regard to the show itself there is, we believe, a diminution in the number of cattle exhibited as com- pared with the entries of last year ; but this is made up by the improved, character of some of the classes for sheep, more particularly the Southdowns and half-breds between the Leicester and Down. We did not observe so many of those enormous animals with ugly protuber- ances of fat, whose chief merit was to excite the wonder of a gaping public ; but we saw what was far more gra- tifying— a great increase in the number of young animals, which are as remarkable for their size and symmetry as they are for their early maturity. As a whole, it was the general opinion that the Herefords had a decided advantage over the shorthorns and other breeds. In the classes for oxen and steers the Herefords carried off most of the prizes ; and it is only in the classes for cows and heifers that the shorthorns have been the most suc- cessful. However, the most remarkable feature of the show is the perfection and earlier maturity of the cattle, which is of itself an abundant proof, if it was wanted, of the benefit of the Club to the farming interest ; in fact many of the advances the farmers of this country have made may be fairly attributed to this and similar so- cieties. To the stimulus given to the makers of agricul- tural implements by the annual gatherings of the Smith- field Club in Baker Street, and at the periodical meetings of the Royal Agricultural Society, may be attributed the pre-eminent position of our implements and machines when compared with those of foreign nations shown at the Great Exhibition. Nor, if it had not been for these, should we now number foreigners of high rank as cus- tomers for superior and high-priced specimens of livt^ stock. , TFIE FARMER'S xMaGAZINE. 51 Amonjc the successful competitors, wc observe ia Eevernl classes ilie name of his Royal Highness Prince Albert, wlio is a larger contributor than usual, and ob- tains in addition to prizes for pigs, three prizes in classes 1, 2, and 3, for very creditable Hereford oxen. In class one, for oxen we mention as deserving of particular notice, the Hereford oxen shown by Mr. William Heath, of Ludham Hall, Norwich, who is also the successful exhibitor of several excellent animals of the same description in other classes. The second {)rize is awarded to a compact shorthorn steer, four years and six months old, shown by Mr. Brickwell, of Leck- hamstead, Buckingham, who, we believe is for the first time an exhibitor. The symmetry and compactness of this ox, formed a very striking contrast to others of the same breed, which, although large and fat, were far from being handsome. A four years and four months old Durham bullock, shown by Mr. Leeds, of West Len- ham, Norfolk, was very large and useful. In class two, oxen or steers, of any breed, above three and not exceeding four years old, a remarkable level Hereford, bred and fed by Mr. Edward Longmore, of Shropshire, took the first prize, the silver medal, and also the gold medal, as the best ox in the first six classes. Mr. Longmore was also the breeder of a commended Hereford shown by Sir C. E. Isham : this ox was three years and nine months old, and from the same lot as the one with which Mr. Longmore was successful ; but al- though a symmetrical beast, it was scarcely so well fed as the latter ; we may mention also Mr. Heath's three years and nine months old Hereford ox, to which the se- cond prize was given. Prince Albert's was firm and fleshy, but not a level ox. In class three, the first prize was given to Mr. Phillips, of Ardington, Berks, for a very good and level Hereford two years and ten months old, which was remarkable for its form and early maturity. Vv'ith a few exceptions, the shorthorns in the above classes, although numerously exhibited, were generally too big and coarse for prize animals. The Herefords were superior to them in squareness of form, firmness of touch, and compactness. The Earl of Leicester is successful in classes four and five, with two good beasts of the North Devon breed. Cattle of the Scotch breeds were more numerously shown than we remember to have seen them on former occasions ; but, if we except a useful Highlander or two, and one of the Galloway breed, these animals would not bear comparison, either for fatness or in the signs of an aptitude to fatten, so well developed in the more im- proved breeds of England. We should scarcely think the cattle of this class so good as we have seen them at local shews, and we are justified in this remark by the judges having awarded the prize to a wtll-fed Pembroke- shire ox, 4 years and 6 months old, belonging to Mr. G. H. Kenderley. In class seven, for cows and heifers under 5 years old, the shorthorns maintained their reputation by carrying off the prizes. The first prize and the gold medal were awarded to Mr. S. Druce, of Eynsbam, Oxford, for his shorthorned and Hereford heifer, aged 3 years and 4i months — a very complete and perfect animal. The same may be said of Mr. Stratlon's co.v, and of many others in this class. In class eight — there being only three exhibitors — but little judgment was required in making the award of the first prize to a shorthorned cow belonging to Lord Fe- versham. Three or four good animals were shown in class nine. The first prize shorthorn was certainly a good and well- fed cow ; but its appearance was spoilt by the ugly pro- tuberances of fat on its rumps. Mr. Bemai\'s roan cow, 5 years old, and of the Durham breed, was de- servedly an object of much attention. We observed also a fine old cow shown by Mr. Chas. Kuighlley. The extra class contained very few objects worthy of admiration for symmetry : in fact, the only exception wc need make is Mr. Heath's Hereford, removed from class 4, being over weight — a level, short-legged ox, to which the silver medal was given. A cross-bred Brahmin and Ayrshire heifer, shown in class seven, and a young Brahmin and shorthorn ox, shown in class three, might, we think, have been classed as extra stock. They stood no chance of a premium ; but they were certainly well formed and well fed, and showed much improvement by the cross from the original breed. Of ihe sheep exhibited, thoze which attracted the most attention were the Southdowns bred and fed by his Grace the Duke of Richmond, and by Mr. Sainsbury, who very nearly divided the prizes between them; as examples of feeding these were considered almost perfect. There were also many other pens of good Southdowns shown by Mr. Shelley, Mr. Williams, Messrs. Arkcoll, and other gentlemen. Altogether this was a most excel- lent class. In the class for short-woolled sheep (not being Southdowns), the prize was withheld : the only- exhibitors were his Royal Highness Prince Albert, Mr. Wm. Hurafrey, and Mr. Stephen King. The sheep shown by Mr. Humfrey, although certainly inferior in their touch and fatness to the other prize sheep ; yet, ia the opinioii of many, were sheep well suited for the purpose of (he butcher; and, although perhaps inferior to some, they illustrated the character of a valuable breed — the Hampshire Downs, which has as yet been little encouraged by our national agricultural societies. As a class, the Leicesters were scarcely equal to the Southdowns ; nor did they, although numerously exhi- bited, attract an equal amount of attention. We have already given the names of the successful exhibitors, so that in this instance we must refer to the report of the judges for the list of awards. We observed only two pens of Cotswolds ; the three fine sheep shown by Mr. Bemau took the prize. Mr. Cother, whose letter on the subject of Cotswold sheep in this paper has most likely attracted attention, exhibited, at a butcher's shop just opposite the entrance to the Bazaar, a most extraordinary carcass of mutton, weighing no less than 3361bs. — about four times the weight of an ordinary carcass. The sheep was of the Cotswold breed, and three years and nine months old. The valuable class of cross-bred sheep was well illus- trated by the Southdown and Leicester wethers, shown T- 9. 52 THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. by Mr. T. II. Overman, of Binnli;im, Norfolk, who was again successful in carrying ofl' the prizes, in compe- tition with some good sheep shown by Mr. Druce, of Eynsham, and Mr. John Ilitchnian, of Little Milton, 0,\on, and some others of scarcely equal merit. Our limited space will not admit of our giving a lengthened report of the pigs ; and perhaps we shall be excused making mention of the exhibitors— the more so as the first prize in all of the three classes, with the gold medal, has been awarded to the excellent specimens of "improved Dorset pigs," shown by Mr. Coate, of Hammoon, near Blandford, Dorset— thus beating in a wholesale manner the best specimens that the far- famed breeds of Coleshill, Eynsham, Arborficld, and others could produce. We congratulate Mr. Coate upon his success. However, we must not omit the enormous Hampshire and Sussex pig, said to weigh half a ton— but we will not vouch for the truth of this — two years and nine months old, bred by Mr. W. Culliford, of Hayling Island, Havant, Hants. The alterations in the classificatiou of the cattle recently determined upon, by which it is intended at en- suing shows to form the classes according to the different breeds, so that shorthorns will only compete with short- horns, Herefords with Herefords, and Devoiis with Devons, &c., &c. With the other kinds will probably be a cause of increased competition amongst the members of the club for the honours it so liberally con- fers. It will also probably lessen the difficulties of the judges in making their awards; for the mostunpreju- diced breeder of cattle must be more or less biassed in favour of his own kind ; and this may influence a person's judgment without he being himself conscious of it. — Mark Lane Express. The approach of that season when almost every EngUshman places upon his table the very best specimen of the national food of his country, brings with it the annual show of fat stock, for which the venerable and highly useful Smithfield Club Cattle Show has for many years been famous. It may be remembered how one member of the daily press a few years ago exerted itself to the very utmost of its great abilities, to put down this Smithfield Show; and many were the witty jokes it perpetrated against grease and tallow. But despite of this, the natural feelings of the English predominated, and year after year has rolled on, bringing with it meetings and exhibitions of a more extensive character, and, indeed, a more improved collection of animals : but in the present year it may have said to have outgrown itself, both in quantity and general quality. In quality it has manifestly made the greatest strides. There was a time when the animals ex- hibited had laid on their fat in jmrts, until they became positively ugly. It was a system of strong l)hysiologic;il tendency to lay on fat, that made here and there cushions— more elegant in the show- room of the butcher, when cut in pieces, than pre- senting a «)/<o?e perfectly symmetrical. Our mean- ing will be understood by a I'eference to Mr. Samuel Watson's short-horned ox — Number 15 — : as somewhat a specimen. Good in quality — won- derfully fat— still it loses its symmetry in lumps or cushions of absolute fat, deposited in various parts of the body. Such were the fashionable animals. But now a deep, square fleshy rump— a full, broad, rauscidar crop and sirloin, with a firm even cover- ing of both muscle and bones with fat, combining light oflals, is an animal which is more in favour, and, we think, rightly so. Hence the Herefords, who present a short, thick, round lump of fleshy fat, are in great force ; and as the award shows, they have a great prepon- derance of the prizes in the classes where they coui- pete in any numbers ; nor can it be doubted that there are some very excellent Hereford animals. In Class 1 a Hereford wins the first and third prizes. In Class 2 the first, second, and third prizes. In Class 3 the first, second, and third prizes : and in Class 4 the second prize. But above all, the gold medal is awarded to a Hereford as the best ox or steer in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th classes. Now while we would be the very last to raise a question as to the decisions of judges the most honourable, the most accurate, the most upright of men, we must be aware that it is impossible to class together animals of breeds so different as the short-horn, the Hereford, and the Devon, one with another, and ask any set of judges to name a hcsl, and expect a satisfactory decision, unless you first instruct them which breed per se is the best. But as this is the gist of the whole controversy, we fear that short-horn judges might be expected, other things being equal, to have preferred a short- horn; Hereford judges would prefer a Hereford ; and Devon judges a Devon. This is so clear, that we believe the club has already decided not again to class these animals together. If it were possible to find a Chinese or a Hindoo judge, who was competent to decide on the qualities and conforma- tions of cattle, and who did not know any feeling of preference to either the one or the other breed, they might be put together and so decided ; but as a practical knowledge of the peculiarities of a breed, as indicated by its conformation, can only be known by a practical breeder, we fear a set of separate classes will have to be kept up, each compared with its fellows, and decided upon by parties who know the characteristics of their own peculiar fa- voiirites. Another remarkable fact has also taken place THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. 63 In the very respectable and valuable show at Bir- mingham a Hereford cow, an animal seldom shown, has taken, and we believe rightly taken, the so- ciety's medal for the best animal in the yard. She is a most extraordinary animal, and cannot be too much praised : she belongs to JMr. Vaughan, of Cholstre)', near Leominster ; and was bred by the Rev. Henry Blissett. Her small bone, light ofFals, full, even, firmly laid-on fat, broadness, rotundity, straight back, good crops and rump, make almost a perfect animal; which, indeed, she would have been, had she possessed a better flank, which was decidedly deficient. But at the Smithfield show the merit of the winner of the gold medal was by no means so decided. Certainly the ox was an animal of good points, and prime quality. He was, moreover, but three years and eight months old ; and as a butcher's animal he was, v\'e might saj', unexce^jtionable. Again, the short- horned and Hereford heifer which took the gold medal for the best in the 7th, 8th, and 9th classes was an animal of very excellent quality; but if symmetry had any weight in the judgment, we could not have resisted the awarding of the prize to Lord Fevershara's short- horn — bred, as we l)elieve. from the stock of the late Mr. Bates, of Kirk- leavington. It must be remembered, also, that many animals were shown as short-horns who had no such real pretensions. There were those who had been purchased at fairs and fed for Christmas beef, and possessed doubtless general blood of good short- horn animals; but they no more deserved the name of pure-bred short-horns than did the Brahmin cross of the Earl of Derby. True, there were a few of real excellence. Mr. Wiley's, Mr. Holland's, Mr. Davy's, and Mr. White's were all that short- horns should be ; but the large, gaunt, coarse animals, called in some cases short-horns, had no pretension to the name. The sheep and pigs were extraordinarily good. The crosses of Leicester and Down are of quality so valuable that a lesson was, we think, taught to breeders. There is hardly anything more impor- tant just now than attending to the improvement of sheep stock ; and the agriculturists who flocked in such vast numbers to the Smithfield show will learn some valuable lessons. — (Jardeners' and Farmers' Journal. TREATISE UPON MILCH COWS [from the ikish farjier's gazette.] (Continued from page 543, vol. xxiv.J FIFTH ORDER. — NO. V. These cows give S quarts of milk per day, and hold their milk till 4 months gone in calf. The mark is more contracted. The points a a are more sunk in the Ijottom of the thighs, and are not so apparent as in order 4. Below the bearing there is a little hair, growing upwards, about ^^ inches long, by not quite half an inch wide, marked E. The point n is much further from the bearing than in the other orders, To the right and left of the points A A are two scarcities or bareness of hair, growing upwards, which sink into, or upon each thigh, marked p P, 4^ inches wide by 4 inches long. SIXTH ORDER. — NO, VI. These cows give 6 quarts per day, and hold their milk till 3 months gone in calf. The gravure is more contracted, and lower than in the fifth order. To the left near the bearing, is a bristling ecusson of hair, growing upwards, marked f, which is about 4f inches long by li inches wide. SEVENTH ORDER. — NO. VII These cows give 4 quarts per day, and hold their milk till 2 months gone in calf. The gravure is still more low, and contracted. To the right and left of the bearing are two ecussons of hair, grow- ing upwards, and bristling. That on the left, f, is about 5 or 5i inches long ; that on the right, c, is 4 inches long by 1 i inches wide. On the right, and below the point a, is a scarcity or bareness of hair, growing up, marked p. telGHTH ORDER. — NO. VIII. THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. Eighth order give still less, and only hold it till again in calf. SMALLEST SIZE. — FIFTH CLASS, First order give 10 quarts a day, and hold it till 8 months gone. Second order give 8 quarts a day, and hold it till 7 months gone. Third order give G quarts a day, and hold it till G months gone. Fourth order give 5 quarts a day, and hold it till .5 months gone. Fifth order give 4 quarts a day, and hold it till 4 months gone. Sixth order give 3 quarts a day, and hold it till 3 months gone. Seventh order give 2 quarts a day, and hold it till 2 months gone. Eighth order. — These are still less abundant in milk, and lose it when agc.in in calf. When the ecussons marked f f, are of the length and breadth siiecified in the designation of the third and fourth classes, they indicate cows batardes. Here, as before, the smaller ecussons indicate the best cows. EQUKRRINES. SIXTH CLAhS. This name expresses the form of gravure or ecusson, which indicates a square— above. The description I am al)out to give will I)etter illustrate this figure. LARGEST SIZE. FIRST ORDER. — NO. I. These cows give 2 quarts per day, and only hold it tiU again in calf. There is hardly any mark, and the jjoints a a are barely distinguishable. The bristling hair on the right and left of the bearing, marked c c, denotes degeneration or bad quahties. MIDDLE SIZE.— FIFTH CLASS, First order give 14^ quarts a day, and hold their milk till 8 months gone in calf. Second order give 12 quarts a day, and hold it till 7 months gone. Third order give 10 quarts a day, and hold it till G months gone. Fourth order give 8 quarts a day, and hold it till 5 months gone. Fifth order give G quarts a day, and hold it till 4 months gone. Sixth order give 5 quarts a day, and hold it till 3 months gone. Seventh order give 3 quarts a day, and only hold it till 2 months gone. ■7\ ''■fr NkJ) The cows of this size, and of this order, give, in full milk, 17 quarts daily, and hold their milk till 8 months gone in calf. The scarf-skin on the gra- vure is the same as in the first orders of the {)re- ceding classes, the hair, of course, growing up- wards on it. The udder is fine, covered with a short and fine hair. The gravure springs from the bottom of the thighs within, and a little way from the houghs, rising upon the thighs, and flowing THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE, 55 over towards the points a a ; from that it forms a .square, by a right hue, which sinks into the tliighs at the points J J, which are distant from one another about 4f to 5| inches. From the points J J two rigbt hnes in rising join, forming an acute an- gle at the letter e, which is distant from the bear- ing about 2 inches. From thence goes a line forming a square to the left, marked B, in rising at the same side to c, which is close to the opening of the bearing. The distances from e b and b c are nearly equal — viz., e B 4 inches long, and about 1 inch wide ; above, and opposite the hinder teats, to the right and left on the udder are two small ovals, formed by some hair, growing down- wards, in tlie middle of the hair which grows up, and marked o g, about 4 inches long, and 2^ inches wide. These ovals of hair, growing down, are distinguished by their white colour. The squares which approach nearest to the bearing de- note the best milkers. — See plate G, order 1. SECOND ORDER. — NO. II. These cows give 14§ quarts of milk per day, and hold their milk till 7 months gone in calf. The mark is the same as in the preceding order, but more contracted throughout the ecusson or gra- vnre. The square on the left of the bearing is a little lower and longer than in the first order. There is only one oval, on the left, above the hinder teats. Tlie oval is the same size as above, marked t;. THIRD ORDER. — NO. III. hold it till 6 months gone in calf. The gravurc has always the same form, l)at more low and contracted in all its parts. The points a a do not flow over so much upon the thighs as in the second order, and the gravure brings itself into a narrower|com- pass, by a curved line upon the points j J. The angle formed by J J, joining the letter e, is more narrow than e b, and shorter than b c. This line is wider and longer than in the preceding order. FOURTH ORDER. — NO. lY. These cows give 10 quarts per day, and hold their milk till 5 months gone in calf. The mark is proportionably more narrow and low. To the right of the bearing is an ecusson of hair, bristling and growing upwards, marked f, which is about 4 inches long, and li inches wide. At the point a, on the right, is a scarcity or bareness of hair, which swells itself with the thigh, marked u. EQUERRINES. seventh cr^Ass. FIFTH ORDER. — NO. V. These cows give 12 quarts of milk daily, and These cows give 8 quarts per day, and hold their milk till 4 months gone in calf. Same marks, hut always more contracted in all the extent of the gra- vure. The lines of hair growing up to the right and left of the bearing are bristled. At the point A, on the right, is a 'scarcity or bareness of hair^ which swells itself into the thighs, u, THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. SIXTH ORDKR. — NO. YI. These cows give G quaits of milk per day, and hold their milk till [3 [months gone in calf. The gravure is still more contracted at the bottom of the thighs. The square is still farther down from the bearing. The lines of hair growing upwards to the right and left of the bearing are of a coarse, bristling hair. SEVENTH ORDER. — NO. VII. These cows give 4 quarts of milk per day, and hold their milk till 2 months gone in calf. The ecusson is still lower than in the sixth order. The line of liair growing up on the right, marked F, is also more bristling and wider. EIGHTH ORDER. — NO. VIII. These cows give 2 quarts of milk per day, and only hold their milk till again in calf. The form of the ecusson is the same, but very narrow, and sunk into the thighs. MIDDLE SIZE. — SIXTH CLASS. First order. — The cows of this order give 13 quarts a day, and hold their milk till 8 months gone in calf. Second order give 10 quarts a day, and hold it till 7 months gone. Third order give 8 quarts a day, and hold it till G months gone. Fourth order give G quarts a day, and hold it till 5 months gone. Fifth order give 4 quarts a day, and hold it till 4 months gone. Sixth order give 3 J- quarts a day, and hold till 3 months gone. Seventh order give 2 quarts a day, and hold it till G weeks gone. Eighth order still less abundant, and only hold it. till again in calf. LOWEST SIZE. — SIXTH CLASS. First order. — These cows give 9 quarts of milk per day, and hold it till 8 months gone in calf. Second order give 8 quarts a day, and hold it till 7 months gone. Third order give 6 quarts a day, and hold it till 6 months gone. Fourth order give 4 quarts a day, and hold it till 5 months gone. Fifth order give 3 i quarts a day, and hold it till 4 months gone. Sixth order give 2^ quarts a day, and hold it till 3 months gone. Seventh order give 1 quart a day, and only hold it till six weeks gone. Eighth order still less, and only hold it till again in calf. When the cows of this class have the ecusson on the right of the bearing, marked o, of a bristling hair, it denotes a batarde. This is tlie only sign which denotes degeneration in this class, and in each of its orders, besides the length and width of the ecusson, and, above all, if the rising of the square on the left of the cow has an equally bristling hair as the ecusson on the right. These ecussons, formed by the hair growing upwards, which goes across, are generally of a coarse hair, and from 4f to 51 inches long, and 2 inches wide. When they are small the loss of milk is not so sen- sible or quick, but the cows will not lose it less by a gradual diminution of the produce some time after they become in calf. THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. 57 LABOUR AND THE POOR— THE RURAL DISTRICTS. NORTHERN COU^TTIES — NORTHUMBERliAND. Letter XXVI, (From the Morning Chronicle.) Northumberland — though the region thus desig- nated is much narrowed in its dimensions since the days when it comjirehended all the land on the east coast lying northward of the Humber — is still an extensive and important district, with a distinct and strongly-impressed character. It abounds with architectural remains of the middle ages, amongst the grandest to be found in any European country. At Newcastle, the visitor sees the huge Norman keep which the Conqueror reared to curb the bold Northumbrians, frowning over the crowded haven to which the ships of all nations repair, and over the flourishing streets which attest the modern civic grandeur of the town, and watch- ing, as it were, over one of the most superb con- structions of modern engineering science — the high-level bridge of Stephenson, across which the express trains of the Great Northern Railway whirl the throngs of passengers that flit between the capitals of England and Scotland. Other and even more imposing relics of former times are found in the minster church of Hexham, towering on its hill (Hagulstad, the holy place), above the fertile vale of Tyne ; in Alnwick, that princely seat and stronghold of the Percies ; in the vast feudal ruin of Warkworth, seated on its river-circled crags, and overlooking Coquetdale, with its blithely brawling stream, so dear to anglers ; and, greatest of all, the steep of Bamboi'ough, the Flame-bearer's gift to his queen, where the voyager yet sees — " King Ida's castle, huge and square. From its tall rock look grimly down. And on the swelling ocean frown" — a pile that has seen fifteen centuries roll over its head, and is still strong and serviceable to the uses of man. The triangular shape of Northumberland, though naturally defined by the Cheviot hills and the Tweed, is yet not without a meaning that speaks of political relations existing in ancient days, when the island contained two hostile and war- ring nations, who dehghted in indulging their mutual antipathies ; it was a wedge projected by England amidst the Scots, and running up to- wards the heart of the enemy's territory. Cam- den says that "the ground itself, for the most part rough and hard of cultivation, seemeth to have hardened the inhabitants, whom the Scots, their neighbours, also made more fierce and stub- born, while sometimes they keep them exercised in warres, and otherwhiles in time of peace inter- mingle their manners among them." No county in England has made more real or solid progress in all the elements of social prosperity than North- umberland : commercial and mining enterprise goes hand in hand with skilled cultivation, and supplies a various and extensive field to industry ; a sound and healthy, if limited, education, is gene- rally diffused amongst its inhabitants ; and the hard-headed shrewdness and intelligence of the peasantry form a remarkable contrast with th.e apathy and stolidity observable amongst them in some other quarters. The coast district, by Morpeth, Wooler, and Belford, is generally level, and its aspect differs httle from that of the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire, except that it is poorer and compara- tively devoid of wood. A few miles to the west the country rises into uplands of moor and fell, which furnish scanty pasture for sheep and cattle ; but tillage is active along the margin of the streams, and is pushed up the hill sides. The ure-ox, the bison, and the elk, once roamed un- disturbed in these spacious tracts; and slid the wild bull, with shaggy mane, and hide as tawny as the Nemean lion's, makes his lair in the woods of Chillinghara, where the hos])itality of the ancient house of Tankerville finds him a corner sheltered against the ruthless march of improvement. Though exjjelled from the territory of Douglas and Hamilton, this denizen of the Caledonian forests is still secure from molestation here. Agriculture is less advanced in the southern division ; and farms, except in " Hexhamshire" and the vicinity, are in general of moderate size. Amongst the chief proprietors are Colonel Beau- mont and Mr. Silvertop, both noted for liberal dealing and enlightened views. The Duke of Northumberland has also large property here, though more in the north. Most people are loud in praise of his intentions and actions since his accession to the estates of his family. His tenants are stimulated to improvement, and large advances for draining or other operations are never withheld.
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Missionary travels and researches in South Africa: including a sketch of sixteen years' residence in the interior of Africa, and a journey from the Cape of Good Hope to Loanda on the west coast; thence across the continent, down the river Zambesi, to the eastern ocean
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The whole of the trunk, as high as they can reach, is consequently often quite denuded of its coverings which in the case of almost any other tree would cause its death, but this has no effect on the mowana except to- make it throw out a new bajrk, which is done in the way of granulation. This stripping of the bark is repeated frequently, so that it is common to see the lower five or six feet' an inch or two less in diameter than the parts above; even portions of the bark which have broken in the process o^ being taken off, but remain separated from the parts below, though still connected with the tree above, continue to grow, and resemble closely marks made in the necks of the cattle of the island of Mull and of Caifre oxen, where a piece of skin is detached and allowed to hang down. No VITALITY OF THE MOWANA-TREE. 181 external injury, not even a fire, can destroy this tree from with- out ; nor can any injury be done from within, as it is quite com- mon to find it hollow ; and I have seen one in which twenty or thirty men » could lie down and sleep as in a hut. Nor does cut- ting d<j)wn exterminate it, for I saw instances in Angola in which it continued to grow in length after it was lying on the ground. Those trees called exogenous grow by means of successive, layers on the outside. The inside may be dead, or even removed alto- gether, without afiecting the life of the tree. This is the case with most of the trees of our climate. The other class is called endogenous, and increases by layers applied to the inside ; and when the hollow there is full, the growth is stopped — the tree must die. Any injury is felt most severely by the first class on the bark ; by the second on the inside ; while the inside of the exo- genous may be removed, and the outside of the endogenous may be cut, without stopping the growth in the least. The mowana possesses the powers of both. The reason is that each of the laminae possesses its own independent vitality ; in fact, the baobob is rather a gigantic bulb run up to seed than a tree. Each of eighty-four cory^entric rings had, in the case mentioned, grown an mch after the tree had been blown over. The roots, which may often be observed extending along the surface of the ground forty or, fifty yards from the trunk, also retain their! vitality after the tree is laid low ; and the Portuguese now know that the best way to treat them is to. let them alone, for they occupy much more room when cut down than when growing. The wood is so spongy and soft that an axe can be struck in so far with a good blow that there is great difficulty in pulling it out again. In the dead mowana mentioned the concentric rings were well seen. The average for a foot at three different places was eighty-one and a half of these rings. Each of the laminjB can be seen to be composed of two, three, or four layers of ligne- ous tubes ; but supposing each ring the growth of one year, and the semidiameter of a mowana of one hundred feet in circumfer- ence about seventeen feet, if the central point were in the centre of the tree, then its age would lack some centuries of being as old as the Christian era (1400). Though it possesses amazing vital- ity, it is difficult to believe that this great baby-looking bulb or tree is as' old as the Pyramids. 182 THE MOPANE-TEEE. The mopane-tree {fiauhinid) is remarkable for the little shade its leaves afford. They fold together and stand nearly perpen- Mopane or bauhioia leareB, with the insect and ite edible secretions. dicular during the heat of the day, so that only the shadow of their edges comes to the ground. On these leaves the small lar- vse of a winged insect appear covered over with a sweet, gummy substance. The people collect this in great quantities, and use it as food;* and the lopan^ — large caterpillars three inches long, which feed on the leaves, and are seen strung together — share the same fate. * I am favored with Mr. Westwood's remarks on this insect as follows : " Taylor Instit'ution, Oxford, July 9, 1857. "The insect (and its secretion) on the leaves of the bauhinia, and which is eat- en by the Africans, proves to be a species of Psylla, a genus of small, very active Homoptera, of which we have one very common species in the box ; but our spe- cies, Psylla buxi, emits its secretion in the shape of very long, white, cotton-like filaments. But there is a specieS in New Holland, found on the leaves of the Eu- calyptus, which emits a secretion very similar to that of Dr. Livingstone's species. This Australian secretion (and its insect originator) is known by the name of wo- me-la, and, like Dr. Livingstone's, it is scraped off the leaves and eaten by the abo- rigines as a saccharine dainty. The insects found beneath the secretion, brought home by Dr. Livingstone, are in the pupa state, being flattened, with large scales at the sides of the body, inclosing the future wings of the insect. The body is pale yellowish-colored, with dark-brown spots. It will be impossible to describe the species technically until we receive the perfect insect. The secretion itself is flat and circular, apparently deposited in concentric rings, gradually increasing in size till the patches are about a quarter or a third of an inch in diameter. " Jno. O. Westwood." MORALA-TEEE.— BUSHMEN. 183 In passing along we see every where the power of vegetation in breaking up the outer crust of tufa. A mopane-tree, growing in a small chink, as it increases in size rends and lifts up large frag- ments of the rock all around it, subjecting them to the disintegrat- ing influence of the atmosphere. The wood is hard, and of a fine red color, and is named iron-wood by the Portuguese. The in- habitants, observing that the mopane is more frequently struck by lightning than other trees, caution travelers never to seek its shade when a thunder-storm is near — " Lightning hates it ;" while an- other tree, the "Morala," which has three spines opposite each other on the branches, and has never been known to be touched by lightning, is esteemed, even as far as Angola, a protection against the electric fluid. Branches of it may be seen placed on the houses of the Portuguese for the same purpose. The natives, moreover, believe that a man is thoroughly protected from an en- raged elephant if he can get into the shade of this" tree. There may not be much in this, but there is frequently some foundation of truth in their observations. At Eapesh we came among our old friends the Bushmen, under Horoye. This man, Horoye, a good specimen of that tribe, and his son Mokantsa and others, were at least six feet high, and of a darker color than the Bushmen of the south. They have always plenty of food and water ; and as they frequent the Zouga as oft- en as the game in company with which they live, their life is very different from that of the inhabitants of the thirsty plains of the Kalahari. The animal they refrain from eating is the goat, which fact, taken in connection with the superstitious dread which ex- ists in every tribe toward a particular animal, is significant of their feelings to the only animals they could have domesticated in their desert home. They are a merry laughing set, and do not tell lies wantonly. They have in their superstitious rites more appearance of worship than the Bechuanas ; and at a Bush- man's grave we once came to on the Zouga, the observances show- ed distinctly that they regarded the dead as still in another state of being; for they addressed him, and requested him not to be offended even though they wished still to remain a little while longer in this world. Those among whom we now were kill many elephants, and when the moon is full choose that time for the chase, on account 184 . CIVILIZED AND BARBAHOTJS SPORTSMEN. of. its coolness. Hunting this animal is the best test of courage this country affords. The Bushmen choose the moment suc- ceeding a charge, when the elephant is out of breath, to run in and give him a stab with their long-bladed spears. In this case the uncivilized have the. advantage over us, but I believe that with half their training Englishmen would beat the Bushmen> Our present form of civilization does not necessarily produce effeminacy, though it unquestionably increases the beauty, cour-t age, and physical ■ powers of the race. When at Kolobeng I took notes of the different numbers of elephants killed in the course of the season by the various parties which went past bur dwelling, in order to form an idea of the probable annual de- struction of this noble animal. There were parties of Griquas, Bechuanas, Boers, and Englishmen. All were eager to distin- guish themselves, and success depended mainly on the courage which leads the huntsman to go close to the animal, and not waste the force of his shot on the air. It was noticeable that the average for the natives was under one per man, for the Gri- quas one per man, for the Boers two, and for the English officers twenty each. This was the more remarkable, as the Griquas, Boers, and Bechuanas employed both dogs and natives to assist them, while the English hunters generally had no assistance from either. They approached to within thirty yards of the animal, while the others stood at a distance of a hundred yards, or even more, and of course spent all the force of their bullets on the air. One elephant was found by Mr. Oswell with quite a crowd of bullets in his side, all evidently fired in this style, and they had not gone near the vital parts. It would thus appear that our more barbarous neighbors do not possess half, the courage of the civilized sportsman. And it is probable that in this respect, as well as in physical development, we are superior to our ancestors. The coats of mail and greaves of the Knights of Malta, and the armor from the Tower exhibited at the Eglinton tournament, may be considered decisive as to the greater size attained'by modern civilized men. At Maila we spent a Sunday with Kaisa, the head man of a village of Mashona, who had fled from the iron sway of Mosilika-- tse, whose country lies east of this. I wished him to take charge of a packet of letters for England, to be forwarded when, as is BEAUTY OF COUNTRY AT UliTKU. 185 the custom of the Bamangwato, the Bechuanas come hither in search of skins and food among the Bushmen; but he could not be made to comprehend that there was no danger in the consignment. He feared the responsibility and guilt if any thing should happen to them ; so I had to bid adieu to all hope of letting my family hear of my welfare till I should reach the west coast. At Unku we came into a tract of country which had been vis- ited by refreshing showers long before, and every spot was covered ' with grass run up to seed, and the flowers of the forest were in full bloom. Instead of the dreary prospect around Koobe and Nchokotsa, we had here a delightful scene, all the ponds full of water, and the birds twittering joyfully. As the game can now obtain water every where, they become very shy, and can not be found in their accustomed haunts. 1st March. The thermometer in the shade generally stood at 98° from 1 to 3 P.M., but it sank as low as 65° by night, so that the heat was by no means exhausting. At the surface of the ground, in the sun, the thermometer marked 125°, and three inches below it 138°. The hand can not be held on the ground, and even the horny soles of the feet of the natives must be protected ,by sandals of hide ; yet the ants were busy working on it. The wa- ter in the ponds was as high as 100°; but as water does not con- duct heat readily downward, deliciously cool water may be ob- tained by any one walking into the iriiddle and lifting up the water from the bottom to the surface with his hands. Proceeding to the north, from Kama-kama, we entered into dense Mohonono bush, which required the constant application of the axe by three of our party for two days. This bush has fine sil- very leaves, and the bark has a sweet taste. The elephant, with his usual delicacy of taste, feeds much on it. On emerging into the plains beyond, we found a number of Bushmen, who afterward proved very serviceable. The rains had been copious, but now great numbers of pools were drying up. Lotusrpl^nts abounded in them, and a low, sweet-scented plant covered their banks. Breezes came occasionally to us from these drying-up pools, but the pleasant odor they carried caused sneezing in both myself and people; and on the 10th of March (when in lat. 19° 16' 11" S., long. 24° 24' E.) we were brought to a stand by four of the 186 EECAPTUEE OF RUNAWAY CATTLE. party being seized with fever. I had seen this disease before, but did not at once recognize it as the African fever ; I imagined it was only a bilious attack, arising from full feeding on flesh, for, the large game having been very abundant, we always had a good supply ; but instead of the first sufferers recovering soon, every man of our party was in a few days laid low, except a Bak- wain and myself. He managed the oxen, while I attended to the wants of the patients, and went out occasionally with the Bush- men to get a zebra or buffalo, so as to induce them to remain with us. . (. Here for the first time I had leisure to follow the instructions of my kind teacher, Mr. Maclear, and calculated several longitudes firom lunar distances. The hearty manner in which that eminent astronomer and frank, friendly man had promised to aid me in cal- culating and verifying my work, conduced more than any thing else to inspire me with perseverance in making astronomical ob- servations throughout the journey. The grass here was so tall that the oxen became uneasy, and one night the sight of a hysena made them rush away into the forest to the east of us. On rising on the morning of the 19th, I found that my Bakwain lad had run away with them. This I have often seen with persons of. this tribe, even when the cattle are startled by a lion. Away go the young men in company with them, and dash through bush and brake for miles, till they think the panic is a little subsided ; they then commence whistling to the cattle in the ihanner they do when milking the cows : having calmed them, they remain as a guard till the morning. The men generally return \yith their shins well peeled by the thorns. Each comrade of the Mopato would expect his fellow to act thus, with- out looking for any other reward than the brief praise of the chief. Our lad, Kibopechoe, had gone after the oxen, but had lost them in the rush through the flat, trackless forest. He remained on their trail all the next day and all the next night. On Sunday morning, as I was setting off in search of him, I found him near the wagon. He had found the oxen late in the afternoon of Saturday, and had been obliged to stand by them all night. It was wonderful how he managed without a compass, and in such a country, to find his way home at all, bringing about forty oxen with him. ' GRAPES. 187 The Bechuanas will keep on the sick-list as long as they feel any weakness ; so I at last began to be anxious that they should make a little exertion to get forward on our way. One of them, however, happening to move a hundred yards froni the wagon, fell down, and, being unobserved, remained the whole night in the pouring rain totally insensible ; another was subjected to fre- quent swooning ; but, making beds in the wagons for these our worst cases, with the help of the Bakwain and the Bushmen, we moved slowly on. We had to nurse the sick like children ; and, like children recovering from illness, the better they became the more impudent they grew. This was seen in the peremptory orders they would give with their now piping voices. Nothing that we did pleased them ; and the laughter with which I received their ebullitions, though it was only the real expression of glad- ness at their recovery, and amusement at the ridiculous part they acted, only increased their chagrin. The want of power in the man who guided the two front oxen, or, as he was called, the "leader," caused us to be entangled with trees, both standing and fallen, and the labor of cutting them down was even more severe than ordinary ; but, notwithstanding an immense amount of toil, Imy health continued good. We wished to avoid the tsetse of our former path, so kept a course on the magnetic meridian from Lurilopepe. The necessity of making a new path much increased our toil. We were, however, rewarded in lat. 18° with a sight we had not enjoyed the year before, namely, large patches of grape-bearing vines. There they stood before my eyes ; but the sight was so entirely unexpected that I stood some time gazing at the clusters of grapes with which they were loaded, with no more thought of plucking than if I had been beholding them in a dream. The Bushmen know and eat them; but they are not well flavored on account of the great astringency of the seeds, which are in shape and size like split peas. The elephants are fond of the fruit, plant, and root ahke. I here found an insect which preys on ants ; it is about an inch and a quarter long, as thick as a crow-quill, and covered with black hair. It puts its head into a little hole in the ground, and quivers its tail rapidly ; the ants come near to see it, and it snaps up each as he comes within the range of the forceps on its tail. As its head is beneath the ground, it becomes a question how it can 188 AN ANT-EATBB. guide its tail to the aints. It is protatly a new species of ant- lion {Myrmeleon formicaleo),. great numbers of which, Iboth in the larvae and complete state, are met with: The ground under every tree is dotted over with their ingenious pitfalls, and the perfect insect, the form of which most persons are familiar with in the dragon-fly, may be seen using its- tail in the same active manner as this insect did. Two may be often seen joined in their flight, the one holding on by the tail-forceps to the neck of the other. On first observing this imperfect insect, I imagined the forceps were on its head ; but when the insect moved, their true position was seen. The forest, through which we were slowly toiling, daily became more dense, and we were kept almost constantly at work with the axe ; there was much more leafiness in the trees here -than farther south. The leaves are chiefly of the pinnate and bi-pinnate forms, and are exceedingly beautiful, when seen against the sky ; a great variety of the papilionaceous family grow in this part of the country. Fleming had until this time always assisted to drive his own wagon, but about the end of March he knocked up, as well as his people. As I c6uld not drive two wagons, I shared with him the remaining water, half a caskful, and went on, with the inten- tion of coming back for him as soon as we should reach the next pool. Heavy rain now commenced ; I was employed the whole ■ day in cutting down trees, and every stroke of the axe brought down a thick shower on my back, which in the hard work was very refreshing, as the water found its way down into my shoes. In the evening we met some Bushmen, who volunteered to show us a pool ; and having unyoked, I walked some miles in search of it. As it became dark they showed their politeness-^a quality which is by no means confined entirely to : the civilized— by walli- ing in front, breaking the branches which hung across the path, and pointing out the fallen trees. On returning to the wagon, we found that being left alone had brought out some of Fleming's energy, for he had managed to come up. As the water in this pond dried up, we were soon obliged to move again. One of the Bushmen took out his dice, and, after throwing them, said that God told him to go home. He threw again in order to show me the command, but the opposite result followed ; so he remained and was useful, for we lost the oxen BUSHMEN'S POISONS. 189 again by a lion driving them oiF to a very great distance. The lions here are not often heard. They seem to have a wholesome dread of the Bushmen, who, when they observe evidence of a lion's having I made a full meal, follow up his spoor so quietly that his slumbers are not disturbed. One discharges a poisoned arrow fropi a distance of only a few feet, while his companion simulta- neously throws his skin cloak on the beast's head. The sudden surprise makes the lion lose his presence of mind, and he bounds away in the greatest confusion and terror. Our friends here showed me the poison which they use on these occasions. It is the entrails of a caterpillar called N'gwa, half an inch long. They squeeze out these, and place them all around the bottom of the barb, and allow the poison to dry in the sun. They are very careful in cleaning their nails after working with it, as a small portionjntroduced into a scratch acts like morbid matter in dis- section wounds. The agony is so great that the person cuts him- self, calls for his mother's breast as if he were returned in idea to his childhood again, or flies from human habitations a raging ma- niac. The eifects on the lion are equally terrible. He is heard moaning in distress, and becomes furious, biting the trees and ground in rage. As the Eushmen have the reputation of curing the wounds of this poison, I asked how this was effected. , They said that they adrainisterthe caterpillar itself in combination with fat ; they also rub fat into the wound, saying that "the N'gwa wants fat, and, when it does not find it in the body, Idlls the man : we give it what it wants, and it is content:" a reason which will commend itself to the enlightened among ourselves. The poison more generally employed "is the milky juice of the tree Euphorbia (E. arhoresceni). This is particularly obnoxious to the equine race. When a quantity is mixed with the water of a pond a whole herd of zebras will, fair dead from the effects of the poison before they have moved away two miles. It does not, however, I^U oxen or men. On them it acts as a drastic purgative only. This substance is used all over the country, though in some places the venom of serpents and a certain bulb, Amaryllis toxi- earia, are added, in order to increase the virulence. Father Pedro, a Jesuit, who lived at Zumbo, made a balsam, containing a number of plants and castor ail, as a remedy for 190 THE BUSHMEN. poisoned arrow-wounds. It is probable that he derived his knowl- edge from the natives as I did, and that the reputed efficacy of the balsam is owing to its fatty constituent. In cases of the bites of serpents a small key ought to be pressed down firmly on the wound, the orifice of the key being applied to the puncture, until a cupping-glass can be got from one of the na- tives. A watch-key pressed firmly on the point stung by a scor- pion extracts the poison, and a mixture of fat or oil and ipecacu- anha relieves the pain. The Bushmen of these districts are generally fine, well-made men, and are nearly independent of every one. We observed them to be fond of a root somewhat like a kidney potato, and the kernel of a nut, which Fleming thought was a kind of betel ; the tree is a fine, large-spreading one, and the leaves palmate. From the quantities of berries and the abundance of game in these parts, the Bushmen can scarcely ever be badly ofi" for food. As I could, without much difficulty, keep them well supplied with meat, and wished them to remain, I proposed that they should bring their wives to get a share, but they remarked that the women could al- ways take care of themselves. None of the men of our party had died, but two seemed un- likely to recover ; and Kibopechoe, my willing Mokwain, at last became troubled with boils, and then got all the symptoms of fe- ver. As he lay down, the others began to move about, and com- plained of weakness only. Believing that frequent change of place was conducive to their recovery, we moved along as much as we could, and came to the hill N'gwa (lat. 18° 27' 20" S.,long. 24° 13' 36" E.). This being the only hill we had seen since leaving Bamangwato, we felt inclined to take off our hats to it. It is three or four hundred feet high, and covered with trees. Its geographical p'osition is pretty accurately laid down from occulta- tion and other observations. I may mention that the valley on its northern side, named Kandehy or Kandehai, is as picturesque a spot as is to be seen in this part of Africa. The open glade, sur- rounded by forest trees of various hues, had a little stream mean- dering in the centre. A herd of reddish-colored antelopes (pallahs) stood on one side, near a large baobab, looking at us, and ready to run up the hill ; while gnus, tsessebes, and zebras gazed in aston- ishment at the intruders. Some fed carelessly, and others put BEAUTY OF THE COUNTRY. 191 on the peculiar air of displeasure which these animals sometimes assume before they resolve on flight. A large white rhinoceros came along the bottom of the valley with his slow sauntering gait without noticing us ; he looked as if he meant to indulge in a mud bath. Several buffaloes, with their dark visages, stood under the trees on the side opposite to the pallahs. It being Sunday, all was peace, and, from the circumstances in which our party was placed, we could not but reflect on that second stage of our ex- istence which we hope will lead us into scenes of perfect beauty. If pardoned in thait free way the Bible promises, death will be a glorious thing; but to be consigned to wait for the Judgment-day, with nothing else to ponder on but sins we would rather forget, is a cheerless prospect. Our Bushmen wished to leave us, and, as there was no use in trying to thwart these independent gentlemen, I paid them, and allowed them to go. The payment, however, acted as a charm on some strangers who happened to be present, and induced them to volunteer their aid. The game hereabouts is very tame. Koodoos and giraffes stood gazing at me as a strange apparition when I went out with the Bushmen. On one occasion a lion came at daybreak, and went round and round the oxen. I could only get a glimpse of him occasionally from the wagon-box ; but, though barely thirty yards off, I could not get a shot. He then began to roar at the top of his voice ; but the oxen continuing to stand still, he was so disgusted that he went off, and continued to use his voice for a long time in the distance. I could not see that he had a mane ; if he had not, then even the maneless variety can use their tongues. We heard others also roar ; and, when they found they could not frighten the oxen, they became equally angry. This we could observe in their tones. As we went north the country became very lovely; many new trees appeared ; the grass was green, and often higher than the wagons ; the vines festooned the trees, among which appeared the real banian {Ficus Indica), with its drop-shoots, and the wild date and palmyra, and several other trees which were new to me ; the hoUows contained large patches of water. Next came water- courses, now resembling small rivers, twenty yards broad and four feet deep. The further we went, the broader and deeper these 1^2 THE SANSHUEEH. became ; their bottoms contained' great numbeirs of deep boles, made by elephants wading in them '; in these the oxen floundered desperately, so that our wagon-pole broke, compelling us to work up to the breast in water for three hours and a half; yet I suffered no harm. We at last came to the Sanshureh, which presented an impass- able barrier, so we drew up under a magnificent baobab-tree, (lat. 18°4'27"S., long. 24° 6' 20'"' E.), and resolved to explore the river for a ford. The great quantity of water we had passed through was part of the annual inundation of the Chobe; and this, which appeared a large, deep river, filled in many parts with reeds, and having hippopotami in it, is only one of the branches by which it sends its superabundant water to the southeast. From the hiU. N'gwa a ridge of higher land runs to the northeast, and bounds its course in that direction. We, being ignorant of this, were in the valley, and the only gap in the whole country destitute of tsetse. In company with the Bushmen I explored all the banks of the Sanshureh to the west till we came into tsetse on that side. We waded a long way among the reeds in water breast deep, but always found a broad, deep space free from vegetation and uniford- able. A peculiar kind of lichen, which grows on the surface of the soil, becomes detached and floats on the water, giving out a very disagreeable odor, like sulphureted hydrogen, in some of these stagnant waters. We made so many attempts to get over the Sanshureh, both to the west and east of the wagon, in the hope of reaching some of the Makololo on the Chobe, that my Bushmen friends became quite tired of the work. By means of presents I got them to remain some days ; but at last they slipped away by night, and I was fain to take one of the strongest of my still weak com- panions and cross the river in a pontoon, the gift of Captains Codrington and Webb. We each carried some provisions and a blanket, and penetrated about twenty miles to the westward, in the hope of striking the Chobe. It was much nearer to us in a northerly direction, but this we did not then know. The plain, over which we splashed the whole of the first day, was covered with water ankle deep, and thick grass which reached above the knees. In the evening we came to an immense wall of reeds, six or eight feet high, without any opening admitting of a passage. BANKS OF THE CHOBE. 193 When we tried to enter, the water always became so deep that we were fain to desist. We concluded that we had come to the banks of the river we were in search of, so we directed our course to some trees which appeared in the south, in order to get a bed and a view of the adjacent locality. Having shqt a leche, and made a glorious fire, we got a good cup of tea and had a com- fortable night. While collecting wood that evening, I found a bird's nest consisting of live leaves sewn together with threads of the spider's web. Nothing could exceed the airiness of this pretty contrivance; the threads had been pushed through small punctures and thickened to resemble a knot. I unfortunately lost it. This was the second nest I had seen resembling that of the tailor-bird of India. Next morning, by climbing the highest trees, we could see a fine large sheet of water, but surrounded on all sides by the same impenetrable belt of reeds. This is the broad part of the River Chobe, and is called Zabesa. Two tree-covered islands seemed to be much nearer to the water than the shore on which we were, so we made an attempt to get to them first. It was not the reeds alone we had to pass thirough ; a peculiar serrated grass, which at certain angles cut the hands like a razor, was mingled with the reed, and the climbing convolvulus, with stalks which felt as strong as whipcord, bound the mass together. We felt like pig- mies in it, and often the only way we could get on was by both of us leaning against a part and bending it down till we could stand upon it. The perspiration streamed off our bodies, and as the sun rose high, there being no ventilation among the reeds, the heat was stifling, and the water, -which was up to the knees, felt agreeably refreshing. After some hours' toil we reached one of the islands. Jlere we met an old friend, the bramble-bush. My strong moleskins were quite worn through at the knees, and the leather trowsers of my companion were torn and his legs bleeding. Tearing my handkerchief in two, I tied the pieces round my knees, and then encountered another difficulty. ' We were still forty or fifty yards from the clear water, but now we were opposed by great masses of papyrus, which are like palms in miniature, eight or ten feet high, and an inch and a half in diameter. These were laced together by twining convolvulus, so strongly that the weight of both of us could not make way into. N 194 THE CHOBE. the clear water. At last we fortunately found a passage prepared ty a hippopotamus. Eager as soon as we reached the island to look along the vista to clear water, I stepped in and found it took me at once up to the neck. Returning pearly worn out, we proceeded up the bank of the Chobe till we came to the point of departure of the branch Sanshureh ; we then went in the opposite direction, or down the Chobe, though from the highest trees we could see nothing but one vast expanse of reed, with here and there a tree on the islands. This was a hard day's work ; and when we came to a deserted Bayeiye hut on an ant-hill, not a bit of wood or any thing else could be got for a fire except the grass and sticks of the dwelling itself. I dreaded the ^^Tarrvpans," so common in all old huts; but outside of it we had thousands of musquitoes, and cold dew be- gan to be deposited, so we were fain to crawl beneath its shelter. We were close to the reeds, and could listen to the strange sounds "which are often heard there. By day I had seen water- snakes putting up their heads and swimming about. There were great numbers of otters {Lutra inunguis, F. Cuvier), which have made little spoors all over the plains in search of the fishes, among the tall grass of these flooded prairies ; curious birds, too, jerked and wriggled among these reedy masses, and we heard human-like voices and unearthly sounds, with splash, guggle, jupp, as if rare fun were going on in their uncouth haunts. At one time something came near us, making a splashing like that of a canoe or .hippopotamtis ; thinking it to be the Makololo, we got up, listened, and shouted ; then discharged a gun several times ; but the noise continued without intermission for an hour. After a damp, cold night we set -to, early in the morning, at our work of exploring again, but left the pontoon in order to lighten our labor. The ant-hills are here very high, some thirty feet, and of a base so broad that trees grow on them ; while the lands, annually flooded, bear nothing but grass. From one of these ant- hills we discovered an inlet to the Chobe ; and, having gone back for the pontoon, we launched ourselves on a deep river, here from eighty to one hundred yards wide. I gave my companion strict injunctions to stick by the pontoon in case a hippopotamus should look at us ; nor was this caution unnecessairy, for one came up at our side and made a desperate plunge off. We had passed over RETURN TO LINYANTI. ^95 him. The wave he made caused the pontoon to glide quickly away from him. We paddled on from midday till sunset. There was nothing hut a wall of reed on each bank, and we saw every prospect of spending a supperless night in our float ; but just as the short twilight of these parts was commencing, we perceived on the north bank the village of Moremi, one of the Makololo, whose acquaint- ance I had made on our former visit, and who was now located on the island Mahonta (lat. 17° 58' S., long. 24° 6' E.). The villagers looked as we may suppose people do who see a ghost, and in their figurative way of speaking said, "He has dropped among us from the clouds, yet came riding on the back of a hippopotamus! We Makololo thought no one could cross the Chobe without our knowledge, but here he drops among us like a bird." Next day we returned in canoes across the flooded lands, and found that, in our absence, the men had allowed the cattle to wander into a very small patch of wood to the west containing the tsetse ; this carelessness cost me ten fine large oxen. After remaining a few days, some of the head men of the Makololo came down from Linyanti, with a large party of Barotse, to take us across the river. This they did in fine style, swimming and diving among the oxen more like alligators than men, and taking the wagons to pieces and carrying them across on a number of canoes lashed together. We were now among friends ; so going about thirty miles to the north, in order to avoid the still flooded lands on the north of the Chobe, we turned westward toward Lin- yanti (lat. 18° 17' 20" S., long. 23° 50' 9" E.), where we arrived on the 23d of May, 1853. This is the capital town of the Mako- lolo, and only a short distance from our wagon-stand of 1851 (lat. 18° 20' S., long. 23° 50' E.). 196 THE COURT HEEALD. CHAPTEE IX. ileoeption at Linyanti. — The court Herald. — Sekeletu obtains the Chieftainship from his Sister. — Mpepe's Plot. — Slave-trading Mambari. — Their sudden Flight. , — Sekeletu narrowly escapes Assassination. — Execution of Mpepe. — The Courts of Law. — Mode of trying Offenses. — Sekeletu's Reason for not learning to read the Bible. — The Disposition made of the Wives of a deceased Chief. — Makololo Women. — They work but little. — Employ Serfs. — Their Drink, Dress,, and Orna- ments.— Public Religious Services in the Kotla. — Unfavorable Associations of the place. — Native Doctors. — Proposals to teach the Makololo to read. — Sekeletu's Present. — Reason for accepting it. — Trading in Ivory. — ^Accidental Fire. — ^Pres- ents for Sekeletu. — Two Breeds of native Cattle. — Ornamenting the Cattle. — ^The Women and the Looking-glass. — Mode of preparing the Skins of Oxen for Man- tles and for Shields. — Throwing the Spear. The whole population of Linyanti, numbering between six and seven thousand souls, turned out en masse to see the wagons in motion. They had never witnessed the , phenomenon before, we having on the former occasion departed by night. Sekeletu, now in power, received us in what is considered royal style, setting before us a great number of pots of boyaloa, the beer of the country. These were brought by women, and each bearer takes a good draught of the beer when she sets it down, by way of "tasting," to show that there is no poison.
| 47,565 |
Q_WT_DS_315R-00_10
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WTO
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Open Government
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Various open data
| null |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 7,431 | 10,035 |
4.533 Further evidence for the proposition that the re view and correction provided for pursuant to
Article X:3(b) must result in decisions that govern the administration of a Member's customs laws
throughout its territory is the proviso in the second sentence, which states that " the central
administration of such agency may take steps to obtain a review of the matter in another proceeding if
there is good cause to believe that the decision is inco nsistent with established principles of law or the
actual facts." (Emphasis added.) The proviso contemplates "the central administration" challenging a
tribunal's decision collaterally – i.e. "in another proceeding" – when the central administration
determines that "the decision is inconsistent with established principles of law or the actual facts."
But, that possibility makes sense only if the decision in the original proceeding would otherwise have
effect outside of that proceeding. If the decision's effects were confined to the proceeding in which it
was rendered, there would be no need or basis for a collateral challenge.
4.534 As the possibility of collateral challenge to tribuna ls' decisions implies that the effects of such
decisions are not confined to the particular proceed ings in which they are rendered, there is no basis
for suggesting that Article X:3(b) contemplates these effects having a scope that is narrower than the
Member's entire territory. Not only is there no basi s for such a suggestion, but the reference to "the
central administration" of the agency entrusted wi th administrative enforcement itself supports the
proposition that the effects of tribunals' decisions are contemplated as having a scope that covers the
Member's entire territory.
4.535 In sum, the combination of 25 separate EC member State customs authorities and review
tribunals that are distinct to each member State r esults in review tribunal decisions that do not govern
the practice of " the agencies entrusted with administrative en forcement" of the EC's customs laws.
For this reason, the provision of review and co rrection of member State customs administrative
decisions by member State tribunals fails to meet the EC's obligation under Article X:3(b). WT/DS315/R
Page 96
F.
SECOND WRITTEN SUBMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
1. The measures at issue in the present dispute
4.536 The US claim under Article X:3(a) GATT re lates to "the manner in which the EC
administers" its customs laws. As regards th e US claim under Article X:3(b) GATT, the EC
understands that the measure at issue is the allege d failure of the EC to provide for tribunals or
procedures for the prompt review and correction of customs decisions.
4.537 However, in relation to the claim under Artic le X:3(a) GATT, the United States goes on to
add that "the specific measure at issue" within the meaning of Article 6.2 DSU "are the laws
regulations, decisions and rulings that make up EC customs law", i.e. the measures listed in the first
paragraph of the US Panel request.
4.538 The EC does not agree that the measure listed in the first paragraph of the US panel request,
which include notably the Community Customs Code, the Implementing Regulation, and the Community Customs Tariff, are the "measures at issu e" in the present dispute within the meaning of
Article 6.2 DSU. It follows clearly from the firs t sentence of the first paragraph of the US Panel
request that the US claim relates to the manner in which the EC administers the measures listed, not to
the measures themselves. The enumeration at the e nd of the first paragraph of the US request serves
merely the purpose of identifying the laws whic h the EC allegedly fails to administer in a non-
uniform manner. However, this does not mean that these laws themselves become measures at issue
in the present dispute.
4.539 The EC also does not share the view of the Unite d States that administration of laws "may not
itself be a measure". As the Appellate Body has confirmed in US – Corrosion-Resistant Steel Sunset
Review , any act or omission attributable to a WTO Me mber can be a measure of that Member for
purposes of WTO dispute settlement. This also appli es to the administration of laws as referred to in
Article X:3(a) GATT.
4.540 Close attention to what is the measure at issu e in the present dispute is particularly necessary
given the specific features of Article X:3(a) GAT T as the legal basis of the US claim. As the
Appellate Body has confirmed in EC – Bananas III , Article X:3(a) GATT relates only to the
administration of the laws and regulations referred to in Article X:1 GATT, not to those laws and
regulations themselves.
4.541 The US suggestion that administration may not be a measure would lead to the absurd result
that non-compliance with Article X:3(a) GATT could never be challenged under the DSU.
4.542 At the same time, the EC is concerned that th e United States is trying to blur the distinction
between the administration of measures, and th e measures themselves, and thereby effectively
attempts to enlarge the scope of the present dispute. For these reasons, the Panel should hold that the
acts of general application listed in the US pane l request are not measures at issue in the present
dispute.
4.543 On a further point, the United States has refu sed to identify the specific aspects of EC
customs administration that it was challenging. It has merely stated that it challenged the
administration of the listed measures, which it descr ibed as "capturing the un iverse of measures that
constitute EC customs law".
4.544 This does not constitute a sufficiently precise description of the measure at issue in the
present dispute. EC customs legislation is a large and complex body of law. It would therefore not
be sufficient to describe the measure at issue in the present as the "administration of EC customs law". WT/DS315/R
Page 97
Rather, the measure at issue in the present dispute is the administration of EC customs law in those
respects referred to in the US Panel request, as fu rther refined in the US First Written Submission,
notably tariff classification, customs valuation, processing under customs control, local clearance procedure, and penalties. This is also confirmed by the title of the present dispute, which is "Selected
Customs Matters", and thus cannot in clude simply all customs matters.
4.545 The United States attempts to keep the scope of the present panel proceedings vague are also
illustrated by the US's refusal to provide an exha ustive list of the customs procedures in respect of
which it alleges a lack of uniform administration, and in stead claims that this lack is "not confined to
any particular customs rule or group of rules". In this respect, the EC would remark that it cannot be
expected to defend itself against nebulous charges of non-uniform administration in areas that the
United States has not identified in its Panel request and its First Written Submission. Accordingly,
the US attempt to keep the scope of the present proceedings vague should be rejected.
2. The US claims under Article X:3(a) GATT
(a) The requirements of Article X:3(a) GATT
(i) Article X:3(a) GATT concerns the administrati on of customs laws, not the customs laws
themselves
4.546 The EC has explained, with reference to the relevant case law of the Appellate Body, that
Article X:3(a) GATT does not concern the laws and regulations themselves, but only their
administration . This means that Article X:3(a) GATT does not require a harmonization of laws
within a Member where, for instance, different lega l regimes are applicable within different parts of
the territory of a WTO Member. This is relevant in all areas where matters at issue in the present
dispute are governed by laws of the EC member Stat es, which is the case in particular with respect to
penalties for vi c olations of customs law.
4.547 The United States contests this interpretati on by arguing that "customs laws may be
administered through instruments which are themselves laws".
4.548 The EC considers this interpretation to be ma nifestly incompatible with the wording of
Article X:3(a) GATT, which refers only to the administration of the laws, regulations, decisions and
rulings of the kind referred to in Article X:1(a) GATT. Article X:1 GATT specifies that these measures are all measures of general application . The administration of such measures is thus their
application in concrete cases. La ws, which are of general application, can therefore not at the same
time be regarded as measures of administration. The US argument would also be incompatible with the clear distinction made by the Appellate Body in EC – Bananas III between the administration of
laws and the laws themselves.
4.549 The United States tries to escape from this conclusion by drawing a distinction between
"substantive" and "administrative" laws, for wh ich it claims as support the Panel Report in Argentina
– Hides and Leather . According to the United States, only laws which are of an administrative nature
must be administered in a uniform manner, wherea s no such obligation would exist with respect to
laws which are of a "substantive" character.
4.550 Apart from the fact that the United States furnis hes no explanation of what it understands by
"substantive" and what by "administrative" laws, the EC does not believe this interpretation to be
correct. The Panel Report in Argentina – Hides and Leather does not provide any support for the US
interpretation. The obligation of uniform applicati on applies to all the measures of the kind referred
to in Article X:1 GATT, regardless of whether they are "substantive" or "administrative" in nature. WT/DS315/R
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The real distinction for Article X:3(a) GATT is thus not between substantive and administrative
measures, but between administration and the measures to be administered.
4.551 This matter is of great importance for all WTO Members where certain matters covered by
Article X:3(a) GATT may be regulated at the sub-fede ral level. This is even more important since
Article X:3(a) GATT does not only apply to the administration of customs laws, but also to laws
regarding the internal taxation and internal sale of products. In many WTO Members, including the
United States, such matters are frequently govern ed by sub-federal laws, which may result in the
existence of divergent rules across the territory of such WTO Members. If the US arguments were
accepted, differences in sub-federal legislation w ould have to be regarded as incompatible with
Article X:3(a) GATT. This would upset the fe deral balance in numerous WTO Members, and can
therefore not be a reasonable interpretation of Article X:3(a) GATT. This would be incompatible also
with the findings of the GATT Panel in Canada – Gold Coins , which held that the GATT respects the
internal distribution of compet ences within each WTO Member.
4.552 The United States has wrongly argued that the EC interpretation would put "all laws and
regulations that are instruments of customs admi nistration beyond the reach of the disciplines of
Articles X:3(a) GATT".
4.553 First of all, the EC argument applies only to those matters which are the subject matter of sub-
federal legislation, which is in the EC the case not ably for penalties. In the EC, as in other WTO
members, most areas of customs law are governed by laws at the federal level.
4.554 Moreover, even where a law exists at the sub-fe deral level, this does not mean it is "beyond
the reach" of Article X:3(a) GATT. On the contrary, Article X:3(a) GATT requires the uniform
administration of all laws, including those which might exist in a WTO Member at the sub-federal
level, within the area in which they apply.
4.555 Finally, the United States looses sight of th e actual object and purpose of Article X:3(a)
GATT. The purpose of this provision to ensure a cer tain minimum level of predictability and security
as regards the administration of the covered laws an d regulation to WTO Members and traders. This
objective is entirely respected if laws which apply at a sub-federal level within a WTO Member are
applied in a uniform manner within the territory in wh ich they apply. It is not compatible with this
objective and purpose to transform Article X:3(a) GATT into a provision which requires legislative
changes, and notably a harmonization of sub-federal within a WTO Member.
(ii) Article X:3(a) GATT does not prescribe the ways in which WTO Members must administer
their customs laws
4.556 Article X:3(a) GATT contains an obligation to administer customs laws in a uniform manner,
but does not prescribe the specific way in which WTO Members should administer their customs
laws.
4.557 At the level of principle, the United States does not appear to contest this point. In fact, it
states on a number of occasions that "prescribing the method for the EC to come into compliance with
Article X:3(a) GATT is not necessary to resolve this dispute".
4.558 However, the reality of the US claims is rather different. In particular, the United States is
effectively requiring the EC to establish a cust oms agency, which in addition should have
competences to issue advance rulings for a number of matters. A more prescriptive application of
Article X:3(a) GATT is hardly imaginable. WT/DS315/R
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4.559 It is also interesting to note that the United States has so far not provided any explanation of
how its claims relate to its ow n proposal made in the context of the Doha Round Trade Facilitation
Negotiations, which in particular foresee the creati on of an obligation to provide for advance rulings
on tariff classification and valuation matters. The United States has also not contested that one of its essential motives behind the present case is to infl uence the Doha Trade Facilitation Negotiations.
4.560 The EC therefore maintains its view that th e United States is seeking an application of
Article X:3(a) GATT which would be highly prescriptive in character, and effectively transform Article X:3(a) GATT into a basis for the harmonizat ion of customs laws and practices along the US
model. The EC submits that such an interpretation should be rejected.
(iii) Article X:3(a) GATT lays down minimum standards
4.561 The United States has attempted to deny the im portance of the statement of the Appellate
Body in US – Shrimp , and criticized in particular that the Appellate Body "did not elaborate on what it
meant by minimum standards". However, this do es not change the fact that the Appellate Body
qualified Article X:3 GATT as a provision which lays down certain minimum standards of transparency and procedural fairness. While this does not replace the need to interpret the actual
terms of Article X:3(a) GATT, it does shed some light on the limited objective underlying this
provision, which is directly opposed to the highl y ambitious interpretation advocated by the United
States.
4.562 In its First Written Submission, the EC has also explained, with reference to the GATT Panel
Report in EEC – Dessert Apples , that minor administrative differences in treatment cannot be
regarded as implying a violation of Article X:3(a) GA TT. This view has also been shared by Japan.
In its response to a question by the Panel, the EC h as explained that this means that it is for the United
States, as the complaining party, to show that vari ations of administrative practice, even where they
existed, have a significant impact on traders.
4.563 The United States has tried to sweep this case law aside by claiming that it has "provided
evidence of a system that engenders and fails to cu re myriad divergences of administration in matters
that go to the core of customs administration and affect traders liability for customs duty, as well as
other aspects of their operations". The EC does not contest, for instance, that where the liability for
customs duty is affected, this is significant for th e competitive situation of a trader. However, as the
EC has already remarked, for some of the other a lleged differences, for instance as regards the local
clearance procedure or valuation audits, the Unite d States has so far provided no explanation as to
why such differences, even if they ex isted, would be significant for traders.
(iv) The meaning of "uniform administration"
4.564 As the Panel in US – Hot Rolled Steel has held, uniformity can be assessed only on the basis
of an overall pattern of customs administration. On ly if, on the basis of such general patterns, a WTO
Member's administration of its customs laws can be shown to be non-uniform , is the standard of
Article X:3(a) GATT violated.
Very similar views have also been expressed by certain of the third
parties in the present case, namely Australia and Japan.
4.565 The United States has tried to distinguish the present case from US – Hot Rolled Steel and
EC – Poultry by arguing that these cases were not concerned with "geographical uniformity".
However, the US fails to explain why "geographi cal uniformity" should be treated any differently
from other kinds of uniformity, e.g., uniformity acro ss time. Nor is it clear why a different standard
would apply to the requirement of uniform admini stration on the one hand, and the requirement of
impartial and reasonable administration, on the other. The EC would also like to recall that it has WT/DS315/R
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been the United States itsel f, which – in cases such as US – Hot Rolled Steel – has argued against
judging compliance with Article X:3(a) GATT only on the basis of individual cases.
4.566 In response to a question from the Panel, the United States has further elaborated that in the
present case, "the question is not whether a particular administrative authority is applying a particular
law in a uniform manner", but "whether different authorities across the territory of a WTO Member
[...] are applying various laws uniformly". Appare ntly, the United States is thus suggesting that a
stricter standard should apply to WTO Member s with a decentralized system of customs
administration compared to WTO Members with a centralized customs administration. The EC sees no basis for such double standards, which should therefore be rejected.
4.567 Finally, contrary to what the US claims, the EC has never suggested that the pattern of non-
uniformity needed to be "neat". If instances of non- uniformity in the system of a WTO Member are
so widespread and frequent as to have a significant impact on the administration of that Member's system, then this will amount to a pattern of non-unif orm administration. There is no need for them to
be arranged in a particular pattern. Therefore, the US argument that the standard set out by the Panel
in US – Hot Rolled Steel would make it impossible to challenge an overall absence of uniformity is
simply incorrect.
(b) The burden of proof
4.568 The burden of proof rests on the United States as th e complainant in the present case. It is for
the United States to bring forward sufficient eviden ce to establish that there is a pattern of non-
uniform administration in respect of the aspects of EC customs law raised by the United States.
4.569 In its First Written Submission, the United States failed to bring forward any evidence to this
effect. It limited itself to raising a small number of cases on issues of tariff classification and customs
valuation. A limited number of cases in a particular area are insufficient for assessing the overall administration of the EC's system. Moreover, the cases raised by the United States in fact do not constitute examples of lack of uniformity in the EC's system.
4.570 The Panel asked the United States a number of questions aimed at obtaining from the United
States evidence concerning the actual incidence of non-uniform administration in the areas of EC
customs law raised by the United States.
4.571 In its responses, the United States does not furnish a single new piece of evidence of non-
uniformity in the EC's system. Instead, it responds that its claim "does not turn on the statistical
frequency of non-uniform administration". Moreover, it claims "that it is the EC, rather than the
United States, that is likely to have the informa tion sought in the question", and requests the Panel to
exercise its authority under Article 13 of the DSU to seek relevant information from the EC. For
instance, the United States suggests that the EC s hould be requested to provide "a statistically
significant sample of BTI and other classification decisions from various member States (including explanations of the bases for those decisions) in order to determine the frequency of divergent
administration". As another example, the United States suggests that the "Panel might seek from the
EC information of the type that enabled the EC's C ourt of Auditors to make the findings contained in
its report on customs valuation".
4.572 These responses must be regarded as transparent a ttempts of the United States to rid itself of
the burden of proof, and should be rejected as such. It is not credible for th e United States to claim,
on the one hand, that there is a widespread pattern of non-uniform administration in the EC, and then to claim that it does not have any evidence to support this claim. WT/DS315/R
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4.573 Instead, the United States wishes to pass the burde n of proof to the EC by requesting that it
should be the EC which provides the information re quested. With this request, the United States is
essentially suggesting that the EC should proof its own innocence. This request is not only
completely without basis in WTO law, it also am ounts to a logical impossibility. Whereas it should
be possible for the United States to provide eviden ce of instances of non-uniform administration, if
such instances in fact existed, it is logically impo ssible for the EC to proof that such instances never
occur.
4.574 For this reason, it would be entirely impractical for the Panel to request the EC, as suggested
by the United States, to provide "a statistically significant sample of BTI and other classification
decisions from various member States (including e xplanations of the bases for those decisions) in
order to determine the frequency of divergent admini stration". Similarly, it is impractical for the
United States to suggest that the "Panel might seek from the EC information of the type that enabled
the EC's Court of Auditors to make the findings contained in its report on customs valuation". The
Report of the Court of Auditors was based on a udit visits that took place on the premises of the
Commission and the customs administrations of 12 EC member States in 1999-2000. The US
suggestion therefore amounts in essence to request ing the EC to conduct a new audit of customs
valuation. This is not a reasonable request to make of a defending party in the context of proceedings
under the DSU.
4.575 Moreover, the request made by the United Stat es goes considerably beyond the functions of a
Panel under Articles 13 of the DSU. Whereas the A ppellate Body has confirmed that Panel's have a
certain investigative authority, this authority also has its limits, which were clearly spelt out by the
Appellate Body in Japan – Agricultural Products II . In the present case, the United States is asking
the Panel to do precisely what the Appellate Body sa id it should not. Having failed to make its own
prima facie case, the United States is asking the Panel to seek the relevant information from the EC.
In this way, the Panel would relieve the United Stat es of its original burde n of proof, and make the
case for the complainant.
4.576 The United States seems to believe that it can establish a lack of uniformity by making broad
allegations of absence of uniformity in particular areas. However, the administration of customs law in areas such as tariff classification or customs valuation depends on the particular circumstances of each case. Accordingly, whether administration is uniform or not cannot be established without knowledge of the "particular details of each case", and it is the responsibility of the United States as
the complainant to provide these details.
4.577 Finally, while the EC can certainly not be expected to prove that it administers its laws in a
uniform manner, it would like to point out that cer tain elements of the context of the present case
provide an indication that the factual allegations made by the United States are incorrect. The EC has already, in its First Written Submission, pointed out the almost complete lack of reaction by US industry and traders to the request by USTR for input to the present case.
4.578 A similarly interesting indication is provided by the reactions of other WTO Members, and
notably the third parties, to the present dispute. Of the nine WTO Members which have chosen to
become a party to the present dispute, not one has po inted to the existence of any examples of lack of
uniformity. The only third party which claimed that a lack of uniformity in the EC's practice existed
is Korea. However, Korea refused to do so, invoking "the business confidential nature of the
underlying business transactions". The EC consid ers that if Korea had indeed information which
might be helpful for the EC to ensure a uniform ad ministration of its customs laws, Korea should have
shared this information in the first place with the EC. This would also be in accordance with the
customs cooperation agreement between the EC and Ko rea, which provides for obligations of mutual
information and assistance.
WT/DS315/R
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4.579 Finally, the United States keeps on referring to what it calls "blunt acknowledgements of how
the EC system operates" by certain EC officials of institutions, and claims that the "cumulative
message is that there is a problem of divergent administration". The United States is referring here to a handful of dispersed statements by EC officials and institutions, which are taken out of context, and
are of no relevance for the present case. Most of these statements should be seen as a normal
reflection of the process of self-monitoring and improvement which is necessary for any system of
customs administration in the context of a rapidly evolving world. If every critical comment made in the context of WTO Member's administrative and regulatory processes were immediately interpreted
as evidence of WTO-incompatibility, this would creat e a serious chilling effect on the internal policy
debates of WTO Members.
(c) General issues underlying the US claims under Article X:3(a) GATT
4.580 In its First Written Submission, the EC has already addressed a number of general issues
underlying the US claims under Article X:3(a) GATT, including the role of the member States, the
Commission, the Court of Justice, and the Customs Code Committee. The United States has so far not responded in detail to these expl anations of the EC. Instead, its subsequent interventions have
highlighted two central tendencies underlying the US case: first, the US attempt to force the EC to
create an EC customs agency; and second, its tendenc y to belittle and ignore the functioning of the EC
institutions and procedures designed to ensure a uniform application of Community law throughout
the EC.
(i) The US case is aimed at compelling th e EC to create an EC customs agency
4.581 The US submissions confirm that the US case is essentially aimed at compelling the EC to
establish an EC customs agency. While the United States has formally claimed that prescribing the
method for the EC to come into compliance with its obligations under Article X:3(a) GATT is "not
necessary to resolve this dispute", its claims a nd submissions in the present dispute tell a very
different story. Indeed, the alleged need for an EC customs agency is a recurrent theme in the
submissions of the United States. Consequently, the United States has referred to the creation of such
an agency as an "obvious option" for addressing its claims.
4.582 That the US case is exclusively aimed at the creation of an EC customs agency is also
illustrated by the US response to a Panel's questi on on the specific measures the United States would
expect the EC to adopt to address its claims. The United States referred only to creation of a customs agency. While the United States indicated that it did not "rule out" that other options might exist for addressing its claims, it failed to identify any othe r concrete measures which the EC could take.
4.583 The exclusive focus of the United States on the establishment of an EC customs agency is
also revealed by the US respon se to a Question by the Panel, wh ere it asked the United States to
comment on the EC's observation that the US criticisms of the ECJ judgment in Timmermans was
inconsistent with its criticism of the decision of the UK Court in Bantex . In response, the United
States explained that in the absence of a centralized customs authority, any scenario would lead to
non-uniform administration.
4.584 In the view of the United States, in the absence of such an agency, no modification to the EC's
rules and procedures in the areas of tariff classifi cation, customs valuation and customs procedures
would be sufficient to address the US claims.
4.585 Another confirmation of the nature of the US cl aims is the "wish list" which the United States
addressed to the EC following the co nsultations in the present dispute. This wish list included as its
first point the "establishment of a single, centraliz ed EC authority for issuing advance rulings, within WT/DS315/R
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a brief, specified period following request, to traders regarding matters including classification,
valuation, and origin (both preferential and non-preferential)".
4.586 The United States has attempted to present this request as a sort of concession, since the
agency in question would be responsible only for i ssuing advance rulings. In response, the EC would
recall that there is – with the exception of origin matters – currently no obligation to provide for
advance rulings on customs matters. Accordingly, the suggestion that the EC should create an agency
with a competence to issue such ruli ngs goes beyond current WTO commitments.
4.587 Overall, it becomes clear that the US case is not concerned with the actual administration of
EC customs law, but is an extremely ambitious case aimed at a complete overhaul of the EC's system
of customs administration. It would leave the EC with almost no other choice but to establish an
agency with operational tasks which are unprecedented in the history of the EC. Such an enterprise
would entail profound changes in the way EC law is administered, and have legal, financial and
personnel implications which are very difficult to proj ect at the current stage. The EC also doubts that
this could be regarded as a "reasonable measure" within the meaning of Article XXIV:12 GATT.
4.588 More importantly still, executive federalism is a feature not just of EC customs law, but of EC
law in general. Since Article X:3(a) GATT applies not only to customs matters, but to all the matters
referred to in Article X:1 GATT, the issues raised in the present case do not seem necessarily limited to the field of customs, but concern almost areas of EC law. Accordingly, it is a frontal attack on the
executive federalism of the EC legal order, with im plications that would go far beyond the area of
customs.
4.589 This claim cannot have a legal basis in Article X:3(a) GATT. This provision provides for
certain minimum standards of procedural fairness and transparency. Like the WTO Agreements
overall, it does not prejudge the internal autonom y of WTO Members on fundamental questions of
internal organization and administration.
(ii) The United States misrepresents the EC legal system
4.590 In its First Written Submission, the EC has set out in detail how the EC legal system ensures
the uniform interpretation and application of EC law through the EC. The EC has also set out how the
various institutions and actors involved contribute to the uniform application of EC customs law.
4.591 In its subsequent submissions, the United St ates has provided almost no reaction to these
explanations of the EC. Instead, the United States c hooses to persist in its highly selective reading of
the EC legal system, and ignores everything that do es not fit into the negative picture it wishes to
draw. The dismissive approach of the United States towards the EC legal system is reflected in a
repeated statement, where the US cl aims that the EC system consists in "a loose web of principles,
instruments, and institutions, including non-binding guidance, plus general ob ligations of cooperation
between member States, plus discretionary referra ls of matters to the Customs Code Committee".
4.592 The EC considers such statements to be de rogatory towards the EC as a whole. The
mechanisms which the EC has describ ed are typical not only for the area of customs law, but for the
way in which the uniform interpretation and applica tion of EC law is ensured throughout the EC.
Accordingly, if the United States considers the EC customs union to constitute a "loose web", then
presumably this must apply to the EC as a whole.
4.593 Such statements betray a lack of understandi ng and appreciation of the history and success of
European integration over the last 50 years. It may also reflect the fact that there are considerable
difference between the constitutional structures a nd processes of the United States on the one hand, WT/DS315/R
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and the EC on the other. However, such differen ces must be tolerated within the WTO, and cannot
simply be presumed to amount to violations of Article X:3(a) GATT.
4.594 As regards the role of the Commission, the Court of Justice, and the Customs Code
Committee, the United States has so far not furthe r substantiated its criticisms. As regards the
Customs Code Committee the United States, when asked whether it had any evidence to proof its
allegation that decision-making in the Committee h as become more difficult since the most recent
enlargement on 1 May 2005, the United States failed to produce the requested evidence, and instead
stated that this was "evident". In addition, it again referred to a statement from an EC official.
However, this statement was made in a personal capacity and right after the entry into force of
enlargement, and therefore can hardly be rega rded as "evidence" of what has happened since
enlargement.
(d) The US claims under Article X:3(a) GATT
(i) Tariff classification
Binding tariff information
The alleged risk of BTI shopping
4.595 The Panel asked the United States to provide evidence that "picking and choosing" actually
occurs in the EC's BTI system. In response, th e United States failed to provide such evidence.
Instead, it attempts to circumvent the question by referring to observations which are of no relevance
to the question.
4.596 First, the United States refers to a passage from Panel Report in EC – Chicken Cuts , in which
the EC is reported to have stated that it is possibl e under EC law to withdraw an application for a BTI
where the outcome is considered unfavourable by the importer. However, this statement does not
contain anything that would indicate that BTI shoppi ng occurs in the EC. Since BTI is granted upon
application, and in the interest of the applicant, it is normal that the application can be withdrawn until
the BTI has been issued. Before the issuance of BTI, the appli cant will in most cases not know the
tariff classification envisaged by the customs authori ties. In contrast, once the BTI has been issued,
the application can no longer be withdrawn. In a ddition, it should be noted that all applications,
including those which have been withdrawn, are en tered into the version of the EBTI data base to
which the customs authorities have access.
4.597 Second, the United States claims that the issuance of BTI is "heavily skewed in favor of
certain member States", and claims that this "skewing suggest strategic selection of the member States in which importers apply for BTI". The EC consid ers that the fact that the authorities of certain
member States issue more BTIs than others simp ly reflects differences between member States in
terms of market size, geographical location, tr ading patterns, other practical considerations.
4.598 Finally, the US states that "importers regular ly approach the US embassies in EC Member
States to enquire as to the optimal authorities from which to apply for BTI". The EC would remark
that even if such questions were asked, this is no pr oof that divergent practices in fact occur. Indeed,
there is no "optimal authority", and the applica tion should be submitted to the competent Member
State authorities as determined by Article 6(1) of the Implementing Regulation.
The alleged difficulties of detecting and correcting divergent BTIs
4.599 The United States has also argued that the EC system does not provide for sufficient
mechanisms to detect and correct diverg ences between BTIs, should they occur. WT/DS315/R
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4.600 In its responses to the Panel's question, the Un ited States has criticized that the EBTI data
base "does not reveal in any detail the rationale applied by different authorities in classifying a
particular good in a particular way". The EC is ast onished by this statement. For each BTI issued, the
EBTI data base (in both its versions) includes a detail ed description of the product sufficient to permit
their identification and classification, the CNN c ode under which the product was classified, and the
justification of this classification. The justifica tion will typically identify th e interpretative rules and
principles applied, and where appropriate other rele vant authority, such as case law of the Court of
Justice. The EC considers this information entirely sufficient to en sure full information about the BTI
practice of EC customs authorities.
4.601 The EC has also explained that the EBTI data ba se is very well received and intensively used
by traders and by customs authorities, as eviden ced by the fact that the average number of
consultations per month in the first half of 2005 was about 324.000. The United States has argued
that this number might "indicate anything from academic curiosity to collection of statistical
information". The EC finds the explanation th at 324.000 consultations per months would be
generated by "academic curiosity" or "collection of st atistical information" remarkably far-fetched. It
is clear that the EC EBTI data base is a useful tool for securing a uniform classification practice,
which is widely used by trader s and customs authorities alike.
The US claim that member States do not treat BTI issued by other member States as
binding
4.602 In its First Written Submission, the United States has claimed that "Member States do not
always treat BTI issued by other Member States as bi nding". Once again, the United States has failed
to provide specific examples to prove its allegati on. Instead, it points to a survey of a trade
association to which it has already referred to in its First Written Submission. According to this
survey, one company reported that "binding tariff in formation from Germany is still not accepted by
other EU countries, especially Greece and Portugal".
4.603 The EC contests the existence of any probl em regarding the recognition of BTI from
Germany in other EC member States. The "survey" referred to by the United States is no "evidence"
to the contrary. It merely reflects a comment made by one unidentified company which is not
supported by any further explanation or evidence. Ac cordingly, it is impossible to verify the accuracy
of the statement. The EC would remark that even if an importer claims that BTI was not accepted,
this might in fact reflect a range of problems of an entirely different kind, for instance a lack of
identity of the products imported with those described in the BTI. Moreover, if indeed a customs
authority fails to recognize BTI issued by anothe r Member State, the importer can obtain judicial
review. The importer can also inform the European Commission, but the EC is not aware of this
having occurred.
4.604 Second, the United States refers to a statemen t by the EC in the context of the dispute EC –
Chicken Cuts , where the EC is quoted as asserting that a particular "interpretation" was not followed
in other EC customs offices. As the EC will ex plain further below, there was no difference of
interpretation or application of EC classification ru les in this case. However, for the purposes of the
present discussion, it suffices to point out that the EC's statement related only to "interpretation". Nowhere in the Panel Report in EC – Chicken Cuts has the EC said that BTI was not recognized when
presented by the holder. Accordingly, the statem ent quoted by the United States is not a pertinent
answer to the Panel's question.
4.605 Finally, the United States refers the Panel to the decision of the Main Customs Office Bremen
in the Bantex case, in which the Customs Office noted that "numerous binding customs tariff
decisions have been handed down regarding compar able goods". This remark once again betrays a
misunderstanding of how the EC's BTI system works. BTI is binding on the customs authorities only WT/DS315/R
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as against the holder of the BTI and it does not appear that Bantex GmbH was the holder of BTI for
the products at issue. Accordingly, once again, the United States responds to the Panel's question
with an example that is of no relevance to the question. In addition, it is noted that in the Bantex case,
the question was not whether there existed BTI fo r comparable goods, but whether the goods were
identical to those described in th e BTIs. As this was not the case, the example is even less apt to
support the US claim.
The legal effect of BTI
4.606 In its First Written Submission, the United Stat es has also made numerous criticisms of the
legal effects of BTI, which relate notably to the Timmermans case law of the European Court of
Justice. These criticisms are unfounded: the Timmermans case in fact can contribute to the uniform
application of EC customs law. The EC has also poi nted out that the US' arguments were inconsistent
with its criticisms of the decision by the UK Court in the Bantex case.
4.607 When questioned by the Panel about this obvious inconsistency, the United States responded
that "in the absence of a centralized customs admini stration", both situations, i.e. either allowing the
revocation of BTI or not allowing it, could lead to a lack of uniformity. As the EC has already
explained above, this US response demonstrates irrefutably that the specific features of the EC's BTI
system are not in any way problematic from the poi nt of view of the uniform application of EC
classification rules. Rather, the US case is uniquely aimed at compelling the EC to create an EC
customs agency.
4.608 That there is nothing wrong with the EC's BTI sy stem, and notably the effect of BTI in the EC
legal order, is also borne out by a comparison with the US rules on advance rulings. For instance, the
United States has criticized in its First Written Subm ission that BTI in the EC is "specific to the
holder". Interestingly, exactly the same appears to be true for advance rulings in the United States,
where US law explicitly cautions that "no other pe rson [than the one to whom the ruling is addressed]
should rely on the ruling letter or assume that th e principles of that ruling will be applied in
connection with any transaction other th an the one described in the letter".
4.609 Similarly, US law also provides that a ruling letter may only be invoked "in the absence of a
change of practice or other modification or revoca tion which affects the principle of the ruling set
forth in the ruling letter". The EC fails to see how this is fundamentally different from the
Timmermans case law.
| 8,715 |
https://github.com/VVoev/Telerik-Academy/blob/master/05.C#ObjectOrientedProgramming/ExamPreparation/OOP5March2014/Infestation/Infestation/Supplements/AggressionCatalyst.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Telerik-Academy
|
VVoev
|
C#
|
Code
| 33 | 104 |
namespace Infestation.Supplements
{
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
public class AggressionCatalyst : Catalyst
{
private const int aggressionEffect = 3;
public AggressionCatalyst()
: base(0, 0, AggressionCatalyst.aggressionEffect)
{
}
}
}
| 33,513 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/388%20Arletta%20Avenue
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
388 Arletta Avenue
|
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=388 Arletta Avenue&action=history
|
French
|
Spoken
| 215 | 368 |
388 Arletta Avenue est un thriller canadien produit par Vincenzo Natali, écrit et réalisé par Randall Cole et sorti en 2012.
Synopsis
James et son épouse Amy (Kirshner) vivent confortablement dans les faubourgs de Toronto. Ils ne savent pas qu'ils sont surveillés 24 heures sur 24.
Fiche technique
Titre original : 388 Arletta Avenue
Réalisation : Randall Cole
Scénario : Randall Cole
Producteur : Steve HobanMark Smith
Distribution : E1 Entertainment
Récompense : voir la section concernée
Direction artistique : Peter Cosco
Photographie : Gavin Smith
Montage : Kathy Weinkauf
Production : Steve Hoban, Mark Smith : producteurs
Société(s) de production : Copperheart Entertainment : société de production
Société(s) de distribution : E1 Entertainment Société de distribution
Pays d’origine :
Langue : anglais
Format : Couleurs - 35mm - 2.35:1 - Son Dolby numérique
Genre : Thriller
Durée : 86 minutes
Dates de sortie :
: (Festival international du film de Toronto)
:
Distribution
Nick Stahl : James Deakins
Mia Kirshner : 'my Deakins
Devon Sawa : Bill
Charlotte Sullivan : Sherry
Krista Bridges : Katherine
Graham Abbey : un officier de police
Notes et références
Liens externes
Film canadien sorti en 2012
Thriller (film) canadien
Film found footage
Film tourné à Toronto
Film tourné aux Pinewood Toronto Studios
Film sur la violation de domicile
| 50,256 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8376666
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Dinagat Islands
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 437 | 1,535 |
Category:Dinagat Islands
Wikimedia category
Category:Dinagat Islands Commons category Dinagat Islands
Category:Dinagat Islands instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Dinagat Islands category's main topic Dinagat Islands
Categorie:Dinagat
Wikimedia-categorie
Categorie:Dinagat Commonscategorie Dinagat Islands
Categorie:Dinagat is een Wikimedia-categorie
Categorie:Dinagat hoofdonderwerp van categorie Dinagat Islands
Kategoriya:Kapupud-ang Dinagat
Kategorie:Dinagat Islands
Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Dinagat Islands Commons-Kategorie Dinagat Islands
Kategorie:Dinagat Islands ist ein(e) Wikimedia-Kategorie
Kategorie:Dinagat Islands Thema der Kategorie Dinagat Islands
رده:جزایر دیناگات
ردهٔ ویکیمدیا
رده:جزایر دیناگات ردهٔ ویکیانبار Dinagat Islands
رده:جزایر دیناگات نمونهای از ردهٔ ویکیمدیا
رده:جزایر دیناگات مقالهٔ اصلی رده دیناگات آیلندز
Kaarangay:Kapuropod-an Dinagat
Categoría:Dinagat
categoría de Wikimedia
Categoría:Dinagat categoría en Commons Dinagat Islands
Categoría:Dinagat instancia de categoría de Wikimedia
Categoría:Dinagat tema principal de la categoría Islas Dinágat
Kategoria:Is-isla ti Dinagat
kategoria ti Wikimedia
Kategoria:Is-isla ti Dinagat kategoria ti Commons Dinagat Islands
Kategoria:Is-isla ti Dinagat pagarigan iti kategoria ti Wikimedia
Kategoria:Is-isla ti Dinagat nangruna nga artikulo iti kategoria Is-isla ti Dinagat
Catégorie:Îles Dinagat
page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimedia
Catégorie:Îles Dinagat catégorie Commons Dinagat Islands
Catégorie:Îles Dinagat nature de l’élément page de catégorie d'un projet Wikimédia
Catégorie:Îles Dinagat sujet de la catégorie province des Îles Dinagat
Категория:Острова Динагат
категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Острова Динагат категория на Викискладе Dinagat Islands
Категория:Острова Динагат это частный случай понятия категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Острова Динагат общая тема категории Острова Динагат
Categoria:Dinagat
categoria de um projeto da Wikimedia
Categoria:Dinagat categoria da Commons Dinagat Islands
Categoria:Dinagat instância de categoria da Wikimedia
Categoria:Dinagat artigo principal da categoria Ilhas de Dinagat
زمرہ:جزائر دیناگات
ویکیمیڈیا زمرہ
زمرہ:جزائر دیناگات ذخائر کا زمرہ Dinagat Islands
زمرہ:جزائر دیناگات قسم ویکیمیڈیا کا زمرہ
زمرہ:جزائر دیناگات زمرے کا اصل موضوع جزائر دیناگات
श्रेणी:दिनागत द्वीपसमूह
विकिमीडिया श्रेणी
श्रेणी:दिनागत द्वीपसमूह कॉमन्स श्रेणी Dinagat Islands
श्रेणी:दिनागत द्वीपसमूह जिसका उदाहरण है विकिमीडिया श्रेणी
Categoria:Provincia di Isole Dinagat
categoria di un progetto Wikimedia
Categoria:Provincia di Isole Dinagat categoria su Commons Dinagat Islands
Categoria:Provincia di Isole Dinagat istanza di categoria di un progetto Wikimedia
Categoria:Provincia di Isole Dinagat soggetto principale della categoria provincia di Isole Dinagat
Kategori:Dinagat Islands
Wikimedia-kategori
Kategori:Dinagat Islands Commons-kategori Dinagat Islands
Kategori:Dinagat Islands forekomst av Wikimedia-kategori
Kategori:Dinagat Islands kategoriens hovedtema Dinagat Islands
분류:디나가트 제도주
위키미디어 분류
분류:디나가트 제도주 이 주제를 다루는 공용 분류 Dinagat Islands
분류:디나가트 제도주 다음 종류에 속함 위키미디어 분류
분류:디나가트 제도주 이 분류에서 다루는 주제 디나가트 제도주
Kategorya:Kapuluang Dinagat
kategorya ng Wikimedia
Kategorya:Kapuluang Dinagat kategorya sa Commons Dinagat Islands
Kategorya:Kapuluang Dinagat ay halimbawa ng kategorya ng Wikimedia
Kategorya:Kapuluang Dinagat pangunahing paksa ng kategorya Kapuluang Dinagat
Категорија:Динагат
Викимедиина категорија
Категорија:Динагат категорија на Ризницата Dinagat Islands
Категорија:Динагат е категорија на Викимедија
Категорија:Динагат главна статија на категоријата Динагат
Kategorija:Dinagatas Salas
Wikimedia projekta kategorija
Kategorija:Dinagatas Salas Commons kategorija Dinagat Islands
Kategorija:Dinagatas Salas ir Wikimedia projekta kategorija
Kategorija:Dinagatas Salas kategorijas galvenais raksts Dinagatas Salas
| 26,340 |
https://github.com/gigaherz/stab-language/blob/master/src/test/resources/StatementsTest/sources/Synchronized.stab
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause, Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
stab-language
|
gigaherz
|
C#
|
Code
| 19 | 48 |
using java.lang;
public class Synchronized {
public static void test() {
synchronized (new Object()) {
return;
}
}
}
| 5,422 |
https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/questions/159580
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
NSjonas, POZ, Tekill, https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/users/31851, https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/users/31996, https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/users/3341, https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/users/3906, user2809299
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,174 | 1,653 |
GraphQL and Salesforce Development
I recently started looking into GraphQL as I have been experimenting with ReactJS. In all my readings I have not really seen anything about GraphQL and Salesforce. I am wondering if there would be any benefit in using GraphQL when developing a visual-force page within SF?
I can't seem to find any articles about that, I was wondering if someone could enlighten me as to the piece of the puzzle I may be missing.
Would having a GraphQL engine between your visual-force page and your apex controller yield any benefit or would it just be unnecessary fluff?
what's your actual requirement behind using GraphQL, Are you working on a complex and complicated data layer, which you want to bring on VF?
I really like the data scheme that GraphQL uses and since I usually end up with data being pulled in a variety of component on my VF pages I was wondering if GraphQL made sense to use in SF. @user2809299
GraphQL is an open source data query and manipulation language meant to provide a more efficient, powerful and flexible alternative to REST and ad-hoc web service architectures.
In practice it acts as an abstraction layer between a client (web, mobile, etc) and a backend (REST or database). The intent is to unify and abstract all communication between these components.
Exposing Salesforce REST services in GraphQL and querying them from a Javascript client included in VisualForce would only introduce an unnecessary and under-performing layer because you can directly access code from the controller.
But there are other use cases where GraphQL may prove beneficial in conjunction with the Salesforce REST services:
a backend where web or mobile clients need to access both Salesforce REST APIs, a database or other unrelated REST APIs.
You can start using this schema https://github.com/jpmonette/salesforce-graphql and enrich it with your Salesforce objects.
UPDATE: STARTING IN SUMMER 22` Salesforce has a GraphQL API https://www.postman.com/salesforce-developers
oddly enough, it's actually way faster to build a VF page that uses the REST API (vs VF postback & viewstate)
This answer is outdated: starting from Summer '22 there's a native GraphQL API on the Platform.
Starting from Summer '22 Salesforce offers a native GraphQL API without the need for any third party package.
You can explore the API using the Salesforce Platform APIs Collection for Postman.
Yes, there are many benefits to use GraphQL on Salesforce. Some of the benefits are summarised in this reply (and could apply also on VisualForce development but they depend on the specific use case).
Note: this detailed answer is about native GraphQL support on the Salesforce platform (with no mediations). More about GraphQL and Salesforce, in general, can be found on respective resources. The author of the answer is in direct relation to the described product as a developer.
Introduction
GraphQL is a query language for APIs, developed by Facebook and used since 2012., which provides a complete and understandable description of the data in the underlying system. GraphQL specification is open from 2015. and can be found at GraphQL Foundation web
This disruptive technology provides the clients with a more efficient way to query the required data in a single request.
Accessible on a single endpoint a GraphQL offers to the clients a way to select a specific kind of required data, aggregated in a defined structure, and deep as much as needed.
GraphQL is providing great business benefits like:
Less Code
need for less code as developers can get only what they need (in required and available structure)
Rapid Development
developers can make changes on the client-side without impacting server
Less Total Cost of Ownership
less code implies less maintenance
Shorter Time to Market
quicker development reduces initial costs and time required for go-live
Visibility on Available Data Structure / Strong Type
with Introspection capability developers can see what they are able to use
Fewer Requests
A huge benefit for cloud-based systems (usually having various API limits)
Reduced Data Fetching Time
batching requests saves time spent on roundtrips and data bulkification improves performance
With some of the known advantages for developers:
Dynamic Field Selection
Developers can dynamically select the exact fields needed by their component
Query Aggregation
Single query removes the need for multiple API calls
Client-Defined Filtration
Expressive filtering that eliminates the need to supply record IDs
Introspection
Programmatic discovery of the Salesforce graph through introspection
Raw performance
Several orders of magnitude faster than traditional REST
Development speed
Configuration friendly, easily customizable, virtually no initial setup and maintenance cost
How does GraphQL execution work?
For starters, GraphQL uses a simple concept for how it changes its queries into results. It traverses the query field by field, executing ‘resolvers’ for each field. If a parent resolver function is required by a child, the parent query will resolve first and pass its result to the child for use in its own query. Finally, once the execution algorithm is done, it forms all the data into the correct shape and returns it.
Why GraphQL on the Salesforce?
Salesforce is a big and great platform with a vast of different API options (like REST API, Bulk API, Streaming API, SOAP API, and so on). All these options are good to use in specific use cases and exist by purpose, but Salesforce is a cloud platform and as such it has different limits (like a number of allowed API calls) to prevent rogue scripts to use dedicated resources and to protect the customer instances. So optimizing queries seems also not just a benefit for different trusted data consumers but also it is a benefit for the server, a Salesforce Org (and might have a direct implication on the commercials, as depending on available licenses different limits apply).
Maven Integration Platform (with native GraphQL support)
With a Maven Integration Platform (MIP) a GraphQL language with Queries and standard Salesforce object schema are natively supported and available directly on a Salesforce via existing REST API, exposed on the dedicated endpoint. Currently, MIP is the only fully native package that has a full complaint GraphQL parser available in AppExchange. Because the MIP is a native package it doesn't require any other mediation service, it is queried directly as any other standard Salesforce REST API endpoint (or via Apex API). More about setup and querying can be found at official MIP documentation.
Let us summarise some of the benefits of native GraphQL support on the Salesforce platform:
Built natively on Salesforce
no additional systems or services required
Extends existing Salesforce API
Extends native and well-known Salesforce capabilities
Dynamic Salesforce schema resolution
All queries are resolved on the fly and existing Salesforce schema is used (including standard, managed, or custom objects)
Standard Salesforce security model is enforced
Standard Salesforce security model capabilities are used and consumer connection permissions are enforced
Easy setup
Less initial setup and maintenance cost (as standard Salesforce Admins and Developers can do the whole work)
Plug and Play approach
core functionalities are ready immediately after deployment / no configuration
Introspection of standard Salesforce schema
GraphQL introspection is supported
| 44,298 |
https://github.com/device42/rundeck-device42-nodes-plugin/blob/master/script.sh
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,016 |
rundeck-device42-nodes-plugin
|
device42
|
Shell
|
Code
| 4 | 68 |
#!/bin/bash
cp ./build/libs/rundeck-d42-nodes-plugin-master-0.1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar /Users/yunusdawji/Documents/Github/rundeck-ec2-nodes-plugin/libext/
| 6,060 |
http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/db83d3a9-1b99-11ee-806b-01aa75ed71a1_3
|
Eurovoc
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,023 |
Decyzja nr 082/23/COL z dnia 31 maja 2023 r. o wszczęciu formalnego postępowania wyjaśniającego w sprawie domniemanej pomocy państwa dla Vygruppen AS Zaproszenie do zgłaszania uwag dotyczących pomocy państwa zgodnie z częścią I art. 1 ust. 2 protokołu 3 do Porozumienia między państwami EFTA w sprawie ustanowienia Urzędu Nadzoru i Trybunału Sprawiedliwości 2023/C 239/03
|
None
|
English
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Spoken
| 11,506 | 15,030 |
The award of PSO contracts to SJ did not follow from an amendment to the compensation system but followed the same consistent administrative practice as was followed when awarding PSO contracts to Vy. (242)ESA therefore preliminarily concludes that the compensation system defines the beneficiaries in a general and abstract manner. In light of the above, ESA’s preliminary view, based on the information submitted so far, is that the measure fulfils the conditions of the first definition of an aid scheme in Article 1(d) of Part II of Protocol 3. 5. 2. 2. Second definition of an aid scheme(243)According to the second definition set out in Article 1(d) of Part II of Protocol 3, an aid scheme is any act on the basis of which aid which is not linked to a specific project may be awarded to one or several undertakings for an indefinite period of time and/or for an indefinite amount. The definition therefore entails the following three criteria:i. any act on the basis of which aid which is not linked to a specific project;ii. may be awarded to one or several undertakings; andiii. for an indefinite period of time and/or for an indefinite amount. (244)As described above in section 5. 2. 1. 1, the consistent administrative practice of the Norwegian authorities of concluding PSO contracts, which compensate the net financial effects of the PSO, reveals a systematic approach of the PSO compensation system which constitutes the act on which the PSO contracts are awarded. (245)The aid awarded under the compensation system is not linked to a specific project but is awarded based on the transport needs and the necessary transport services at each time to create an effective transport system in Norway. Aid under the act may be awarded to one or several undertakings as described above in section 5. 2. 1. 3. (246)The second complainant has alleged that the Ministry of Transport as the granting authority for the alleged aid scheme, did not have any power to grant aid for an indefinite period of time and/or for an indefinite amount. This can also be seen from each contested contract that the granting authority negotiated with Vy/NSB which neither were indefinite in time nor for an indefinite amount. (247)The act on which the aid scheme is based does not limit the duration within which it is possible to award individual aid to operators. Under the PSO compensation system, the granting authority has awarded aid in the form of contracts which have taken different forms. Although the individual aid awards have a determined duration, the PSO compensation system under which they are granted, does not. Aid can be awarded in line with a consistent administrative practice for an indefinite period of time and/or for an indefinite amount. (248)In light of the above, ESA’s preliminary view is that the compensation system also fulfils the criteria of the second definition set out in Article 1(d) of Part II of Protocol 3 and therefore constitutes an aid scheme. 5. 2. 3. Conclusion(249)ESA preliminarily finds that the PSO compensation system for railway passenger services in Norway constitutes and aid scheme within the meaning of Article 1(d) of Part II of Protocol 3. 5. 3. Existing aid5. 3. 1. Introduction(250)An aid scheme which was put into effect before the entry into force of the EEA Agreement and is still applicable constitutes an existing aid scheme within the meaning of Article 1(i) of Part II of Protocol 3, unless alterations have been made to the scheme which are considered to be substantial alterations which change the existing nature of the aid scheme so that it is turned into new aid. (251)ESA will therefore assess whether any changes have been made to the scheme that were capable of changing the existing aid scheme into new aid following the entry into force of the EEA Agreement. 5. 3. 2. The new main agreement from 1994(252)The second complainant submitted that the decision of the Norwegian authorities to reform how it compensated for PSO for railway passenger services on 1 January 1994 was a substantial alteration of the alleged aid scheme which took place after the entry into force of the EEA Agreement. According to the second complainant, the Norwegian authorities had before the change granted compensation retrospectively to cover the operator’s total deficits, but after this change, they moved towards a system where compensation was granted in advance to the operator. (253)The Norwegian authorities have explained that from 1 January 1994 a new main agreement (Hovedavtale) took effect, which replaced the former agreement of 3 July 1991. That agreement was signed on 5 November 1993. Together with annual agreements, the contract formed the contractual relationship between the Ministry and Vy (NSB at the time) as the operator. (254)According to the Norwegian authorities, the main principles for the PSO compensation for railway passenger services remained unchanged before and after the introduction of the new contract form. (255)ESA finds that regardless of whether the contract signed on 5 November 1993 brought about changes to the practice of awarding PSO contracts for railway passenger services, such a new practice was established at the time of the signature of the new agreement on 5 November 1993 which was before the entry into force of the EEA Agreement on 1 January 1994Judgment of 14 April 2021, Verband Deutscher Alten und Behindertenhilfe and CarePool hannover v Commission, T-69/18, EU:T:2021:189, paragraph 174. (256)ESA therefore preliminarily finds that the alleged change in the administrative practice of the scheme does not constitute a change capable of turning existing aid into new aid. 5. 3. 3. Reform of the railway system and competitive tendering(257)According to the complainants, the reorganisation of the railway passenger market, as that carried out through the Railway Reform initiated in 2015 and the introduction of competitive tendering in the market, is capable of influencing the assessment of the compatibility of the aid with the functioning of the EEA Agreement. The complainants claim that this is therefore an alteration to the existing aid scheme within the meaning of Article 1(c) of Part II of Protocol 3. (258)As described above in section 3. 1. 4, the Railway Reform entailed both organisational changes in the railway sector as well as the introduction of competitive tendering for PSO contracts. (259)Alterations which have no bearing on the advantage that is conferred on the beneficiaries of the aid, do not turn existing aid into new aidJudgment of 9 August 1994, Namur-Les assurances du crédit, C-44/93, EU:C:1994:311, paragraph 29. Alteration to existing aid is defined as any change, other than modifications of a purely formal or administrative nature which cannot affect the evaluation of the compatibility of the aid measure with the common marketArticle 4(1) of Decision No 195/04/COL of 14 July 2004 on the implementing provisions referred to under Article 27 in Part II of Protocol 3 to the Agreement between the EFTA States on the Establishment of a Surveillance Authority and a Court of Justice (OJ L 139, 25. 5. 2006, p. 37 and EEA Supplement No 26, 25. 5. 2006, p. 1). (260)Modifications are substantial if the main elements of the system have been changed, such as the nature of the advantage, the purpose pursued with the measure, the legal basis, the beneficiaries or the source of financingOpinion of Advocate-General of 4 December 1974, Van der Hulst v Produktschap voor Siergeqassen, C-51/74, EU:C:1974:134. (261)The Railway Reform entailed organisational changes to the structure of the railway system in Norway. The former parts of the national railway operator Vy (NSB at the time) were restructured as independent undertakings and a public authority, the Railway Directorate (Jernbanedirektoratet) was established, which was responsible for purchasing railway infrastructure and passenger services on behalf of the Norwegian authorities. (262)Administrative reorganisation of entities and responsibility between public authorities, which do not have effect on the substance of the scheme do not constitute alterations, which turn existing aid into new aid within the meaning of Article 1(c) of Part II of Protocol 3. (263)ESA preliminarily finds that these changes of administrative nature have not affected the essential elements of the aid scheme. The Railway Reform did not lead to any changes to the administrative practice of compensating operators for the provision of railway passenger services. (264)Further, the introduction of competitive tendering for railway passenger services was meant to lead to a gradual phasing out of the scheme and its geographic coverage. The aid scheme therefore remains the same, but with decreasing coverage, until the aid scheme is discontinued. Furthermore, the method of determining the compensation of directly awarded PSO contracts is not the same for PSO contracts which are competitively tendered. The contracts entered into based on competitive tendering therefore appear not to be able to fall within the aid scheme. (265)In the light of the above, ESA preliminarily finds that the Railway Reform, including the introduction of competitive tendering cannot be considered as an alteration to the existing aid scheme within the meaning of Article 1(c) of Part II of Protocol 3. 5. 3. 4. Reorganisation of Vy and changes to employees’ status as civil servants(266)The second complainant further stated that changes from 1 December 1996, where Vy was reorganised with a separate legal personality from the State, meant that it would no longer be subject to the same financial governance system as it had in the past, when it was subject to the budget rules and procedures as an integral part of the State. Therefore, the administrative procedure was substantially altered. (267)Furthermore, the employees of Vy lost their status as civil servants and their permanent rights to entitlements as civil servants, which, according to the second complainant, also constitutes a substantial alteration of the previous system. The combined effect of these alterations would also disqualify the existence of an existing aid scheme. (268)ESA finds that these changes are of administrative nature and concern the circumstances in which Vy operates and do not affect the administrative practice of the Norwegian authorities of awarding PSO contracts for railway passenger services nor the method of calculating the compensation under the PSO contracts. ESA therefore preliminarily finds that these changes did not affect the essential elements of the aid scheme and were not capable of turning an existing aid scheme into new aid within the meaning of Article 1(c) of Part II of Protocol 3Judgment of 24 January 2023, G Modiano Limited & Standard Wool (UK) Limited v EFTA Surveillance Authority, Case E-1/22, not yet reported, paragraph 78. 5. 3. 5. Increase in the expenditure under the scheme(269)The complainants claim that an increase in the annual budget of the scheme has increased by over 20 % on several occasions throughout the lifetime of the scheme which constitutes notifiable changes. (270)According to the complainants, the budget of the scheme has increased by close to 340 % (approximately 174 % if adjusted to account for inflation) between 1994 and 2017. Between 2001 and 2002 the budget increased by 31,5 % in a single year. (271)The budget of a scheme can be a factor in the proportionality assessment under the State aid rules and can therefore, in principle, affect compatibility of a measure. Article 4(1) of Decision No 195/04/COL and case-law concerning approved aid schemes with defined budgets, demonstrate that an increase in the initial budget of an existing aid scheme exceeding 20 % can, in certain circumstances, constitute an alteration turning existing aid into new aidJudgment of 20 September 2018, Carrefour Hypermarchés and Others, C-510/16, EU:C:2018:751, paragraph 41. (272)However, this does not seem fully applicable to the assessment of the aid scheme in question, as it does not have a defined budget. The definition of an aid scheme, as set out in Article 1(d) of Part II of Protocol 3, does not require a pre-determined budget. The second definition of an aid scheme even foresees that the aid is awarded for an indefinite amount. (273)A parliamentary approval is required for the annual expenditure under the scheme. This scheme has not been approved by ESA and its compatibility with the functioning of the EEA Agreement has therefore not been assessed. (274)However, should such an assessment be carried out, the scheme would be assessed under the relevant legislative framework, namely Regulation 1370/2007. Regulation 1370/2007 sets out the method of calculating the compensation paid to operators of public passenger transport services to exclude the possibility of overcompensation. There is no assessment of the expenditure on a scheme level. ESA therefore finds that an increase in expenditure under the scheme would be unlikely to affect the compatibility assessment of the scheme. (275)The enlargement of the field of activity of a service operator cannot, where it does not affect the system of aid established by the act in question be regarded as constituting the granting or alteration of aid within the meaning of Article 1(c) of Part II of Protocol 3Judgment of 9 August 1994, Namur-Les assurances du crédit, C-44/93, EU:C:1994:311, paragraph 35. (276)The EFTA Court has further stated that the emergence of new aid or the alteration of existing aid cannot be assessed according to the scale of the aid or, in particular, its amount in financial terms at any moment in the life of the undertaking if the aid is provided under earlier statutory provisions which remain unaltered. [. ] whether aid may be classified as new aid or as alteration of existing aid must be determined by reference to the provisions providing for it. Judgment of 22 August 2011, Konkurrenten. no, Case E-14/10 [2011] EFTA Ct. Rep. 266, paragraph 72. (277)ESA considers that the increase in expenditure to passenger transport services through the years, cannot be considered as a substantial alteration. The essential elements of the scheme are not affected by the increase of expenditure. The method of calculating the compensation to the beneficiary remains the same, the objective pursued by the scheme, the eligible beneficiaries have not changed and the public service task assigned to the beneficiary was not alteredJudgment of 13 December 2018, Rittinger and Others, C-492/17, EU:C:2018:1019. (278)In light of the above, ESA preliminarily finds the increase in expenditure in relation to the scheme throughout its lifetime not to be an alteration to the existing aid scheme within the meaning of Article 1(c) of Part II of Protocol 3. 5. 3. 6. Extension of the duration of the scheme(279)The complainants have argued that the duration of the aid scheme has been extended which entails the granting of new aid. (280)The duration of a scheme can be a factor in the proportionality assessment under the State aid rules and can therefore, in principle, affect the compatibility of a measure. Article 4(2) of Decision No 195/04/COL and case-law demonstrate that an extension of an approved aid scheme with defined duration can, in certain circumstances, constitute an alteration turning existing aid into new aidJudgment of 4 December 2013, Commission v Council, C-121/10, EU:C:2013:784, paragraph 58; Judgment of 6 March 2002, Diputación Foral de Álava and Others v Commission, T-127/99, T-129/99 and T-148/99, EU:T:2002:59, paragraph 175. (281)However, this does not seem fully applicable to the assessment of the aid scheme in question, as it does not have a defined duration. Each PSO contract concluded constitutes an individual aid award under the aid scheme and does not amount to an extension of the aid scheme. The individual contracts do not determine the duration of the aid scheme under which they are granted. (282)The definition of an aid scheme, as set out in Article 1(d) of Part II of Protocol 3, does not require a pre-determined duration. The second definition of an aid scheme even foresees that the aid is awarded for an indefinite period of time. (283)A parliamentary approval is required for the annual expenditure under the scheme. This scheme has not been approved by ESA and its compatibility with the functioning of the EEA Agreement has therefore not been assessed. (284)However, should such an assessment be carried out, the scheme would be assessed under Regulation 1370/2007, which sets out the method of calculating the compensation paid to operators of public passenger transport services to exclude the possibility of overcompensation. There is no assessment of the duration of the scheme as such. ESA therefore finds that the continued operation of the scheme would be unlikely to affect the compatibility assessment of the scheme. (285)The essential elements of the scheme are not affected by the continued operation of the scheme. The method of calculating the compensation to the beneficiary remains the same, the objective pursued by the scheme, the eligible beneficiaries have not changed and the public service task assigned to the beneficiary was not alteredJudgment of 13 December 2018, Rittinger and Others, C-492/17, EU:C:2018:1019. (286)In light of the above, ESA preliminarily finds the continued operation of the scheme not to be an alteration to existing aid within the meaning of Article 1(c) of Part II of Protocol 3. 5. 3. 7. Payments relating to pension costs in 2002 and 2017(287)As described above in section 3. 3, Vy received a grant in 2019The actual payment took place in 2019 although the Parliamentary proposal dates from 2017. for the payment of so-called adjustment obligations resulting from Vy’s exit from SPK. Vy had received another payment in 2002 for covering a shortfall in the pension fundThe measure from 2002 is not subject to this decision beyond being part of the assessment of whether the aid scheme subject to this decision is to be considered an existing aid scheme. The nature of the 2019 transaction and whether it forms part of the aid scheme is assessed in section 5. 4. (288)As regards the grant from 2019, the adjustment obligation derived from the obligation to adjust deferred pension entitlements, which means that future pension entitlements of employees who are no longer members of SPK and have not yet retired and pensions under disbursement are adjusted according to the average annual increase in salary and price inflation, as described in section 3. 3. (289)This adjustment is not covered and pre-financed by the premium but is covered when the said development is given effect for the accrued pension claim. The annual premiums paid to SPK only take into account the actual wage and inflation development each year, but do not cover future unknown adjustments. The exit from SPK meant that the adjustment amount would fall due as one-off payment at an earlier stage than what would otherwise have been the case. (290)According to the Norwegian authorities, the grant from 2002 was paid because the premiums calculated by SPK had been set too low which resulted in a shortfall in the pension fund. The Norwegian authorities have explained that the payment did therefore not compensate for costs already covered by compensation payments under PSO contracts. (291)ESA considers that the fact that these payments were paid as one-off payments do not affect the scheme as such which remains based on the principle of compensating operators for the net financial effects of the PSO. ESA therefore preliminarily finds that the fact that the pension costs relating to those two measures was paid in a one-off payment does not constitute a change capable of changing an existing aid scheme into new aid. (292)The assessment of the two measures rather concerns whether the measures can be considered to fall within the scope of the schemeSee section 5. 4. As the payment from 2002 is not subject to this decision, ESA will not carry out further assessment of the measure. For the assessment of the 2019 payment, ESA refers to its assessment in section 5. 4. (293)ESA therefore preliminarily finds that the two transactions were not capable of turning an existing aid scheme into new aid within the meaning of Article 1(c) of Part II of Protocol 3. 5. 3. 8. The adoption of the 1998 rules(294)The complainants have referred to rules concerning the PSO scheme adopted by the Ministry of Transport from 1998 as capable of substantially affecting the scheme. These rules appear to describe the internal procedure for awarding PSO contracts and the procedure to be followed during the lifetime of the contracts. The complainants have further claimed that these rules are likely to have been changed during the duration of the PSO compensation scheme. (295)The Norwegian authorities have not provided any information concerning these 1998 rules. ESA requests that the Norwegian authorities provide information regarding the nature and content of the rules and whether any changes have been made to the rules from 1998 and if so, what was the nature of such changes. 5. 3. 9. Introduction of ex post mechanism(296)In 2018, the Norwegian authorities introduced an ex post mechanism into the scheme, which is described above in section 3. 2. 4. According to the Norwegian authorities, the ex post mechanism was incorporated into the aid scheme to enhance the safeguards against overcompensation to further secure compliance with Regulation 1370/2007. (297)After the introduction of the ex post mechanism, compensation under the scheme continued to be granted on the basis of the estimated net cost of providing the public service under the PSO contracts. According to the Norwegian authorities, the mechanism merely served the purpose of calibrating the costs of the PSO more precisely. The ex post mechanism provided for better and more robust mechanism for granting compensation under the scheme. (298)The method of calculating the compensation under the PSO contracts is set out in Regulation 1370/2007. Substantial changes to the calculation formula of the compensation could therefore potentially affect the compatibility assessment under Regulation 1370/2007. (299)Based on the information available, ESA cannot exclude that the introduction of the ex post mechanism was capable of turning an existing aid scheme into new aid within the meaning of Article 1(c) of Part II of Protocol 3. ESA therefore invites the Norwegian authorities to submit further information regarding the determination of the compensation under the PSO contracts before and after the introduction of the ex post mechanism. 5. 3. 10. Conclusion(300)In light of the above, ESA has doubts concerning the existing nature of the scheme. ESA invites the Norwegian authorities to submit further information on the comparison of the compensation models in the PSO contracts before and after the introduction of the ex post mechanism as well as information concerning the rules from 1998. 5. 4. Pension costs(301)Regulation 1370/2007 sets out the method of calculating the compensation for PSO contracts for railway passenger services. Article 4(1)(c) sets out that costs connected with the provision of PSOs include cost of staff. Pension costs are costs related to the operation of a PSO, in the same way as wages or social security contributions and therefore constitute cost of staff. (302)It needs to be assessed whether the pension costs, which arose in the form of the adjustment obligation constitute costs which are related to the operation of the obligations set out in the PSO contracts and can be considered to fall within the scope of the aid scheme. (303)The EFTA Court held that [. ] if the relevant aid scheme does not have any particular provisions on how the aid is to be provided, a divergence from the usual procedure cannot, in itself, lead to the finding that the aid was not granted on the basis of the aid scheme. In the same way, it cannot matter whether a single aid payment relates to the upcoming year, to the past year or to another period of time, as long as the aid is covered by the legal basis providing for it. Judgment of 22 August 2011, Konkurrenten. no AS v EFTA Surveillance Authority, Case E-14/10 [2011] EFTA Ct. Rep. 266, paragraph 87. (304)The second complainant has alleged that the grant to cover the pension costs paid in 2019 amounts to compensating the same costs twice. The Norwegian authorities have explained that the grant related to the adjustment obligation which arose upon Vy’s exit from SPK. These costs are different from the ordinary pension costs that had already been compensated under the PSO contracts as these are costs that would normally fall due long into the future. (305)The adjustment obligation results from statutory obligation to adjust deferred pension entitlements. Future pension entitlements of employees who are no longer members of SPK and have not yet retired and pension under disbursement are adjusted according to the average annual increase in salary and price inflation. The annual premiums paid to SPK only take into account the actual wage and inflation development each year but do not cover future, unknown adjustments to the pension rights earned by employees. (306)The Norwegian authorities have stated that the grant provided to Vy covered exclusively pension costs related to the directly awarded PSO contracts and was limited to the part of the costs which had not been covered by pension provisions in Vy’s accounts. However, ESA requests that the Norwegian authorities provide information or evidence which demonstrate that the pension cost was limited to costs which arose exclusively under the PSO contracts. (307)Based on this information, ESA will assess the grant from the Norwegian authorities to cover 490,3 million NOK in 2019 to cover the adjustment obligation arising at Vy’s exit from SPK6. Procedural requirements(308)Pursuant to Article 1(3) of Part I of Protocol 3 to the Agreement between the EFTA States on the Establishment of a Surveillance Authority and a Court of Justice (Protocol 3): The EFTA Surveillance Authority shall be informed, in sufficient time to enable it to submit its comments, of any plans to grant or alter aid. … The State concerned shall not put its proposed measures into effect until the procedure has resulted in a final decision. (309)The Norwegian authorities did not notify the measures to ESA. ESA therefore reaches the preliminary conclusion that, provided the measures constitute new aid or alterations to an existing aid scheme subject to prior notification and insofar as these measures were not exempted from notification under Regulation 1370/2007, the Norwegian authorities have not respected their obligations pursuant to Article 1(3) of Part I of Protocol 3. 7. Compatibility of the aid7. 1. Compatibility assessment under Regulation 1370/20077. 1. 1. Public service contracts and their content(310)According to Article 3 of Regulation 1370/2007, where a competent authority decides to grant the operator of its choice an exclusive right and/or compensation, of whatever nature, in return for the discharge of public service obligations, it shall do so within the framework of a public service contract. (311)Public service contract is defined as one or more legally binding acts confirming the agreement between a competent authority and a public service operator to entrust to that public service operator the management and operation of public passenger transport services subject to public service obligations […]. Article 2(i) of Regulation 1370/2007. (312)According to Article 4(1)(a) of Regulation 1370/2007, public service contracts must clearly define the public service obligation applying to the operator and the geographical areas concerned. (313)The PSO contracts set out each route covered by the PSO contract and their required frequencyThe content of the four contracts subject to this decision are in most aspects the same. ESA refers to Avtale om utførelse av persontransport med tog som offentlig tjeneste i 2019 – 2022 (the 2019-2022 contract). Attachment A to the 2019-2022 contract sets out the routes that the operator undertakes to operate. The PSO contracts further set out requirements such as in relation to punctuality, regularity, customer satisfaction, safety measures onboard and measures in cases of operational deviationsArticle 8 of the 2019-2022 contract. The PSO contracts therefore clearly define the public service obligations which the public service operator has to comply with and the geographical areas concerned. (314)Article 4(1)(b)(i) of Regulation 1370/2007 requires that the parameters on the basis of which the compensation is to be calculated are established in advance in an objective and transparent manner. (315)The compensation under the PSO contracts is calculated ex ante based on Vy’s expected revenue and costs. The compensation shall, together with the ticket revenue and other income, cover the costs for discharging the public service obligations in line with the requirements set out in the PSO contracts and a reasonable profit. The amount of the complete compensation, including the estimated costs for carrying out the public service obligations, is set out in annexes to the PSO contractsArticles 9. 1 and 9. 2 of the 2019-2022 contract. The estimated costs under the contracts are set out in attachment B1 and B2. (316)Furthermore, the effect of the ex post mechanism, as described above in section 3. 2. 4, on the compensation for the operation of the public service obligation, is set out in the PSO contractsArticle 9. 5 of the 2019-2022 contract. The parameters on the basis of which the compensation payment is calculated is therefore set out in the PSO contracts in an objective and transparent manner. (317)The first complainant has alleged that the parameters for the calculation of the compensation under the PSO contracts have not been established in advance as the PSO contracts apply from 1 January 2018, but the parameters for the calculation were not established until the conclusion of the PSO contracts on 28 February 2018. (318)ESA requests that the Norwegian authorities provide information regarding the application of the parameters from 1 January 2018 for the PSO contracts for which the parameters had retroactive effect. (319)Article 4(1)(b)(ii) of Regulation 1370/2007 requires that the PSO contracts should establish in advance in an objective and transparent manner the nature and extent of any exclusive rights granted. Annexes to the PSO contracts set out which routes and production the operator has exclusive rights to operate and where other operators are competing for the same passengers in line with this requirementArticle 9. 4 of the 2019-2022 contract. (320)According to Article 4(1)(c) of Regulation 1370/2007, a public service contract should determine the arrangements for the allocation of costs connected with the provision of services. These costs may include in particular the costs of staff, energy, infrastructure charges, maintenance and repair of public transport vehicles, rolling stock and installations necessary for operating the passenger transport services, fixed costs and a suitable return on capital. (321)The first complainant stated that the PSO contracts do not appear to determine the arrangements for the allocation of costs. Further, that it is unclear whether Vy’s operative accounts have been separated in accordance with point 5 of the Annex to Regulation 1370/2007 and whether the methods for allocating direct and common costs are appropriate. (322)The Norwegian authorities have stated that the accounts of Vy’s PSO and commercial services are separated in accordance with point 5 of the Annex to Regulation 1370/2007. However, ESA invites the Norwegian authorities to provide further information regarding the separation of accounts and how the allocation of costs is determined in the PSO contracts subject to this decision as well as information about the application of the parameters of the PSO contract from 1 January 2018Submission of the Norwegian authorities dated 15 September 2022, Document No 1313413. (323)In the following section, ESA addresses the determination of the public service obligations as referred to in Article 3 of Regulation 1370/2007. ESA addresses the calculation of the compensation under the PSO contracts below in section 7. 1. 5. 7. 1. 2. Determination of the public service obligation(324)The second complainant contends that the procedure that the Ministry of Transport appears to have followed indicates that when the parties negotiated their contracts, the proposal for the scope of the public service obligation emanated from Vy/NSB and not the Ministry of TransportSubmission of the second complainant dated 30 November 2022, Document No 1333820, paragraph 203 and onwards. (325)According to Article 2(e) of Regulation 1370/2007, public service obligation means [. ] a requirement defined or determined by a competent authority in order to ensure public passenger transport services in the general interest that an operator, if it were considering its own commercial interests, would not assume or would not assume to the same extent or under the same conditions without reward. (326)The second complainant further alleges that it is not credible that none of the services in the PSO contracts would be provided without public compensation. If the PSO contracts have not been based on market testing, then the granting authority would be arbitrarily deciding the scope of the PSO and not be watertight under Regulation 1370/2007. The first complainant raises the same concerns, namely, that the PSO contracts appear to include routes which an operator such as Vy would be willing and able to operate without any compensation at allSubmission of the first complainant dated 2 December 2022, Document No 1336650. (327)In the absence of specific EEA rules defining the scope for the existence of an SGEI, EEA EFTA States have a wide margin of discretion in defining a given service as an SGEI and in granting compensation to the service provider. ESA’s competence in this respect is limited to checking whether the EEA EFTA State has made a manifest error when defining the service as an SGEI and to assessing any State aid involved in the compensation. Where specific EEA rules exist, the EEA EFTA State’s discretion is further bound by those rules, without prejudice to ESA’s duty to carry out an assessment of whether the SGEI has been correctly defined for the purpose of State aid controlESA’s Guidelines on the application of the State aid rules to compensation granted for the provision of services of general economic interest (OJ L 161, 13. 6. 2013, p. 12 and EEA Supplement No 34, 13. 6. 2013, p. 1), paragraph 46. Judgment of 18 January 2017, Andersen v Commission, T-92/11, EU:T:2017:14, paragraph 56 and case-law cited therein. Interpretative Guidelines, section 2. 2. 5. (328)EEA EFTA States are therefore entitled to take the view that certain services are in the general interest and must be operated by means of public service obligations to ensure that the public interest is protected when market forces do not suffice to guarantee that they are provided at the level or conditions required. (329)Services to be classified as public services must be addressed to citizens or be in the interest of society as a whole. States cannot attach specific public service obligations to services that are already provided or can be provided satisfactorily and under conditions, such as price, objective quality characteristics, continuity, and access to the services, consistent with public interest, as defined by the State, by undertakings operating under normal market conditionsESA’s Framework for State aid in the form of public service compensation (OJ L 161, 13. 6. 2013, p. 12 and EEA Supplement No 34, 13. 6. 2013, p. 1), paragraph 13. (330)ESA invites the Norwegian authorities to provide their comments and supporting information in relation to these allegations of the complainants. 7. 1. 3. Award and duration of the PSO contracts(331)Article 5(6) of Regulation 1370/2007 states that [u]nless prohibited by national law, competent authorities may decide to make direct awards of public service contracts where they concern transport by rail, with the exception of other track-based modes such as metro or tramways. In derogation from Article 4(3), such contracts shall not exceed 10 years, except where Article 4(4) applies. (332)The Norwegian authorities have directly awarded the PSO contracts in line with Article 5(6) of Regulation 1370/2007. The duration of the contracts does not exceed the limits set out in Article 4(3), read in in conjunction with Article 5(6) of Regulation 1370/2007, which sets a maximum duration of 10 yearsAccording to Article 4(3) of Regulation 1370/2007, the duration of public service contracts shall be limited and shall not exceed 15 years for passenger transport services by rail. 7. 1. 4. Mechanism and checks to detect overcompensation(333)The complainants alleged that the Norwegian authorities have not established ex post checks to ensure that compensation under the PSO contracts is not higher than the actual net cost of providing the services in line with the Annex to Regulation 1370/2007 and as provided for by the Interpretative Guidelines. (334)The complainants have referred to the OAG report from 2003 which stated that the Ministry of transport had not conducted any independent controls or evaluations of the relevance of the reliability of the reporting. (335)ESA considers that the OAG report from 2003 is not relevant in this context, as it concerns a time period long before the Norwegian authorities awarded to Vy the PSO contracts subject to this decision. (336)The Annex to Regulation 1370/2007 establishes an ex post check to ensure that the compensatory payments are not higher than the actual net cost for the provision of the public service over the lifetime of the contract. According to the Interpretative Guidelines, regular checks are in principle needed during the lifetime of the contract to detect and avoid at an early-stage clear overcompensation situations from developingSections 2. 4. 2 and 2. 4. 7 of the Interpretative Guidelines. (337)An adequate mechanism needs to be in place to ensure that, in the event revenues from the provision of public services are higher than expected over the lifetime of the public service contract, the operator is not allowed to keep any excessive compensation beyond the actual net costs, a reasonable profit margin and any rewards for efficiency gains stipulated in the contractSection 2. 4. 6 of the Interpretative Guidelines. (338)According to the Norwegian authorities, such regular checks are performed within the context of the ex post mechanism as well as in the form of separate accounts for the PSO contracts each year, submitted to the granting authority which can be compared to the ex ante estimations on which the PSO contracts are basedSubmission of the Norwegian authorities dated 15 September, Document No 1313413, section 4. 3. 1. The Norwegian authorities have explained that the auditor approved yearly accounts of Vy are assessed in the context of the ex post mechanism and any excess profit is either reimbursed to the Norwegian authorities or transferred to an escrow accountSubmission of the Norwegian authorities dated 3 June 2021, Document No 1204940. (339)It therefore appears that the granting authority has access to the information needed to perform regular checks to detect overcompensation resulting from the PSO contracts. However, ESA requests the Norwegian authorities to provide further information regarding how the ex post checks are carried out by the granting authority in line with Regulation 1370/2007 and the Interpretative Guidelines. This includes what type of information is submitted by Vy to the granting authority and the method applied to verifying the information. 7. 1. 5. Compensation under the PSO contracts(340)According to Articles 4(1) and 6 of Regulation 1370/2007, compensation for public service obligations cannot exceed the amount required to cover the net financial effect on costs incurred and revenues generated in discharging the public service obligations, taking account of revenue relating thereto kept by the public service operator and a reasonable profit. The method of determining the compensation shall also comply with the provisions laid down in the Annex to Regulation 1370/2007. (341)The Annex sets out that [t]he compensation may not exceed an amount corresponding to the net financial effect equivalent to the total of the effects, positive or negative, of compliance with the public service obligations on the costs and revenue of the public service operator. The effects shall be assessed by comparing the situation where the public service obligation is met with the situation which would have existed if the obligation had not been met. In order to calculate the net financial effect, the competent authority shall be guided by the following scheme:costs incurred in relation to a public service obligation or a bundle of public service obligations imposed by the competent authority/authorities, contained in a public service contract and/or in a general rule. minus any positive financial effects generated within the network operated under the public service obligations(s) in question,minus receipts from tariff or any other revenue generated while fulfilling the public service obligations(s) in question,plus a reasonable profit,equals net financial effect. Point 2 of the Annex. (342)ESA assesses in the following sections the calculation of the compensation granted under the PSO contracts. 7. 1. 6. Reasonable profit7. 1. 6. 1. BenchmarkingIntroduction(343)According to point 6 of the Annex, reasonable profit must be taken to mean a rate of return on capital that is normal for the sector in a given Member State and that takes account of the risk, or absence of risk, incurred by the public service operator by virtue of public authority intervention. (344)The Interpretative Guidelines refer to the SGEI Communication which,Application of the State aid rules to compensation granted for the provision of services of general economic interest (OJ L 161, 13. 6. 2013, p. 12 and EEA Supplement No 34, 13. 6. 2013, p. 1). despite not being applicable to PSO for land transport, provides some guidance on the determination of the level of reasonable profitIbid, point 62. The SGEI Communication explains that where generally accepted market remuneration exists for a given service, that market remuneration provides the best benchmark for the compensation in the absence of a tender. Ibid, point 69. (345)Such benchmarks would ideally be found in contracts in the same sector of activity, with similar characteristics and in the same Member State. The reasonable profit must therefore be in line with normal market conditions and should not exceed what is necessary to reflect the level of risk of the service providedSection 2. 4. 3 of the Interpretative Guidelines. (346)Accounting measures such as the return on equity (ROE), the return on capital employed (ROCE) or other generally accepted economic indicators for the return on capital may be used in addition to the standard way to consider the internal rate of return (IRR)Interpretative Guidelines, section 2. 4. 3. The reasonable profit in the PSO contracts is calculated based on a benchmark of ROCE. The benchmark ROCE rate(347)To find the appropriate level of reasonable profit, the Norwegian authorities gathered information on railway passenger transport operators considered comparable to Vy. The final compensation mechanism and the level of reasonable profit in the PSO contracts is the result of that benchmarking report. (348)The four passenger railway operators in Norway at the time of the conclusion of the contracts were State owned operators which mostly operated under directly awarded PSO contracts and were therefore not suitable benchmarksFlytoget AS, SJ AB, Vy Gjøvikbanen AS and Vygruppen AS. The benchmarking exercise was therefore based on European passenger railway undertakings which also operate competitively tendered contractsThe benchmarking exercise was carried out by PwC. (349)In the benchmarking report, PwC reviewed and analysed the financial results for different corporations which render public passenger transport services awarded under tender procedures: DB Arriva, First Group plc, Groupe Keolis, SJ AB, Transdev, Go-Ahead Group plc and Stagecoach Group plc. Due to a very low equity share and a high interest-free debt, Go-Ahead Group plc. and Stagecoach Group plc. were omitted by PwC when calculating the average ROCE and ROE. Flytoget AS was not evaluated due to the undertaking’s special position as an operator of a high-quality ground transport service to Oslo airport and the fact that the relevant agreement has been directly awarded. (350)The report shows a median rate of ROCE of 6,4 % during the period 2012-2015 for the five railway companies. The benchmarking report shows that among the five companies included, the highest ROCE in a single year was 11,7 % (SJ AB, 2015)Submission by the Norwegian authorities dated 7 December 2021, Document No 1260039. (351)According to the Norwegian authorities, due to the extensive restructuring of Transdev in the relevant period, it was considered reasonable and well-founded to exclude Transdev when calculating the average rate of return, in order to get the most meaningful picture of the market at that time. The median ROCE increases from 6,4 % to 7 % when Transdev is omitted. The average ROCE in the same period was 5,6 % with Transdev included and 6,8 % without Transdev. (352)Based on the findings in the benchmarking report, the Norwegian authorities found that there were solid grounds to conclude that a profit for an operator of railway passenger services was reasonable, as long as it corresponded with a 7 % ROCE. (353)The Norwegian authorities have explained that it was decided to set the maximum reasonable profit lower than the highest rate of return observed to avoid any risk of overcompensation. The maximum reasonable profit was set at an amount reflecting a 10,6 % ROCE. In the opinion of the Norwegian authorities, it did not appear unreasonable that a company rendering passenger transport services by rail could make a profit at the same level as the most efficient or profitable company. (354)ESA recognises that choosing a good sample of comparable operators for passenger railway companies is a complex task. The suitable group of operators must be selected in terms of business activities and risk. To get the most meaningful picture of the market at each time, it can be necessary to exclude undertakings which can be considered outliers compared to other operators in the market and therefore do not reflect forward looking trends. (355)The exclusion of Go-Ahead Group plc and Stagecoach Group plc was considered by PwC to constitute such outliers due to the reasons described above. However, PwC did not consider it necessary to exclude Transdev from the benchmarking exercise although noting that the negative results of the operator was due to substantial restructuring. As a result, the exclusion of Transdev from the benchmarking exercise appears to have been decided by the Norwegian authorities based on their own interpretation of the benchmarking report. (356)The exclusion of Transdev from the benchmarking exercise seems to have led to a higher median ROCE. In the light of the above, ESA requests that the Norwegian authorities provide further explanations regarding the reasons and considerations behind the exclusion of Transdev from the benchmarking exercise. (357)The group of undertakings included in the benchmarking report is, in addition to railway operators, bus operators. The Norwegian authorities have explained that due to the lack of sufficient number of train operators subject to competitive tendering, the PwC report covers a limited number of bus operators. (358)The Interpretative Guidelines refer to the SGEI Communications,Interpretative Guidelines, section 2. 3. 4. which set out that in sectors where there is no comparable undertaking to benchmark against, a comparison can be made to undertakings situated in another EEA State or other sectorsApplication of the State aid rules to compensation granted for the provision of services of general economic interest (OJ L 161, 13. 6. 2013, p. 12 and EEA Supplement No 34, 13. 6. 2013, p. 1), point 60. The Interpretative Guidelines state that [t]he differences in the economic models of railways, tramways, metro and bus transport should also be taken into account. For example, while railway transport is generally very capital intensive, bus transport tends to be more dependent on personnel costs. (359)The Norwegian authorities have explained that railway services and bus services are comparable in terms of capital intensity as Vy does not own the rolling stock that it employs in its services and at the relevant time the leasing costs associated with rolling stock were not capitalised. ESA notes that the benchmarking report takes account of the different economic models with regard to capital structure and excludes certain operators based on that assessment. ESA therefore considers that the appropriate considerations were made in line with Regulation 1370/2007 and the Interpretative Guidelines. (360)The benchmarking report covers the years 2012-2015. ESA notes that it appears that the report was finalised in June 2017 and applied to contracts from 2018-2024. ESA therefore requests that the Norwegian authorities provide information on the considerations made concerning the timespan covered by the benchmarking. (361)The complainants have criticised the use of the underlying data for calculating the ROCE for the benchmarking exercise. The complainants have, i. a. claimed that figures for different services have not been disaggregated in the dataset, the ROCE should have been updated during the lifetime of the PSO contracts and that the ROCE does not account for different levels of risk. (362)ESA recognises that performance indicators based on accounting information have inherent weaknesses due to differences in accounting practices and the level of aggregation of the benchmarked operators. The granting authorities have a certain level of discretion when choosing appropriate benchmarking metrics. However, the granting authorities should ensure on a case-by-case basis that the metric chosen is the most appropriate given the specific circumstances and available information. (363)Regulation 1370/2007, as interpreted by the Interpretative Guidelines, specifically foresee the use of ROCE metric. Despite its limitations, this metric is considered to provide a sufficient foundation for establishing a reasonable level of return in the relevant sector. In light of the above, ESA takes the preliminary view that the choice of benchmarking metric by the Norwegian authorities is in line with Regulation 1370/2007, as interpreted by the Interpretative Guidelines. (364)ESA further notes that the number of comparators included in the benchmark does not appear to invalidate the result, as the consultant report seems to have done a thorough search for available and relevant comparators. The complainants do not provide any arguments demonstrating how factors such as the number of comparators and the time period relied on, would lead to a different outcome. Vy’s capital employed(365)The Norwegian Railway Directorate used the benchmarked ROCE to calculate the expected ROCE amounts based on Vy’s book value of capital employed in 2018. In this regard, the book value of Vy’s subsidiaries, affiliated companies and joint ventures were subtracted from Vy’s equity as well as the share of equity that arose from Vy’s commercial railway passenger services. (366)Furthermore, due to the railway reform and the reduction of Vy’s pension obligations, Vy did not have net interest bearing debt to take into consideration when calculating the ROCE amount in 2018. Since Vy planned to adopt the accounting standard IFRS16 from 2018, the Norwegian authorities also took into account the liabilities arising from the leasing of rolling stock in the capital employed. (367)Vy Gjøvikbanen AS does not have any subsidiaries but had net interest bearing debt in addition to the expected net present value of the rolling stock leases. (368)Based on the information provided by the Norwegian authorities, it is unclear how the impact of the implementation of the IFRS-16 affected the benchmarking, specifically, if it was appropriate to benchmark with operators pre IFRS-16 implementation while at the same time applying this rate to a capital base which incorporated the IFRS-16 standard. (369)In light of the above, ESA invites the Norwegian authorities to submit further information in relation to the benchmarking exercise and, in particular, the reasons behind the exclusion of Transdev from the benchmarking exercise, the considerations made with regard to the timespan covered by the benchmarking and concerning the impact of the implementation of the IFRS-16 on the benchmarking. 7. 1. 6. 2. Assessment of commercial risk involved in the PSO contracts(370)According to point 6 of the Annex to Regulation 1370/2007, the assessment of a reasonable profit must take account of the risk, or absence of risk, incurred by the PSO operator by virtue of public authority intervention. (371)According to the Interpretative Guidelines, when assessing PSO contracts to determine the adequate level of reasonable profit, the competent authority […] must take into account […] the level of risk involved in each public service contract. For example, a public service contract that includes specific provisions protecting the level of compensation in the case of unforeseen costs is less risky than a public service contract that does not contain such guarantees. All other things being equal, the reasonable profit in the former contract should therefore be lower than in the latter contract. (372)According to the Norwegian authorities, the commercial risk of the PSO contracts rests almost entirely with Vy, underpinning that it was appropriate to set the reasonable profit within the upper half of the range of the benchmarks gathered. The Norwegian authorities have further explained that any reduced risk is taken into account through the implementation of the ex post mechanism, specifically through the cap on the potential upside of the financial outcome. (373)ESA notes that Vy bears the risk of not meeting the projected costs and revenue estimates and has no guarantee of obtaining the foreseen reasonable return or protection from incurring losses. This is comparable to the situation of a commercial operator which does not meet return targets. However, contrary to a commercial operator, in the case of profits exceeding the required rate of return, Vy will not be able to fully retain the extraordinary profits generated. As a result, if Vy were to achieve returns above the reasonable level, the ex post mechanism places Vy in a less favourable position compared to a commercial operator. (374)The compensation under the PSO contracts is in the form of a fixed sum, determined in advance and cannot be increased in the event of a rise in costs or decrease in passenger numbers as opposed to PSO contracts under which the net cost incurred is essentially compensated ex post in fullESA’s Framework for State aid in the form of public service compensation (OJ L 161, 13. 6. 2013, p. 12 and EEA Supplement No 34, 13. 6. 2013, p. 1), point 38. ESA therefore acknowledges that Vy assumes risk under the PSO contracts different but comparable to an undertaking operating under competitively tendered PSO contracts as Vy’s potential upside is capped while it still faces the full downside risk. In comparison, a competitively tendered PSO contract would not be subject to the same cap of upside potential. (375)The complainants have noted that in a case of directly awarded contracts the operator is not under the same competitive pressure to influence the estimation of the relevant costs and revenues for the duration of the contract. Further, the complainants have referred to a newspaper article from 2 February 2022,Published in Aftenposten 2 February 2022, En bedre jernbane gir et billigere togtilbud – også uten konkurranse. published following the cancellation of the competitive tender procedure for traffic package 4, in which Vy’s CEO stated that Vy had, in its bid for traffic package 4, reduced their safety margin and taken a high riskIn Norwegian Vi har redusert vår sikkerhetsmargin i tilbudet og tar høy risiko. Further that the risk involved was not as high in the directly awarded contract for traffic package 4In Norwegian Vi kan for egen del også si at det ikke er like stor risiko i den nåværende, direktetildelte avtalen om togdrift på Østlandet. (376)ESA’s preliminary view is that the Norwegian authorities’ approach to assessing the risk involved in the PSO contracts appears to be in line with the underlying logic of the requirements set out in Regulation 1370/2007 as provided for by the Interpretative Guidelines. However, the final assessment of the risk-return consideration has to be made in the broader context of the overall assessment of the compensation awarded under the PSO contracts, as further described above in section 7. 1. 5. 7. 1. 7. Efficiency incentives(377)According to point 7 of the Annex to Regulation 1370/2007, the method of compensation must promote the maintenance or development of effective management by the public service operator which can be the subject of an objective assessment and the provision of services of a sufficiently high standard. The Interpretive Guidelines further state that the use of efficiency incentives in the compensation mechanism is generally to be encouraged. (378)The Norwegian authorities have explained that to provide for an efficiency incentive, the contracts include an ex post mechanism. The ex post mechanism included in the PSO contracts covers the entire contract period. The lower threshold for profit sharing is set at an amount reflecting a return on capital employed of 7 %. The maximum reasonable profit is an amount that represents a return on capital employed at approximately 10,6 %. (379)This means that profit up to, but not exceeding the lower threshold of 7 % is kept by the operator. Profits exceeding the lower threshold, but not the upper limit of approximately 10,6 % will be divided between parties in accordance with a profit-sharing schedule introduced into the contracts, as described above in section 3. 2. 4. All profits exceeding the upper limit of approximately 10,6 % are to be returned to the Norwegian authorities. (380)The complainants allege that the ex post mechanism does not provide incentives to reduce cost. Efficiency incentives should focus on reducing cost and/or increasing the quality of service. (381)Regulation 1370/2007 leaves some leeway for the competent authorities to design incentive schemes for the PSO operator within the obligation set out in point 7 of the Annex as described above. This implies that the compensation system must be designed to ensure at least a certain improvement in efficiency over time. (382)Efficiency incentives should nevertheless be proportionate and remain within a reasonable level, taking into account the difficulty in attaining the efficiency objectives. This may, for example, be ensured through a balanced sharing of any rewards linked to efficiency gains between the operator, the public authorities and/or the users. (383)A system must be put in place to ensure that the operator is not allowed to retain disproportionate efficiency benefits. The system should not prevent the provision of high-quality services. Efficiency must be understood as the relation between the quality or level of the public services and the resources used to provide those services. Efficiency incentives should therefore focus on reducing cost and/or increasing the quality or level of serviceThe Interpretative Guidelines, section 2. 4. 5. (384)The underlying objective of including such a mechanism is to improve the quality and effectiveness of railway passenger services to increase the share of railway transport in relation to other modes of transport. Depending on the design of such a mechanism, it can also lead to reduction of State expenditure. (385)The combination of an ex ante determined compensation and the ex post mechanism for profit sharing included in the PSO contracts incentivises cost efficiencies and/or improvement of the quality of service as the operator is exposed to losses from cost overruns and importantly can retain earnings generated through cost efficiency and/or service improvements. The parameters of the ex post mechanism are fully and precisely defined in the PSO contracts. (386)In light of the above, ESA therefore takes the preliminary view that the design of the ex post mechanism fulfils the requirements set out in Regulation 1370/2007 and the Annex, as provided for by the Interpretative Guidelines. 7. 1. 8. The cost allocation in relation to the Oslo – Halden – Gothenburg route(387)Vy provides railway passenger services on the Oslo-Halden-Gothenburg route. Domestic railway passenger services between Oslo and Halden are covered by the directly awarded PSO contracts but the cross-border leg between Halden and Gothenburg is operated on commercial terms. (388)The first complainant claims that the railway passenger services between Oslo and Gothenburg are being cross-subsidised by the compensation awarded to Vy under the PSO contracts. According to the complainant, the metrics applied to separate costs between the commercial and the PSO route, fail to capture that Vy’s commercial service covers the entire Oslo-Halden-Gothenburg route and not just the Halden-Gothenburg leg. Specifically, the metrics fail to account for the demand network effects generated by combining the Oslo-Halden service and the Halden-Gothenburg service. (389)The first complainant further claims that Vy’s commercial services appear to have access to train capacity intended for services carried out under the PSO contracts. Moreover, the onboard personnel as well as the ticket distribution system employed are the same for the services provided under the PSO contracts and for Vy’s commercial service. Therefore, Vy commercial service can utilize these inputs on favourable terms. 7. 1. 8. 1. Network effects(390)According to point 2 of the Annex to Regulation 1370/2007, any positive financial effects generated within the network operated under the public service obligation in question must be deducted from the cost incurred in relation to the PSO. (391)Point 3 of the Annex states that [c]ompliance with the public service obligation may have an impact on possible transport activities of an operator beyond the public service obligation(s) in question. In order to avoid overcompensation or lack of compensation, quantifiable financial effects on the operator’s networks concerned shall therefore be taken into account when calculating the net financial effect. (392)The Interpretative Guidelines further state that [t]he operation of public passenger transport services under a public service contract by a transport undertaking also involved in other commercial operations may bring about positive induced network effects. For example, by serving a certain network under a public service contract which links to other routes operated under commercial terms, an operator may be able to increase its client base. The Commission welcomes induced network effects such as those brought about by through-ticketing and integrated timetabling, provided that they are designed to benefit passengers. The Commission is also aware of the practical difficulties in quantifying these potential network effects. Nevertheless, in accordance with the Annex to Regulation (C) No 1370/2007, any such quantifiable financial benefits shall be deducted from the costs for which compensation is claimedInterpretative Guidelines, section 2. 4. 2. (393)Positive network effects are therefore foreseen by Regulation 1370/2007. If such financial benefits are quantifiable, a corresponding deduction from the costs under the compensation must be made. (394)The Norwegian authorities recognised that Vy may be able to increase its passenger base by operating both the Oslo-Halden route as well as the Halden-Gothenburg route but underlined that any network effects are designed to benefit passengersSubmission by the Norwegian authorities dated 15 September 2022, Document No 1313413. Accordingly, cost synergies between the two routes lead to lower costs for the Oslo-Halden route compared to the costs that would have been incurred without the Halden-Gothenburg route. (395)Regulation 1370/2007 and the Interpretative Guidelines foresee circumstances where PSO are linked to commercial routes and therefore include a requirement of accounting separation as well as a requirement to take into account network effects. (396)In this regard, the Norwegian authorities provided a description of the methodology applied when allocating costs between the PSO and the commercial route. Vy relies on Activity Based Costing method (the ABC method), where each route is categorised as separate products. (397)With regard to rolling stock, Vy establishes how many trains each product requires and then allocates rental costs accordingly. A margin of error is employed so that the PSO contracts are charged with 0,3 trains less than it would have been charged had the commercial route not existed. (398)Furthermore, each train is granted a train number based on the stations it operates. The trains operating Oslo-Halden and Halden-Gothenburg have different numbers. The cost of train drivers and conductors is allocated according to the service hours for each train number. (399)The ticketing system is supplied by Entur AS (Entur). The largest cost item charged by Entur is a licence fee. Each product covers a share of Entur’s total costs including a profit margin. The share that each product must bear is determined on the basis of passenger traffic. Vy allocates the ticketing cost according to the shares of ticket income attributed to the Oslo-Halden and Halden-Gothenburg products. Internal sales and marketing costs are allocated in the same wayVy presents annual accounts for PSO services, audited by external auditor, to the Railway Directorate. (400)In a situation where an operator subject to PSO also carries out commercial activities, it is necessary to ensure that the compensation under the PSO contracts is not used to strengthen the competitive position of the operator in its commercial activities. Such a situation can be avoided with an accounting separation between the two types of activities and a sound cost allocation reflecting the costs of providing the public servicesInterpretative Guidelines, section 2. 4. 4. (401)ESA recognises that an appropriate cost and revenue allocation method can ensure that there is no cross-subsidization between commercial and PSO routes. However, it is unclear whether the chosen approach sufficiently accounts for the positive network effects in the specific circumstances of the case as the separation of the Oslo-Halden-Gothenburg route into two distinct products may not reflect the underlying economic logic and, in particular, as regards revenue allocation. ESA therefore invites the Norwegian authorities to provide further information on this issue. 7. 1. 8. 2. No beneficial terms for rolling stock and other input(402)The first complainant claims that Vy obtains trains and other inputs which Vy employs at highly beneficial terms through its directly awarded PSO contracts. (403)The Norwegian authorities have explained that Vy rents rolling stock from Norske tog AS (Norske tog) and accesses the ticket distribution system of Entur on the same terms for the whole Oslo-Gothenburg route. Vy is offered the same terms for these services as other train operators in Norway. (404)The articles of association of both Norske togThe articles of association of Norske tog, Section 3 state (in Norwegian) Selskapets virksomhet er å anskaffe, eie og forvalte togmateriell, som fortrinnsvis skal brukes til utførelse av persontransport med tog som offentlig tjenesteforpliktelse. Selskapets togmateriell skal tilbys på konkurransenøytrale vilkår. Selskapet har også en rådgiverfunksjon overfor staten. Selskapet skal ha effektiv drift. and EnturThe articles of association of Enture, Section 3 state (in Norwegian) Selskapets virksomhet er å tilby tjenester på konkurransenøytrale vilkår for reiseplanlegging og billettering for kollektivtransportsektoren i Norge, og nært relaterte tjenester. state that their services must be provided based on competitively neutral terms. The rolling stock and ticket distribution system supplied by Norsk tog and Entur respectively are priced based on cost coverage and a market confirm profit marginSubmission by the Norwegian authorities dated 15 September 2022, Document No 1313413. (405)According to the Norwegian authorities, the rent offered by Norske tog is based on estimated capital costs such as interest on external financing, a rate of return on equity and amortisation and estimated operating costs, such as administration and maintenance. The prices set in the rental agreements for rolling stock under the tendered contracts include an insurance, which is not the case for the directly awarded and tendered contracts with VySubmission by the Norwegian authorities dated 15 September 2022, Document No 1313413. (406)In all other respect, the terms of Vy’s contract with Norske tog shall at all times correspond to the standard terms applicable to other rental agreements for rolling stock offered by Norske togSection 6. 3. 1 of the directly awarded PSO contract for the period 2019 – 2022: Vilkårene i Leverandørens avtale med Norske tog skal til enhver tid samsvare med de standardvilkår som gjelder for øvrige leieavtaler for Kjøretøy hos Norske tog. (407)As leasing of rolling stock and other input appears to be provided on market terms and on the same terms for all operators, ESA takes the preliminary view that there are no indications that Vy is obtaining trains and other input at more beneficial terms than other operators active on the Norwegian railway passenger market. 7. 1. 9. Cost estimates under the directly awarded PSO contracts(408)The first complainant claims that the cost estimates used to calculate the PSO compensation are likely to be excessive. The second complainant claims that the 2016 investigation by the Norwegian Railway Authority (NRA) supports that Vy likely has been allowed to inflate its internal costs to extract extra profits. (409)On 20 February 2015, NRA opened an investigation into an announced capital injection from Vy (NSB at the time) to its rail freight subsidiary, CargoNet AS. NRA concluded the investigation, stating that it had not found sufficient grounds for corrective measures or orders. However, NRA stated that this did not mean that NRA could exclude that there had been transfers of public funds or other financial dispositions contrary to railway legislation. NRA discontinued the investigation as it would have required significant resources to pursue and assess the case furtherLetter from the Norwegian Railway Authority dated 2 November 2016 informing Vy (NSB at the time) that the case concerning capital injection to CargoNet would be closed. (410)According to the conclusions of NRA, the Transport Ministry had informed NRA that amendments were expected to be adopted to the Railway Act, entering into force on 1 January 2017The amendments would also implement Directive 2012/34 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 establishing a single European railway area (OJ L 343, 14. 12. 2012, p. 32), referred to at point 37 of Annex XIII to the EEA Agreement, Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 247/2021 of 24 September 2021 amending Annex XIII (Transport) to the EEA Agreement, into Norwegian law. NRA further stated that NSB PersontogThe entity managing the railway passenger transport services. was organised as part of Vy (NSB at the time)NSB Persontog was organised as a part of the parent company, Vy. which made it difficult to control that there is no overlap of the finances within Vy, the parent company, and to or from other business areas through direct or indirect transfer of funds. NRA further stated that the risk of such transfers would be less if Vy had organised the railway passenger services in a separate subsidiaryLetter from the Norwegian Railway Authority dated 2 November 2016 informing Vy (NSB at the time) that the case concerning capital injection to CargoNet would be closed. (411)The second complainant further refers to a report from the Office of the Auditor General in Norway (OAG) from 2010 where OAG reviewed the bus operations of Vy for the period 2008-2010.
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14677285
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Abhishek, BogdanC, Mark, Matt Foxx Duncan, Rag, Scott Carpenter, Vorsprung, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1153938, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1306504, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1469797, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1958893, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2374860, https://stackoverflow.com/users/298389, https://stackoverflow.com/users/374092, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4332574, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4993128, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5506988, https://stackoverflow.com/users/717481, https://stackoverflow.com/users/857012, jwvh, om-nom-nom, sparc_spread, tmj, vumaasha
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Scala console won't work, IntelliJ
I did all the preference work, installed scala, everything works except this, i just can not test a scala class in the console window.
In tutorials I see they just type in something behind the scala> but it just won't work, i can type some random stuff there below which doesn't do anything when I press enter.
Can you guys help me out? I would be very thankful.
Cheers
Which versions of scala and IntelliJ do you use?
IntelliJ 12 community version (omg i love your name my gf says that all the time lol)
please tell us what platform you are on (MS Windows 7, OSX, Ubuntu?) and rather than "random stuff" type in some valid expression like val a="xyz"
its not working on mac osx 10.7 and on pc windows 7, i did valid expression val test = new Time bla bla bla doesn't do anything
Once you type on the Scala console in IntelliJ Community Edition. Hit Ctrl+Enter instead of enter to execute.
took me a while to get around it :)
IntelliJ & Working with Scala Worksheet
a hint somewhere or a tool tip would have been very helpful
Thanks kind stranger! IntelliJ, how is one supposed to know that. Wasted 30 mins trying to compute 5+5.
On OS X it is CMD+Enter. Note that it is 2 years later and this awkwardness still persists. I love JetBrains but really guys.
absolutely ridiculous and frustrating for first time users :(. Thank you very much.
Still frustrating for first time users in August 2019 (which is me, who is thankful for this answer), but I suppose it enables entering multiple lines before executing.
If you want the console to execute when you hit enter, go to Preferences > Keymap > Plug-ins > Scala, and right-click ScalaConsole.Execute. Select Add Bookmark and hit enter in the first box. Then click Apply and then OK.
I've done this and checked that the keys are correct but it still won't run...any ideas?
For IDEA 2016.2, the sequence is now: File -> Settings... -> Keymap -> Plug-ins -> Scala. Double-click on "Execute Console Statement" and select "Add Keyboard Shortcut". Now if I could figure out why the blinking cursor is 2 lines below the scala> prompt...
@jwvh did u find a fix? why its two lines below?
You have to press ⌘-Enter on Mac OS X when you're done typing.
This still doesn't work for me. My key shortcut is set correctly, but it does nothing. http://i.imgur.com/eOGRQbT.png
I guess it's better to change the message from
"Type in expressions to have them evaluated."
to
"Type in expressions and press Ctrl + Enter to have them evaluated."
Just add scala sources to $PATH and it should be available / callable from CMD / Idea Terminal
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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta%20Telescopii
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Eta Telescopii
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Eta Telescopii (η Telescopii) è una stella nella costellazione australe del Telescopio. Di magnitudine apparente 5,03, dista 157 anni luce dal sistema solare e fa parte dell'Associazione di Beta Pictoris, un gruppo di stelle che condividono un moto comune nello spazio e che hanno la stessa origine.
Nel 1998, immagini riprese dal telescopio spaziale Hubble hanno rivelato un oggetto di 12ª magnitudine distante circa 4" da Eta Telescopii; dai calcoli l'oggetto è risultato essere una nana bruna di tipo spettrale M7V o M8V con una temperatura superficiale di circa 2600 K. Dista circa 192 UA dalla stella principale e la sua massa è compresa tra le 20 e le 50 volte quella di Giove.
Osservazione
si trova nell'emisfero australe. La sua posizione è fortemente australe e ciò comporta che la stella sia osservabile prevalentemente dall'emisfero sud, dove si presenta circumpolare anche da gran parte delle regioni temperate; dall'emisfero nord la sua visibilità è invece limitata alle regioni temperate inferiori e alla fascia tropicale. Essendo di quinta magnitudine può essere scorta solo sotto cieli bui non afflitti da inquinamento luminoso.
Il periodo migliore per la sua osservazione nel cielo serale ricade nei mesi compresi fra maggio e settembre; tuttavia grazie alla declinazione australe della stella, nell'emisfero sud può essere osservata per gran parte dell'anno.
Caratteristiche
Si tratta di una giovane stella con un'età di 12 milioni di anni, avente una massa oltre 3 volte quella del Sole e una temperatura superficiale di 11.941 K. L'osservazione di un eccesso di radiazione infrarossa suggerisce la presenza di un disco circumstellare di polvere avente un raggio orbitale di 24 UA e una cintura di asteroidi irrisolta a 4 UA dalla stella. Immagini successive hanno mostrato che non c'erano oggetti di 20 o più masse gioviane tra il disco e la nana bruna, portando i ricercatori Neuhäuser e colleghi a suggerire che la nana bruna avesse un'orbita eccentrica, e che se 200 UA fosse la sua distanza più lontana dalla principale, allora potrebbe arrivare fino a 71 UA al periastro, con semiasse maggiore di 136 AU.
Eta Telescopii ha una compagna, HD 181327, con cui condivide un comune moto proprio nella spazio, viste dalla Terra le due stelle appaiono distanti 7'. La compagna è una stella bianco-gialla di sequenza principale di tipo spettrale F6V e magnitudine apparente 7.0, e anch'essa è circondata da un proprio disco di detriti, il cui bordo interno, nettamente definito a 31 UA, suggerisce la presenza di un probabile pianeta tra 19 e 31 UA di distanza dalla stella.
Note
Voci correlate
Stelle principali della costellazione del Telescopio
Collegamenti esterni
Stelle bianche di sequenza principale
Stelle di classe spettrale A
Dischi circumstellari
Stelle binarie
Stelle bianco-gialle di sequenza principale
Stelle di classe spettrale F
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Engine with vibration suppression structure
ABSTRACT
There is provided, in one aspect of the present description, an engine. In one example, the engine comprises a cylinder block, a cylinder head, a sheet metal gasket interposed between the block and the head, a first projection projecting outwardly and laterally from a side portion of the block, and a second projection projecting outwardly and laterally from a side portion of the head, the first projection and the second projection facing each other along a coupling surface between the block and the head. The engine further comprises an extension extending from a main body of the sheet metal gasket and located between the first projection and the second projection, and a resilient portion which is provided in the extension, formed resiliently in a direction perpendicular to the coupling surface, and compressed between the first projection and the second projection when the head is fastened on the block.
BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to an engine, and more particularly to an engine with a vibration suppression structure, comprising a cylinder block, cylinder head and a sheet metal gasket interposed between the cylinder block and the cylinder head.
In general, a power unit for a vehicle comprises an engine and a transmission. The transmission is coupled to an end surface of the engine where an output shaft protrudes therefrom (for the purpose of this specification, the side of the end surface is referred to as “rear side” and the opposite side is referred to as “front side” when the power unit is mounted on the vehicle).
Particularly, a housing that stores a clutch or a torque converter for the transmission is coupled to the rear end surface of the cylinder block, by use of a plurality of bolts that fasten a flange portion formed at the periphery of the front end of the housing to the rear end surface of the cylinder block.
In order to increase the coupling rigidity between the engine and the transmission for more bending stiffness of the entire power unit, it is preferred that a cylinder block of an engine and a housing of a transmission be coupled together via a large area. For this purpose, as shown in FIG. 9, a flange portion B1 is formed at the rear end of a cylinder block B of an engine A so as to reach the top portion of the cylinder block B, or a coupling surface between the cylinder block B and a cylinder head C. The flange portion B1 is brought into contact with a flange portion E1 of a housing E of a transmission D, and fastened thereto by bolts F.
For reinforcing the top portion of the flange B1 of the cylinder block B, a plate-shaped rib B2 may be formed which forwardly extends from behind the top portion of the flange B1 along the top end surface of the cylinder block B. In this case, the rib B2 projects outwardly and laterally with respect to the engine A from the rear top surface of the cylinder block B.
In the meantime, the side surface of the cylinder block B is constituted by a relatively thin wall, which tends to cause so-called membrane oscillation. To suppress the oscillation and the resultant noise, a rib may be formed on a side wall of a cylinder block as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication 2009-156061. As mentioned above, however, the plate-shaped rib B2 projecting outwardly from the top end surface of the cylinder block B may unfavorably cause vibration which leads to another problem.
In more detail, when in the cylinder head C, fuel injectors are arranged immediately above the rib B2, the fuel injectors G cause so called ticking vibration resulting from the open/close motion of valves thereof, which is in turn transmitted to the rib B2 of the cylinder block B, possibly causing a resonance of the rib B2. This vibration of the rib B2 or membrane oscillation of the side wall of the cylinder block B caused by transmitted vibration of the rib B2 may cause the abovementioned problem.
In view of the abovementioned problem, it is an object of the present invention to provide an engine having a structure for suppressing a vibration of a projection laterally projecting from the side of a top portion of a cylinder head of an engine (such as a reinforcing rib for a flange used to couple the cylinder block with a transmission) and a noise caused by the vibration, while minimizing an increase in engine weight by use of a sheet metal gasket as an exiting part interposed between projections of cylinder block and a cylinder head.
SUMMARY
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided an engine comprising a cylinder block that is formed with a plurality of cylinder bores in a line that define a part of combustion chambers, a cylinder head mounted on a top surface of the cylinder block, and a sheet metal gasket interposed between the cylinder block and the cylinder head.
The engine further comprises a first projection projecting outwardly and laterally from the side portion of the cylinder block, a second projection projecting outwardly and laterally from the side portion of the cylinder head, the first projection and the second projection facing each other along a coupling surface between the cylinder block and the cylinder head, an extension extending from the main body of the sheet metal gasket and located between the first projection and the second projection, and a resilient portion which is provided in the extension and formed resiliently in a direction perpendicular to the coupling surface, compressed between the first projection and the second projection when the cylinder head is fastened on the block.
According to this aspect of the present invention, by providing the resilient portion in the extension of the sheet metal gasket between the first and second projection, vibration generated in the cylinder block can be absorbed in the resilient portion without reaching the cylinder head. And, vibration generated in the cylinder head can be absorbed without reaching the cylinder block as well. Therefore, the vibration can be suppressed from being transmitted between the cylinder block and the cylinder head.
If fuel injectors are provided on a side surface of the cylinder head to inject fuel directly into the combustion chambers, ticking vibration caused by the fuel injectors is prevented from being transmitted from the second projection to the first projection. Accordingly, even with fuel injectors as a vibration source, the vibration of the first projection and noise caused by membrane oscillation of the side surface of the cylinder block is effectively suppressed.
Preferably, the engine may comprise a flange provided on a rear end surface of the cylinder block so as to reach the coupling surface between the cylinder block and the cylinder head, a reinforcing rib may be provided which extends forwardly from behind a top portion of the flange, an attachment boss may be provided on a rear side surface of the cylinder head for attaching the fuel injector that injects fuel into the rearmost combustion chamber, the reinforcing rib may constitute the first projection, and a bottom portion of the boss may constitute the second projection.
The first projection and the second projection are formed by the parts serving other purposes, thereby eliminating the need to newly provide the projections. This accordingly avoids an increase in weight of the cylinder block and the cylinder head while achieving vibration and noise reduction.
If a reference portion used in the processing of the cylinder head is provided which laterally projects from the side of the engine, the reinforcing rib may constitute the first projection and the reference portion may constitute the second projection, instead of the attachment portion.
Also in this case, similarly, the first projection and the second projection are formed by the parts serving other purposes, thereby eliminating the need to newly provide the projections. This accordingly avoids an increase in weight of the cylinder block and the cylinder head while achieving vibration and noise reduction.
Preferably, the resilient portion may be a half-bead portion formed in the extension.
The resilient portion is produced similarly to beads formed in the gasket to seal the combustion chamber or a water jacket. Accordingly, there is no need for any special process for forming the resilient portion, thereby reducing the production cost of the gasket.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a rear part of an engine according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a side view of the rear of the engine.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a combustion chamber cut at a line X-X in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a plan view of a substantial part of a cylinder block.
FIG. 5 is a bottom view of a substantial part of a cylinder head.
FIG. 6 is a plan view of a substantial part of a gasket.
FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a substantial part of the gasket cut at a line Y-Y in FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a pinching state of an extended piece part of the gasket.
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a related art.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT
Hereinafter, an embodiment of a vibration suppression structure of an engine according to the invention is described.
FIGS. 1 and 2 show a coupling part of a cylinder block 10 and a cylinder head 20 in a rear part of an engine 1 according to this embodiment. The cylinder block 10 and the cylinder head 20 are coupled to each other so as to have a sheet metal gasket 30 between coupling surfaces 11 and 21 of both, respectively, with head bolts (not illustrated).
A flange portion 12 that reaches the coupling surface 11 coupling to the cylinder head 20 is provided in a rear end face of the cylinder block 10 (the coupling surface 11 corresponds to the uppermost part of the cylinder block 10). A flange portion 41 at the front end of a housing 40 that accommodates a clutch (or a torque converter) of a transmission contacts the flange portion 12. These flange portions 12 and 41 are fastened with bolts 42 at two or more locations around the housing including the uppermost part. Thereby, the cylinder block 10 of the engine 1 and the housing 40 of the transmission are coupled to each other.
For every cylinder, two intake ports 22 open in a side face of the cylinder head 20 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, and mounting holes 23 for fuel injection valves are formed also in the cylinder head 20. In addition, although not being illustrated, two exhaust ports open in the other side face on the opposite side of the cylinder head 20 for every cylinder.
Herein, as shown in FIG. 3, a cylinder bore 13 of the cylinder block 10, a piston 51 fitted in the bore 13, and a pentroof part 24 which is a lower surface of the cylinder head 20 constitute each of combustion chambers 52. A spark plug 53 is attached to the cylinder head 20 so as to point toward the center of the combustion chamber 52. A fuel injection valve 54 inserted in the mounting hole 23 in the side face of the cylinder head 20 faces the inside of the combustion chamber 52 from the side in order to directly inject fuel into the combustion chamber 52.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, in the side face of the rear part of the cylinder block 10, an overhang part 14 that extends forward from a back side part of the uppermost part of the flange portion 12 and overhangs to the side of the engine 1 is formed. The overhang part 14 serves as a reinforcing rib for reinforcing the uppermost part of the flange portion 12.
An upper surface 14 a of the overhang part 14 forms the same surface with the coupling surface 11 (interposing surface of a gasket 30) of the cylinder block 10, coupled to the cylinder head 20. The overhang part 14 is formed in a shape having an overhanging amount so that the amount is substantially constant to the side within a predetermined range extending from the flange portion 12 to the front side, and gradually decreases forward from the range.
Forward of the overhang part 14 in the cylinder block 10, mass parts 15 are provided so that each is located immediately below the mounting hole 23 of the fuel injection valve in the cylinder head 20, extends downwardly from the coupling surface 11, and projects to the side of the engine 1 as well. Thereby, the vibration of side wall surfaces of the cylinder block 10 is suppressed.
On the other hand, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 5, immediately below the mounting hole 23 for the fuel injection valve of the rearmost cylinder in the side face of the cylinder head 20, a first projecting part 26 is provided, which is formed by a thickened part constituting a lower part of a boss part 25 of the mounting hole 23, and overhangs to the side of the engine 1. The first projecting part 26 is located immediately above a substantial center part of the overhang part 14 in the front-and-rear direction in the cylinder block 10. A lower surface 26 a of the first projecting part 26 forms the same surface with the coupling face 21 (interposing surface of the gasket 30) of the cylinder head 20.
In a part of the side face of the cylinder head 20, which is immediately above a front part of the overhang part 14 of the cylinder block 10, a second projecting part 27, of which a lower surface 27 a forms the same surface with the coupling face 21 (interposing surface of the gasket 30) of the cylinder head 20, is provided to overhang to the side of the engine 1. Typically, the second projecting part 27 is provided at two or more locations around the cylinder head 20, and each is used as one of the processing reference portions when processing the cylinder head 20, assembling components to the cylinder head 20, etc.
Therefore, the upper surface 14 a of the overhang part 14 in the cylinder block 10 which is made to form the same surface with the coupling faces 11 and 21 opposes the lower surfaces 26 a and 27 a of the first and second projecting parts 26 and 27 in the cylinder head 20.
As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the gasket 30 is a sheet metal gasket, which is formed by laminating outer metal plates 32 on both sides of a center metal plate 31 and integrally coupling the plates by clamp parts 33 located at two or more locations. A body part 34 of the gasket 30 is made in a shape corresponding to the shapes of the coupling faces 11 and 21 between the cylinder block 10 and the cylinder head 20. The same number of circular holes 35 as the number of cylinders, which correspond to the bores 13 of the cylinder block 10 and two or more of insertion holes 36 of the head bolts, are formed in the body part 34.
Bead parts 37 formed by bulging the outer metal plates 32 are provided around the circular holes 35 and around the head bolt insertion holes 36. When coupling the cylinder block 10 and the cylinder head 20, the bead parts 37 are held down, thereby, its elastic repulsion force seals around the circular holes 35 and around the head bolt insertion holes 36 to prevent leakage of combustion gas from the combustion chambers 52, leakage of cooling water from water jackets, etc.
First and second extended piece parts 38 and 39 that project from the body part 34 are formed in the gasket 30. As shown by virtual lines in FIGS. 4 and 5, the extended piece parts 38 and 39 are provided at corresponding parts where the upper surface 14 a of the overhang part 14 of the cylinder block 10 and the lower surfaces 26 a and 27 a of the first and second projecting parts 26 and 27 of the cylinder head 20 oppose to each other.
So-called “half-bead” shaped resilient portions 38 a and 39 a are formed in the extended piece parts 38 and 39, respectively. That is, as the first extended piece part 38 is shown enlarged in FIG. 7, the outer metal plates 32 are provided with first slope face parts 32 a that incline in mutually separating directions from a state where they are in close contact with the center metal plate 31 toward a tip end side from a base part of the extended piece part 38; flat parts 32 b that spread toward the tip end sides from the slope face parts 32 a; second slope face parts 32 c that incline in mutually approaching directions toward tip end sides of the flat parts 32 b; and tip end parts 32 d that again are in close contact with the center metal plate 31 at a further tip end side.
Thereby, the flat parts 32 b of the outer metal plates 32 bulge to both sides, and the bulged parts serve as the resilient portions 38 a and 39 a that resiliently repel against pressurizing forces from both sides.
Next, an operation of this embodiment is described. The flange portion 12 reaching the coupling surface 11 which couples with the cylinder head 20 is formed in the rear end part of the cylinder block 10 of the engine 1. The flange portion 41 of the housing 40 accommodating the clutch or the torque converter on the transmission side is fastened to the flange portion 12 with bolts 42. Therefore, the cylinder block 10 of the engine 1 and the housing 40 are coupled by a large area, and a power unit which is constituted by the engine and the transmission obtains a high bending stiffness.
The overhang part 14 that extends to the front side from the back side part of the uppermost part of the flange portion 12 and overhangs to the side of the engine 1 is formed in the side face of the rear part of the cylinder block 10, and the overhang part 14 acts as the rib that reinforces the uppermost part of the flange portion 12. Therefore, the rigidity of the flange portion 12, and consequently, the coupling rigidity between the cylinder block 10 and the housing 40 of the transmission improve to further improve the bending stiffness of the power unit.
Further, to the upper surface 14 a of the overhang part 14 of the cylinder block 10, the lower surfaces 26 a and 27 a of the first and second projecting parts 26 and 27 provided to the side face of the cylinder head 20 oppose. Between the opposing surfaces, the first and second extended piece parts 38 and 39 of the gasket 30 are located. When the cylinder block 10 and the cylinder head 20 are fastened interposing the gasket 30 therebetween, the first and second extended piece parts 38 and 39 of the gasket 30 are also inserted so as to be interposed between the upper surface 14 a of the overhang part 14 and the lower surfaces 26 a and 27 a of the first and second projecting parts 26 and 27.
Meanwhile, the fuel injection valve 54 of the rearmost cylinder attached to the mounting hole 23 of the cylinder head 20 is located immediately above the overhang part 14. Ticking vibration caused by opening and closing the fuel injection valve 54 is transmitted to the overhang part 14 on the cylinder block 10 side from the boss part 25 of the fuel injection valve mounting hole 23. Thereby, the overhang part 14 will vibrate; however, by the above configuration, the transmission of the vibration can be suppressed.
That is, as described above, the first and second extended piece parts 38 and 39 of the gasket 30 are interposed between the upper surface 14 a of the overhang part 14 of the cylinder block 10 and the lower surfaces 26 a and 27 a of the first and second projecting parts 26 and 27 of the cylinder head 20. Upon this, in the resilient portions 38 a and 39 a of the first and second extended piece parts 38 and 39, as a beginning state of the interposing is illustrated in FIG. 8 taking the first extended piece part 38 into consideration as an example, the flat parts 32 b of the outer metal plates 32 bulging to both sides in a non-interposed state are pressed so as to closely contact the center metal plate 31 by a fastening force “f” between the cylinder block 10 and the cylinder head 20. As a result, the flat parts 32 b are pressured to the upper surface 14 a of the overhang part 14 and the lower surfaces 26 a and 27 a of the first and second projecting parts 26 and 27 by the elastic repulsion force.
Therefore, even if the ticking vibration due to the fuel injection valve 54 is transmitted to the first and second projecting parts 26 and 27 of the cylinder head 20, the resilient portions 38 a and 39 a of the first and second extended piece parts 38 and 39 in the gasket 30 absorb the vibration, and the transmission toward the overhang part 14 of the cylinder block 10 is suppressed. Thereby, the vibration of the overhang part 14 can be suppressed, membrane oscillation of the side wall surface of the cylinder block 10 can also be suppressed, and noises caused by vibration of the overhang part 14 itself, membrane oscillation of the cylinder block side wall surface and the like can be reduced.
In this case, the overhang part 14 of the cylinder block 10 is constituted by the rib that reinforces the uppermost part of the flange portion 12, and the first and second projecting parts 26 and 27 of the cylinder head 20 are constituted by the lower part and the processing reference portion of the boss part 25 of the fuel injection valve mounting hole 23, respectively. Therefore, in order to suppress the vibration and the noise, new ribs or new masses do not have to be formed in the cylinder block 10 and the cylinder head 20 and, thus, an increase in weight of the engine 1 caused by forming them can be avoided.
The resilient portions 38 a and 39 a in the extended piece parts 38 and 39 of the sheet metal gasket 30 are formed in the half-bead shape, and can be formed similar to the bead parts 37 for combustion chamber seals in this gasket 30 and for water jacket seals. Therefore, special processing for forming the resilient portions 38 a and 39 a is not needed, thereby a significant increase in the manufacture cost of the gasket 30 will not be caused.
It should be understood that the embodiments herein are illustrative and not restrictive, since the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than by the description preceding them, and all changes that fall within metes and bounds of the claims, or equivalence of such metes and bounds thereof are therefore intended to be embraced by the claims.
We claim:
1. An engine comprising: a cylinder block that is formed with a plurality of cylinder bores in a line that define a part of combustion chambers, a cylinder head mounted on a top surface of the cylinder block, a sheet metal gasket interposed between the cylinder block and the cylinder head, a first projection projecting outwardly and laterally from a side portion of the cylinder block, the first projection constituting an overhang part that serves as a reinforcing rib, a second projection projecting outwardly and laterally from a side portion of the cylinder head, the first projection and the second projection facing each other along a coupling surface between the cylinder block and the cylinder head, an extension extending from a main body of the sheet metal gasket and located between the first projection and the second projection, a resilient portion which is provided in the extension, formed resiliently in a direction perpendicular to the coupling surface, and compressed between the first projection and the second projection when the cylinder head is fastened on the cylinder block, a flange provided on a rear end surface of the cylinder block so as to reach the coupling surface between the cylinder block and the cylinder head, the flange portion configured to couple to a flange portion of a housing of a transmission, and the overhang part that serves as the reinforcing rib provided on a back portion of the coupling surface, extending forwardly from behind where an uppermost part of the flange portion provided on the rear end surface of the cylinder block connects to a top portion of the flange portion of the transmission housing, the reinforcing rib reinforcing the uppermost part of the flange portion provided on the rear end surface of the cylinder block.
2. The engine as defined in claim 1, further comprising: a respective fuel injector provided on a side surface of each cylinder head to inject fuel directly into the corresponding combustion chamber.
3. The engine as defined in claim 2, wherein an attachment boss is provided on a rear side surface of the cylinder head for attaching the fuel injector that injects fuel into a rearmost combustion chamber, the reinforcing rib constitutes the first projection, and a bottom portion of the attachment boss constitutes the second projection.
4. The engine as defined in claim 1, wherein a reference portion used in processing of the cylinder head is provided which laterally projects from a side of the engine, and the reference portion constitutes the second projection.
5. The engine as defined in claim 2, wherein a reference portion used in processing of the cylinder head is provided which laterally projects from a side of the engine, and the reference portion constitutes the second projection.
6. The engine as defined in claim 3, wherein a reference portion used in processing of the cylinder head is provided which laterally projects from a side of the engine, and the reference portion constitutes the second projection.
7. The engine as defined in claim 1, wherein the resilient portion is a half-bead portion formed in the extension.
8. The engine as defined in claim 2, wherein the resilient portion is a half-bead portion formed in the extension.
9. The engine as defined in claim 3, wherein the resilient portion is a half-bead portion formed in the extension.
10. The engine as defined in claim 4, wherein the resilient portion is a half-bead portion formed in the extension.
11. The engine as defined in claim 5, wherein the resilient portion is a half-bead portion formed in the extension.
12. The engine as defined in claim 6, wherein the resilient portion is a half-bead portion formed in the extension..
| 40,165 |
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seig%C5%8D%20Narazaki
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Seigō Narazaki
|
https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seigō Narazaki&action=history
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 178 | 532 |
– japoński piłkarz grający na pozycji bramkarza. Zdobywca Pucharu Azji, finalista Pucharu Konfederacji. Uczestnik trzech mundiali.
Występy z drużyną narodową
Puchar Azji 1996 (ćwierćfinał)
Mistrzostwa Świata 1998 (faza grupowa)
Puchar Azji 2000 (Mistrzostwo)
Puchar Konfederacji 2001 (2. miejsce)
Mistrzostwa Świata 2002 (1/8 finału)
Puchar Konfederacji 2003 (faza grupowa)
Puchar Azji 2004 (Mistrzostwo)
Puchar Konfederacji 2005 (faza grupowa)
Mistrzostwa Świata 2006 (faza grupowa)
Puchar Azji 2007 (IV miejsce)
Sukcesy z klubami
Yokohama Flügels
Puchar Cesarza – 1998.
Nagoya Grampus Eight
Puchar Cesarza – 1999.
Indywidualne osiągi
Członek najlepszej jedenastki J-League: 1996, 1998, 2003.
Reprezentanci Japonii w piłce nożnej
Piłkarze Yokohama Flügels
Piłkarze Nagoya Grampus
Uczestnicy Copa América 1999
Uczestnicy Mistrzostw Świata w Piłce Nożnej 1998
Uczestnicy Mistrzostw Świata w Piłce Nożnej 2002
Uczestnicy Mistrzostw Świata w Piłce Nożnej 2006
Uczestnicy Mistrzostw Świata w Piłce Nożnej 2010
Uczestnicy Pucharu Konfederacji w piłce nożnej 2001
Uczestnicy Pucharu Konfederacji w piłce nożnej 2003
Uczestnicy Pucharu Konfederacji w piłce nożnej 2005
Uczestnicy Pucharu Azji 2007
Urodzeni w 1976
Uczestnicy Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 2000
Japońscy olimpijczycy
Sportowcy związani z Kashibą
Ludzie urodzeni w Kashibie
| 35,590 |
https://github.com/denise-amiga/fb-raylib/blob/master/examples/shapes_basic_shapes.bas
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
fb-raylib
|
denise-amiga
|
FreeBasic
|
Code
| 303 | 644 |
/'*******************************************************************************************
*
* raylib [shapes] example - Draw basic shapes 2d (rectangle, circle, line...)
*
* This example has been created using raylib 1.0 (www.raylib.com)
* raylib is licensed under an unmodified zlib/libpng license (View raylib.h for details)
*
* Copyright (c) 2014 Ramon Santamaria (@raysan5)
*
********************************************************************************************'/
#include once "../raylib.bi"
'' Initialization
const as long _
screenWidth = 800, screenHeight = 450
InitWindow( screenWidth, screenHeight, "raylib [shapes] example - basic shapes drawing" )
SetTargetFPS( 60 )
'' Main game loop
do while( not WindowShouldClose() )
'' Update
''----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'' TODO: Update your variables here
''----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'' Draw
BeginDrawing()
ClearBackground( RAYWHITE )
DrawText( "some basic shapes available on raylib", 20, 20, 20, DARKGRAY )
DrawCircle( screenWidth / 4, 120, 35, DARKBLUE )
DrawRectangle( screenWidth / 4 * 2 - 60, 100, 120, 60, RAYRED )
DrawRectangleLines( screenWidth / 4 * 2 - 40, 320, 80, 60, ORANGE ) '' NOTE: Uses QUADS internally, not lines
DrawRectangleGradientH( screenWidth / 4 * 2 - 90, 170, 180, 130, MAROON, GOLD )
DrawTriangle( Vector2( screenWidth / 4 * 3, 80 ), _
Vector2( screenWidth / 4 * 3 - 60, 150 ), _
Vector2( screenWidth / 4 * 3 + 60, 150 ), VIOLET )
DrawPoly( Vector2( screenWidth / 4 * 3, 320 ), 6, 80, 0, BROWN )
DrawCircleGradient( screenWidth / 4, 220, 60, RAYGREEN, SKYBLUE )
'' NOTE: We draw all LINES based shapes together to optimize internal drawing,
'' this way, all LINES are rendered in a single draw pass
DrawLine( 18, 42, screenWidth - 18, 42, BLACK )
DrawCircleLines( screenWidth/4, 340, 80, DARKBLUE )
DrawTriangleLines( Vector2( screenWidth / 4 * 3, 160 ), _
Vector2( screenWidth / 4 * 3 - 20, 230 ), _
Vector2( screenWidth / 4 * 3 + 20, 230 ), DARKBLUE )
EndDrawing()
loop
'' De-Initialization
CloseWindow()
| 37,623 |
https://github.com/MyMonsterVR/Discord-Bot-Template/blob/master/commands/botinfo.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
Discord-Bot-Template
|
MyMonsterVR
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 436 | 1,643 |
const Discord = require("discord.js");
const config = require("../config.json");
const db = require("quick.db");
const { bot } = require("../index.js");
const ms = require("parse-ms");
const os = require("os");
module.exports.run = async (bot, message, args) => {
const core = os.cpus()[0];
const sm = await message.channel.send("pinging...");
await sm.delete();
await db.fetch("test12345");
const sm2 = await message.channel.send("db tested...");
await sm2.delete();
const Ban = bot.users.cache.get("114441250647572489");
let bn = await db.fetch("bn");
if (!bn || bn == null || isNaN(bn)) {
bn = await db.set("bn", 1);
} else {
bn = await db.add("bn", 1);
}
var usedMemory = os.totalmem() - os.freemem(),
totalMemory = os.totalmem();
var getpercentage = ((usedMemory / totalMemory) * 100).toFixed(2) + "%";
var isWin = process.platform === "win32";
const embed = new Discord.MessageEmbed()
.setTitle("Info")
.setDescription(`Here's some information about Hedgehog Bot`)
.setAuthor(`Bot made by ${Ban.tag}`, Ban.displayAvatarURL)
.setFooter(bot.user.tag, bot.user.displayAvatarURL)
.setColor("BLUE")
.addField(
"Pings",
`bot Ping: \`${
Math.floor(bot.ping * 100) / 100
} ms\`\nMessage Roundtrip: \`${
Math.floor(bot.ping * 100) / 100
} ms\`\nDatabase Reading: \`${
Math.floor((sm2.createdAt - sm.createdAt) * 100) / 100
} ms\`\nBot Uptime: \`${Math.floor(bot.uptime / 1000)} Seconds\``
)
.addField(
"Development",
`Coded By: ${Ban} (${
Ban.id
})\nCoded Using: \`Node.JS | Discord.JS\`\nBuild Number: \`${(
bn * 0x0fca3b
)
.toString(16)
.toUpperCase()}\``
)
.addField(
"Servers",
`I'm serving ${bot.guilds.cache.size} servers, with ${bot.users.cache.size} users in total.`
)
.addField(
"Server Stats",
`This server has ${message.guild.members.cache.size} members, ${message.guild.roles.cache.size} roles, ${message.guild.channels.cache.size} channels, and ${message.guild.emojis.cache.size} emojis.`
)
.addField("System", [
`**❯ Platform:** Windows ${process.arch}`,
`**❯ Uptime:** ${ms(os.uptime() * 1000, { long: true })}`,
`**❯ CPU:**`,
`Cores: ${os.cpus().length}`,
`Model: ${core.model}`,
`Speed: ${core.speed}MHz`,
`**❯ Memory:**`,
`Memory used in GB: ${usedMemory / Math.pow(1024, 3).toFixed(2)}`,
`Used memory: ${getpercentage}`,
])
.setTimestamp();
//IS NOT WINDOWS
const embed1 = new Discord.MessageEmbed()
.setTitle("Info")
.setDescription(`Here's some information about Hedgehog Bot`)
.setAuthor(`Bot made by ${Ban.tag}`, Ban.displayAvatarURL)
.setFooter(bot.user.tag, bot.user.displayAvatarURL)
.setColor("BLUE")
.addField(
"Pings",
`bot Ping: \`${
Math.floor(bot.ping * 100) / 100
} ms\`\nMessage Roundtrip: \`${
Math.floor(bot.ping * 100) / 100
} ms\`\nDatabase Reading: \`${
Math.floor((sm2.createdAt - sm.createdAt) * 100) / 100
} ms\`\nBot Uptime: \`${Math.floor(bot.uptime / 1000)} Seconds\``
)
.addField(
"Development",
`Coded By: ${Ban} (${
Ban.id
})\nCoded Using: \`Node.JS | Discord.JS\`\nBuild Number: \`${(
bn * 0x0fca3b
)
.toString(16)
.toUpperCase()}\``
)
.addField(
"Servers",
`I'm serving ${bot.guilds.cache.size} servers, with ${bot.users.cache.size} users in total.`
)
.addField(
"Server Stats",
`This server has ${message.guild.members.cache.size} members, ${message.guild.roles.cache.size} roles, ${message.guild.channels.cache.size} channels, and ${message.guild.emojis.cache.size} emojis.`
)
.addField("System", [
`**❯ Platform:** ${process.arch}`,
`**❯ Uptime:** ${ms(os.uptime() * 1000, { long: true })}`,
`**❯ CPU:**`,
`Cores: ${os.cpus().length}`,
`Model: ${core.model}`,
`Speed: ${core.speed}MHz`,
`**❯ Memory:**`,
`Memory used in GB: ${usedMemory / Math.pow(1024, 3).toFixed(2)}`,
`Used memory: ${getpercentage}`,
])
.setTimestamp();
switch (isWin) {
case true:
message.channel.send(embed);
break;
case false:
message.channel.send(embed1);
break;
}
};
module.exports.config = {
name: "botinfo",
description: "gives you information about the bot",
usage: "!botinfo",
accessableby: "Members",
aliases: [""],
};
| 9,155 |
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalt
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Spalt
|
https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spalt&action=history
|
Portuguese
|
Spoken
| 31 | 57 |
Spalt é um município da Alemanha, situado no distrito de Roth, no estado da Baviera. Tem de área, e sua população em 2019 foi estimada em 5.047 habitantes.
Municípios da Baviera
| 43,044 |
https://github.com/svprdga/mvp/blob/master/test/mvp_test.dart
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
mvp
|
svprdga
|
Dart
|
Code
| 298 | 769 |
// Copyright 2019 David Serrano Canales
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter_test/flutter_test.dart';
import 'test_objects.dart';
void main() {
group('Presenter unit tests -', () {
TestPresenter presenter;
TestScreenStateMock screenMock = TestScreenStateMock();
void callback(TestModel model) {}
setUp(() {
presenter = TestPresenter();
});
test('should initialize viewModel when the presenter is created.', () {
expect(presenter.viewModel.counter, INIT_COUNTER);
});
group('when calling bind()', () {
setUp(() {
presenter.bind(callback, screenMock);
});
test('should attach callback', () {
expect(presenter.callback, callback);
});
test('should attach screen', () {
expect(presenter.screen, screenMock);
});
test('should apply initial view model', () {
presenter.callback =
(TestModel model) => expect(model.counter, INIT_COUNTER);
});
});
group('when calling unbind()', () {
setUp(() {
presenter.viewModel = TestModel();
presenter.callback = callback;
presenter.screen = screenMock;
presenter.unbind();
});
test('should release callback', () {
expect(presenter.callback, isNull);
});
test('should release view', () {
expect(presenter.screen, isNull);
});
test('should release view model', () {
expect(presenter.viewModel, isNull);
});
});
});
group('Screen widget tests -', () {
Widget buildTestableWidget(Widget widget) {
return MediaQuery(
data: MediaQueryData(), child: MaterialApp(home: widget));
}
var widget;
TestPresenterMock presenter;
setUp(() {
presenter = TestPresenterMock();
TestScreen screen = TestScreen(presenter: presenter);
widget = buildTestableWidget(screen);
});
testWidgets('when building widget, should initialize view model',
(WidgetTester tester) async {
await tester.pumpWidget(widget);
// Test this checking the counter initial value displayed on the screen.
var text = find.text("counter: $INIT_COUNTER");
expect(text, findsOneWidget);
});
});
}
| 2,530 |
<urn:uuid:d219242b-3773-4c10-9ede-5c3ff3d14e2f>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.universite-paris-saclay.fr/structuration-de-healthi
|
universite-paris-saclay.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 159 | 286 |
Structuration de HEALTHI
Pour promouvoir l'interdisciplinaire au sein des 4 Graduate Schools piliers: HeaDS, LSH, Chimie et Santé Publique, HEALTHI a mise en place une structure matricielle déclinant neuf axes thématiques intégrant les 136 équipes de recherche :
• quatre axes horizontaux consacrés à la recherche fondamentale et aux innovations technologiques dans le domaine de l’innovation thérapeutique (Cibles, ligands et médicaments ; Sondes moléculaires, métabolites et biomarqueurs ; Technologie pharmaceutique, ciblage et biomatériaux ; Cellules souches, thérapie cellulaire et génique),
• quatre axes verticaux dédiés aux études des mécanismes physiopathologiques et des domaines thérapeutiques (Cardiovasculaire, poumons et hémostase ; Immunité, inflammation et infection ; Cancer ; Physiopathologie hépato-biliaire) et
• un axe transversal correspondant aux enjeux de santé publique (Accès aux soins, médecine personnalisée, évaluation et prise en charge des patients).
Les formations, projets recherche et innovations de HEALTHI émergeront au croisement des axes permettant la création d’un cluster interdisciplinaire en santé et innovation thérapeutique unique pour l’Université Paris-Saclay.
| 28,371 |
https://github.com/forte-projects/forte-common/blob/master/log/src/main/java/love/forte/nekolog/color/NocolorBuilder.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
forte-common
|
forte-projects
|
Java
|
Code
| 118 | 387 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2020. ForteScarlet All rights reserved.
* Project parent
* File NoColorsBuilder.java
*
* You can contact the author through the following channels:
* github https://github.com/ForteScarlet
* gitee https://gitee.com/ForteScarlet
* email ForteScarlet@163.com
* QQ 1149159218
*/
package love.forte.nekolog.color;
/**
* 将会无视颜色的builder
*
* @author <a href="https://github.com/ForteScarlet"> ForteScarlet </a>
*/
public class NocolorBuilder extends ColorBuilder {
public NocolorBuilder(CharSequence str, int colorsIndex) {
super(str, colorsIndex);
}
public NocolorBuilder(CharSequence str) {
super(str);
}
public NocolorBuilder() {
}
/**
* 增加一个字符串，指定颜色
*/
@Override
protected ColorBuilder add(int color, CharSequence... str){
for (CharSequence charSequence : str) {
this.nowStr.append(charSequence);
}
return this;
}
@Override
public Colors build() {
return new Colors(buildString());
}
@Override
protected void flush() {
colorBuilder.append(nowStr.toString());
nowStr.delete(0, nowStr.length());
}
}
| 33,691 |
sn83045462_1920-10-13_1_15_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,926 | 4,343 |
SHOES & FURNISHINGS QUEEN QUALITY BOOT SHOP LK HOSIERY REDUCED Specially Priced at $2.25 to $3.25 QUEEN QUALITY BOOT SHOP If you seek something new, distinctive, and exclusive in Floor Lamps, this design can be of exceptional quality. If you seek something new, distinctive, and exclusive in Floor Lamps, this design can be of exceptional quality. Pay your electric light bill here. Potomac Electric Appliance Co. 14th and C Sts. NW. Your Eyes Should Have Your First Consideration Optometrists For this service, we make no charge for glasses. Masses 708 7th Street and 3123 M Street A Corrections HOLMES CAR PRICES A Typographical GUARANTEED Error Until April 1, 1921 Announced in the ad of The Holmes Automobile Company appeared in the columns of The Times to announce to the public that... The price of Holmes Oil has always been right—in fact, they have been underpriced, in comparison with the price of other cars in the Sunday Star Oct. 10, Owing to the cost of standard units used in the construction of the 1920. The ad stated Holmes Oil, such as TIMKEN, BROWN-THE, ERjEMAN MAUNK that the price of the car books, on which there has been no reduction, it would be impossible was guaranteed from to reduce the price of the Holmes without sacrificing quality. Oct. 1, 1919 to April 1, In the event the supplies reach 192! This should have done, their Prices us, so that it would be possible for us to drop our prices prior to April 1st, we will re- read October 1, 1920 to have on all cars sold between October 1, 1920, and April 1, 1921, an April 1, 1921, amount equivalent to the reduction T. C. H. ROCKWELL, Vice President. Southern Garage Co., Inc. 1507 14th St. N.W. (Formerly Rear 1119 16th St. N.W.) PRELIMINARY PACT! SIGNED AT HAG BY POLES AND REDS "Peace Without Victory and Without Vanquished!" Say Mr. Joffe. By the Associated Press. RIGA, October 12.?A preliminary peace treaty and armistice was signed by the Polish and Russian Soviet peace delegates here at 7:10 o'clock tonight. The armistice actually becomes effective at midnight October 18; that is, 144 hours from midnight tonight. The announcement that peace was to be signed brought great crowds to the Square surrounding the Black Head House. M. Joffe and the bolshevik delegation entered the hall first and were followed by M. Dombski and the Polish delegates. About two hundred persons, including the entire diplomatic body and prominent Lettish officials, crowded the small room, many of them Considerable delay ensued, which was due to the physical work necessary for the completion of the treaties for signature. Tired by more than five days, the treaty had been completed and began reading the Russian text. Triumph for the leaders. The head of the Soviet delegation described the Riga peace agreement as "a peace without victory, and without vanquished" in a brief address before the signature of the treaty. That describes the Riga agreement accurately as it appeared to disinterested onlookers. It was a peace of give and take, which those who have followed the course of events fear will not be very popular with either the Bolsheviks or the Poles. But it is undoubtedly a triumph for the two chairmen who made it, and the spirit of conciliation with which they handled the explosive questions that disrupted the Minsk conference is likely to win for them the gratitude of a war-exhausted world. The Riga armistice will put the Bolsheviks at peace with all their Baltic neighbors within 144 hours from midnight tonight, and leave the Wangel movement as the only great military operation against the Soviets. After M. Joffe had finished reading the Russian text, M. Dombski read the Polish text, and M. Manuelski followed with the reading of the document in Ukrainian. Smile at Ukrainians. When M. Manuelski began, a smile passed around the hall, as virtually all the delay had been ascribed to the preparation of the Ukrainian text, and there has been much joking at Riga on the subject of whether there really is a Ukrainian language, no dictionary or grammar having existed until the Germans published then under a censorship of the necessity of establishing the Ukraine as a separate nation to upset the Bolsheviks. There was a general exchange of felicitations, the head of the respective delegations thanking the others and the Letvians for the courtesies extended. M. Dombski said he believed that a permanent peace will grow out of the preliminary peace terms, which he expects to be ratified promptly. M. Joffe then opened the embossed copies of the treaty and armistice which lay on the table before him! and inscribed his signature. The Russians signed first as M. Joffe was chairman of the day, holding the honor by virtue of an agreement that he and M. Dombski alternate in that position. THE WEATHER. District of Columbia and Maryland?Fair tonight and tomorrow; little change in temperature; gentle variable winds. Virginia?Fair tonight and tomorrow; little change in temperature; gentle to moderate winds, mostly northeast. West Virginia?Fair tonight and tomorrow; slightly warmer in north portion tonight. Records for Twenty-Peer Hours. Thermometers?4 p.m., 8; 8 p.m., 70; 12 midnight, 62; 4 a.m., 69; 8 a.m., 58; 12 noon, 88. Highest temperature, 83, occurred at 4 p.m. yesterday; lowest temperature, 68, occurred at 8 a.m. today. Temperature same date last year Highest, 60; lowest, 40. Barometer?4 p.m., 30.06; 8 p.m., 130.10; 12 midnight, 30.15; 4 a.m., 30.19; 8 a.m., 9.09; 19 a.m., 9.91. Condition of the Water. Temperature and condition of water at 8 a.m.: Great Falls?Temperature 62; condition, 28. temperature, Tide Table a.m. (Compiled by United States coast and geodetic survey.) Today?Low tide, 2 a.m. and 1:14 p.m. High tide, 0 a.m. and 9:06 p.m. 3:58 p.m.; high tide, 9:33 a.m. and 9:04 p.m. The Sun and Moon. Today - Sun rises; sun sets 0:66 p.m. Tomorrow - Sun rises; sun sets 0:32 p.m. Automobile lamps to be lighted one-half hour after sunset. Barometer. HARPERS PERRY, W. Va., October 13 (Special). - The Potomac and Shenandoah rivers were clear this morning. Weather in Various Cities. A Temperatur. K Stations. | || J, HI4U of Atlantic City 80.22 72 SO.... cilff Baltimore.. 30.24 82 SS'ctoSSe Bismarck.. 29.76 63 36 "*. cuSdJ Boston 30.20 56 44.... ofif* Buffalo 30.16 66 64 M Cloud. Chicago.... 80.22 80 60. ciS?' Chicago.... 80.06 80 66 cUK Cincinnati.. 80.32 83 62 cK? Cleveland.. 30.18 72 66..." cSedv Denver 39.64 74 88.... InM' Detroit 30.18 72 68 qi?!?, El Paso 39.66 84 64 CiiTf' St. Louis.. 30.22 80 76...' ciSr Helena 30.04 46 34 J.ifl Cloud. Jacksonville. 30.18 80 66 Clair Kansas City. 39.84 80 tie Cloodv Los Angeles. 29.94 70 56 CliSr Los Angeles. 30.22 84 56.." iiZir Miami. Kla.. 30.06 82 76.. cioSS, New Orleans 30.10 82 68 C m? New York... 30.30 64 60 '.si clear Oklahoma.. 29.84 84 <M.... oioidv Philadelphia. Aria 29.72 82 56. Clear * Pittsburgh.. 30.22 78 62.... Foggy Portland, Me. 10.22 78 42 Clear Portland, Ore 20.24 66 44.18 Clear S. Lake City 29.74.78 36.48 Rain San Antonio 29.94 84 64.... Pt.cioady San Diego 29.90 68 60.... Pt.laudy S. Francisco 30.14 64 62.... Clear St. Louis 30.06 80 80.84 Cloudy St. Louis 28.18 62.... Cloudy WASH. D.C. 80 24 88 M.... Cloudy MORE PRACTICAL. From the Baltimore American. "Harold can charm every one with his toe dancing." "Jim can't enchant folks with his toes, but he can get anybody he pleases under his thumb." Patient Parent? Well, child, what on earth is the matter now? Young Hopeful (who has been bathing with his bigger brother)? Willy dropped the towel in the water and he's dried me wetter than I was before. Passing Show. PRETTY WIFE OF BRAZQUE QUEEN OF THE HURONIA during his life (Inffi Klixobellt is here at left) in a state engagement with Sen It Brazil. MONARCHY SET UP IN PEKING, IS RUMOR IN CHINA SHANGHAI. October 12 (by the Associated Press). Gen. Chang Tsao-Lin, governor of Feng-Tien, has overthrown the Peking government and proclaimed a monarchy, according to a rumor current in this city. This rumor has not been authenticated, and no details have been received here, but Chinese officials have been profoundly stirred by it. Gen. Chang Tsao-Lin was probably the strongest military leader during the recent conflict between the Chi-Li and Anfu parties. He played a leading part during that trouble and was accused of being a tool of the Japanese. It is the supposition here that the coup, if it really has taken place, is an effort to restore to the throne former Emperor Hsuan Tung, son of Prince Chun. Gen. Lishun, commander of Chinese government troops in the province of Kwang-Tung, is a man of great ability and has been a leader in the Chinese revolution. vinces of Kiangsu and Kiangsi, and leader of a powerful political clique, committed suicide at banking today by shooting himself. The text of his will declared his action was due to developments at Peking and the failure of measures he had advocated for the "salvation of the nation." Half of the general's fortune of many millions of yet were left to carry on the work of famine relief and education. His death, it is believed, will have far-reaching political results. In connection with the lack of authentic information of the Shanghai minor, of the Peking overturn, the fact may be noted that last night a message was received from the Associated Press correspondent in Peking, dated October 11, the same date as that on which the Shanghai cablegram was sent. The Peking message contained no hint of any governmental complications. The president of the Chinese republic is Hsu Hsi-Chang, who was elected in August, 1918, and inaugurated in October of that year. The cabinet, formed August 11 of this year, is headed by Gen. Chin Yun-Peng, as premier and minister of war. France, in the vicinity of Brest, is increasing the manufacture of building and paving blocks from crushed coal clinkers, sand, lime and cement. The Most In of Your Bed YOUR bed is only a fit It cannot be comfortable. It cannot restful bed in which you spring is the THE BEDSPRU The De Luxe is scientific; exactly and in all positions? You have never dreamed that Examine the De Luxe at an show you just how the patient independent coil action?just perfectly to pressure and will pressed. The De Luxe means for you. See it today?the best Finished in the Rome gray steel proof and greasy-free. It is justment, made to fit any bed, AT ALL GO SOUTHERN-ROUTE 617-633 West Pratt Street It's HANDY PRESIDENT AND LIVING IN RIO JANEIRO Visit with King Albert to driving through the streets of the Orleans, wife of the President of GEORGIA NEGROES LURED UP "NO'TH" PINE FOR HOMES MACON, Ga., October 13.?Thousands of Georgia negroes who migrated to the north and east soon after the outbreak of the war, lured by high wages offered in industrial plants, are returning to Georgia and hundreds of others, unable to make the homeward trek because of lack of funds, are sending appeals to their former employers for tickets on which to travel. Back to Dixie. Stories appearing in the Macon News of this city from a number of counties in central and south Georgia chronicle the return of many families and appeals from even larger numbers for funds with which to return to their native homes. Virtually all of those who return and those who are writing for funds state they have been thrown out of employment and now find themselves faced with the prospect of a hard winter in a strange land. Returning negroes all tell the same story. The high wages received counted very little with them, as they were more than offset by the high cost of living in the industrial centers to which they went. Practically all of them return to their old homes penniless, glad to have saved enough from their high wages to purchase the precious pasteboards which mean transportation back to the land of cotton, sweet potatoes, free quarters and free firewood. The Biggest Tire Chance in Town 30x3 Non-Skid $10.50 30x3½ w"Mrw" $12.65 CHAS.E. MILLER, Inc. Formerly Miller Bros.' Anto Supply House, 812 14th St, 4 Doors North of H St. PAINTING Phone for Established R. K. FERGUSON, Inc. Important is its Spring, the work for the spring, table unless the spring is the most luxuriously done, unless the spring is the most luxuriously built to conform silently, to the curves of your body. Such comfort was possible, by good store. Ask them to show a good way, why each pressed coil yields no coil, moves that is not wonderful, refreshing sleep, lest coil spring made. The Dp Tsui is due. Interchangeable without ad, wood or metal. OD STORES ME COMPANY, Baltimore, Md. HUNY CIVIL SEMI POSITIONS ARE OPEN; Reopening Examinations to Ex- Service Men to Be Discontinued February 1,1921. Plenty of civil service jobs are open in this city, according to announcement made today by the Civil Service Commission. Among the number are laundress in the house of detention, police department, at $500 a year, with room and board; telephone clerk, police department, at $900 a year; assistant marine engineer, fire department, at $1,000 a year; tinner, department of agriculture, at $1,100 a year; lithographic stone polisher, stone planer and stone graver, geological survey, at $900 a year; copperplate map engraver, coast and geodetic survey, at $1,000 a year; photography social service worker, St. Elizabeth's Hospital, at $960 a year; automobile mechanic, at 56 cents an hour, and automobile mechanic's helper, at 44 cents an hour, in the bureau of mines; motor truck driver, bureau of mines, at 41 cents to 44 cents an hour when employed, with payment for overtime: clerk with knowledge of automotive mechanics, public health service, at $1,600 a year; clerk with knowledge of shipbuilding industry, at $1,600 a year; graphotype operator, at $600 to $1,200 a year; graphotype operator, at $600 to $1,200 a year, and telephone auditor, at $2. In addition to the salaries named, the monthly bonus granted by Congress will be allowed. Full information and application blanks may be obtained at the office of the Civil Service Commission, 1724 F Street. In a statement issued by the commission, it is said that effective February 1, 1921, the commission will discontinue its operation. Furniture, Carpets, Odd Pieces, The stock includes Buffets, Diners, and Chairs, for every room. Quantity, Tapestry Couch, Heavy Tapestry Covers, 60 in. wide, length. Reversible and floral designs, cording. Regularly $15. Special, $12. Two Extra Sizes, Carpet, Good Quality, per yard, with borders if desired, and 27 runners. Per Yard, $3. Medium Quality Carpet for rooms, runners for halls and per yard, $2. These are the $5.50 and $3.30 quality. 25 Odd Bleached Linen Damask Table, Heavy satin damask yards, $17.00 each. The practice of opening to former soldiers, sailors, and marines the examinations which have been held on previous dates. As soon as demobilization began, the Civil Service Commission arranged to open to former service men the examinations which they missed by reason of their service with the armed forces. This practice has been continued ever since, but the commission believes that by February 1 due opportunity will have been given, and that after that date former soldiers, sailors, and marines should enter. Only the open competitive examinations. The commission states that it should be understood that the discontinuance of the practice referred to will not in any way affect the preference allowed by law to persons with military or naval service, and that the names of eligibles with military or naval service will continue to be certified ahead of those who have not had such service. Quick Service Printing LEWIS M. THAYER Why? Prices are high, as they are now, but the fact that the law requires that all persons with military or naval service shall be certified ahead of those who have not had such service. BECHAM'S PILLS have been used for 60 years by people all over the globe. BEECHAM'S The greatest sale of any medicine in the world. Sold everywhere, in boxes. Made only by E. E. HAM, the sole proprietor. Established 1861 and "leventy-five" Pieces of Furniture 15% to 25% Regular price Consists of odd Dressers, dining Tables, Chairs, Library Tables, in fact, all perfect. Drapery Dept. Covers Drapery Couch White, and full filet weave Oriental figure pattern and $18. Special Carpet Dept. Special Specialties We have velvet Carpets, to match, be had in -inch hall Six giz. 85 9x12 Velvet 8. 3x10.6. and run- 6x9 54x90.... The regular 36x63 lalities. 27x54.... The Linen Shop has Pure 25 Odd ble Cloths Pure Line: iask, 2x2 j and floral tlue. For $19.75 and $15.75 do2 Statisticians figure that the population of the world average 110 women to every 100 men. Dissension and Unanimity Some people doubt the accepted agency of creation. Others scout the authenticity of "Shakespeare's Works." A few still natures Darwin's demonstration of an ape period in the evolution of man. Some cannot conceive of a life beyond this existence. But everyone agrees that there is in this life one experience which, no matter how often repeated, is inspiringly enjoyable—a meal at a cost. WALLIS' 12th and G Streets N.W. Sons? Linens, Upholstery, and Furniture. Beds, Toilet Tops, and other furniture. Now marked at 45c and 50c. This week only, at 45c and 50c. Great quantity to these splendid rugs. Only $165.00. $165.00. $145.00. $95.00.
| 48,050 |
5608310_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,092 | 1,359 |
Russell, C. J.
Rogers swore out a distress warrant against W. W. Kimball Company for $153, alleging that amount to be due him for rent. The affidavit made to obtain the distress warrant averred that the defendant was a resident of Bulloch county. The distress warrant was returnable to “the city court of Statesboro, Ga., to be held on the first Wednesday in August, 1914,” and was *563levied on July 24, 1914, on an organ and a piano as the property of the defendant. On the same day the defendant filed a counter-affidavit and gave bond to replevy the property. The defendant filed also a special demurrer at the August term of the city court, setting up that the distress warrant was void, because it was returnable to the August monthly term, and further that it was void because only 16 days intervened between the issuance of the warrant and the opening of the term of court to which it was returnable, instead of 20 days, as required by law. There were other demurrers, but they are plainly “speaking demurrers,” and need not be considered. There was no ruling upon the demurrers at the August term of the city court, and, as appears from the recitals of the bill of exceptions, the case was not sounded upon the docket at that term of the court. At the October quarterly term a hearing ivas had upon the demurrers and they were overruled. The assignment of error upon this ruling constitutes the first exception raised by the record.
We think the court erred in overruling the demurrer. Under the provisions of section 11 of the act creating the city court of Statesboro (Acts 1903, pp. 153, 156), as amended by the act of 1911 (Acts 1911, p. 354) and by the act of 1913 (Acts 1913, p. 289), the monthly terms of the court have no jurisdiction in civil cases in which the principal sum claimed exceeds $100, and jurisdiction of suits in which the sum claimed exceeds that amount is reserved to the quarterly terms fixed to be held in January, April, July, and October of each year. It is clear, therefore, that the officer who issued the distress warrant made it returnable to a term of the city court of Statesboro which had no jurisdiction. , As final process, and even if no counter-affidavit had been interposed, the warrant might have been amended. But, aside from this question, it is clear that since the interposition of the counter-affidavit rendered the warrant mesne process, an amendment, setting up the jurisdiction of the court at its quarterly term to pass upon the issue raised by the counter-affidavit, would have been proper. But there was' no offer to amend any of the proceedings, and, since the warrant upon its face was returnable to a monthly term, while the amount of rent claimed to be due was plainly in excess of the jurisdiction conferred upon the court at that term, the demurrer, which clearly pointed out the court’s want of jurisdic*564tion, should have been sustained. The contention of counsel for defendant in error, that the entering of the case upon the docket of the monthly term was a mistake of the clerk, and could not affect the rights of the parties, does not meet the point raised by the demurrer. It may be conceded that if the complaint of the demurrer went no further than this, it would be without force. The first effect of returning this distress warrant to the monthly term, as pointed out in the demurrer, was to deprive the defendant of the right to have 20 days in which to demur, plead, or answer as provided by law, in cases where the amount involved exceeds one hundred dollars, and to restrict him to 16 days for this purpose, for judgments upon suits for rent may be rendered at the first term. Civil Code, § 3704. The real question is whether a distress warrant originally returnable to the August monthly term, which had -no jurisdiction of the amount involved, could, upon the ipse dixit of the judge, be' transferred to the October quarterly term, so as to confer jurisdiction upon the court at the latter term, without an amendment to show that the court had jurisdiction! Upon the filing of the counter-affidavit, the distress warrant issued by a magistrate, in so far as it designated the 'court to which the warrant was returnable, became process which, if not really void, was at least so defective as to require amendment. After the filing of a counter-affidavit a plaintiff may amend a proceeding by distress warrant (Cornwell v. Leverette, 127 Ga. 163, 56 S. E. 300), as if it were an original petition in a common-law action. And where the process attached to such a petition is defective, it may be amended so as to designate the court to which the distress warrant is returnable, being treated as equivalent to a process to an ordinary suit, under the provisions of *565section 5693 of the Civil Code. In the present case it is apparent that if it be said that the quarterly term of the city court had jurisdiction for the reason that it appears from the face of the proceeding that the amount involved is within the jurisdiction of the quarterly term, • it must follow that the process required amendment.
It is not necessary to rule upon the point that there was a variance between the affidavit and the proof, in that it was stated in the affidavit that the defendant was a resident of Bulloch county, while the proof showed that the right to distrain rested solely upon the defendant’s ownership of personal property within the county subject to levy. The affidavit was amendable under the provisions of section 5706 of the Civil Code, and if the affidavit had. been amended to correspond with the proof, the warrant could have been correspondingly amended. Under the ruling in Westbrock v. Harrison, 99 Ga. 660 (26 S. E. 68), a distress warrant is amendable, and it should have been amended in response to the demurrer or should have been dismissed.
It is not necessary to rule upon the remaining assignments of error, because they all relate to errors alleged to have been committed in the course of the trial; and since the court .erred in not requiring the amendment, and the court was therefore without jurisdiction, for the failure of an allegation to that effect, the remaining proceedings in the trial were nugatory.
Judgment reversed.
| 23,313 |
<urn:uuid:9ebfeccd-08b6-44fc-8605-6239213811a0>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.economie.gouv.fr/toutes-les-actualites-vous-orienter/thematique/cesser-ou-transmettre-son-entreprise-6946/thematique/fiscalite-6985/thematique/ressources-humaines-6967?page=4
|
economie.gouv.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 18 | 29 |
Toutes les actualités - Page 5 sur 10 Entreprises - Cesser ou transmettre son entreprise, Fiscalité, Ressources humaines
| 10,131 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Захарвань
|
https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Захарвань&action=history
|
Russian
|
Spoken
| 346 | 962 |
Захарвань — деревня в городском округе Усинск Республики Коми.
История
Деревню основал в 1889 Иван Захарович Семяшкин из д.Вертеп, по имени которого она и получила название. В подворно-экономическом исследовании 1904 значилась как выселок Усть-Денисовка; в 1905 здесь было 2 двора, 18 человек (8 мужчин, 10 женщин). В др.источниках того времени именовалась также Денисовка-ю-вом и Захар-Вань. В списке 1918 — выселок Захар-Вань (Денисовка-ю-вом), 22 двора, 130 человек. На карте 1918 — Захар-Ванская. Ранее несколько хозяйств проживали в местечке Ю-сай. Это была как бы вторая часть деревни Захарвань. Но с открытием школы, испытывая неудобства в доставке детей к месту учёбы в осеннее — весенний период, переехали «зареченцы» поближе к школе. Сейчас на месте бывшей деревни заготавливают сено.
В 1926 в деревне было 30 дворов, 167 человек. В дальнейшем население продолжало расти: в 1959 здесь жили 287 человек, в 1970 — 351 человек. В 1970—1980-е рост прекратился: в 1989 здесь жили 352 человека. К 2000 численность жителей возросла до 437 человек.
География
Деревня находится в северной части Республики Коми, в пределах Печорской низменности на левом берегу реки Печора, на расстоянии примерно 80 километров (по прямой) от города Усинска, административного центра городского округа.
Климат
Климат умеренно континентальный, лето короткое и прохладное, зима многоснежная, продолжительная и холодная. Климат формируется в условиях малого количества солнечной радиации зимой, под воздействием северных морей и интенсивного западного переноса воздушных масс. Вынос тёплого морского воздуха, связанный с прохождением атлантических циклонов, и частые вторжения арктического воздуха с Северного Ледовитого океана придают погоде большую неустойчивость в течение всего года.
Годовая амплитуда составляет 33,0 °C. Самым тёплым месяцем года является июль (средняя месячная температура +15,7 °C), самым холодным месяцем — январь (-17,3 °C). Среднегодовая температура воздуха равна −1,1 °C. Число дней со средней суточной температурой воздуха выше нуля градусов составляет 176.
Населённый пункт относится к зоне влажного климата с весьма развитой циклонической деятельностью. В тёплый период (с апреля по октябрь) выпадает около 400 мм осадков, а в холодный (с ноября по март) 200—220 мм. Максимальная скорость ветра приходится на зимний период. В целом за год преобладают ветры юго-западного направления. Среднегодовая скорость ветра 4,0 м/с.
Населённые пункты городского округа Усинск
| 10,378 |
https://github.com/nozzlegear/artist-tally-tool/blob/master/run.fish
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
artist-tally-tool
|
nozzlegear
|
Fish
|
Code
| 182 | 507 |
#! /usr/bin/env fish
function printErr -a msg
set_color red
echo "$msg" >&2
set_color normal
end
# Check that an image name was passed in
if test (count $argv) -eq 0
printErr "No image given, cannot run tally tool."
set_color yellow
echo "Usage: ./script.fish example.azurecr.io/image:version"
exit 1
end
function log -a msg
set timestamp (date -u "+%F T%TZ")
echo "$msg"
end
# A function to format a list of secrets into `podman run` args
function formatSecrets
for secret in $argv
echo "--secret=$secret,type=env"
end
end
if ! set -q ARTIST_TALLY_ENV
log "\$ARTIST_TALLY_ENV not set, defaulting to production environment."
set ARTIST_TALLY_ENV "production"
end
# Set script variables
set IMAGE_NAME "$argv[1]"
set REQUIRED_PODMAN_SECRETS "ARTIST_TALLY_API_DOMAIN" \
"ARTIST_TALLY_SWU_KEY" \
"ARTIST_TALLY_SWU_TEMPLATE_ID" \
"ARTIST_TALLY_CC_LIST" \
"ARTIST_TALLY_EMAIL_DOMAIN"
# Check that all secrets are set
for secret in $REQUIRED_PODMAN_SECRETS
if ! podman secret inspect "$secret" > /dev/null
printErr "podman secret \"$secret\" is missing. You must manually set up secrets on the host before running this script."
exit 1
end
end
# Run the container, passing in secrets as environment variables
podman run \
--rm \
--env "ARTIST_TALLY_ENV=$ARTIST_TALLY_ENV" \
(formatSecrets $REQUIRED_PODMAN_SECRETS) \
"$IMAGE_NAME"
| 3,036 |
https://github.com/yasir2000/brown-bear/blob/master/src/common/Forum/MessageRetriever.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
brown-bear
|
yasir2000
|
PHP
|
Code
| 333 | 921 |
<?php
/**
* Copyright (c) BrownBear, 2020 - Present. All Rights Reserved.
*
* This file is a part of Tuleap.
*
* Tuleap is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* Tuleap is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with Tuleap. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Tuleap\Forum;
class MessageRetriever
{
/**
* @throws PermissionToAccessForumException
* @throws MessageNotFoundException
*/
public function getMessage(int $id): Message
{
/*
Figure out which group this message is in, for the sake of the admin links
*/
$result = db_query("SELECT forum_group_list.group_id,forum_group_list.forum_name,forum.group_forum_id,forum.thread_id
FROM forum_group_list,forum
WHERE forum_group_list.group_forum_id=forum.group_forum_id
AND forum_group_list.is_public IN (0, 1)
AND forum.msg_id=" . db_ei($id));
if (! $result || db_numrows($result) < 1) {
throw new MessageNotFoundException('message not found.');
}
$group_id = db_result($result, 0, 'group_id');
$forum_id = db_result($result, 0, 'group_forum_id');
$forum_name = db_result($result, 0, 'forum_name');
// Check permissions
if (! forum_utils_access_allowed($forum_id)) {
throw new PermissionToAccessForumException(_('Forum is restricted'));
}
//check if the message is a comment on a piece of news. If so, check permissions on this news
$qry = "SELECT * FROM news_bytes WHERE forum_id=" . db_ei($forum_id);
$res = db_query($qry);
if (db_numrows($res) > 0) {
if (! forum_utils_news_access($forum_id)) {
throw new PermissionToAccessForumException($GLOBALS['Language']->getText('news_admin_index', 'permission_denied'));
}
}
$sql = "SELECT user.user_name,forum.group_forum_id,forum.thread_id,forum.subject,forum.date,forum.body " .
"FROM forum,user WHERE user.user_id=forum.posted_by AND forum.msg_id=" . db_ei($id);
$result = db_query($sql);
if (! $result || db_numrows($result) < 1) {
throw new MessageNotFoundException('message not found.');
}
return new Message(
db_result($result, 0, 'subject'),
db_result($result, 0, 'body'),
db_result($result, 0, 'user_name'),
(int) db_result($result, 0, 'date'),
(int) $group_id,
(int) db_result($result, 0, 'thread_id'),
(int) $forum_id,
$forum_name,
);
}
}
| 49,119 |
https://github.com/floreks/breathalyzer/blob/master/Makefile
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
breathalyzer
|
floreks
|
Makefile
|
Code
| 253 | 416 |
# The MIT License
#
# Copyright (c) 2016 Sebastian Florek
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
# THE SOFTWARE.
GO := $(shell command -v go 2> /dev/null)
XGO := $(shell command -v xgo 2> /dev/null)
prepare:
@mkdir build
all: prepare x86 arm
x86: prepare
ifndef GO
$(error "Could not find GO compiler.")
endif
@go build
@mv breathalyzer* build/
arm: prepare
ifndef XGO
$(error "Could not find XGO compiler.")
endif
@xgo -targets linux/arm-6 .
@mv breathalyzer* build/
clean:
@sudo rm -rf build
| 32,843 |
reportspecialco00legigoog_5
|
US-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Report of the Special committee of the Assembly appointed to investigate the causes of the strike of the surface railroads in the city of Brooklyn, transmitted to the Legislature April, 1895
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,742 | 10,620 |
As to the question oif miunicipal owneireihip of street railways in cities, which has been suggested by many as containing the solution of these proMemfi; and as obviating the possibility of these difficulties in tjhie future, your committee prefers to say tlie quiestion is one too great and of too seirions importance to be passed npon incidentally in an inquiry of this character. It means a revolution in tihJe prevalent American theory as to the functions of government, and, while it may contain within itself the posisi'bilitiee of the greatest benefits, nevertheless, it must be, because of its ver^' nature, an expeiiment calling for the most ft caireful treatment. Tlhe question of govermental ownership of railroad properties is one of the most serious of all political and ecoi:'omlc questions, and not to be liglitly passed upon. Advo- cates of this doctrine have strenuously presented tleir views to the committee, yet we feel that we should be entirely unjustified In making any recommendiations whatever in the premises at this time. FORTUGN CORPORATIONS AS STOCKHOLDERS IN DOMES- TIC TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES. We can not too severely condemn the policy of our law, which, through recent amendments, permits the ownership and control of domestic railway corporations by other corporations, either domestic or foreign, themselves not directly organized for or responsible as corporations exercising the franchises granted to conmion carriers and organized under laws which do not recpiire their capital stock to b** full paid in money at par. While it may 84 be iHnpoesible, constitutioiitally, to deprive cori)oratL(ms of their riglits, as stockholders, in other railway corporatuHiB, where those rights hare been acquired under the expressed terms of the existiiig law, we nevertheless believe that the State should revert to the old and historicaJ policy, so far as railroiad com- panies, steamship companies^ ferry companies and other corpora- tions designated in the general transportation law are con- cerned, and make*it impossible for foreign corporations to be stockholders in such companies, that it should be impossible for foreign corporations to become stockholders in such companies in such a manner as to be practically the sole stockholder and thus enable them to enter upon stock watering transactions, and to escape taxation here. Prior to eighteen hundred and ninety-two it had been the steady policy of this State to prevent one corporation holding and owning the stock of another corporation. The courts had steadily held that unless pairticular provisaonB to that end were made by the statute, the holding by one corporation of the stock of another corporation was ultra vires. At the time of the revision of the statutes in eighteen hundred and ninety this policy still prevailed, as will be seen by the following reference to section forty of the stock corporation law of that year. "§ 40. Stock, personal estate, corporation not to purchase. — The stock of every corponation shall be deemed personal prop- erty, and shall be represented by a certificate prepared by the directors and signed by the president and treasurer and sealed with the seal of the corporation, and shall be transferable in the manner prescribed in this chapter and in the by-laws, but no share shall be transferable until all previous calls thereon shall have been fully paid in, and no corporation shall use any of its funds in the purchase of any stock of its own or any other cor- poration, unless the same shall have been bona fide pledged, hypothecated or transferred to it, by way of security for, or in satisfaction, or part satisfaction, of a debt previously contf acted in the course of its business, or shall be purchased by it at sales upon judgments, orders or decrees which shall be obtained for such debts, or in the prosecution thereof. But any domestic 85 corporation transacting business in this State -and also in other States, od? foreign countries, may invest its funds in the stocks, bonds or secxinti^ of any other corporations owning lands in this State or such States, if dividends have beeni paid on such stocks continuously for three years immediately before such loams are made, or if the interest on such bonds or securititea is not in default; and such stock, bonds or securities shall be con:- .tinuously of a market value twenty per cent greater than the amount loaned or contpbaned thereon." At the time of the revision of eighteen hundred and ninety -two this policy was completely reversed, and as far as your com- mittee is able to judge without any sufficient public discussion or consideration, and without taking into view the evils which might arise through so radical a change. The amendment of eighteen hundred and ninety-two so changed the law as to make it read as follows (the paragraphing is here made for con- venience) : " § 40. Issue and transfers of stock. — The stock of every stock cori>ona/tion shiaill be represented by certificate prepared by the directors and signed by the president or vice-president, and secretary or treasurer, and sealed with the seal of the corpora- tion, and shall be transferable in the manner prescribed in this chapter aaid in the by-laiws. " Any stock corporation, domestic or foreign, now existing or hereafter organized, except monied corporations, may purchase, acquire, hold and dispose of the stocks, bonds and other evi- dences of indebtedness of any corporation, domestic or foreign, and issue in exchange therefor its stock; bonds or other obliga- tions. " (1) If authorized so to do by a provision in the certificate of incoriwration of such stock corporation; or, "(2) In any certificate amendatoiy thereof or supplemental thereto, filed in pursuance of law; or, " (3) If the corporation, whose stock is so purchased, acquired, held or disposed of, is engaged in a business similar to that of such stock corporation; 86 "(4) Or engaged in the manufacture, uee or sale of the property; "(5) Or in the construction or operation of works necessary or useful in the business of such stock corporation ; or " (6) In which or in connection with which the manufactured articles, product or pi"operty of such stock corporation are or may be used; or " (7) Is a corporation with which such stock corporation is, or nmy be, authorized to consolidate." ♦ ♦ * It will be obsien^ed that this is a radical departure along entirely new lilies, so far as concerns all classes of corporations, except mining, manufacturing and chemical com[>anies, and com- panies organized under the amendments to the Manufacturing Law of 1848. although it had been the law that foreign coq^ora- tions authorized to hold stock in other corporations might be stockholders in our domestic corporations where other domestio corpoi'ations were precluded from doing so. The effect of the present statute is to permit any corporation whatever, except moneyed corporations, to become a holder and owner of the capital stock of any other corporation whatever. This question has been passed upon by our courts in several cases, doubt having arisen as to whether it was possible tliat so radical a departure had been intended by the statute, and the court® have held (although the matter has not yet been passed upon by the Court of Appeals), that under the existing statute such owner- ship by one corporation of the stock of another corporation is now generally pennissible. It seems to your committee that nothing could be more adverse to genuine public policy than to permit the continuance of state of affairs such as that which has been illustrated by what has occurred in the case of the Brooklyn City Railroad Company, Brooklyn, Queens County and Suburban Railroad Company and the Brooklyn Heights Railroad Company, which have passed into the sole control of a foreign corporation, not even enjoying the rights of a transportation company. That these mischiefs will increase in the future, and that advantage will be taken of this defect in our legal system, it does not seem possible to doubt. 87 We fully recognize that if the law be as we under&tand the courts have interpTeted it, although this is riot yet beyond all doubt, that it will be impossible to interfere with those rights which have become vested since the pasisage of the law of 1892, but this should not prevent the rectification of the legislative error, and the passage of an amendment which will make these occurrences impossible for the future, so far as concerns the ownership of the stock in transportation comx>anies exercising puWie franchises, and which should at times be subject to the most complete control of the laws of this State. Without, at the present time, making any reeommedation whatever as to corpo- rations of any other class, we urge the passage by the Legislature of an act which will make it impossible for the stock of trans- portation companies to be held by foreign corporations, and par- ticularly by foreign corporations of an entirely different class and existing for an entirely different purposes than those for which the transportation companies whose stock they own exist, or by corporations whose capital stock is not fully paid in cash at par. We, therefore, recommend the passage of the following bill: A}s ACT to amend the stock eoirporation law. T/ie PeopU of the IState of JSew York^ represented in Senate and Assembly^ do enact as follows : Section 1. Section forty of the stock corporaition law is hereby amended to read as follows: § 40. Issues amd transfers of stock. — The stock of every stock corpoiration shall be presented by certificates prepared by the directors and signed by the i>resident or vice-president and secre- tary or treasurer and sealed with the seal of tlie corporation, and shall be transferable in the manner pi-eseribed in this ehaptf^r and in tihe by-laws. Xo share shall be transferable until all pre- vious calls thereon shall have been fully paid in. Any sitock cor- poration, domestic or foi^ign, now existing or hereafter organized, except moneyed corporations, may purchase, acquire, hold and dispose of the stocks, bonds and other evidences of indebtedness of any corporation, domestio or foreign^ and issue in exchange therefor its stock, bonds or other obligations if authorized so to 88 do by a provision in the ceptifioate of inioorporation of such, stiock corparation, or in any certifleaftie amendatory thereof or supple- mentary thereto, filed in pursuance of law, or if the corporation whose stock is so piupchased, acquired, ;held or disposed of, is engaged in a business similar to Hhat of such stock corporation, or engaged in the manufacture, use or sale of the property, or in the construction or ojyenation of works necessary or useful in the business of suich stock corporation, or in which: or in connection with which the manufactured articles, product or property of such stock eoi'poration aire or may be used, or is a corporation with whidh such stock corporation is or may be authorized to ©onsolidate. When any isiuioh corporation sihiall be a stock- holder in any other corporatiDn, as herein provided, its president or other officers sihaJl be eligible to the office of director of such corporation, the sanie as if they were indivldnally stock- holders thereiui, and the oorporation hiolding snich stock shall possess and exercise in respect tihereof all the rights, powers and privileges of individuail owners or holders of such stock. § 2. This act shall take effect immediately. In conclusion, the committee would say that many other remedies have been eiuggested to the committee, but liave been dismissed, not as unworthy of consideration, but ajs involving other problems than those for the consideration of which your oommittiee was apx)ointed. Ouir object has been to discover tiie 89 cause of the strike, to study Its comsequenoes, to loioate tte responisibilitiy for hofih tlie causes aad the oonsequenees, and to suggest su)cih remedi'al legislation a® appeaiPS to us to be at oance coTi«ervative, safe aud practioal. We do not believe th^e is any radical legifilaitSLve remedy for such ooniditions and disoirders as have been described. They grow out of social facts and econoimic concLitions which aire too deep for radical cure by legis- latloin. Tlie only uiltiniate cure must come natumlly from better relations and a greater feeling of eiymipathy between employers flind employed, and the feeling of anrt:agonism (w difference of intefrest whidh too frequently prevails, cannot be removed €lo long as oorsporatioiiis are peiunitted piractically through their own oonduict and througli the failure on the part of public officials virtually to nuake themselves superior to the law. All of which is respectfully submitted. (Signed) WM. H. FBIDAY, THOMAS B. TUTTLE, JAMES A. DONlSfEIiLY, JOHN B. STANOHFEEOLiD. In the foregoing report I concuir except in the foUowinlg paiHticulars: ; The comments, criticism, anid concluisioinis dirawm from thje fact, that the railroad coflQapiany in anticipation of trouble, laid off the electriciianis in the ipits, aire not j-uistitfied by the evidence. The company took the opdiniary, peaceful, lawful and justifiable way amd means of protecting its property. A riight which is as old as human consciousness, and sacred. As a cause, it had noth- ing whatever to do with caiusing the stifike and trouble, neither did it in any way or particular prevent the ptairtie® from arbitrating. I ' ) That the criticisan and strictures aipiplied to the mayor odf Brooklyn, applies with equal, if not greater force to the com- npssioner of poiioe. ' Dated ApiH 9, 1895. ; B. 12 E. LA GRANGE SMITH. PROCEEDINGS OF THE Sl^EOIAL COMMITTEE OF THE LEGISLATURE TO IN- QUIRE INTO THE CAUSES OF THE RECENT BROOKLYN STRIKE, HELD AT THE CITY HALL, BROOKLYN, N. \\ FRIDAY", FEBRUARY 14, 1895. Present — Oliainnan Friday; Messrs. Smith, Tiittle, Stanch- field and Donnelly, couuiiittee, Mr. Williaim. M. Ivins, counsel for conunittee, Cha^imiaii Friday. — We are here in accordance with the reso- lution adopted by the Legislature of the State of New Yoric to inquire into the causes leading up to the recent Brooklyn strike. Are you ready to proceed, Mr. I^ins? Mr. Ivina — I am ready. Chairman Friday. — We will proceed then, and I will request Mr. Ivins to read the resolution. Mr. Ivins. — It is piroijyer that this resalution siliould be spread upon the minutes that the committee may have its terms fully and clearly in mind as th^e case goes (m, " Whereas, The city of Brooklyn is now in a state of siege, and under mart^ial law, arising from the disturbances incident to the great trolley stnike; and *' Whereas, The First and Second Brigades of the National Guard of the State have been summoned to perform active duty to protect the lives and property of the residents of that city; and " Whereas, As t'hjei rarlro'ad companies refuse to aiceede to the demands of their employes, and the men are firm in tlieir determination to hold out for what they claim are but just and reasonable demands, and fair compensation for service rendered ; and "Whereas, The lives of the eiti/xms of Brooklyn have been, ami are being impenled in con.sequence, property ha« been destroyed and tlie city put to untold expense for the main*- tenance of military forces to enforce the law^s of our common people; now, therefore, be it "Resolved, For a better protection of the lives and property of our citizens, this Ijegislature appoint a special committee of Dl five of its membera to examine into the causes leading up to the strike, fix the basis of responsibility therefor, and report to this LegiBlatui'e at the earliest possible moment their conclusions, with such i-econmiendations as will prevent a recurrence of the same; and, that said committee shall have full power and author- ity to investigate all and singular the aforesaid matters and charges, and that such committee have full power to prosecute its inquiries in any and every direction in its judgment ueces- sary and proper to eniable it to obtain and report the informa- tion required by this resolution." Chairman Fridiay. — In accordance with the resolution as read by the counsel we are now ready to begin the examinarton pro- vided for. Mr. Ivins. — Mr. Oonmellv will take the stand. Martin James Connelly having been called as a witness and duly sworn by the chairman, testified as follows: Examination by Mr. Ivins: Q. What is your business? A. Motorman. Q. How long have you been a motorman? A. Since the change of power from horse power to electricity. Q. When was that? A. I don^t recollect the diay. Q. About when? A. Well, I should say about two years, some- thing like that. Q. Abont two years; before that, what was your business? A. A cardriver. Q. Are you connected with the Knights of Labor? A. Yes, sir. Q. What is your official connection with them? A. I am Master Workman, presiding officer of District Assembly 75. Q. Have jou represented Dis.trict Assembly 75, Knights of Labor, in negotiations with the officers of the railway company for the renewals or making of contracts for the employment of motonnen and otliers? A. I have; yes, sir. Q. Did you at any time represent the District Assembly in such negotiations prior to eTanua*ry of this year? A. Yes, sir. Q. Are you familiar with the history of the relations between the railway companies and their employes, as explained in the contracts made between the presidents of the companies and the employes? A. I am. Q. Will you tell us what ymi can of them; have you a copy of the contract? A. No. sir; those copies have been served on the preaidemts of all the co(mx)anie8, or tlie managers, at least. Mr. Ivins. — Mr. Norton, have you copies of the contracts made between your company and the men? 92 Mr. Norton. — I have one original and one copy. Mr. Ivinfl. — Will you let me have them? Mr. NortX)n.— Certainly. (Mr. Norton jH-esents copies of con- tracts to counsel.) Mr. Ivins. — Is there anyone here representing Mr. Lewis, or is Mr. Lewis here? (No response.) Mr. Ivina — I would say that I have sent a subpoena duces tecum for all these papers. Q. Mr. Connelly, which one of tlie railroads are you emjAoyed on? A. On the Brooklyn Heights, the Long Islaad Traction, or iUie (Brooklyn City; I dion't know which you call it; it haa got three names. Q. Has your District Assembly an executive committee? A- They have an executive committee. Q. Who coB»titutes that committee? A- Mr. Comnelly, Mr. Giblin, Mr. Best, Mr. Collins and Mr. Hol<x)mbe at the present time. Q. Were the negotiatioiii» for the renewal of agreements con- ducted by the executive committee? A. Partly; yes, sir. Q. Did you take part in those negotiations? A. I did; yes, sir. Q. Did you take part in Hie negctfatiana with the Atlantic Avenue Kailroad Company? A. I did. Q. Was the failure of tlie men as represented by your com- mittee, and thie offioero of the company, to come to an agreement with regard to tlhe terms of the contract for the piesent year one of the causes of the strike? A. I beliere so. Mr. Ivins. — Now, gentlemen of the committee, I have gone very carefully over the report of the State Board of Mediation and ArhitraMon, and I have taken eveay means to familiarize myself with the questions thai: are likely to be involved here, and in view of the answer given last by the vdtness, thaifc the failure of the company jand the men to come to terms as to the agreem^ent for the present year was one of the causes of the strike, it will be necessary for me to put in evidence and bring out somewhat at length the history of the agreements between the employes and the officers of the roads during past years, and i>artiettlarly for the purpose of showing the points of difference which ari^ now and which xxoints of difference had not arisen heretofore, and for the puipose of bringing out distinietly the differences between the contracts as. then in existemee and tke contracts as proxwsed fk>r the future. That being the case, I have here a copy of one of the con/tracts and I will have all of them. This is one of the con- tracts between the AtlantfiLto Avenue Railroad Company and the employes employed on the street lines only. CSiairmian Friday. — Are you connected with the Atlantic Bail- road Company? A. No, sir. 93 Q. Wliat oompiany weine you employed by? A. Brooklyn; City, Brooklyin Heights, or Tte Long Island Tmotion Company ; it has got three naimes. Ghadnnan Friday. — Would this contract apply, Mr. Ivins? Mr. Iyiai«. — Yes, sir; because Connelly attempted to negotiate with this company. Mit. TutUe. — Did I understand him to say that the present cause o(f the strike was the fedlure to agree? Mr. IvinB. — That is one of the causes, he says; the failure to agree upon the terms of the contract; this is a contract which was to go into effect June 1, 1893, and it was to continue in effect until June 1, 1894. GhaLrman IMday. — It wias the faaiure of the renewal of this contract that was one of the causes of the strike? The Witness. — I would like to state, Mr. GhJaiimnaji, that I don't tnow anythiuig about this contract; I was not a member of the executiye commilSee when this contraict was signed, and if you are going to take this contract up I know very little about it; but the contract that was presented for this year, I can tell you aibout. By Mr. lyins: Q. Have you a copy of a proposed contract upon which your oommittee and the piresident of the Bnooklym City Bailroad Comipany, for instance, were unable to come to an agreement? A. I have not; but, as I stated before, the companies have got the GKxntraots themselvies. Q. Will you state, generally, and in your own way what in youi judgment were the caujses! of the present stiike? A. There are three companies which I undenstiand are involved in this thing, and if you w^l state just which one of them you want me to make a statemenrtj of, I will d^ so. ^ Q. Will you state the causes of the ettrike on the Brooklyn City, Brooklyn Heights or Long Islamd Traction Comipjani'es' road, as you have described it? A. I would state as fan as I know that it is a failure on the part of the company, it is the failure of the comipany to put in practice the Ten-Hour Law. Q. ExplaalQ to the committee what you mean by that and in what lespect they failed to put it into practice? A What I mean is that they are worldng them Over 10 hours a day, which is a day's work, acconding to law as far as I know. Q. Will yOu describe in what way they were working them over 10 hours a day? A. Well, they interpret thfe law that 10 hours meanls the aetnial rumning time on the rail, and the employes dliaim that from] the time they go to work unljil they flnishMs a)ctual wiorking tune. 94 By Mr. Stanclifield: Q. Wliet'lier on the rail or not? A. Yes, sir; they are in tlie employ of the conipainy and they are resix^nsible for anything that happe-Bs to thiat oar w'hile they have it in chafr'ge. Cliaimiaii Friday: Q. IVn hours ct>nistitutes a day's work? A. Some of them work 11 liouns and 20 minutes, all tliie way fi-oiu 11-30 to 11-35 iuid 11-40 minutes; they vary some. Q. IJo ycm remem'ber whiat the tenii'S of the agreement between the men and the comjpanies were ais to a day's work? A, Prior — Q. IMoir to January of this year? A. Well, I doai't recollect just whajt it was. Q. What do you understand it to be? A. I understand it to be just thia; they have made a contract with them year aifter year that 10 hooirs sihall eomstfttute a day's work, the work to be performed within. 12 consecutive hooirs aind so on. Q. Was there any other cause of disagreement? A. Yes, sir; on Januaiy 13th, there were a lot of men employed known as electricians, they fix the wiref?, and they oo-mimeniced to lo<3k them out on the 13th of January; in other wordis they asked them if they would take the motormen's places, and they refused, and when they wouldn't do it, they woiuld lock them out, and that cheated a k,ind of a. fire amonigist the men. Bv Mr. 4Stanchfield : Q. T\niat do you man by 10 hours on the rail? A. They claim that the working time is only the time the car is actually rolling on the road. Q. While the wlueels are tuin,ing? A. Yes, sir; while the wheels are turning. Q. That is, the wheels must be tumine: for 10 straight hours? A. Yes, sir. Q. Every delay by reason of an accident; that does not count as part of the 10 hours? A. No, sir. Q. What date was this strike declared? A. I don't know as there was any strike; I don't think there was; the men left the employ of the company; they did not want to violate what they termed was a State law; th^y did not want to violate it. Q. What you said a moment ago, I didn't quite catch on to it; you said something about the electricians being asked to take ttie places of the men on the 13th of January; wa.s^ that it; I didn't catch it ? A. The electricians reported on that Sunday evenincr, the 13th of Januarv, that thev were asked bv the differ- 815 ent foremen if tliej would take the place of the motorinen the next morning. Q. If there was a strike ? A. I douH know whether they put the word " strike " in or not; I don't know iiny thing about it Q. If there was a disagreement, or if they were asked to take the places of the men ? A. That is what they reported. Q. They refused ? A. They refused; they were told to go hom.e, or locked out, which ever way you want to look at it. Mr. Ivins: Q. How many of those electricians were there, do you know ? A. I couldn't say; there must be over two or three hundred. Q. Who were locked out ? A. Yes, sir. Q. And that lockout of two or three hundred electricians was on the Brooklyn City or Heights system^ was it ? A. Yes, sir. Q. Do you know what the work of those men was who were ao locked out ? A. They were the men who had the fixing of the cai*s. Q. Are they distributed around among all the different stables ? A. Yes, sir. Q. Were they locked out from all of tbe stables ? A. So far as I know% they were. Q. Now, von have spoken of alleged breaich of the Ten-Hour Law, and the lockout of the electricians as two of the causes; now, do you know of any other cause of the strike on the Brooklvn Citv svstem ? A. Well, therfe was a disastisf action amongst the men; the management of the company wanted to put on trippers, at trip rates. Q. Describe what you mean by trjppers ? A. The trippers' ti*ip rates means if you are working on the road, that they pay 20 cents a trip; they will run you one or two trips in the morn- ing for that amount of money, and then you will swing until late in the evening, to, say, 5 or "6 o'clock, and then yo<u make one or two trips more — then you have got to come back and make the other one or two trips; it means they would have a man working for what they felt like giving him — for 50 cents to f 1 a day, or a little over; and the men felt dissatisfied at that, too; it is not for the company alone, but it is the same for the three companies involved at the present time. Q. Ihiring the past year what were the regular wageis of the men. doing full day's work ? A. Two dollars. Q. TVTiat were the wages of trippers? A. One dollar and fiftv cents. Q. Was there any agreed proi^ortion between the number of repula^r cars and trippers? A. Yes, sir. 96 Q. What waa it? A. I thiBk it was twathird^ and one-third. Q. Two-thirds regular cars and one-third trippers? A. Yes, sif. Q. Did that mean that whatever cars were put on as trippers were to pay |1.50 a day for the men who were on them independ- ent of the number of trips made? A. That was the agreement between the companies and the employes. Q. How long had a similar agreement been in force? A. Quite a number of years. Q. You don't recollect exactly how long? A. No, sir. Mr. Stanchfield. — Will youi explain the difference between tripers and regulairs again? Mr. Ivins. — As I understand it, and if I am not correct, Mr. Connelly will correct me — as I understand it, the regular pay for a man doing a full day's work is f 2, and the pay for men who are running the the tripper cars was fl.50; now if he only made four trips but was still running the tiipper he would stUl get {1.50. A. That was the agreement; they wanted to run these trippers at trip rates, at 20 cents a trip, whatever it might be; it might be 25 cents a trip, and the men wene protected by the |1.50 clause in the agreement. Chajirman Friday: Q. The trippers who got |1.50 a day, how many hours did that represent? A. Fourteen. Q. The trippers who got |1.50 a day? A. Yes, sir. Q. They wanted to fix it so that they could pay 20 cents a trip. A. They wanted to pay them trip rates; the rate being 20 they would pay 20; if they paid 25 they would get 25; but they would only run the trips juBt as they wanted, but the men^s time was occupied just the same. Q. Was that one of the causes of the disagreemeints; did the representatives of the Khights of Labor refuse to still longer continue the agreement for f 1.50 a day, or did the company? A. Mr. Norton, as well as Mr. Lewis, refused to give any proposal; they said plainly that they were going to run the road to suit themselves in the interest of the company and so forth. Q. And they woul-dn/t pay |1.50 any further to trippers? A. They were going to run trippers as they liked at trip rates. Q. That was one of the causes? A. Yes, sir. By Mr. Ivins: Q. In these negotiations was there any proposition made for an increase of pay? A. Yes, sir. Q. What was it? A. There was a proposition made that the full-day cara paid |2.25 ajnd the trippers f 1.75. ■ , . 97 Q. What reasons did your committee urge for Hhe iiwjrease? A* Sinae the change of the system, the company has increased the number of trips run on eaioh road; they have increased the speed, and by so doing they have put oni more tripei on the different roads, and that increases ouffi work, our respon- sibility, and so fortii. Q. You say they have increiased your resixmsibility; is the character of your work different from that of last year? A, ^Qft of last year, but it is different from the work on the horse cars. Q. Will you describe to the committee in what resx>ects it is different, as increasing your responsibility and requiring a higher order of ability, if it does require it? A. The rate of speed at which they run the oars at" requires more activity in a way and more strength; it requires everything, as a matter of fact. Q. At what rfate of speed do they run their cars now? A. I don't know exactly what the rate is. Q. At what rate did they run them when they were running horses? A. I don't know exactly what ratie of speed they did niTi. Q. Take the Fulton Avenue line of the Brooklyn City line, one terminus is at the feriy, is it nob? A. Yes, sir. Q. Where is the other terminus? A. At East New York. Q. Do you know how many trips were miade over that line, between Fulton Ferry and East New York during horse-car time? A. No, sir; I haven't a record of that. Q. Do you know how many are made at the present time? A. No, sir. Q. What line are you working on? A. Flushing Avenue. Q. One terminus there is the ferry? A. Yes, sir. Q. What is the other? A. Greenpoint Ferry; Twenty- third street and Greenpoint avenue and East river. Q. How many trii>s were made over that road when horses were in use? A. Five. Q. How many now? A. Five. Q. The same number with electricity as with horse? A. Yes, sir. 1 Q. What is the length of that line? A. I have neverf meas- ured it; I don't know what the length is; I can't swear to it. Q. Can you judge readily whether it is seven miles? A. I think it is something over seven miles. Q. Do( you think it is eight miles? A. I wouldn't say what the length is; I know it is oveiTseven milesi Q. How long did it take you fo make the trip when the horses were running? A. Fifty-six minutes. B. • 13 98 t Q. How long now? A. Forty-eight is tbue runTiing time; but joti can't make it in safety. Q. Ck>uld you have made it in 56 minutes in safety? A. Yes, sii Q. So that thei-e is a diffenence of eight minutes? A. Yea^ ^ir; each way, making 16 minutes. Q. And that for the five trips in the day is a difference of 80 minutes, or 1 hour and 20 minutes in the running time; is that right? A. Yes, sir. Q. What is the reason that that can not be done in safety on a 48-minute trip? A. Because the rate of speed that the car goes at, the man is unable to stop it Q. How large a pix>portion of the time, in an average trip, is takem up by stopping, with the electrical cars? A. Thait would depend entirely on the riding. ^ Q. I say, an average trip? A. You may lose one-half of the time. Q. Have you known of trips in which one-half the time has been lost? A. Yes, sir; I can safely say I have; but what time is lost has got to be made up. Q. What would 3'ou say is the average proportionate loss of time in stopping for passengers — is it one^tenth, or one-twenti- eth, or one- third or one-half the time? A. Well, that will dex>eind on how often you have goib to stop entirely. Q. Suppose you stop and! lose ooae-hialf of your time in stop- ping, you say you have got to make it up; that involven an increased rate of speed? A. That is what it does. Q. You are a motorman on the Greenpoint train; can you tell us at what rate of speed you are running your own cars, when, for instance, you lost one-fourth of your time in stopping? A. I couldn't tell you for myself. Q. I mean for yourself? A. Whatever time I lost I never made it up, nor I never tr-ied to, becauaie I didn't think I could do it in safety to myself, or safety to th'e travelinig public, the trucks and so forth; I never made one minufte up, nor I never would. Q. Did the oiflBcers complain of you or did it involve you in trouble? A. No, sir; not personally; but I have heard of eases. Q, Tell uis about the cases? A. Well, they were urged on and found fault with becaiuise they didn't run on the schedule time. Q. Ciin you tell usi the names of some of thjcee men? A. J couldn't tell you just now. Q, W^ill you give me the names? A. I will try to; yes, sir. Q. Thank you; now, when we branched off on this question of the loss of time we were talking of the protposal to limcrease the' regular pay to |2.25 and trippers' pay to fl.75? A. Yes, sir. d9 Q, Let me ask if there waei any proposal sniggesfting a change in the nximber of regular cans and the number of triippiers? A. Yes, sir. Q. Whigbt was/ it? A. I don't reoollect what it was exactly; ad I told y<m before the presddeniB of the different roadB have been served with a ooipy of the agreement; I siu(ppo«e they are ilni their possession at the present time. Q. Whiat was the result of the diisoufiislon for an inicreaBe of pay? A. Tliey claim tihey ean not affoird to pay it. Q. Just tell us what reasons they urged in opposition to your request for an incirease? A. They didn^t offer any reason that I know of, only that they could not afforid to pay it. Q. Is that the (reason offe^^d by Mr. Lewis? A. Yes, sir. Q. And also by Mr. Norton? A. I believe so; yes, sir. Q. Is that the reason offered by Colonel Partridge? A, Yes, sir, Q. AdcI also by Mr. Wicker? A. I hadn't seen Mr. Wicker befor( this trouble occurred. Q. Did you take any part an negotiations with Mr. Wicker? A. Only after the men left Mg employ. Q. Did they acquiesce in the proposition to cihange the reliaitive number' of reguiliars and trippers? A. They were determined to run as many tripperis as they liked at trfip rate. Q. And they declined your proposials with regard to a chianige? A. Yes, sir. ( Q. Was that one of the causes of tlie men stopping work? A. Yes, sir; that had a good deal to do with it. Q. What other causes do you remember which lead up to a stoppage of work by the men on the ertreet cars? A. I dorft know of any other cause ; I don't think there can be any greater cause when a man' is asked to work for 50 or 80 cents a day; I think it wlas about time to sitop, because T don't think he dan live on 80 cents oir 50. Q. By 80 cents or 50 cents a day you mean what he would be capable of earning per day if he was running as a tripper on * trip rates? A. Yes, sir; that is it, exacitly. Q. Can yon tell uis what the number of trips on: the different lines of the city are, or can yon assist us any in that way? A. I would suggest to yon, if 1 may be permitted — Q. Tour suggestions are in order? A. That you tell the different presidents to produce the different tables here, and I think you can see for yourselves much easier than for me to explain it CKairman Friday: Q. Do you know of any one who earned only 80 or fifty cents 100 ] a day, as tripper — do you know of such cases? A. Do I know of them now? . Q. Yes, sir? A Not at present; but that is what it meant; that is what they used to earn before we had an organization, before we organized and did away with this trip business; that is why that schedule was put in that agreement, that no car should pay less than |1.50 a day. Q. The agreement of '94? A. Yes, sir. Mr. Ivins. — This is, as I understand it; that the first agree- ment as entered into some time in the past when Mr. Hazard was still president of the company, and that the matter was taken charge of, so far as the employes were concerned, by the committee of the Knights of Labor and individual contracts cease to be made, and a regular systematic plan was agreed upon; prior to that time, men had been paid who were running on extra cars according to the services which they rendered, and one of the matters in dispute at the time was the low rate of wages of these men, and so, for the purpose of covering that the first agreement was made that there shonld be a proportion arranged between the tripper cars and the regular cars, and the regulars were to receive $2 a day and the trippers $1.50, and any man who went on a tripper for only one trip, for instance, was to get $1.50. Chairman Friday. — That was the Hazard agreement? Mr. Ivins. — That is what I will prove later oni, because I have subpoened the president and asked for the production of all the agreements. Mi\ Ivins: Q. As I understand, Mr. Connelly, and if I am not right, cor- rect me; the proposition of the railroad companies was to return to the old (system of pa;sang men according? to the number of trips ihat they run and not a specific, definite day's wages to all arip- pers under a proportion of regular cars and trippers to be fixed in the contract; is that right? A. That is right Q. Now, under these contracts there were no men who earned 50 and 80 cents a day because they were all getting $1.50? A. They were; but at the same time there were roads, such as the roads that I ran on, we were running to the bridge; they were allowed the privilege of running trips at Jouble-tri^) rate; Ehat U If the car — what'?ver it did by triprtib^ they were allowed to make one trip, but to pay double-trip rate. Q. What was the trip-rate on your line? A. Forty cents. Q. Is it not a fact that some had 20 cents? A. Yes, sir; down as low as 17. 101 Q. If a miaii ran a double trip-rate he would get 80 cents? A. Yes, sir. Q. Ajid if he ran two trips ati double trip-rate, he would get 11.60? A. Yes, sir. Q. Tl>o yon know of amy man in the siervice of the line on which yon aire employed who got bnt 80 cents a day under the double- rate system? A. I know of lots of them; but I could not call them by name. Q. Will you get a list of those men? A. I will have quite a job, and agadm if I am not intruding on you or tlie committee, I would ask you to ask the company to produce their books; you can see it there. Q. That is all properly in hand but it might take a great length of time to do it; if ydu happen to know the names of any, will you kindly furnish them ? A. I received 40 cents myself, if you want to know. Q. As the result of a whole day's work ? A. Well, I had the rest of the day to myself, but I made 40 cents. Q. Men who make a single trip, are they classified as trippers falUug under the $1.50 plan, or are they classified as extras? A. As extras. Q. Are they so recognized as extras by both the men and the company, and not as trippers ? A. That is it. Q. Let me see if I understand this; the tripper has to be within call all day long ? A. The tripper ? Q. Yes. A. Whatever trips he makes in the morning he makes them, and when he gets through he goes where he likes until he is called on again in the afternoons, sometimes. Q. How many hours of the day is the tripper under actual orders, or subject to the orders of the company ? A. Fourteen hours, as far as I know. Q. Seven in the morning and seven in the afternoon ? A. They swing, you know, but at the same time they are in the employ of the company; that is, they can not do anything else; there is nothing else for them to do. Q. Takei the case of an extra; is he in the same relative posi- tion as the tripper ? A. He is worse. Q. Tell us how ? A. He has to report for duty before the first car leaves in the morning, and he has got to stay thefe in attendance until the last car goes out at night. Q. How many hours would that be on the Flushing Avenue line ? A. Fourteen or 15 hours. Q. You have spoken of your own case, and the specific instance in which you received but 40 cents; how frequently did that happen in your case ? A. Only about once. 102 Q. And OB that occasion you say you were allowed to go after you had performed the trip ? A. Oh, yes, sir. Q. Did you ask for m/ore work that day; did you want more ? A. No, sir. Q. Did you want to go that day; did you ask to go that day ? A. In this case I had a regular car; I wanted to be excused for that day, and in order that I might get excused I had to nm this trip, but if I didn't get excused the extra would have to run it, and his time would be occilpied during the whole day; he would have to remain there the whole day. By Mr. Stanchfield : Q. On that day did you get $2 ? A. No, sir. Q. How much ? A. Forty cents.
| 694 |
https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/compiler/test/compilable/ctests1.c
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSL-1.0
| 2,023 |
dmd
|
dlang
|
C
|
Code
| 301 | 1,061 |
// https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=22252
/* Test conversion of parameter types:
* array of T => pointer to T
* function => pointer to function
*/
int test1(int a[])
{
return *a;
}
int test2(int a[3])
{
return *a;
}
int test3(int fp())
{
return (*fp)();
}
/*********************************************************/
// https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=22275
void test22275(char *dest)
{
char buf[1];
if (dest != buf)
return;
if (test22275 != &test22275)
return;
}
/*********************************************************/
// https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=22294
enum { A, B, C };
_Static_assert(A == 0 && B == 1 && C == 2, "in");
int array[C];
/*********************************************************/
// https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=22313
typedef int Integer;
int castint(int x){
Integer a = (Integer)(x); // cast.c(4)
Integer b = (Integer)(4); // cast.c(5)
Integer c = (Integer)x;
Integer d = (Integer)4;
Integer e = (int)(x); // cast.c(8)
int f = (Integer)x;
Integer g = (int)x;
Integer h = (int)(4); // cast.c(11)
Integer i = (int)4;
int j = (Integer)(x);
return x;
}
/*********************************************************/
// https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=22314
enum E22314 {
oldval __attribute__((deprecated)),
newval
};
/*********************************************************/
// https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=22322
struct S22322
{
float f;
double d;
long double ld;
};
/*********************************************************/
// https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=22362
typedef struct Foo22362 {
int x, y;
} Foo22362;
Foo22362 gfoo = (Foo22362){0, 1};
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
Foo22362 foo1 = (Foo22362){0};
Foo22362 foo2 = (Foo22362){0, 1};
}
/*********************************************************/
// https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=22623
struct S22623 {
struct T *child;
};
typedef
struct T {
int xyz;
} U;
void f22623()
{
struct S22623 s;
struct T t;
if (s.child != &t)
;
}
/*********************************************************/
//https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=22267
typedef signed int int32_t;
int32_t ret22267()
{
int32_t init = (1 + 3);
return init;
}
_Static_assert(ret22267() == 4, "Ret != 4");
/*********************************************************/
// https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=22233
int foo22233();
void test22233()
{
(foo22233)();
}
/*********************************************************/
// https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=22286
int foo122286(int);
int foo222286(int, int);
typedef int Int22286;
void test22286()
{
Int22286 b;
int x = (foo122286)(3);
x = (foo222286)(3,4);
x = (Int22286)(3);
x = (Int22286)(3,4);
}
| 20,837 |
https://github.com/9ee1/SafeBrowsing.NET/blob/master/Gee.External.Browsing/Databases/UnmanagedBrowsingDatabaseProxy.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
SafeBrowsing.NET
|
9ee1
|
C#
|
Code
| 1,375 | 3,624 |
using Gee.Common.Guards;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Gee.External.Browsing.Databases {
/// <summary>
/// Unmanaged Database Proxy.
/// </summary>
internal sealed class UnmanagedBrowsingDatabaseProxy : IUnmanagedBrowsingDatabase {
/// <summary>
/// Database.
/// </summary>
private readonly IUnmanagedBrowsingDatabase _database;
/// <summary>
/// Disposed Flag.
/// </summary>
private bool _disposed;
/// <summary>
/// Own Database Flag.
/// </summary>
private readonly bool _ownDatabase;
/// <summary>
/// Create an Unmanaged Database Proxy.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="database">
/// An <see cref="IUnmanagedBrowsingDatabase" /> to proxy to. The unmanaged database proxy takes ownership
/// of <paramref name="database" /> and will dispose it when the unmanaged database proxy itself is
/// disposed. If you reference or dispose <paramref name="database" /> after you create the unmanaged
/// database proxy, the behavior of the unmanaged database proxy and <paramref name="database" /> is
/// undefined.
/// </param>
/// <returns>
/// An unmanaged database proxy.
/// </returns>
/// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException">
/// Thrown if <paramref name="database" /> is a null reference.
/// </exception>
internal static UnmanagedBrowsingDatabaseProxy Create(IUnmanagedBrowsingDatabase database) => UnmanagedBrowsingDatabaseProxy.Create(database, true);
/// <summary>
/// Create an Unmanaged Database Proxy.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="database">
/// An <see cref="IUnmanagedBrowsingDatabase" /> to proxy to.
/// </param>
/// <param name="ownDatabase">
/// A boolean flag indicating whether or not the unmanaged database proxy takes ownership of
/// <paramref name="database" /> and disposes it when the unmanaged database proxy itself is disposed. If
/// the unmanaged database proxy takes ownership of <paramref name="database" /> and you reference or
/// dispose <paramref name="database" /> after you create the unmanaged database proxy, the behavior of the
/// unmanaged database proxy and <paramref name="database" /> is undefined.
/// </param>
/// <returns>
/// An unmanaged database proxy.
/// </returns>
/// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException">
/// Thrown if <paramref name="database" /> is a null reference.
/// </exception>
internal static UnmanagedBrowsingDatabaseProxy Create(IUnmanagedBrowsingDatabase database, bool ownDatabase) {
// ...
//
// Throws an exception if the operation fails.
return database is UnmanagedBrowsingDatabaseProxy databaseProxy ? databaseProxy : new UnmanagedBrowsingDatabaseProxy(database, ownDatabase);
}
/// <summary>
/// Create an Unmanaged Database Proxy.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="database">
/// An <see cref="IUnmanagedBrowsingDatabase" /> to proxy to. The unmanaged database proxy takes ownership
/// of <paramref name="database" /> and will dispose it when the unmanaged database proxy itself is
/// disposed. If you reference or dispose <paramref name="database" /> after you create the unmanaged
/// database proxy, the behavior of the unmanaged database proxy and <paramref name="database" /> is
/// undefined.
/// </param>
/// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException">
/// Thrown if <paramref name="database" /> is a null reference.
/// </exception>
[SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "IntroduceOptionalParameters.Local")]
private UnmanagedBrowsingDatabaseProxy(IUnmanagedBrowsingDatabase database) : this(database, true) { }
/// <summary>
/// Create an Unmanaged Database Proxy.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="database">
/// An <see cref="IUnmanagedBrowsingDatabase" /> to proxy to.
/// </param>
/// <param name="ownDatabase">
/// A boolean flag indicating whether or not the unmanaged database proxy takes ownership of
/// <paramref name="database" /> and disposes it when the unmanaged database proxy itself is disposed. If
/// the unmanaged database proxy takes ownership of <paramref name="database" /> and you reference or
/// dispose <paramref name="database" /> after you create the unmanaged database proxy, the behavior of the
/// unmanaged database proxy and <paramref name="database" /> is undefined.
/// </param>
/// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException">
/// Thrown if <paramref name="database" /> is a null reference.
/// </exception>
private UnmanagedBrowsingDatabaseProxy(IUnmanagedBrowsingDatabase database, bool ownDatabase) {
Guard.ThrowIf(nameof(database), database).Null();
this._database = database;
this._disposed = false;
this._ownDatabase = ownDatabase;
}
/// <summary>
/// Dispose Object.
/// </summary>
public void Dispose() {
if (!this._disposed) {
this._disposed = true;
if (this._ownDatabase) {
this._database.Dispose();
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Find Threat Lists Asynchronously.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="threatSha256HashPrefix">
/// A SHA256 hash prefix, formatted as a hexadecimal encoded string, identifying a threat associated with
/// the collection of <see cref="ThreatList" /> to retrieve.
/// </param>
/// <param name="cancellationToken">
/// A cancellation token to cancel the asynchronous operation with.
/// </param>
/// <returns>
/// A collection of <see cref="ThreatList" /> the threat identified by
/// <paramref name="threatSha256HashPrefix" /> is associated with. An empty collection indicates no threat
/// lists were found.
/// </returns>
/// <exception cref="Gee.External.Browsing.Databases.BrowsingDatabaseException">
/// Thrown if a database error occurs.
/// </exception>
/// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException">
/// Thrown if <paramref name="threatSha256HashPrefix" /> is a null reference.
/// </exception>
/// <exception cref="System.ObjectDisposedException">
/// Thrown if the object is disposed.
/// </exception>
/// <exception cref="System.OperationCanceledException">
/// Thrown if the asynchronous operation is cancelled.
/// </exception>
public async Task<IReadOnlyCollection<ThreatList>> FindThreatListsAsync(string threatSha256HashPrefix, CancellationToken cancellationToken) {
this.ThrowIfDisposed();
try {
var findThreatListsTask = this._database.FindThreatListsAsync(threatSha256HashPrefix, cancellationToken);
var threatLists = await findThreatListsTask.ConfigureAwait(false);
return threatLists;
}
catch (ArgumentNullException) {
throw;
}
catch (BrowsingDatabaseException) {
throw;
}
catch (ObjectDisposedException) {
this.Dispose();
throw;
}
catch (OperationCanceledException) {
throw;
}
catch (Exception ex) {
const string detailMessage = "A threat's associated threat lists could not be retrieved.";
throw new BrowsingDatabaseException(detailMessage, ex);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Get a Threat List Asynchronously.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="threatListDescriptor">
/// A <see cref="ThreatListDescriptor" /> identifying the <see cref="ThreatList" /> to retrieve.
/// </param>
/// <param name="cancellationToken">
/// A cancellation token to cancel the asynchronous operation with.
/// </param>
/// <returns>
/// The <see cref="ThreatList" /> identified by <paramref name="threatListDescriptor" />. A null reference
/// indicates a threat list could not be found.
/// </returns>
/// <exception cref="Gee.External.Browsing.Databases.BrowsingDatabaseException">
/// Thrown if a database error occurs.
/// </exception>
/// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException">
/// Thrown if <paramref name="threatListDescriptor" /> is a null reference.
/// </exception>
/// <exception cref="System.ObjectDisposedException">
/// Thrown if the object is disposed.
/// </exception>
/// <exception cref="System.OperationCanceledException">
/// Thrown if the asynchronous operation is cancelled.
/// </exception>
public async Task<ThreatList> GetThreatListAsync(ThreatListDescriptor threatListDescriptor, CancellationToken cancellationToken) {
this.ThrowIfDisposed();
try {
var getThreatListTask = this._database.GetThreatListAsync(threatListDescriptor, cancellationToken);
var threatList = await getThreatListTask.ConfigureAwait(false);
return threatList;
}
catch (ArgumentNullException) {
throw;
}
catch (BrowsingDatabaseException) {
throw;
}
catch (ObjectDisposedException) {
this.Dispose();
throw;
}
catch (OperationCanceledException) {
throw;
}
catch (Exception ex) {
const string detailMessage = "A threat list could not be retrieved.";
throw new BrowsingDatabaseException(detailMessage, ex);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Get Threat Lists Asynchronously.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="cancellationToken">
/// A cancellation token to cancel the asynchronous operation with.
/// </param>
/// <returns>
/// A collection of <see cref="ThreatList" />. An empty collection indicates no threat lists were found.
/// </returns>
/// <exception cref="Gee.External.Browsing.Databases.BrowsingDatabaseException">
/// Thrown if a database error occurs.
/// </exception>
/// <exception cref="System.ObjectDisposedException">
/// Thrown if the object is disposed.
/// </exception>
/// <exception cref="System.OperationCanceledException">
/// Thrown if the asynchronous operation is cancelled.
/// </exception>
public async Task<IReadOnlyCollection<ThreatList>> GetThreatListsAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken) {
this.ThrowIfDisposed();
try {
var getThreatListsTask = this._database.GetThreatListsAsync(cancellationToken);
var threatLists = await getThreatListsTask.ConfigureAwait(false);
return threatLists;
}
catch (BrowsingDatabaseException) {
throw;
}
catch (ObjectDisposedException) {
this.Dispose();
throw;
}
catch (OperationCanceledException) {
throw;
}
catch (Exception ex) {
const string detailMessage = "A collection of threat lists could not be retrieved.";
throw new BrowsingDatabaseException(detailMessage, ex);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Get Threats Asynchronously.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="threatListDescriptor">
/// A <see cref="ThreatListDescriptor" /> identifying the <see cref="ThreatList" /> the threats that should
/// be retrieved are associated with.
/// </param>
/// <param name="cancellationToken">
/// A cancellation token to cancel the asynchronous operation with.
/// </param>
/// <returns>
/// A collection of SHA256 hash prefixes, formatted as hexadecimal encoded strings, identifying the threats
/// that are associated with the <see cref="ThreatList" /> identified by
/// <paramref name="threatListDescriptor" />. An empty collection indicates no threats were found.
/// </returns>
/// <exception cref="Gee.External.Browsing.Databases.BrowsingDatabaseException">
/// Thrown if a database error occurs.
/// </exception>
/// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException">
/// Thrown if <paramref name="threatListDescriptor" /> is a null reference.
/// </exception>
/// <exception cref="System.ObjectDisposedException">
/// Thrown if the object is disposed.
/// </exception>
/// <exception cref="System.OperationCanceledException">
/// Thrown if the asynchronous operation is cancelled.
/// </exception>
public async Task<IReadOnlyCollection<string>> GetThreatsAsync(ThreatListDescriptor threatListDescriptor, CancellationToken cancellationToken) {
this.ThrowIfDisposed();
try {
var getThreatsTask = this._database.GetThreatsAsync(threatListDescriptor, cancellationToken);
var threats = await getThreatsTask.ConfigureAwait(false);
return threats;
}
catch (ArgumentNullException) {
throw;
}
catch (BrowsingDatabaseException) {
throw;
}
catch (ObjectDisposedException) {
this.Dispose();
throw;
}
catch (OperationCanceledException) {
throw;
}
catch (Exception ex) {
const string detailMessage = "A threat list's associated threats could not be retrieved.";
throw new BrowsingDatabaseException(detailMessage, ex);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Throw an Exception if Object is Disposed.
/// </summary>
/// <exception cref="System.ObjectDisposedException">
/// Thrown if the object is disposed.
/// </exception>
private void ThrowIfDisposed() {
if (this._disposed) {
var detailMessage = $"An object ({nameof(UnmanagedBrowsingDatabaseProxy)}) is disposed.";
throw new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(UnmanagedBrowsingDatabaseProxy), detailMessage);
}
}
}
}
| 50,805 |
sn92053933_1922-05-20_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,922 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,555 | 8,495 |
CAPniL DOOMS SEIIAIDm duck i FOR GtmERMOR MQUWVtmlh Leader U.Bia CfM e4 fey JU4 wwUk'-Ve&to) not Bnreac "X Wutuacto Uocdmaad. Araa- Washington. D. C , May 20. Whinpers thai StMc Sena Cot Clr ence F. Back, Moemouth,. is being groomed for the Republican nom-j (nation for GoTernor or Illinois two year hence and that he i in line tor the endorsement t the dom inant McCormick-McKinUjr orgaiu ixalion eet HUnoieane here agog' tni week. The Mate eenator i now in Washington and rumore concern ing hi candidacy have been atimu l&tcd kv reason of the fact that. 11 mi lha eadorseraent of, Senator MeCormick and McKinley. .be haaV just been named to a temporary joo in the controller s department ot the United Sutti shipping board, directly under Chairman .!. Laa ker. Senator Buck has been ln"Vao- IngtOB at frequent Intervals daring the last IS months, and sinceifed eral patronage became available, for the Republicans last March 4. Jie has been called npon by the Illi nois senators to approve nearly every patronage list that has been drawn up for prohibition agents, revenue officials and similar posts. Additional color is given the re port of Senator Buck's guberna torial ambitions when his services in Senator Mediil McCormick's be half in litis are called to mind. Active fer Mel'omlrk. Buck led the fight for McCormick both in the primary and in the elec tion in the dow slate senatorial fight, and he is the acknowledged leader of the McCormick-McKinley group in the upper house of the state lesgislature. In 192(1 Senator Buck turned in witb equal enthusi asm for Senator McKinley in his bard light in that year. The friendliness of both Illinois senators for Buck was manifested here only last Tueaday when he was one of two guests, outside of Senator McCormick's immediate circle of intimates in the United state legislature. In 1920 Senator luncheon given by Senator McKin ler for bis colleague. iThe other "outsider" at the luncheon was aleo an Illinois state senator, Epler Mills of Virginia, Senator Mills, who is one of the youngest members of the legisla ture, has been In Washington dur ing the last week urging the ap pointment of several of his friends to minor federal posts. I The luncheon given at the cap itoi was a quiet observance of Sen ator McCormick's 45th birthday an niversary. The guests included, in addition to the Illinoisans named. Senator Wadsworth, New York, chairman of the committee on mili tary affairs: Senator Spencer, Mis souri: Senator Curtis. Kansas, Re publican whip of the senate, and Senator Hale, Maine. - It was slated by all present that the luncheon was "purely a social affair" and that politics had not been discussed, bat the presence of the Illinois legislators in the city heightened the interest of Illinois ans here in the plans being made for the 1924 fight for the governor ship. - The post of district attorney for the eastern Illinois district, with headquarters at East St. Louis, was the only vacancy on the major fed eral appointment list which remain ed unfilled here at the end ot the week. ' i Although no formal announce ment has been made, news of se lections made by the Illinois sena tors elsewhere in the state leaked out during the week. Thomas Wil liamson, an Edwardsville attorney, has the McKinley - McCormick en dorsement for district attorney in the southern district, with head quarters at Springfield, and James B. McClure, Carlinville. will be rec ommended for appointment as United States marshal in the same district. I Four candidates are still being mentioned for the East St. I-ouis vacancy. They are P. K. Johnson of Belleville. Judge W. 0. Potter of Marion, Curtis Williams of Mount Vernon and Lawrence T. Allen of Manvuie. aeverai oi me Illinois congressmen interested in the ap - poititment seem to believe that the race may narrow down to Johnson and Potter. Although house and senate con ferees were still in a deadlock over the federal judges bill, Illinoisans are still confident that the terms of the house bill will be accepted and that the eastern as well as the northern Illinois district will be given an additional district judge. Judge Fenton W. Booth, former ly of Marshall, 111., emerged here late this week as the most probable selection for the new judgeship in the eastern district, in case the bill is finally approved carrying "Uncle Joe" Cannon's provision for another Judge sitting at Danville. : Judge Booth is now sitting' on the court of claims in Washington, but is said to be desirous of leav ing the capital and would welcome a -virtual transfer back to the fed eral bench near his former home. He Is 53 years of age. so the re cent ruling of President Harding that no man of 60 or over should be appointed to the federal bench does not affect him. Should Judge Booth receive the appointment through "Uncle Joe's" favor. It will be the second time that he has been a beneficiary at the hands of the veteran Danville congressman. He was originally appointed to the court of claims in 190 on the recommendation of Cannon, then at the height of his power as speaker of the bouse. As soon as the federal judge bill is reported from conference and is finally disposed of after a contro versy of more than a year. James Wllkarton. Chicago lawyer. Jt is understood, will be recommended for appointment to the newly cre ated ludshl for the northern Itlinoia district. pettttwr free4bv American r TTEIDrO ROD FDtDS AUTO NOISES. Use -the divining rod method to locate knock or otber foreign noise in your engine. lt' the way automobile motors fare tested in the factories before they are passed on for shipment. The dinning rod used is none oyher than the gear shifting lever. By its use, inspectors can ten whether a. new motor is out of per- feor tone. It carries the sounds of airtpetrrs. of the engine to the in spector's ear, and if there is any- thiiigwrong in its operation tne n- Vspeior knows it. Trained Ear. In--a room fall of running motors, an' inspector can detect any unus ual sound in a single engine by Knotting bin ear to the tip of the gear shifting lever. That s because he knoevs - the note of a perfect Lruotor. Besides teach particular kind of .unusual sound will tell the in spector .eiactly where it comes from. His ears are trained to dis tinguish .such sounds - and locate Ihera. Buitfor- those whose ears aren't as kacn.as the motor inspector's, there) is. another kind of divining rod. is a piece of broomstick or other wood. Or it may be a long fcscrew driver. with tnts simple uivming roa foreign t noises can bet detected not only in i the engine hut'. in any ether moving i part of the automobile. The melhodof application is simple. Simple I se. PlaceJone end of the rod against the partrwhich is suspected of mak ing the 'unusual noise. Then put the free end in the crook of the FINDING i A KNOCK BY THE "DIVINING ROD" METHOD. thumb and the thumb knuckle againstiyour'ear drum. If the part runs smoothly and nothing; is wrong with it, a regular Farm Bureau Federation, assented to by county farm bureaus all over downstale Illinois, and asking an amendment to the constitution pro hibiting the issue of tax-exempt securitiesiwas laid before the house this weekiby Representative Charles E. Fuller,. Bel videre. Representative Fuller also sub mitted petition from the Danville council-No. 754, Knights of Colum bus, famclnx the bill for the retire mcnt of disabled emergencyofficers of tho World war. LAKE WATER FLOW INTO ILLINOIS TO BE INVESTIGATED Wftshinrton New Baresu. Bock J si and A reus. Washington. D. C, May 20. Malnr ftaneral Iansinir H. Beach. cn.e! 0l engineers oi me u- oartment. this week advised mem-'of bers of the house that ample funds are available to make the invest!- gation of the Bow of Lake Michigan waters into the Illinois river con templated In the resolution intro- duced by Representative Guy L.ian1 fixtures, 12,331 pieces of brass ! finaw, uearastown. With the question of an appro-! priation thus disposed of. Repre sentative Shaw this we?k an nounced that he expects to have his resolution approved by the com mittee and favorably reported to the bouse as soon as the pending rivers and harbors bill has been disposed of. I On County Records ,' o - . . , o Warranty Deed. Elliott H.- Slocum etal to Jos. D. : i n (kaaa. Iot 4 block 8 Buford and G'uye; addition. Rock Island Carl H. Seidel to Josina Chris tina DeBuyseh, $1.00; part lot 32, Ira Weatherheard's addition. Rock Island. Ely and Nellie Arras to Jacob J. H. Lamps, $1.00; lot 22, block 124, New Shop addition. East Moline inhn nniiinutn tn Pnj u bm son, $600: lots 6, 7, 8. block 15 William Marshall's addition cnrl dova. John W. Miller and wife to Jens Jensen, $4,000, lot 1, Rock River View. Moline. Phillip J. Vierich and wife to Harry Nylen and wife. $1.00, lot 7. block 3, Hedgeside addition. Rock Island. Bert P. Record and wife Letta to L. E. and Dorothy Miller. $1.00,11" f?Cr,tU f'f Ty-nr6t , south 50 feet, lot 25. Campbell's i i!f?fu '5,! fst cufb ,lne ? i Addition. Rock Island. manes ia. rTomme ana wne to miritt. nr Melanie SonnevUle. $4,950. part lot ; The ord inane , Suess' subdivision of lot 15 in fl," ,-'0. northwest 1-4 section 8-17-1 W. .'o? Ltd city "?f!e80-.FJ?,mni "d ,to Melanie SonnevUle to Emiel ! Lava and wife, $1.00 part lot 5, island cony, Illinois" for anas- weTt8! "atS n6-17 1W " i 8essment of ot im" west 1-4 section J-- provement according to frontage. x. .u W . d v . assessment being payable in Northwestern Branch Woman's l0 installments, each bearing inter Foreign Missionary society, of at the rate of 6 ner rent r. west 1-4 section 6-17-1 W. (Methodist Episcopal church to W.)mnBum Ma an assessment there- T. Harmer, $1.00: east S8 feet, lot, for having been made and return 19, block 4, Smnett s addition, . ed to said court, the hearing there Rock Island. Edgar H. Wright to Nancy Jane Wright. $1.00: lot 3. block 3, Fern- wood, Moline The Christian Mueller Land and Timber Co. to George F. Town- send. $1.00; lot 13, block 8, M. Y. Cady's First Addition, Moline. Christian Mueller by heirs to the Christian Mueller Land and Tim ber Co., $1.00: lots 11. 12. 13. 14. i'1'JJ,l : !S' 4- .bloek M. j Y. - Cady addition Uoiiaa, S hum will be heard. Otherwise, the hum will be interrupted by a knock or other strange sound. In this way, any fault in the run ning of the automobile can be locat ed by moving the divining rod from one position to another. Some limes location of a fault is more difficult (ban iU correction after it is found. sprhh; boot axd oiler. Car swings may be protected i from mud and rust by mean of a!ai i.u.- i . nninT 1 are made for oiling so that the long been the custom of many south- files of the vanished proc3Ssion. the spring leaves are kept lubricated. Jern states to observe a memorial day will Uike oB a new signifi es iuB .c, co a Fv hnHrtav nf their own on April 2b, cance. " Top should never be folded down when it is not thoroughly dry. BAJiD PROTECTS TOOLS. Tools underneath the front seat may be safeguarded against theft by the attachment pf a steel band ; and lock now being manufactured. ! lue oanu is uiugeu tu mo " the seat and bends over to be lock ed in place against the bottom. STAMUB.IHZEI Limousine Automobile witn a partially enclosed body and a per - manent top extending the length and attached to tne wma-, f rh ,FF bhield The part behind the driver is fnliv enclosed. Two low doors I earn and a fixed cross seat for two arejs'eeps on foreign soil, as well ason is said to have been $3,500. in the forward, open section. and warm water is all ; PiiTo srun that is needed to clean seat covers. ! 1 ARSENAL TO SELL SPECIAL LOTS OF MATERIAL JUNE 1 Major v. u. Clay, surplus ana salvage officer at the Rock Island ; arsenal, announces a sale in which bids will be opened at 2 o'clock in .. the afternoon at the arsenal on Thursday, June 1, for 1,500 air guages, reading from 1 to 4 5 i seat and grouser box assemblies, 112 ton cast steel castings, 300 slabs of broken cork, a low pres sure air compressor, several lots of leather and canvas belting, 5,500 ia canvas pelting, s,oUU pounds of rubber gaskets, 72 pounds of leather gaskets, 100 concrete lintels. 68 sectional heavy steel rack knockdowns, 1,150 hard- wood boxes, 40 tons of cast iron Baddles and beams, 34.300 pounds , ct iron form r 1 'tons of cast iron obsolete jigs and nxtures. i ne sale will also include 3,500 pounds of steel tools and fixtures, 2.500 Dounds of cast iron dies, iies : mums, o puuuus 01 aluminum scrap, bs old waste baskets, 670 buckets, 48 tool chests of steel for tractors, 500 straps, and a miscel laneous lot of hardware. PUBLIC INVITED TO ELK FLAG DAY ( Special Moline Service., Moline Elks will sponsor open air ceremonies at Rrnwnin? field on flag day, June 14. The public J ib mviieu 10 participate, in tne event ot rain, the Elks will follow '. their old euttom and hold the ex- ercises imioars, probably at the 1 high sehool auditorium. auxiliary to seek out. in each com- The lodge last evening appropri-! tnunity. graves of all American Bel ated $1,200 for community welfare ,aier na sailor dead and to prepare work for the coming year. Special caarts showing where such graves attention will be given the big I ware located and how they could be brother and Boy Scout activities, j reached. The efforts of the World Four hundred Elks are planning i war men have resulted in many to auenn tne state convention at Galesburg next month. Deleeates ' "'001 wule lala ocs. island "l ii oi WgM wil ltravel together in allngsince forgotten, nave been special train. PROPERTY HOLDERS' KOTICE. General No. 620. Notice is hereby given to all per sons interested that the council of the city of Rock Island, 111., having ordered the construction of the im provement, viz: the paving with as- 7 l"l '.'"iT' " wTdth of 24 feTt" between 'curbs see for the same beinr e office of the city clerk , ;h ZZ " on will be had on the 3rd day of June. A. D. 1922, at the hour of 9 o'clock a. m., or an soon thereafter as the business of the court will permit. All persons desiring mav file ob- I jections in said court before said i day, and may appear on the hearing I ana me tneir aeiense. Dated at Rock Island. 111.. May Officer Appointed to Make Assess- IS. 1VZZ. I LTUK Cl'SHMAN, meat. (Adveruaement.) v SATURDAY THE ROCK ISLAND ARGUSMAY 20, "1922. INTER-ALLIED RITES TOfdARK MEMORIAL DAY American Lerloa Preraoies Obienr. anee of Thee Who Sleep in Foreign Sell. Indianapolis, Ind., May 20, Me morial day. May 30. will be gener ally observed througnout the world this vear. due in large part to the (efforts nf the American legion, ac- Cnrdin to an announcement made legion headquarters bere today, IAue Biaicwcui o j o t 'Originally designated by the ( Hnion veterans of the Civil war as; a narticular Decoration day for 'their fallen comrades May 30 grad-jThe ually has become a day set apart in 'memorv of all Americans who died for their country. Although it has , 'the tendency of a. uniform obszrv- ance has been apparent since tn World war. The legion, composed of both the north and the south, of- !ficially adopted May 30 as its Me morial day and posts or tne worn war men on both sides of the Mason-Dixon line have, for the last three years, simultaneously nunor-;. t-d the dead of the Cml. Spanisa- American ana worm wars.. When the Inter-Allied Veterans' Federation, made up of World war veterans of France, England, Can ada, Italy and the others of the al lied nations and of which the leg ion is a member, adopted the leg ion's date for the observance of the rites for the dead. May 30 became on inl&niatinnQl tinliriAV OOTTlna.ra- ble only in universal observance to christmas. This year it will be ob- sarveii bv leelon DOsts and allied veterans' organizations in the fol-; lowing fountriea other than their --u, United States: Canada, Belgium, : France, Poland, Turkey. Mexico, ..,:- nraxil Kritish Isles Chjl0i china, Cuba. Guatemala, j&1iia perU( Porto Rico. Portu- Weat Africa. Santo Domingo, Spanish Honduras, India, Vene ruela and in the Canal Zone, Ha- waii, Philippine Islands and the territory of Alaska. Legion Plans. "As it did last year and the year before, the tegion will decorate and .uoiu appropriate cierusea mcr iuc, ' grave of every American who thus honoring the graves of Amer- ican and allied veterans who are ( buried in the cemeteries of this country. Legion posU in France. nolviiim Qnlnnii u ml Tltrbov will UClluiu, 1 u i u "'iv u, "'.t visit old battlefields ami adjacent cemeteries. "The United States graves regis tration sarvice has completed its huge task of returning to this coun try the bodies of 42,023 of the A. E. F. who died overseas, but 30,000 I Americans still remain permanent- Iv buried in eemeteries of the lied nations. "T finance the Memorial daylJQ BELGIANS OF .1 , .. of the legion s 11,000 posts were askei to subscribe an amount equai to five cants for each of its mem- Ders. A central committee ot tne legion in France will receive the funds from this country and have charge of decorating the individ ual graves. Personal Side. several montns oeiore Memorial "Saveral months before Memorial dayHanford MacNider. iiational commander of the American legion. 'sent each post a request that eer- cises this year be made as person&J ' as possible. 'With this end in view,' I Mr. MacNider wrote, 'the legion is readv to make sneria.1 ffnrt, tn ' 'aid relatives and friends who think iu memuruu uay not so mucn or tne wnote army 01 tne oean as they w'l' r some one youth who went tortn to ngnt and did not come i back." Gold star parents, desiring "vi p"u w tne grave ot tneir departed, re questing a certain type of floral decoration or religious ceremony, were asked to communicate their I wishes to tUe organization's na-; tional headquarters here, from ' which they were relayed to the! police court and were dismissed. legion post nearest the place of ,The machine was stolen from Fifth f. , -. avenue and Fifteenth street, Mon- The legion will not confine itsidv nie"ht and waa rwnvurnri t exercises and decorations to the memory of World war heroes alone. ! TAhe graves of all veterans of all iii c nonwi uu decorated and fittingly honored. lst year the organization request-! its Posts and nnits of the legion I l wi war veterans Deing rescued from obscurity and the found and restored. The Bead Overseas. "A similar plan of keeping a close and honored watch on graves of Americans buried overseas has bean evolved. There will be in France four principal cemeteries wherein men of the A. E. F. will cial fine arts commission is working OB project which will entail, for oievu luicier. ai present a soe. ILLINOIS ROOFING & SUPPLY Co. Get our estimate, it's FREE. A FLEX-A-TILE SHINGLE or ROLL SHINGLE ROOF is the most attractive, durable, eco nomical and FIRE RESIST ING ROOF. OCR FlilCES ABE THE LOWEST Ol'B WOKVXKX THE BEST Out of town work promptly attended to. Wa do ROOF PAINTING and general roofing. Phone R. I. 1550 JS00.1S02 First Ave, K. L t the collection of bodies end the beautineation of cemeteries, an ex penditure of more than Ji.ooo.ooo. These fields of honor will be locat ed at Belleau Wood, ear Chateau Thierry; Bony, near- St. Quentin; Suresnes, near Paris, and Roinagne, in the Argonne, near Montfaucon. More than 500 Americans will re main buried in England. A gift of land by the British government al lows for the future decoration and care of these graves. Under plans already advanced a little cemetery for those Americans who died ml IIb, Ctlan4 n 4 Wales will be located at Brook- wood. Surrey, England. "This year still -fewer of the proud, white-haired old heroes of '41-85 will bear their colors and their flowers to the sacred ground i where their comrades are in eternal 1 bivouac. Last year the thinning I ranks were filled with sturdy, lan-jon uuujjoiui 9 in men mi m j ui and navy blues who were honored to march at the side of tha veteran patriarchs on their holy m'.ssica. present Memorial day will find the hosts of Grant and Lee all but 1 dissipated and as the youths of the World war strive for the honored CONCERN HIT HARD BY DRY LAW ASKS STOCKHOLDERS' AH) ln.-nnnn.t , U 1 J IU. I . H rnmnanv fti'TiAfsi i - tho ,. vOM been tM that ih n,nhihi.inn i amendment has destroyed the com-J pany s Dusiness and nave been ask ed to finance the concern by ad vancing 12 per cent of the value of their holdings. According to statements made by "TT 7i,ri. T""- " - wu,,uuj, cuu IUC DtUVft- holders are asked to provide a fund which will guarantee any loss re suiting from the continued orera- Iowa, and there are many stock- uuiuers uavenport. LAND IS BOUGHT AS FUTURE SITE FOR NEW EDIFICE (Special Moline Serrio ) St Mary's parish of East Moline, through Bishop E. P. Dunne of the Peoria diocese, has purchased seven lots at Thirteenth street and iweuueui avenue, across tne street from the church. The eonsidera- The land was acquired at this'nue' to w- ranaau. time in order that the parish will be ' prepared to provide for future velcpment. The present church is lltaim, ihhiMIv . ...... .. 1 : . J 1 I ,ayiuij UULIUWU UU It Will be necessary in a few years to erect a large edifice. In the meantime the newly aoquired land will be used for playgrounds for children of the narish. The land was purchased from the East Moline Land eomnanv. i Father S. Vander Gulik is pastor of al-lst. Marv's EAST MOLINE DT KEWANEE TOURNEY (Special Moline Serrice.) The Belgian club of East Moline will send 150 delegates to the an nual roily bolly tournament and bicycle races which will be held at Kewanee Mcy 30 Arrangements ' - .,," , ,.".. :t: ; Molipr iSS delegation in automo- Mline hna-a a w , ' the bes- rollv bollv nlavprTin th !J!lnj!!f.'' Ind piwptiitinri aro that ' ' rrfromThT; ; will 7 i tne ?la:s from tnat c.,ty.wlU i 3 h.ewanee,the Northern States mission will The annual tournament of the ' mast moiine ciud win De held on Labor day. FSTilWlsill if rni (Special Moiuie service.! Frank DeGreve and Charles Roegiers, both of Moline, who were arrested in connection with were arrested in connection with the theft of an autoniLHiip helon- ing to Dr. E. A. Adlen established alibis when arraigned in Moline hours laier at Fifth atrt Twenty - second avenue. De Greve ! (and Roegiers denied all connection with the theit. ttt a QTJTMT' TOW "DTTTSTT a ffflJ-W ITXJjO REPEAT EXHIBITION Pupils of grades 1, 6, 7 and 8 of Washington school repeated a physical training demonstration at the school gymnasium last night at the request of many patrons. The program included gym exer cises, pantomime drills and games. Highland flings, clown dances and single club drills and children of both sexes took part. i The attendance on the part cf parents of the children wa9 large CLARK'S CRUISES krCr.lt. STEAME&9 Owk'a iri Crwea, Jaaoarr S3, It23 ROUND THE WORLD Suverb SS "EMPRESS M FRANCE" 18461 Grcn Teas. 8..illT Chartered 4 MOrU CRUISE. SIOOO aad up tactadiag Hl. Pee. Drieee. Gaidee, ate. CfaA'a I ft Cndaa. Pebmrv 3 MEDITERRANEAN Sawtwna S2 "RMPRES9 ot SCOTLAND" 2Me Groaa Toaa, Saeciallr Cbarterad DAYS CMUISC SMO l o, laclodiM Hotel.. Fee.. Driva., Goide. eta. 1 daya Etrpt.Paiuriu, Saaio, liaiw. GreMa.au. WW - r allaad a bHk eralaefc Emrtf, mnd Pt ritia, Sm a Fraak C. Clark. Time. Baildia.. New York. Yi Yi Yi WATCH MONDAY'S PAPER JOY RIDE COST CONNOR $4,000 Gertrude ThleJck, DIsfigve, ht Anto Skidding Accident, Set tles Suit Out of Court. Gertrude Thielcke, 17-year-old Rock Island girl, who waa thrown through the windshield of A. P. Connor's auto on the Harrison street road in Davenport last No v ember when the machine skidded on a turn, will receive $4,000 from cnnnr th loss of her beauty Kit it tn nnllprt $20,500 dsima64 the ground that the girl s good jooks were aisngurea. us iwu 0f tne accident was settled out of court after the case had been call ed for trial in the district court of Davenport and attorneys were starting the task of selecting a Jury. Connor, who is heir to a fortune of J150.000 to $200,000 in Hagers town, Md., had offered the girl his Stutz 5-passenger machine in an earlier attempt to settle the case, but the offer was rejected and the cash proposal of $4,000 wa3 then tendered and accepted. Miss Thielcke sustained a frac tured nose and lacerations about the face when, she was thrown : .. . . 1 . I. i 1 .1 t fir Tha wnnnHd lft Hppti spars and Z . i, . iho ,t diioH fmm h.r ncrsnnai appearance. CONSIDERATION OF $22,000 INVOLVED IN REALTY SALES Real estate sales with an aggre gate consideration of $22,000 have been effected through the J. J. Gruske agency. Samuel Weisman has sold to C. L. Weaver, a six-room house at Twentieth avenue and Ninth-and-a-half street; D. J. Sol lenberger has sold a five-room bun galow, 1609 Thirty-seventh street, to H. R. Pirmann.' Two lots at Twenty-ninth-and-a-half street and Eighteenth avenue, have been sold to Samuel Weisman by W. E. Bailey. Mr. Gruske has sold a five-room house, 1518 Fourteenth-and-a-half street, to J. W. Guinther; Mrs. Lewis Fox sold a five-room cottage, 1211 Fourteenth-and-a-half street, to Harry F. Jones, and Sterner C. Anderson has sold lot on Thirty seventh street, near Sixteenth ave- de-,HEDDLNG CUIil iriVxJj PRESIDENT SPEAKS SUNDAY MORNING Clarence W. Green of Abingdon, president of Hedding college, will oe lne speaKer tomorrow morning at the First Methodist church. The president's subject will be "Chris- tian Education Tomorrow evening the pastor. Rev. J. A. Chapman will speak on the topic, "Running the Race and Winning the Prize". QUARTERLY MEET OF LATTER DAY SAINTS TOMORROW The quarterly conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter r . " ,,7. T. VV , port tomorrow. The first session. ?J?TaZ". 0J'C"V...W"V h l tn.! the 'T' aJM 1nl,al 8 c'oc. President Wmslow F. Smith of 1 b the nrinrinal snpnU-pr at hnMi spsaions Tri-City Towel supply company Davenport 934. R- Clean Towel Service. Phone K- 2439. Just see bow cuichly your frlenJs will nolc J fbe perfeci lusier, i the natural sheen and ihe aided besufy ofyour bairaffcr you have used INe ujbros3-ferpie.de So4 6 A fisttf 4 yt Sfttres Bengston's Drug Stores Special Agents Yi tm K f t M D l. I iev uiDrary uoo.s ( o--. ;,. o The fonowiwt new books have been received at the public library and are now ready for circulation: An American Diplomat is China P. 8. Reinsch. Business Administration L. C. Marshall. Ceramics: a Manual for Chem ists, Engineers and Manufacturer! A. Malinovszky. Drawing Room Practice F. A. Stanley. Elementary Machine Shop Prac tice J. A. Pratt Evolution of Modern Medicines- Sir William Osier. Interpretation of Radium and the Structure of the Atom F. Soddy. Modern Russian Poetry Babete Deutsch. - Nutrition and Growth in Children W. R. P. Emerson. Oil-Field Practice Dorsey Ha ger. Painted Windows: Studies in Religious Personality. Radio Engineering Principles Henri Lauer. Secret of the Sahara Rosita Forbes. Social History of tho Western World H. E. Barnes. Some Fish and Some Fishing F. G. Griswald. StAam Rnilers T. W. Croft. The Study of American History James Bryce. Watched by Wild Animain A. Mills. FICTION. Abbe Pierre J. W. Hurson. Big Muskeg V. R. Emanuel. Desert Dust E. L. Sabin. Explorers of the Dawn Mazo De La Roche. For Me Alone Andree Lecuyer. Herpath Property J. S. Fletcher. Madame Valcour's Lodger. Memoirs of a Midget W. J. De La Mare. Merton of the Movies H. J. Wil son. - The Prairie Child A. J. A. Strin ger. Tragedy of the Beach Club W. A. Johnston. Shepherds of the Wild Edison Marshall. Vertical City Fannie Hurst. Where the Pavement Ends John Russell. LOCAL EFFECT OF GOLD CERTIFICATE ISSUE BUT SLIGHT Action of the United States gov ernment, replacing federal reserve notes with gold certificates will have but little immediate effect here, according to Rock Island bankers. No yellow backs have been issued since August, l&ll, and the news that gold and gold certificates are to be issued as soon as the federal reserve certificates are retired from circulation will have no par ticular bearing upon the banking business in Rock Island at least for some time, because in order to secure the gold certificates gold must be exchanged for them, and but little gold is in the possession of the banks. The gold certificates will reach Rock Island in due course through the natural currents of trade and exchange, but it is not expected that any Rock Island bank will be in possession of a large number of gold certificates in the near future. With the necessity for retaining an enormous gold reserve in the national treasury no longer ap parent, pre-war conditions in which gold and gold certificates were in general circulation will gradually return. it if 11 a - f. p Com Trwrn One reason why many people do net get rich Is that while they work hard FOR their money, they don't know how to make IT work hard for them. Many people handle their hard earned sav ings foolishly. Properly invested in a safe se curity earning a good rate of interest, savings will accumulate very rapidly. Begin today to make your dreams come true! Buy a few shares of our 7 Prior Preferred Stock on the Special Savings Plan THEN WATCH YOUR MONEY GROW IN TH12 NEXT FEW YEARS. Ask Any Peoples Power Co. Employe SECURITIES DEPARTMENT United Light & Railways Company Or make Inquiry at PEOPLES POWER CO. OFFICES Koek Island Moline East Moline WOODMEN PLAN TO HONOR DEAD Memorial Services Will b? Held at ChJppiannock Cemetery, Sunday, June 4. The Boosters' association, com posed of delegates from the Mod ern Woodmen camps of Rock Is land, met last night In the parlors of the Modern Woodmen building, to make arrangements for memo rial day services, Sunday, June 4, in Chippiannock cemetery. This is the 40th memorial day service helj to honor deceased members of the Modern Woomen. The committee appointed at the last meeting of Independence camp No. 26, is working on plans pro viding for the participation of the Woodmen in the parade during the Trans-Mississippi exposition and pageant. A suitable float is being planned for this occasion and the prize-winning forester team and bugle corps will also participate. A report of this committee will bo presented at the meeting of Inde pendence camp in Odd Fellows hall Monday night. There will also be initiation of candidates and other business of importance. The social committee will also have something to offer. POSTMASTERS Forty-Two Illinois Men to Take Part in Reception at Spring-field to Postmaster-General. Springfield, 111., May 20. Forty two Illinois postmasters and Post master Robert H. Bryson of Indian apolis, Ind., will take part here tonight in the reception of Postmaster-General Hubert Work, who will deliver an address on "The Postal Service" before the Mid-Day Luncheon club. WHIPP TO HEAD BOYS' SCHOOL Supervisee of department of Pub lic Welfare Siamed Temporarily to Succeed Colonel Adams. Springfield. 111., May 20. Colonel Frank D. Whipp, fiscal supervisor of the department of public wel fare, was today appointed acting managing officer of the St. Charles School for Boys, temporarily suc ceeding Colonel C. B. Adams. Co lonel Whipp will take charge of the school Monday. There are seven farms at St. Charles and S50 boys. It has been proved that the earth as a whole has a somewhat warmer climate when the sun spots are scarce than when they are numer ous. The forests of the United States comprise 46d.000.000 acres, of which 191,000,000 acres are owned by farmers in the form of farm wood lots. t&mmm m-, mj. !9a.
| 48,314 |
https://github.com/zai1208/fbc/blob/master/doc/libfbdoc/CHttp.bas
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
fbc
|
zai1208
|
Visual Basic
|
Code
| 429 | 1,150 |
'' fbdoc - FreeBASIC User's Manual Converter/Generator
'' Copyright (C) 2006-2019 The FreeBASIC development team.
''
'' This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
'' it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
'' the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
'' (at your option) any later version.
''
'' This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
'' but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
'' MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
'' GNU General Public License for more details.
''
'' You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
'' along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
'' Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02111-1301 USA.
'' CHttp
''
'' chng: apr/2006 written [v1ctor]
'' dec/2006 updated [coderJeff] - using classes
''
#include once "CHttp.bi"
#include once "CHttpForm.bi"
#include once "CHttpStream.bi"
#include once "curl.bi"
namespace fb
type CHttpCtx_
as CURL ptr curl
as curl_slist ptr headerlist
end type
'':::::
static sub CHttp.GlobalInit()
curl_global_init( CURL_GLOBAL_ALL )
end sub
'':::::
constructor CHttp _
( _
)
ctx = new CHttpCtx
curl_global_init( CURL_GLOBAL_ALL )
ctx->curl = curl_easy_init()
'' !!! TODO add verbose option for user
''curl_easy_setopt( ctx->curl, CURLOPT_VERBOSE, TRUE )
curl_easy_setopt( ctx->curl, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, "" )
'' TODO: Use option file or command line arguments
'' curl_easy_setopt( ctx->curl, CURLOPT_PROXY, "http://proxyname:80" )
'' curl_easy_setopt( ctx->curl, CURLOPT_PROXYUSERPWD, "domain\username:password" )
'' curl_easy_setopt( ctx->curl, CURLOPT_PROXYAUTH, CURLAUTH_NTLM )
ctx->headerlist = curl_slist_append( NULL, "Expect:" )
end constructor
'':::::
destructor CHttp _
( _
)
if( ctx = NULL ) then
exit destructor
end if
if( ctx->headerlist <> NULL ) then
curl_slist_free_all( ctx->headerlist )
ctx->headerlist = NULL
end if
if( ctx->curl <> NULL ) then
curl_easy_cleanup( ctx->curl )
ctx->curl = NULL
end if
delete ctx
end destructor
'':::::
function CHttp.Post _
( _
byval url as zstring ptr, _
byval form as CHTtpForm ptr, _
byval ca_file as zstring ptr _
) as string
function = ""
if( ctx = NULL ) then
exit function
end if
if( ctx->curl = NULL ) then
exit function
end if
dim as CHttpStream ptr stream = new CHttpStream( @this )
curl_easy_reset( ctx->curl )
curl_easy_setopt( ctx->curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, ctx->headerlist )
curl_easy_setopt( ctx->curl, CURLOPT_HTTPPOST, form->GetHandle() )
if( stream->Receive( url, FALSE, ca_file ) ) then
function = stream->Read()
end if
delete stream
end function
'':::::
function CHttp.GetHandle _
( _
) as any ptr
if( ctx = NULL ) then
return NULL
end if
function = ctx->curl
end function
end namespace
| 11,203 |
https://github.com/pluong10/OpenLabConnect/blob/master/client/views/history/history.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| null |
OpenLabConnect
|
pluong10
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 40 | 155 |
'use strict';
angular.module('openAim')
.config(function ($stateProvider) {
$stateProvider
.state('history', {
url: '/history',
templateUrl: 'views/history/history.html',
controller: 'HistoryCtrl',
controllerAs: 'vm'
});
})
.factory('historyRes', ['$resource', 'Constant', function($resource, Constant) {
return $resource(Constant.serviceURL.HISTORY, {},
{
'update': { method:'PUT' },
'load': { method: 'GET' }
});
}]);
| 22,617 |
https://superuser.com/questions/1411496
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
BruceWayne, Carl Witthoft, Hannover Fist, Saaru Lindestøkke, Selkie, cybernetic.nomad, hsan, https://superuser.com/users/122778, https://superuser.com/users/141595, https://superuser.com/users/197351, https://superuser.com/users/287473, https://superuser.com/users/501942, https://superuser.com/users/529100, https://superuser.com/users/640933, https://superuser.com/users/67950, https://superuser.com/users/874295, miroxlav, zr00
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,301 | 1,775 |
A bug in Excel? Conditional formatting for marking duplicates also highlights unique value
If I let Excel highlight two duplicate values PT_INTERNAL2859736, then also unique value *736 gets highlighted. Why this happens and how can I stop highlighting the unique value as duplicate?
I thought the Duplicate Values rule is reliable until I found this case.
The problem can be reproduced based on the image.
Now, if you reproduced the behavior, try to delete one of PT_ values. The other will lose the highlighting but the *736 will keep it!
Is this an expected behavior of the Duplicate Values functionality (usefulness of which I am overlooking)? Or is this rather a defect which has to be reported?
Update by iliansky (2021-01-25):
Similar undocumented behavior can also be observed with other symbols such as <, >, <=, >= when these symbols are placed in the beginning of the text in a cell and there are 2 or more non-empty cells in the column.
See an example here (each column is a separate example).
This might become an issue when processing xml files where the lines normally start with <.
It appears as if the * asterisk is seen as a wildcard character. Never encountered this "feature" before. Here someone did have the same issue
@SaaruLindestøkke – Can you find this documented? To me it looks like a defect. Question updated...
After further research of the behavior and documentation, I can answer the question from high-level perspective:
This is rather an undocumented behavior than a defect.
Other answers reminded us of use of wildcard characters (*, ?, ~) in Excel formulas. The question unanswered before is if they are expected also in conditional formatting. Microsoft documents the Duplicate Values mode of conditional formatting in the following articles:
Find and remove duplicates
Filter for unique values or remove duplicate values
Filter for or remove duplicate values
Highlight patterns and trends with conditional formatting
Nowhere in these articles is mentioned that the internal algorithm searching for duplicates still respects wildcard characters (*, ?, ~). On the contrary, support of wildcards is explicitly named in functionalities, where presence of wildcards is obvious and expected:
standard search box
functions like SEARCH(), SEARCHB(), COUNTIF(), ...
But back to duplicates: it can be discussed whether sample values PT_INTERNAL2859736 and *736 are duplicates by definition. By common sense, no. In Excel, obviously yes. It is possible that Excel simply uses its standard search algorithm (which honors wildcard characters) also for searching of cells with duplicate values... and the results of showing duplicate values can be quite unexpected as you can see in the question or here:
Based on the above, I would say this is not a defect, but an unexpected and undocumented behavior.
And this poses a problem in real-life scenarios. You were not warned, that you need a special formulas to discover real duplicates. You were just presented by Duplicate values conditional formatting type without further explanation. Today, I took a list of 2000 values to provide data for the customer and false positives were spotted only by coincidence and after double checking of results. I almost deleted unique values considering them to have duplicates somewhere in the list.
Current behavior is logical from Excel viewpoint but draws a huge exclamation mark for use by inexperienced users. If something should be fixed, it is at least the documentation.
I would say this is in fact a defect since Excel's behavior is inconsistent. Even if we excuse Case 2 & 3 of your example as "format duplicate values" means "format values that find a duplicate but not the found duplicates". Still the two features described in your first link (Find and remove duplicates, official Office docs!) don't apply the same logic. "Remove duplicates" does not remove wildcard matches. If you follow the Office docs you would (1) highlight duplicates, (2) click on remove duplicates, (3) still have highlighted duplicates (where you have to find the counterparts yourself).
I'm pretty sure if you took the time to carefully document and submit this, it would be closed for Works as Designed.
While I upvoted the currently higher-voted answer as well, this one is my favorite, as it actually argues that this is not a bug. I do appreciate the other answers' inclusion of solutions to getting '*' to behave as a normal character though.
I say WNB (why not both). Just because it's very poorly documented (which applies to everything in Excel anyway) doesn't mean that it isn't a mistake in the first place to use a tilde as escape.
It is indeed because * is treated as a wildcard.
The way around it, is to use a formula to insert a tilde (~) in order to escape the asterisk (*) for your conditional formatting:
=COUNTIF(A:A,SUBSTITUTE(A1,"*","~*"))>1
Thank you. You pointed to well-known functionality, which I actually could not find connected to conditional formatting I asked about. I did a further research and attempted to answer important part of my question whether this is a bug or not.
I'm always surprised when I'm reminded that the escape character in Excel is ~.
@BruceWayne: what else would it be? @ is taken, # is taken, ! is taken, $, ^, &, and * are all taken - what other special keys are open?
@Selkie - I'm used to \\ in Python and Javascript at the very least. (Edit: Ha, even in comments on StackExchange uses it as the escape character). [it also makes formatting tricky here it seems...]
And regex uses \\ (edit: and, it appears comments in SU do too)
If you Google for excel asterisk wildcard conditional formatting you'll find someone with the same issue.
There the proposed solution is to use a custom formula to check if the value is a duplicate.
The formula looks as follows:
=SUMPRODUCT(--(("~"&A2)=("~"&$A$2:$A$4)))>1
And the result is:
Sorry for extending original question, I thought the issues are connected. It would be good if that could be understood as a whole because the unique value is highlighted also when duplicates are not so it is easy to get into troubles with that, when not checking values in detail, but relying on formatting.
@miroxlav all fine and dandy, but what will it bring the community (you including) when someone here answers "Yes, that's a bug"? If you feel strongly about this I would suggest submitting a bug report in Excel via File -> Feedback. Don't hold your breath though, a short Google trip shows that Microsoft does not seem to be very responsive.
Are you afraid to put such a conclusion into your answer? You can either extend your answer showing that the sole highlighted value has its logical place in the entire functionality or you can write your opinion that it is a bug.
I see you're ignoring my question and posing your own. I don't see how fear suddenly has become a factor and also don't understand why the onus is suddenly on me for showing that this behaviour has a "logical place in the entire functionality". About writing opinions in an answer: this help section explains that that should be avoided, so I'll stick to that.
Answer to: what will it bring the community (you including) when someone here answers "Yes, that's a bug"? – this will have multiple benefits: 1. they will start using the functionality with care 2. someone will maybe report this at Microsoft 3. they will expect to get this fixed in some future release. If someone will claim this is not a bug and will show overlooked use case, this will be also a great contribution. Thus this is a good subjective question along with the help section you linked. Therefore I rejected your edits and edited the question for better clarity.
Let us continue this discussion in chat.
| 4,759 |
00280197-2024_1
|
TEDEUTenders
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
Polish
|
Spoken
| 1,448 | 3,730 |
EZ/02/U/PN/2024
Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach: Wirek, Bielszowice, Halemba, Orzegów, Godula, Ruda, Kochłowice, Bykowina, Nowy Bytom, Chebzie w Rudzie Śląskiej
1. Przedmiotem zamówienia jest: Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w Rudzie Śląskiej.
2. Zamówienie dzieli się na 3 następujące zadania:
Zadanie nr 1 – Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Ruda, Orzegów, Godula w Rudzie Śląskiej – przedmiot zamówienia – załącznik nr 6.1 do SWZ,
Zadanie nr 2 – Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Wirek, Bielszowice i Halemba w Rudzie Śląskiej – przedmiot zamówienia – załącznik nr 6.2 do SWZ,
Zadanie nr 3 – Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Kochłowice, Bykowina, Nowy Bytom i Chebzie w Rudzie Śląskiej – przedmiot zamówienia – załącznik nr 6.3 do SWZ,
3. Miejscem realizacji przedmiotu zamówienia będzie Miasto Ruda Śląska.
4. Szczegółowy opis przedmiotu zamówienia zawiera załącznik nr 6 do niniejszej specyfikacji warunków zamówienia.
services
Po wyborze najkorzystniejszej oferty, w celu zawarcia umowy w sprawie zamówienia publicznego, Wykonawca zobowiązany będzie do:
1) złożenia dokumentu pełnomocnictwa dla osoby zawierającej umowę w imieniu Wykonawcy,
i ogólnodostępnych baz danych, lub dokument pełnomocnictwa nie został wcześniej złożony w trakcie postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia,
2) złożenia dokumentu potwierdzającego ubezpieczenie Wykonawcy,
3) złożenia innych oświadczeń lub dokumentów, które wynikają z projektowanych postanowień umowy
4) w przypadku dokonania wyboru najkorzystniejszej oferty złożonej przez Wykonawców wspólnie ubiegających się o udzielenie zamówienia, złożenia umowy regulującej współpracę tych podmiotów (np. umowa konsorcjum, umowa spółki cywilnej),
5) wniesienia zabezpieczenia należytego wykonania umowy,
6) złożenia oświadczenia (przez Wykonawcę lub podwykonawcę) potwierdzającego, że czynności wskazane w opisie przedmiotu zamówienia zostaną wykonane przez osoby zatrudnione na umowę o pracę.
7) złożenia oświadczenia o zapewnieniu całodobowej dyspozycyjności-łączności z Zamawiającym,
8) złożenia oświadczenia o posiadaniu zaplecza technicznego,
9) Złożenia harmonogramu mechanicznego oczyszczania dróg.
Zamówienie należy zrealizować w terminie: od dnia zawarcia umowy do dnia 31 marca 2026 roku.
Postępowanie zostanie przeprowadzone w procedurze tzw. odwróconej, tj. z zastosowaniem art. 139 ust. 1 ustawy.
Zamawiający, zgodnie z Rozporządzeniem Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia 31 grudnia 2020r. w sprawie sposobu sporządzania i przekazywania informacji oraz wymagań technicznych dla dokumentów elektronicznych oraz środków komunikacji elektronicznej w postępowaniu o udzielenie zamówienia publicznego lub konkursie (Dz. U. z 2020 r. poz. 2452), określa niezbędne wymagania sprzętowo-aplikacyjne umożliwiające pracę na https://platformazakupowa.pl/
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Zasady, terminy oraz sposób korzystania ze środków ochrony prawnej szczegółowo regulują przepisy działu IX ustawy- Środki ochrony prawnej (art. 505-590 ustawy). Szczegółowe postanowienia odnoszące się do procedury odwoławczej zawiera rozdział XXXI SWZ.
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Zadanie nr 1
Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Ruda, Orzegów, Godula w Rudzie Śląskiej
Przedmiotem zamówienia jest utrzymanie zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Orzegów, Godula, Ruda w Rudzie Śląskiej. Szczegółowy opis przedmiotu zamówienia wraz z wykazem utrzymywanych terenów zawiera załącznik nr 6.1 do SWZ.
services
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77314100
77310000
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Miejscem realizacji usługi jest miasto Ruda Śląska
PL22A
POL
2026-03-31+02:00
Zakres przewidywanych usług do udzielenia: zamówienia polegać będą na powtórzeniu podobnych zamówień co zamówienie podstawowe i będą zgodne z przedmiotem zamówienia podstawowego, tj. objętego przeprowadzanym przetargiem nieograniczonym i opisanym w załączniku nr 6 (tj. opisem przedmiotu zamówienia).
Zamawiajacy przewiduje, iż wartość zamówienia przewidzianego do udzielenia może wynieść maksymalnie do 20% wartości zamówienia podstawowego.
Warunki, na jakich zamówienie (powtórzenie podobnych usług) zostanie udzielone:
-w przypadku wyczerpania kwoty ujętej jako wartość umowy;
-w przypadku przedłużającej się procedury udzielenia kolejnego zamówienia
w procedurze otwartej, przez co należy rozumieć również brak rozstrzygnięcia postępowania w takiej procedurze;
-udzielenie zamówienia zostanie poprzedzone przeprowadzeniem postępowania
w trybie zamówienia z wolnej ręki, po przeprowadzeniu negocjacji z Wykonawcą;
-stawki jednostkowe wynagrodzenia (także łączne wynagrodzenie Wykonawcy)- będą podlegały negocjacjom
LOT-0002
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poi-exa
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kara umowna
ORG-0001
Zasady, terminy oraz sposób korzystania ze środków ochrony prawnej szczegółowo regulują przepisy działu IX ustawy Środki ochrony prawnej (art. 505590 ustawy). Szczegółowe postanowienia odnoszące się do procedury odwoławczej zawiera rozdział XXXI SWZ.
ORG-0002
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Zadanie nr 2
Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Wirek, Bielszowice i Halemba w Rudzie Śląskiej
Przedmiotem zamówienia jest utrzymanie zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Wirek, Bielszowice i Halemba w Rudzie Śląskiej. Szczegółowy opis przedmiotu zamówienia wraz z wykazem utrzymywanych terenów zawiera załącznik nr 6.2 do SWZ
services
693148
77313000
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77310000
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Miejscem realizacji usługi jest Miasto Ruda Śląska
PL22A
POL
2026-03-31+02:00
Zakres przewidywanych usług do udzielenia: zamówienia polegać będą na powtórzeniu podobnych zamówień co zamówienie podstawowe i będą zgodne z przedmiotem zamówienia podstawowego, tj. objętego przeprowadzanym przetargiem nieograniczonym i opisanym w załączniku nr 6 (tj. opisem przedmiotu zamówienia).
Zamawiajacy przewiduje, iż wartość zamówienia przewidzianego do udzielenia może wynieść maksymalnie do 20% wartości zamówienia podstawowego. Warunki, na jakich zamówienie (powtórzenie podobnych usług) zostanie udzielone: w przypadku wyczerpania kwoty ujętej jako wartość umowy; w przypadku przedłużającej się procedury udzielenia kolejnego zamówienia w procedurze otwartej, przez co należy rozumieć również brak rozstrzygnięcia postępowania w takiej procedurze; udzielenie zamówienia zostanie poprzedzone przeprowadzeniem postępowania w trybie zamówienia z wolnej ręki, po przeprowadzeniu negocjacji z Wykonawcą; stawki jednostkowe wynagrodzenia (także łączne wynagrodzenie Wykonawcy) będą podlegały negocjacjom.
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kara umowna
ORG-0001
Zasady, terminy oraz sposób korzystania ze środków ochrony prawnej szczegółowo regulują przepisy działu IX ustawy Środki ochrony prawnej (art. 505590 ustawy). Szczegółowe postanowienia odnoszące się do procedury odwoławczej zawiera rozdział XXXI SWZ.
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Zadanie nr 3
Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Kochłowice, Bykowina, Nowy Bytom i Chebzie w Rudzie Śląskiej
Przedmiotem zamówienia jest utrzymanie zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Kochłowice, Bykowina, Nowy Bytom i Chebzie w Rudzie Śląskiej. Szczegółowy opis przedmiotu zamówienia wraz z wykazem utrzymywanych terenów zawiera załącznik nr 6.3 do SWZ
services
491018
77313000
77314100
77310000
77340000
Miejscem realizacji usługi jest miasto Ruda Śląska
PL22A
POL
2026-03-31+02:00
UNKNOWN
Nabywca zastrzega sobie prawo do dokonania dodatkowych zakupów od wykonawcy, jak opisano w tym miejscu: Zakres przewidywanych usług do udzielenia: zamówienia polegać będą na powtórzeniu podobnych zamówień co zamówienie podstawowe i będą zgodne z przedmiotem zamówienia podstawowego, tj. objętego przeprowadzanym przetargiem nieograniczonym i opisanym w załączniku nr 6 (tj. opisem przedmiotu zamówienia). Zamawiajacy przewiduje, iż wartość zamówienia przewidzianego do udzielenia może wynieść maksymalnie do 20% wartości zamówienia podstawowego. Warunki, na jakich zamówienie (powtórzenie podobnych usług) zostanie udzielone: w przypadku wyczerpania kwoty ujętej jako wartość umowy; w przypadku przedłużającej się procedury udzielenia kolejnego zamówienia w procedurze otwartej, przez co należy rozumieć również brak rozstrzygnięcia postępowania w takiej procedurze; udzielenie zamówienia zostanie poprzedzone przeprowadzeniem postępowania w trybie zamówienia z wolnej ręki, po przeprowadzeniu negocjacji z Wykonawcą; stawki jednostkowe wynagrodzenia (także łączne wynagrodzenie Wykonawcy) będą podlegały negocjacjom.
GLO-0001
poi-exa
98
price
cena ofertowa
poi-exa
2
quality
kara umowna
EZ/02/U/PN/2024
Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach: Wirek, Bielszowice, Halemba, Orzegów, Godula, Ruda, Kochłowice, Bykowina, Nowy Bytom, Chebzie w Rudzie Śląskiej
1. Przedmiotem zamówienia jest: Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w Rudzie Śląskiej.
2. Zamówienie dzieli się na 3 następujące zadania:
Zadanie nr 1 – Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Ruda, Orzegów, Godula w Rudzie Śląskiej,
Zadanie nr 2 – Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Wirek, Bielszowice i Halemba w Rudzie Śląskiej,
Zadanie nr 3 – Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Kochłowice, Bykowina, Nowy Bytom i Chebzie w Rudzie Śląskiej.
3. Miejscem realizacji przedmiotu zamówienia będzie Miasto Ruda Śląska.
4. Nazwy i kody Wspólnego Słownika Zamówień (CPV):
77313000-7 usługi utrzymania parków,
77314100-5 usługi w zakresie trawników,
77310000-6 usługi sadzenia roślin oraz utrzymania terenów zielonych,
77342000-9 usługi przycinki żywopłotów.
5. Szczegółowy opis przedmiotu zamówienia zawiera załącznik nr 6.1-6.3 do SWZ.
Działając na podstawie art. 260 ust. 2 ustawy Pzp, Zamawiający na podstawie art. 255 pkt.1 ustawy Pzp, unieważnił postępowanie w zakresie zadania nr 3 przedmiotowego postępowania (część nr 3: Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Kochłowice, Bykowina, Nowy Bytom i Chebzie w Rudzie Śląskiej), prowadzonego w trybie przetargu nieograniczonego.
Uzasadnienie prawne
Na podstawie art. 255 pkt. 1 ustawy Pzp, Zamawiający unieważnia postępowanie o udzielenie zamówienia, jeżeli nie złożono żadnego wniosku o dopuszczenie do udziału w postępowaniu albo żadnej oferty.
Uzasadnienie faktyczne
W dniu 21 lutego 2024 r. Zamawiający wszczął postępowanie o udzielenie zamówienia publicznego, prowadzonego w trybie przetargu nieograniczonego na podstawie art. 132 ustawy z dnia 11 września 2019 r. Prawo zamówień publicznych. Termin składania ofert w niniejszym postępowaniu został wyznaczony na dzień 03.04.2024 r., na godzinę 10:00. Do upływu terminu otwarcia ofert w przedmiotowym postępowaniu w zakresie zadania nr 3 (część nr 3: Usługa utrzymania zieleni w pasach drogowych w dzielnicach Kochłowice, Bykowina, Nowy Bytom i Chebzie w Rudzie Śląskiej) nie złożono żadnej oferty.
2349999.
| 20,896 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky%20Henderson
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Nicky Henderson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicky Henderson&action=history
|
English
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Spoken
| 1,593 | 2,867 |
Nicholas John Henderson (born 10 December 1950) is a British racehorse trainer. He has been British jump racing Champion Trainer six times.
Background
His father was Johnny Henderson who was one of the founders of the Racecourse Holdings Trust as well as earlier in life being Aide-de-camp to Field Marshal Montgomery. In 2005 two years after Johnny Henderson's death Cheltenham renamed one of the races at the Cheltenham Festival in his honour as the Johnny Henderson Grand Annual Chase. In 2006 Nicky Henderson won this race with a horse called Greenhope.
Henderson, educated at Eton College, has been a trainer since 1978, based at Seven Barrows near Lambourn, Berkshire. Previously he was an amateur jockey, and assistant trainer to Fred Winter between 1974 and 1978.
Achievements
His most notable successes have come with See You Then, winner of the Champion Hurdle in 1985, 1986 and 1987; Remittance Man, winner of the Queen Mother Champion Chase in 1992; Punjabi, winner of the Smurfit Kappa Champion Hurdle in 2009 at the Cheltenham Festival, Binocular, winner of the 2010 Champion Hurdle, Long Run, winner of the 2011 Cheltenham Gold Cup and Bobs Worth, winner of the 2013 Cheltenham Gold Cup. Binocular's Champion Hurdle gave Henderson a fifth win in the race, equalling the record held by Peter Easterby. Zaynar, another horse he trained, also won at the 2009 Cheltenham Festival in the Triumph Hurdle. He was Champion Trainer in the 1985/86 and 1986/87 seasons. His record at the Cheltenham Festival is particularly good and amongst currently active trainers only Willie Mullins has won more races at the Festival than Henderson. His main stable jockey was Mick Fitzgerald until Fitzgerald was forced to retire by an injury sustained in the 2008 Grand National; from the 2008–09 season until the 2014–15 season Barry Geraghty was Henderson's principal jockey in Britain. At the start of the 2015–16 season Nico de Boinville became Henderson's principal jockey after Geraghty replaced Tony McCoy as the principal jockey of J P McManus.
One of Henderson's most popular horses in recent years, Caracciola, won the Cesarewitch Handicap flat race at Newmarket in 2008 at odds of 50/1 as an 11-year-old, despite mainly being a National Hunt horse. Caracciola followed up this success by winning the Queen Alexandra Stakes at Royal Ascot in 2009 as a 12-year-old with Eddie Ahern riding on both occasions. Henderson claimed his second winner at the famous Royal Ascot meeting when Veiled won the 2011 Ascot Stakes at 11/2. In 2013 Henderson had another important win with his horse Bobs Worth (bought for only £20,000) continuing his unbeaten streak at Cheltenham with a win in the Gold Cup. This was despite Henderson raising concerns about the suitability of the soft ground before the race started.
Henderson was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to horse racing.
Controversy
In June 2009, Henderson was found guilty by a British Horseracing Authority panel of breaching the rules of racing, after Moonlit Path, a mare he trains for the Queen, failed a drugs test. Henderson admitted to three of the four charges he faced in relation to the case, in which a prohibited anti-bleeding drug was found in the horse's bloodstream. Henderson accepted that the drug should not have been administered, but argued that it had been done so for the horse's welfare, and that he had not been attempting to enhance performance.
A further hearing was held in July 2009 to determine the sanction to be applied, and Henderson was fined £40,000 (a record penalty for the sport in the UK) and banned from running horses for three months (11 July to 10 October 2009). However, as Henderson is primarily a jumps trainer and this ban was during the flat season it caused him little inconvenience. He was allowed to continue training during the "ban" (which could more accurately be described as a suspension rather than a ban) but was not allowed to enter horses for the period of his ban. The majority of his flat horses were sent to his friend and fellow Lambourn trainer Barry Hills, highest profile of these horses being Caracciola. He caused a little controversy when he attended Royal Ascot when the horse ran but was not breaking any rules as he had not been "warned off" and he was a guest of Barry Hills.
Cheltenham Festival winners (73)
Cheltenham Gold Cup - (2) Long Run (2011), Bobs Worth (2013)
Champion Hurdle - (9) See You Then (1985, 1986, 1987), Punjabi (2009), Binocular (2010), Buveur d'Air (2017, 2018), Epatante (2020), Constitution Hill (2023)
Queen Mother Champion Chase - (6) Remittance Man (1992), Finian's Rainbow (2012), Sprinter Sacre (2013, 2016), Altior (2018, 2019)
Stayers' Hurdle - (2) Rustle (1989), Bacchanal (2000)
Supreme Novices' Hurdle - (5) River Ceiriog (1986), Flown (1992), Altior (2016), Shishkin (2020), Constitution Hill (2022)
Baring Bingham Novices' Hurdle - (1) Simonsig (2012)
Triumph Hurdle - (7) First Bout (1985), Alone Success (1987), Katarino (1999), Zaynar (2009), Soldatino (2010), Peace And Co (2015), Pentland Hills (2019)
Arkle Challenge Trophy - (7) Remittance Man (1991), Travado (1993), Tiutchev (2000), Sprinter Sacre (2012), Simonsig (2013), Altior (2017), Shishkin (2021)
David Nicholson Mares' Hurdle - (1) Marie's Rock
Spa Novices' Hurdle - (1) Bobs Worth (2011)
RSA Insurance Novices' Chase - (4) Trabolgan (2005), Bobs Worth (2012), Might Bite (2017), Champ (2020)
Ryanair Chase - (2) Fondmort (2006), Riverside Theatre (2012)
Festival Trophy Handicap Chase - (2) Marlborough (2000), Beware The Bear (2019)
Centenary Novices' Handicap Chase - (1) Rajdhani Express (2013)
Coral Cup - (4) Spirit River (2010), Whisper (2014), William Henry (2019), Dame De Compagnie (2020)
County Handicap Hurdle - (2) Thumbs Up (1993), Barna Boy (1997)
Fred Winter Juvenile Novices' Handicap Hurdle - (1) Une Artiste (2012)
Paddy Power Plate Handicap Chase - (4) The Tsarevich (1985, 1986), Liberthine (2005), Non So (2006)
Fulke Walwyn Kim Muir Challenge Cup - (3) Master Bob (1990), The Bushkeeper (2002), Juveigneur (2005)
Johnny Henderson Grand Annual Chase - (2) Greenhope (2006), Bellvano (2012)
Martin Pipe Conditional Jockeys' Handicap Hurdle - (1) Andytown (2009)
Golden Miller Novices' Chase - (1) Chantry House (2021)
Cathcart Challenge Cup - (4) Brown Windsor (1990), Raymylette (1994), Stormyfairweather (1999, 2000)
Pertemps Final - (1) Call The Cops (2015)
Major wins
Great Britain
Fighting Fifth Hurdle - (8) Landing Light (2001), Punjabi (2008), My Tent Or Yours (2013), Buveur d'Air (2017, 2018), Epatante (2020, 2021 (dead heat)), Constitution Hill (2022)
Henry VIII Novices' Chase - (5) Acre Hill (1990), Fondmort (2001), Captain Conan (2012), Altior (2016), Jonbon (2022)
Tingle Creek Chase - (2) Sprinter Sacre (2012), Altior (2018)
Long Walk Hurdle – (2) Punchestowns (2008), Champ (2021)
Kauto Star Novices' Chase - (5) Sparkling Flame (1990), Mutare (1991), Fiddling the Facts (1997), Bacchanal (2000), Long Run (2009)
Christmas Hurdle - (11) Geos (2000), Landing Light (2001), Binocular (2010, 2011), Darlan (2012), My Tent Or Yours (2013), Buveur d'Air (2017), Verdana Blue (2018), Epatante (2019, 2021), Constitution Hill (2022)
King George VI Chase - (3) Long Run (2010, 2012), Might Bite (2017)
Finale Juvenile Hurdle - (4) Mister Banjo (1999), Nas Na Riogh (2002), Blue Shark (2005), We Have A Dream (2017)
Challow Novices' Hurdle - (2) Captain Cutter (2014), Champ (2019)
Tolworth Novices' Hurdle - (6) New York Rainbow (1992), Minella Class (2011), Captain Conan (2012), Royal Boy (2014), L'ami Serge (2015), Constitution Hill (2022)
Clarence House Chase - (6) Big Matt (1996), Isio (2004), Tysou (2006), Sprinter Sacre (2013), Altior (2019), Shishkin (2022)
Scilly Isles Novices' Chase - (6) First Bout (1987), Punchestowns (2010), Captain Conan (2013), Oscar Whisky (2014), Top Notch (2017), Terrefort (2018)
Ascot Chase - (4) Tiutchev (2001), Riverside Theatre (2011,2012), Shishkin (2023)
Manifesto Novices' Chase - (2) Mad Max (2010), Captain Conan (2013)
Anniversary 4-Y-O Novices' Hurdle - (3) Binocular (2008), We Have A Dream (2018), Pentland Hills (2019)
Betway Bowl - (2) Might Bite (2018), Shishkin (2023)
Aintree Hurdle - (6) Oscar Whisky (2011, 2012), Buveur d'Air (2017), L'Ami Serge (2018), Epatante (2022), Constitution Hill (2023)
Top Novices' Hurdle - (6) General Miller (2010), Darlan (2012), My Tent Or Yours (2013), Josses Hill (2014), Buveur d'Air (2016), Jonbon (2022)
Mildmay Novices' Chase - (6) Sparkling Flame (1991), Irish Hussar (2003), Burton Port (2010), Might Bite (2017), Terrefort (2018), Chantry House (2021)
Melling Chase - (3) Remittance Man (1992), Finian's Rainbow (2012), Sprinter Sacre (2013)
Maghull Novices' Chase - (4) Finian's Rainbow (2011), Sprinter Sacre (2012), Shishkin (2021), Jonbon (2023)
Sefton Novices' Hurdle - (4) Rustle (1988), Beat That (2014), Santini (2018), Champ (2019)
Mersey Novices' Hurdle - (2) Spirit Son (2011), Simonsig (2012)
Liverpool Hurdle - (2) Whisper (2014, 2015)
Celebration Chase - (6) French Opera (2011), Sprinter Sacre (2016), Altior (2017, 2018, 2019), Jonbon (2023)
Ireland
Punchestown Champion Chase - (2) Big Matt (1998), Get Real (2000), Sprinter Sacre (2013)
Punchestown Champion Hurdle - (1) Buveur d'Air (2019)
Champion INH Flat Race - (1) Royal Rosa (2003)
Savills Chase - (1) Bobs Worth (2013)
Ryanair Novice Chase - (1) Tiutchev (2000)
Champion Four Year Old Hurdle - (4) Katarino (1999), Punjabi (2007), Grandouet (2011), Fusil Raffles (2019)
Mares Champion Hurdle - (1) Marie's Rock (2022)
France
Grande Course de Haies d'Auteuil - (1) L'Ami Serge (2017)
United States
Grand National Hurdle Stakes - (1) Brain Power (2019)
References
BBC profile
Cheltenham Festival trainers
Cheltenham Festival: Punjabi So Brave For Henderson
Living people
1950 births
British racehorse trainers
People educated at Eton College
Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
| 26,639 |
US-201213616726-A_1
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USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,012 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,160 | 3,756 |
Tunable synchronous rectifier
ABSTRACT
A system for power transfer is provided. In one exemplary embodiment, the system includes an inductive power device, such as a device that transmits or receives power over an inductive coupling. For example, an adjustable impedance is coupled to the inductive power device, where the adjustable impedance is used for dynamically controlling the power gain in the inductive power device, such as by damping power generated by circuit impedances, such as inductances, capacitances or resistances, and combinations thereof.
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/534,401, entitled “TUNABLE SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER,” filed Sep. 14, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to power transfer, and more particularly to an adaptive termination to maximize power transfer in a system utilizing wireless power transfer, including inductive power transfer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Isolated power transfer can be accomplished using coupled inductors. Driving coupled inductors without a means to adjusting the complex load creates several challenges, a significant one being a reduction of power transferred to the secondary or receiver side. Reduction of power reduces the system efficiency as well as limits the amount of power that can be received at the load. Another challenge is providing too much energy on the secondary which can cause a potential for instability. An instable system provides undesirable ringing to the load as well as limiting the system which restricts the maximum system bandwidth.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A system for power transfer is provided. In one exemplary embodiment, the system includes an inductive power device, such as a device that transmits or receives power over an inductive coupling. For example, an adjustable impedance is coupled to the inductive power device, where the adjustable impedance is used for dynamically controlling the power gain in the inductive power device, such as by damping power generated by circuit impedances, such as inductances, capacitances or resistances, and combinations thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a system 100 for inductive power transmission in accordance with prior art;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a system 200 for receiving power over an inductive coupling in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 3 is a diagram of an alternative system 300 for damping in an inductive power coupling in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the description that follows, like parts are marked throughout the specification and drawings with the same reference numerals, respectively. The drawing figures might not be to scale and certain components can be shown in generalized or schematic form and identified by commercial designations in the interest of clarity and conciseness.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a system 100 for inductive power transmission in accordance with prior art. System 100 allows inductive power transfer from a primary coil in a transmitter or primary side (not shown) to a secondary receiver coil 110. The alternating current, AC, signal is then rectified through rectifying devices 102,104,105, and 108, transferring the AC signal to a direct current, DC, signal 112. Changes in inductive coupling due to frequency, coil placement or primary power can adversely affect the optimization and control of power transferred from the primary side to the secondary side 100.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a system 200 for inductive power transmission in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. System 200 allows inductive power transfer to be optimized by correcting power gain in the received power signal by using an adjustable impedance.
System 200 includes transmitter system which is coupled to the secondary inductor 210. Transmitter system can be a power transmission device such as a inductive transformer, a wireless inductive transmitter, a cellular telephone, a computing device, a computer peripheral, a meter, a device that utilizes wireless telemetry such as a vending machine, a camera, a portable storage device such as USB drive or external/removable hard drive, a calculator or other suitable devices that have inductive power transfer capability.
Adjustable impedance, consisting of the secondary combination of adjustable inductor and adjustable capacitor 215 is coupled to transmitter system via inductive coupling 210. In one exemplary embodiment, inductive coupling 210 can include additional inductances in receiver system 200 and adjustable impedance 215 or receiver system 200, or other suitable systems or components that are used to provide power transfer functionality without the need for a physical or direct connection (such as a wire line connection through a conductor) between transmitter system inductively coupled 210 to and adjustable impedance 215 or receiver system 200. In one exemplary embodiment, adjustable impedance 215 can provide tuning or de-tuning of its resonance to optimize energy contained in or generated by circuit resonances, reflected signals or other signals that can create ringing and that otherwise obscure the inductively transmitted power signals. Adjustable impedance 215 can also or alternatively be used to provide reactive impedances, such as to tune or de-tune a resonant circuit for increased or decreased power transfer from the transmitter system via inductive coupling 210 or for other suitable purposes, where the circuit design is amenable to the use of reactive impedances.
Receiver system 200 is coupled to adjustable impedance 215 and receives power via inductive coupling 210 from transmitter system. In one exemplary embodiment, receiver system 200 can provide feedback to adjustable impedance 215 to alter the resonant frequency by adjusting the amount of impedance when ringing is present or if not enough power is provided to the load 212. AC power is rectified through devices 202, 204, 205, and 208. Receiver system 200 outputs power to load 212 that is received from transmitter system across inductive coupling 210 that is rectified from an AC to DC signal through rectifying devices 202, 204, 205, and 208.
The ability to tune the frequency response of the receiver system 200 by adjustment of the inductor value 210, capacitor value 214, or both, allows for a greater degree of freedom in selecting the optimal transmit/receive frequency and the bandwidth of the receiver network, both of which are critical to optimizing towards the resonant Q-factor.
In operation, system 200 allows power to be inductively coupled 210 from transmitter system to receiver system 200, and adjusts for power losses that may occur as a result of the various impedances involved in the inductive power coupling. Adjustable impedance 215 allows the power gain to be compensated, such as by detecting and correcting the resonant frequency at adjustable impedance 215, by receiving an impedance control signal from receiver system 200, or in other suitable manners.
In one exemplary embodiment, by monitoring the input to the receiver for optimizing power transfer in the in the power stream, system 200 can automatically adjust the impedance to compensate for maximum power transfer to the load 212. In this exemplary embodiment, any combination of the inductive value 210 and capacitive value 214 can be changed using a digital to analog converter (DAC) circuit. If it is determined that the received power is in-sufficient, such as by monitoring the power at load 212, monitoring power through the rectifying devices 202, 204, 205, and 208, monitoring power through the adjustable load 215 by using, analog monitoring or analog or digital oversampling or other suitable power calculating algorithms or techniques that are known to one of skill, then the value of the DAC can be adjusted. The direction of the adjustment can be selected according to a search algorithm, arbitrarily chosen, or otherwise varied, and the received power is then checked again for optimized power to the load 212 to see if the power provided was improved or made worse, thereby determining whether the direction was correct or not, and providing information for the next adjustment.
The amount of the combination inductance and capacitance that is required to tune the resonance of the adjustable impedance 215 without causing unacceptable power attenuation or gain is a function of the external circuit components such as the inductances and air gaps, as well as the parasitic capacitance at the transmitter and receiver. The optimum adjustable impedance 215 may vary over time due to temperature, component value variations, inductor alignment, or other effects. System 200 dynamically adjusts the impedance value to provide optimum performance.
The advantages of system 200 include a simplified system architecture, no need for modification to the operation of the transmitter system, a receiver impedance that is determined automatically by the adaptive control, a robustness to temperature and system variation, automatic recalibration that compensates for changes over time and temperature, and optimized power output performance to the load 212. Further, the system 200 can be configured as a receive, transmit, or transmit and receive configuration.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a system 300 for receiving data over an inductive coupling in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. System 300 includes adjustable impedance 315, which is coupled to the rectifying devices 302, 304, 305, and 308, and load 312. Tunability of the adjustable impedance 315 component parameters can be implemented through the use of a switching network that switches any combination of multiple inductors with adjustable inductor 310 (or multiple coil taps in the case of a multi-tap coil) with any combination of multiple capacitors which make up adjustable capacitor 314. An alternate embodiment of the proposed receiver circuit would include a resistor in series with L1 and C1 to “de-Q” the circuit if so desired in order to spread the bandwidth of the receiver to allow for a wider range of transmit frequencies
In one exemplary embodiment, adjustable impedance 315 the resonant circuit Q value can be reduced by introducing a series resistance 316 with adjustable inductor 310 and adjustable capacitor 314. By introducing the adjustable resistor 316, the circuit allows a wider spread to the bandwidth of the receiver system 300 to allow for a wider range of transmit frequencies.
The combination of adjustable load 315, can be adjusted by monitoring the load 212, monitoring the rectifying devices 302, 304, 305, and 308, or monitoring the adjustable impedance 315, such as by using an analog monitoring or analog or digital oversampling or other suitable power calculating algorithms or techniques that are known to one of skill, then the value of the DAC can be adjusted. The direction of the adjustment can be selected according to a search algorithm, arbitrarily chosen, or otherwise varied, and the received power is then checked again for optimized power to the load 312 to see if the power provided was improved or made worse, thereby determining whether the direction was correct or not, and providing information for the next adjustment.
Adjustable resistor 316 can be placed in parallel with adjustable inductor 310 and adjustable capacitor 314. This parallel resistor can also be a dynamic tunable resistor which is inversely proportional to the load 315 of the system. This can provide an effective DC load which reduces the likelihood of noise transfer from the secondary to the primary side. This can be used to better improve the signal to noise of data coming from the secondary to the primary. The impedance of adjustable resistor 316, in either a parallel or series configuration, can also be realized dynamically through the use of a complex load which can consist of inductors, capacitors, resistors, and active circuits such as amplifier and switching circuits. This allows for the energy during the dynamic loading to be stored and then later directed to the load 312.
Implementations of the adjustable impedance 315 using an inductor and resistor in series or an inductor and resistor in parallel can also be used. Another implementation is using an inductor in parallel with a resistor and capacitor in series.
Other system implementations that can be used for both the power transmit and power receive is a LLC type of configuration where L is in parallel with a series LC. In this case any combination of the LLC components can be made tunable. This type of configuration can be used to mitigate switching losses.
A key advantage of tunable components is to provide a means to modulate the effective coupling factor of the coupled primary and secondary coils without having to provide significant frequency shift driven by the transmitter. This can aid in the control and stability of the system as well as provide a more robust EMI system because the frequency of power transmission is appreciably limited or fixed using tunable passive components.
A complementary approach to using a resonant power transfer system to improve efficiency is to use a small storage capacitor at the output of the rectifier devices 302, 304, 305, and 308. This will distribute the period of current flow to charge the storage capacitor over a longer period of time, thereby reducing the peak value and the losses in the rectifier transistors. In a practical system implementation, this may mean following the rectifier devices 302, 304, 305, and 308 and load 312 with a switching regulator whose closed-loop bandwidth is sufficiently high to track the large ripple voltage.
The system 300 can be configured as a receive, transmit, or transmit and receive configuration.
All implementations shown or discussed can use any combination of tuned or non-tuned components in conjunction with a rectifying circuit which may include synchronous full bridge or half bridge configurations. Alternatively a center tapped inductor with adjustable impedance can be used in conjunction with a rectifying circuit which may include a synchronous bridge configuration.
The rectifying circuit can be any combination of rectification schemes such a single switch, half bridge, full bridge, or star.
While certain exemplary embodiments have been described in detail and shown in the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that such embodiments are merely illustrative of and not restrictive on the broad invention. It will thus be recognized to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made to the illustrated and other embodiments of the invention described above, without departing from the broad inventive scope thereof. It will be understood, therefore, that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments or arrangements disclosed, but is rather intended to cover any changes, adaptations or modifications which are within the scope and the spirit of the invention defined by the appended claims.
1. A system for power transfer comprising: an inductive power device; and an adjustable impedance coupled to the inductive power device, the adjustable impedance for dynamically controlling the gain in the inductive power device.
2. The system of claim 1 further comprising a receiver coupled to the inductive power device, wherein the receiver is configured to receive a power signal and generate a control signal for the adjustable impedance in response to the power signal.
3. The system of claim 2 wherein the receiver further comprises a power monitor for determining whether optimized power is present in the load.
4. The system of claim 3 wherein the power monitor further comprises a current and voltage monitor.
5. The system of claim 1 further comprising a transmitter coupled to the inductive power device, wherein the transmitter is configured to transmit a power signal and receive a control signal for the adjustable impedance in response to the power signal.
6. The system of claim 1 further comprising an impedance controller for setting an impedance value of the adjustable impedance.
7. The system of claim 6 wherein the impedance controller is configured to vary the adjustable impedance based on an algorithm so as to optimize the impedance value of the adjustable impedance to reduce ringing without excessive attenuation of a received signal.
8. The system of claim 6 wherein the impedance controller is configured to periodically determine whether ringing is present in a received power signal and to adjust the impedance value of the adjustable impedance to reduce the ringing.
9. The system of claim 6 wherein the impedance controller is configured to periodically determine whether optimized power is present in a received power signal and to adjust the impedance value of the adjustable impedance to reduce attenuation of the received power signal.
10. The system of claim 1 wherein the inductive power device comprises one of a cellular telephone, a computer device, a meter reading data, a computer peripheral, a camera, a portable storage device, a calculator or a telemetry device.
11. A system for power transfer comprising: an inductive power device, the inductive power device including a plurality of coupling inductances and a plurality of capacitances; an adjustable impedance coupled to the inductive power device, the adjustable impedance for controlling power gain in the inductive power device, wherein the optimized power to the load is generated by one or more of the plurality of coupling inductances and the plurality of capacitances; a receiver coupled to the inductive power device, wherein the receiver is configured to receive a power signal and generate a control signal for the adjustable impedance in response to the power signal; a power monitor for determining whether optimized power is present at the load; and an impedance controller for setting an impedance value of the adjustable impedance, wherein the impedance controller comprising means for varying the adjustable impedance to optimize the impedance value of the adjustable impedance to reduce ringing without excessive attenuation of a received signal.
12. A method for receiving power comprising: receiving a power signal at an inductive power device; and dynamically adjusting an impedance value of an adjustable impedance circuit coupled to the inductive power device to control power gain in the inductive power device.
13. The method of claim 12 further comprising generating a control signal for adjusting the adjustable impedance in response to the power signal.
14. The method of claim 13 further comprising: determining whether ringing is present in the power signal after adjusting the adjustable impedance; and modifying the control signal if ringing present in the power signal.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein determining whether ringing is present in the power signal comprises determining whether an optimized power is present in the power signal.
16. The method of claim 12 wherein dynamically adjusting the impedance value comprises adjusting the adjustable impedance circuit coupled to the inductive power device to control tuning in the inductive power device.
17. The method of claim 12 further comprising decreasing the adjustable impedance to reduce ringing.
18. The method of claim 12 further comprising increasing the adjustable impedance to reduce attenuation of the power signal.
19. The method of claim 12 comprising: periodically determining whether optimized power is present in the power signal; and adjusting the impedance value of the adjustable impedance to optimize power to the load.
20. The method of claim 12 comprising: periodically determining whether ringing is present in the received power signal; and adjusting the impedance value of the adjustable impedance to reduce attenuation of the received power signal if ringing is not present..
| 24,385 |
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria%2C%20Missouri
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Alexandria, Missouri
|
https://ht.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandria, Missouri&action=history
|
Haitian Creole
|
Spoken
| 30 | 75 |
Alexandria se yon vil nan eta Missouri
Istwa
Istwa
Relasyon ak Ayiti
Kominote Ayisyen, relasyon ant eta sa epi Ayiti
referans
Kèk lyen
Vil nan Missourii
Vil nan Etazini
Jewografi
| 47,193 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111763773
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
élections législatives de 1967 dans le Gard
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 71 | 90 |
élections législatives de 1967 dans le Gard
résultats électoraux des élections législatives françaises de 1967
élections législatives de 1967 dans le Gard date 1967
élections législatives de 1967 dans le Gard nature de l’élément résultats électoraux
élections législatives de 1967 dans le Gard pays France
élections législatives de 1967 dans le Gard poste en jeu député français
élections législatives de 1967 dans le Gard partie de élections législatives françaises de 1967
| 16,648 |
US-32603008-F_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,008 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 120 | 179 |
Sunglasses
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of sunglasses in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 2 is a bottom view of the design shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a front view of the design shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 4 is a right side view of the design shown in FIGS. 1–3;
FIG. 5 is a left side view of the design shown in FIGS. 1–4, with the left side view being a mirror image of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a rear perspective view of the design shown in FIGS. 1–5; and,
FIG. 7 is a top view of the design shown in FIGS. 1–6.
The ornamental design for sunglasses, as shown and described..
| 35,298 |
https://github.com/MykhailoRomanenko/SpringBootScheduler/blob/master/src/main/java/com/scheduler/entity/Course.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
SpringBootScheduler
|
MykhailoRomanenko
|
Java
|
Code
| 102 | 345 |
package com.scheduler.entity;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import org.hibernate.annotations.GenericGenerator;
import javax.persistence.*;
import javax.validation.constraints.*;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.UUID;
@Entity
@Table(name = "courses")
@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Course {
// name, year, program_name(link)
@Id
@Column(name = "id")
@GeneratedValue(generator = "UUID")
@GenericGenerator(name = "UUID", strategy = "org.hibernate.id.UUIDGenerator")
@NotNull(message = "id cannot be null")
private UUID id;
@Column(name = "name", length = 250)
@NotBlank(message = "Course name cannot be empty")
@NotEmpty
private String name;
@Column(name = "year")
@Min(1)
@Max(6)
private Integer year;
@ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
@JoinColumn(name = "program_id")
@NotNull(message = "id cannot be null")
private Program program;
@OneToMany(mappedBy = "course")
private List<Class> classes;
}
| 46,820 |
3786478_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 55 | 127 |
OPINION — AG — KEY WORDS: DISTRICT ATTORNEY, APPOINT, ASSISTANTS, STENOGRAPHERS, SALARIES, INVESTIGATORS, COUNTY ATTORNEY, CLERKS, ANSWER: THE "EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS ACT" AS USED IN SECTION 15 OF HOUSE BILL NO. 801 (30TH LEGISLATURE) MEANS NINETY DAYS AFTER ADJOURNMENT OF THE CURRENT SESSION OF THE 30TH LEGISLATURE. CITE: ARTICLE V, SECTION 58 (HUGH COLLUM).
| 35,260 |
https://codereview.stackexchange.com/questions/119175
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 329 | 567 |
Given a 2D array of digits, try to find the occurrence of a given 2D pattern of digits
My algorithm is quite simple. I simply iterate over the entire map arr and if I find the start of the combination I need to find, I begin exploring.
My combination data structure is simply the combination I need to find, column at a time.
If each column in arr matches, I return True. If at any point the value doesn't match the combination I need I return False.
I believe this is O(n+m) time with O(1) space. Code below...
def explore(arr, combination, i, j):
"""
for each column in the combination we have to find
compare it with what is present in the map (arr)
"""
for row in combination:
for count, item in enumerate(row):
# compare the map with the combination value we're up to
# if it doesn;t match, return False and stop
if arr[i+count][j] != item:
return False
j+=1
return True
def find_combination_in_arr(arr, combination, ):
for i, row in enumerate(arr):
for j, item in enumerate(row):
# if we have found the start of the combination, then start exploring
if item == combination[0][0]:
if explore(arr, combination, i, j):
return "FOUND IT!"
# the map we need to search
arr = [
[1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 5, 6, 7, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 2, 7, 4, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 7, 8, 6, 1, 1]
]
# the combination we need to find
combination = [
[2, 5, 2, 7],
[3, 6, 7, 8],
[4, 7, 4, 6]
]
find_combination_in_arr(arr, combination)
Duplication
Your nested loops are almost equal, write a generator that contains the loops and use it twice.
Power
enumerate has more power then you think: you can specify a starting index, so you do not need manual increment.
all
You want all items to be equal, so use all.
Minimalism
Return a boolean not a string, a string is an unecessary complication.
| 13,816 |
|
US-80107004-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,004 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,579 | 2,066 |
8. The device of claim 1wherein the hash value generator is configured to implement SHA-1. 9.The device of claim 1 wherein the hash value generator includes aprocessor and executable instructions.
10. A method comprising:receiving data at an implantable device, the data corresponding to amessage and a first hash value generated as a function of the message;storing a key and the message in a memory of the implantable device;generating a second hash value as a function of the key and the message;and comparing the first hash value and the second hash value.
11. Themethod of claim 10 further including storing a code in the memory andwherein the second hash value is generated as a function of the code.12. The method of claim 11 wherein the code includes a time stamp. 13.The method of claim 10 wherein storing the key includes communicatingwith a near field communication link.
14. A device comprising: anon-implantable transceiver configured to receive data from animplantable device corresponding to a message and a first hash valuegenerated as a function of the message; a memory coupled to thetransceiver and configured to store a key and the message; a hash valuegenerator coupled to the memory and configured to generate a second hashvalue as a function of the key and the message; and a comparator coupledto the hash value generator and configured to determine if the firsthash value differs from the second hash value.
15. The device of claim14 wherein the transceiver includes a near field telemetry antennaconfigured to receive the key.
16. The device of claim 14 wherein thetransceiver is configured for far field telemetry.
17. The device ofclaim 14 further including a code generator coupled to the transceiver,wherein the code generator provides a freshness code for a subsequentmessage.
18. The device of claim 17 wherein the code generator includesat least one of any combination of a clock and a random numbergenerator.
19. A system comprising: an implantable device including: afirst far field transceiver; a first processor coupled to the first farfield transceiver; and a first memory coupled to the first processor;and an electrical circuit coupled to the processor; and an externaldevice including: a second far field transceiver; a second processorcoupled to the second far field transceiver; a second memory coupled tothe second processor; and a data port coupled to the processor; andwherein at least one of any combination of the first processor andsecond processor are adapted to execute instructions to implement anencryption algorithm configured to generate a ciphertext based on a codegenerated by the first processor, a key stored in the first memory andthe second memory and a message; and wherein at least one of anycombination of the first processor and second processor are adapted toexecute instructions to implement a decryption algorithm configured todecrypt the message from the ciphertext based on the code and the key.20. The system of claim 19 wherein the implantable device includes aninductive telemetry coil coupled to the processor and adapted tocommunicate the key.
21. The system of claim 19 wherein the externaldevice includes an inductive telemetry coil coupled to the processor andadapted to communicate the key.
22. The system of claim 19 wherein theelectrical circuit includes a therapy circuit.
23. The system of claim19 wherein the electrical circuit includes a monitoring circuit.
24. Thesystem of claim 19 wherein the data port includes at least one of anycombination of a keyboard, a mouse, a controller, a data storage device,a network connection, a modem and a data bus.
25. A system comprising:an implantable device including: a first far field transceiver; a firstprocessor coupled to the first far field transceiver; and a first memorycoupled to the first processor; and an electrical circuit coupled to theprocessor; and an external device including: a second far fieldtransceiver; a second processor coupled to the second far fieldtransceiver; a second memory coupled to the second processor; and a dataport coupled to the second processor; and wherein at least one of anycombination of the first processor and second processor are adapted toexecute instructions to generate a first hash value based on a codegenerated by the first processor, a key stored in the first memory andthe second memory and a message; and wherein at least one of anycombination of the first processor and second processor are adapted toexecute instructions to generate a second hash value based on themessage, the code and the key and adapted to compare the first hashvalue and the second hash value.
26. The system of claim 25 furtherincluding an inductive telemetry coil coupled to the first processor andadapted to communicate the key.
27. The system of claim 25 furtherincluding an inductive telemetry coil coupled to the second processorand adapted to communicate the key.
28. The system of claim 25 whereinthe electrical circuit includes a therapy circuit.
29. The system ofclaim 25 wherein the electrical circuit includes a monitoring circuit.30. The system of claim 25 wherein the data port includes at least oneof any combination of a keyboard, a mouse, a controller, a data storagedevice, a network connection, a modem and a data bus.
31. A methodcomprising: receiving a code from a first device; storing a key in thefirst device and in a second device, wherein at least one of the firstdevice and the second device is implantable; generating a ciphertext atthe second device, the ciphertext generated as a function of the code,the key and a message; receiving the ciphertext at the first device;decrypting the ciphertext at the first device to receive the message,the message decrypted as a function of the code and the key; andauthenticating the message at the first device.
32. The method of claim31 wherein receiving the code includes receiving a random number. 33.The method of claim 31 wherein receiving the code includes receiving atime stamp.
34. The method of claim 31 wherein authenticating themessage includes checking an identification code included in themessage.
35. The method of claim 34 wherein checking the identificationcode includes comparing the identification code and a stored value. 36.The method of claim 31 wherein authenticating the message includeschecking an error detection code included in the message.
37. The methodof claim 36 wherein checking the error detection code includes:generating a calculated value as a function of the message; andcomparing the calculated value and the error detection code.
38. Themethod of claim 36 wherein checking the error detection code includeschecking a cyclic redundancy code.
39. The method of claim 31 whereinstoring the key includes generating a key.
40. The method of claim 39wherein generating the key includes calculating a key as a function ofstored data in the first device.
41. The method of claim 40 whereincalculating the key as a function of stored data includes accessing amemory having stored data based on at least one of any combination of adevice serial number, a date of manufacture, a time of manufacture, adevice model number and a measured characteristic of the device.
42. Themethod of claim 40 wherein calculating the key includes executing ahashing algorithm.
43. The method of claim 31 wherein storing the key inthe first device includes communicating via an inductive coupling. 44.The method of claim 31 wherein storing the key in the second deviceincludes communicating via an inductive coupling.
45. The method ofclaim 31 wherein storing the key includes encrypting the key.
46. Themethod of claim 31 wherein generating the first ciphertext includesexecuting an algorithm selected from at least one of any combination ofData Encryption Standard (DES), Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES),Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), International Data EncryptionAlgorithm (IDEA), Blowfish and CAST.
47. A method comprising: receivinga code from a first device; storing a key in the first device and in asecond device, wherein at least one of the first device and the seconddevice is implantable; generating a first hash value at the seconddevice, the first hash value generated as a function of the code, thekey and a message; receiving the message and the first hash value at thefirst device; generating a second hash value at the first device, thesecond hash value generated as a function of the code, the key and themessage; and comparing the first hash value and the second hash value atthe first device.
48. The method of claim 47 wherein receiving the codeincludes a receiving a random number.
49. The method of claim 47 whereinreceiving the code includes at least one of any combination of receivinga time stamp and generating a time stamp.
50. The method of claim 47wherein storing the key includes generating a key.
51. The method ofclaim 50 wherein generating the key includes calculating a key as afunction of stored data in the first device.
52. The method of claim 51wherein calculating the key includes calculating a third hash value. 53.The method of claim 47 wherein storing the key in the first deviceincludes communicating via an inductive coupling.
54. The method ofclaim 47 wherein storing the key in the second device includescommunicating via an inductive coupling.
55. The method of claim 47wherein storing the key includes encrypting the key.
56. The method ofclaim 47 wherein at least one of any combination of generating the firsthash value and generating the second hash value includes executing ahashing algorithm.
57. The method of claim 56 wherein executing thehashing algorithm includes executing at least one of any combination ofa secure hash standard algorithm and a message-digest algorithm.
58. Themethod of claim 57 wherein executing a secure hash standard algorithmincludes executing at least one of any combination of SHA-1 and SHA-256.59. The method of claim 57 wherein executing a message-digest algorithmincludes executing at least one of any combination of MD2, MD4 and MD5..
| 5,414 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%2C%20%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%28%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Прието, Родриго (футболист)
|
https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Прието, Родриго (футболист)&action=history
|
Russian
|
Spoken
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Робриго Прието Ауберт (; род. 8 февраля 1983 года, Гвадалахара, Мексика) — мексиканский футболист, полузащитник клуба «Хуарес».
Клубная карьера
Прието — воспитанник клуба «Гвадалахара» из своего родного города. Из-за высокой конкуренции он не смог пробиться в основу и начал профессиональную карьеру только в возрасте двадцати лет в «Монаркас Морелия». 3 августа 2003 года в матче против «Ирапуато» он дебютировал в мексиканской Примере. В начале 2004 года Родриго перешёл в «Венадос». Во время выступления за команду из Мериды он также дважды на правах аренды играл за «Крус Асуль» и «Пуэблу». В 2008 году Прието покинул Мексику и перешёл в венесуэльский «Карабобо». 29 августа в матче против «Атлетико Эль-Вихия» он забил свой первый гол за новую команду в венесуэльской Примере. В начале 2009 года Родриго перешёл в «Каракас», в составе которого дважды выиграл чемпионат и завоевал Кубок Венесуэлы.
В начале 2011 года он вернулся в Мексику, подписав контракт с «Дорадос де Синалоа». 9 января в матче против «Ирапуато» Прието дебютировал за новую команду. 30 января в поединке против «Индиос» Родриго забил свой первый гол за клуб.
Летом 2011 года Прието подписал контракт с «Торос Неса». 31 июля в матче против «Кафеталос де Тапачула» он дебютировал за новый клуб. 23 октября в поединке против «Ла-Пьедад» Родриго забил свой первый гол за «Торос Неса». Во втором сезоне он поразил ворота соперников 16 раз и стал лучшим бомбардиром Лиги Ассенсо.
Летом 2013 года Родриго перешёл в «Дельфинес». 20 июля в матче против своего бывшего клуба «Венадос» он дебютировал за новую команду. 3 августа в поединке против «Крус Асуль Идальго» Прието забил свой первый гол за «дельфинов». По итогам сезона он стал лучшим бомбардиром клуба. Летом 2014 года Родриго вернулся в «Дорадос», которому помог по итогам чемпионата выйти в элиту.
Летом 2015 года «Дорады» для выступления в высшем дивизионе, решились на серьёзное укрепление состава и Прието остался не у дел. В июле он подписал контракт с «Некаксой». 25 июля в матче против «Атланте» Родриго дебютировал за новый клуб. В этом же поединке он забил свой первый гол за «Некаксу». По итогам сезона Прието помог клубу выйти в элиту. 24 июля матч против «Леона» стал для Родриго первым в Лиге MX, после восьмилетнего перерыва. В начале 2017 года Прието присоединился к «Сакатепеку». 7 января в матче против «Коррекаминос» он дебютировал за новую команду. В этом же поединке Родриго забил свой первый гол за «Сакатепек». Летом того же года Прието перешёл в «Хуарес». 23 июля в матче против «Селаи» он дебютировал за новый клуб. 20 августа в поединке против «Минерос де Сакатекас» Родриго забил свой первый гол за «Хуарес».
Достижения
Командные
«Каракас»
Чемпионат Венесуэлы по футболу — 2008/2009
Чемпионат Венесуэлы по футболу — 2009/2010
Обладатель Кубка Венесуэлы — 2009
Индивидуальные
Лучший бомбардир Лиги Ассенсо (11 мячей) — Аперутра 2012
Примечания
Ссылки
Статистика на soccerway
Статистика на TransferMarkt
Статистика на MedioTiempo
Profile at BDFA
Футболисты Мексики
Игроки ФК «Атлетико Морелия»
Игроки ФК «Некакса»
Игроки ФК «Дорадос де Синалоа»
Игроки ФК «Крус Асуль»
Игроки ФК «Торос Неса»
Игроки ФК «Пуэбла»
Игроки ФК «Карабобо»
Игроки ФК «Венадос»
Игроки ФК «Каракас»
Игроки ФК «Дельфинес»
Игроки ФК «Сакатепек»
Игроки ФК «Хуарес»
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The court did not err in overruling the motion for a new trial for any of the reasons assigned.
DECIDED SEPTEMBER 20, 1944. REHEARING DENIED OCTOBER 19, 1944.
1. The defendant assigns error on the overruling of his motion for a new trial. As to the general grounds, the only contention argued is, that the defendant was drunk at the time of the commission of the crime. Voluntary drunkenness shall not be an excuse for the commission of a crime. Code, § 26-403. The evidence amply sustains the verdict.
2. Special ground 1 complains of the following charge to the jury: "I charge you that these indictments are not evidence against the defendant Roy Carter, but that Roy Carter, the defendant, enters upon the trial of this case with the presumption of innocence in his favor, and that presumption of innocence remains with the defendant throughout this trial and until and unless evidence is produced to satisfy your minds and consciences beyond a reasonable doubt of the guilt of the defendant." The following exceptions and assignments of error are directed against this charge: (a) It was not an accurate, complete, and full statement of the law, and was not adjusted to the issues of the case; (b) it tended to mislead and confuse the jury; (c) it confused and misled the jury into considering "presumption of innocence" to be synonymous with "reasonable doubt;" (d) it misled and confused the jury as to the true and correct rule relative to the presumption of innocence, in that the jury were thereby permitted to consider such presumption as a prima facie presumption only, which would vanish upon the introduction of evidence by the State tending to show the defendant's guilt, without regard to the fact that such presumption was to have the weight of evidence and to be considered as evidence in his favor; (e) by it the jury were given the impression that where the State introduced some evidence tending to show the defendant's guilt, the presumption of innocence in his favor vanished; (f) it was not a fair, full, and accurate statement of the law as applied to the presumption of innocence, and that such presumption of innocence was to be considered as evidence in his favor, the court nowhere instructed the jury to this effect; and further, the court nowhere instructed the jury that this presumption of innocence shielded the defendant throughout his trial, and that the burden was on the State to prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt to the satisfaction of the jury; (g) the charge was argumentative, not adjusted to the issues, and incorrect as a matter of law. *Page 628
Counsel cite a number of cases in support of their contentions. In Reddick v. State, 11 Ga. App. 150 (4) (74 S.E. 901), this court simply held that in that case it was error for the court to fail to charge substantially "to the effect that the defendant enters upon his trial with the presumption of innocence in his favor, and that this presumption of innocence remains with him throughout the trial and until his guilt is established by proof." Counsel also cite Webb v. State,11 Ga. App. 850 (76 S.E. 990), and Butts v. State, 13 Ga. App. 274
(2) (79 S.E. 87). In the latter case this court reversed the judgment of the court below because the court failed to charge "to the effect" that the defendant enters upon his trial with a presumption of innocence in his favor. Townsend v.State, 14 Ga. App. 757 (82 S.E. 253), was also reversed because the court failed to charge this principle of law. InGardner v. State, 17 Ga. App. 410 (87 S.E. 150), a reversal resulted because the court in charging on the presumption of innocence used in connection therewith the words "a reasonable doubt of the law." It was held in effect that this latter qualification as to reasonable doubt in connection with the charge on presumption of innocence beclouded the principle of law as to presumption of innocence. It will be noted that Judge Broyles dissented. In Hayes v. State, 18 Ga. App. 68 (4) (88 S.E. 752), this court held: "In any criminal case it is error to omit to charge the jury to the effect that the defendant is presumed to be innocent, and that the presumption of innocence is in the nature of evidence in behalf of the defendant. But in the absence of an appropriate request for more specific instruction, an excerpt from the charge of the court, in which the jury were told that the defendant was presumed to be innocent, and that the burden was upon the State to establish his guilt to a moral and reasonable certainty and beyond a reasonable doubt, was not subject to exception merely because the judge omitted to state to the jury that the presumption of innocence remained with the defendant until overcome by proof." It will be observed that in the latter case the opinion was written by Judge Russell, who also wrote the opinions in the Butts and Gardner
cases. Counsel also cite Jones v. State 113 Ga. 271
(38 S.E. 851); Sikes v. 3. Special ground 2 complains of the following charge of the court: "A reasonable doubt means a doubt for which you can give a reason, not a fanciful or capricious doubt, but a doubt which legitimately arises from the evidence in the case, the want of evidence, or the defendant's statement." Error is assigned on this portion of the charge on the grounds: (a) that it was not a correct statement of the law; that it was incomplete and inaccurate as a definition of reasonable doubt; (b) that it tended to confuse and mislead the jury; (c) that it was incorrect and not in the language of the Code, § 38-110; (d, e, f) that it was given in such immediate connection with the charge on presumption of innocence as set out in special ground 1 that it tended to deprive the defendant of the benefit of the presumption of innocence, was confusing to the jury, and misleading to the extent that they may have considered "the presumption of innocence" to be synonymous with "reasonable doubt;" (g) that it was not a fair charge; was an inaccurate and incorrect statement of the law which tended to prejudice the defendant and to nullify the presumption of innocence; (h) because of the failure to charge as to the burden of proof, and as to the presumption of innocence, and to use the words "the want of evidence," was prejudicial and tended to impress the jury that the defendant should produce evidence to prove his innocence. Counsel cite several foreign decisions in support of this ground. The excerpt here complained of was substantially the same as that approved in a number of decisions of both the Supreme Court and this court. We call attention to Barnard v. State, 119 Ga. 436
(46 S.E. 644); Bonner v. State, 152 Ga. 214, 215 (109 S.E. 291);Lumpkin v. State, 152 Ga. 229 (109 S.E. 664); Merritt v.State, 152 Ga. 405 (110 S.E. 160); Stowe v. State,51 Ga. App. 726 (6) (181 S.E. 419); Kryder v. State, 57 Ga. App. 200
(2) (194 S.E. 890); Pierce v. State, 66 Ga. App. 737
(19 S.E.2d 192); Bradford v. State, 69 Ga. App. 856,858 (26 S.E.2d 848). The assignments of error in this special ground are without merit. *Page 630
4. In special ground 3 error is assigned upon the following charge of the court: "The defendant has made a statement in this case, not under oath and not subject to cross-examination, but I instruct you that you may give to that statement such weight and credit as you see fit. You may believe it in whole or in part, or you may believe it in preference to the sworn testimony in the case, if you see fit." The errors assigned on this charge are: That it tended to harm the movant, in that it was an inaccurate statement of the law, not being in the language of the Code, § 38-415; that it was couched in such phrases and so arranged as to give the jury the impression that very little weight ought to be given to it; that it did not instruct the jury that the defendant had a right, as a matter of law, to make a statement; that it tended to impress the jury with the thought that because the defendant was not subject to cross-examination his statement and any theory presented thereby were worth little; that it did not completely and accurately cover the provisions of the Code section; that it was argumentative, and curtailed the law on this principle regarding the defendant's rights. This court held inBrundage v. State, 7 Ga. App. 726, 728 (67 S.E. 1051): "It has several times been held that a trial judge can very appropriately confine his charge upon the defendant's statement to the exact language of the Code section. See Fields v.State, 2 Ga. App. 41 (4), 47 (58 S.E. 327), and cit. But it does not necessarily follow that an instruction upon the subject of the statement is erroneous because the exact language of the Code section is not quoted verbatim. In the present case there is no material variation between the language employed by the trial judge in charging upon the defendant's statement and the language of the law." See also Brent v. State, 44 Ga. App. 777
(163 S.E. 319). There is very little difference in substance in the charge here excepted to and the one approved by the Supreme Court in Millen v. State, 175 Ga. 283 (3) (165 S.E. 226). 5. Special ground 4 is abandoned.
6. Special grounds 5 and 6 complain of failures to charge in the absence of a written request. The failure to charge complained of under special ground 5 is as follows: "The burden of proof in these cases, gentlemen, is upon the State to prove to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of the charges in these indictments." The failure to charge of which complaint is made under ground 6 is as follows: "Presumption of innocence in favor of the defendant is a fact in these cases which must be considered with all the evidence, and must not be disregarded, and is not such a presumption as disappears upon the introduction of evidence to the contrary." It is contended that because of the errors pointed out by counsel for the defendant in the excerpts in special grounds 1 and 2, the court should have charged the principles there dealt with in the language, or substantially so, set forth in grounds 5 and 6. Since we have held, in dealing with special grounds 1 and 2, that in the absence of a written request, viewing the charge as a whole, under the evidence in this case, the assignments of error are without merit, it necessarily follows, if we are correct in what we said regarding the assignments of error in special grounds 1 and 2, that the assignments of error in special grounds 5 and 6 are not meritorious. In dealing with grounds 5 and 6, counsel for the plaintiff in error have relied largely upon the authorities submitted in dealing with grounds 1 and 2. Therefore we will not here discuss the principles further. We have examined the additional authorities submitted, and find nothing in them that would warrant a reversal on any of the assignments of error under special grounds 5 and 6.
7. Special ground 7 complains because the court failed to charge as follows: "If the jury is satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that [the defendant] is guilty of either sodomy or an attempt to commit sodomy, one or the other, but have a reasonable doubt as to which of these offenses the defendant is guilty of, it is your duty, gentlemen, to give the defendant the benefit of that doubt." This request does not present a correct principle of law. There is no *Page 632
evidence of an attempt to commit the crime for which the defendant was convicted; on the contrary the evidence shows the completed act. This being true, we may concede, without deciding, that the charge here requested expresses a correct principle of law; still the refusal to give it would not be reversible error, since the evidence shows a completed act. Alexander v. State,66 Ga. App. 708 (5) (19 S.E.2d 353). The assignment of error in this ground is without merit.
The court did not err in overruling the motion for a new trial for any of the reasons assigned.
Judgment affirmed. Broyles, C. J., and MacIntyre, J., concur..
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Ceux qui s'y opposèrent faisaient le dilemme : Ou les parties seront d'accord sur leurs limites respectives, et alors, elles n'ont pas besoin de recourir à la justice ; elles peuvent elles-mêmes, à l'amiable, planter des bornes et dresser un procès-verbal de bornage ; que si elles ne savent pas écrire, elles peuvent, afin d'éviter les frais d'un acte notarié, s'adresser au juge de paix, en procréant sa juridiction (art. 7, procéd.) ; Ou, au contraire, les parties ne s'entendent pas sur leurs limites réciproques, sur la ligne séparative de leurs fonds ; et alors, s'élève une question de propriété, dont on ne pourrait pas attribuer la connaissance au juge de paix, sans altérer profondément le caractère de son institution, d'après laquelle la compétence du juge de paix, en matière réelle immobilière, a toujours été restreinte aux actions possessoires, et qui lui défend de statuer sur des actions pétitoires, à l'égard desquelles il ne peut jamais être que conciliateur (comp. art. 25, 48, procéd.). Ces considérations ne manquaient pas de gravité sans doute; et nous allons voir que le législateur de 1838, tout en plaçant les actions en bornage dans les attributions des juges de paix, en a lui-même tenu compte ; mais elles avaient aussi quelque chose de trop absolu ; et on pouvait leur reprocher de confondre les actions en revendication véritable des biens immobiliers, avec une action qui, sans être possessoire, n'est pas non plus, à vrai dire, précisément pétitoire, puisqu'elle n'a pour but que de régler, en quelque sorte, l'exercice de la propriété immobilière. C'est par application de cette idée, que l'arrêté du 1er juillet 1840 et le décret du 29 septembre 1841 (art. 8) ont pris leurs racines dans la loi du 28 mars 1831, pour faire du jugement en bornage une espèce de jugement intermédiaire, situé entre les actes amiables des bornages et les procédures judiciaires ordinaires, en ce qui concerne les actions en revendication des biens immobiliers. article 6, n°s 2 et 3, de la loi du 25 mai 1838, autorise également le juge de paix à statuer sur les contestations relatives soit aux distances prescrites pour les plantations d'arbres ou de haies (art. 671, 672), soit aux constructions et travaux énoncés dans l'article 674 du Code Napoléon. Le dilemme précité était d'ailleurs en défaut, sous un rapport important ; car il arrive très-souvent, alors même qu'il ne doit y avoir aucune difficulté entre les parties sur leurs limites respectives, que celle qui veut obtenir un bornage, ne peut pas vaincre l'indifférence et l'inertie de l'autre, ni l'amener à procéder volontairement à cette opération de gré à gré. Rien n'est plus fréquent dans les campagnes, que de voir des refus catégoriques, ou du moins des lenteurs interminables, opposés aux demandes de bornage. Les ennuis d'un déplacement, la crainte des frais, la crainte aussi d'être obligé de rendre ce qu'on aurait évidemment usurpé, tout cela peut expliquer ces résistances; or, dans ces cas, on ne peut nier que la compétence du juge de paix ne soit un grand bien et qu'elle n'est pas non plus d'une application aussi rare que quelques-uns l'ont pensé. 245. — Mais ce n'est, bien entendu, qu'autant qu'il s'agit de l'action en bornage véritable et proprement dite, que le juge de paix est compétent d'après la loi du 25 mai 1838. Nous appelons action en bornage proprement dite, celle qui a pour objet de fixer contradictoirement entre les propriétaires contigus, les limites de leurs héritages, soit que ces limites étant dès à présent connues et certaines, il n'y ait plus qu'à faire la plantation matérielle des bornes, soit que ces limites étant inconnues et incertaines, il soit nécessaire de les rechercher et de les découvrir préalablement. Il faut bien se garder de confondre l'action en bornage ainsi définie : LIVRE II. TITRE IV. CHAP. I. 281 Soit avec l'action en déplacement de bornes ; Soit avec l'action que l'on a appelée, plus ou moins exactement, action en délimitation ou en règlement de limites.(comp. Zachariae, t. II, p. 43 ; Demante, t. II, n° 500 bis, I ; Marcadé, art. 646, n° 2). 246. — L'action en déplacement de bornes (intentée au civil), n'est autre chose qu'une action possessoire, qui a toujours été de la compétence des juges de paix, lorsqu'elle réunit d'ailleurs les conditions requises pour l'exercice des actions possessoires, et dont particulièrement le juge de paix ne peut connaître que lorsqu'elle est intentée dans l'année du trouble (art. 23, procéd.). Cette action ne demande pas le bornage, puisqu'elle suppose, au contraire, qu'il a déjà eu lieu ; et si elle n'est pas formée dans l'année, la demande contre l'usurpation prétendue doit être portée au pétitoire, comme toute action en revendication. Le déplacement des bornes peut d'ailleurs constituer un fait punissable, d'après les dépositions du Code pénal, dont nous n'ayons pas à nous occuper ici. Notons seulement que le déplacement des bornes n'est un délit qu'autant que le bornage a été fait, soit volontairement, soit judiciairement, entre les propriétaires intéressés. Le déplacement des bornes qui n'auraient été plantées que par un propriétaire sur son propre fonds, ne pourrait donner lieu qu'à une action possessoire en complainte ou en réintégration (comp. art. 389, 456, C. pén.; Cass., 8 avril 1854, Novier, Dev., 1854, I, 344; loi du 28 sept., 6 oct. 1791, tit. II, art. 17 ; L. 2, ff. de termina moto ; Mongis, Encycl. du droit, V° Bornage, n°s 59-71 et 82). 247. — Quant à l'action que certains auteurs ont nommée en délimitation ou en règlement de limites, si on entend par là une action qui suppose des limites contestées et un débat sur une question de propriété, la connaissance en appartient, suivant le droit commun, aux tribunaux civils d'arrondissement ; car il ne s'agit plus alors seulement d'une simple action en bornage, mais d'une véritable revendication. Aussi l'article 6, n° 2, de la loi du 25 mai 1838, qui porte que les juges de paix connaissent, à la charge d'appel des actions en bornage, ajoute-t-il cette restriction importante : lorsque la propriété ou les titres qui l'établissent, ne sont point contestés. 248. — Mais des difficultés se sont élevées souvent, dans la pratique, sur le point de savoir ce qu'il faut entendre par ces mots : propriétés ou titres contestés ; et les auteurs eux-mêmes ont exprimé, à cet égard, dans la doctrine, des opinions fort divergentes. Pour notre part, nous pensons que, pour qu'il y ait contestation sur la propriété, et en conséquence, pour que le juge de paix soit incompétent, la condition, nécessaire tout à la fois et suffisante, est que les parties ne soient pas d'accord sur les limites respectives de leurs héritages, et que l'une prétende être propriétaire au-delà de la ligne jusqu'à laquelle l'autre soutient, au contraire, que sa propriété s'étend. Toutes les fois, en un mot, que pour statuer sur l'action en bornage, il faudrait que le juge de paix décidât une question de revendication relative aux héritages limitrophes; il doit se déclarer incompétent; et cela même d'office, puisqu'il s'agit d'une incompétence ratione materiae, et d'ordre public (art. 170, procéd.; comp. Cass., 27 nov. 1865, 1re espèce, Bougemont; 2e espèce, Lévêque, Dev., 1866, I, 241, 243). La règle étant ainsi posée, il nous sera facile de résoudre, par voie de conséquence, les différentes questions que ce sujet a soulevées. Voilà, par exemple, le défendeur qui soutient que son adversaire n'est pas propriétaire du fonds, qu'il possède pro suo et dont il demande le bornage. Est-ce là une contestation sur la propriété ou sur les titres, et le juge de paix devient-il incompétent? L'affirmative a été soutenue (comp. Benech sur la loi du 25 mai 1838, art. 6; Curasson, du Bornage, § 2, n° 11; ajout. Millet, du Bornage, p. 278 et suiv.). Mais nous ne saurions l'admettre: D'une part, celui qui possède comme propriétaire, est réputé, en effet, propriétaire à l'égard des tiers, qui ne prétendent pas eux-mêmes à la propriété du fonds, qu'il détient; et le défendeur est ici sans qualité pour soulever une question de propriété (infra, n° 259). D'autre part, il n'y a là, de loin ni de près, aucune question de propriété que le juge de paix doive résoudre, afin de statuer sur l'action en bornage qui lui est soumise, puisque ni le demandeur ni le défendeur ne revendiquent rien l'un contre l'autre (comp. Pothier, de la Société, n° 232; Duranton, t. V, n° 253; Marcadé, art. 646, n°2). 250. — Supposons, au contraire, que l'une des parties, le demandeur ou le défendeur, peu importe, possédant une étendue de terrain plus grande que celle énoncée dans ses titres, prétende avoir acquis, par la prescription de trente ans, tout ou partie du fonds dont le bornage est demandé. Oh! alors, c'est bien la propriété qui est contestée; la propriété respective des héritages limitrophes, et entre les parties elles-mêmes, qui figurent dans l'action du bornage. Le juge de paix ne pourrait statuer sur cette action qu'en tranchant cette question de propriété; donc il est alors incompétent. M. Mongis enseigne toutefois que « vainement, pour repousser l'action en bornage, le voisin assigné invoquerait en sa faveur la possession trentenaire ;..... que l'action ne serait point entravée ; que seulement ses effets seraient soumis aux principes généraux de la possession trentenaire, et que les bornes seraient plantées conformément aux titres modifiés par la possession longi temporis » (Encycl. du droit, v° Bornage, n° 25). Cette proposition est incontestable; mais il est évident que l'honorable auteur suppose que la prescription invoquée par l'un ne sera pas contestée par l'autre, et qu'il ne sera point soulevé, à ce sujet, de question de propriété; car, dans le cas contraire, la propriété serait évidemment contestée (comp. Cass., 1er fév. 1842, Olivier, Dev., 1842, I, 99; Douai, 19 janv. 1848, Daumalle, Dev., 1849, II, 154; Curasson, du Bornage, § 2, n° 11, Benech, des Just. de paix, p. 274, in fine; Marc Deffaux, sur l'article 6 de la loi du 25 mai 1838: Millet, p. 282). 251. On a même soutenu que cette solution devait être appliquée dans le cas où l'une des parties invoquait seulement la possession annale pour obtenir une plus grande étendue de terrain que celle énoncée dans ses titres (comp. Curasson, loc. supra cit. ; et aussi Duranton, t. V, n° 260). Mais le moyen déduit de la simple possession annale ne saurait, à notre avis, constituer, dans une action en bornage, une contestation sur la propriété ou sur les titres. Sans doute, si la partie se prétend propriétaire de la portion de terrain qu'elle possède, il faudra que le juge de paix se déclare incompétent. Mais opposer seulement la possession annale, ce n'est pas se prétendre propriétaire ; ce serait plutôt avouer que l'on n'est que simple possesseur d'une portion de terrain au delà de ses titres; or, le bornage a précisément pour but de faire rentrer les possessions respectives dans les limites déterminées par les titres. A plus forte raison, en serait-il de même, si l'une des parties prétendait seulement que le bornage doit avoir lieu d'après l'état de sa possession actuelle, et qu'elle n'y consent qu'à cette condition. (Voy. toutefois Morin, Principes du bornage, chap. IV, p. 24 et suiv.; infra, n° 272 bis). On peut très bien, en effet, se passer de son consentement, dès que l'on se trouve dans les conditions déterminées par la loi pour que le bornage soit obligatoire (art. 646) : or, la partie qui prétend seulement que le bornage doit avoir lieu d'après la ligne de ses possessions actuelles, dont l'étendue est plus grande que celle énoncée dans ses titres, sans d'ailleurs invoquer, pour justifier cet excédent et cette surmesure, une cause acquisitive de propriété, cette partie ne saurait se placer, par une telle prétention, en dehors des conditions de l'action en bornage; car il n'y a là aucune contestation sur la propriété et sur les titres. M. le conseiller Mesnard a très justement remarqué que la partie, dans ce cas, « ne faisait que se débattre contre l'inévitable effet du bornage, qui, en pareille circonstance, aboutit à des reprises pour ramener précisément la jouissance dans les limites de chaque titre. (Comp. Cass., 19 nov. 1845, Lesueur, Dev., 1846, I, 457; Cass., 27 août 1829, Benoist, D., 1829, II, 349 ; Millet, p. 285 ; Mongis, loc. supra, n°s 25-29.) 252. — Les développements qui précèdent peuvent servir à décider la question de savoir si le juge de paix doit se déclarer incompétent, lorsque les parties ne sont pas d'accord sur la ligne divisoire de leurs héritages et sur le lieu où les bornes doivent être plantées. De deux choses l'une : Ou ce désaccord sur la ligne divisoire résulte d'une prétention, par l'une ou l'autre des parties, à la propriété du terrain que l'autre soutient, au contraire, lui appartenir; et, dans ce cas, le juge de paix n'est point compétent (Cass., 1er févr. 1842, Olivier, Dev., 1842, I, 99 ; Douai, 19 janv. 1848, Daumalle, D., 1849, II, 60 ; Cass., 25 juill. 1848, Tastemain, D., 1852, I, 55 ; D., Rec. alphab., nouv., édit. V° Compét. des juges de paix, n° 264). Ou ce désaccord ne se traduit en aucune revendication directe ni indirecte ; et alors, la contestation, en tant qu'elle porte sur le lieu où les bornes devront être plantées, n'est qu'un des accidents naturels de l'action en bornage, qui a précisément, pour but, ainsi que nous venons de le dire, de ramener les possessions dans les limites énoncées par les titres, et d'opérer ainsi de reprises et des restitutions, contre lesquelles les parties opposent toujours, plus ou moins, des objections et des résistances, qui sont naturelles sans doute aussi de leur part, mais qui ne sauraient entrer en opposition avec la compétence du juge de paix, autrement, la juridiction de ce magistrat serait à la discrétion des parties, et elle n'existerait qu'autant que celles-ci seraient d'accord constamment, en tout et pour tout ! c'est-à-dire qu'elle serait véritablement anéantie ! (Comp. Cass., 2 avril 1850, Bellot, D., 1850, I, 154 ; Cass., 19 juil. 1852, Baudot, D., 1854, 1,432 ; Curasson, § 2, n° 11 ; Millet, p. 291 ; Comp. Cass., 6 août 1860, Lucas, J. du P. de 1861, p. 760 ; voy. toutefois Cass., 27 nov. 1860, de Forestier, Dev., 1861, I, 317.) 252 bis. — C'est par application du même principe que la Cour de cassation a décidé que le juge de paix est compétent pour apprécier les anciennes mesures indiquées dans les titres produits et pour les convertir en mesures nouvelles, lorsqu'il y a, sur ce point, dissentiment entre les parties (11 juin 1861, Marchand, Dev., 1862, I, 867). 253. — En règle générale, le juge de paix doit se déclarer incompétent, lorsque la propriété et les titres qui Ce sont là les termes de la loi ; et il n'appartient pas au juge de paix de décider jusqu'à quel point la contestation est fondée, et si la prétention doit ou non réussir (comp. Cass., 12 avril 1843, Dumet, J. du P., 1843, I, 721 ; Cass., 24 juillet 1860, Lefranc, Dev., 1860, I, 897 ; Cass., 28 fév. 1870, Gibert, Dev., 1870, I, 267). Telle est la règle qu'il nous paraît prudent de suivre, et dont il ne faudrait s'écarter que dans le cas où la prétendue contestation, non motivée ou dépourvue de toute apparence de fondement, ne serait manifestement qu'un prétexte imaginé pour entraver l'action en bornage (comp. Millet, p. 305) ; car si la contestation n'était pas sérieuse le juge de paix devrait se déclarer compétent (Cass., 28 mars 1855, Delmonte, Dev., 1855,I, 729 ; Cass., 16 mai 1860, de Beaumetz, Dev., 1861, I, 160 ; Cass., 10 déc. 1862, Thiébaut, D., 1863,1, 29). D'ailleurs, il est bien clair que la contestation de propriété n'est assujettie à aucune formule obligatoire; et il n'est pas même nécessaire qu'elle soit exprimée en termes formels. Il suffit, pour que le juge de paix soit incompétent, que l'action en bornage, comme l'a dit M. le conseiller Mesnard dans son rapport déjà cité, doive aboutir à des résultats, qui ne pourraient être légítimement attendus que d'une action en revendication. Aussi, la contestation de propriété fait-elle cesser la compétence du juge de l'action en bornage, lors même qu'elle n'est élevée qu'en appel. (comp. Cass., 16 mars 1870, Neudin, Dev., 1870, t. 359.) III. Par qui et contre qui l'action en bornage peut-elle être intentée et dans quels cas ? SOMMAIRE. 255. — Le bornage peut être demandé par tout propriétaire. 256. — Qui, de l'usufruitier ? 257. — De l'usager ? De l'emphytéote ? De l'antichrétien ? 258. — Du fermier ? 259. — Du propriétaire apparent ? 260. — Du tuteur ? De l'envoyé en possession provisoire des biens d'un absent ? De l'époux ? 261. — Du mineur émancipé et de l'individu pourvu d'un conseil judiciaire. 262. — Les mêmes personnes, qui peuvent intenter l'action en bornage, ont à fortiori qualité pour y défendre. 288 COURS DE CODE NAPOLÉON. 263. — L'action en bornage est-elle recevable entre un particulier et l'État ou une commune ? 264. — L'action en bornage ne concerne que les propriétés rurales. 265. — Il faut, bien entendu, que les propriétés soient distinctes et appartiennent à des maîtres différents. 266. — La contiguité est aussi une condition essentielle. 267. — Les arrière-voisins peuvent-ils être appelés ? À quel moment et par qui ? 268. — L'action en bornage est-elle recevable, lorsque l'un des propriétaires a établi, pour sa limite, une haie vive ou sèche, des épines froides, des arbres ou des murs ? 269. — Suite. — Observation. 255. — D'après notre article 646, le bornage peut être demandé par tout propriétaire. Ce droit est donc réciproque entre voisins ; et même, lorsque l'un d'eux prend l'initiative, l'autre est, en quelque sorte, réputé jouer aussi le rôle de demandeur ; car c'est le propre de cette action que « chacune des parties, dit Pothier, celle qui est assignée aussi bien que celle qui a assigné, réclame, chacune l'une contre l'autre, ce qui par le bornage sera déterminé faire partie de son héritage. » (De la Société, n° 231 ; comp. 1. 40, ff. fin regund). 256. — Faut-il conclure de ces mots : tout propriétaire, qu'il n'y ait, en effet, que le propriétaire lui-même, c'est-à-dire celui qui a le plenum dominium, qui puisse exercer l'action en bornage ? Ainsi l'ont pensé quelques auteurs, qui enseignent en conséquence que cette action, toute pétitoire et immobilière, n'appartient pas à l'usufruitier, ou que, du moins, il ne pourrait l'exercer qu'en mettant lui-même en cause le nu-propriétaire (comp. Carou, Jurid. des juges de paix, p. 640 ; Millet, p. 123 ; A. Dalloz, Dict. V° Servitude, art. 252, n° 193 ; Hennequin, t. II, p. 353), Mais cette doctrine, qui est contraire aux traditions du droit romain (L. 4, § 9, fin regund), et de notre ancien droit français (Pothier. de la Société, n° 232), nous paraît LIVRE II, TITRE IV. CHAP. I. 289 également méconnaître les véritables principes, sous notre droit nouveau. Les principes veulent, en effet, que l'action en bornage appartienne à quiconque a dans l'héritage un droit réel, c'est-à-dire un droit propre et indépendant de toute obligation personnelle de la part d'un tiers ; or, tel est bien le droit de l'usufruitier ; donc, l'action lui appartient; et elle est régulièrement exercée par lui, lors même qu'il n'a pas mis le nu-propriétaire en cause. Il est vrai que le bornage opéré avec l'usufruitier ne serait pas opposable au nu-propriétaire, qui pourrait en provoquer un nouveau, même pendant la durée de l'usufruit (Bordeaux, 23 juin 1836, Lauretet, Dev., 1837, II, 36). Mais tout ce qui résulte de là, c'est que la partie, assignée en bornage par l'usufruitier, fera bien, si elle veut obtenir une opération définitive, d'y appeler elle-même, comme elle le peut certainement, le nu-propriétaire (comp. notre Tome X, n°s 327 et 658 bis; ajout. Mongis, Encycl. du droit, v° Bornage, n°s 37-41). 257. — Par suite des mêmes principes, l'action en bornage appartient aussi, suivant nous, à l'usager (comp. Pardessus, t. II, n° 332 ; Marcadé, article 646, n°2 ; contra, Curasson, § 1, n° 4) ; À l'emphytéote, à l'antichrétien (comp. L. 4, § 9, ff. fin. reg. ; Domat, Lois civ., liv. II, tit. VI, section I, n° 7 ; Pardessus, loc. supra; Neveu-Derotie, Lois rurales, p. 54; Duranton, t. V, n° 257). 258. — Mais il faut, au contraire, la refuser au fermier, qui n'a pas de droit réel (comp. art. 1725, 1726, 1727; notre tome IX, n°s 492-494 ; Toullier, t. II, n° 181 ; Poulain-Duparc, t. VIII, p. 25 ; Demante, Cours analyt., t. II, n° 500 bis, IV ; Taulier, t. II, p. 375 ; Solon, n° 59 ; Curasson, § 1, n° 4; Millet, p. 128). 259. — « Le possesseur d'un héritage, qui s'en porte pour le propriétaire, soit qu'il le soit effectivement, soit qu'il ne le soit pas, est partie capable pour intenter cette TRAITÉ DES SERVITUDES. 1—19 290 COURS DE CODE NAPOLÉON. action; il n'a pas besoin, pour cela de justifier sa propriété ; sa possession le fait présumer propriétaire.... » Cette opinion de Pothier (de la Société, n° 232), nous paraît encore exacte aujourd'hui, malgré quelques dissentiments (comp. Montpellier, 14 janvier 1842, comp. de Lagen, Dev., 1842, II, 119 ; Merlin, Rép., v° Bornage. n° 3 ; Duranton, t. V, n° 253 ; Vaudoré, Droit rural, t.1, n° 81 ; contrat, Pardessus, t. II, n° 331). Et, par la même raison, l'action appartiendrait aussi bien à l'usufruitier, à l'usager et à l'emphytéote putatifs, qu'à celui qui posséderait en se portant, comme dit Pothier, pour le propriétaire (supra, n° 249 ; Marcadé, art. 646, n° 3). 260. — Plusieurs jurisconsultes enseignent que les personnes qui administrent le bien d'autrui, ne peuvent pas exercer seules l'action en bornage, toujours par le motif qu'elle est une action pétitoriale immobilière (art. 1988) ; et ils décident : 1° Que l'autorisation du conseil de famille est nécessaire à cet effet, au tuteur du mineur ou de l'interdit ; et même que le bornage doit alors être fait nécessairement en justice (art. 464) ; 2° Que l'envoyé en possession provisoire des biens d'un absent, doit être autorisé par le tribunal (art. 125, 128) ; 3° Que ce n'est pas le mari, mais la femme elle-même autorisée par son mari ou par justice, qui doit figurer dans une instance en bornage, relative aux biens personnels de celle-ci, du moins sous le régime de la communauté ou de l'exclusion de communauté (art. 818, 1428, 1538, 4549 ; comp. Delvincourt, t. I, p. 157, note 6 ; Pardessus, t. II, n° 333; Carou, t. II, n° 498 ; Solon, n° 59 ; Curasson, § 1, n° 4; Vaudoré, Droit rural, t. I, p. 37; Millet, p. 134 et suiv. ; Taulier, t. II, p. 372). Nous avons déjà proposé ailleurs, sur cette thèse, une distinction dans laquelle nous croyons devoir toujours persister. Cette distinction, qui nous paraît conforme aux principes et à la raison, consiste à décider, pour la capacité de la partie à l'effet d'agir, ce que la loi elle-même (du 25 mai 1838, art. 6, n° 2) décide pour la compétence du juge à l'effet de statuer (voy. notre tome VII, n° 689) : Ou bien donc, aucune question ne s'élève sur la propriété ni sur les titres qui l'établissent ; et alors, l'action en bornage, ne tendant absolument, comme dit Pothier, qu'à conserver à chacune des parties l'intégrité de son héritage (de la Société, n° 232), n'est en réalité, qu'un acte d'administration conservatoire, qui peut être exercée, sans autorisation, par le tuteur, par l'envoyé provisoire, ou par le mari lui-même sans l'intervention de la femme ; Ou, au contraire, la propriété ou les titres qui l'établissent, sont contestés; et dans ce cas, le même motif qui fait que le juge de paix cesse d'être compétent, doit faire aussi que le tuteur et l'envoyé provisoire ont besoin d'autorisation, et que la femme doit être mise en cause (comp. Rouen, 6 nov. 1835, de Villepoix, Dev., 1836, II, 297; Pothier, de la Société, n° 232 ; Tourner, t. II, n° 182 ; Duranton, t. V, n° 255; Mongins, n°s 42, 44). Il semblerait d'abord logique d'appliquer la même distinction au mineur émancipé et à l'individu pourvu d'un conseil judiciaire, et de leur accorder, en conséquence, le droit d'exercer l'action en bornage, sans l'assistance de leur curateur ou de leur conseil, lorsqu'il ne s'élève aucune question de propriété. Cette application de notre principe est toutefois ici plus délicate; on sait, en effet, que le mineur émancipé ne peut faire seul aucun autre acte que ceux de pure administration (art. 484), et que l'individu pourvu d'un conseil judiciaire, ne peut, en aucun cas, plaider sans l'assistance de ce conseil (art. 499-513). Il nous paraît donc plus sûr qu'ils fussent, l'un et l'autre, assistés, dans tous les cas, de leur curateur ou de leur conseil (voy. notre tome VIII, n°s 304 et 723). Les mêmes personnes, qui peuvent intenter l'action en bornage, ont, à fortiori, qualité pour défendre à cette action. Et même, la distinction que nous avons présentée plus haut, ne devrait plus alors être faite en ce qui concerne le tuteur, puisqu'il peut, dans tous les cas, défendre, sans autorisation, à une action relative aux droits immobiliers du mineur (art. 464, 465; voy. notre tome VIII, loc. supra cit.). Le bornage peut d'ailleurs être demandé par tout propriétaire et contre tout propriétaire, que ce soit un particulier, une commune, un établissement public, ou l'État lui-même (Douai, 26 mars 1844, préfet du Nord, Dev., 1845, II, 294). Remarquons toutefois : 1° Que les principes du droit privé sur le bornage ne sont pas applicables aux objets qui font partie du domaine public ou communal, à l'égard desquels il faut se reporter aux règles du droit public et administratif (comp. loi du 29 ventôse an XIII, art. 5 ; Pardessus, t. I, n° 118 ; Mongins, n° 15) ; 2° Que l'importance et l'étendue de certaines forêts de l'État ou des communes, ont nécessité des mesures spéciales relativement à la délimitation et au bornage de ces forêts d'avec les propriétés limitrophes (comp. Code forestier, tit. III, sect. I, art. 8-14 ; Curasson, t. II, n° 24). 264. — Lorsque l'article 646 dispose que tout propriétaire peut obliger son voisin au bornage de leurs propriétés, il est vraisemblable qu'il n'a entendu parler que des propriétés rurales, c'est-à-dire de celles qui ne sont point bâties et qui ne se composent que de terres, en quelque endroit d'ailleurs que ces terres soient situées (art. 687 ; L. 2, princ., et L. 4, § 10, ff. fin. reg.; voy. aussi la loi du 28 sept., 6 oct. 1791, dite le Code rural, et qui traite de l'action en bornage sous le titre 1er : des Biens et usages ruraux). Le bornage, en effet, a pour but de prévenir le danger des anticipations et des empiétements; or ce danger n'est à craindre que pour les terres, dont l'étendue peut varier; quant aux bâtiments, les murs qui les soutiennent, en déterminent l'étendue ; et le jurisconsulte Paul disait qu'ils sont plutôt voisins que limitrophes (loc. supra cit.). De ces motifs, il semble que l'on doit conclure : 1° Que, même à la campagne, l'action en bornage n'est pas recevable, en ce qui concerne les terrains bâtis, et qu'il n'y a lieu, alors, qu'à la revendication ; 2° Que, même à la ville, elle est recevable, en ce qui concerne les terrains non bâtis, tels que les cours et les jardins, fussent-ils attenants aux bâtiments (comp. Pardessus, t. I, nos 51 et 117; Mongis, n° 19 ; Millet, p. 157 ; Massé et Vergé sur Zachariae, t. II, p. 167). Nous allons voir toutefois (infra, n° 268) que cette doctrine est contestable. Est-il besoin de dire d'ailleurs que la première condition du bornage est que les propriétés soient distinctes et appartiennent à des maîtres différents? (L. 4, § 6, ff fin. reg.) Sans doute les copropriétaires d'une masse de biens, qui serait composée de plusieurs domaines contigus, pourraient demander, les uns contre les autres, que les limites respectives de ces héritages fussent fixées avant l'opération du partage; mais il est clair que ce ne serait là qu'une mesure préliminaire du partage lui-même et non point l'action en bornage proprement dite, dont nous nous occupons ici; car cette action a pour but de prévenir les anticipations; or, il n'y a point d'anticipation à craindre entre les copropriétaires, de l'un envers l'autre, tant que dure l'indivision. Mais, au contraire, on trouverait une véritable action en bornage dans celle qui serait formée par l'un des copropriétaires d'un fonds indivis contre ses copropriétaires, ou par ceux-ci contre lui, en sa qualité de propriétaire exclusif d'un autre fonds contigu (comp. L. 4, § 7, ff. fin. reg.; Pardessus, t. I, n° 118 ; Mongis, n° 16). 266. — La contiguïté des propriétés est encore aussi évidemment une condition essentielle du bornage (art. 646). L'action n'est donc pas possible entre deux propriétaires, dont l'un est séparé de l'autre par une rivière, sans que l'on doive distinguer même, suivant nous, si elle est ou si elle n'est pas navigable ou flottable (voy. notre tome X, n° 150), ou par une mare communale, un chemin public, une rue, ou par la propriété d'un tiers, si minime qu'elle puisse être. Mais il en serait autrement, bien entendu, d'un sentier privé, d'un ravin, d'un ruisseau ou d'un ouvrage d'art, qui feraient partie de l'un ou de l'autre des héritages, et qui n'empêcheraient pas dès lors leur contiguïté. Il y aurait seulement à rechercher dans ces cas, si le sentier, ou le ruisseau, etc., d'après les titres ou la possession, ne doivent pas eux-mêmes servir de limites entre les propriétés (comp. Cass., 30 déc. 1818, Lotte, D., 1819, I, 176; notre tome X, n° 17; L. 4, § 10, et L. 5 et 6, ff. fin. reg.; Zachariae, t. II, p. 43; Pardessus, t. I, n° 118; Mongis, n° 14; Vaudoré, t. I, p. 87; Cass., 6 nov. 1866, Immer, Dev., 1866, I, 427). 267. — Ce n'est pas à dire toutefois que l'action en bornage formée par un propriétaire contre son voisin immédiat, ne puisse pas atteindre, comme on dit, son arrière-voisin ; et on voit même ainsi souvent ces sortes d'actions embrasser, de proche en proche, une contrée tout entière. Il faut bien, effectivement, en venir là, lorsque les deux voisins entre lesquels l'opération du bornage est engagée, se trouvent ne point avoir la possession portée dans leurs titres, et que tout annonce que ce qui manque soit à l'un ou à l'autre, soit à tous les deux, a été usurpé par quelque propriétaire voisin. Aussi, la règle, à cet égard, est-elle constante (comp. Toullier, t. II, n° 178; A. Dalloz, Dict., v° Serv., nos 194, 195; Vaudoré, t. I, p. 264; Curasson, t. II, n° 462; Dumay, append., n° 52). Nous devons ajouter toutefois que cette règle a été vivement contestée par M. Morin, qui dénonce le bornage général comme une procédure frustratoire, inique, désastreuse ! (Principes du bornage, chap. IX, p. 93 et suiv.; infra. n° 272 bis). Mais cette protestation est, à peu près, isolée; et s'il s'est élevé des dissidences, c'est seulement sur le mode de procédure, qu'il convient alors de suivre. On a enseigné : 1° Que le propriétaire demandeur en bornage, ne peut assigner que son voisin immédiat, sauf à appeler ensuite en cause, s'il y a lieu, l'arrière-voisin (Curasson, du Bornage, n° 50); 2° Que l'arrière-voisin du demandeur, lorsqu'il est nécessaire de l'appeler, doit être mis en cause non point par le demandeur lui-même, mais par le défendeur, son voisin immédiat. Sur le premier point, il nous semble qu'en effet, tel est le mode de procéder le plus régulier; mais, après tout, nous ne croyons pas que la loi elle-même l'impose nécessairement; l'article 646 déclare, il est vrai, que le propriétaire peut demander à son voisin le bornage de leurs propriétés contiguës; mais s'il en résulte que le propriétaire qui forme une demande en bornage, doit mettre en cause ses voisins immédiats, nous ne voyons pas que le texte fasse obstacle à ce que les arrière-voisins soient assignés en même temps, lorsque le demandeur soutient que le bornage, qu'il provoque, ne peut être fait que contradictoirement avec eux; ce mode d'agir a l'avantage d'éviter beaucoup de retard et de frais, et ne présente pas d'ailleurs d'inconvénient, puisque le demandeur devrait, bien entendu, payer les frais de sa procédure, si elle était reconnue frustratoire (comp. Millet, p. 150). Quant au second point, il nous paraît tout à fait indifférent que l'arrière-voisin, lorsque sa mise en cause est nécessaire, soit assigné par le demandeur primitif ou par le défendeur; et il peut l'être, à notre avis, aussi régulièrement par l'un que par l'autre (Douai, 2 juill. 1842, Dorvillers; Douai, 11 nov. 1842, Darras, Dev., 1843, II, 407; Cass., 20 juin, 1855, Petit, J. du P., t. I, de 1857, p. 9, et Observ. de M. Levesque, notes 1, 2, p. 19; Cass., 9 nov. 1857, Marquis, D., 1858, I, 31). 268. — C'est une question controversée que celle de savoir si l'action en bornage est recevable, lorsque l'un des propriétaires a établi, pour sa limite, une haie vive ou sèche, des épines de foi, des arbres, et surtout des murs. D'après une doctrine qui compte des autorités imposantes, il n'y aurait lieu, dans ces circonstances, qu'à l'action en revendication de la part du voisin, surtout lorsque ces signes de délimitation existent depuis plus d'un an. L'action en bornage, dit-on, n'a pour but que de faire déterminer les limites incertaines, et de mettre fin aux usurpations qui ne reposent que sur une possession clandestine et précaire; or, dans les hypothèses proposées, les limites sont certaines, et la possession publique, puisque le tout se révèle par une clôture qui fixe la délimitation respective des fonds; donc, l'action en bornage n'est pas admissible, et on ne peut agir qu'en revendication ou par simple action possessoire, s'il en est temps encore (art. 23; comp. Besançon, 10 mars 1828, Ravenet, D., 1828, II, 215; Domat, Lois civ., liv. II, tit. VI, sect. I, n° 1; Pardessus, t. I, n° 119). Voici pourtant nos objections : 1° Le texte de l'article 646 est absolu; il accorde à tout propriétaire le droit de demander à son voisin le bornage de leurs propriétés contiguës, sans distinguer si ce voisin a clos lui-même sa propriété, ni si cette clôture existe depuis plus ou moins d'une année; 2° C'est qu'en effet le bornage est une opération essentiellement contradictoire, et qui n'est opposable qu'à celui-là qui y a été partie; on a, sous ce rapport, fort exactement distingué le bornage lui-même d'avec la simple délimitation. (Cass., 30 décembre 1818, Lotte, Sirey, 1819, I, 233; d'Olive, liv. V, chap. XXXII; Tronçon, Cout. de Paris, art. 118); 3° Enfin le voisin a certainement le droit de demander que les limites des deux propriétés soient déterminées d'après les signes usités dans le pays, lorsque ceux qui ont été employés par le voisin, tels que haies, pieds de poisse ou autres semblables, n'ont pas ce caractère et n'offrent pas les mêmes garanties de durée et de fixité (Duparc-Poullain, liv. IV, chap. VII, n° 6; Buridan, Cout. de Reims, art. 369; Duranton, t. V, n° 259; Mongis, n° 29; Zachariae, t. II, p. 43; Delahaye, J. de procéd., t. VIII, p. 341; Dalloz, v° Servitude (suppl.), n°s 198-200; Millet, p. 175-180). 269. — Tout propriétaire sans doute peut clore son héritage par une haie, par un mur ou autrement (art. 647). Mais la solution que nous venons de présenter dans le numéro précédent (268), prouve que la prudence peut exiger alors que le propriétaire, avant de construire un mur de clôture sur la limite de son fonds, fasse déterminer cette limite contradictoirement avec le voisin, en le provoquant au bornage (Domat, Lois civ., loc. supra cit.; et notre tome IX, n° 691 ter). 298 COURS DE CODE NAPOLÉON. III. En quoi consiste l'opération du bornage, et quelles en sont les formes ? SOMMAIRE. 270. — Du cas où les intéressés sont d'accord et maîtres de leurs droits. 271. — Du cas où ils ne peuvent pas s'entendre. — De leur incapacité. 272. — Des formes et des éléments de l'opération du bornage. — Des titres. — De la possession. 272 bis. — Suite. 273. — Des restitutions, des augmentations ou des diminutions de contenance, qui peuvent résulter du bornage. 274. — Quid, si la ligne séparative des héritages étant certaine et reconnue, on la déplace, afin d'en corriger les irrégularités, d'en rectifier l'alignement ? — Y a-t-il là un échange ? — Faut-il appliquer les règles spéciales de ce mode d'aliénation ? 275. — De l'opération matérielle du bornage. 276. — Le bornage se fait à frais communs. — Quel est le véritable sens de ces mots ? 277. — Suite. — Quid, des frais de procès qui peuvent s'élever à l'occasion du bornage ? 270. — Lorsque les propriétaires sont d'accord et maîtres de leurs droits, ils peuvent faire eux-mêmes, à l'amiable, le bornage de leurs fonds, de telle manière et par tel acte, sous seing privé ou authentique qu'ils jugent convenable d'adopter (art. 1108, 1134). Ils peuvent choisir, à cet effet, des experts, géomètres, arpenteurs, dont les pouvoirs sont déterminés par l'acte qui les nomme. Il arrive même souvent, en ces circonstances, que les experts sont constitués arbitres et chargés de prononcer sur les difficultés qui se rattachent à l'opération du bornage (art. 1003 et suiv. procéd.). Si les intéressés ne peuvent pas s'entendre, le bornage doit être fait en justice. Quant au cas où il se trouve parmi eux des incapables, nous nous en sommes occupé plus haut (n° 260). Aucun texte n'a déterminé les formes de cette procédure, ni les mesures d'instruction à suivre, ni le mode d'après lequel les limites doivent être fixées. Mais la nature même et le but essentiel de l'opération les indiquent suffisamment; et il existe d'ailleurs, à cet égard, dans les différentes contrées, des traditions et des usages auxquels le législateur, en gardant sur ce point le silence, a voulu sans doute s'en rapporter. La nomination d'experts arpenteurs, choisis par les parties ou nommés d'office, et l'accession des lieux par le juge, telles sont ordinairement les bases principales de cette opération : « .... Mensores mittere ... oculisque suis subjectis locis » (L. 8, § 1, ff. fin. reg.; Pothier, de la Société, n° 233). Les experts, pour la confection de leur procès-verbal, et le juge, pour sa décision, doivent interroger les titres, la possession, les anciennes traces de délimitation, les livres d'arpentement, le cadastre, les plans non suspects, tous les documents enfin que les parties ont pu leur remettre, et qui sont de nature à les éclairer; Les titres anciens, vetera monumenta, et aussi les nouveaux, lorsque les propriétés, en passant successivement dans plusieurs mains, ont été divisées, et ont reçu des délimitations nouvelles et différentes, varietate successionum et arbitrio possessorum (L. 11, ff. loc. supra); les titres surtout, qui sont communs aux deux parties; ce qui n'exclut pas d'ailleurs les titres particuliers de chacune d'elles (comp. De l'autorité des titres en matière de bornage, Journal des géomètres, 1866, t. IX, p. 167). La possession, qui est toujours le meilleur moyen d'expliquer et d'interpréter les titres, et qui peut même les modifier et l'emporter sur eux (art. 2262-2265) ; car s'il est vrai que l'on ne peut pas prescrire contre son titre, c'est seulement en ce sens qu'on ne peut pas se changer à soi-même la cause de sa possession (art. 2240) ; mais on peut très bien prescrire au-delà de son titre; et cela, soit avant, soit depuis le bornage (L. ult. Cod. fin. reg.; Henrys, liv. IV, quest. 82 ; Pothier, loc. supra, n° 233; supra, n° 250 ; Orléans, 24 août 1816, Arnould, Sirey, 1818, II, 104; Metz, 19 avril 1822, Bouillard, Dev. et Car., Collect. nouv., 7, II, 59 ; Cass., 20 nov. 1833, Lodey, D., 1834, I, 23 ; Metz, 8 déc. 1857, Lefèvre, Dev., 1858, II, 537). Il faut absolument, bien entendu, que la possession ait été paisible, publique, surtout non équivoque ni incertaine (art. 2229); aussi le juge devra-t-il repousser toute prétention, qui ne s'appuierait que sur une possession clandestine, acquise plus ou moins subrepticement, d'année en année par des anticipations successives et insensibles, surtout lorsque les deux héritages limitrophes sont tous deux également découlés et incultes, ou tous deux également de même culture. Il est alors bien rare que des empiétements n'aient pas lieu, plus ou moins involontairement, de l'un sur l'autre, lors du labourage, de la récolte et de la fauchaison ; et il ne serait ni juridique ni équitable de fonder une prescription acquisitive de propriété sur de tels faits de possession, lorsqu'il n'y a eu, bien entendu, aucune contradiction contre les propriétaires (comp. Cass., 11 août 1851, Haudecoeur, Dev., 1852, I, 646 ; Cass., 29 juillet 1856, de Mornezay, Dev., 1857,I, 655 ; Caen, 5 nov. 1859, de Vendeuvre, Rec. des arrêts de Caen et de Rouen, 1859, p. 305; Duparc-Poullain, Princ. de droit, liv. IV, chap. VII, n°10 ; Pardessus, t.1, n° 126 ; Mongis, n° 28; Curasson, Compétence des juges de paix, t. II, n° 441). Dans une monographie fort intéressante qu'il a publiée sous ce titre Principes de bornage, M. Morin a surtout entrepris de démontrer que le bornage doit se faire d'après la possession et non d'après les titres ; d'où il conclut qu'il n'y a pas même lieu dans les procès de bornage, de produire les titres, qui du moment où ils n'émanent pas d'un auteur commun, sont sans effet entre les parties (chap. IV, p. 24 et suiv.). LIVRE II. TITRE IV. CHAP. I. La thèse de l'auteur se résume tout entière dans cet argument : Aux termes de l'article 1165, les conventions n'ont d'effet qu'entre les parties contractantes; Or, le titre particulier de l'une des parties n'est autre chose, à l'encontre de l'autre partie, qu'une convention, dans laquelle elle n'a pas été partie contractante; Donc, ce titre ne saurait avoir aucun effet à son égard. La réponse nous paraît facile : C'est qu'il faut bien se garder de confondre le droit personnel avec le droit réel, l'obligatio avec le dominium (Comp. notre traité de la Distinction des biens, de la propriété, etc., t. I, n°s 464 et suiv.). Oui, sans doute ! Les droits personnels, qui résultent des conventions, ne peuvent pas être opposés à des tiers; l'article 1165, ainsi entendu, est tout à fait d'accord avec l'article 1122. Mais aussi il n'est pas moins certain que les droits réels, au contraire, existent, d'une manière absolue, erga omnes; et apparemment, le tiers possesseur d'une chose, actionné en revendication par le propriétaire, qui démontre, contre lui, son droit de propriété par ses titres, ne serait pas bien venu à dire que ces titres-là sont une convention, dans laquelle il n'a pas été partie, et qui ne peut pas lui être opposée ! Or, précisément, l'action en bornage participe du caractère de l'action en revendication... pro rei vindicatione vindicatione (L.I,ff. finium. regund.). Donc, lorsque le demandeur a établi, par ses titres, son droit de propriété, ce droit existe envers et contre tous ! Donc, le possesseur ne peut se soustraire à l'obligation de restituer la chose qu'autant qu'il invoque sa possession comme une cause légitime d'acquisition ; et il faut alors, bien entendu, que cette possession réunisse toutes les conditions de durée et autres, qui sont nécessaires pour la prescription. (Comp. supra, n°s 244-252, COURS DE CODE NAPOLÉON. Dumay, Append. sur Curasson ; Jay, Annales, etc., des juges de paix, 1856, p. 179.) 273. — Le bornage peut avoir, comme nous l'avons dit (supra, n° 231), pour résultat d'opérer des restitutions de la part de l'un des propriétaires au profit de l'autre (L. 7, ff. fin. reg.). L'énonciation des quantités n'étant souvent exprimée dans les titres que d'une manière approximative et incertaine et quelquefois fort inexacte, il peut aussi arriver que l'opération produise en même temps, de chaque côté, soit une augmentation, soit une diminution de contenance ; c'est ce qui a lieu, lorsque les quantités énoncées dans les titres respectifs, sont inférieures ou supérieures à celle de la totalité des terrains soumis au bornage; la règle alors, s'il n'est pas prouvé que l'une des parties doit exclusivement gagner ce qui est en plus, ou perdre ce qui est en moins, est que l'ouvrage ou la perte, résultant de l'excédant ou du déficit, doivent être répartis proportionnellement à l'étendue des deux propriétés (Bannelier sur Davot, t. II, p. 560, et t. IV, p. 474 ; Dunod, des Prescript., p. 68; Pardessus, t. I, n° 123 ; Mongis, n° 50; comp. Cass. 2 mai 1866, Labriet, Dev. 1868, I, 89). 274. — D'autres fois, lors même que la ligne séparative des deux héritages résulte clairement des titres, on la modifie et on la déplace, afin d'en corriger les irrégularités, de faire disparaître, par exemple, les coudes et les angles rentrants ou saillants qu'elle pourrait présenter. Et alors, le bornage constitue un véritable alignement pour la commodité de l'un et de l'autre des propriétaires, dit très bien Domat, en laissant d'une part autant qu'on donne de l'autre (Lois civ., liv. II, tit. VI, sect. II, n° 6).
| 21,097 |
https://github.com/jigglepuff/StlOpenDataEtl/blob/master/etl/fetcher.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
StlOpenDataEtl
|
jigglepuff
|
Python
|
Code
| 150 | 443 |
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import os
import ssl
import sys
import yaml
from app import ROOT_DIR
from etl.fetcher_response import FetcherResponse
from etl.payload_data import PayloadData
from etl.utils import get_file_name_from_uri
from io import BytesIO
from urllib.request import urlopen
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from urllib.error import URLError
class Fetcher:
def fetch_all(self, src_yaml):
'''
Returns a list of fetcher data objects as defined below.
'''
data = []
for key in src_yaml.keys():
data.append(self.fetch(key, src_yaml[key]['url']))
return data
def fetch(self, name, url):
'''
Returns a fetcher data object.
Arguments:
name -- a friendly name for a given source
url -- the url from which the fetcher will attempt to fetch
'''
try:
# start hack - ignoring SSL completely - see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27835619/urllib-and-ssl-certificate-verify-failed-error
ssl_context = ssl._create_unverified_context()
response = urlopen(url, context=ssl_context)
# end hack
return FetcherResponse(name, [PayloadData(get_file_name_from_uri(url), BytesIO(response.read()))], url, None)
except URLError as url_error:
return FetcherResponse(name, None, url, url_error)
error_message = 'An error has occurred.'
return FetcherResponse(name, None, url, error_message)
| 49,881 |
https://github.com/alipay/antchain-openapi-prod-sdk/blob/master/shuziwuliu/csharp/core/Models/ReceiptTariffInfo.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
antchain-openapi-prod-sdk
|
alipay
|
C#
|
Code
| 132 | 546 |
// This file is auto-generated, don't edit it. Thanks.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using Tea;
namespace AntChain.SDK.SHUZIWULIU.Models
{
// 应收资费项
public class ReceiptTariffInfo : TeaModel {
// 托运单号 [业务必填]
[NameInMap("order_no")]
[Validation(Required=false)]
public string OrderNo { get; set; }
// 应收资费项code [业务必填]
//
//
[NameInMap("receipt_tariff_code")]
[Validation(Required=false)]
public string ReceiptTariffCode { get; set; }
// 应收资费项项目 [业务必填]
[NameInMap("receipt_tariff_project")]
[Validation(Required=false)]
public string ReceiptTariffProject { get; set; }
// 资费项中文描述 [业务必填]
//
//
[NameInMap("receipt_tariff_desc")]
[Validation(Required=false)]
public string ReceiptTariffDesc { get; set; }
// 币种 [业务必填]
[NameInMap("currency")]
[Validation(Required=false)]
public string Currency { get; set; }
// 资费项含税价 [业务必填]
//
//
[NameInMap("price_including_tax")]
[Validation(Required=false)]
public string PriceIncludingTax { get; set; }
// 订舱单唯一标识 [业务必填]
[NameInMap("booking_no")]
[Validation(Required=false)]
public string BookingNo { get; set; }
// 订舱号 [业务必填]
[NameInMap("bkg_no")]
[Validation(Required=false)]
public string BkgNo { get; set; }
}
}
| 49,649 |
5680975_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 715 | 1,028 |
Appeal from an order of the Family Court, Chautauqua County (Judith S. Claire, J.), entered April 8, 2004 in a proceeding pursuant to Family Ct Act article 6. The order appointed petitioner the guardian of the child.
It is hereby ordered that the order so appealed from be and the same hereby is unanimously affirmed without costs.
Memorandum:
In this triad of related appeals, the Chautauqua County Department of Social Services (DSS) appeals from three orders concerning a child, S.B., who has been in the custody of DSS for a significant portion of her life. She has multiple mental health issues, including inter alia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and a number of personality issues. Her father has taken no part in her life and her mother is unable to care for her. S.B. was in a psychiatric unit, about to be moved to a residential treatment facility, when Amy H. (petitioner), a nurse who had formerly cared for S.B., filed a petition seeking to gain custody of S.B. and prevent her from being transferred to the facility, which is located in South Carolina. The petition was supported by S.B.’s mother, respondent Lisa B., and opposed by DSS. After an evidentiary hearing, Family Court determined that it would allow S.B. to be transferred to the South Carolina facility, converted the petition to one seeking guardianship and granted guardianship of S.B. to petitioner. DSS has appealed from the resulting order (appeal No. 1).
After S.B. was in the facility for a matter of months, the facility announced that it was closing and that S.B. would have to be moved. Petitioner then filed another petition, again requesting that she be awarded custody of S.B. The court, after reviewing submissions and hearing argument but without conducting an evidentiary hearing, issued an order that granted custody of S.B. to petitioner (appeal No. 2) and a separate order that terminated DSS’s custody (appeal No. 3). DSS appeals from both orders, enforcement of which has been stayed by this Court pending disposition of the appeals.
*1050Because DSS did not object to that part of the determination in appeal No. 1 that converted the petition to one seeking guardianship, DSS has not preserved this issue for our review. In any event, the CPLR allows amendment of pleadings at any time, even after trial, if the opposing party cannot establish prejudice from the amendment (see CPLR 3025 [c]; Murray v City of New York, 43 NY2d 400, 405 [1977], rearg dismissed 45 NY2d 966 [1978]; Matter of Chesko v Chesko, 274 AD2d 729, 730-731 [2000]). Because it had a full and fair opportunity to contest any placement with petitioner, DSS has failed to establish that it suffered prejudice from the amendment of the petition.
We reject the further contention of DSS that petitioner did not have standing to seek custody of S.B. A nonfamily member may seek custody of a child if “extraordinary circumstances” exist that would require that the court examine the best interests of the child and place custody accordingly (Matter of Bennett v Jeffreys, 40 NY2d 543, 548 [1976]; see Fuss v Niceforo, 244 AD2d 858, 859 [1997]). The evidence adduced at the hearing prior to the order in appeal No. 1, including S.B.’s repeated placements in foster care due to persistent neglect, the mother’s admitted inability to care for S.B., and the lack of a suitable other relative to care for her, established extraordinary circumstances. Upon the record established at the hearing, we cannot conclude that the court erred in determining that petitioner had standing, granting guardianship of S.B. to petitioner, and mandating that petitioner be a part of the discharge planning for S.B.
The court erred, however, in granting custody of S.B. to petitioner (appeal No. 2) and terminating DSS’s custody of S.B. (appeal No. 3) without a hearing. “The issues of custody and visitation should be determined after a full evidentiary hearing rather than on the basis of recriminatory and controverted affidavits” (Tacconi v Tacconi, 197 AD2d 929, 929 [1993]; see Van Etten v Van Etten, 207 AD2d 992 [1994]).
In light of our determination we do not reach the remaining contentions of DSS. Present—Pigott, Jr., PJ, Hurlbutt, Gorski, Martoche and Smith, JJ. [As amended by unpublished order entered Feb. 4, 2005.].
| 7,605 |
https://github.com/Nobodylesszb/LeetCode/blob/master/python/binary_tree/559.maxDepthNary.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
LeetCode
|
Nobodylesszb
|
Python
|
Code
| 100 | 262 |
class Solution(object):
# recursive
def maxDepth(self,root):
if not root:
return 0
if not root.children: return 1
return max(self.maxDepth(node) for node in root.children) + 1
# BFS (use a queue, the last level we see will be the depth)
def maxDepth2(self,root):
queue = []
if root:
queue.append((root,1))
depth = 0
for(node,level) in queue:
depth = level
queue +=[(child, level+1) for child in node.children]
return depth
# DFS (use a stack, use max to update depth)
def maxDepth3(self,root):
stack =[]
if root: stack.append((root, 1))
while stack:
(node, d) = stack.pop()
depth = max(depth, d)
for child in node.children:
stack.append((child, d+1))
return depth
| 23,906 |
https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E7%AC%AC81%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
廣州市第81中學
|
https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=廣州市第81中學&action=history
|
Cantonese
|
Spoken
| 20 | 392 |
廣州市第81中學係中國廣東廣州嘅全日制中學，1957年開辦，位置喺白雲區鐘落潭大塘路2號。佢亦係白雲區重點發展嘅三間緊密層高中之一。
校服色
長袖
衫：相間。領，袖口帶一條線。正面同背面都係上下，兩色之間有鈍角V字分界，分界線喺中間位。兩袖上下，近袖口位，其他部位但臂位有一堆花紋。左右對稱。
褲：
（秋裝），兩邊各有條中等厚度嘅線。
（冬裝）純。
棉褸
相間。領，袖口；正面同背面近心口位都有中間闊兩邊窄嘅V字，左右對稱。
短袖
衫：，有領有紐扣，領同袖口都係帶邊，左右對稱。
褲：，兩邊各有條中等厚度嘅線。
連出去
广州市第八十一中学 全国中小学数据库
广州市第八十一中学 卓越教育网名校库
出面網頁
081
廣州市白雲區
| 379 |
https://github.com/ScalablyTyped/ScalajsReactTyped/blob/master/i/ionic__angular/src/main/scala/typingsJapgolly/ionicAngular/mod/NavDelegate.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
ScalajsReactTyped
|
ScalablyTyped
|
Scala
|
Code
| 130 | 786 |
package typingsJapgolly.ionicAngular.mod
import typingsJapgolly.angularCore.mod.ComponentFactoryResolver
import typingsJapgolly.angularCore.mod.ElementRef
import typingsJapgolly.angularCore.mod.Injector
import typingsJapgolly.angularCore.mod.ViewContainerRef
import typingsJapgolly.angularCore.mod.ɵɵDirectiveDeclaration
import typingsJapgolly.angularCore.mod.ɵɵFactoryDeclaration
import typingsJapgolly.ionicAngular.ionicAngularBooleans.`false`
import typingsJapgolly.ionicAngular.ionicAngularStrings.`ion-nav`
import org.scalablytyped.runtime.StObject
import scala.scalajs.js
import scala.scalajs.js.annotation.{JSGlobalScope, JSGlobal, JSImport, JSName, JSBracketAccess}
@JSImport("@ionic/angular", "NavDelegate")
@js.native
open class NavDelegate protected ()
extends typingsJapgolly.ionicAngular.directivesNavigationNavDelegateMod.NavDelegate {
def this(
ref: ElementRef[Any],
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| 1,441 |
handbookofengine00thuriala_4
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,890 |
A handbook of engine and boiler trials, and of the indicator and Prony brake
|
Thurston, Robert Henry, 1839-1903
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,621 | 10,802 |
f The following shows how some of the items in the above table are de- rived from others: Item 27 = Item 26 X Item 23. Item 28 = Item 27 X Factor of evaporation. TT 1 Factor of evaporation = — — — , //"and h being respectively the total heat- units in steam of the average observed pressure and in water of the average observed temperature of feed, as obtained from tables of the properties of steam and water. Item 29 = Item 27 X (ff— k). Item 31 = Item 27 -f- Item 18. Item 32 = Item 28 -~ Item 18 or = Item 31 X Factor of evaporation. Item 33 = Item 28 -r- Item 20 or = Item 32 -r- (per cent 100 — Item 19). Items 36 to 38. First term = Item 20 X 7 Items 40 to 42. First term = Item 39 X 0.8698. Item 43 = Item 29 X 0.00003 or = Item Item 4S = Pifference of Items 43 and 44 344 Item 44. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN. 55 COMMERCIAL EVAPORATION. 34. Equivalent water evaporated per pound 01 dry coal with one sixth refuse, at 70 pounds gauge-pressure, from temperature of 100° F. = Item 33 multiplied by 0.7249 Ibs. RATE OF COMBUSTION. 35. Dry coal actually burned per square foot of grate-surface per hour Ibs. f ] Per sq. ft. of grate- #, Consumption of | surface... Ibs. *;L' J dry coal per hour, i Per sq. ft. of water- *^8 1 ^oa^ assumed with | heating surface 3 ' one sixth refuse, f Per sq. ft. of least [ J area for draught. . . Ibs. RATE OF EVAPORATION. 39. Water evaporated from and at 212° F. per square foot of heating-surface per hour. . . Ibs. f Water evaporated "j Per sq. ft. of grate- * I per hour from tern- | surface Ibs. *di I Perature °f IOO° F. I Per sq. ft. of water- *4- I into steam of 70 j heating surface. . Ibs. j pounds gauge-pres- Per sq. ft. of least (_sure.f j area for draught. Ibs. COMMERCIAL HORSE POWER. 43. On basis of thirty pounds of water per hour evaporated from temperature of 100° F. into steam of 70 pounds gauge pressure, ( = 34^ Ibs. from and at 212°) f H. p. 44. Horse-power, builders' rating, at square feet per horse power H. p. 45. Per cent developed above, or below, rat- ing f Per cent. 34. Precautions are to be taken in every possible way to prevent and avoid irregularities in the conduct of the trial and errors of observation.* In preparing for and conducting trials of steam-boilers the specific object of the proposed trial should be clearly defined and steadily kept in view, and as suggested by Mr. Hoadley — (i) If it be to determine the efficiency of a given style of boiler or" of boiler-setting under normal conditions, the boiler brickwork, grates, dampers, flues, pipes, in short, the whole ap- paratus, should be carefully examined and accurately described, * The appendix to the report above quoted should be read in this connection. ij6 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. and any variation from a normal condition should be remedied, if possible, and if irremediable, clearly described and pointed out. (2) If it be to ascertain the condition of a given boiler or set of boilers with a view to the improvement of whatever may be faulty, the conditions actually existing should be accurately observed and clearly described. (3) If the object be to determine the relative value of two or more kinds of coal, or the actual value of any kind, exact equality of conditions should be maintained if possible, or, where that is not practicable, all variations should be duly al- lowed for. (4) Only one variable should be allowed to enter into the problem ; or, since the entire exclusion of disturbing variations cannot usually be effected, they should be kept as closely as possible within narrow limits, and allowed for with all possible accuracy. Blanks should be provided in advance, in which to enter all data observed during the test. The preceding instructions contain the form used in presenting the general results. Rec- ords should be, as far as possible, made in a standard form, in order that all may be comparable. The observations must be made by the engineer conduct- ing the trial, or by his assistants, with this object distinctly in mind ; and each should have a well-defined part of the work assigned him, and should assume responsibility for that part, having a distinct understanding in regard to the extent of his responsibility, and a good idea of the extent and nature of the work done by his colleagues, and the relations of each part to his own. No observations should be permitted to be made by unauthorized persons for entrance upon the log ; and no duties should be permitted to be delegated by one as- sistant to another, without consultation and distinct under- standing with the engineer in charge. The trial should, wher- ever possible, be so conducted that any error that may occur in the record may be detected, checked, or, if advisable, removed, by some process of mutual verification of related observations. It is in this direction that the use of graphical methods of rec- ord and automatic instruments have greatest value. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN. 57 Several methods of weighing fuel have been found very satis- factory, but it should be an essential feature that the weights shall be made by one observer and checked by another, at as distant a point as is convenient. The weighing of the fuel by one observer at the point of storage, and the record at that point of times of delivery, as well as of weights of each lot, and the tallying of the number and record of the time of receipt at the furnace-door, will be usually found a safe system. The fail- ure to record any one weight leads to similar error, and can only be certainly prevented by an effective method of double observation and check. The same remarks apply, to a considerable extent, to the weighing of the water fed to the boiler. A careful arrangement of weighing apparatus, a double set of observations, where pos- sible, and thus safe checks on the figures obtained, are essential to certainty of results. With good observers at the tank, and with small demand for water, a single tank can be used ; but two are preferable in all cases, and three should be used if the work demands very large amounts of feed-water, as at trials of very large boilers, or of " batteries." The more uniform the water-supply, as well as the more steady the firing, the less the liability to mistake in making the record. The two blanks which follow were prepared by the Author for use in laboratory as well as professional work. Such blanks are always desirable, and are sometimes even more elaborate than those here illustrated.* For ordinary purposes, a less complete tabulation may be sufficient ; while, for special purposes and for scientific investigations and the work of research, considerable more elaboration may be found desirable, or even necessary. Graphical methods of representation of the data and con- ditions and of the progress of the trial, as elsewhere illustrated, are also often found exceedingly useful and convenient. * Vide "Stevens Indicator," Nov. '89. ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. HE; REMARKS. jl i II • s M SUPER- HEATING. •sjiun -JB3H •S33j33a PRIMING TESTS. /C •Suirauj JO 33BJU3DJ3d u Ml X •J3J3U1UOIB3 ojui una uiBais \ fc£ £ *| ,;-/ = v JSIB^V m°J; 'E3H 1 /; - j; = >/ UHJ31S WOJJ 1B3H /? U3i p^JJ Xy« o|B3 <n B4J 1B3H TEMPERATURES. - ^ acuij 3JSU ii HEAT-UNITS PER POUND FROM BOILER. .Z •U1B3JS t U3JBJW i CALORIMETER. < s H ^ &< ft Bfi ii i, f Ii 5^* c PRESSURES. la II WEIGHTS. If, "^Crt if as. be c '« w II* U *u a 5 •S3H.1SS3JM -WV3J.S H 6 Z, FORMS OF BOILER-ROOM LOG. TABLE II. AVERAGE AND TOTAL RESULTS OF TRIAL, MECHANICAL LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING. Trial made at Fuel 1 I I § 1 9 M •aiaiisnawo^ avxox 1 «! i < •[sng IBJOX ;° uonaodoaj tj i 'IBJox j J CONSUMPTION OF FUEL. •jnoq J3d aoBjjns -3UIJB3H JO •JJ "bs J3J 1 •jnoq J3d 3JBJ0 JO JOOJ •UnUN 43J 1 'I^jox 1 AVERAGE PRESSURES. •3SnB3 -jqSnBJQ I •aanES -UIB3JS 1 •aajauioaBg III .H 1 !* p u > a, < s H •J3JBAV -P33J 1 •XautDiqo OJ 3DUBJJUg 1 •jiy tEUJ3JXg t2 • -mooj -J3i;og c2 •3DVJHHS -ONiivan ox axvsf) jo oixv^i tr. < <; •sanu jo uoijoas -SSOJ3 JSB3f S a3DEjans -SaijBsq -jsdng •ti j •aoBjans -3UIJB3H « | •ajBj£) 8* 'IVIHX jo HxoNaq S2 33 •1V1HJL JO HJ.VQ "IVIHX jo aaawn^ IP pmjDB JB PUB - mo.ij juaiEAin •d CZIZ JE « PUB mojj jusiEAinbg g. UIB3JS [BHJOB JB pUE I •« 1 jo uni 6- ?ni3H moj j °> •9jnSS3jd-UlE9JS I. BtlJDB JB pUB ' J £ mojj ju3[BAinbg | ~ -01B31S 1BH10B JB pUB IBtlJOB JB pUB •J 0ZIZ IB PUB uiojj 5ua[BAinbg UJB3JS JBniOB JB pUB J3TBM-paa; jo ajnj Bjadtuaj IBHJOB uiojj [BnjDB JB pUB ' PUB mojj -uiB3js |BniDB IB PUB ajBM-paaj jo ajni lU.xlui.) I 1BHJ3B tUOJJ BnjDB JB »UB ztz uioaj ju3|BA -U1BSJS ]BnjOB JB pUB | 09 J3JEAV-P33J JO 3JHJ £, doi3j IBHJOB moj j I BnjaB re pus PUB •3.inSS34Q 3JS lEPJOB JE pUB J3JBM-p33J JO 34HJ <illl->l |RHJ^B UIOJ^ IBHJDB JB pUB ' J ^ Oziz ujojj ju3|EAinDg I "" PUB OTOJJ jusiBAinbg S JIB3JS I^njDK 1R pUB I M I3JBM-P33J JO 3-im j — 3J3dlU31 [linjDC U10J j I 60 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. jli;i IPi! -•o _ NI ff QNV f do -1B3H JO -5J 'bS J3d jo punoj jo punojaaj DETERMINATION OF HEATING POWER OF FUEL. 6 1 The following is a good form of simple, but usually suffi- cient, boiler-room log, for everyday purposes : * Mo 188. HOURS. 1 Average. 6 7 8 9 1 » 5 B. Press, by gauge Fuel Fired, Ibs Ashes and uncons Combustible, Ibs Uptake temp Throttle open Av. Cut-off Av. Vacuum, in Hot-well temp Injection temp " Ibs Indicated H P Total hours run Kind of coal Cost coal per 2,240 Ibs. Oil, gals Kind of Oil Cost of oil per gal Waste, Ibs Steam, dry or wet Lbs. water per Ib. coal Lbs. water per Ib. combustible Lbs. " coal from and at 212 Lbs. " comb, from and at 2 Remarks : 35. The Heating Power of any Fuel is determined by calculating its total heat of combustion. This quantity is the sum of the amounts of heat generated by the combustion of the unoxidized carbon and hydrogen contained in the fuel, less the heat required in the evaporation and volatilization of con- stituents which become gaseous at the temperature resulting from the combustion of the first-named elements. It is meas- ured in " thermal units." A thermal unit is the quantity of heat necessary to raise a unit weight of water, at temperature of maximum density, one degree of temperature. The British thermal unit is the quan- tity of heat required to raise a pound of water from the tem- perature 39°. I to 40°. i Fahr. The metric unit or calorie is the See The Practical World, Dec. 1888, p. I. 62 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. quantity of heat required to raise one kilogramme of water (2.2046215 pounds) from 3°.94 to 4° .94 Centigrade. One metric or Centigrade unit is equal to 3.96832 British units, and a British unit is equal to 0.251996 metric unit. An approximate estimate of the number of thermal units developed by the combustion of a pound or kilogramme of any dry fuel, of which the chemical composition is known, may be obtained by the use of the following formula : / O\ h = 14,500^ + 62,000^7 - -g J , h'= 8,o8o£"+ 34,46o(// - -Q\ \ o J where h is the number of British thermal units representing the total heat of combustion of one pound of the fuel ; h' is the number of metric units per kilogramme of fuel ; C represents the percentage of carbon ; H that of hydrogen ; and O that of oxygen. Thus an anthracite coal has been found to have the follow- ing composition : COMPOSITION OF ANTHRACITE COAL. Per cent. Carbon 81.34 Hydrogen uncombined 3.45 Hydrogen in combination 0. 74 Oxygen and Nitrogen 5.89 Sulphur 0.64 Water 2.00 Ash 5.94 Total 100.00 One pound or kilogramme of coal, of which the above is an analysis, can evaporate theoretically 14.4 pounds or kilogrammes of water from and at 100° Centigrade, or 212° Fahr. MM. Scheurer, Kestner, and Meunier have adopted the common formula as first proposed by Dulong, but would omit DETERMINATION OF HEATING POWER OF FUEL. 63 all account of oxygen, thus reducing, as is claimed, the average error of the formula from about 12 per cent or more to 8 or 10. M. Cornut would separate the fixed from the volatile carbon, and would give the latter about one third more credit for heating power than the former ; closer approximations are thus made than by the other methods. Mr. G. H. Babcock gives the following tables as representa- tive of familiar practice : HIGHEST AIR RE- TEMPERATURE OF COMBUSTION. THEORETICAL VALUE. ATTAINABLE VALUE UNDER O.UIRED. BOILER. KIND OF COMBUSTIBLE. "8 II S.J !| 4 times the etical supply vice the the- al supply of iree times the etical supply 0 «gV| >f water evap- i from and at with i Ib. ustible. 1 6 u last, theoreti pply of air at as 320°. «j a gt III «~° g £ 3 ii S-5'o |!3 ^•5 "o 5 2 8 ££S! !§^ ~"sS e ^ £ s £" c c ^ ^ Hydrogen 36.00 5.750 3,860 2,860 1,940 62,032 64.20 Petroleum Carbon- 15-43 3,515 2,710 1,850 21,000 21.74 18.55 19.90 Charcoal ) Coke [ Anthracite C'l ) 12.13 4,580 3,215 2 440 1,650 14,500 15.00 13-3° 14.14 Coal - Cumberland... Coking bitumi- 12. 06 4,900 3,360 2.550 1,730 15,370 15-9° if. 28 15.06 nous Cannel ll'.ll 5.140 4.850 3.520 3-330 2,540 1,810 1,720 15,837 15,080 16.00 15-60 M 45 14.01 15.19 14.76 Lignite 9-30 4,600 3,210 2,490 1,670 ",745 12.15 10.78 11.46 Peat— Kiln-dried 7 68 4.47° 3 *4O 2,420 i, 660 9,660 10.00 8.92 9.42 Air-dried, 25 per cent water. .. 5.76 4,000 2,820 2,240 1,556 7,000 7.25 6.41 6.78 Wood— Kiln-dried 6.00 4,080 2,910 2,260 1,530 7,245 7-50 6.64 7.02 Air-dried/2oper ceni_ water — 4.80 3,700 2,670 2,100 1,490 5,6oo 5.80 4.08 4-39 The above table gives the air required for complete com- bustion, the temperature attained with different proportions of air, the theoretical value, and the highest practically attainable value under a steam-boiler, assuming that the gases pass off at 320°, the temperature of steam at 75 Ibs. pressure, and the in- coming air at 60°; also, that with chimney draught twice, and with forced blast only, the theoretical amount of air is required for combustion. 64 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. With hickory at $5 a cord, other woods are worth about as below : Hickory $5 oo White cak 4 05 White ash 3 85 Apple 3 50 Red oak 4 45 White beech 3 25 Black walnut • • 325 Black birch 3 *5 Hard maple 3 oo White elm 2 go Red cedar 2 08 Wild cherry 2 75 Soft maple 2 70 Yellow pine > 2 70 Chestnut 2 60 Butternut f» 2 55 White birch 240 White pine 2 10 Mr. D. K. Clark thus assigns the several portions of the heat of combustion of good coke, as burned in the locomotive :* Making steam 10,920 B. T. U. 73 per cent. Loss at sjnoke-stack 2,316 " 16.5 " Ash and waste 764 " 5.5 " 14,000 B. T. U. loo per cent. and concludes that combustion in the furnace of the locomotive may be, and often is, practically perfect, and anticipates that economy in the formation of steam will only be improved by utilizing heat now wasted at the chimney. The usual maxi- mum evaporation is about 8 times the weight of coke used — a low figure, which is mainly due to the comparatively small proportion of heating-surface adopted. The nearer the compo- sition of the fuel approaches that of coke, the better, as a rule, the economical effect. Coal gives, as an average, about two thirds the effect of coke, as customarily burned ; and its value may be fairly approximated, the composition being known, by assuming the carbon to be the only useful constituent. * Railway Machinery, p. 122. DETERMINATION OF HEATING-POWER OF FUEL. 65 Economy in combustion of fuels, where they are used simply in the production of high temperature, is so impor- tant a matter, except in those favored localities where the proximity of coal, or of peat-beds, or of forests, renders its waste less objectionable, that the engineer should omit no precaution in the endeavor to secure their perfect utiliza- tion. To secure the greatest economy, it is necessary to adopt a form of grate which, while allowing a sufficient supply of air to pass through it to insure complete combustion, has such narrow air-spaces as to prevent waste of small fragments, by falling through them. The narrower the grate-bars and the air-spaces, the more readily can losses from this cause and from obstruction of draught be avoided. With a hot fire, however, the difficul- ties arising from the warping*of the bars become so great, that it is only by peculiar devices for interlocking and bracing them that their thickness can be reduced below about -J of an inch at the top. Many such devices are now in use. In fur- naces burning wet fuel, with an ash-pit fire, fire-brick grate-bars are used. A certain amount of air must usually be allowed to enter the furnace above the grate, to consume those combustible gases which do not obtain the requisite supply of oxygen from below. The carbon, probably, in such cases usually obtains its oxygen from below the grate, while the gaseous constituents of the fuel are consumed by the oxygen coming in above. Chas. Wye Williams, who made most extended and care- ful experiments on combustion of fuel, recommended, for ordinary cases, where bituminous coal was burned, a cross area of passage, admitting air above the grate, of one square inch for each 900 pounds of coal burned per hour, or about one square centimetre for each 63 kilogrammes of fuel. This area should be made larger, proportionally, as the thickness of the bed of the fuel is increased, and as the proportion of hydrocar- bons becomes greater. Chilling the gases, before combustion is complete, should be carefully prevented; and comparatively cold surfaces, as 66 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. those of a steam-boiler, should not be placed too near the burning fuel. A large combustion-chamber should, where possible, be provided, and more complete combustion may be expected in furnaces of large size, lined with fire-brick, and with arches of the same material, than in a furnace of small size where the fire is surrounded by chilling surfaces, as in a " fire- box steam-boiler." Finally, the greatest possible amount of heat being devel- oped in combustion, careful provision should be made for com- pletely utilizing that heat. In a steam-boiler this is accomplished by having large heat- ing-surfaces, and by so arranging the distribution of the adjacent currents of water and of hot gases that their differ- ence of temperature shall be the greatest possible. The gases should enter the flues at that part of the boiler where the tem- perature is highest, and leave trfem at the point of lowest tem perature. The feed-water should enter as near as possible to the point where the gases pass off to the chimney, and should gradually circulate until evaporation is completed at, as nearly as possible, that part of the boiler nearest to the point of entrance of the heated gases. Where a small combustion-chamber is unavoidably employ- ed, as in locomotives, various expedients have been devised with the object of producing complete intermixture of gases before entering the tubes. The most common and most suc- cessful is a bridge-wall, sometimes depending from the crown sheet, but sometimes rising from the grate, and which, by the production of eddies in the passing current, causes a more thorough commingling of the combustible gases with the accompanying air. None of these devices seem yet to have given such good results as to induce their general adoption. In the furnaces of steam-boilers it is usually considered advisable to allow the gaseous products of combustion to enter the chimney at a temperature of about 600° Fahr. (315° Cent.), The management of fires is an important but often neg- lected branch of instruction in fitting firemen for their special duties. The economy of boiler management is very largely dependent upon the skilful handling of the fuel and the MANAGEMENT OF FIRES. 6/ furnace. In general, the fires should be kept of even thickness, clear of ash and clinkers, and as clean at the sides and in the corners as elsewhere. The depth of the fuel is determined by its nature and size and by the intensity of the draught. Hard coals can be used in greater depth than soft, and large coal in deeper fuel-beds than small. A strong draught demands a thick fire, a mild draught a thin one. With a low chimney and natural draught small anthracite or fine bituminous coal may be most successfully burned in a layer but a hand's breadth in thickness ; while with large " steamboat" coal of the hardest varieties and with a heavy forced draught, fires have been actually worked successfully of five times that depth, or more. The secret of success in hand- ling fires is to find the best depth of fire for the conditions existing ; to keep that thickness at all times, allowing for the ash that may accumulate ; to throw the fuel on the grate at such frequent intervals as will prevent the fire burning into holes or in irregular thickness at different points ; to introduce the coal so quickly and with such exactness of direction that no serious loss may occur from the inrush of cold air, and so that every shovelful should go precisely where needed, the place for the next shovelful being at the same instant located. The removal of ash is best done by means of a rake or other tool used under the grate, rather than by stirring and breaking up the bed of fuel by working through the furnace-door. The various forms of shaking grate now in use are often very effi- cient. For best working, the fire should usually be kept bright beneath, and the ash-pit clear. " Firing," or " stoking," as the replenishing of the fuel is called, must be done very quickly and skilfully to avoid serious annoyance by variation of steam-pressure and supply. Where several furnaces are in use this difficulty is less likely to be met with, as the fires may be cooled and cleaned in rotation. A skilful man will find it possible to keep steam very steadily with but two furnaces, even. 68 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. Ash-pits should not be allowed to become filled with ashes:, as the result would be the checking of the draught, the reduc- tion of the steaming capacity of the boiler, and loss of efficiency,, even if not the melting down of the grates. It is customary at sea to clean out the ash-pits and send up ashes, throwing them overboard once in every watch of four hours, when in full steaming. If much unburned fuel is found in the ashes, it should be, if possible, cleaned out and returned to the fire, or used elsewhere. Cleaning fires consists in thoroughly breaking up the mass of fuel on the grate, shaking out all the ashes, quickly raking out all " clinker," as the semi-fused masses of ash and fuel are called, and, after getting a level, clean bed of good fuel, as promptly as possible covering the whole with a layer of fresh coal. This is done, usually, once in four hours at sea and twice a day on land : but different fuels require somewhat different treatment. The work should be performed with the greatest possible thoroughness and dispatch, to avoid serious loss of steam-pressure. Mr. C. W. Williams' instructions for handling the fires,, where bituminous coal is used and an air-supply above the fuel is provided, are substantially as follows : Charge the furnace from the bridge-end, gradually adding fuel until the dead-plate is reached and the whole grate evenly covered. Never permit the fire to get lower than four or five inches in thickness, of clear and incandescent fuel, uniformly distributed, and laid with especial care along the sides and in the corners. Any tendency to burn into holes must be checked by filling the hollows and securing a level surface. All lumps, should be broken until not larger than a man's fist. Clean out the ash-pit so often that there shall be no danger of overheating the grate-bars. An ash-pit, brightly and uniformly lighted by the fire above, indicates that it is in good order and working well. A dark or irregularly lighted ash-pit is indicative of an uncleaned and badly working fire. The cleaning of the fire is best done, in! ordinary working, by a "rake" or other tool working on the LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUELS.. 69 under side of the grates, and not by a "slice-bar" driven into the mass of fuel and above the grate. Different fuels require different treatment. The principles just stated apply generally, but more, perhaps, to anthracite coals. The soft coals are commonly so disposed on the fire that a charge may have time to coke and its gases to burn before it is spread over the grate ; liquid fuels must be so sup- plied that they may burn completely, at a perfectly uniform rate, and especially in such manner as to be safe from explosive combustion ; the same precaution is demanded with the gaseous fuels. Special arrangements of grate and a special routine in working may be, and often are, demanded in such cases.* The liquid and gaseous fuels are often and successfully burned in conjunction with solid fuels. In such cases the same methods are to be adopted and precautions observed in handling the latter as when burned alone. The liquid fuels are almost invariably the crude petroleums. They are sometimes burned in a furnace in which they are al- lowed to drip from shelf to shelf in a series arranged vertically at the front of the furnace, the flame passing to the rear, with the entering current of air supporting their combustion. In many cases they are sprayed into the furnace by a jet of steam which should be superheated and at high pressure. The use of the steam is considered to have a peculiar and beneficial effect, possibly through chemical reactions facilitating the formation •of hydrocarbons. The petroleums are all liable to cause acci- dent if carelessly handled, and special precaution must be ob- served in their application to the production of steam. The gaseous fuels are seldom used under steam-boilers, ex- cept where " natural " gas from gas-wells is obtainable, or where .a very large demand or the use of metallurgical processes justi- fies the construction of gas-generators. Even greater precau- tions against accidents by explosion are needed than with the liquid fuels. In burning gar, maximum economy is secured by •careful apportionment of the air-supply to the gas-consumption, and especially in avoiding excess. The regulation system is not generally economically applicable to boilers. The stored energy in steam and in water at any pressure 70 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. and temperature is easily ascertained by calculation, in accord- ance with the first law of thermodynamics. The first attempt to calculate the amount of energy latent in the water contained in steam-boilers, and capable of greater or less utilization in expansion by explosion, was made by Mr. George Biddle Airy,* the Astronomer Royal of Great Britain, in the year 1863, and by the late Professor Rankinef at about the same time. Approximate empirical expressions are given by the latter for the calculation of the energy and of the ultimate volumes assumed by unit weight of water during expansion, as follows, in British and in metric measures : _- ~ ; 1134-4 r+648 36.76(7^-212) _ 2.29(^-100) 7+1134-4 ; These formulas give the energy in foot-pounds and kilo- grammetres, and the volumes in cubic feet and cubic metres. They may be used for temperatures not found in the tables to be given, but, in view of the completeness of the latter, it will probably be seldom necessary for the engineer to resort to them. The quantity of work and of energy which may be liberated by the explosion, or utilized by the expansion, of a mass of mingled steam and water has been shown by Rankine and by Clausius, who determined this quantity almost simultaneously* to be easily expressed in terms of the two temperatures be- tween which the expansion takes place. When a mass of steam, originally dry, but saturated, so ex- pands from an initial absolute temperature, Tlt to a final abso- lute temperature, Tt, if / is the mechanical equivalent of the * Numerical Expression of the Destructive Energy in the Explosions of Steam Boilers. f On the Expansive Energy of Heated Water. SPECIFIC HEATS OF WATER AND STEAM. 7\ unit of heat, and H is the measure, in the same units, of the latent heat per unit of weight of steam, the total quantity of energy exerted against the piston of a non-condensing engine, by unity of weight of the expanding mass, is, as a maximum, U '= JTA-^- — I — hyp log-^r This equation was published by Rankine a generation ago.* When a mingled mass of steam and water similarly expands, if M represents the weight of the total mass and m is the weight of steam alone, the work done by such expansion will be meas- ured by the expression - i - hyp log- This equation was published by Clausius in substantially this form.f It is evident that the latent heat of the quantity m, which is represented by mH, becomes zero when the mass consists solely of water, and that the first term of the second member of the equation measures the amount of energy of heated water which may be set free, or converted into mechanical energy by explosion. The available energy of heated water, when ex- plosion occurs, is thus easily measurable. 36. The Specific Heats of Water and £*team vary some- what with temperature ; this variation is noted with all solids, and occurs with the vapors, although in vastly less degree ; and this is one point in which they are distinguished from the gases. For all the purposes of the engineer the specific heat of either saturated steam or of steam-gas may be taken at the value ob- tained by Regnault, 0.305, the quantity of heat, in thermal units, demanded to raise the temperature of units of weight of saturated steam one degree, while still keeping it saturated by * Steam-engine and Prime Movers, p. 387. f Mechanical Theory of Heat, Browne's translation, p. 283. 72 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. the evaporation of additional water ; which latter process de- mands the transformation of 0.695 unit. of heat. The specific heat of isolated steam-gas, or superheated steam, is given by Regnault as 0.48051, and constant. The specific heat of water was determined by Regnault * very carefully and exactly, and the figures so obtained have been found capable of being very accurately represented by the following empirical formula of Rankine : f C = 4 + 0.000000309^ — 390-1)*' in which t is the temperature on the common Fahrenheit scale.. The total heat demanded from /, to /2 would thus be h = /"' Cdt = t, — tl + o.oooooo 1 03 [(t, — 39°. i)3 and the mean specific heat for such a range of temperature is = i + o.oooooo 1 03 [(/2 = 39°.i)* + (*s — 39°-I)(^i ~~ 39°-0 On the Centigrade scale these expressions become C=i-\- o.ooooo i (/ — 4°)2, h = /, - *, + 0.00000033CC, ~ 4°)3 - (/, - 4°)3], -^- - i + 00000033K/, - 4°)2 + (/, - 4°)C, - 4°) + (^ - 4°)']- lt~l\ The specific heat of ice is given by M. Person as 0.504. Regnault's and Wiedemann's experiments, made on simple gases, and on carbonic oxide, which is formed without conden- sation, proved that in these cases the specific heat between o° and 200° C. is constant ; whilst their experiments on gases * Mem. of the Academy of Sciences, 1847. f Trans. Royal Soc. of Edinburgh, 1851: Steam-engine, p. 246. CO MP UTA TION OF LA TENT AND TO TAL HE A T OF STEAM. 73 formed with condensation show that the specific heat varies, the mean being given in the following empirical formulae : For CO, =44gr. C. = 8.41 +0.0053^ (Mean of Regnault " NO =44 " = 8.96 -|- O.OO28/ } and Wiedemann. " QS4 =76 " == I0.62 + O.007/, Regnault. " NH3 = 17 " = 8.51 + 0.00265*, Wiedemann. " C4H4 = 28 " = 9.42 -j-o.oi 1 5/, Wiedemann. 37. The Computation of Latent and Total Heat of Steam is readily made by means of formulas given by Reg- nault or based upon his work, which covered a wide range of temperature — from a little below the freezing-point to about 375° F. (190° C.). The following is the formula of Regnault for latent heat as slightly modified and corrected by Rankine for the British and metric systems, respectively : / = 1091.7 - o.695(/ - 32°) - o.ooooooio3(/ - 39°.i)3 ; lm = 606.5 — 0.695;" — o.oooooo333(/ — 4°)3 ; or, approximately, as given by the investigator, /= 1092 — o.?(t — 32°); = 968 — o.7(/ — 212); = 1147 — 0.7/5 lm = 606 — 0.7*. The total heat of evaporation is the sum of the latent and sensible heats, and may be taken as h = C(t, - /,) + /, ; = 1091.7 + 0.305(^-32°); hm = 606.5 +0.305^; in which the " total heat" measured is that from t^ at /, , the original temperature of the water and that of evaporation, and the formulas given being based on the assumption that t^ is 74 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. taken at the melting-point of ice. For any other temperature the following will give satisfactorily exact measures : h = 1092 + 0.3ft - 32) - ft - 32°) ; = 1 146 + 0.3ft -212) -ft- 32°); ^, = 606.5 +0.3/,-/,; h being obtained in British measures and hm in metric. For steam-gas, Professor Unwin proposes the following for the latent heat of vaporization of steam : 894 "(7.5030- log /)«*' which is found to be extremely exact. He also obtains for the expansion during change of state, L Avm = 10.821 /(;• 5030 -log/)' / being given in millimetres of mercury. 38. Factors of Evaporation measure the relative amount of heat demanded to effect the heating of water from a given temperature, /, , and its vaporization at a higher temperature, /,, and to simply produce vaporization at the boiling-point under atmospheric pressure, which latter is now usually taken as a standard. The value of this factor of evaporation is evidently . 0.3ft -212°) + (212° -*,) / = I H ^^ — ' ^ , nearly. 966.1 In Table XII, Appendix, are values of such factors, calcu- lated as above by Mr. Kent. It is seen that the relative cost of using feed-water at any one temperature as compared with the use of water at any other temperature is as the reciprocal of their factors of evapo- REGNAULTS TABLES. 75 rization. Thus, if feed-water can be supplied, by means of a heater, at 210° F., where previously drawn from the mains at 50°, the relative cost of making steam will be, at 100 pounds pressure, by gauge, ||4f = 0.86, and a gain of fourteen per cent will be effected. As will be seen later, these tables are very useful in reducing the data obtained in trials of steam- boilers to the standard. 39. Regnault's Tables have been reproduced in many forms, usually with additions. The Appendix, among other tables, contains the data obtained by Regnault, and these values are accepted as standard universally. The table there given exhibits the temperatures and corresponding pressures of saturated steam throughout the full range now used in steam- boilers and far beyond ; the quantity of heat, sensible and la- tent, in unity of weight ; the total heat of evaporation and the density of the steam. Reference to these tables is vastly more convenient than calculation. Should it be necessary, or de sirable, however, to make such calculations, the formulas al- ready given will furnish the means. They also permit the cal- culation of data beyond the limits of Regnault's experiments,, and are probably practically correct far beyond any pressure likely to become familiar in the operation of steam-boilers. Regnault's limit was at 230° C. (446° F.). Rankine's formula has been used beyond it. The formulas used in these calculations are also given in the Appendix, grouped for convenience of reference. The Appen- dix also contains all the numerical constants ordinarily needed in computation of the quantities demanded in determining the' efficiencies and performance of engines or boilers or both. , CHAPTER III. RESULTS OF STANDARD METHODS; APPARATUS. 40. The Results of Trials actually conducted under ac- ceptable conditions, and with all the precautions which have been suggested, are illustrated by the following examples : The first case is a trial which was carried out in accordance with the above programme. The measurements of the feed- water were made by passing the water through a Worthington metre into two wooden tanks located on Fairbanks' Standard Platform Scales. The pipe connections were so arranged that one tank could be filled and weighed while the other tank was being emptied into the boiler. Each tank was filled once every half hour. As soon as the tank was full and the pumping into the boiler commenced, the temperature of the feed-water was taken by sensitive ther- mometers reading to one-tenth of a degree. All water- measurements, as in all instances of careful work, were made by weight rather than by volume, and systems of checking were devised and practised whenever practicable. The apparatus was all carefully standardized and repeatedly re-examined and tested as opportunity offered. The measurements of the coal were effected by weighing the coal previous to its being wheeled into a pile in the coal- room. The second weighing was made when the coal was fed into the furnace. As far as it was possible, the furnace was supplied with coal at intervals of every half hour, so as to correspond as nearly as could be to the feeding of the water. After the completion of the test, a careful analysis of the coal was made, to determine upon a sufficiently large scale its calorific power and the quantity of contained moisture. The 76 RESULTS OF ACTUAL TRIALS. 77 steam from the boiler was condensed by means of a continu- ously acting calorimeter, formed by placing four tanks on Fairbanks Standard Platform Scales. The steam from the boiler was passed through a surface-condenser having a condensing surface of 63 1 sq. ft. As fast as the steam was con- densed from the -boiler it was received in small tanks located on platform-scales. These tanks were similar in size to the feed-water tanks, and were so arranged as to be filled and emptied once every half hour, one tank receiving the condensed water from the boiler while the other was being emptied. The condenser was supplied with a large volume of cold .water from a weir just outside of the works, and after flowing through the condenser and thereby cooling the steam and receiving therefrom the contained heat, this water was caught in two large tanks placed on platform-scales. These tanks were also arranged so that one tank could be emptied while the other was being filled, and were of sufficient capacity so as to insure catching all of the water required for half an hour's run in the condenser. The temperature of the inlet water of the condenser, of the outlet water, and of the condensed steam were carefully noted by means of thermometers reading to. a tenth of a degree. Readings of the inlet water and of the condensed steam were taken once every half hour at the same time that the quantities of the water in the tanks were weighed. Inasmuch as the outlet to the condenser varied considerably in temperature, readings on this were taken every five minutes during the entire time of the test. It will thus be seen that a very correct average of the amount of heat given to the condenser was obtained. The quantity of air supplied by the blowers to the furnace was measured by continuously acting anemometers placed in the supply-pipes. The readings of the anemometers were checked by means of the number of revolutions of the blowers and their cubic feet per revolution. __ The steam-pressure was kept by a recording pressure-gauge, which was checked by an exceedingly delicate and sensi- tive gauge, which previously, and subsequently to the test, 78 ENGINE AND BOILER TRIALS. was carefully verified by means of a mercury column. Constant records of the hygrometer, barometer, and thermometers, both in the boiler-room and of the external air, were kept during the entire period of the test. It will be seen from the above, that all of the processes and measurements were kept in duplicate in such a way as to afford a constant check on each other and preclude the possibility of any errors. Samples of steam were taken in a small calorimeter for the purpose of ascertaining whether the boiler supplied wet steam. The following is a brief condensed summary : EFFICIENCY AS PER TEST, 7.50A.M. to 7. 50 A.M. Total heat of boiler 64,536,613 heat-units. Steam 42,933,141 " " 66.6 per cent. Heat escaping in flue-gases 9,669,036 " 15 Radiated heat 5,162,939 " " 8 " " Heat to vaporize moisture in coal 141,372 " " 0.2 " " Heat to vaporize moisture in air supplied to furnace 345,978 " 0.4 " " Leakage 3,53i,(>45 " " 4-o " " " from pump 127,936 " " 0,2 " " Heat absorbed by fire-brick... . 2,581,645 " " 4.0 " " Unaccounted for 1,092,941 " " 1.6 " " In the trial of an upright boiler reported on by Sir Frederick Bramwell, in 1876, coke being used as the fuel and wood in starting the fires, the following data* were obtained : Ash and moisture 43-79 Ibs. Combustible 194.46 " Totalfuel 238.25 " Air used per pound combustible.., 17^ " Heat generated, net 2,798,312 B. " per Ib. fuel 11,745 " " avaikble.net 2,101,700 " Water evaporated 1,620 Ibs. The efficiency of the furnace was 0.643 " * Conversion of Heat into Work. Anderson. RESULTS OF ACTUAL TRIALS. 79 The balance-sheet stands thus : Dr. Available heat 2,101.700 B. T. u. 6>. Per Cent. 88.29 Heat expended in evaporation 1,855,900 B. T. u. 7.03 Displacing atmosphere 147,720 " " 3.35 Loss by conduction and radiation 70,430 " " .05 Heat in ashes 1,129 " " 1.26 Unaccounted for 25,521 " " loo.oo 2,101,700 In trials conducted by the Author, for a committee of the American Institute, of which he was chairman, in testing a number of different types of boiler,* a surface-condenser was employed to condense all steam made, and results thus for the first time obtained which gave exact measures of net efficiency, the quality of all steam made being determined. In calculating the results from the record of the logs, the committee first determined the amount of heat carried away by the condensing water by deducting the temperature at which it entered from that at which it passed off. To this quantity is added the heat which was carried away by evaporation from the surface of the tank, as determined by placing a cup of water in the tank at the top of the condenser at such height that the level of the water inside and outside the cup were the same, noting the difference of temperatures of the water in the cup and at the overflow, and the loss by evaporation from the cup. The amount of evaporation from the surface of the water in the cup and in the condenser, which latter was ex- posed to the air, was considered as approximately proportional to the tension of vapor due their temperatures, and was so taken in the estimate. The excess of heat in the water of con- densation over that in the feed-water also evidently came from the fuel, and this quantity was also added to those already mentioned.
| 41,677 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Дом Давида
|
https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Дом Давида&action=history
|
Russian
|
Spoken
| 160 | 562 |
Дом Давида (, Malkhut Beit David — «Царство дома Давида») — династия иудейских царей, восходящая к царю Давиду. Археологическим свидетельством в пользу существования дома Давида является стела Тель-Дана. Дом Давида происходил из колена Иуды. Из рода Давида должен был произойти Мессия. К Давиду возводили происхождение Иисуса Христа. К Давиду возводили своё происхождение и эфиопские цари Соломоновой династии:
Согласно Евангелию от Матфея (гл. 1, ст. 3 — 11) родословие дома Давида до переселения в Вавилон выглядит так:
Фарес
|
Есром
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Арам, сын Есрома
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Аминадав, сын Арама
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Нахшон
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Салмон
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Вооз, сын ханаанейки Рахав
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Овид, сын моавитянки Руфь
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Иессей
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Давид
_|___
| |
Соломон Авессалом
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Ровоам, сын аммонитянки Наамы
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Авия
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Аса
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Иосафат
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Иорам
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Охозия
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Иоас
|
Амасия
|
Озия
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Иоафам
|
Ахаз
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Езекия
|
Манасия
|
Амон
|
Иосия
__|
| | |
Иоахаз Иоаким Седекия
|
Иехония
Примечания
История Израиля
Цари Иудеи
Раннее христианство
Иудеохристианство
| 41,497 |
https://github.com/cheese1/stopp-corona-android/blob/master/app/src/main/java/at/roteskreuz/stopcorona/model/repositories/DiscoveryRepository.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
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LicenseRef-scancode-unicode, Zlib, EPL-1.0, GPL-1.0-or-later, mif-exception, Apache-2.0, BSD-3-Clause, ICU, LicenseRef-scancode-public-domain, BSD-2-Clause, dtoa, MIT, NAIST-2003, LicenseRef-scancode-protobuf, CC0-1.0, LicenseRef-scancode-pcre
| 2,020 |
stopp-corona-android
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cheese1
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Kotlin
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Code
| 886 | 3,173 |
package at.roteskreuz.stopcorona.model.repositories
import at.roteskreuz.stopcorona.constants.FlavorConstants.P2PDiscovery.APPLICATION_KEY
import at.roteskreuz.stopcorona.model.exceptions.SilentError
import at.roteskreuz.stopcorona.model.repositories.other.ContextInteractor
import at.roteskreuz.stopcorona.skeleton.core.model.helpers.AppDispatchers
import at.roteskreuz.stopcorona.utils.NonNullableBehaviorSubject
import at.roteskreuz.stopcorona.utils.view.safeRun
import ch.uepaa.p2pkit.P2PKit
import ch.uepaa.p2pkit.P2PKitStatusListener
import ch.uepaa.p2pkit.StatusResult
import ch.uepaa.p2pkit.discovery.DiscoveryListener
import ch.uepaa.p2pkit.discovery.DiscoveryPowerMode
import ch.uepaa.p2pkit.discovery.Peer
import ch.uepaa.p2pkit.discovery.ProximityStrength
import com.github.dmstocking.optional.java.util.Optional
import io.reactivex.Observable
import io.reactivex.subjects.BehaviorSubject
import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
import timber.log.Timber
import kotlin.coroutines.CoroutineContext
/**
* Repository for managing incoming and outgoing p2p messages
*/
interface DiscoveryRepository {
/**
* Start P2P discovery (async).
*/
fun start()
/**
* Stop P2P discovery (async).
*/
fun stop()
/**
* Observes the state of the current discovery process.
*/
fun observeP2PKitState(): Observable<Optional<P2PKitState>>
/**
* Observes the results and updates of the current discovery process.
*/
fun observeDiscoveryResult(): Observable<DiscoveryResult>
}
class DiscoveryRepositoryImpl(
private val appDispatchers: AppDispatchers,
private val contextInteractor: ContextInteractor,
private val cryptoRepository: CryptoRepository,
private val dataPrivacyRepository: DataPrivacyRepository
) : DiscoveryRepository,
CoroutineScope {
private val p2pKitStateSubject = NonNullableBehaviorSubject<Optional<P2PKitState>>(Optional.ofNullable(null))
private val discoveryResultSubject = BehaviorSubject.create<DiscoveryResult>()
private val statusListener = object : P2PKitStatusListener {
override fun onEnabled() {
p2pKitStateSubject.onNext(Optional.of(P2PKitState.Enabled))
}
override fun onException(throwable: Throwable?) {
p2pKitStateSubject.onNext(Optional.of(P2PKitState.Disabled.Exception(throwable)))
}
override fun onError(result: StatusResult?) {
p2pKitStateSubject.onNext(Optional.of(P2PKitState.Disabled.Error(result)))
}
override fun onDisabled() {
p2pKitStateSubject.onNext(Optional.of(P2PKitState.Disabled.Disabled))
p2pKitStateSubject.onNext(Optional.ofNullable(null))
}
}
private val discoveryListener = object : DiscoveryListener {
private fun Peer?.safeRunWithParams(block: (Peer) -> Unit) {
this?.safeRun(message = "peer is null") {
peerId.safeRun(message = "peerId is null") {
discoveryInfo.safeRun(message = "discoveryInfo is null") {
proximityStrength.safeRun(message = "proximityStrength is null") {
block(this)
}
}
}
}
}
override fun onPeerUpdatedDiscoveryInfo(peer: Peer?) {
peer.safeRunWithParams {
discoveryResultSubject.onNext(DiscoveryResult.PeerUpdated(it.discoveryInfo, it.proximityStrength))
}
}
override fun onPeerLost(peer: Peer?) {
peer.safeRunWithParams {
discoveryResultSubject.onNext(DiscoveryResult.PeerLost(it.discoveryInfo))
}
}
override fun onStateChanged(state: Int) {
discoveryResultSubject.onNext(DiscoveryResult.StateChanged(state))
}
override fun onProximityStrengthChanged(peer: Peer?) {
peer.safeRunWithParams {
// Ignore unknown proximity strength
if (it.proximityStrength != ProximityStrength.UNKNOWN) {
discoveryResultSubject.onNext(DiscoveryResult.ProximityStrengthChanged(it.discoveryInfo, it.proximityStrength))
} else {
Timber.d("Got unknown proximity strength")
}
}
}
override fun onPeerDiscovered(peer: Peer?) {
peer.safeRunWithParams {
discoveryResultSubject.onNext(DiscoveryResult.PeerDiscovered(it.discoveryInfo, it.proximityStrength))
// Ignore unknown proximity strength
if (it.proximityStrength != ProximityStrength.UNKNOWN) {
discoveryResultSubject.onNext(DiscoveryResult.ProximityStrengthChanged(it.discoveryInfo, it.proximityStrength))
} else {
Timber.d("### Got unknown proximity strength")
}
}
}
}
override val coroutineContext: CoroutineContext
get() = appDispatchers.Default
init {
// We never want to dispose. This runs for all our life time
val disposable = observeP2PKitState().filter { it.isPresent }.subscribe { p2pKitState ->
when (p2pKitState.get()) {
is P2PKitState.Enabled -> Timber.d("### P2PKit state chaged: Enabled (${cryptoRepository.publicKeyPrefix})\n")
is P2PKitState.Disabled.Disabled -> Timber.d("### P2PKit state chaged: Disabled\n")
is P2PKitState.Disabled.Error -> Timber.d("### P2PKit state chaged: Error\n")
is P2PKitState.Disabled.Exception -> Timber.d("### P2PKit state chaged: Exception\n")
}
}
}
override fun start() {
dataPrivacyRepository.assertDataPrivacyAccepted()
launch {
try {
enableP2PKit()
when (val p2pKitState = observeP2PKitState().filter { it.isPresent }.blockingFirst().get()) {
P2PKitState.Enabled -> {
startDiscovery()
}
P2PKitState.Disabled.Disabled -> {
Timber.e(SilentError("Cannot restart P2PKit because it's still disabled!"))
}
is P2PKitState.Disabled.Exception -> {
Timber.e(p2pKitState.throwable)
}
is P2PKitState.Disabled.Error -> {
Timber.e(p2pKitState.toString())
}
}
} catch (e: Exception) {
Timber.e(e)
}
}
}
override fun stop() {
launch {
try {
when (val discoveryState = observeP2PKitState().filter { it.isPresent }.blockingFirst().get()) {
P2PKitState.Enabled -> {
disableP2PKit()
}
P2PKitState.Disabled.Disabled -> {
Timber.e(SilentError("Cannot disable P2PKit because it's still disabled!"))
}
is P2PKitState.Disabled.Exception -> {
Timber.e(discoveryState.throwable)
}
is P2PKitState.Disabled.Error -> {
Timber.e(discoveryState.toString())
}
}
} catch (e: Exception) {
Timber.e(e)
}
}
}
/**
* Enables P2P discovery
*/
private fun enableP2PKit() {
P2PKit.enable(contextInteractor.applicationContext, APPLICATION_KEY, statusListener)
}
/**
* Starts P2P discovery
*
* @throws P2PDiscoveryException.DiscoveryNotEnabled when discovery was not enabled before
*/
private fun startDiscovery() {
if (p2pKitStateSubject.value.orElse(null) == P2PKitState.Enabled) {
P2PKit.enableProximityRanging()
P2PKit.startDiscovery(cryptoRepository.publicKeyPKCS1, DiscoveryPowerMode.HIGH_PERFORMANCE, discoveryListener)
} else {
throw P2PDiscoveryException.DiscoveryNotEnabled
}
}
/**
* Disable P2P discovery
*
* @throws P2PDiscoveryException.DiscoveryNotEnabled when discovery was not enabled before
*/
private fun disableP2PKit() {
if (p2pKitStateSubject.value.orElse(null) == P2PKitState.Enabled) {
P2PKit.disable()
} else {
throw P2PDiscoveryException.DiscoveryNotEnabled
}
}
override fun observeP2PKitState() = p2pKitStateSubject
override fun observeDiscoveryResult() = discoveryResultSubject
}
sealed class P2PKitState {
object Enabled : P2PKitState()
sealed class Disabled : P2PKitState() {
object Disabled : P2PKitState.Disabled()
data class Exception(val throwable: Throwable?) : P2PKitState.Disabled()
data class Error(val result: StatusResult?) : P2PKitState.Disabled()
}
}
sealed class DiscoveryResult {
data class PeerUpdated(val discoveryInfo: ByteArray, val proximityStrength: Int) : DiscoveryResult() {
override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
if (this === other) return true
if (other !is PeerUpdated) return false
if (!discoveryInfo.contentEquals(other.discoveryInfo)) return false
if (proximityStrength != other.proximityStrength) return false
return true
}
override fun hashCode(): Int {
var result = discoveryInfo.contentHashCode()
result = 31 * result + proximityStrength
return result
}
}
data class PeerLost(val discoveryInfo: ByteArray) : DiscoveryResult() {
override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
if (this === other) return true
if (other !is PeerLost) return false
if (!discoveryInfo.contentEquals(other.discoveryInfo)) return false
return true
}
override fun hashCode(): Int {
return discoveryInfo.contentHashCode()
}
}
data class StateChanged(val state: Int) : DiscoveryResult()
data class ProximityStrengthChanged(val discoveryInfo: ByteArray, val proximityStrength: Int) : DiscoveryResult() {
override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
if (this === other) return true
if (other !is ProximityStrengthChanged) return false
if (!discoveryInfo.contentEquals(other.discoveryInfo)) return false
if (proximityStrength != other.proximityStrength) return false
return true
}
override fun hashCode(): Int {
var result = discoveryInfo.contentHashCode()
result = 31 * result + proximityStrength
return result
}
}
data class PeerDiscovered(val discoveryInfo: ByteArray, val proximityStrength: Int) : DiscoveryResult() {
override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
if (this === other) return true
if (other !is PeerDiscovered) return false
if (!discoveryInfo.contentEquals(other.discoveryInfo)) return false
if (proximityStrength != other.proximityStrength) return false
return true
}
override fun hashCode(): Int {
var result = discoveryInfo.contentHashCode()
result = 31 * result + proximityStrength
return result
}
}
}
/**
* Exceptions caused by invalid discovery states
*/
sealed class P2PDiscoveryException(override val message: String) : Exception(message) {
object DiscoveryNotEnabled : P2PDiscoveryException("P2P discovery not enabled")
}
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griechischegtte03welcgoog_4
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German-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,857 |
Griechische Götterlehre
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Welcker, Friedrich Gottlieb, 1784-1868
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German
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Spoken
| 6,910 | 13,174 |
Geis⸗ und Schaafbock, jmer in Pan, der Widder in Apollon Karneios. Beiderlei ugie find in Griechenlanp mei⸗ ſtentheils beifammen, und beide konnten daher auch bei dem⸗ jelben Gott, Apollon, Hermes, zufamentrefien. Der Widder geführt von Hermes ift anderer Art. Daß am Arkapifchen Pan nachdem fpät fein Eult fi) aus feiner Verborgenheit hervor⸗ getban und auswärts verbreitet hatte, die Bodönatur bis zu- legt haften geblieben ift, hat er in einer niederen Schichte der 64 Geſellſchaft ernftlichen Aberglauben, in andern ver ironiſchen und Fünftlerifchen Laune zu danken gehabt. Stier, nit der dem Zoch unterworfne, der Aderftier, fonbern der welchen Sophokles des Berges unbezwungnen Stier nennt, das mächtigfte Thier unter den nicht wilden, Fürſt der Heerde und Vorbild der Könige, wie ihn Dion fchilbert (2, p. 92 4.), der zeugungsfräftige: daher deadigwsos für junge fräulich und sedpos von Aeſchylus, fo wie narrgos, für Zeu⸗ gungsglien gejagt wurde. Darum ift auch ver Phallos un gefähr gleichbeveutend mit dem Stier in örtlichem Cult bes Dionyfos, fo fern diefer im Frühling die Natur neu belebt, mit dem Bod in dem des Pan und des Hermes. Die bele bende Kraft macht außer der Sonne auch die Feuchtigkeit, ben Acheloos, die Flüſſe zum Stier), der auf diefe und ihre Jahres zeit auch im Dionyſosdienſt fich bezieht. Die Kuh hörner ver Jo erinnern an ein ehemaliges ürt- liches Symbol der Monpgöttin und nur durch Künftlerlaune Scheint fpät in Athen dieſer Jokuh die Arkadiſche Kallifto zur Seite geftellt worden zu feyn mit finnbilblicher Anfpielung auf das Bärenland. Wolf, der Berwüfter der Heerde, der Feind darum des Stierd, als deſſen Gegner er in einer bebeutenden Sage von Argos erfcheint I. Er trifft im Laut zufammen mit Adıy, Dämmerung, was zufällig fepn Tann, aber wenigſtens in meh⸗ reren Sprachen bervortritt und wohl von ber Farbe des Thiers berrührt 9. Auch im Altertbum bachte man bei Apollon Ly⸗ kios an Asvxds, ober Tpisfinbiger daran daß die Farbe des Wolfs zwilhen dem Schwan und dem Naben des Apollon 2) Strab. 19 p. 458. Ael. V. H. 2, 33. Spanh. de usu et pr. num. 1, 394 s. 3) Alte Dentm. 3, 78. 4) Die Farbe If zwiſchen grau, mit einem Anſtrich von gelb oder graurdthlich, braum, ſchwarz. Im Alter wird der Wolf auch weißlich. Doch giebt es auch ganz ſchwarze und in den nordlichen Begenden ganz weiße Wölfe. liege ), Andre an andre Eigenheiten des Wolfe, als Scharfs fihtigkeit, da der Wolf auch bei dunkler Nacht fehe‘), ober daß er im anbrechenden Morgenlicht auf den Raub ausgehe7). Daß die Sonne im Süven alle Vegetation verzehrt, macht fie zum Feinde ber im Grünen und Saftigen lebenden Natur, gleich wie die Wölfe die Weivethiere aufreiben, vie man in Griechenland auch jetzt oft genug zerfleifcht auf den Wegen liegend begegnet. Wie der Hund die Hundstage, fo beveutet ber Wolf die dem Beleben des Stier over Bocks entgegengefeßte Kraft und Zeit des Jahres. Es ift alfo der Wolf wohl ein Symbol „eines bem Licht feindlichen Weſens, des Winters, der Stürme, ber Finſterniß⸗ 8), aber indem der Lichtgott fich in Ares und Sa⸗ bazios, Lykios und Dionyfos fpaltet, hört er nicht auf auch Symbol des Lichts zu feyn, der verzehrenden Sonne. Die Schlange, Das vieldeutigfte von allen Thieren, if auch von ben Griechen nach und nach vielfältig verfchieven ans gewandt worben, fo daß ver Kirchenvater Juſtin fagt: „bei je⸗ dem der bei euch gebräuchlichen Götter wirb die Schlange ala ein großes Symbolon und Myſterion angebracht” CApolog. 2, 55.) Im älteften Götterdienſt ift fie bauptfächlich wegen bes Delphifchen Drachen ver Gäa und wegen des Asflepios wich⸗ te. Sie ift „das feurigfte und geiftigfte aller Thiere- und bewegt fich ohne äußere Organe wie durch eine zauberiſche Kraft mit der größten Gefchwinbigfeit und Gewandtheit und ift von ihren fcharfen und Fugen Blicken ögss und doaner genannt. Die Kreter nannten fie göttlih, dißav d. i. diav (Hesych.) Dieß würbe für ven Sofipolid ver Eleer und den Schuggeift Agathodämon paſſen. Wie fie im Paradies bie Überfugheit, ber Verſtandeshochmuth it), fo ift fie den Griechen ein Sym⸗ 5) Eustath. I. 4, 101 p. 449. 6) Ael. H. A. 10, 26. Theon ad Arat. p. 95. D Macrob. 1, 17. 8) Wehr⸗ mann das MWeien und Wirken des Hermes St. 2 &.19f. Magbeb. 1849. 9) Herder Geiſt der Ebr. Poefie 1, 166 ff. 5 bol, nicht phyſiſcher, ſondern geffliger Kraft, die hochſte Weis⸗ beit, Orakel gebend, daher auch olawds genannt 2%. Daher daß in den Heflopifchen Eden eine Schlange dem Melam⸗ pus die Ohren ledte und die Wahrfagung einflößte, wie bem Asklepios in einem fchönen Bronzeföpfchen bei Caylus (2,77), j0 auch dem Helenos, ver Kaſſandra und andern Sehern. Bei Pindar nähren ven Stammvater ver weiffagenden Jami⸗ den zwei Schlangen mit Honig. Hiermit hängt denn auch der Gebrauch der Schlangen von Gauflern und Zauberern zuſam⸗ men. Die Hellfunft aber war im Anfang überwiegend weiſſa⸗ gerifch und es feheint daß Asklepios aus einer Heilfchlange her⸗ vorgegangen if. Sonft bebeutet die Schlange vorzüglich das Hervorwachfen aus ber Erbe weil fie aus ihr plöglich hervor⸗ zufchießen pflegt. Dadurch find Kekrops und Die Giganten zu Schlangenbeinen gefommen und bie Sparten die aus ben Zäh- nen des Drachen hervorgehn, find eben auch Autochthonen und furchtbar, kriegeriſch insbeſondre. Wegen ver Furchtbarkeit ei⸗ ner großen Schlange iſt fie in manchen Mythen auch als Wäch⸗ ter gebraucht. Auf rohe Völker übt die Schlange eine myſti⸗ ſche Anziehung aus. In Haiti tanzen die Mitglieder eines Geheimbundes um die heilige Schlange aus Congo. Das Roß ald Meer und nachmals Waffer überhaupt und im diefem Sinn in Namen, in finnbilvlichen und mythiſchen Anfpielungen äußerft häufig verwandt, feheint in vemfelben ben Griechen ausſchließend eigen und ift auch bei ihnen in ver als ten Zeit nicht mit Stier, Bold, Wolf und Schlange zu vers gleichen, bie mehr mit dem Gott felbft tventificirt worden find. Die Demeter von Phigalia mit einem Roßkopf als Poſeidoniſch fcheint ein Product jehr fpäter, jeltiamer Prieftergelehrfamteit zu feyn. Auch wenn das Pferd dem Heliod geweiht und ges opfert wird, wie bei ven Perfern, Karthagern und andern Völ⸗ fon, und den Bellerophon trägt, kommt, wie bei Pofeihon, der Lauf in Betracht. Wegen der Schnelligkeit auch denkt es . 10) Hesych. 67 ſich Euflathius den Flüffen zugerignet: und freilich if Aeolos ein Hippotabe® und Die Araber jagen, Gott habe eine Hand⸗ vol Sudwind genommen und baraus das Pferb geichaffen. Do kann audy das Pfern ver Ylüffe von dem des Pofelvon abſtammen. 14. Spmboliſches in der Menſchengeſtalt. Auch in die Menſchengeſtalt wird Symbolik gelegt durch Beſtimmungen die gegen die Ratur ſind. Bekannt ſind Zeus Triopas, mit drei Augen, die drei Naturreiche bedeutend (wie Odins und Brahmas Augen Sonne und Mond ſind), Apollon Ampkläos mit vier Armen mit Bezug auf die zwei Seiten bes Sonnenlaufd, der dreileibige Geryon, nachgeahmt früher durch bie drei in eind verbunbnen Chariten in Kyzikos, dann von Alkamenes durch bie dreigeſtalte Hekate, die Hundertarme bei Heſiodus, die Aloiden und Tityos von ungehenrer Ausbehnung, das zufammengewacene Brüberpaar der Molioniben, ver Ky⸗ Hop mit dem Auge auf der Stirne. Auch von der Art ver Geburt des Weibes aus der Seite bed Mannes (nicht aus feinem Fuße, noch Haupte, ba es we⸗ ber feine Dienerin, noch Herrin, fonbern feine Genoſſin ſeyn follte, wie Vintenz von Beauvais fagt in feinem Hand⸗ und Lehrbuch Kap. 37), oder der Entflehung der vier Indiſchen Kaften aus den entfprechenpen Körpertbeilen Brahmas oder auch bes erfien Manns aus feiner rechten, des erſten Weibs aus feiner linken Seite, ober des erften Menſchen aus ber rechten Seite des Stird Kajomorts, kommen Beifpiele vor in ver Geburt ver Athene, des Dionyſos, der Paliken, des Ehryfaor. Aber das Leptere wenigſtens, wie noch fpäter das Androgyni⸗ ſche, ift erft durch den Einfluß des Orients und durch Nach⸗ ahmung zu den alten Stämmen ber Hellenen gelangt. Die un. natürlich zufammengefeßten Thiere nichtgriechifchen Urſprungs, wie die Lykiſche Chimaͤra bei Homer, der Minstaurod, bie Sphinr, laſſen vermuthen daß auch der geflägelte Pegafos B % und einige Waffergdtter die theilweife bie Geſtalt von Seethie⸗ ren annehmen, Triton, der Glaukos von Anthebon, bie Eu- rynome der Phigalier eben fo wenig aligriechiſch feyen als etwa die fehlangenfüßigen Giganten. Der breiföpfige, in der Theo⸗ gonie fünfzigföpfige Kerberos heißt in der Ilias nur Hund (8, 368.) 15. Lautſymbolik. Auch zwiſchen das Wort und feinen Gegenfland tritt das Bild in die Mitte und deutet zufällig gleichlautenbe Gegenftänbe an, zwilchen venen und ver eigentlichen Bebeutung des Worts Fein anbrer Zufammenhang ftatt findet,. phonetifche ober Lautſpm⸗ bolif. Die Sprache ift wie eine fire Urkunde aller Dinge, fie unterfcheidet fie beftimmt; wo daher an fich verſchiedne Wörter dennoch im Laut zufammentreffen, da täufchen fie das Bolt, jo daß es einen nothwendigen Zufammenbang wie zwiſchen Wort und Sache überhaupt, eine geheime Beziehung annimmt. In einer kleinen Anzahl alter und wichtiger Beifpiele bat auch Dies fer Glaube an die Verwandtfchaft der Laute und ihrer Dop⸗ pelbedeutung, der Zauber des Wortlauts Antheil an ver Ge- ftaltung Griechifcher Religion. Aus ihm geht das Verhältniß beroor worin wir Aduog zu Adam finden, yAadE zur TRaves- as, die Ziege oder das Ziegenfell, die wirds des Zeus und der Athene zu Sturm und Gewölf und einiges Anpre. Im folcher Doppelbedeutung fpielt befonvers vie Kabel von Argeis phonted. Als Wipfpiel zur Nachahmung dieſer phonetifchen Spmbole kann bie Dichtung gelten von ber elfenbeinenen Pforte der trügerifhen und der hornenen ber in Erfüllung gebenben Träume in ber Odyſſee (19, 564.) 9) 1) Daß bie erfin, von Adpas, auf Isyason fih beziehen, bemer⸗ ten ſchon die alten Ausleger. Daß durch xepasces Tersöyarıı auf zomive, wovon dxosersa, angefpielt wird, bemerkte Bölder Hall. L. Z. 18727. V. 139 S. 309, auch Boega. 69 16. Rätbfel. Mit der Sucht der Symbolik und Paronomafie verbindet ſich gewöhnlich die Neigung ben Verſtand daran zu üben und ans ihnen Räthfel zu bilden. Das Räthiel, äbnlid einem fünftlichen und feiten Gehäuß, verwahrt ehrenvoll und auf bie Dauer das Kleinod einer Wahrheit ver Erfahrung ober bes Nachdenkens in Zeiten bie ihre Wahrheiten noch zählen konnen und gern in einen Franz von Räthfeln zurecht legen mögen, Durch das finnlih Auffallende und zugleich, Dunfle ver fombo- liſchen Erfindung wird der Sinn feftgehalten, ber in feiner Nadtheit weniger gefaßt oder feftgehalten wird. Dieſe Räthfel find nicht naiv wie das einfache Symbol, ſondern ausgedacht. Don einer vermuthlich einft verbreiteten Räthfelpoefie, worin Seinheit und Bebeutfamkeit gejucht wird, hat ſich ein Hang zu verftedten Anbeutungen in bieratifchen Sagen und in ber Theo» gonie erhalten. Oft liegen fie bloß in einem Namen, wie z. B. Jaſios in der Odyſſee, der auf dem breimalgefurchten Ader: feld bei Demeter Ichläft, das Aufgehn der Frucht, das drss- vo angeht, eben fo wie auch "Arsos, ber Vater ber drei Oe⸗ notropen. Syn einer andern Stelle ver Odyſſee Iaffen die Plank⸗ ten nicht einmal die dem Vater Zeus Ambrofia bringenden Taus ben unverlegt durch, die legte wird von dem Yelfen vernichtet, was auf den dunklen fiebenten Stern des Siebengeftirng geht 2). 1) Od. 12, 59-64, Bon dem Siebmgeftimm der Plejaden, melde Regenfterne, Schweſtern der Hyaden in demfelben Geftirn find, von dem Siebengeftim, mit deſſen Srükaufgang die Regenzeit, alfo Grünen und Saat begann, iſt ein Stem bunte, von deſſen Dunkelheit viele mythifche Erklarungen gegeben werden. Er ift die hinweggenommene Taube, indem nissadıs, ober wie im Hefiobifhen Sternbud und bei Pindar u. a, Ly⸗ titern nelssades als nelsıas (toygwvas) gefaßt werben, melde ben regnen ben Zeus fpeifen. Außer den Scholim und Euftathius f. bie fhöne Er⸗ Märung von Bölder Japet. Geſchl. S.83—89,, welche Nitzſch zur Odyſſee 3.3 S. xıx nicht gefannt haben muß. 8. O. Müller wußte fie zu Idägen, Götting. Gel. Anz. 1825 S. 672. Eine Flucht wilder Tauben find die Zlyiades auch bei Hefiodus Jey. 618, aber als ein Merkzeichen, 70 Auch an den Abentheuern des Odpyſſeus hat zum Theil dieſe alte Rätbfelwiffenfchaft Antbeil. Die Pytbagoreer haben fie einigermaßen erneuert, wie es ſcheint in archaiſtiſchem Geifte. Auch die Griphen in der Zeit ver fieben Weifen und ber biä- benden Gnomenpoefle fcheinen noch abhängig von dem alten Hang. Weit mehr neigte die Skandinaviſche Mythologie da⸗ bin die Naturbetradhtungen in räthfelhafte Bilderſprache einzu- fleiven, weßbalb denn auch die Gdtter in der Edda ſich an Raͤthſeln ergögen. 17. Sinnbildliche Zeigen. Zu unterfoheiven von der urfprünglichen naiven auf vie Götterlehre einwirkenden Symbolik ift eine nachahmende, welche fpäterhin mit Bewußtheit des Gedankens vielfach angewandt wurde und von ber Allegorie fich nur unterfcheivet wie das Ein- fache von dem Zufammengefegten. Yür fie eignet fich der Aus⸗ drud des Sinnbildes, welder nicht auch auf bie befehräntte Zahl der erfien Klafie, der Urfpmbole übergetragen werben follte, deren Natur er nicht genau bezeichnet. Sinnbildliche Zeichen tragen die Gdtter an fich, wie das Laub ver Eiche, des Lorber, der Palme, des Delbaums und eine große Anzahl von Thierfiguren. Der Adler ift fchon bei Homer dem Zeus heilig, der Habicht dem Apollon; fie find Zeichen wie Scepter, Aegis, Blitz, Dreizad, Bogen. Löwe für Königthbum, für Hitze, Taube für Liebeswärme find ähnlich; die Eule yAavk wirb der Glaufopid gegeben, um an biefen gebeiligten Namen zu erinnern. Auch das Roß haben wir als finnbilblih, ähn- lich einem Gleichniß genommen, Der Hund des Orion ift ein Sternbild, die bellende Sfylla eine Allegorie. Auch die vors mit Anfpielung ohne Zweifel auf nAdo, für den Schiffer, ber ih aus dem Meer zurüdziehen foll wenn Drion dieſe Tauben jagt daß fie fi in das Meer ſtürzen. Diefe werben nicht unterfhieden von den andern von Müller Über Orion im Rhein. Muf. 1833. 2, 12 und von Nisfh zur Odyſſee 5, 269. 71 übergebende Verwandlug mancher Götter in allerlei Thiere gehört hierher und bie andern vie zum Säugen von Götter findern angewieſen find, dann die bezügliche Auswahl ver Thiere zu den Opfern. Sinnbildlich dienen die Thiere einzelne Eigen- ſchaften und Beziehungen auszunrüden, als Attribute, Zeichen und Andeutungen. 3. DB. Apollon als Delphin, Zeus als Kauf, Adler, Schwan, Geier, Wachtel, Ameife, Artemis in eine Hindin, eine Bärin verwandelt, alfo der Wortwwitz der my⸗ thiichen Dichtung und beſonders ber grübelnden Legenbe, zur Vers sierung der heiligen Räume und Gerätbe. Ein Panzoion und eine Hierobotanit würde für die fpätere Zeit und befonvers für bie Bildwerke nüglich ſeyn, wenn ber Berfaffer nach Zeiten, Orten, Arten und Bezigen zu unterfeheiden, wenn er recht wiel (denn Alles it unmöglich) zu fammeln verflände, nicht um anzuhaͤufen und zu verwirren, fondern um zu fichten und zu ordnen. Indem ver rege Sinn für Naturbeobachtung und ver für allegorifche Er⸗ ſindung zuſammenwirkten, erweiterte fich der Kreis des Sinnbild⸗ lichen ind Unendliche. Doc hielt man audy an dem Altwoltsthüm- lichen in Zeichen und Gebraͤuchen als es gegen ven Gefchmad ber Cultur nicht minder abftechen mußte als etwa in Rom alt⸗ italifcher Brauch gegen bie eingeführten Griechifchen Culte. Rur erhob die Griechifche Feinheit das Alte und Rohe durch fünftlerifche Behandlung; und vie Bildwerke find bauptfächlich das Feld diefer mehr fchmüdenden, auomalenden Sianbilpne- rei. Noch in den blühenbften Zeiten der freibildenden Kunſt baben Thiere auf einige ©ötteriveale Einfluß gehabt. Die im Eultus befeftigt geiveienen realen Symbole, fo wie die älteften Sinnbilver bebielten für ale Zeiten bier ober vort einen Schein von Weſenhaftigkeit oder von Heiligkeit, wie 3. B. ver Adler nach Ariftoteles heilig gehalten wurve (H. A. 9, 32 p. 619 a.) Die in fpäteren Zeiten in gleichem Sinn und Geift gebichteten Sinnbilder unterſcheiden in biefer Hinſicht ſich leicht von ben alten, mehr religiöfn. So find z. B. bie Reit⸗ und Zug- thiere der Götter, die in Indien ſchon in ben Beben vorkoms 72 men!) meiſtentheils als ein Spiel kunſtleriſcher ober dichteri⸗ ſcher Phantaſie, wohl felten, obgleich fie immer bezüglich was ren, mit einiger Andacht angefehn mworben. ‘Die Thiere find etwas fehr Schönes, befonder au für den Künftler. Sehr natürlich daß die den Göttern beigegebenen Thiere auch als Weihgeſchenke aufgeftellt wurben, die Eule der Athena, der Wid⸗ der, der berfelben als Ergane fo gut zulam als auch dem Her mes, der Stier, ver Wolf u. ſ. w. Noch jüngft ift son einem fehr gelehrten Archäologen, einem Deutſchen Archäologen bie Behauptung ausgefprocdhen worben, daß die Griechifchen Götter urfpränglich in Thieren dargeftellt worden feyen. Doc will id nicht fürchten daß fie Unterftügung finden möchte, da fie nur als raſche Folgerung auftritt aus dem Umftande dag in einigen untergeorbneten, verſchwindenden Bildwerken das Thierattribut eines Gottes auf dem Haupt beffelben gebilvet ift, vie Eule auf dem der Athene, der Adler Coermeinttih) auf dem des Zeus u. f. w. 18. Perfonification, | Die Belebung der Natur beginnt durch Unterfcheivung des Geſchlechts der Dinge in der Sprache ). Gefühl von dem Le ben der Sprache vermehrt daher fehr die Empfänglichkeit für das Verſtaͤndniß aufkeimender Mythologie und Poeſie. Eben fo nothwendig und allgemein wie die Sprache den Wörtern Geſchlecht, giebt in fortgefeßter inftinctartiger Entwicklung bie Einbildungsfraft ven Dingen, fobald fie dem Geift auffallend und bewußt werden, Menfchenart und Geſtalt. Das Gefähl der Lebenbigleit der Natur ober ver Glaube an dieß Leben 1) Im Niganthon 1, 15 find die von zehn Göttern der Veda zu- fammengeftellt, die gelben Pferde des Indra, der Widder des Moni, bie Efel der Ucvinen, bie röthlihen Kühe der Morgenröthe u.f. mw. 1) Winckelmann Wllegorie S. 443. Diffen K. Schr. S. 39 f. I. Stimm D. Gramm. 3, 346 ff. 73 und die Gleichartigfeit der Natur mit unferm Wefen, welches bie Borwelt in vie Natur überträgt, treibt ven Menfchen an Naturgegenflände als Individuen anzufehn. Er läßt die Na⸗ tur durch feine umſchmelzende belebende Einbilvung gehn und bie dem Wirflichen abgewonnenen Bilder befchäftigen ihn mehr als dieſes felbft; in ber ideellen durch ihn geſchaffenen Welt liegen ihm die Wefenhaftigfeiten ver Dinge. Die Perfonifici- rung beſonders auch im Dämonifchen ift Das Puppenfpiel ber Vorwelt. Doc müflen neben vem Jugendalter auch ver Sü- den und bie Grundanlagen der Nation in Anſchlag gebracht werden. In der burchgeführten Perfonificirung zeichnet ein Soll vor dem anbern fich eben fo fehr aus ald durch bie Sprache, die es fich fchafft, und es feheint daß die Griechen, bei der regſten Lebendigkeit des Geiftes, fie mehr als alle ans bern geübt und zur Vollendung ausgebildet haben 9. In dieſer Thätigfeit der Perfonificirung ift zweierlei zu unterfcheiden, das Hervorbringen des Bildes und bie Geneigt- beit dieſe Phantaſiebilder gleich den Dingen ſelbſt als wirklich und weſenhaft anzufehn, vie tief gehende Illuſion welche zwi⸗ fihen dem Objectiven und Subjertiven wenig zu unterfcheiben vermag. Wenn man bie Schaufpielerei der Kinder anfiebt, die ſich Saden perfönlich machen und ſich einbilden was fie wollen, fo verfieht man daß der erſte Urfprung ver perfünlichen Götter in dieſem leichten Glauben an vie felbfigefchaffnen, und wenn fie große Naturgegenftände betreffen, mit geheimnißvollen Kräften und Eigenichaften ausgerüfleten Weſen liegt. Die Pychologie bat für die ältefte Periode der Völler Teinen größeren Gegenftand als dieſen Trieb der Perfonification. Die Macht der gläubigen Fiction ift in ihr was Stantsfunft, Wif- ſenſchaft, Handel und Induſtrie in andern. Auf einem Sy- Rem ſelbſterfundner Perfonificationen if zulegt der Glaube ge- 2) Thirlwall Hist. of Greece ch. 3 beginnt feine Schilderung der Ration mit der „Tenden; zur Perfonification«. 74 gründet welcher jo viele Bölfer beberricht bat, ohne daß die Tradition ſich auf irgend eine äuffere Thatfache ſtützte. Leichte Phantafiebilver, gleich flüchtigen Geiſtererſcheinun⸗ gen geben den Anlaß; almälig bilden fie fich beſtimmter aus, verförpern fich gewiſſermaßen. Oft und viel ſchwanken biefe Borftellungen in den Gemüthern zwiſchen Bild und wirklichen Dafeyn, Perfon und Sade, wie 3. B. E08 und Miorgenroth, werben jetzt zufammen und jetzt gefonbert gedacht. Daß :die Phantafiebilver, oft bei Namen genannt, unter Allen nach bie fen Namen serflanden, unter einander bebeutfam verfnäpft, bei Dielen zu realen Eriftenzgen werben, von der Wirklichkeit ber Dinge nicht mehr als bloße Bilder unterfchieven, wie es bie Erfahrung lehrt, ift vollkommen begreiflich. Verſichert und doch ein wifienichaftlich ausgebilpeter Dichter, Klopftod, es fönnen bie Borftelungen von gewifien Dingen fo lebhaft werben daß biefe als gegenwärtig und beinahe die Dinge felbft zu ſeyn fcheinen, und daß dem ber fehr glüdlich over ſehr unglüdlic und babei lebhaft ift, feine BVorftellungen oft zu faftwirflisden Dingen werden 5). Die Borftellungen von Naturerzeugnifien, Elemen- ten und Zeitwerhfeln, von allen phyfifalifchen und intellectuels len Größen, von Kräften und Eigenfchaften, Principien erhal⸗ ten in der gläubigen Einbilvung ihre Repräfentanten, vie nun ben Sinn mehr als vie wirklichen Dinge beicyäftigen und die Natur mit einer zweiten Welt lebendiger im Geifte gefchauter Weſen bevöltern, vie jetzt beftimmter und natürlicher, jebt zer⸗ fließender und wunderbarer auſſehn. Erſcheinungen und Er⸗ eigniffe, Umftände und Beziehungen geben in Handlung und That über. Wer Perfonification und Genealogie, fo weit biefe auf jene zurüdfommt, richtig zu nehmen weiß unb geläufig bie mehr oder weniger unbeftimmten Anſichten faßt welde durch fie angebeutet werden follen, die Nachahmungen von dem wirklich Empfundenen und Gedachten in dieſer Gattung unter: 3) Werte 16, 4, von der Darſtellung. 75 fcheivet, ver befist zum Verſtehen der Sagen das wichtigfie Erforberniß, und zum Erforfchen. Denn wenn bier die Wur⸗ zel der Mythologie liegt, jo wird oft auch bie urfprüngliche Derfonifieation dem Bewußiſeyn verbunfelt, fo wie viele Wörs ter ihr eigentliches Weſen verlieren und einen conventionellen Charafter annehmen. 18, Mythos, Mödos, Rede, Erzählung bei Homer und Hefiobus umb ben Doriern, wie Adyos, uida, Stimme Kypriſch, modcnf (IK) Herold ); dann, befonderd feit Pindars Zeit, un- terfchieden als Sage, alterthümliche, poetiſche Rebe und Er⸗ zählung, der das Wunderbare eigen tft, im Allgemeinen von Menfchen und menichenähnlihen Weſen. Unfrer Sprache fehlt das Wort für den Mythos, da Sage doch eigentlich nicht bie Religion angeht, und heilige Gefchichte, was ber eigentliche Mythos war, und zu fremd Flingt. In dem enaften Sinne, von dem wir ausgehn wollen, find nicht Bloß bie Heldenfagen und anbre Arten von Mpthen ausgeichlojlen, fondern auch von ben Göttern ald eigentliche Mythen nur die verſtanden bie aus ber Menfchenwelt auf die nun beftimmter perfonificirten Götter ein Verhaͤltniß übertragen, durch welches. wie durch einen plöß- lichen Lichtftrahl die Natur der Dinge aufgefchloffen wurde. Diefer Mythus gehört der Zeit an wo bie Begriffe fich noch nicht ohne die Vermittlung ver Phantafie dem Bewußtſeyn bar- ſtellten; er bildete fich nicht aus einer Idee heraus eine That⸗ fadhe, fonbern, unbewußt, vermittelt einer befannten Thatſache einen Begriff, ber’ ohne fie nicht gefaßt und ausgefprochen werben konnte. Er ift immer ein Ganzes, wenn auch nur als Embryo, und auf einmal gegeben over eingegeben, im Gegen- ſaß des Beraten und Gemadten. Er ift ver Erweiterung und Ausihmüdung fähig, auch ver Verfnüpfung mit einem 1) Valek. Adon. p. 279, 16 andern Mythus, nicht Durch Aufferlihe, mechanifche Zufam- menfügung, fondern wie durch Impfen ober durch Berfchmel- zung. Der Gebanfe, die Wahrnehmung innrer Berhältniffe und Gefege rankt fich wie eine zarte Pflanze an der Erfahrung aus dem Leben ver Menfchen ald an einer Stütze empor, bie Dhantafie ift die Hebamme des Gedankens; die Analogie, das Bild einer gegebenen äufjeren Thatfache muß binzulommen um das Weſen eines inneren Verhältniſſes aufzuflären, und fo bricht erft unter der gefchichtlichen Einfleivung ver Begriff her⸗ vor, tritt in und mit ihr in das Dafeyn. Wir nehmen alfo auch bier ein Kunſtwort an für ein nur einer gewiſſen Bil⸗ dungsepoche angehöriges Erzeugniß ihrer Geiſtesthaͤtigkeit; wel⸗ yes Kunftwort etwa auch mit Urmpthus vertaufcht werben kann, um ben weientlichen Unterfehieb von andern Mythen zu bezeich- nen. Sole Mythen find das fchönfte und fruchtbarfte Ge⸗ wächs auf dem Boden bes ber Religion fich erfchließennen Ge⸗ mäthe. Denn dieſe Urerfenntniffe find die Hauptbebingung bes Geifteslebend der Nation in einem großen Theil feiner ganzen Entwicklung. Durd diefe Art des Mpthus erhob fich zuerft ber Geift der älteften Griedyen, und wenn Hellas uudordxos beißt wegen der überfchwenglihen Mpthenfülle, fo verbient es biefen Namen indbefondre auch wegen foldher Urmythen, welche z. B. die Bölfer Italiens nicht geichaffen und eben darum weil e8 ihnen an dieſer Geiftesrichtung, an ben Keimen fehlte, auch des ganzen Wachsthums entbehrt- haben. Diefe Urmytben aufzufuchen iſt unfre nächte Aufgabe. So erhält der Mythus alle Grunplagen des pofitiven Glau⸗ bens, worüber das allgemeine Bewußtſeyn, wie es auch in ver Sprache zufammentrifft, fo einverflanben war ald ob in allen Individuen der Aufſchluß von felbft aufgegangen wäre ben der Mpthus enthielt. Diefelben Mythen mit Reflerion erionnen wärben Gleichniffe aus dem Menſchenleben feyn: in der Zeit ihrer Entftehung, des Dranges und Triebes die Nas tur in felbfiändige Götter umzuwandeln und biefe in Handlung zu fegen, waren fie wie Offenbarungen und machten ihren tie fen religidfen Eindrud dadurch daß fie annoch ver einzige und ein überrafchender Ausdruck großer Wahrheiten waren, daß in diefen Bildern gewiſſe Gedanken fich zuerſt felbft erfannten und verſtanden. Der Mpthus gieng im Geift auf wie ein Keim aus dem Boden bervorvringt, Inhalt und Form eins, bie Geſchichte eine Wahrheit '. Wenn im Fortſchritt die Urmythen entwidelt unb neue Mythen gebildet wurden, fo war das Verhältniß ver Phantafie zum Berftande nicht mehr daſſelbe, fondern ähnlicher vem Zus fammenwirfen beider in ber Probuction des begeifterten Dich⸗ ters. Auch bei dieſem find oft Bild und Gedanke, Erfindung und Bewußtwerden eins. Weil aber ſchon eine Fülle von Foren und von Bildern verbreitet find, fo können fie einander zu einem neuen Erzeugniß entgegen fliegen: dem freien Zuthun it mehr überlaffen als dort wo ver Durchbruch des Gedankens nur durch das Bild erfolgt. Die Tindliche, naive und unbe wußte Natur des Mythos ift wohl ausgenrüdt durch vie Kna⸗ bengeftalt die ihm in dem berühmten Relief der Apotheofe Ho⸗ am 1) Diefe feit gar vielen Iabren öffentlich vorgetragene Erklärung des Mythus trifft im Wefentlichen zufammen mit Schelling Philof. der Mythologie 1, 195 vgl. 193. 7 18 mers und in einem andern Monument gegeben if. Die Ent- widlung und ‚Verflechtung, die Nachbildungen ver Mythen, ihre Anwendung indbefonpre im Epos, worin plaftifche und allego⸗ rifhe Motive mit einander wetteifern ibn zu bereichern und auszufhmüden zur Ergögung wie zur Belehrung, find von dem Mythus in feiner Eniftehung und feiner Beftimmung für bie pofitive Religion durchaus zu unterfcheiven., Die Gefchichte der Götter einzeln und ihres Verbandes, die Homerifche Göt- terwelt gehört einer zweiten Stufe ober Art des Mythus an, ber nicht fowohl fchöpferifch ift als enwickelnd, im gläubigen Sinn, doch freier, immer weiter und weiter gehend. Der bier gegebenen Erflärung des Mythus als einer Frucht bes religidfen Geiftes und einer natürlichen und nothwendigen Entwidlung wiberftreitet die Anficht des gelehrten Alterthums, in einer Zeit alfo in welcher die mythifchen Götter der pofitiven Religion durch die Philofophie zu Phantomen geworben waren. Daß die Erfinver felbft an bie mytbifche Erfindung ald an eine heilige Offenbarung gebunden waren, fahen die Alten nicht ein als fie in dieſen Satzungen abſichtliche Erfindung erfannten. Ariftoteles in ver Stelle wo er bemerkt daß von den uralten Borfahren in mythiſchem Gewand den Späteren überliefert wors ben, ber Himmel und die Sterne ſeyen Götter und das Goͤtt⸗ liche umfafle die ganze Natur 2), fährt fort: „das Uebrige iſt mythiſch hinzugefügt zur Ueberredung der Menge und zum Nupen für die Geſetze und das Zuträgliche. Ste nennen nem⸗ lich die Götter menfchenartig und legen ihnen auch Aehnlichkeit mit andern lebenden Welen bei und fagen von ihnen nod manches Andere was dem Angeführten gemäß und ähnlich ifl. Wenn man nun diefes ausfcheivet und bloß auffaßt daß fie Die erſten Wefenbeiten für Götter nahmen, fo wird man vieß für göttlich gefprochen halten müſſen.“ Spätere Gelehrte flimmen barin überein daß ver Mythus überhaupt, alfo auch der pri- 2) Metaph. 11, 8. 79 mitise, bemußt und mit Abficht gepichtet fen. Eben fo hat Heyne Philofopheme, begrifflich erfannte Wahrheiten als ven Keim und Kern der Motben betrachtet, die ſymboliſche und mythifche Einfleivung (involucra, sermo vetustus) als weid- lich berechnetes Mittel auf das Bolt zu wirken von Seiten einer Mar denkenden höheren Slaffe, von dem Inhalt oder Sinn fcharf gefchieden. Die Zeit we jene Hülle, jene Art des Ideenausdrucks natürlich, unmwillfürlih und nothwendig war, bat man nicht von der ſpaͤteren unterfchieven und nur bierati- fhe oder politifche Abficht in allem Mythus erkannt. Der That nach aber wird erfi im Berlauf der Zeit die mpthiſche, ſinnbildliche und rätbfelhafte Sprache zur Form, beren man fich zum didaktiſchen Zweck mit Kunft bevient, eben fo wie von den Dichtern die Mythen rein Dichterifch entwidelt und verviel⸗ fältigt werben. Geheimmißvoll wie die Ausbildung des Embryo ift die Entwillung der Glieder des mythologifchen Syſtems und ber einzelnen Perfonen vorfichgegangn. Nur Anfäpe zu erwach⸗ jmden Gliedern haben wir in einzenen Mpythen und Zeichen: aber diefe Anſätze fchließen die hellen Ideen der Folgezeit in fh. „Der Mythus, fagt Schiller, iR ver Achtung bes Philos ſophen wertb, ver fi ohnehin damit begnügen muß zu den Anfchauungen, in welchen der reine Naturfinn feine Entvedun- gen nieberlegt, die Begriffe aufzufuchen oder mit andern Wor⸗ tm die Bilverfchrift der Empfindungen zu erflärn 8). 20. Der Slaube. As ein Korrelat, ein Zwillingsgefchwilter bed Götter Ihaffenden Mythus ift in ver damaligen Welt ver Glaube zu unterſcheiden. Es beutet auf ihn fchon bie Kinbereinfalt welche 3) Rudis fuit priscorum vita atque sine litteris: non minus ta- men ingeniosam fuisse in illis observationem apparebit, quam nunc esse ralionem. Plin. 18, 69, 3. 80 das Borgeftellte, ihre unwillfürlich gevichteten Perfonificationen von dem Wirflichen nicht unterſcheidet. Kraftig zeigt er fich wenn er bie aus dem religiöfen Grundgefühl, vem Gefühl Got- tes und göttliher Natur hervorgegangenen Götter des Mpthus ergreift, feftbält, ihnen Dauer verleiht, indem er aus demſel⸗ ben Gefühl eines göttlichen, überfinnlichen Lebens hervorgeht. Fingunt simulque credunt, was Tacitus gejagt hat, läßt fich in diefem Fall durch die Worte aus neuer Zeit erflären: „ber Glaube meldet ſich wenn Das Herz fich öffnet.“ Denn fo fehr verfennt man nicht mehr die alten Völker daß man biefem Öff- nen des Herzens vor ber chriftlichen Wahrheit nicht vergleichen follte das Erfaffen beftimmter göttlicher Weſen oder ver Gott⸗ natur wie der Mpthus fie offenbarte, in dem zur Frömmigkeit geflimmten und fofort gläubigen Gemüthe. Der Mythus ift fräftig, Ichöpferiich, mehr im Kopf, in Idee und Phantafie, die song, fides hinnehmend, bewahrend, mehr im Herzen woh⸗ nend; das genus in den alten Sprachen recht angemeſſen im Allgemeinen und für die heidniſchen Bölfer, deren Natur dage⸗ gen der männliche Jgws, amor vielleicht eben fo gemäß war al8 dem zu bekehrenden norbifchen Volf der Glaube. Phan⸗ tafie und Glaube zufammen find es woburd das religiöfe Bes bürfnig fick beflimmte Religionsformen ſchafft. Was höher Bes gabte gefonnen und gefchaut, nimmt die ſtamm⸗ und zeitders wandte Menge froh und banfbar auf, was jene felbft, in ber - unbewußt in ihnen erzeugten Borftellung befangen, als wahr und wirklich empfinden, bringt fie zu allgemeiner Geltung und Anfehn, geftärkt durch die Zufammenftimmung aller Gemütber, und erhebt es hoch über alles Sinnliche, in dem angebornen Bewußtſeyn daß unfere Natur auf etwas Metaphufifches ans gewiefen fey. Ale Idealbildung und ‚alle Myſtik gehn aus berfelben Grundkraft hervor, aus der Yähigfeit und Neigung an etwas zu glauben das nicht fichtbar und greifbar ift. Se fruchtbarer die Phantafie eines Volks in Urmythen und dann in nachahmender Mythenentwidlung und freier Mpthen⸗ 81 poefie ift, um fo regfamer wirb ed naturgemäß auch feyn zu glauben. Im Charakter ver Griechen fehn wir dieß vollkom⸗ men beftätigt, felbft auf das beutlichfte bis in die Neuzeit herab, da Hauptzüge der alten Nationalität unter allen Bermifchungen ver Bewohner und ber Zuftände fich allerdings im neuen Grie- henland noch erkennen laſſen. Im Aberglauben mögen andre Völfer, wie die Römer, ven Griechen vorangehn, da er ba wo ed an einem edleren ober einem zeitgemäßen Glauben fehlt, am üpptaften zu mwuchern pflegt; aber eigen waren ben Grie- hen beſondre Glaubensfähigkeit, leichte Gläubigfeit und eigent- liche Leichtgläubigfeit, welche Plutarch =d dyav vç nlorsos nennt, oft bis zum Erftaunlichen, oft freilich auch von poeti- her Illuſion ſchwer zu unterfcheiven. Daraus auch daß ber Glaube biß zum Überfluß vorhanden war, erflärt es fich daß ihre Priefter und Weifen ihn nicht preifen und empfehlen mie andere zur Gotteöverehrung (sdosßesa) weſentliche Eigenſchaf⸗ ten. Parmenives nimmt Kraft des Glaubens für Überzeugung mit Bezug auf den rechten Glauben an bie Götter, wovon das Wort öfter gebraucht wird ). Es ift eine falfche Behauptung 1) Parmen. 67: oudE no? ix roü kövros Ipıosı nionos loyis yr- yriedas 1» nag avro (wogegen Platon Bep. 10 p. 601 e die nions ber imeomn gegenüberftellt, alfo wie Heraklits olyass Sega voũcoc.) Thucyd. 5,30 Isar niarsıs öuocas. Eurip. Med. 414 9swr ouxin nions üpaps. Strab. 1 p.19 ou yag öykloy re yuyaızuv xal navsog yudalov nindovs Inayaysiv Aoyp duvarov Yılocoygw xas ngooxalicacdaı npös sU08- Psıav zai ödsoınra za nicrıv, alla dei zas dıa damdaıuoviac. In Bezug auf die Borfehung und das Göttliche im Orakel heißt Plutarch vw ebos anᷓ xas ndıpıov un noolseda:, nienv, de Pyth. or. 18. In der Gerichtsſprache find iorzss Beweisgründe (dimidesenzai) und Unterpfänder. In der Apotheoſe des Homer von Archelaos find, was nicht richtig ver⸗ flanden worden iſt, in der Ichten Gruppe aufgeführt Dumas, des Dichters Raturanlage oder Genie (mie bei Ariftoteles in der Poetik und fonft), in Geſtalt eine Kindes, Kleiner ald der Mythos, mit vier Eigenfchaften Aoeri, Mynun, Iions und Zogia. Die beiden erften Figuren ragen über bie andern hervor, von denen Pifis den Finger auf dm Mund legt, voie L 6 82 einiger ber wenig apoftolifchen neufranzöſiſchen Apoftel daß das Wort Glauben einen Sinn angenommen habe erft feit dem Chriftentbum. Das Wort hatte feinen Sinn fo gut wie Die Namen der fünf Sinne, und ber Unterfchieb liegt nur in dem Objert des Glaubens, der im Altertbum fich oft Vorftellungen, pie und fremd oder auch verkehrt erfcheinen müflen, eifrig ge⸗ nug zumandte, rein ibeellen Wefen, die ſich der Aufflärung ſu⸗ chenden Phantafie varboten, aber doch auch einem lebenvigen, allmächtigen Gott und feiner Gerechtigkeit. Selbſt das Dogma daß ver chriftliche Glaube vom heiligen Geifte gewirkt werbe, fchließt nicht den Glauben als Begleiter und Träger aller Re- ligion aus, fett nicht Das Heidenthum von Seiten „bed Glaus bensprincipg” in einen Widerſpruch mit dem Chriftenthum, mit dem ein „Organ des Glaubens“ zu allererfi in die Welt ein- getreten wäre. Das Streben durch die Liebe Gotted und ber Menſchen, durch fittlihe Vervollkommnung und Reinheit des Willens das Göttliche in der Menfchheit fo viel zu verwirfli- chen als das frühere Griechenthbum es in ver Natur und ſei⸗ nen Göttern der Natur und des menfchlihen Weſens verehrt bat, ift ein großer Gegenfag. Aber auch das Chriftentbum in dieſem Gegenfage ift nicht anders „auf die Bafis des Glaubens geftellt«, ald daß biefer aus dem Ergreifen des Göttlichen in Chriſtus oder der Lehre des Chriftenthums folgt, vie er als le⸗ benbige Überzeugung im Gefühl und Verſtande feft hält. Die- felbe Kraft die dem aus dem Drang des religiöfen Gefühle her- Harpokrates, Sophia ihn nachdenklich an das Kinn fekt, Eins fo bezeich⸗ nend ald dad Andre. Don Harpokrates fagt Plutard de Is. et Os. 68. Toy de Aonoxoumv oſte Ysöv arely xal vanıov oüre yedoonav Twa vo- . iotlor, alla Tov nei Yswuv iv aydgwmoss Aöyov veapov xai arloüs xai ddiapdgwWToy nEOCIEMmy xal owggorıomv. dıö TW VTöuan Tor daxtuloy Eyes npooxsiusvoy Iysuudias zai aswnjs ovußolovr. Sonft wird der auf den Mund gelegte Finger im Agpptifhen auch als Zeichen der Kindheit gedeutet, und das Kindlihe paßt für Piftis eben ſowohl ale das Anfihhalten ohne zu zweifeln noch zu fragen. vorgegangnen Werk der Einbildungskraft feinen Zauber bewahrt, halt auch die fpiritualiftifche Religion. Dan Fönnte wohl fa- gen, der Glaube fey die mit der angebornen Vorausſetzung Gottes verbundene Kraft und Yähigfeit die durch ven Trieb ver Gottesverehrung erzeugten Vorftellungen, fie feyen phantaſtiſch, philofophifch oder myftifch, in das innerfte Leben aufzunehmen; er ſey die religidfe Anlage in ihrer natürlichen Entwidlung durch alle Weltalter hindurch. Es macht nicht einen abfoluten, bie Menfchheit in zwei Arten tbeilenden, fondern einen unter: geordneten Unterfchied aus daß die Apoftel zunächft ven Glau⸗ ben an den Gottgefandten, in deſſen Geift, Wort und Leben das Göttliche beftimmter, Teuchtender und munberbarer, mit größerer Wirfung in die Ferne ber Zeiten ald je vorber her- vorgetreten war prebigten. Sie foderten nicht den Glauben an die Zeichen und Wunder, die als thatfächlich vorausgefegt wurden, fondern wegen ihrer, aber auch wegen feiner Lehre, deren Berfündiger fie waren, den Glauben an ihnY. Und von einem alten Glauben fid einem neuen zuzuwenden muß man allerdings ftärfer auffodern ald wo einem großen Glauben nicht ein großes Aufgeben gegenüberſteht. Nach der Größe ober Tiefe des Gegenftanded wächſt der Ernft, die Innigkeit, das Feuer und die Wirffamfeit des Glaubens, und fo ift die Wärme des chriftlichen Glaubens, die ihn zum Lebensprincip erhebt, auch nur ein Unterfchied der Art und des Grades. Aber das Altertbum forverte ven Glauben an die Götter nicht weni- ger ald Paulus den an Chriſtus und feine Auferftehung, Das Esangelium Johannes an den Logos. 2) Bol. Pland Geſch. des Chriſtenthums in ber erften Periode 2, 310. — Im erften Fargarb des Bendidad, wo Ahura mazda dem hoch⸗ heiligen Zarathuſtra offenbart daß er ſechszehn Länder bewohnbar gemacht babe, nennt er das fünfte unb das zwölfte Länder bed Unglaubens an bem Oberfim (B. 8. 16), worin nemlih durd den Gott bes Böfen Un⸗ glaube an jenem noch durchgefegt werde. 6* 84 21. Allegorie. Diefe fpricht ihre Bedeutung beftimmt durch das Wort felbft aus, das wir zuerfi bei Cicero und Longin antreffen ). Wahrnehmen, Nachventen, Vergleichen leiten auf eine bildliche Einfleivung, ähnlich einem verſteckten Gleichniß, oder es wedt eine Erfcheinung im Leben der Natur oder des Menfchen einen Gedanken im Gedaͤchtniß auf, ver längft im Sinn und Bes wußtfeyn da war. Nothwendig ift alfo die Allegorie fpäter als das Symbol und ver Mythus in ihrer allerfrühften Erſchei⸗ nung, die nur einen fehr engen Kreis einnehmen im Bergleich mit dem unermeßlichen ver Allegorie. Dagegen ift dieſe dem Sinnbilblihen durchaus verwandt. Der Mythus, aud ber . fpätere finnbiloliche, it im Allgemeinen naiv, kindlich, einfach, die Allegorie ernfthafter, gefünftelt, lehrhaft, auffodernd zum Deuten des Sinnd und Zufammenhbangs, welden ver Mythus vergefien laſſen fann, wie er denn gewöhnlich vergeffen wor⸗ den if. Doc hat auch die Allegorie oft zwei Seiten und wech⸗ felt die Farbe: man muß fi oft Daran erinnern daß dag Ihöne Gefäß eine edle Frucht verberge, wenn ed nicht die Dich⸗ ter felbft für und thun, wie Dante, Taſſo. Das Symbolifche der Kunft und der Poefie, worin das Beſondre dad Allgemeine repräfentirt, ift ein biefer Unterfuchung fremder Begriff. Zur eigentlichen Bergötterung führt die Allegorie nie, nur zu einer Iheinbaren in manchen Griechifchen Dämonen; aber ihr Er- zeugniß Tann, wenn es fi) mit dem äcdhten Mythus verſchlingt, biefen bereichern, entwidelnn, die Wirklichkeit und Heiligkeit des Mpthifchen felbft in ver Vorftellung theilen. Die Allego- tie berrfcht nicht nur in Zeiten worin bie Verſtandesthaͤtigkeit überwiegt und ver Einbilvungsfraft die Frifche und Stärfe le⸗ 1) 8. A. Wolf. Analekt. IV, 526. Tryphon eos rpönav ms. Rahnkenii, Valcken. et al. ad Ernest. Epist. ed. Tittm. p. 46. Daffelbe früher önovosa Plat. rep. 2, 17 p. 378. Ruhnk. ad Tim. Lex. Plat. 85 benvoller Geftaltung entweicht, ſondern auch dann wann mit dem noch völlig naiven und dem poetifch fruchtbaren Sinn eine jugendfräftige Lernbegierve, Luft des Verſtehens und Begrei⸗ fens zufammentrifft. Die allegorifhe Verwendung des alten Mythenvorraths ift die Blütbezeit der im Mptbifchen vereinten Geiftestbätigfeit der Phantafie und des Verſtandes. In Sha- leſpeares Zeit wurbe alle Kunft von der Allegorie beherricht. Homer ift reih an allegorifcher Dichtung von der Farbe ber eigenften, neueften Erfindung. Dahin gehört die wunder: ſchöne Dichtung (II. 14, 231—291) von Here, welde ven Hppnos, um ihren Gemal einzufchläfern, von Lemnos auf den Ya lockt durch das Verſprechen einer der jüngften Chariten Paſithea, einer Gattin nad feiner Natur, denn hold ift ver Schlaf und gewaltig über alle Natur, darum Ian ges nannt, und eine ber jüngften Schweftern weil Jugend reizt. Der Here lieber Sohn Hephäftos verſprach ihm zuvor zum Lohn einen Seffel, worin es fidh aut fchläft, fo wie unter ber bo- ben Tanne, worauf darum nachher Hypnos als ein erzfarbis- ger Singvogel fist, wie bei Virgil die Träume auf einer Ulme wohnen. Die Odyſſee enthält in den Töchtern des Pandareos (20, 66-78) eine fehr feine Allegorie worin Göttinnen die handelnden find. Sehr alterthümlichen Charakter hat eine alegorifche Erfindung in ver Ilias, die Kette an welder Zeus alle andern Götter auffchnellt in ihrem Verſuch ihn herabzu- ziehen, nach dem Vorbild eines Ziehſpiels. Einen weiten Spiel- taum erhält vie Allegorie durch jene poetifchen Perfonen wie bie Horen, Eos, Iris, die Liten, deren Gang und Blid das AÄngft- lihe ver Bittenden ausprädt, Eos und Kleitoß, Eos und Ti- thonos, die Tödung des Drion dur Artemis, Ate, in ver Odyſſee Skylla, Kirfe, Kalypfo, die auch Cicero nicht Weiber 2) Rab ber, wie ich glaube, ganz unleugbaren Erklärung in den Schriften ber Berl. Akad. 1847 über Polygnots Gemälde in Delphi S. 136 f. ©. 56 des Separatabdrucks. 86 nennen mag (off. 1, 31), Siſyphos den Steinwälzer und feine Genoſſen, befonvders auch durch einige der Götter felbft, Ares, Aphrodite, diefe namentlich in ihrem Berhältniß zu Helena, zu Ares, und durch die Fortbildung der Mythen und ihre Behand- lung in dem epifchen Stoff, die großentheild eben fo wohl al- legorifch als plaftifch if. Denn die epifche Poefie nimmt ent- weber mit dem Volt vie geheimnißvolle Überlieferung als ges beiligt an ober fie erfchfittert den Mythus durch Mythenpoeſie in allerlei Verknüpfung und Verwendung. Wenn bie Dichter die Mythologie zu Zwecken ihres epifchen Stoffs umwandeln und ausfpinnen, fo hören diefe auf fremdartigen Anlaß gedich⸗ teten und gefcherzten Neuerungen auf finnvoll zu ſeyn. Durch klares Berftändniß und Deutung wird der Mythus ganz zur Allegorie: oder werden die Mythen, einft heilige Wahrheiten für die ‚Zeit welche fie erzeugte und hegte, frühzeitig mehr ober weniger zur Zabel. Allegorifch oder ſinnbildlich iſt daß Athene fi den Helm des Aides auffegt (Il. 5, 845), find die Fäſſer des Guten und des Böſen (24, 527.) Dei Heſiodus ift die Allegorie, die im Homerifchen Epos bier und da verftedt durchblickt, fehr felten, wie etwa in den vier Söhnen des Prometheus. Denn allegoriih Tann man nicht nennen daß die Theogonie die Dinge der Natur und des menschlichen Innern in genealogifcher Weife auseinanberfegt, eben fo wie andre Heftopifche Porfie die Völferftämme als Per- fonen aufführt und wie die Sage überhaupt auch Städte, In⸗ feln, Länder, Flüffe, Kolonieen genealogifch behandelt und auf Berhältniffe von Individuen einfach zurüdführt. Dagegen find bie altvolfsmäßigen Weſen eigenthämlich unbeftimmter und ba= roder Art, Gorgonen und Gräen, Geryon, Ehryfaor, bie Ky⸗ flopen des Gewitterd und die Hundertarme, Pegaſos, Typho⸗ eus (dieſer und Gorgo auch bei Homer) eher Phantafiebilver von Naturerfcheinungen oder ächte Mythen.
| 39,254 |
https://github.com/fantaandcode/dicey-fires/blob/master/Scenes/Scripts/Game.gd
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
dicey-fires
|
fantaandcode
|
GDScript
|
Code
| 326 | 1,137 |
extends VBoxContainer
# whose turn is it? true is player, false is enemy
var turn = true
# player and enemy
onready var player = get_node('Profiles/Player')
onready var notice_panel = get_node('Notices')
onready var action_panel = get_node('Actions')
onready var hand = get_node('Hand')
onready var state_label = get_node('Debug/Container/State_Label')
var max_hand_size = 5
var enemy = null
var round_ct = 0
# signals
signal name_changed
# game state variables, starts in idle
enum {STATE_IDLE = 0, STATE_COMBAT = 1, STATE_SHOP = 2, STATE_STORY = 3}
var game_state = STATE_IDLE
# called on initialization
func _ready():
# continuously check the game state
check_state()
func check_state():
match game_state:
STATE_IDLE:
state_label.text = String(game_state) + ': ' + 'Idle'
to_idle()
STATE_COMBAT:
if get_node('Profiles').get_children().size() < 2:
state_label.text = String(game_state) + ': ' + 'Combat'
to_combat()
start_fight()
STATE_SHOP:
state_label.text = String(game_state) + ': ' + 'Shop'
STATE_STORY:
state_label.text = String(game_state) + ': ' + 'Story'
_:
state_label.text = String(game_state) + ': ' + 'Invalid state'
func to_idle():
hand.visible = false
action_panel.visible = false
func to_combat():
hand.visible = true
action_panel.visible = true
func start_fight():
player_creation()
enemy_creation()
# create player
func player_creation():
# change in future
# TODO
player.set_unit_name('Trent')
# create enemy
func enemy_creation():
# TODO
enemy = preload('res://Scenes/Unit.tscn').instance()
# set node name
enemy.name = 'Enemy'
get_node('Profiles').add_child(enemy)
# set all enemy information
enemy.set_unit_name('Shadow')
enemy.is_player = false
enemy.init_enemy_dice()
# play a round
func play_round(attacker, defender):
if attacker.is_dead:
print(attacker.name + ' is dead')
return null
else:
var vals = attacker.get_dice_rolls()
var total = 0
for i in vals:
total += i
print(attacker.name + ' total: ', total)
turn = not turn
defender.update_hp(-total)
# check if dead
if defender.is_dead:
defender.unit_disp.set_name('Dead')
func units_reset():
player.reset_rolls()
enemy.reset_rolls()
func print_round():
print('==========\nRound:', round_ct, '\n==========')
round_ct += 1
func _on_End_Turn_pressed():
print_round()
play_round(player, enemy)
print_round()
play_round(enemy, player)
units_reset()
func _on_Deck_pressed():
var cards_in_hand = hand.get_children().size() - 1
if cards_in_hand < max_hand_size:
var tmp_card = preload('res://Scenes/Card.tscn').instance()
hand.add_child(tmp_card)
elif cards_in_hand == max_hand_size:
var notice = preload('res://Scenes/Hand_Full_Notice.tscn').instance()
notice_panel.add_child(notice)
func _on_Player_no_rolls_left():
var notice = preload('res://Scenes/No_Rolls_Notice.tscn').instance()
notice_panel.add_child(notice)
func _on_Button_pressed():
game_state = STATE_COMBAT
check_state()
| 49,328 |
https://github.com/ArturW1998/InstaForexWebSocket/blob/master/src/views/components/Quote/styles.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
InstaForexWebSocket
|
ArturW1998
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 53 | 177 |
import { StyleSheet } from 'react-native';
import Themes from '../../../constants/themes';
import { IStyle } from './types';
export default StyleSheet.create<IStyle>({
changeFieldContainer: {
alignItems: 'center',
flexDirection: 'row',
justifyContent: 'flex-end',
},
container: {
flex: 1,
flexDirection: 'row',
alignItems: 'center',
justifyContent: 'space-between',
paddingHorizontal: 12,
paddingVertical: 18,
borderBottomWidth: 1,
borderBottomColor: Themes.mutedColor,
},
icon: {
marginLeft: 4,
},
});
| 20,435 |
https://github.com/jmwielandt/autocorrector/blob/master/director/config.types.go
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
autocorrector
|
jmwielandt
|
Go
|
Code
| 119 | 381 |
package main
type Input struct {
Dir string `toml:"dir"`
Names []string `toml:"names"`
}
type Output struct {
Dir string `toml:"dir"`
}
type Pauta struct {
Dir string `toml:"dir"`
}
type Eval struct {
Problems []Problem `toml:"problemas"`
}
type Problem struct {
Num uint `toml:"num"`
Name string `toml:"name"`
Inputs string `toml:"inputs"`
Details []Detail `toml:"details"`
MaxTime float32 `toml:"max_time"`
AvgTime float32 `toml:"avg_time"`
}
type Detail struct {
Size uint `toml:"size"`
Score float32 `toml:"score"`
NumInputs uint `toml:"num_inputs"`
}
type Others struct {
NJobs uint `toml:"njobs"`
Command Command `toml:"command"`
}
type Command struct {
Activate []string `toml:"activate"`
Command []string `toml:"command"`
Deactivate []string `toml:"deactivate"`
}
type Config struct {
Input Input `toml:"input"`
Output Output `toml:"output"`
Pauta Pauta `toml:"pauta"`
Eval Eval `toml:"eval"`
Others Others `toml:"others"`
}
| 41,128 |
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t%20La%20Laguna
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Universität La Laguna
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universität La Laguna&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 1,238 | 2,313 |
Die Universität La Laguna () ist eine staatliche Universität in der spanischen Stadt San Cristóbal de La Laguna auf Teneriffa.
Geschichte der Universität und ihrer Vorläufer
Bis 1927
Der Beginn der akademischen Lehrtätigkeit auf den Kanarischen Inseln kann auf das Jahr 1701 datiert werden, als die Augustinermönche ein Zentrum für höhere religiöse Studien in La Laguna einrichteten. Die frühe Entwicklung der Universität ist geprägt von einer Reihe von Anordnungen und Widerrufen, die sich seit 1744 abwechseln. In diesem Jahr wurde durch eine päpstliche Bulle die kirchliche Universität San Agustin eingerichtet. Diese Anordnung wurde allerdings nie umgesetzt.
Ein königlicher Erlass Karls des IV. vom 11. März des Jahres 1792 ordnete die Schaffung einer Universität in der damaligen Hauptstadt der Kanarischen Inseln an. Die politische Situation, die sich seit 1793 ergab, verhinderte allerdings eine wirkliche Einrichtung dieser Institution. Nach der Napoleonischen Zeit und der Restauration der Dynastie der Bourbonen wurden die alten Bestrebungen wieder aufgenommen. Im Jahr 1816 ordnete ein königliches Dekret erneut an, in der Stadt San Cristóbal de La Laguna eine Universität mit den gleichen Privilegien und Vorteilen einzurichten, wie sie im restlichen Königreich gewährt wurden, und diese Universität San Fernando zu benennen. Dadurch wurde das Gebäude der Compañía de Jesús zum Sitz der Universidad Literaria de San Fernando. Eine der treibenden Kräfte bei der Gründung der Universität war der katholische Bischof und Beichtvater König Ferdinands VII. von Spanien, Cristóbal Bencomo y Rodríguez.
Die neue Universität wurde am 12. Januar 1817 eröffnet. Es zeigte sich allerdings bald, dass das Gebäude für die steigende Anzahl der Studenten unzureichend war. Deshalb wurden verschiedene Einrichtungen der Universität in das Augustinerkloster verlegt. Im Dezember 1821 wurde damit begonnen, die gesamte Einrichtung der Universität dorthin zu verlagern. Nachdem im Jahr 1837 im Rahmen der Desarmortizazión das Kloster aufgelöst wurde, war hier das Zentrum der Universität. Das Gebäude der Compañía de Jesús war weiterhin für öffentliche Veranstaltungen und als Standort der Bibliothek von Bedeutung. Auch die Sociedad Patriótica und die Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País bekamen Räume in dem Gebäude des Jesuitenordens (der Compañía de Jesús). Durch einen königlichen Erlass von 1845 wurde die Anzahl der Universitäten in Spanien auf zehn beschränkt und die Bildungsanstalt im Augustinerkloster als einziges Gymnasium der Kanarischen Inseln (Instituto de Canarias) eingerichtet.
Während des Besuches des Königs Alfons XIII. (Spanien) 1906 im Gymnasium im Augustinerkloster in La Laguna nutzte der Direktor Adolfo Cabrera Pinto die Gelegenheit, den König zu bitten, die Universität de San Fernando wieder einzurichten. Die ersten Ergebnisse dieser Bitte ergaben sich in dem königlichen Erlass von 1913, in dem die Einrichtung einer Philosophischen und einer Philologischen Fakultät und die Vorbereitung einer Rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät angeordnet wurden.
Die Abteilungen der Universität wurden im Jahr 1917 um Vorbereitungskurse in den Fächern Medizin und Pharmazie ausgeweitet. Im Jahr 1921 kamen die Rechtswissenschaften hinzu, sodass sich die Stadt La Laguna als Universitätsstadt ansehen konnte.
Ab 1927
Erst im Jahr 1927 wurde durch den königlichen Erlass vom 21. September die Universität La Laguna geschaffen.
Das allmähliche Wachsen der Fakultäten führte zu Überlegungen neue Gebäude für die Universität zu errichten. 1929 wurde ein öffentlicher Wettbewerb für die Errichtung eines Universitätsgebäudes und eines Studentenwohnheimes ausgeschrieben. Aus den Vorschlägen wurde ein Entwurf des Architekten Ceballos ausgewählt. Im Jahr 1935 wurde mit den Bauarbeiten begonnen; diese kamen aber nicht voran und wurden während der Zeit des Bürgerkrieges eingestellt. Die wieder aufgenommenen Bauarbeiten an den Gebäuden des Campus Central wurden nach Plänen von José Enrique Marrero Regalado und Domingo Pisaca ausgeführt.
Im Jahr 1942 konnte die Abteilung für Klassische Sprachen der Philosophischen Fakultät in das Gebäude einziehen. Im Jahr 1960 konnte das gesamte Gebäude auf dem heutigen Campus Central seiner Bestimmung übergeben werden.
Mit neuen Einrichtungen wurde die Universidad de La Laguna erweitert. Es entstanden die Abteilungen für Anglistik (1963), für Biologie (1967) und für Mathematik(1969). Zur gleichen Zeit (1968) wurde die Medizinische Fakultät geschaffen. Die weitere Entwicklung der Bildungseinrichtung wurde geprägt durch die Einbeziehung neuer Studienrichtungen, wodurch die Universität heute mit den führenden Hochschulen Spaniens mithalten kann. 1972 wurde die Fachhochschule für Betriebswirtschaft geschaffen und mit der Lehrerausbildung begonnen. Ein Jahr später kam die Bautechnik hinzu.
Die Fakultät für Pharmazie wurde 1974 gegründet, die für Wirtschaftswissenschaften 1975. 1977 war das Jahr der Entstehung der Fachhochschule für Krankenpflege. Ein Jahr später wurde die Fachhochschule für Sozialarbeit angegliedert und 1979 die Kunstakademie in Santa Cruz. 1982 wurde die alte Fakultät für Philosophie und Geisteswissenschaften aufgeteilt in getrennte Fakultäten für Philologie, für Philosophie, für Psychologie, für Erziehungswissenschaft und für Geografie und Geschichte.
Die 1990er Jahre waren gekennzeichnet durch die Schaffung einer neuen Art von Bildungseinrichtungen im System der spanischen Universitäten. Diese „Centros“ orientieren sich stärker an den Anforderungen in der beruflichen Praxis. So entstanden 1990 das Centro für Seeschifffahrt und Meeresstudien und elektronische Datenverarbeitung (Centro Superior de Náutica y Estudios del Mar y de Informática), 1991 das für Agrarwissenschaften (Centro de Ciencias Agrarias), 1995 das für Erziehung und als letztes 1999 das für Politik- und Sozialwissenschaft (Centro Superior de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales).
Campus
Der Campus Central liegt südöstlich der historischen Altstadt La Lagunas. Hier befinden sich die Gebäude aus der ersten Zeit der Universität die besonders von zentralen Einrichtungen und der Fakultät für Erziehungswissenschaften genutzt werden.
Der Campus de Anchieta liegt vom Campus Central aus gesehen auf der anderen Seite der Nordautobahn. Dieser Campus wird in erster Linie von den naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten genutzt.
Der Campus Guajara wurde nördlich der Autobahn insbesondere für die geisteswissenschaftlichen Fakultäten errichtet.
Der Campus Ofra umfasst die zwei Universitätskliniken das Hospital Universitario und das Hospital Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria.
Die Kunsthochschule befindet sich im Norden von Santa Cruz. Das Konservatorium auf der anderen Seite der Durchgangsstraße ist nicht Teil der Universität.
Direkt am Meer in Santa Cruz de Tenerife liegt an der Straße nach San Andrés die Escuela Técnica Superior de Náutica, Máquinas y Radioelectrónica Naval
Einige der an die Universität angeschlossenen Schulen sind in anderen Städten untergebracht.
Fakultäten und angeschlossene Schulen
Facultad de Bellas Artes (Kunstakademie)
Facultad de Biología (Fakultät für Biologie)
Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales (Fakultät für Wirtschaft und Betriebswirtschaft)
Facultad de Ciencias de la Información (Fakultät für Informatik)
Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales (Fakultät für Politik- und Sozialwissenschaft)
Facultad de Derecho (Fakultät für Rechtswissenschaft)
Facultad de Educación (Fakultät für Erziehungswissenschaft)
Facultad de Farmacia (Fakultät für Pharmazie)
Facultad de Filología (Fakultät für Philologie)
Facultad de Filosofía (Fakultät für Philosophie)
Facultad de Física (Fakultät für Physik)
Facultad de Geografía e Historia (Fakultät für Geografie und Geschichte)
Facultad de Matemáticas (Fakultät für Mathematik)
Facultad de Medicina (Fakultät für Medizin)
Facultad de Psicología (Fakultät für Psychologie)
Facultad de Química (Fakultät für Chemie)
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agraria (Fachhochschule für Agrarwissenschaften)
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Civil e Industrial (Fachhochschule für Ingenieurwissenschaften)
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática (Fachhochschule für Informatik)
Escuela Técnica Superior de Naútica, Máquinas y Radioelectrónica Naval (Fachhochschule für Seeschifffahrt)
Escuela Universitaria de Arquitectura Técnica (Fachschule für Bauwesen)
Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería y Fisioterapia (Fachschule für Krankenpflege und Physiotherapie)
Escuela Universitaria de Empresa y Turismo (Adeje) (Fachschule für Betriebswirtschaft und Tourismus)
Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería Nª Sª de Candelaria (Fachschule für Krankenpflege)
Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería (La Palma) (Fachschule für Krankenpflege)
Escuela de Turismo de Tenerife (Fachschule für Tourismus)
Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias Empresariales (Fachschule für Betriebswirtschaft)
Literatur
Weblinks
Website der Universität (spanisch, englisch)
Film über den Festsaal (spanisch)
Website der Studentenorganisation für Internationale Beziehungen (AURI) (spanisch, englisch)
Einzelnachweise
La Laguna
San Cristóbal de La Laguna
Hochschule auf den Kanarischen Inseln
Gegründet 1927
Universität in Afrika
| 13,809 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125495241
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Jim McKenna
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 19 | 37 |
Jim McKenna
Canadian politician
Jim McKenna instance of human
Jim McKenna sex or gender male
Jim McKenna occupation politician
| 27,917 |
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo%20Demarchi
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Aldo Demarchi
|
https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldo Demarchi&action=history
|
Portuguese
|
Spoken
| 167 | 318 |
José Aldo Demarchi (Rio Claro, 4 de janeiro de 1944) é um administrador de empresas e político brasileiro, filiado ao União Brasil (UNIÃO). É deputado estadual de São Paulo desde 20 de abril de 2022, após a renuncia do ex-deputado Arthur do Val (UNIÃO).
Trajetória política
Foi vereador, vice-prefeito e prefeito em Rio Claro. Elegeu-se deputado estadual pelo PPB (hoje, PP) em 1994, com 27 789 votos, reelegendo-se em 1998 pelo mesmo partido, com 53.702 votos e em 2002 com 55.995 votos. Em 2006, já no PFL, foi reeleito com 70.880 votos, e posteriormente eleito pelo DEM com 86.672 votos. Foi 2º secretário da Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de São Paulo no biênio 2011-2013. Em seis mandatos na Alesp apresentou cerca de 300 projetos de lei.
Ligações externas
Página oficial José Aldo Demarchi
Naturais de Rio Claro (São Paulo)
Administradores do Brasil
Maçons do Brasil
Prefeitos de Rio Claro (São Paulo)
Deputados estaduais de São Paulo
Membros do Progressistas
Membros do Democratas (Brasil)
Membros do União Brasil
| 1,418 |
<urn:uuid:deb2bf7c-b4d1-4327-8e79-d2d453fff099>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://francearchives.gouv.fr/facomponent/f9cf80db53902703c819abbf05ca7d5ee1b156b5
|
francearchives.gouv.fr
|
Standard Malay (Latin script)
|
Spoken
| 29 | 58 |
Inventaire - GR 13 YF (FA DIARA à FRIMAN JOHN)
Dossier de pension de FAGUIMBA KEITA
Document d'archives : Dossier de pension de FAGUIMBA KEITA
GR 13 YF 2022
| 21,942 |
https://openalex.org/W4281742844
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,022 |
Maintenance of Medical Care of Children and Adolescents With Asthma During the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pandemic: An Opinion
|
Malik Aydin
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,153 | 2,311 |
International Journal of Public Health
COMMENTARY published: 31 May 2022
doi: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604849 Citation: Aydin M (2022) Maintenance of
Medical Care of Children and
Adolescents With Asthma During the
SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pandemic:
An Opinion. Keywords: public health, pandemic, healthcare, asthma, patient education Keywords: public health, pandemic, healthcare, asthma, patient education The clinical picture of asthma is gaining increasing global attention [1]. Considerable effort is being put
into understanding the underlying mechanisms and causes of asthma [2, 3]. Prevention concepts and
disease education are some areas receiving increased attention from patients and caregivers in order to
catch complications earlier [4, 5]. Indeed, the main goal should be that the patient becomes experienced
about his/her disease [5]. However, it is not only in medically underserved regions where children and
adolescents can succumb to asthma complications. Here, for example, the case of a 9-year-old girl, Ella
Kissi-Debrah, from the United Kingdom, where the court recently ruled that environmental pollution
levels in the region of Ella’s home were far above the norm and led to her death should not fade into
oblivion [6]. She suffered from several asthma attacks before her death. Asthma schooling/patient
education are important concepts that can lead to better disease awareness and understanding. In
Germany, such asthma training concepts (“Asthmaschulung”) exist for appropriate age groups, in
which children and parents are taught in small groups using practical and playful exercises [7]. Themes
including understanding the disease, exercises for the early recognition of urgent situations, and the
correct use of medications and inhalation techniques, as well as other thematically relevant contents,
are the main topics [7]. Such education measures increase the self-confidence of affected patients in
dealing with the disease, meaning doctor’s visits may also become less necessary [8]. Unfortunately, the
current SARS-CoV-2-/COVID-19-pandemic has not only led to corresponding lockdowns in different
areas of society, but has also affected the implementation of asthma education. Virtual training can be
complementary to other treatments, and some associations offer training, such as self-education
programs, through close-meshed testing [9]. Parents who were involved in these education programs
showed better asthma control with their affected children. Importantly, the United Nations has set
auspicious goals for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [10]. Here, important notes on
asthma prevention and control are given, which should be taken into serious consideration in
asthma care. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for
publication. Edited by:
Gabriel Gulis,
University of Southern Denmark,
Denmark
*Correspondence:
Malik Aydin
malik.aydin@uni-wh.de
This Commentary is part of the IJPH
Special Issue “Public Health and
Primary Care,
is 1+1=1?” Edited by:
Gabriel Gulis,
University of Southern Denmark,
Denmark Received: 17 February 2022
Accepted: 27 April 2022
Published: 31 May 2022
Citation:
Aydin M (2022) Maintenance of
Medical Care of Children and
Adolescents With Asthma During the
SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pandemic:
An Opinion. Int J Public Health 67:1604849. doi: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604849 Received: 17 February 2022
Accepted: 27 April 2022
Published: 31 May 2022 Maintenance of Medical Care of
Children and Adolescents With
Asthma During the SARS-CoV-2/
COVID-19 Pandemic: An Opinion 1Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Department of Human Medicine, Center for Biomedical
Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany,
2Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital
Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany CONFLICT OF INTEREST The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial
relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. May 2022 | Volume 67 | Article 1604849 Int J Public Health | Owned by SSPH+ | Published by Frontiers Asthma Care During Pandemic-Related Lockdown Aydin REFERENCES 7. Asthmaschulung (2022). Available at: https://www.asthmaschulung.de/die-ag-
asthmaschulung (Accessed 02 14, 2022). 8. Ali A, Pena SG, Huggins C, Lugo F, Khaja M, Diaz-Fuentes G. Impact of Group
Asthma Education on Asthma Control and Emergency Room Visits in an
Underserved New York Community. Can Respir J (2019) 2019:1–7. doi:10. 1155/2019/5165189 8. Ali A, Pena SG, Huggins C, Lugo F, Khaja M, Diaz-Fuentes G. Impact of Group
Asthma Education on Asthma Control and Emergency Room Visits in an
Underserved New York Community. Can Respir J (2019) 2019:1–7. doi:10. 1155/2019/5165189 1. Serebrisky D, Wiznia A. Pediatric Asthma: A Global Epidemic. Ann Glob
Health (2019) 85:6. doi:10.5334/aogh.2416 1. Serebrisky D, Wiznia A. Pediatric Asthma: A Global Epidemic. Ann Glob
Health (2019) 85:6. doi:10.5334/aogh.2416 2. Maslan J, Mims JW. What is Asthma? Pathophysiology, Demographics, and Health
Care Costs. Otolaryngol Clin North Am (2014) 47:13–22. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2013.09.010 2. Maslan J, Mims JW. What is Asthma? Pathophysiology, Demographics, and Health
Care Costs. Otolaryngol Clin North Am (2014) 47:13–22. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2013.09.010 9. Frydenberg A, Oborne N, Polley C, Littlejohn E, Gray A. Paediatric Asthma
Education:
Implementation
of
Video-Based
Education
for
Families. J Paediatrics Child Health (2022) 58(5):868–72. doi:10.1111/jpc.15862 3. Noutsios G, Floros J. Childhood Asthma: Causes, Risks, and Protective Factors; a Role
ofInnate Immunity.Swiss Med Wkly (2014) 144:w14036. doi:10.4414/smw.2014.14036 3. Noutsios G, Floros J. Childhood Asthma: Causes, Risks, and Protective Factors; a Role
ofInnate Immunity.Swiss Med Wkly (2014) 144:w14036. doi:10.4414/smw.2014.14036 10. Sustainable Development (2021). Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment. un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%
20Development%20web.pdf (Accessed 05 11, 2021). 4. Joseph CLM, Williams LK, Ownby DR, Saltzgaber J, Johnson CC. Applying
Epidemiologic Concepts of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention to the
Elimination of Racial Disparities in Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol (2006)
117:233–40. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.11.004 Copyright © 2022 Aydin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or
reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and
the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is
cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or
reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Copyright © 2022 Aydin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Int J Public Health | Owned by SSPH+ | Published by Frontiers 8. Ali A, Pena SG, Huggins C, Lugo F, Khaja M, Diaz-Fuentes G. Impact of Group
Asthma Education on Asthma Control and Emergency Room Visits in an
Underserved New York Community. Can Respir J (2019) 2019:1–7. doi:10.
1155/2019/5165189 7. Asthmaschulung (2022). Available at: https://www.asthmaschulung.de/die-ag-
asthmaschulung (Accessed 02 14, 2022). REFERENCES The use, distribution or
reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and
the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is
cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or
reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. 5. Steurer-Stey
C. Asthmaschulung
und
Selbstmanagement:
wichtige
Voraussetzung für eine optimale Asthmakontrolle und den langfristigen
Erfolg im Alltag. Praxis (2003) 92:745–50. doi:10.1024/0369-8394.92.16.745 6. The Guardian (2022). Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/
2020/dec/16/girls-death-contributed-to-by-air-pollution-coroner-rules-in-landmark-
case (Accessed 02 14, 2022). May 2022 | Volume 67 | Article 1604849 Int J Public Health | Owned by SSPH+ | Published by Frontiers 2
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I u THE EVENING STANDARD. OGDEN, UTAH, MONDAY, OCTOBER 21, 1912. e H I Field Trip to Ogden l Peak Via Taylor's and 'Waterfall Canyons II (BY W. J. LIND.) HfTho following notes were aitggeot Mjfon tho occasion of the field trip Ucen to 0?d.?n peak by the students to geology and the toachers on 8op itnber 21 last. "- Th purpose in writing Ib to de jtribo some of the more common top pjirapliic features along the routo which rjjfcy bo of interest to the public gen erally and especially to thoso lntcnd hg to tako a similar trip. . ' TWTue party of twenty-elsht met early iM tho morning at tho eaat end of vJI Twenty-fifth street car line and 3pmodlatcly commenced tho ascont of lie slope leading to the mouth of Taj SjRr'B canyon. JE Alluvial Fan. SgAt tho turn In the road a ahort dis Jnce east of Superintendent, Mills' Swideuce, a rood view was obtained Itjthe large alluvial fan which spreadn jgr 'i the valley from tho mouUi igf .he abovo named canyon. The lorthweBt margin of the fan was ob .frved to oxiend almost down to tho 'Louses while the apex could be seen Injecting into tho mouth of the can fiin more than one-half mile south of Rut from the point, of obnervatlon. It Jits observed that the slope of tho sn near the- wcBtern margin is re;y affntle and that it gradually increases Wiwards the apex, It was alao found 4kat the materials constituting the !m oscanie gradually coarser as .the. plaz was approached. Along the low remargin sand and fine gravel pro minRtCB, while In the upper part of li' fan coarae gravel and boulders ge the chief constituents. Scattered er tho fan near Its western and ylrthwcstem margin there were scon afcmorous boulders of quartzite ?n skeins varying in diameter from one Jntcn or more foet. Indeed, from the nr. windows similar louldcvR werq no loed lying on both Rides of Twenty -h street as far west as the Dee ffjmorial hospital. That boulders of Kph size could have rolled to such Ifjrreat distance nearly one mile Itm the foot of the mountains seems flJEhly improbable. The theory that JlBOrved as the transporting agont jSjnainls unsupported since Taylor's jfipByon bears no ovidence of ever Iflng been occupied by a glacier It femB equally improbable that a laro jrenl hne been the carrying agent nee the fan bears no evidence that Stream sufficiently large to be able Jfcarry such bouldbrs over occupied surface. Tho most tenahlo the fe wo can advanco is that tho boul jfre have reached their present po rtion through a process of slow keeping down tho gentle slope, caus ifl by the action of gravity assisted "iupercolatlng surface waters. Farther "rton the fan there occurs trains of lisirel and smaller boulders which Wye . undoubtedly been - deposited 'by' c canyon stream during poriods of (jftrzordlnary high Water, caused po6 vBly by cloudbursts. Several eas,t Jent trending hollows on the surface ro recognized as old, abandonod. j&nnels which the creek emerging! om Taylor's canyon occupied In past 35CB when it was engaged In carrying I id laying down the sands and grav .Sr constituting the fan. ;jjt Terraces. Before reaching the mouth of tho inyon a good view was obtained of p old Lake Bonnovillo terraces jhlch look like great roadways cut jto the tho foot of the mountains. Tho ifwer, known as tho Provo terrace $ ehore line, is much hotter dcvel 2ed east of Ogden than io the upper. JjTwn as the Bonneville shore line or fence. The Bonneville is 275 feot higher Ian the Provo terrace, and Is much Kter developed south of Waterfall knyon (the first canyon south of prior's) than it Is between this can Mi and Ogden canyon at the norlh. gffftct, between theso two canyons m Bonneville terrace is generally presented only by a few small Itches cut into the projections on Jw mountain slope, The Provo ter e, on the other hand, presents a le, continuous, comparatively even rfae from tho month of Taylor's irthward almoBt to the mouth of ;dcn canyon. Just above and eatn fthe city reservoirs this terrace is reral hundred foot wide and at this ace it Is occupied by the Boys' coun r club house. We two terraces consist chiefly of ad and rounded water-worn peb II, as shown In several gravel pits J jhe lower terrace near the reaer Ijlra, and In several small erosion (JHlowa cutting tho terraces. Th Iffables consist of gneiss, quartr.ltc lifi. limestone. The terraces are very jfr'gely the work of shore currents (frflch operated 7a ancient Lake Bon ijwillc when it stood in succession VUhoEe two levels, JjK Fault Scarps. ,jThe outer margin of the Proo ter ppo terminates in a very steep slope gflrying In heights from ten to forty and fifty feet. This is a part of the great Wasatch fault scarp which ex tends along the west shore- of the range from tho Bear river narrows In tho north to Mount Nebo In the south, a dlstanco of 150 miles. The height and the .steep pitch of this scarp near Offdcn provo that In the not far dis tant past a great disturbance in the earlh'H crust has here taken place ' which must have been accompanied by violent earthquake tremors com pared with which the disturbanccn at Ran Francisco in 190G and at Mes slna, Italy, In 1908 were insignificant, Just before reaching Taylor's canyon this scarp could bo easily followed with the eye northward eomo distance beyond the city reservoirs. The en gineers who constructed the roser oirs look advantage of this fault scarp by making It servo as an abut ment to the embankment on the east side At this paco the scarp consti tutes the steep slope between tho eaat end of the reservoirs and the clubhouse on the terraco Just uboe. A few hundrod feet weBt of this Bcarp occurs a second scarp running par allel with the first, but sloping in 1 the opposite direction or towarda the east Tho height of this is not bo great as is that of the first and honce It can not bo so easily traced from a dis tance. Between these two faults tho ;reat block of earth has sunk and formed a wide trench in tho uncon solidated Bonneville deposits. Upon t' L sunken block of earth tha two chr reservoirs have been built. Tho hlghet or the eastern fault scarp swings southeastward into the very mouth of Taylor's canyon nnd there it forms the Very steep pitch over which the buildors of tho canyon read found it necessary to make a abort, utc-ep riugrway. This dugway, about 100 feet long, runB north and con nects the nearly level surface above with the level, dopreseod surface r-o-low From this point tho scarp con tinues "thward toward the mouth of Waterfall canyon. Talus. Eetwesn the Provo terrace aud the high bluffs of quartzite above there extends from the neighborhood of tho city reservoirs to tho mouth of Tay lor's canyon a continuous sheet of loose, angular rocke, usually called a talus. This sheet continues eantw.ird into the canyon some distance and covers tho lower part of tho slope on the north aide. This taius consists chiefly of qunrtzlto ronks which hai e been dislodged from the cliffs above through the action of weathering, chiefly front. Rock Formations. The lock constituting the high bluffs and vory steep slopes north and eoulh of the mouth of Taylor'o canyon has been clcHscd by the geologists of the King survfv ("IS07-1S73) aa a Cam brian quarUlte. The beds have a to tal thickness of about 1,000 feet and Immediately north of the above naniod canyon dip at a low angle towards tfio I northwest. North of the reservoirs the angle of dip becomes much great er and they appear to plunge undor the bottom of Ojdon canyon. This higher dip towards tho north is due to an east-west striking fault and a downthrow on the south dlde. Thi fault occurs about 500 feet south of Ogden canyon and runB parallel with 11. The quartzite beds are overlaid by a bod of cambrian shale which In turn is capped by a much thicker bed of bluo Silurian limestone. This lime stone forme the top of the front olo vation of the range between Taylor's and OKdon cunvons and can a easily distinguished from Ogden. Tho quart zite 1b underlaid by a considerably de composed mass of archean gneiss of doubtful orlfiln. From the neighbor hood of tho roscrvolrs to tho mouth of Taylor's canyon, and even for some dlstanco eastward on the north slope of U1I3 canyon, tho gneiBs la com pletely covered with a mantle of waste, and the contact betweon It and the overlying quartilto is obBcured Tho comparatively rapid weathering of tho gneiss and consequent under mining of the Jointed, overlying quart zite beds account for the occurrence of tho vertical bluffs in the latter As a consequence of tho undermining and alBo of the freesing of tho water In tho flusuros masses of rook separate from time to time- along the vertical joints and fault fissures which run parallel with the face of the bluffs and fall upon the talus slopes below. Hence the bluffs retain their nearly vertical fronts, although they arc con tinually receding torards the eat. Upon diroctlng our attention to the. mountain front Immediately south of the mouth of Taylor's cauyon a num ber of structural featuvos wero ob served, even more interesting than tho& observed north of the canyon. Immediately to the right and begin ning about five hundred feet directly above and nearly due caBt from the " - ' '" " ""Tr ' "" i LIKE THE AUTOMOBILE , l milling maohinery is always improving. There are M I larger mills, but no more modern, complete mill than I , the one where 1 1 CRESCENT FLOUR m is made. Modern methods and the cream of wheat IJIJ make the flour that's hard to beat. l 1 FIRST NATIONAL BANK I m OF OGDEN, UTAH I M U. S. DEPOSITARY 1 Wt Capital $ 160,000.00 I jf Undivided profits and surplus 350,000.00 I ft Deposits 3,500,000.00 1 Wt D&vid Eccloa, Pres. ; M. S. Browning, Vice-Prea. ; G. H. Tribe, I R Vice-Pres. ; John Watson, Vice-Pre3.; John Pingree, Cashier; 1 K'Jas. F. Burton, Asst. Cashier. I old lime kiln thero was observed a conspicuously projecting ridge of blue limestone which curves upwards and southeastward almoet to the top of the ridge betwoon Tayior'B and Wa terfall canyona. ThlH ridge wbb found to bo the western outcrop of a bed of limestone which dips northward to wards Taylor's canyon at an angle of about 70 degrees, with the horizontal ifnd which extonds up th canyon about one milo and forms the slopo on tho south side from the creek al most to the top of the ridge. Along th creek thiB bed shows a woll de veloped flhaly structure, but in com position. It is very different from shale. Thi3 rock also constitutes the bluffs and the fantastically carved forms on tho south side directly above the sharp curve In the road at the place where tho Bteep dugway begins which runa westward up tho south Blopo of the canyon. A few hundred feet below thiB curve In the road thero was observed along tho creek on the north side an expo sure of crumbling gneiss. Since the gneisB la exposed on the north sldo and the limestone on tho south side tho two Bpecles of rock muBt butt against one another along a plane nearly parallel with the creek. The piano of union, however, is hidden under waste material and could not bo observed anywhere In the canyon Adjoining the limestone ridge on the south thero occurs a shallow hollow a few hundred feet wide. This hol low begins at the foot of the moun tain Just Bouth of the old lime kiln and run parallel with the limestone ridge almo6t up to the crcBt of tho divide. Tho hollow Is comparative ly wide at the bottom and gradually narrows towards Its head The lime stone ridge on the north, the project ing, steeply pitching: quartalt beds on tho south and the hollow botween enrved In a bed of soft shale are top ographic features very largely dua to differential weathering and erosion Nowhere in our neighborhood do we find a more beautiful example of the results of these processes of land rcg radation. The limestone on tho ono aide t aud the quartzite on the oHier offer comparatively great resistance to the Rctlon of the weathering agentu and erosion, while the intervening bej of shale weathern and orodos rapidly The development of the hollow is ttiUA explained. (Warm water canyon, the eouth tributary of Ogden canyon, Just we3t of the llmokllns. has been very largely cut in this shale lxd. The gTeat mass of quartzite south of and underlying the shale In the hollow constitutes the major part of the western faco of the ridgo or spur The beds of quartzite have hero been fold ed Into an unsymmetrlcal anticline, having a)n east-west axis. The north limb of this fold Bhows a steep dip towards tho north, in fact, the beds stand in places nearly vertical. Tho south limb of the fold, on the other baud, has a ery gontlo dip and ox lends southeastward to tho high bluff over which the water drops Jn Wator fnll canyon Origin of Taylor'c Canyon. Perhaps nowhere in the Wasatch mountains do wo find bettor evi dences of faulting or displacement of great masses of rock than are found In this canyon at its mouth The high dip of tho limestone shale and quart::11.p beds towards the north, on tho south oldo of tho canyon, the an ticlinal structure- in tho quartilto, tho shaly structure in the limestone and the decomposed condition of the pneiE3 along the creek are structural features cither directly or indirectly due to the successive displacements along a fault fissure. The fault along which theno displacements occurred runs nearly east-west and parallel with tho courso of the bottom of tho canyon The downthrow took place on tho eouth side of the fissure and according to a rough estimate amounts to about 2,000 fccL In con scquonce of this displacement along the fissure tho limestone, the shale and the 1.000 or moro feot thick quartzite strata on the eouth 6lde dip northward at a high angle, under the bottom of the canyon and there built against tho archean gnoles while the continuation of tho samo formations on tho north side of the canyon oc cur from 1000 to 2000 feet abovo tho creok During the proc-ess of dis placemept the wall rocks of the fis sure wore shattered and cruBhod ob shown by th slaty cleavage in the limestone along tho south Bide of the creek and by the fractured and de composed gneiss on the north side. Tho process of erosion and tho weathering agents found along tills fault fissure a lino of weakness and hence they were ablo to carvo out the canyon at a comparatively rapid rate. As the party turned to the rlrht from the creek, about one half a mile abovo the mouth of the canyon, and commenced tho ascent of tho steep zig-zag dugway which leads up to the crest of the hill a splendid view wob obtained of the canyon almost to Its head, of the quartzite cliffs, and the underlying gnoiss on the north side, and the ouiiouBly carved bluf's of limestone Just abovo the creek on tho south sld. A short distance bolow tho top of the rldgo the contact be tween the limestone and tho gneiss was observed in the road, and from thiB point to tho top the road was found to be cut entirely In the lust named rock. The low saddle on the top of tho ridge where tho road turno suddenly towards the south-east anl Malau's heights, was seen to occur near the contact between the quartzite and the gneiss. The lime stone and shale beds which at one time undoubtedly occurred at this point have been entirely removed through the action of weathering and erosion. Sconory. Tho panoramie view of Ogden and tho surrounding mountains which spreads out bofore , tho mountain climber as he Blands on the qunrtlzltc knoll, one hundred feot west of the abovo meutloned uaddle cannot be adequately described in wordB. Should a skilled artlnt attempt to depict on canvas the rocky slopes dreeBed ir. an almost infinite variety of gorgeous nuturn colors, tho alternations of I light and shadowB in the rifp!h6 of the canyons, thq brilliant sunlight en the summits. Ihe coloration of Iho rocky strata, and the dark green grovea of fir In tho foreground, h would fail In doing Jufltice to tho scone. No lover of nature Is cvor satisfied to study her at Bocond hand onlv he who climbs the mountain heights can gain the full measure of inspiration which nature has In store for those who diligently aeek after her. Intrusions and Gneiss, Along the dugway which descends with gentle grade from the saddle down to tho cablnH in "Waterfall can yon there wore observed scvemi small pegmatite dikes (an igneous rock in truded Into fissureo interesting Ibo gnoiss.) It was observed that tho up per parte of both Taylor's and Water fall canyons have been cut almost exclusively In a dark decomposed gneiss In fact no other variety of rock was found between tho above named saddle on the rldg and the low notch in the main divide a fow hundred feet south of Ogden peak a distance of about two miles. This groat exposure of gneiBs in intersected by numerous dikes of igneous rock. Tho dike rocks vary in composition from almost pure quartz to those which consist chiefly of a black horn blende In Bomo dikes occurs a large percentage of maguotlc iron. Landslide. About 2,000 feet on tho slope below and west from Ogden peak the trail crosnes a great mass of loose material which appears to be a landslide. The mass appearB to have slipped down from the south side of the canyon and consists of a Junmbled mass of rock and soil. The deposit may he easily recognized by its steep westward pitching slope and comparatively oven tip on which tho mountain climber often finds it convenlont to halt In his ascent. Spring. About 1,000 feet below Ogden peak and directly above the low slide there occurs a perennial spring of nearly Ice-cold water. A alight seepage of watfir occurs over a considerable- area around the spring and the patch of deoj) green vegetation which grows hero can be readily seen by the ob server in Ogden. The spring probably occurs In gneiss but the thick mantle of waste completely covers the under lying rock and hence the nature of the-channel from whence the water coraeB cannot be determined. Moraine. At the same altltudo aq the spring aud about 500 feet south of it thoro were observed evidences of glaclation In the forms of a small catchment basin (cirque) and a terminal moraine This basin is semi-circular In form and is liordrod on thp past, ami smith I sides by steep slopes and -vertical cliffs, consisting of a dark colored gneisB. The floor of the basin is neorlv level and on the western mar gin there occurs a woll defined term inal moralue which extends from one side of the basin to the other and vnrios in height from five to fifteen feet Behind the moralue there ex isted evidently at one time a lake. Divide "and Ogdon Peak. The low saddle In the divide i few hundred feet south of the highest poak is rencho from tho spring by an easy grade. This notch in the di vide wag found to occur near the con fact between the gneiss aud tho quartr.itc nnd has been cut In the first named rock. From this saddle the trail ruiiB along the crest over the quartzite bodn northward to tho high est point on tho divide. This peal, is designated as Ogden pooh In tho report of tho Ravden survey partv which made a hasty reconnaisance of tho Wasatch mountains near Ogden In 1870-72, Arnold Hague, member of tho King purvey 18fi"-7.1, designat ed the peak bv the same namo but tho volume Including his report was not published by the government until 1S7S. In the vcars the establishment of a United States government trlaugula tlon stntiou on the peak suggested the name of Obojjrvatory Peak, a namo by which it Is generally known iocallv According to the most reli able data available this poak hns an altltudo of 9,j92 foct above sea level. The barometer carried on our vi< gavo the altitude 9,550. The altltudo of the Ogden City hall is 4.311 feet Ogden Peak is hence 5,281 feet, or one foot less than one mile, higher than the city hall. Tho top of tiie peak as well as the rldgo for some distance northward connlsts of beds of cambrlnn quartzlts, which dip at nearly a vertical angle towards tho cast. Thnso beds am underlaid by oanglomerato quartzite which In turn buttp against the archean gneiss on tho west slope some distance below tho peak This conglomerate con sists cblofly or rounded quartz peb bles varying in diameter from a frac tion of an Inch to five and six Inchep. The pebbles wore formed by the mo chanlcal action of the waves which rolled on the shores of tho sea which covcrod this region at the boglnnlng of tho Cambrian period. Tho peb bles wero mixed with sand and after wards burled undor at least 10.000 feet of sediment (sedimentary rocks of nearly this thlckuose aro now found In Ogden "anyon overlying this conglomerate bed). Under the ac tion of this tremendous pressure and in part as a result of tho action of percolating mineral solutions the mass of sand and pebbles was con solidated into a compact rock equal to quartzite in durability. Later, chiefly in Cretaceous time (tho time during which the coal beds founo In Utah were found) the whoie series of bods was folded Into a great anti cline, whose crest was finally ele vated to a height of at least two miles abovo tho sea level. During tho upheaval of the fold a fissure oc curred parallel to and near the croat and the west limb of tho fold dropped in Bome places several thousand feet (according to King an extreme dls- A Belter Place , To Trade ' UNDERWEAR j SWEATERS HOSIERY BLANKETS ' L. D. S. GARMENTS '. Utah Knitting Store I 302 25th Street THE NATIONAL " ft 1 I m Enables You to Dress Well on SmlC I I CREDIT : if I I i The "National'' Gives Big Values, Satisfaction and V flfc I H 1 Unlimited Credit $M W 1 H TO EVERYBODY Wff I I Open a Charge Account With "The m , j I H H ' National" and Enjoy Prosperity f 1 pit 1 H H Men and women whose means are limited are enjoy- I Sij H 9 ing the necessities and luxuries of lif e'by buying their g) I B wearing apparel at the "National." S I H B The Finest Clothes for Wen and Women Sold on Easy Payments I H Why worry about cash? Let us dress you in new, stylish wearing ap- M" parel ours is a complete stock choose today. I H I SPECIALS fOR TODAY AND TOMORROW I I 1 Ladies' Dept Men's Dept. 1 I $22.50 Ladies Suits or 525.00 Men's Suits and W m Coats 915.95 j Overcoats $15.00 I H H Cash or Credit Cash or Credit H I 'OLadies' Dresses- j 53.OO Men's Hate-Special. $1.95 1 H Special $11.95 j Cash or Credit B ;e1 Cash or Credit f 1 1 $10.00 Ladies Trimmed $3.50 and $4.00 Men's Shoes ffl H iH Hats $4.95 Special Saturday $1.98 H 1 1 Cash or Credit ' Ct or Credifc Special reductions on all Ladies' Special reduction on all Men's W M m Shoes, Furs, Waists, Skirts, Pet- Furnishings, Children's Clothes, B M ' licoats and Furnishings. Hats and Shoes. m M 1 Buy the Right BWM Try 0u'r Easy H I H Way and Pay the Wfffm Credit System m M M HARRY REINSHRIBER, Mgr. 1 I l .1 I -! IM !! I I U-MM-BI I I I 1 I'UU lVll II j I I II I I I IJ1 -" " " ' I I ! I I Mlllll. I I M H placement of 10,000 fott has occurred In cno part of tho Wasatch ranpe) As a coneeouence of tio sinking of the wost Hrab of the anticline thero oc curs tho vory steep -a-cat front of the entire rano. The relation betweon tho bod8 In the' I two locatlUea cannot bo easily traced ' because faulting and erosion have to I Bome extent broken the continuity of I rh series. In Ojjden canyon the J j Cambian aartiito Is overlaid by a I series or younger strata, about 8.000 feot thick, IncH'dtnp In succession, from tho oldest to the youn?est tho1 Cambian shale, the sllurian limestone. the devonian quartzito and 5,000 feet I of carboniferous limestone. Of this. thick series of overlying beds there occurs on Ogdon Poak not a trace I In consequence of faulting and down-( thrown on the oast side the sllurlan and dovonlan beds He buried north i or the peak at a groat depth and the ! carboniferous limestones, which arc tho youngest consolidated beds neai Ogdon, butt directly against the cam brian quartzito. On account of similar displacements tho quartzite mass which forms the wcbI end of the ridge between Taylor's and Waterfall can vons and alBO the escarpment at tho woterfall In the last named canyon, has beon Isolated from tho quartzite on Ogden Peak by an Intervening mass of archean gneiss two or moro miles in width Glaclation at the Eaat Base of Og den Poak. At the foot of the peak on the east side there was soen a largo cutchment basin which 1b to a con siderable extent at least the work of an ancient glacier Tho floor of this baein Ib covered with masses of mo mlnls material, consisting of heaps of angular rocks and terminal and lateral moraines The lateral moraines on the south sldo of tho basin appear ed like well defined ridges exteud j Ing eastward and northeastward a dis tance of about one mile. Near the I oasteru torralnus of the moraines was I seon a small glacial lake basin, but i In couaequence of the douse growth of shrubbery around Its margin, the water of the haaln could not be seen from the peak. " AUTO EXPLOSION INJURES FORTY Petaluma. Cal , Oct, 21 Forty per sons wore severely burned in an au tomobile explosion hove yesterday, which may cost tho lives of Mayor Zartroan of this town and three oth ers, who poHslbly are ratally Injured. A crowd gathered about a burning automobile which had been dragged from a farago Mayor Zarlman, who Is u former chief of the firo depart ment, jespouded to the fire alarm, and attacked the blaze with a cheml r.il firo oxtlnmiishor. Tho mayor was thrown forty fee by the explosion, which ensued James Mott, Maurice Ilickev and William Brandon woio envelo'ped In flamej, aud rescued a fow moments later at the point ol death. The- crowd was swept by a blast of flamo and several porsons were trampled upon in the panic which followed. Thirty of the victims of the acci dent were treated at a local hospital Kvery nurso in Petaluma h8 neen j Lagoon imce I rack I 1. 2 SO Bays of HIgli Class Racing farigf,, Oct. 7 to Saturday, Nov. 9 j I The very best horses, ridden by famous jockeys over the beau- Kj B tiftil Lagoon course. ft H CONCERTS QY SCHEUTER'S ORCHESTRA First race at 2:30 p.m. H H All regular trains via the Salt Lake and Ogden Railway (Bam- W tJ bcrger Line) stop at track. Admission, including return trip: ' B iplfl GENTLEMEN $1.25. LADIES $1.00 H OGBEN STA1E BANK I Capital 100,000.00 Surplus and Profits 150,000.00 Deposits 2,000,000.00 The dignified, business-like way to pay your bills is to M Write Your Personal Check H for the amount. That gives you a record of H the payment and a receipt. M YOUR BU8INESS CORDIALLY INVITED. 'H H C. Blsolow, Pres. A P. Bi-gelow, Cashier IH J M. Browning. Vice Pres. ' E L. Van Meter, Asai. Cashier 'H . ipH zzzzzzzzzzi ' ;H A Home Trrtenor in Medicine Hat jH FOR SALE BY Geo. A. Lowe Company I 2S2G AND 2328 WASHINGTON AYE. ouKaged and other. havo uecn sum moned from San Franclbcu. KJXJ Prescriptions are often woith marc than their wcisht in gold to the h;--6lclan. to tho drug?tot and sometime1 to the undertaker. oo- Pc-HhlonB of trust and nchlug teeth are hard to fill. HEAVEN. M Fu'-iliubs I helicw Swamnhurst ' M rnhenU!i. S'cco wo !)a.-Uved 01 M rhoa mj wife can RcaTcdy s;ca . M abovo a whitjpor. jH ionjiocke Do you suupose I coul tH find a hcuso there? Philadelphia ;H iead the Classified Ads. H.
| 44,168 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104586145
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
Category:Sculptures in Iran by subject
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 65 | 112 |
Category:Sculptures in Iran by subject
Wikimedia category
Category:Sculptures in Iran by subject instance of Wikimedia meta category
Category:Sculptures in Iran by subject Commons category Sculptures in Iran by subject
Category:Sculptures in Iran by subject category contains sculpture
Category:Sculptures in Iran by subject category combines topics sculpture
Category:Sculptures in Iran by subject category combines topics Iran
Category:Sculptures in Iran by subject category combines topics by topic
| 11,640 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35937121
|
StackExchange
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
LMGTFY, Martijn Pieters, Nikita, https://stackoverflow.com/users/100297, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1916131, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5738152
|
English
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Spoken
| 712 | 1,603 |
Python zip folder without including './' (current directory)
I'm trying to zip the content of the test folder:
first.txt
pof/
pof/second.txt
If I cd into test then zip it using
zip -r folder.zip *
and check the resulting archive with
zipinfo folder.zip
I get this output:
Archive: folder.zip
Zip file size: 7573 bytes, number of entries: 3
-rw-r--r-- 3.0 unx 6473 tx defN 16-Mar-11 10:19 first.txt
drwxr-xr-x 3.0 unx 0 bx stor 16-Mar-11 10:20 pof/
-rw-r--r-- 3.0 unx 2841 tx defN 16-Mar-11 10:20 pof/second.txt
3 files, 9314 bytes uncompressed, 7113 bytes compressed: 23.6%
Everything seems to be working as expected but if I zip the same folder using
shutil.make_archive('folder', 'zip', 'test')
then check the archive with
zipinfo folder.zip
I get this output:
Archive: folder.zip
Zip file size: 7497 bytes, number of entries: 4
drwxr-xr-x 2.0 unx 0 b- defN 16-Mar-11 10:28 ./
drwxr-xr-x 2.0 unx 0 b- defN 16-Mar-11 10:20 pof/
-rw-r--r-- 2.0 unx 6473 b- defN 16-Mar-11 10:19 first.txt
-rw-r--r-- 2.0 unx 2841 b- defN 16-Mar-11 10:20 pof/second.txt
4 files, 9314 bytes uncompressed, 7113 bytes compressed: 23.6%
What I don't like is that the ./ is included in the zip archive generated by Python: how do I avoid this?
Please [edit] your question and include the code you use.
./ designates the archive itself, i.e. folder.zip. When you're in a normal folder you can refer to it via ./ relative path, e.g. /home/user/test/ is the same as /home/user/test/./ or even /home/user/test/././././. It's just a way of specifying the directory being listed when listing directory contents.
@LutzHorn I've already included it: shutil.make_archive('folder', 'zip', 'test').
I've accepted your edit.
@Nikita I know but how can I avoid including that path in the resulting archive (something like the output of the zip -r command)?
@LMGTFY, I meant, that it might be just a displaying thing. What do you get, when you unzip that archive to some folder, what do you get there? If it's not just a displaying issue, then may be something like shutil.make_archive('folder', 'zip', 'test', '.') will help.
@Nikita If I unzip the Python generated archive with unzip folder.zip the dot folder isn't created because, of course, it's already present but I don't think this is just a displaying issue. Yesterday I tried specifying the base_dir path but the result is still the same.
Thanks
Make sure that test is in an otherwise empty folder and zip that parent folder. shutil.make_archive() includes everything in the folder you designate, not the folder itself:
$ tree parent/
parent/
└── test
├── first.txt
└── pof
└── second.txt
$ bin/python
Python 2.7.11 (default, Feb 20 2016, 23:04:20)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 7.0.2 (clang-700.1.81)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import shutil
>>> shutil.make_archive('folder', 'zip', 'parent')
'/.../folder.zip'
>>> ^Z
$ zipinfo folder.zip
Archive: folder.zip 504 bytes 5 files
drwxr-xr-x 2.0 unx 0 b- stor 11-Mar-16 11:19 ./
drwxr-xr-x 2.0 unx 0 b- stor 11-Mar-16 11:19 test/
drwxr-xr-x 2.0 unx 0 b- stor 11-Mar-16 11:19 test/pof/
-rw-r--r-- 2.0 unx 0 b- defN 11-Mar-16 11:19 test/first.txt
-rw-r--r-- 2.0 unx 0 b- defN 11-Mar-16 11:19 test/pof/second.txt
5 files, 0 bytes uncompressed, 4 bytes compressed: 0.0%
You can't prevent shutil.make_archive() from including the ./ current directory however. Write your own directory walking in that case:
import os
import os.path
import zipfile
zip_filename = 'folder.zip'
base_dir = os.path.abspath('parent')
with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filename, "w",
compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zf:
base_path = os.path.normpath(base_dir)
for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(base_dir):
for name in sorted(dirnames):
path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
zf.write(path, os.path.relpath(path, base_path))
for name in filenames:
path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
if os.path.isfile(path):
zf.write(path, os.path.relpath(path, base_path))
Sorry I rechecked the zip -r command I provided and it was wrong (different path): I've now edited my question to reflect this.
I tried what you suggested but the resulting archive still has the unwanted ./ path.
@LMGTFY: yes, the ./ entry will still be included. You can't prevent this with shutil.make_archive(). I've included a version that builds the zipfile for you without that path.
That's a great one (yesterday I tried something similar but failed). Is it possibile to let zipfile make an archive with paths starting from base_dir instead of the full ones zipinfo is now reporting?
Thanks a lot!
@LMGTFY: sure, use os.path.relpath() to produce a relative path for the second argument to zf.write().
| 16,234 |
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Kraus
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Karl Kraus
|
https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl Kraus&action=history
|
Portuguese
|
Spoken
| 1,591 | 3,247 |
Karl Kraus (Jičín, - Viena, ) foi um dramaturgo, jornalista,
ensaísta, aforista e poeta austríaco. Indicado duas vezes ao Nobel de Literatura, é considerado como um dos maiores escritores satíricos em língua alemã do século XX.
Foi também - e sobretudo - satirista e panfletário. Denunciava com grande virulência nas páginas do Die Fackel ("A Tocha") - revista que fundou e da qual foi praticamente o único redator durante quase quarenta anos - os compromissos, as injustiças e a corrupção, notadamente a corrupção da língua, na qual via a fonte dos maiores males de sua época, responsabilizando principalmente a imprensa. Crítico da moral burguesa de sua época, Kraus defendeu as prostitutas, os homossexuais e condenou o feminismo. Exerceu influência fundamental em seus conterrâneos Ludwig Wittgenstein, Arnold Schönberg e Adolf Loos.
Biografia
Kraus nasceu em Jičín, Boémia (atualmente, República Checa), no seio de uma abastada família judia, filho de Jacob Kraus, fabricante e comerciante de papel, e de sua esposa, Ernestine, nascida Kantor. A família mudou-se para Viena em 1877 e sua mãe morreu em 1891. Kraus matriculou-se como estudante de Direito na Universidade de Viena, em 1892. Em abril do mesmo ano começou a contribuir para o jornal, Wiener Literaturzeitung, começando com uma crítica a Gerhart Hauptmann, de sua obra Die Weber. Nessa época, tentou, sem sucesso, ser actor num pequeno teatro.
Em 1894 mudou seu campo de estudos para a Filosofia e a literatura alemã. Interrompeu seus estudos em 1896. A sua ligação e amizade a Peter Altenberg vem desse tempo. Aos vinte e quatro anos, começou publicar sua revista satírica quinzenal, Die Fackel (A tocha), em 1899. Tal era o talento satírico de Kraus que Moritz Benedikt, editor da Neue Freie Presse, havia oferecido um ano antes o cargo de chefe da seção satírica do jornal, um cargo que estava vago há cinco anos porque ninguém suficientemente bom havia sido encontrado para a função.
Kraus viveu para seus escritos e organizou sua vida em torno de seu trabalho: para ele havia sacrifícios pessoais muito grandes. Ele mesmo se referiu a ela como "uma forma invertida de viver", dormindo durante o dia e trabalhando a noite toda. Durante sua vida, Kraus tomou posições liberais, conservadoras, socialistas e clericais. Tornou-se membro da igreja católica, mas abandonou o catolicismo em 1922, vinte e três anos depois que, da mesma forma, renunciou ao judaísmo.
Kraus apoiou o Partido Social Democrata da Áustria e, esperando que Engelbert Dollfuss pudesse impedir o nazismo de engolir a Áustria, ele apoiou o golpe de Estado de Dollfuss, que estabeleceu o regime fascista austríaco. Esse apoio afastou Kraus de alguns de seus seguidores.
Em 1933, Kraus escreveu Die Dritte Walpurgisnacht (A Terceira Noite de Walpurgis), cujos primeiros fragmentos apareceram em Die Fackel. Kraus reteve a publicação completa em parte para proteger seus amigos e seguidores hostis a Hitler das represálias nazistas. Esta sátira sobre a ideologia nazista começa com a famosa frase, "Mir fällt zu Hitler nichts ein" ("Nada me ocorre sobre Hitler.")
A última edição de Die Fackel foi publicada em fevereiro de 1936. Pouco depois, Kraus foi atropelado por um ciclista e sofreu de intensas dores de cabeça e perda de memória. Ele deu sua última palestra em abril e teve um grave ataque cardíaco no Café Imperial em 10 de junho. Ele morreu em seu apartamento em Viena em 12 de junho de 1936 e foi enterrado no cemitério Zentralfriedhof em Viena.
Ideias
Embora tenha ridicularizado diversos políticos, sua crítica à sociedade nunca foi meramente política; para Kraus, a esfera da política dizia respeito apenas problemas de superfície, enquanto as raízes da crise contemporânea repousava sobre uma doença do espírito.
Kraus foi objeto de grande controvérsia durante toda a sua vida. Tal se deve à indubitável consciência da sua própria importância. Esta imagem não era de todo infundada: aqueles que o observavam ficavam fascinados com a sua personalidade. Viam nele uma espécie de autoridade infalível e alguém que faria também qualquer coisa para retribuir ou ajudar aqueles que o apoiavam. Não obstante, fez também numerosos inimigos, devido ao seu carácter inflexível.
Opôs-se visceralmente à psicanálise de seu conterrâneo Freud, alegando que não existe nenhum tipo de crise da linguagem, e que o que havia, em sua época, era uma crise cultural, um tipo de cenário degenerativo deflagrado com a linguagem e que se espalhou pela cidade de Viena.
Kraus estava convencido de que qualquer pequeno erro na escrita é responsável pelas grandes tragédias no mundo. Assim, via na falha de uma vírgula um sintoma de que o estado do mundo permitiria uma guerra mundial. Um dos principais pontos de seus escritos era mostrar os grandes males inerentes que aparentemente estariam ligados aos menores erros. A linguagem era para ele o desenvolvedor mais importante dos males do mundo. Ele viu um tratamento negligenciado de seus contemporâneos para com a linguagem e um sinal de descuido no mundo em geral. Para ele, o que nomeavam de crise da linguagem expressava, na verdade, o desconhecimento que guardamos em relação à essência da linguagem, pois “a linguagem não conhece imperfeição interna, e tem uma essência puramente afirmativa” e seu uso faz com que velhos vocábulos renasçam: “que a mais antiga das palavras seja estranha de perto, recém-nascida, e cause dúvida se está viva ou não. Então ela vive”.
Trabalhos seleccionados
Die demolirte Literatur [Demolished Literature] (1897)
Eine Krone für Zion [A Crown for Zion] (1898)
Sittlichkeit und Kriminalität [Morality and Crimical Justice] (1908)
Sprüche und Widersprüche [Sayings and Contradictions] (1909)
Die chinesische Mauer [The Wall of China] (1910)
Pro domo et mundo [For Home and for the World] (1912)
Nestroy und die Nachwelt [Nestroy and Posterity] (1913)
Worte in Versen (1916-30)
Die letzten Tage der Menschheit (1918)
Weltgericht [World Court] (1919)
Nachts [At Night] (1919)
Untergang der Welt durch schwarze Magie [The End of the World Through Black Magic](1922)
Literatur (1921)
Traumstück [Dream Piece] (1922)
Die letzten Tage der Menschheit: Tragödie in fünf Akten mit Vorspiel und Epilog [The Last Days of Mankind: Tragedy in Five Acts with Preamble and Epilogue] (1922)
Wolkenkuckucksheim [Cloud Cuckoo Land] (1923)
Traumtheater [Dream Theatre] (1924)
Die Unüberwindlichen (1927)
Epigramme [Epigrams] (1927)
Die Unüberwindlichen [The Insurmountables] (1928)
Literatur und Lüge [Literature and Lies] (1929)
Shakespeares Sonette (1933)
Die Sprache [Language] (posthumous, 1937)
Die dritte Walpurgisnacht [The Third Walpurgis Night] (póstumo, 1952)
Alguns trabalhos recentemente editados
Die letzten Tage der Menschheit, Versão teatral do autor, 1992 Suhrkamp, ISBN 3-518-22091-8
Die Sprache, Suhrkamp, ISBN 3-518-37817-1
Die chinesische Mauer, com oito ilustrações de Oskar Kokoschka, 1999, Insel, ISBN 3-458-19199-2
Aphorismen. Sprüche und Widersprüche. Pro domo et mundo. Nachts, 1986, Suhrkamp, ISBN 3-518-37818-X
Sittlichkeit und Krimininalität, 1987, Suhrkamp, ISBN 3-518-37811-2
Dramen. Literatur, Traumstück, Die unüberwindlichen u.a., 1989, Suhrkamp, ISBN 3-518-37821-X
Literatur und Lüge, 1999, Suhrkamp, ISBN 3-518-37813-9
Shakespeares Sonette, Nachdichtung, 1977, Diogenes, ISBN 3-257-20381-0
Theater der Dichtung mit Bearbeitungen von Shakespeare-Dramen, Suhrkamp 1994, ISBN 3-518-37825-2
Hüben und Drüben, 1993, Suhrkamp, ISBN 3-518-37828-7
Die Stunde des Gerichts, 1992, Suhrkamp, ISBN 3-518-37827-9
Untergang der Welt durch schwarze Magie, 1989, Suhrkamp, ISBN 3-518-37814-7
Brot und Lüge, 1991, Suhrkamp, ISBN 3-518-37826-0
Die Katastrophe der Phrasen, 1994, Suhrkamp, ISBN 3-518-37829-5
Em português
Aforismos - Seleção e tradução de Renato Zwick, Arquipélago Editorial, 2010.
Os Últimos Dias da Humanidade - seleção e tradução de António Sousa Ribeiro, Antígona, 2003.
Ditos e Desditos - Tradução: Márcio Suzuki, Werner Loewenberg e José Carlos Barbosa. Brasiliense, 1988.
O Apocalipse Estável. Aforismos - seleção, tradução e posfácio de António Sousa Ribeiro, Lisboa, Apaginastantas, 1988. Segunda edição, revista, Lisboa, Fyodor Books, 2015.
Os Últimos Dias da Humanidade . Versão integral. Tradução, posfácio e notas de António Sousa Ribeiro. V.N. de Famalicão, Edições Húmus/TNSJ, 2016.
Em inglês
The Last Days of Mankind: a Tragedy in Five Acts (1974), um resumo tr. Alexander Gode e Sue Allen Wright
In These Great Times: A Karl Kraus Reader (1984), ed. Harry Zohn, contém trechos traduzidos de Die Fackel, incluindo poemas com o texto original em alemão ao lado e uma tradução drasticamente abreviada de The Last Days of Mankind.
Anti-Freud: Karl Kraus' Criticism of Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry (1990) por Thomas Szasz contém as traduções de Szasz de vários artigos e aforismos de Kraus sobre psiquiatria e psicanálise.
Dicta and Contradicta, tr. Jonathan McVity (2001), uma coleção de aforismos.
Fontes
Karl Kraus de L. Liegler (1921)
Karl Kraus de W. Benjamin (1931)
Karl Kraus de R. von Schaukal (1933)
Karl Kraus in Sebstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten de P. Schick (1965)
The Last Days of Mankind: Karl Kraus and His Vienna de Frank Field (1967)
Karl Kraus de W.A. Iggers (1967)
Karl Kraus de H. Zohn (1971)
Wittgenstein's Vienna por A. Janik e S. Toulmin (1973)
Karl Kraus and the Soul Doctors de T.S. Szasz (1976)
Masks of the Prophet: The Theatrical World of Karl Kraus por Kari Grimstad (1981)
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama, vol. 3, ed. de Stanley Hochman (1984)
Karl Kraus, Apocalyptic Satirist: Culture and Catastrophe in Habsburg Vienna de Edward Timms (1986)
Anti-Freud: Karl Kraus's Criticsm of Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry de Thomas Szasz (1990)
The Paper Ghetto: Karl Kraus and Anti-Semitism deJohn Theobald (1996)
Karl Kraus and the Critics de Harry Zohn (1997)
Karl Kraus, Apocalyptic Satirist: The Post-War Crisis and the Rise of the Swastika de Edward Timms (2005)
Ligações externas
Polemistas e intelectuais curmudgeons:Karl Kraus e Paulo Francis, por Carlos Augusto Bissón. In ESCOSTEGUY, Ana Carolina Cultura midiática e tecnologias do imaginário: metodologias e pesquisas. EDIPUCRS, 2005.
da Academia de Ciências Austríaca
Poetas da Áustria
Jornalistas da Áustria
Ensaístas da Áustria
Judeus da Áustria
Expressionismo
Poetas do expressionismo
Dramaturgos da Áustria
Sepultados no Cemitério Central de Viena
Naturais de Jičín
| 18,117 |
https://github.com/wwmz/WMZForm/blob/master/WMZForm/BaseVC.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
WMZForm
|
wwmz
|
C
|
Code
| 38 | 141 |
//
// BaseVC.h
// WMZForm
//
// Created by wmz on 2020/5/11.
// Copyright © 2020 wmz. All rights reserved.
//
#import "WMZForm.h"
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_BEGIN
@interface BaseVC : UIViewController<WMZFormDelegate>
- (NSString*)getRandomName;
- (NSString*)getRandomDetail;
- (NSString*)getRandomComment;
- (NSArray*)getRandomImage;
@end
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_END
| 15,055 |
https://github.com/GlobalFinPrint/global_finprint/blob/master/global_finprint/annotation/migrations/0026_master_record.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
global_finprint
|
GlobalFinPrint
|
Python
|
Code
| 257 | 1,848 |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Generated by Django 1.9.1 on 2016-10-25 23:16
from __future__ import unicode_literals
import config.current_user
from django.conf import settings
import django.contrib.gis.db.models.fields
from django.db import migrations, models
import django.db.models.deletion
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('bruv', '0019_auto_20161025_2316'),
migrations.swappable_dependency(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
('core', '0002_auto_20160412_2234'),
('annotation', '0025_auto_20160920_1544'),
]
operations = [
migrations.CreateModel(
name='MasterAnimalObservation',
fields=[
('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
('create_datetime', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
('last_modified_datetime', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
('sex', models.CharField(choices=[('M', 'Male'), ('U', 'Unknown'), ('F', 'Female')], default='U', max_length=1)),
('stage', models.CharField(choices=[('AD', 'Adult'), ('JU', 'Juvenile'), ('U', 'Unknown')], default='U', max_length=2)),
('length', models.IntegerField(help_text='centimeters', null=True)),
('animal', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='annotation.Animal')),
],
options={
'abstract': False,
},
),
migrations.CreateModel(
name='MasterEvent',
fields=[
('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
('create_datetime', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
('last_modified_datetime', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
('event_time', models.IntegerField(default=0, help_text='ms')),
('extent', django.contrib.gis.db.models.fields.PolygonField(null=True, srid=4326)),
('note', models.TextField(null=True)),
('attribute', models.ManyToManyField(to='annotation.Attribute')),
],
options={
'abstract': False,
},
),
migrations.CreateModel(
name='MasterObservation',
fields=[
('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
('create_datetime', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
('last_modified_datetime', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
('type', models.CharField(choices=[('I', 'Of interest'), ('A', 'Animal')], default='I', max_length=1)),
('duration', models.PositiveIntegerField(blank=True, null=True)),
('comment', models.TextField(null=True)),
('created_by', models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, related_name='master_observations_created', to='core.FinprintUser')),
],
options={
'abstract': False,
},
),
migrations.CreateModel(
name='MasterRecord',
fields=[
('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
('create_datetime', models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)),
('last_modified_datetime', models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)),
('note', models.TextField()),
('completed', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
('deprecated', models.BooleanField(default=False)),
('set', models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='bruv.Set')),
('user', models.ForeignKey(default=config.current_user.get_current_user, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
],
options={
'abstract': False,
},
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='masterobservation',
name='master_record',
field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='annotation.MasterRecord'),
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='masterobservation',
name='original',
field=models.ForeignKey(blank=True, null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='annotation.Observation'),
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='masterobservation',
name='updated_by',
field=models.ForeignKey(null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, related_name='master_observations_updated', to='core.FinprintUser'),
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='masterobservation',
name='user',
field=models.ForeignKey(default=config.current_user.get_current_user, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='masterevent',
name='master_observation',
field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='annotation.MasterObservation'),
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='masterevent',
name='original',
field=models.ForeignKey(blank=True, null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='annotation.Event'),
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='masterevent',
name='user',
field=models.ForeignKey(default=config.current_user.get_current_user, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='masteranimalobservation',
name='master_observation',
field=models.OneToOneField(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='annotation.MasterObservation'),
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='masteranimalobservation',
name='original',
field=models.ForeignKey(blank=True, null=True, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.SET_NULL, to='annotation.AnimalObservation'),
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='masteranimalobservation',
name='user',
field=models.ForeignKey(default=config.current_user.get_current_user, on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL),
),
]
| 8,956 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Frondeur%20%28journal%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Le Frondeur (journal)
|
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le Frondeur (journal)&action=history
|
French
|
Spoken
| 86 | 145 |
Le Frondeur (sous-titré journal satirique hebdomadaire) est un titre de presse français fondé à Montpellier en 1876 par Léo Taxil et qui paraitra jusqu'en 1880.
Description
Quotidien, il est fondé en par reprise du quotidien L'Esque. Il connaît une variante lyonnaise, Le Frondeur de Lyon ainsi qu'une variante méridionale, Le Frondeur du Midi. En 1878 commence la parution d'un supplément mais le journal cesse de paraître dès 1880.
Notes et références
Liens externes
Description sur BNF : Presse locale ancienne
Titre de presse créé en 1876
| 45,949 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110990593
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Base 26
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 30 | 48 |
Base 26
Wikimedia disambiguation page
Base 26 different from hexavigesimal, criterion used descriptive page and disambiguation page have to be in different items
Base 26 instance of Wikimedia disambiguation page
| 8,491 |
deutscheswrter41grimuoft_100
|
German-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,854 |
Deutsches Wörterbuch
|
Grimm, Jacob, 1785-1863 | Grimm, Wilhelm, 1786-1859
|
German
|
Spoken
| 7,977 | 17,295 |
«) wer einn vom galgen erlöst, der benkt in zlon gern dran, vorher seinen erlöser henken. Frank spr. 2, 27' (unter dem hl. spruche redemptorem patibuli suspendere, vergl. die Verweisung auf die sieben weisen meisler das. 28"), vgl. galgen- lüser; der (wenn einer) einen vom galgen erbcte, der selb ihn selbs gern henken tbeie. Henisch 1336,24; wenn du einen vom galgen lösest, der brächte dich selber gerne dran. Simrock 2987, schärfster ausdruck für undank ist der weit lohn. ß) böse kerle sind dem galgen entlaufen m. ä.: dem galgen entlaufen, evitare laqucum. Stieler 603; du wirst dem galgen nicht entlaufen. Frisch 1,314*; rg/. galgenentronnen, kräftiger: er siebet als wäre er von galgen gefallen. Stieler (zu lesen vonggalgen), auch &e» Henisch, dabei: als ob er drei tage am galgen gehangen, wie im anschlusz an den spriich u. k zuletzt; er geht gekleidet, als ob er vom galgen gefallen wäre. Lud- wig 684; es ist ganz keine ehre und schäm bei ihnen und gehen als wenn sie vom galgen gefallen weren. Schoch s<Hd. E. nd. he süt fit, as wenn he üt der galgen schuddet is, zer- lumpt. Brem. wb. 2,477, öt'n galgen Dähnert 141" {das fit scheint noch von einem groszen bäume als galgen zu stammen), vgl. galgenschwengel, galgensfrick m. ä. y) dazu das bittere wort: doch kan bäpstlich heiligkeit dis- pensiern. dann sie müssen ifzt leute haben, die sie {acc.) defendiern, und sollen sie die selbigen vom galgen holen. Albebus wider Witzeln Li"; die verrähter braucht man wie das gift inn nöhten . . man nimpt zur not einen dieb vom galgen, und wann man sein nicht mehr bedarf, henget man ihn wider daran. Fischart Garg. 264* (Seh. 499). m) er hiesz übrigens auch kurz das gericht (z. b. Haltaus 583, Ib.jahrh.), fcei Adelung 'in der anständigen sprecharl das hochgericht, in der spräche der spilzbuben aber die feldglocke genannt'; Henisch 1335 setzt rabenstein mit als erklärung von galgen, d. h. von der ganzen galgenställe mit allem zubehör, oft auch überdacht (s. unter dorfgalgen). n) bemerkenswert ist auch eine ausdehnung des begriffes; in den Magdeburger fragen wird von dem falle gebändelt, dasz sich einer in seinem hause selbst erhängt hätte, dabei: all das liuis, do her sich inne irhing, welch man nennet einen galgen. es wird angefragt, ab da; selbe hus ein galge mochte sin adir heiszen, und entschieden: ouch en mag man das keinen galgen heiszen, wenne ein galgen heiszet daj, do man missetetige lute von gerichtis wegin an hengit. Behrends ausg. s. 196. jenes war also ein volksmäsziger gebrauch, dazu wol eigentlich hausgalgen, IG.jahrh.: da er (Haman, s. Esther 7,10) an sein Hechten hausgalgen . . erhaben ward. Mathesius Luther 26*, der galgen ist von Haman selbst errichtet, freilich nicht für ihn selbst. o) damit berühren könnte sich folg.: (einem) einen galgen ans haus malen, gleich einen pfal für thür [d. i. d'lür) schlagen S. Frank spr. 2, 20*, als drohende räche gegen einen feind (zu dem pfal s. RA. 729). das bedeutete für den hausinhaber : du geliörst an den galgen, vielleicht aber auch: hänge dich selbst. Längere zeit war dieser gebrauch so ausgedehnt, dasz es gedruckte formulare zu kaufen gab, in denen nur der name des betreffenden auszufüllen war, die sog. galgenbriefe , besonders im 15. jahrh. Ähnlich ist eines namen an galgen schlagen Stieler 603, gerichtlich, in contumaciam, statt des mannes selber, s. galgen- brief 1, auch galgenbild. 3) Auch Christi kreuz hat lange galgen gehäszen. a) so schon bei den Golhen: jah undgripun sumana mannß ... ei nßmi galgan is. Marc. 15,21 (und zwungen einen ... das er im das creuze trüge Luther); saei vili afar mis laisljan, invidai sik silban jah nimai galgan seinana jah laistjai mik. 8, 34 (verleugne sich selbs und neme sein creuz auf sich), ebenso ags. gealga neben rod f (eig. rute), beäm, altn. galgi neben kross, alls. im Heliand galgo neben cruci, ruoda, böm, z. b.': thuo man thena godes suno an thena galgon huof, Crist an that crücl. 5626 (168, 5). nicht anders ahd. und mhd., z. b. : nu helf er imo selben üfan themo galgen. Oifr. IV, 30, 15 suer so wolli Cristis wegi volgln, der dragi sus {ebenso) smen galgin. Diemer ijed. 98, 18; (priester) der an dem gotes galgen mit üf gerachten banden stet. IIeinr. V. Melk prieslerteben 263, der gotes galge vom crucifix; also Kristus begraben wart bi deme galgen. niyst. 1, 216 ; dö er in allem leide den galgen selbe muose tragen ze Calvarie, da er geslagen .... wart an daj fröne kriuze hoch. Iteinfried von Braunscinv. 18117. b) noch nhd. einzeln, im l6.;/t,; wer Christo nachvolgt, der kompt ann galgen.^ Frank spr. 2, 27*; wer aber Christo nach- volgt ... 0 der musz seinem meister noch (noch, nach) ann galgen. 28*. auch mit kreuz im gen. verbunden : die gleubigen, das ist die .'. . an den galgen des creuzs und todts als an die einig arznei des lebens glauben. 57'; am galgen des creuzes. Ringwald betb.X-i'; (Christus) is in deser provincie geboeren, an ein galge des cruces gehangen. Arn. v. Harf pilg. 151, 5, s. auch im brem. wb. 2, 478 aus Renner, auch diesz schon mhd.: ich stau hie bleich, bluotvar und minneklich, als ich stuond an dem höhen galgen des kriuzes. Seuse ewige weish., Wack. leseb. (1859) 1036,25, vgl. Scherz 466. c) das galgen tragen erscheint auch als Verwünschung: ei das du must den galgen tragen ! fastn. sp. 50, 1 ; das könnte wol an das kreuztragen Christi sich anlehnen, das man so vielfach bildlich sah, auch nachgeahmt in Wirklichkeit als auferlegte kirchenstra fe (s. unter kreuz 2,c). oder kam es auch mit dem wirklichen galgen vor? etwa in dorf gemeinden, die einen stehenden galgen tücht hallen? vgl. dorfgalgen, später Hm gegen- satz zu einem gemauerten galgen' 2, 1280. 4) Eigen kurz galgen selbst als Schimpfwort, wie sonst galgen- schwengel u. ä. : der Schlosser Swingenhamer . .. ain poser henkmesziger galk. Beueim Wiener 14, 8; Grünspamlein, diser mörder . .. der pos diep und henkmeszig galk. 275,4. noch bei Dähnert 141' nd. du galge, wie galgendeef, galgen- schelm, 'schellwortc auf einen erzschelm und dieb '; dat inott en legen galgen west syn , de afkat (advocat). Sackmanns pred. 1864 s. 34. vyl. galgenast. 5) Galgen in noch anderm gebrauche. a) der galgen eines Schöpfbrunnens (s. galgbrunn), tolleno, 'der das gewicht auf einem ende heben hilft' Frisch 1,314', schon ahd. (s. u. b), in einrichlung und gestall gleich dem scbnellgalgen (s. l,c und unter galgbrunn 3): drei slucke zu eim galgen zum born. Frankfurter baumäslerb. v. 1433, zu eim galgen über ein born das. V. 1435 (Lexer 1, 727), zu den drei stucken s. unter 2, 0, wobei freilich zu fragen übrig bleibt, da nur zwei stücke, bäume zum schüpfgalgen nötig scheinen, nach Schmid schwäb. wb. 218 müszten auch brunnen, deren eimer an einem querbalken auf zwei stützen hängt, galtbrunnen, d. h. galgbrunnen heiszen, nach den galgen dieser form. Noch Stieler 603 brunngalgen , jugum pulei, Ludwig 684 galgen über einen brunnen, the gallows of a well, Steinbach 1, 537 schwänggalgen tolleno. b) so im allen salzwesen, bei Solquellen: unum putatorium integrum, qiiod vulgariter dicitur galgo. Schmeller 2, 39 aus einer urk. von 798, zum aufschöpfen der sole in Reichenhall, s. ebend. aus dem 12. jahrh. tind weiter galge, wajjergalge in gleichem dienste, in der bcd. ausgedehnt auf den ganzen sol- brunnen im beiriebe; jenes putatorium ist genauer putiatorium (zu puteus), wie Frisch aus Hund beibringt, derselbe gibt 'galgen in den salzkoten , ein gerüsle über dem eingang der salzstätlen, worauf man salz oder holz legt', also mit vergessen der urspr. bed., wol in folge fortgeschrittener kunst des betriebes. c) im gewerbsleben von galgenähnlichen Werkstücken, z. b. der galgen an einer presse Ludwig 684, d. h. der deckelstuhl (s. d.) der buchdruckerpresse, vgl. Adelung ; am Webstuhl 'kämm, galgen, tritt, gewicht, rollen, wellbaum, sitz' Garzoni 566*, genaueres bei ToBLER 211', die weblade wird dran aufgehängt, vgl. galgen- holz 2; ähnlich das. ein querbalken im dachsluhle zum anlegen der heuleiter ; bei lichtziehern ein gerüst zum aufhängen der dochte, bei den reepschlägern zum drehen starker duchte (schnüren), auf schiffen zum anhängen der Schaluppe, auf kauffahrern der glocken- stuhl, u. ä,; beim kochen von zwetschenmus ein groszes holz in form eines kniegalgens zum rühren des kochenden muses, in Thüringen; bei tischlern, schustern ein galgenähnliches geslell zum anhängen einer lampe; am pferdezaum, s. galgenmundstück; Schweiz, ein hosenlräger Stalder 1,415, auch luxemb. Gangler 162; bair. das öhr am knöpfe Schm." 1,902. 1173 GALGENAAS — GALGENDIEB GALGENDRÜSSEL — GALGENGESINDEL 1 1 74 GALGENÄÄS, n. wie galgenvogel u. ä., nl. galghenaes fur- cifer KiL. : galgenasz, rabenfuter. Garg. 47* {Seh. 74). GALGENAMBOSZ, m. wie Lornambosz {s. d.), mit einem an einen galgen erinnernden gcstelle, blech darauf rund zu käinmern. GALGENART, f. ' ex genere palibulari ' J. G. Haas , früher einfach 'furcifer' Dief. 253', 15. 16. jh. {Cülner gemma), galgen- dieb u. ä. ; wegen art vom menschen selber s. z. b. katzenart. bei KiL. aber galghaerd furcifer (franz. pendart das.), mit der häufigen nl. bildung auf -aerd (d. i. hd. -hart), und das könnte wol in jenem mitwirken, unter umdeutung, GALGENAST, m. a/s sc//eW«;or( nefts/ galgenschwengel, galgen- wadel in dem groszen schimpfkataloge fastn. sp. 254, 32, schon vihd. unter namen von raubgesellen in dem ähnlichen kataloge im Renner 26' Galgenast. es ist wie galgen selbst (II, 4), wegen ast vgl. dort II, 1, &. GALGENBAUM , ni. 1) bäum als galgen {vgl. galgeneiche) oder gleich galgonholz ; vgl. unter galgen II, 1, b. 2) ganz anders: myrtus, galgenbaum. Alberus dict. Ggl", schon in der gemma Straszb.l5\8 Pc', und im ib. jh. Dief. 363', Scherz 460, wie sonst gagelboem (s. gagel 1), offenbar durch misversländnis, wie ein ähnliches vorliegt 6« galban (s. galgan 3,c), wo auch in nd. galgenbomsölje der gcdanke an den galgen sich wol einschlich, eigner weise heiszt auch das altn, agngalgi (s. galgen II, l,c) zugleich agngagl Egilsson 6'. GALGENBEKEHBUNG, f bekehrung, die erst unter dem galgen, im letzten augenblicke geschieht {vergl. galgenreue): man fängt seine teslamenle gewöhnlich damit an, dasz man seine seele gott empliehlt . . . solche recommandalionen sind galgen- bekehrungen. LicHTENBEnc l, 152; die sogenannte galgen- bekehrung, welche bei rechtlichen menschen keine andere sein kann als die auf dem Sterbebett. J. Paul komet 3, 48 ; diesz wäre nur eine galgenbekehrung Europas. herbstbl.d,2\S. GALGENBERG, «». bcrg auf dem sieh der galgen, der raben- stein befindet, wie~ früher jede stadt, die überhaupt berge halte, einen besasz: der leidige satan gehet überall mit seiner aack- uiid lockpfelfen Herum und rufet kommet her! da laufen die tumme leut (wie die arme kinder zu Hammeln dem ratten- fänger und galgenberg) haufenweise zu. Otho 1079. Auch von Christi h'euzigungsstätle : ann galgenberg bracht in der sclierg. A.Reuszner bei Wackern. kirchenl. (1841)211. seit lange ward nämlich Golgatha mit dem allen bekannten galgen- berge zusammengelegt, wie das bei dem nahen anklänge nicht ausbleiben konnte {vgl. schon golh. galga tmd Gaulgau|)a Marc. 15,21. 22): Gohjolha, galgenberg. Mones anz. 7,308; galgen- perg, galgata. voc. 1482 kl'; galgala, galgenberg, galkberg. Dief. 256'. noch bei Stieler 160 galgenberg, golgalha, carni- ficina, locus cdilior in quo furcae erigtmtur. GALGENBILD, n. das bild eines Verbrechers, das statt seiner an den galgen geschlagen wird, s. Campe, galgen II, 2, o. GALGENBBATEN, m. wie galgenschwengel u. ä., trifurcifer Stieler 217, Ludwig 684, Steinbach 1,184; braten wie in teufelsbraten, höllenbraten. GALGENBBIEF, m. 1) brief, d.h. zettel mit dem urtheil über einen zum galgen verurtheilten, aber flüclUigen Verbrecher, der an den galgen geschlagen wurde, vgl. bä Ad. Junghans kriegsordnung 1598 0 2': urkundlich mandat über verlaufene schelme, dar- von mag man copei und abschriften machen, an die galgen und pranger zu schlagen, dann {gleich mhd. wan, nur) man darf keine siegel oder underzeichnete hand mit an galgen schlagen, nur den eingang mit hauptmans namen {es handelt sich um kriegsrecld) und hernach die Scheltwort {d. i. die be- gründung des urtels). wil man sie in andern fürstenthumben auch 'schelten' {'bescholtcn' machen) und an galgen schlagen, so musz es mit derselben herrschaft vorwissen geschehen. 2) vian halte auch ähnliche galgenbriefe zw privalrache oder strafe gleichsam, s. galgen 11,2, o xp. 1171. GALGENBRUNN, m. puleus. Aler 833'; galgenbrunnen pl. ScHM.2 1,902 ausVeget.A,\Q; bei dem stall da war ein tiefer galgenbrunnen. Fort. f4', Henisch 1336. s. galgbrunn. GALGENBüSZE, /'. ;)oe>u7en<ia pro <emj3ore J.G.Haas deutsch- lat. handwb. (1S08) 219", wie galgenreue. GALGENBUßE, m. furcifer, ein galgenbub, quasi dignus furca. gemma gemmarum Straszb. 1518 K ij *, Henisch 1336. vgl. galgenjunge. GALGENDIEB, m. furcifer, impatibulatus Stieler 313, d. h. sowol dieb der schon hängt als der zu hängen verdiente {nd. galgendeef Sackmann pred. 57, grundgalgendeef 62). im 18. jh. zu einem launigen kraftworle abgeschwächt, ein beweis des häufigen gcbrauches : galgendieb, ich musz dir nur deinen willen thun. Lessing 1, 397 {freigeist 1, 4), zu einem schelmischen bedienten gesagt; (ich könnte) zerschlagen ihn {den spatt), mit einem hieb, und das mit rechi, herr galgendieb! Bürger 20*. (iALGENDRÜSSEL, m. Schimpfwort für änen mann : icJi wolt, du legest iu dem Necker mit deinem balg, du galgendrüssel. H. Sachs 1,480*. drüssel ist gurgel oder viaul (2, 1436). GALGENEICHE, f eiche als galgen {s. galgen II, 1, b) : welcli scheuszHch anblick! hier prangt Cromwells blosze leiche nechst Irreions geripp an einer galgen eiche. A. Gryphius 1,329 (Cur. St. 5,2t4), in der bühnenweisung mir : leichen an dem galgen, also blosz als dichterisciwr ausdruck. aber eichen dienten wirklich so: 'die eiche blieb . . der beliebte hängebaum, namhaft gemacht bei vielen gerichlsstätlen als hangeiche, sogar, bei der Stadt Soest, spOttiscIier weise bürgereiche benannt, bei Saalfeld soll vor lüO jähren eine alle eiche gestanden haben, worin damals noch die zum hängen benutzte eiserne kette {vgl. galgenkette) im verrosteten und be- moosten zustande zu sehen war'. 0. Beneke von unehrl. leuten 221. GALGENENTRONNEN, 'dem galgen entronnen' zusammen- geschoben: ich hörte nachher, dasz es galgenentronnene straszenräuber wären. Fr. Müller 3, 283. GALGENEBLEÜCHTUNG, f: nachts darauf ist die ge- schmackvollste sladti und galgen-erleuchtung. J. Paol kom. anh. z. Tit. 2,43. GALGENFELD, n. camificina, locus publicus in quo jussu magistratus homines sontes a carniftcibus occiduntur. Henisch 1336, nl. galghenvcld Kil. mit derselben erkl., feld bei der stadt mit dem hochgerichle, wie bei Augsburg, 'das galgenfeld bei A. wurde gerne zu Iruppenmusterungen benutzt' Birl. Augsb. wb. 178*; und ist dann der ein lield, der am verdienten strick noch prahlt im galgenfeld? Haller (1777) 97. GALGENFERGE, m. gericiUsbote, büttel, nachrichter, galgen- verge, s. Haltaus 584, Frisch 1,314*. GALGEN FÖRMIG, in galgen form. GALGENFREUDE, f. Schadenfreude, teuflische freude : Joggeli hatte eine art galgenfreude daran. Gottbelf 2, 268 {Uli der kncchl cap. 21) w. ö. GALGENFRIST, f 'patilulum temporis' Henisch 1336, 60, also schon damals zur redensart verblaszt; ebenso Stieler 561 mit dem Zusätze quod praetendit is qui in extrema necessilate con- slitulus est, dicitur etiam henkersfrist, also eig. kurze frist die einem verurlhcillen , schon unterm galgen, getvährt wurde; ein galgcnfrist des tods Verzug ist. Henisch. schon im i6.jahrh. bildlich, sodasz es in die mhd. zeit zurückreichen musz: sie machen ihnen mit des Witzels lere ein galgenfrist , dann bald, bald wirts beide mit ihnen und ihrem Messia aus sein. Alberus wider Witzeln B3'; doch seind, wie auch der fuchs {Rein, fuchs), zu disem mahl enirunnen, die eine galgenfrist und nicht vil mehr gewunnen. Weckherun 618; der übelthäter aber war unerschrocken und blöde, der vor seinen tode nur kurze galgenfristen suchte. Riemer polit. stockf. 28. noch jetzt geläufig für den kurzen aufschub einer gefahr, einer pein u. ä. GALGENFRÜCHTLEIN, n. von einem bösen jungen Simpl. 1, 347 {s. unter krumm 5, 2446), der glrichsam als fruchl an den galgenbaum gehört, oder als frucht für den galgen wächst, vgl. früchtchen von bösen kindern, auch galgensprüssel. GALGENGEßISZ, n. wie galgenmundstück. GALGENGELICHTER, n. wie galgengesindel, diebsgesindel : diebesfinger {die man einem eben gehängten abschnitt, als schütz für dicbe) waren für alles galgengelichter leicht zu erlangen und halfen das stehlen vervielfältigen. 0. Beneke ton unehrl. leuten 225. GALGENGERICHT, n. das hochgericht: da billicher vor dem thor das galgengericht ir freithof und kirchof were. Gar^. 190' {Seh. 352). GALGENGESICHT, f. diebsgesicht, conßscierle physiognomie. GALGENGESINDEL, n. Verbrecher auf einem häufen, diebs- gesindel, auch das am galgen hängende, vergl. BtSRCERS Lenoie Str. 25. 26 (luftiges gesindel) und mhd. : füeret in eht gegen dem galgen unde gegen des galgen gesinde. Berthold 395,7, d. h. er gehört an den galgen. 74* 1175 GALGENGESTELL — GALGENLEITER GALGENLÖSER — GALGENRÄKEL 1176 GALGENGESTELL, n. geslell des galgens, galgen: dem blosz zimmet ain gnlgengstcll. Mtjrner sclielmenz. i4'. GALGENGLÜCK, n. funiruptio, foHuna desperala Stiener 675, diebsglück (s. d.), dan dem diebe der schon hängt noch den strick reiszcn Inszl; vfß. unter galgen II. 2, A. /. GALGENGRAS, n. agrostis stolonifera. Nemnich. GALGENHOBEL, m. galgenstrick, galgenschwengel : ainer liiesz Wolfgang Strobel, ain pöser galgenhobel. Ueiieih Wiener 7,28. eig. von dem stränge, der durch die reibung den balken glättet? GALGENHOLZ , n. 1) holz vom oder zum galgen , galyen- haum. geläufig in der redensart falsch win galgenholz {alter Judas Haas), falscher als galgenholz, von menschen: jo! 's isch e reclidi ratsch (verräler) un falsch wie galjeholz. Arnold pjingsltnonlag 87 ; als wenn man sagen wollte: hüte dich, er ist fein wie galgen- holz. WiNKEi.MANN 2, 59. cgs. gcalgtreov von Christi kreuze Grein 1,492. 2) am Webstuhle der leinwcber ein querbalken der in die docken, Säulen des Webstuhls oben eingezapft ist. Kehrein Nassau 1,113, s. dazu unter galgen II, 5, c. danach wird auch am galgen der querbalken vorzugsiveis so geheiszen haben, die leinweber hatten nämlich eine besondere bcziehung zum galgen, sie viuszten ihn aufrichten, s. Vilmau kurhess. id. 115, Sackmanns pred. {Celle 1864) s. 83. 3) auch als waldname, z. b. Birlinger Augsb. wb. 178*. GALGENHUHN, n. wie galgenvogel, galgendieb: heb dich an galgen, du 'streus giitlein' {vergeuder), du schmorotzer und gnlgenhiin. H. Sachs 1,233'; das ich musz die straszen nun nackt laufen wie ein galgenhun. Römoldt spiel vom Taster der hoffurt 1314 (4, 2) ; lebt wie ein schlimmes galgenhun. riiNowALii It: Eoh. NS'; du bist ein unnütz galgenhun. Ayrer fasln. 61°; wie auch oft solche galgenhüner sclbest sagen, es sei umb ein böse stunde, umb einen hieb oder hals zu ziehen zu thun, darauf wollen sie es wagen und wann ein galgen oder ein rat an dem andern stund. Adam Junchans kriegsordnung 1598 0 1' = Reüter kriegsordn. 72 ; sei kein Olivier in deinem jungen leben, wie dieses galgenhun (so hier gewesen) war. Simpt. 1085 1, 422. eig. von den hängenden körpern als beute der raubvögel? GALGENHÜHNLF.IN, n. 'malus corvus, desperatae audaciae' Stieler 750, Steinbach 1,792: Christus musz leiden und das galgenhühnlein {Barrabas) ausgebeten werden. Herberger ev. herzposl. 437. s. auch galgenhünkel. GALGENHUMOR , m. verzweifelter humor, eig. wie er einem verurtheillen unter dem galgen kommt {vergl. u. galgen II, 2, c). sehr gebräuchlich und doch noch nicht verzeichnet, vermutlich ziemlich jung, schwerlich schon aus der galgenzeit selber, eigen aber schon ags. ein ähnlich wort, adj.: galgmöd, gealgmod, malignus, furiosus, iracundus Grein 1, 492. GALGENHÜNKEL, n. wie galgenhühnlein (hünkel die west- md. form für hühnchen), z.b. hessisch; die galgenhünkeln, so ir handwerk lassen fallen, . . . ligen tag und nacht in den wein und spielheusern. J. Ferrarius von dem gemeinen nutz 1533 56' bei Vilmar 115, wo auch galgenhinkl aus dem 10. jh. GALGENJUNGE, m. böser junge {vgl. galgenbube) : darauf sah der Schiffer hinter sich, und da der galgenjunge ihm schon öfters diesen streich gemacht ... Jüst. Kerner dich- tungen {3. aufl.) 2, 90. GALGENKETTE, f. kette des galgens. M. Kramer 1787, sich unter galgeneiche. GALGENKIND, n. galgenbube {vgl. 5,720 unter kind): was es sig (sei) für ein gsind die selben galgenkind. Uhland voiksl. 370. GAI.GENKRAUT, n. der hanf. Nemnich, weil er für den galgeustrick wächst. GALGEN KRÄUTLEIN, n. wie galgen früchtlein : es ward aber diesem gottlosen galgenkräutlein der kitzel bald vertrieben. wistmdisch wisenbrünnl. 1, 181. GALGENLEITER, f. leilcr zum galgen. Frisch 1,314"; Midi. die galgenleiter der simonie. J. Paul jubeisen. 11 ; galgenleiter- leben, leben in beständiger furcht, leben Fibels 46. beim neubau eines galgens {s. d. II, 2, 6) lag den mnllern die lieferung der galgenleiter ob, s. Beneke von unehrl. leuten 226. GALGENLÖSER, m. erlöser vom galgen: der weit lohn ist umb guts Übels thun, also hat sie Christo irem galgenlöser und heiland thon , warumb? darumb das er sie liebet, er- löset u. s. w. Frank spr. 2, 27', vorher als sprichw. sein erlöser henken; s. dazu galgen 2, l, « und galgen 3 von Christi kreuze; Beheim nennt einen 'galgensprussel', der von dem galgen wart erlost. Wiener 10,10, der schon den sträng am halse gehabt halte. GALGENMAHLZEIT, f. wie henkersmahlzeil : du thust eine galgenmahlzeit, c transenna cibum petis. Aler 833'. GALGENMÄNNCHEN, n. 1) atropa mandragora , alraun- wurzel, hexenkraul. Nemnich 1, 536. 538. s. das folg. 2) hauskobold. J. G. Haas, s. J. Grimm myth. 480. GALGENMÄNNLEIN, n. alraune: Simplicissimi galgen- männlin, oder ausführlicher bericht, woher man die so ge- nannte alliäungcn oder geldmiinnlin bekommt «. s. w., eine Schrift rffx Christ. V. Grimmelshausen (4, 257/f. Ä«rz); wie dann die allen davon gedichtet haben, dasz aus dem harn oder samen, welchen der am galgen hangende dieb von sich liesze, eine solche wurzel würde gezeuget . . . das. 57 (4, 289 Kz), vgl. Grimm myth. 1154 und unter kühlkropf. GALGENMÄSZIG, was den galgen verdienet Frisch 1,314", Garg. vorr. 5 {s. unter galgenschwengel); galgenmeszig frevel hüben. Ni:irnb. chron. 3, 141, 28 ; galgenmäszige thaten. Matth. Krämer teulsch-ital. wb. Niirnb. 1678 498'. GALGENMEISTER, m. hcnker. Justinger Berner chron. 244. GALGENMUNDSTÜCK, n. mundslück , gebisz eines pferde- zaumes mit einem galgen oder bogen. Adelung, GALGENNAGEL, m. mülrre, gelbe rii.be, rhein. Kehrein 150. GALGENOHR, n. s. diebsohr. GALGENPATER , m. pater, priesler, der einen verurtheillen zum galgen begleitet, alem. Fromm. 6, 116 : jo, redde si imm zue, bis dasz er sieb bekehrt, un breddje si druf los as wie e galjepader. Arnold pfingslmonlag 53 ; 'hior etobt dein galgenpater, schau die schür', sagte Schoppe, vom gebückten tonsurirten Kopr aen nut aßscluiuelud. J. Paüi. Tit. 5, 156 ; ai(c/( herbstblum. 3, 220, GALGENPFEILER, «i. gemauerter galgenpfosten (Campe): so wüchset der lorbecr der litteratur an galgenpfeilern wie an Parnassen hinauf. J.Paul anh. z. Tit. 2,46. GALGENPFOSTEN, m. pfosten am galgen, die den querbaum tragen: besser gezabelt am declinenden scamno, als am un- declinenden ligno, so galgenpfosten heiszt. Garg. 286' {Seh. 539). GALGENPOSAMENTIER, m. Spottname der seiler bei andern handwerken. Rüdiger Zuwachs 2, 76. GALGENPREDIGT,/: predigt des galgenpalers {s. d.): der pfarrer . . hielt zur erbauung und abschreckung eine wahre galgenpredigt. Seume (1S53) 1,5. 6« Schopenhauer aber von Ver- brechern gehaltene galgenpredigten, s. Schopenliauer-lex. 1, 20G. GALGENPRESSE, f. presse mit galgenartigem hebet, bei litho- graphen. vgl. galgen II, 5, c. GALGENPRIESTER, m. wie galgenpater; nd. galgenpreester schleclUer advocat ScHiiTZE holst, id. 2, 8. GALGENPSäLM, «i. psalm, lied, womit der arme sünder zum galgen begleitet wird {vergl. galgenpater) : der lerm und der galgenpsalm jollen weit. Schillers räuber 2, 3 (2, 91 Göd.). GALGENRABE, «i. 1) rabe, wie sie um den galgen sind des aases wegen {vgl. galgenvogel 1, rabenstein): wie galgenraben schwärmen sie am liebsten nach dem aase. Bürger 65". 2) daher auch vom raben überhaupt , z. b. in Nassau , gleich kolkrabe, gnlkrabe. KEhrein 1,150, 3) von menschen, wie galgenvogel, bei Stieler gleicfi diebs- rabe (s, d.), erzdieb. als Scheltwort : räubisch nachtraben, die galgnraben, Fisch ART flölih. 862 Seh. ; ir faulen schlüffel und galgenrabn. Ayrer fastn. 122". GALGENRAD, n. das rad auf dem hochgerichte : er hört (^hört) ins für bim galgenrad, der solche taten understat, Mcrner geucitm. 1020 Seh.; vgl. galgen und rad sp. 1169, woraus auch galgenrad zusammen- geronnen sein könnte {genauer aus galg und rad), vgl. käsenbrot. GALGENRÄKEL, wi. die mandelkrähe. Nemn. 2, 1214, galgen- rekel Adelung, galgenreckel Haas, galgenregel, auch halk- regel , galskrägel , krägelelster {vergl. kriechelster) Henisch 1336, 63. zu räkel vgl. rake, racker mandelkrähe, zu galgen- das mlat. galgulus Dief. 256' gläch galbula, pirol , emmerling u. a., auch galgenrabe. 1 177 GALGENREDE — GALGENSCHWENGEL GALGENSCnWENKEL — GALGENTROPFEN 1178 GALGENREDE, f. wie galgenpredigt (s. d.): galgenrede eines brittisclien naclidruckers. J. Paul herbslbl. 3, 128 (1820 s. 335), auch hier die sckulzrede des Verbrechers selbst 'auf der leiter'; wie man in England galgenreden für künftige henk- menschen voraus aufsetzt, das. GALGENKEGEL, s. galgenräkel. GALGENREISE, s. galgenritt. GALGENREÜE, f. späte, durch todesangsl erzwungene reue, die erst unter dem gaUjen sich einstellt, aber schon jni anfang des id.jh. für späte, unechte reue überhaupt, sodasz das wort in die mhd. zeit zurückreichen wird {vgl. galgenbusze) : nun . . als Ulenspiegel . . was alt und verdrossen worden , da kam in ein galgenrüwe an , und gedacht wie er sich wolt in ein closter ergeben. Eulcnsp. 89 ; zö letzt hat poshait galgonrew. Schwarzemberg 158*; der teufel und alle verdampten haben auch solche reu, die heiszet man auf deudsch Judasreu und galgenreu. Luther l,41o'; das die schuilheologei von dem anfang der busz und der galgenrevv erlicht hat. Melanchtuqn anweisung in die h. Schrift, deutsch von Spai.atinus Auysb. 1523 311 ; dank hab der dich, er leszt sein Stelen, wenn sich sein hend für im verhelen, so wil er sein recht Iromb und treuw, das heiszt aul' teutsch ein galgenreuw. Waldis Es. 2, 79. GALGENRING, wi. ring der eisernen kette {vgl. unter galgen- eiche), an der der dieb hieng {'pependit'), auch henkerskette. Stieler 1G49. ein beispiel dieser galgenkette s. u, gericht galgen. GALGENRITT, ni. reiterdienst zur geleilung des verurtlieilten an den galgen ; i. j. 141G beschwerte sich der bischof von Slraszburg wider die stadt, dasz sie die geistlichen pferd zum galgenritt zu sustentirn zwingen und anhalten, s. Haltaus 584. ebenso galgenreise Atigsb. chron. 1, 153, 24. vgl. folg. GALGENRITTER, m.: ich frage, was das plu-t Christi Pilatum, Annam, Caipham, Herodem, die galgenritter und viel holzschuger hat geholfen. Carlsjad antworl yw/mVA/ »uAser oelangtna wicter . . loh. Fritzhans B l'. also die römischen kriegs- kncchte bei der h-cuzigung {die auf bildern beritten vorkomtnen), auf einem galgenritle gedacht, vgl. galgen 3 vom kreuze. GALGENSCHANZE, f. gewagtes spiel {eig. Würfelspiel), bei dem der galgen auf dem spiele steht; in einem Hede, das dem adel sein rauhritlerlhum vorrüclU und es aus seiner entartung erklärt: so liumt man an den tanz und wogt (tvagi) ein galgenschanz. Uhlahd 372. GALGENSCHELM, m. trifurcifer. Stieler 1708, Ludwig 684 u.a.; noch nd. Dähnert 141*. GALGENSCHEU, f. scheu, angst vor dem galgen: die galgen- scheu war so tief bei ihm eingewurzelt, dasz er seinen künden nie etwas veruntreute. MusÄus volksm. (1805) 2, 89. GALGENSCHLÜNGEL, m. wie galgenschwengel : den ohn- gerathenen galgenschlüngel. Simpl. 4,332 Kz.; bair. galgen- schlünkel Scum. 3, 453. wie letzteres zu schlanken baumeln, kann ersteres zu schlingen schwingen gehören, sodasz beides eig. genau gleich galgensciiwengel wäre. GALGENSCHWENGEL, «i. furcifer, patibularius. Stieler 1985, wie noch jetzt allbekannt, so schon mhd. galgenswengel : so ist nü manger üje ein engel, der in der helle ein galgenswengel Wirt des tiuvels, ob er stirbet. Henner 911; manger wirt (ilorl) ein galgenswengel, der üf erden als ein engel in rehter fuor wol bete gelebt, het er niht iij der mäje gestrebt u.s.w. 9510, was zusammengehört mit dem 'höllischen galgen': den . . . git unser herre ir Ion ftf dem himel niht ... wan an dem hel- lischen galgen. Berthold 379, 15. Der zu gründe liegende witz ergibt sich aus feldglocke {s.d.), z.b.: das ich drab auf eim henfen pferd (s. den galgen reiten sp. 1169) ein schwengl in einr feldglocken werd. H.Sacus 3,3,29'; daher nl. galgenknepel furcifer Kil., nd. galgenknäpel Dähnert 141", s. kneppel vom klöppel in der glocke. Nhd. : du scheuhentag und du galgenschwengel. fastn.sp. 254,26, als Schimpfwort wie bei H. Sachs 5, 359' u. ö. ; sollen darum .. die ellern, weil sie galgenschwengel vorspiegeln {den kindern als Spiegel vorhalten), galgenmäszig heiszen? Garg. vorr. 5; schau nun ihm die galgenschwengel, ihm die scbergen widerstahn. Spee trutzn. 252; du ungehobelter galgenschwengel 1 A. Gryphius 1,776; wenn von zwei galgenschwengeln einem das leben soll geschenkt werden. Lessing 2,369; du galgenschwengel ! Güthe34, 257; auch noch im genauen sinne, von dem der 'baumelt': dieb und gauner .... wandelt sie (Fortuna) zuletzt in galgenschwengel und in speise für die rabenschaar. Bürger 57'. GALGENSCHWENKEL, m. nebenform zum vor., auch schon mhd. iier galgensvvenkel MSH. 3, 384' unter andern ehrentilelii : stet iflielu nicht), ir galgenschwenkl, lat hie den rechten schenkt, ir must den galgen raiten. fastn. sp. 428, 10; weinbuben . . spiler, gassentretter . . galgenschwenkel. Nürnb. chron. 3,142; ein galgenschwenkel. Keisersb. bilg. 171'; galgenschwenkel, kregen speis {kinltenf:peise, felilt 5, 1974). Ml'RNEr sclietmenz. 36'. GALGENSCHWENKLING, m. galgenzemderling, ein väld- glockgen, galgens oder henkens wärdt, furcifer, cruciarius. Maaler 155'. GALGENSPEISE, f. wie galgenaas (vgl. krähenspeise vorhin): im himmel sei kein todesaas, kein schelmenlleisch noch galgenspeis, ganskönig D7'. GALGENSPRÜSSEL, m. furcifer. Dief. n. gl. 186' aus änem lir. voc. des Ib.jh.: der selbig galgensprussel het den sträng an dem trussel {vqI. galgendrüssel). Beheim Wiener 10, 11. mhd. sprü^jel ist leitersprosse (vgi. galgenleiter), aber auchpfosten, stütze (Haupt 8, 567, vgl. galgenpfosten), bair. sprüssei sprosz ScHM. 3, 593 {vgl. galgenfrüchtlein). GALGENSTATT,' f. hochgericht : die galgen oder die mahl- statt weisen wir oben ans dorf neben dem weg. weislh. 1,794; altschwed. galgastadher Rietz 182*. auch galgensfätte. GALGENSTEUER, f. Steuer zu bau und besserung des galgens, des hochgerichtes. Adelunc. GALGENSTRAFE, f. suspendium, furca. Stieler 2184. GALGENSTRANG, m. restio , laqueo dignus. Stieler 2188, also wie galgenstrick, d. h. galgendieb. GALGENSTRICK, m. l) restis infamis, suspendium, henker- strick. Stieler 2196. 2) vom menschen selber, der den galgenstrick verdient, candi- datus patibuli Stieler 2196 {vcrgl. galgen selber so H, 4, eine Übertragung die noch kühner ist); auch nl. galgenstrick, galgen- strop Kil. Es gilt vom 16. jh. bis heute: wo ist denn unser sun Cain, der Wüstling und bös galgenstrick. H.Sachs 1,11*; so ists mir besser, ich legs selbst an, als das mirs trag ein dieb davon, wie mirs schon stal der galgenstrick. Ayber 421' (21 IC, 23); da fienge der galgenstrick ein geschrei an. Jucund. 123; o der galgenstrick! Lessing 1,546 {Minna v. B. 3,2); freund Amor ist ein galgenstrick. Kotzebub dram. sp. 3,348; ein mordkerl! sag ich, ein verfluchter, verwetterter galgen- strick! H.V.Kleist (1859) 3,302; erschlagen ward dein ehgemahl von einem jungen galgenstrick. Platen 291 ; mein diener, ein echter Berliner galgenstrick. Holtei vierzig jähre 5, 86. GALGENTHOR, n. einen 'zu dem galgenthor ausjagen' H.Sachs 4,2,50° (s. unter kalbsohr), eine beschimpfung ; doch wol nur das stadtthor, das zum rabensteine führt, wie die städte oft hatten, nebst änei- Galgengasse die dahin führte, z. b. Frankfurt am Main {nun umgetauft in Gallusthor, Gallusgasse). vgl. folg. GALGENTHÜRN, «i. thurm auf dem galgenthore? eine jung- frauw, die viel seltzamer geschmeid und kleinot trug, die besähe man so sehr, als ob sie ein meerwunder wer ge- wesen, denn ir gezierde des haupts den andern nicht gleichet, also fraget sie der frauwen eine, wie man den thurn hiesze, den sie auf ihrem haupt trüge? saget sie, es were genennt der galgenthurn. buch der liebe 290'. GALGENTRÄGER, m. furcifer: sag an, wem haslu es ge- geben, galgentreger? Steinhöwel (1555) 11 ; disen galgenträger sihe ich wol. 8. wol nur übersetzt aus dem lat. worte; doch vgl. unter galgen IL3, c. GALGENTROPFEN, m. Garg. 107' {Seh. 366), im pl., unter andern scheltenden kraftwörtern {z. b. galgenschwengel); tropf narr halte früher kräftigere bed.: flagrio (kraftivort für sclave) ist im 16. jh. 'troph vel lecker', auch 'keib vel lotter' Dief. 238". 1179 GALGENVERDIENLICII — GALIMATHIAS GALINGENBEERE — GALL 1180 GALGENVERDIENLICH, wie galgeninäszig, 17. jli. : galgen- iind radvcidienliche laster. Butschky Palvi. 822; 'galgen und rad' war formelliaß (vcjl. galgenrad). GALGENVOGEL,»». 1) rabe Stieler 529 (vg/. galgenrabe): sanct Oswall hielt es für ein schand, soll er dem rnbcn tliiin beistand, und nadi dem galgenvogel trachten, man niöcht ihn Cur ein scbinder achten, ganskönig DT. 2) (jleich galgensclnvengel Henisch 1337,18, weil er den raben zum aase dient oder dienen sollte, wie Frisch 1, 314" auslegt {vgl. galgenliuhn, galgenhülinlein), obwol auch der rabe selbst als dieb darin gedacht sein kann : einen andern galgenvogel umb geckerei willen losbitten. Reuter kriegsordn. 48; der galgenvogel hat einen reichen kaufniann zum vater. Schocii sttid. E5; dank gott , dasz wir keine kricger mehr haben , dasz der teufel die galgenvogel nach der reihe geholt hat. das. D, mit an- deutung des dOjähr. krieges ; künstliche räche, so heiszen die galgenvogel (banditen) unter sich das handwerk. Riemer fol. slockf.229; personen weiche den kramsvögeln gar nicht, den galgenvügeln aber desto ähnlicher waren. Felsenburg 2, 385. stärker bei Rädlein 318* erzgalgenvogel, deutlicher ein unge- henkter galgenvogel {wie unaufgehangene feldglocke 3, 1483). 3) später auch blosz als kräftiges Scheltwort: unverschämter galgenvogel! ... kennst du deine frau nicht mehr? Weisze kom.op. 2,77 {verw.weiber 3,1); nun lacht mich der galgen- vogel wol obendrein aus. Klincer 1,154; prophetischer galgen- imd spaszvogel. J. Faul Tit. 4, 10. GÄLGENVVACHTEL, f. wie galgenvogel 2: und als man strecla die galgenwachtel, bekennet er auch unverholn unter andern das er hat gstoln. H. Sachs 2,4,76*. GALGENWADEL, m. Schimpfwort, fastn.sp. 254,28 (s. galgen- ast); vgl. blol/.wedel 2,154, krachwedel 5, 1925, grober w edel ScHM. 4, 21, wadol und wedel ist eins. GALGENVVEIIHE, f. was nur eben den tod {am galgen) ab- wehrt, von geringster nuhrung , die einen eben nicht zum aiMm zwingt: wann eim sein narung an ein kerbholz geschnitten ist und mit eim cirkel ausgemessen, das er blosz zuleben hat und sich des galgens erwert... das heiszt ein gemessen narung, ein galgenwehre. Frank ^jir. 1, 37', vorher: es ist ihm auszgei'ochnet {knapp zuge7nesscn), das er ein blosz galgenwer hat ; in welche not und Verbitterung läszt dicsz furchtbar bittere worl blichen, auch wie ' galgen frist', die ein arzt einem todt- kranken 'gibt': wie er {der charlatan) dann öffentlich bewert, da er in heilung der fieber jährlich hilf anzeigt, daraus nichts anders zu nenimen ist, dann das ers wie ein galgenwehre geurlheilt hat. Pabacelsus l, 720*. GALGENWURZ oder WURZEL. .-!. galgant 2, c. GALGKNZAHL, /'. die zahl sieben (s. galgen 11,2, c): so habe ich in {den bischof von Ermeland) doch kürzlich also mit rappen wollen das er die 'böse sieben' voll mache und die galgenzahl derer gottesdiebe, die Christo seine ehre . . sielen, auch complirel werde. Si'ANgenberg ivider die böse sieben kaAl'. noch jetzt wolbckannt in Sachsen u, a.; wer z. b. sieben kinder hat, sagt wol auf die frage nach der zahl scherzend und zögernd die galgenzahl, oder einen galgen voll. GALGENZEMÜERLING, m. s. galgenschwenkling, wol der dem galgen ziemt. GALGENZEN, nach dem galgen riechen. Ludwig 684 {vergl. 'galgägtig, nach dem galgen riechend' M. Kramer n/. «t»6. 1787); in M. Kramers deutsch-nl. wb. aber galgenzen, gehangen werden. GALGENZIERDE, f. spöttisch von einem gehängten {s. den galgen zieren sp. 11C9): dasz er . . . eine schöne feldglocke und galgenzierde abgeben musz. Simpl. 601 Keller. GALGLEIN, n. l) kleiner galgen, z. b. an der wage der kloben (s. klobe 3), der galgenfürmig ist : bisz die zungen der wag recht in seinem galglein und der balken gerad, übeizwerch und gleich steht. Tuurneisser prob, der harnen 85. 2) galgendicb , galgenschwengel : crvciarius , gälglin. Frisius 384", s. galgen 4. GALHART, s. gallerte. GALIMATHIAS, m. n. das franz. galimatias , verwirrtes ge- rede, kauderwelsch {in Frischs franz. wb. Lpz. 1719 galimathias, vgl. in seinem deutschen wb. 1,356"): er will nicht allein die französische spräche, sondern auch den guten geschmack bei seiner reinigkeit erhalten . . . dasz man nicht . . prächtiges galimathias für wohlredenheit ansehen soll, triefe die neueste litt. betr. 7, 152, von Premontval in seinem preservalif contre la corruplion de la langue francoise; göttliche Uranie! Moloch, Adramelech und Typhon . . . 'was soll das galimathias sein?' Weisze kom. op. 1,37; im gründe kannst du dir kaum vor- stellen, wie verhaszt hier (in Weimar) der name eines schönen geistes ist und was für ein verdammtes galimathias von confusen begriffen die leute mit diesem naraen verbinden. Wieland in Mercks briefs. 1,135, vom j. 1778; wie wolt ihr, dasz unser einer aus diesem galimatias klug werde? Wieland 19, 179. Diese letztere, die franz. Schreibung gibt auch Adelung, dei- auch die franz. ausspräche {'sprich galimatiä') lehrt, jetzt spricht man ruhig galimathias; das th verrät, dasz dabei an Mathias gedacht ist, auch bei den Franzosen, vgl. bei M. Höfer etym.wb. Linz 1815 2,121 die anecdote aus eines Franzosen munde von dei- entstehung des wortes, die besser ist als die noch jetzt in Frankreich gäng und gäbe, auch auf den namen Mathias geprägte ($. Campes, Heyses fremdwbb.). Der wahre Ursprung bleibt zu finden, s. Diez** 2,305; am nächsten liegt franz. galimafree f., mischgericht von Speiseresten (eng/, gallimawfrey, s. Halliw. 390"), und auch 'eine erzetilung , da alles unordentlich unter einander vorgebracht wird' Frisch franz. wb. 1,811. GALINGENBEERE, s. kalinkenbeere. GALION, GALIOTTE, s. galeon, galeotte. GALITZENSTEIN, m. l) vitriol , wie Schmeller 2,29 aus liaiern angibt, mit anführung von galizenstain, auch galizelstain und galizel m. in dieser bed., blävver galizelstain kupfervilriol ; galitzenstein , weiszer intriol. Frisch 1, 314', auch ein Baier. ebenso in Österreich, s. Höker 1, 264, in Kärnten gallitzenslän eisenvitriol, pläwer. g., kupfervilriol Lexer 107, in Schlesien ga- litschkenslein Weinhold 25'. Als arzneimittel früher: 6 lüt galiczensteins. Ortolph bä Schmeller ; in boshaßem scherze loird einer giciUischen allen geraten: kauft nur ein pfund galitzenstein, sieds in eira keszl und setzt euch drein, laszt den kessel ob dem fewr stehn, wird euch das reiszen bald vergehii. Ayrer fasln. AT (2546, 18. 26). Im Zllten/tal heitsl raniijtetiUin nrris (Imtlpihliimchen . vfännlcin) das galizenpfäunlein Schm., Schöpf 170, pfännchen zum sieden des galitzensteins, von seiner .schärfe im geschmack {in Norwegen wird die blume als Zugpflaster statt der spanischen fliegen gebraucht Nemnich 4,1127). 2) nach folg. attch für alaun: alaun, sonsten galitzenstein genennt. Hohberg 1, 254'. er wird dem vitriol ähnlich verwandt als ätz- und beizmittel, hiesz auch argilla vitriolala als vitriol- hallig (Nemnich 1,208/9.). 3) in bair. voce, des 15. jh. ist galiczenstain cascogabe , auch castilogalce , vitreolum Schm. 2,29; galitzenstein caslologalue, dragantum, gallicia, est gemma crislallina, vitriolum, oder kupfer- wasser. voc. Ikeut. 1482 k l'. in andern voce, castologaloe, casti- logalue u. a., galitzen- galitzigen- kalitzenstein u. ähnl., nd. gallicienslen, s. Dief. 105", castogale caliczenstain {umgedeutet ein gliszender stein) nov. gl. 78'. In den formen steckt wol nichts ah Galicien (daj lant Galitzen Helmbr. 70) und Castilien, die in dem castilogalce vereinigt scheinen, der vitriol musz im mitlelaller aus Spanien gekommen sein, wie der sachlich ähnliche grünspan, der das auch in seinem namen verrät, viride hispa- num Dief. 622', dänisch noch spanskgrönt {spanisch grün), im ib.jh. auch hd. spanesgrun Dief.; ja beide erscheinen noch im 16. jh. vermengt: vitriolum, vitriol, spongrün. Dasvpodiüs 262". Im 15. jahrh., abei' nach älterer vorläge, auch galaciensteio in ärztlichem gebrauche, zu einer kopfsalbe mit schwefel und wein gesotten Haupt 13,382, im iz.jh. galazia ein stein mit. wunder- kraß Lanzelet 8525 /f. GALK, s. galgen. GALL, GAL, m. schrei, hall, lauter scharfer klang. 1) gal im 16.JÄ. .• Minerva liesz ein gal vor groszem laid und quäl. H. Sachs 1,307''; da liesz der (Qemalle) jiingling sam ein gal und stellt sich ganz kleglich zu mal. 5,396 (1560); Sara sein mutter ihn urablieng {beim abschiede), weint und küst ihn zum öl'tern mal. da daucht mich, ich bort einen gal, der laut: gott sei es klaget sehr, mein son, ich sich dich nimmermehr. 3,1,11' (1588 9'); In derselben form und bedeutung noch in einem schlesischen volks- liede : 'ach Ulrich, liebster Ulrich mein, verleih mir nur (e/i du mich tödlesl) drei gal zu scbrein'. den ersten gal und den sie that, so ruft sie den lieben vater an u.s.w. Erks liederliort s. 92*, 1181 GALL CALL — GALLBITTER 1182 wobei zu bemerken der plitr. gal ohne endung, zeichen eines ab- sterbenden Wortes. Weinhold 25' gibt schles. gäl m., einen lauten gä! lassen {wie u. 2 und 3), Steinbacu 1,616 'gall vel gahl'. aber dicsz ä bürgt nicht für echtes gal oder mhd. gal mit slamm- haßem einfachem 1 bei der dortigen neigung zur Verlängerung der kürzen {s. das schles. gall u. 2, Steinbach gibt auch als prael. zu gellen gall und galil) ; eben so wenig der reim auf mal, quäl bei H. Sachs, der auch schal, giim schreibt, im reime. 2) gall, seit dem l&.jh., Honus acutissimus, plangor, clamor , einen groszen gall tuhn Stielef» 596/3. (""' <^'^''" ausdrück- lichen zusatze plurali carens) : lachen, dasz man einen gall aus- läszt, den man weit hören kan. Frisch 1, 3U' ü«5 Keisersb. ; da liesz ich so ein lauten gall, das es im ganzen haus erschall. Thieb. Gart Joseph (1510) 1)6"; . bisz in die spähte nacht, bisz Prognes schwester {Philomelc) auch dem gall ein endung macht. Weckueruis 133, vom gesange der nachtigall, deren namen das gall nahe legte {daher nachtegall als m. Steinb. 1,615?), übrigens schon mhd. gal so {neben schal) MSH. 2,2!)'. 3, 200'; eur mordgall ruft für gott und fordert blut für hliit. Gryphius I, 6;)!», ein mordgall wie in dem volkstiede tinter 1, wenn einer inord ! schreit; hob sie unverniulhet einen hellen gall an zuschieien. Lohenstein Arm. l, 163. bei Stieler auch IVeudengall. gall, laut führt noch Gottsched sprachk. (1762) 207 mit auf. noch bair. gall, schall Schm. 2, 30, auch östr., sonst erloschen, wie es scheint {vgl. gall-loch). 3) alter, herknnft, auswärtiges. a) ahd. nicht bezeugt; mhd. gal, z.b. jamers gal, einen gal tuon oder läjen {wie nhd. unter 1. 2), bnsiinen gal posaunen- schall, s. Lexer 1, 726. eignerweise auch da schon nur im nom. und acc. bezeugt, Icein gen. galles, kein pl. galle oder gelle, die sich doch wol noch finden werden. b) es gehört zu gellen (s. d.). wie hall zu Ui^Uen, oclmli zu scUellen, nicnt, wie nachtigall, mhd. nahlegale, zu ahd. g;ilan (s. galm .^). vgl. galni gleich gall, anderseits gallen wie hallen, schallen, s. aucK gell m. Ein galle in widergalle echo Dief. 194' {wie galinc für galin), schwachformig oder fem. ? c) auswärtig find ich nur dän. gjald hall, schall (gjalde hallen), schwed. gall n. durchdringende slimme , gcbell u.a. Rietz 22S', altschw. Hydqvist 2, 89, altn. güll f., gen. gallar, durchdringende)- schall Fritzner 228", gjöU /'. Ecilsson 247*; dazu ein adj. gjallr grell tönend, wie bei uns gell. GALL, gallapfel? s. galles. GALL, n. lascivia, ein seltnes ivort, mit zubeliör. 1) gall selber : also (</. h. durch beten, almosengeben, fasten, büszen) tödtet man das gall oder gammel. Keisersberg irrig schaf 68', es soll oft bei ihm vorkommen, auch in der form gell. in einer andern ausg. aber: also tödtet man das kalhfleisch freiheit, und den gammel oder geile, eschengrüdel a5* {gesamt- titel das irrig schaf), Straszb. bei Schürcr 0. j. 4°. ' da ist das wahrscheinlich absterbende oder zu niedrige wort durch ein nahe- liegendes ersetzt worden. 2) als stütze gegen zwei fei dient das gleichfalls vereinsamte a dj. gal sp. 1154 bei S. Frank, dem danach die bedeutung lascivus zukommen wird; auch das ebenso einzelne sich gälen 5;». 1162 aus Paracelsus findet wol hier seinen halt, eig. wol lascivire, mutwillig sein , sich kitzeln 0. ä. Vielleicht auch ein adj. g c 1 bei Keisersberg : such den willen gottes und dien im frei umb seinen willen, nit bis ein zucher, ein Schmarotzer, das du im allein dienst . . nmb . . lustes willen . . und nit lenger im dienen wollest weder {als) die gelen suppen werend. irrig schaf G 1*, die leckeren , wie es scheint {vgl. 4, a), etwa für die novizen im klosler? es ist im kloster gepredigt. 3) wätere Sicherung bietet glaub ich das nord.: altn. gaela delectare, verd ek mik geela cogor mihi quaerere delicias Egii.s- soN 232", auch gala schmeicheltid begütigen u. dhnl. 219', gaila Fritzner 228", vgl. bei Vigfüsson 222'" gajla, mit gael n. und gaela f. enticement, soothing, auch galinn voluptuous, sensual ISl", eig. pari, zu gala ; isl. gäla sig fatuari , gäla f. femina fatua Biörn 1, 26ö', gsela exhilarare (galur pl. cantus nutricum) 316", galsi m. effusa et procax laelitia 267"; schwed. dial. gäl, gel toll, lustig, gjäl brünstig {auch gil), dän. dial. gjcld brünstig, s. Rietz 189; vgl. Dibfenbach goth. wb. 2,381. Aus alle dem spricht ein stamm g-1, ausgeprägt zu gal-, gäl-, mit dem begriffe der Sinnenlust, bethörung u. ä., dem sich die deutschen Wörter als versprengte oberd. reste gut einfügen, die berührung mit altn. gala canlare, incanlare {besonders in galinn, mg. incantatus) reicht nicht aus zur erklärung des ganzen, scheint nur eine später eingetretene berührung, ein verwachsen zweier stamme, s. auch geil, das dazu gehören wird, urverwandt wol hilaris {s. geil). 4) auch unsere mundarlen bieten noch stoff. a) zu Keisersbergs gel unter 2 geseilt sich tvol folg. nd. : 'gel, geil, fett, gut gedüngt, vom boden' Schambach 61', dazu gelplack, geilplack, fette ackerstelle, wo ein misthaufe geleiten hat 62*, gel host üppig gewachsener busch von gras oder getreide- halmen 61' (host m. busch); vgl. gähl gut gewässerter buschiger grund Brem. wb. 2, 476. man sieht wieder die berührung mit geil, aber gel ist ein wort für sich, und Schambach hat daneben geile f., feltigkeit des bodens. Auf dem Weslcrwalde ebenso 'gaal, gal' feit, von ackern, wiesen Schmidt 63, nass. gal Kehrein 14i), aber dort gibt es & gleich urspr. ai ; doch kann da geil mit dem andern verwachsen sein, zumal Schmidts gal neben gaal kurze ausspräche anzudeuten scheint, vgl. auch das dritte galle 2,c. b) zu dem gall unter l {eig. wol gal) und gal, gälen u. 2 stimmt westerw. galern gleich ratzen , sich in lustigem übermute 'mit jemand herausreiszen , jagen, oder rasen, toben {im guten sinne), steh necken, wie z. b. verliebte, junge leute', auch von thieren , z. b. von ochsen, die 'mit den hörnern mit einander spielen' Schmidt 63.160, auch nass. Kehrein 150, frankfurtisch: das gegaaler {einer köchin) mit deiie leul, die so sache brenge, des lilirt zu gar nix. Mals« Jungfer köchinnen s. 25. freilich gab es mhd. geilern' (Schmeller^ 1, 891), aber echtes galern ist nach obigem daneben denkbar; dazu wol auch kämt, gallezn sciuiliern Lexer 107. zu gälen und Franks gal stimmt nament- lich nd. in der Altmark ga-l spräken, schmuzige zoten im munde führen Danneil 60*, vgl. das. in de gfehip l'rien jung heiraten. c) die berührung mit geil musz übrigens alt sein, denn gleich dem gall, gal unter 1 ist mhd. geil n. Übermut, Üppigkeit {eis. ä für ai ist ganz fraglich, s. Weinh. al. gr. .<;. 98), dem sich gälen unter f. gleich mhd. sich geilen lasciuire. so mag unser gal «. s. w. in geil untergegangen , verschwommen sein , z. b. in östr. galig, galich , ekel, von zu feiten und feinen speisen, von menschen zärtlich, weich Castelli 136. 135 {daneben gail m. düng das.), vergl. bair. galig Schm. 2, 30 und geilig. Zugehörig ah Weiterbildung ist vielleicht auch Schweiz, galpen possenhaft tändeln Stalder I, 417, ebend. auch ganlen, golcn. GALLA {mit Zusammensetzungen) , s. gala. GALLABFÜHREND, felliducus Kirsch 2, 128*, gall abführend, ein Vomitiv Aler 833*, 5. galle. GALLAPFEL, m. galla. RXdlein 318'. 1) zueist im 15. jahrh. : galla, galöpfcl. Dief. 641*, galopfel nov. gl. 188* {ohne ausgedrückten ttmlaut), üplel aus dem plur. epfel, «IC schon bei Mecenbehg (Lexer 1, 86), vgl. galla eichen- laubcpfel Dief. 641*; der gallöpfel Mäaler 155*, Dasvp. 83'; secliszehn und acht und danach vier ist dintenzeugs ein recht nianier, das ist, 16 groszer und kleiner gallöpfel in inasz und zahl, 8 des Vitriols und 4 des gummi an gewichte. Spangenberg aller weish. lustg. i^l. gallapfel I6.J/1. s. z. b. unter dem zweiten galle l,d. Auch nl. galappel Kil., schw. galläpple, rfan. galäble. 2) der ältere namc war eichapfel, galla, 'pomum quercus', in einem voc. mit dem zusatze usz welschem lande {die gallapfel kommen aus der levante) s. Dief. 256*, auch dwarchappel, laub- apl'el, reisapfel das., iS.jh. 'galles, eichenepele' sutnerl. 57,15, apfel gleich runde frucht überhaupt {s. 1, 533) ; noch engl, auch oak-apple, nd. eikappel Danneil 45*, auch hd. eichapfel noch im öcon. lex. Lpz. 1731 754. s. auch gallnusz. 3) der lat. namc war galla, daher ital. galla, franz. galle f., altengl. galle galla prompt, parv. 185", jetzt oak-gall; eigen ags.
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Back from Jaws of Death Safe and sound, with his wife and two sons, Bert Hassell, pilot of the ill-fated plane Greater Rockford, which set out to Stockholm, Sweden, arrived in New York from Halifax, N.S. aboard the S.S. Frederick VIII. With Hassell and two others, the Greater Rockford was forced down in Greeland on what was to be a three-legged flight across the ocean. The pilot’s sons are Victor and John. (International News Photo) On the Observation Platform First of her sex to fly the Atlantic as a passenger—if one excepts Boston’s Lady Lindy, Amelia Earhart—Lady Drummond Hay is here shown conversing with Dr. Hugo Eckener as the Graf Zeppelin bucked headwinds en route to the United States. The photo is exclusive and was taken by Robert Hartmann, staff cameraman for MGM News and International Newsreel. (Copyright. 1928. MQM New and International News) Trio Held in $325,000 Bail The trio don’t look particularly dangerous, these three Chicago misses, 1. to r., Florence Morton, Irene Valentine and Marjorie Roberts, but more than a quarter of a million dollars stands between them and freedom. The trio was bound over to the grand jury on numerous charges of robbing taxi drivers at the point of guns. International Newsreel OF INTEREST TO FARMERS ELIMINATE THE WAGES It is estimated that in many sections of the United States as many as 90 percent of the total. "It is in fested with intestinal parasites. Chief among these from the standpoint of damage and loss to the industry are tapeworms and round worms. The early indications that fowls are infested with these parasites are symptoms of diarrhea, nervousness, and twitching of the head, wry neck, weakness, loss of appetite, droopy, plumage rough, and in many cases partial or complete paralysis. Worming the infested birds and cleaning the houses and runs to prevent reinfestation are the two steps to take in a flock infested with intestinal parasites. There are two commonly practiced methods of worming poultry. The collective treatment, where the worming material is added to the drinking water or to the mash with the idea of having the birds consume it with their feed, is one method. The other is the treatment of individual birds. The collective treatment is not the most effective method of treatment because of the fact that often the birds that are badly infested will not eat and drink in any large amounts and hence will not receive as much of the worm expellantas birds less badly infested. One common method of treatment for roundworms is the use of two pounds of dry tobacco dust in each 100 pounds of mash. The tobacco dust used for this should not be less than 1.5 percent, nor more than 25 percent nicotine. This should be fed daily for three weeks and then after discontinuing for three weeks, the treatment should be repeated. Epsom salts should be given at the rate of one pound per 100 full grown birds after the first week and at the end of each period. Other than the general objection voiced against all collective treatments, this system has still another flaw, in that the nicotine content of tobaccos used for this work varies a great deal. The nicotine treatment can be administered individually, however, with much more satisfactory results by using a capsule. It is prepared according to the following directions, recommended by the California Experiment Station. The prescription, which can be filled by any druggist, consists of 6.6 cubic centimeters (7.92 grams) of black leaf, 40. thoroughly mixed with 16 grains of Lloyd’s alkaloidal reagent and packed in No. 2 gelatine capsules in sufficient quantities to make a 350-400 miligram capsule when filled. This same preparation is also on the market under different trade names, in fact there are many good commercial remedies on the market. Individual treatment is to be recommended for tapeworms as well as roundworms. One of the more effective means of expelling tapeworms is through the use of turpentine and olive or cottonseed oil in equal parts. Birds should be shut up at night and given from one half to one teaspoonful of this through a pipette the following morning. Mash be fed the treated birds within three hours after treating and should contain one half pound of Epsom salts per 100 for adult birds. Regular feeding may then be continued, but the birds should remain in the treating pens until the second morning. Treatment should be administered in houses or coops that can be easily and effectively cleaned. After the treatment is concluded, the birds should be moved to clean quarters. All droppings should be burned and all houses thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. All old runs should be plowed up if possible and the flock moved to new quarters. Where this is not possible, it is advisable to be done. ly sure of doing a thorough job cleaning to prevent reinfection. DON'T NEGLECT TESTING One good well fed and cared for will make more money than three or four poor ones. It is, therefore, a better practice to add a few good cows and take a little time to develop a herd through the use of good bulls. Cows not only must be good ones but also they must be well fed if good returns are to be secured. They will need some grain in addition to pasture during the summer and well balanced rations during the winter. Furthermore, the producing ability of every cow in the herd should be measured by weighing and testing the milk. This information will be needed in building, improving and feeding the herd. STRAW AS FERTILIZER. A ton of oat straw contains 11.6 pounds nitrogen, 4.2 pounds phosphoric acid, and 30 pounds potash. A ton of fresh manure will contain approximately 12 pounds nitrogen, 3 pounds phosphoric acid, and 9 pounds potash. With nitrogen at 20 cents a pound, phosphoric acid at 7 cents, and potash at 7 cents, the fertilizing constituents in a ton of oat straw would be valued at $4.71, while the fertilizing constituents of fresh manure would be valued at $3.25. If the manure is stored under reasonably good conditions, there will be a loss of from 10 to 20 percent in its fertilizing constituents, with a somewhat smaller loss if the manure is hauled directly from the barn to the field. In addition, the fertilizing value of the manure is directly affected by the quality of the feed given the cows. If poor rations are fed, the manure will have a lower fertilizing value, whereas if legume hay and a properly balanced ration are used, this value is increased. According to its assumed money value, it would require about a ton and a half of fresh manure to equal in fertilizing value one ton of oat straw. However, because of the variable composition of this manure, it might fairly be said that it would keep better cows. Many farmers belonging to cow testing associations are adopting the slogan "Fewer but better cows," and are profiting by putting the underlying idea into practice. "Fewer but better" may not suit everyone but "better cows" should interest all who milk cows. It often happens that men are keeping more cows than they can feed properly and then, unless feed is purchased, profits are often smaller from the larger herd than they would be from fewer cows properly fed. Feed no grain to the ewes for two or three days prior to, during and immediately after lambing. Take two tons of fresh manure to offset a ton of oat straw. Although there is a great deal of variation in the weight of manure as drawn from the stable according to the relative amount of bedding and liquid measure, it is probable that the spreader will hold approximately a ton. If the manure is hauled from the yard, the spreader will probably hold as high as a ton and a half. SELECTING THE ROOSTER When selecting a male bird for the breeding pen, choose one that has good size of frame, and is free from any grave defect or deformity in limb or body. He should be well formed, in good health, full of spirit, and have a certain vivacity of temperament and proud mien. He should be a gallant fellow, one that delights in caressing his mares, and ever willing to defend them. A sulky, selfish, persecuting and dominating disposition does great harm, and soon destroys the peace and happiness that will be found in flocks where the male is kind and gentle. If I were making a choice between two males which are equal in points, ancestry and vigor, writes an expert poultry raiser, I should choose the one which shows the most courage. While it is desirable that the male be gallant, and ever ready to share his meal with the hens, he must not be overgenerous to the point of depriving himself. Cases of that kind are not uncommon, resulting in an underfed body and a nervous condition; consequently, the male becomes a poor breeder. On the other hand, where the male is a glutton, he quickly overtittles, due to his greedy disposition, driving the hens away until he fairly gorges himself. In this rise, the hens are underfed, and there is a poor egg fertility. A cockerel that weighs a half pound more than other cockerels of the same age may generally be depended upon to possess strength and vigor, qualities of more worth than any adornment. Another point in mating is to have a male that is exceptionally strong in these points in which the females are weak, and vice versa. No young male should be used that is not fully matured and well developed. Among the best breeders may be classed birds which range in age from 12 months to 21 years of age. It is important, too, that the male be from sound parents, and not too heavy in weight. Heavy males frequently injure their mates, and are not desirable. Inbreeding, and especially close breeding, is a much discussed subject. All sorts of bad results, such as lack of vigor, sterility, lack of size, etc., have been attributed to it. On the other hand, it is an established fact that progress in animal breeding has been based on inbreeding. Inbreeding is a means of doubling up the characters present in a herd. It does not introduce new characters and qualities in the herd, but it does perpetuate what is already there. In other words, when closely related animals are mated, there is brought together animals with a more nearly uniform character. In their herid, the material than when two animals are mated that are not related. If the stock on hand is faulty in one or more of the essential points, then breeding will lead to disaster, for these faults are intensified. Consequently, it can be safely concluded that danger lurks in the use of close breeding by any one but a breeder who can select his breeding animals only for the presence of desirable characters and also for the absence of undesirable factors. It follows, then, that the practice of close breeding is a practice to be used only in the very best herds— herds that have been developed to such a state of excellence which makes it impractical to further obtain improvement by securing out-tide sires. Judiciously used, close breeding results in a rapid fixing of type and enables the breeder to obtain results much more rapidly than without its use. Linebreeding or the mating of animals of less—cousin mating—is the most popular system of breeding among most of the breeders in this system the common ancestry of the parents ranges anywhere from 25 to 50 percent. It is considered by most breeders that this possesses many of the excellences of close breeding and lessens many of the dangers. While with this system of breeding the results may be slower in coming, it is, no doubt, safer in the hands of the average man than close breeding. WHERE YOUR POULTRY GOES Every man and woman who markets poultry has no doubt wondered, at some time, where these chickens went after leaving the farm. While it is almost impossible to determine who finally consumes the bunch which were sold from your farm, it is safe to say that a good share of the poultry sold from midwestern states goes to the Chicago market. Satisfactions gathered show that each year about 24,000,000 birds are handled on the Chicago market. Nine million of these are live birds and the remainder dressed when they reach the market. About half of the 24,000,000 stay in Chicago, while the remainder travel on to other consuming centers, largely in the east. Chicago's 3,000,000 people consume an average of five chickens per person per year. AND SWELL BANK ROLL Nature abhors a bare spot and tries to cover it over with some sort of growth, even if it be only noxious weeds. Follow nature, but keep the ground covered with food crops, instead of weeds. MONEY SAVING IDEA One of the best means of getting the kind of blood that is wanted for flock improvement, and getting it cheaply, is by purchasing baby chicks or hatching eggs. The chicks can be grown out and the best of the cockerels put into breeding pens next winter, mating them with the highest producing hens that are now making their pullets year records. From these matings, cockerels can be secured to mate on the general range flock. In addition to having cockerels of high quality from the chicks or eggs purchased to provide this improved blood, the flock owner will also have some pullets of mighty good breeding to go to this laying flock. Lucile is the happiest girl. So many mothers nowadays talk about giving their children fruit juices, as if this were a new discovery. As a matter of fact, for over fifty years, mothers have been accomplishing results far surpassing anything you can secure from home prepared fruit juices, by using pure wholesome California Fig Syrup, which is prepared under the most exacting laboratory supervision from ripe California Figs, richest of all fruits in laxative and nourishing properties. It's marvelous to see how slow, weak, feverish, sallow, constipated, under-nourished children respond to its gentle influence; how their breath clears up, color flames in their cheeks, and they become sturdy, playful, energetic again. A Western mother, Mrs. H. J. Stoll, Valley P. O., Nebraska, says: “My little daughter, Itoma Luelle, was constipated from babyhood. I became worried about her and decided to give her some California Fig Syrup. It stopped her constipation quick; and the way it improved her color and made her pick up made me realize how run-down she had been. She is so sturdy and well now, and always in such good humor that neighbors say she’s the happiest girl in the West.” Like all good things, California Fig Syrup is imitated, but you can always get the genuine by looking for the name “California” on the carton. If a man is easily discouraged, he will languish in obscurity. Will Cold Worry You This Winter? Some men throw off a cold within a few hours of contracting it. Anyone can do it with the aid of a simple compound which comes in tablet form, and is no trouble to take or to always have about you. Don’t “dope” yourself when you catch cold; use Pape’s Cold Compound. Men and women everywhere rely on this amazing little tablet.—Adv. A green grocer is one who trusts the family that has just moved into the neighborhood. DR. CALDWELL'S THREE RULES Dr. Caldwell watched the results of constipation for 47 years, and believed that no matter how careful people are of their health, diet, and exercise, constipation will occur from time to time. Of next importance, then, is how to treat it when it comes Dr. Caldwell always was in favor of getting as close to nature as possible, hence his remedy for constipation is a mild vegetable compound. It cannot harm the most delicate system and is not habit-forming. The Doctor never did approve of drastic physics and purges. He did not believe they were good for human beings to put into their system. Use Syrup Pepsin for yourself and members of the family in constipation, biliousness, sour and cramp stomach, bad breath, no appetite, headaches, and to break up fevers and colds. Get a bottle today, at any drugstore and observe these three rules of health: Keep the head cool, the feet warm, the bowels open. For a free trial bottle, just write “Syrup Pepsin,” Dept. BB. Monticello, Illinois. Beer Cigar Windshield Will Keep Snow, Peg, or Rain Off From Two to Three Months If Put On According to Directions With One Application. Price Per Pan of 4 Om., II; 4 Cana, ft. This Preparation Will Keep Snow or Rain Off Your Windshield Like Water Off a Uvi Puck's Rack. Send $1 and You Will Receive 1 can P. P. P. Paid. Agents Wanted Everywhere. KEEP CIGAR WINNING ISO No. Fair Oaks - Fondreia, Calif. SOUTH CITY PIG. CO. NO. 45-1922 Daughter of Mrs. Catherine Lamuth Box 72, Mohawk, Michigan “After my daughter grew into womanhood, she began to feel rundown and weak and a friend asked me to get her your medicine. She took Lydia E. Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound and Lydia E. Pinkham’s Herbs Medicine. Her nerves are better, her appetite is good, she is in good spirits and able to work every day. We recommend the Vegetable Compound to other girls and to their mothers.”—Mrs. Catherine Lamuth Daughter of Mrs. Eva Wood How 1006 South H. Street, Danville, IL “I praise Lydia E. Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound for what it has done for my fourteen-year-old daughter as well as for me. It has helped her growth and her nerves and she has a good appetite now and sleeps well. She has gone to school every day since beginning the medicine. I will continue to give it to her at regular intervals and will recommend it to other mothers who have daughters with similar troubles.”—Mrs. Eva Wood Howe. Do Your Legs Grow Tired Easily? Do Your Feet and Ankles Swell and Inflame and Feel So Sore You Can Hardly Walk? Have You Varicose or Swollen Veins and Bunches Near the Ankle or Knee To stop the misery, pain or soreness, help reduce the dangerous swollen veins and strengthen the legs, use Moone’s Emerald Oil. This clean, powerful, penetrating yet safe antiseptic healing oil is obtainable at all first-class drug stores. In hundreds of cases Moone’s Emerald Oil has given blessed relief. Get a bottle today. Use it for Ulcers, Old Sores, Broken Veins and Troublesome Cases of Eczema. Your money back if it does not help. Moone’s Emerald Oil.
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russischewandlu00ecka_3
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German-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,882 |
Russische Wandlungen; neue Beiträge zur russischen Geschichte von Nikolaus I zu Alexander III
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Eckardt, Julius Wilhelm Albert von, 1836-1908
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German
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Spoken
| 7,800 | 13,779 |
Weder verstand er die Sprache, die rings um ihn ge- redet wurde, noch wurde seine Sprache verstanden. Er war ein Sohn des 18. Jahrhunderts, der trotz seines Polenthums und seines kirchlich-katholischen Eifers, den nationalen und liberalen Strebungen, die die Welt und sein eignes Volk ergriffen hatten, durchaus fremd gegen- überstand. Ob er es gewusst oder nicht, — das Napo- leonische „Alles für das Volk, aber Nichts durch das Volk" war die Devise der Thätigkeit gewesen, die er als freisinniger, wesentlich kosmopolitischer Aristokrat des philosophischen Jahrhunderts geübt, der er seine grossen Erfolge zu danken gehabt hatte. Wo ein Mal der Chorus populärer Stimmen entfesselt war, musste er überschrieen, wo Volksgunst und demagogisches Ge- schick den Aussehlag gaben, bei Seite geschoben wer- den. — Und das Nämliche galt von seinem Verhältniss zu dem Russland des Kaisers Nikolaus. Auch hier hatten Tendenzen die Oberhand gewonnen, von denen in Lu- becki's politischem Katechismus Nichts geschrieben stand, Tendenzen — denen er sich wohl anzupassen wusste, deren eigentlichen Sinn er aber erst verstand, als es zu spät war. Auf den freisinnigen, wesentlich humanen Zielen zugewendeten Absolutismus oder richtiger gesagt Despotismus der Schule des ersten Alexander ver- stand der Fürst sich vortrefflich, — der Absolutismus, der um seiner selbst willen da war, der „nicht Staats- — 70 — niänner und Berather, sondern nur Agenten und Werk- zeuge brauchte, und der politische Gedanken durch Feldwebel begriffe und Marschir-Reglements ersetzte" , — dieser mit den brutalsten nationalen Instinkten versetzte Absolutismus blieb dem Sohne einer anders gearteten Zeit innerlich fremd. Trotz des hohen Ansehens , in welchem er sich auch nach der für fast alle Polen seiner Zeit verhängnissvoll gewordenen Katastrophe zu erhalten wusste und trotz der Gefügigkeit, mit welcher er sich der neuen Ordnung der russischen und der pol- nischen Dinge unterwarf, blieb Lubecki nach dem Jahre 1831 von jedem eingreifenden Antheil an den Geschicken seiner Zeit und seines Landes ausgeschlossen. Instinctiv fühlte der Kaiser Nikolaus, dass ein Mann, der (wenn auch nur der Form und dem Namen nach) constitutio- neller Minister und Träger eines selbstständigen poli- tischen Systems gewesen war, für ihn nicht passe. Von seinen Landsleuten aber war und blieb der fähigste Pole der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts grade so geschie- den, wie ein Menschenalter später sein Nachfolger und Schicksalsgenosse, der Marquis Alexander Wielopolski. II. WielopolskFs politische Anfänge. Graf Alexander Wielopolski, Marquis Gonzaga Mysz- kowski, wurde am 13. März 1803 als Sohn einer ursprünglich deutschen, im 14. Jahrhundert nobilitirten Familie geboren, die zu Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts mit dem Majorat Minsczow Titel und Würden des in männlicher Linie ausgestorbenen Geschlechts der Mirow von Gonzaga-Myszkowski geerbt hatte. Für Alexander Wielopolski's politische Laufbahn war diese Erbschaft von entscheidender, aber keineswegs glücklicher Be- deutung. Der kinderlose Oheim seines Vaters hatte sich während der Zeit der sächsischen Herrschaft über das Herzogthum Warschau die Erlaubniss zum Verkauf des Majorats Minsczow zu verschaffen gewusst, diesen Ver- kauf bewerkstelligt und seine Erben dadurch zur An- strengung eines Processes veranlasst, der ein halbes Menschenalter dauerte, im Jahre 1826 vor dem War- schauer Appellhof verloren, zehn Jahre später in der Cassationsinstanz gewonnen wurde, — den gewinnenden Theil indessen mit einer Unpopularität belud, deren Folgen Alexander Wielopolski niemals verwunden hat. Der intellectuelle Urheber des Verkaufsprojectes und Käufer des grössten Theils der Güter war ein Advocat Olryk, der als demokratischer Parteiführer auf dem Land- 'O tage von 1826 und während des Aufstandes von 1830 eine Rolle gespielt, seinen Processgegner als Vertreter mittelalterlicher Missbräuche und als verkappten An- hänger des „Moskowiterthums" nach Kräften ange- schwärzt und sich endlich nach Paris geflüchtet hatte, wo er als Verbannter gestorben war. In dem von leiden- schaftlichen politischen Gegensätzen bewegten Lande ver- stand sich von selbst, dass die öffentliche Meinung für den :,besseren" Patrioten und Vertreter volksthümlicher Grundsätze gegen den Aristokraten Partei ergriff und diesem zum schweren Vorwurf machte, dass er gegen einen Volksliebling Recht behalten, und zwar in einem Namens des Kaisers von Russland entschiedenen Process Recht behalten hatte. Lange bevor er eine politische Rolle zu spielen begonnen, war der stolze, Pöbelneigungen und Pöbelstimmungen grundsätzlich abgewendete Erbe der Myszkowski'schen Güter zum Gegenstande besonderer Abneigung der durch Olryk's zahlreiche Freunde beein- flussten demokratischen Partei geworden. Diese Un- popularität wurde durch die Starrheit gesteigert, die Wielopolski in einem anderen, später ausgefochtenen Rechtsstreit, dem Process um die ihm von seinem Freunde Swidzinski vermachte Bibliothek von Chroberz bewies; seine Gegner führten die Entschiedenheit, mit welcher er in diesem, wie in ähnlichen Fällen auf seinem Rechte bestand, auf Habsucht und unaristokratische Neigung zur Wirthschat'tlichkeit zurück, — Eigenschaften, die in dem Vaterlande planloser Verschwendung und Grossthuerei für unverzeihlich galten. Aber nicht nur auf die äussere Stellung, auch auf den inneren Entwickelungs- und Bildungsgang Wielo- polski'e war der von dem früh verstorbenen Vater über- kommene Erbscbaftsprocess von nachhaltigem Einfluss. — 73 — Die Mutter, eine strenge und energische Frau, hatte sich frühe gewöhnt, in dem nach ihr gearteten, körperlich und geistig höchst robust angelegten Sohne einen Ver- trauten ihrer Sorgen zu sehen und ihn durch körperliche Abhärtung und rechtzeitige Gewöhnung an ernste Arbeit auf die Schwierigkeiten seiner künftigen Laufbahn vor- zubereiten. Nach absolvirtem Schulunterricht (er besuchte zuerst das Theresianum zu Wien, dann das Warschauer Lyceum) wurde der junge Marquis nach Paris gesendet, um sich durch das Studium der Rechte auf die Fortführung des Rechtsstreits vorzubereiten, an welchen die Zukunft seines Geschlechts geknüpft zu sein schien. Die üppige fran- zösische Hauptstadt, deren Anziehungskraft auf polnische und russische vornehme Herren sonst unbeschränkt zu sein pflegt, behagte dem ernsthaft angelegten jungen Manne aber so wenig, dass derselbe schon nach Jahres- frist in das bescheidene Göttingen übersiedelte, wo er den philosophischen Doctorgrad erwarb, um sich sodann einem gründlichen Studium des römischen Rechts zu widmen. Seinem mehrjährigen Göttinger Aufenthalt hatte Wielopolski nicht nur tüchtige Rechtskenntniss und eine umfassende philosophische Bildung, sondern die gesammte dem unerbittlichen Ernst des Lebens zugewendete Rich- tung seines geistigen Lebens zu danken. Im Gegensatz zu der Art und Tradition seines Landes war der eifrige polnische Patriot und spätere Prophet der polnisch- russischen Alliance ein so gründlicher Kenner und Freund deutscher Sprache, Literatur und Wissenschaft, dass er zeitweise daran dachte, Docent an einer deutschen Hoch- schule zu werden, dass er noch als reifer Mann Hegel studirte und dass ihm die Gewohnheit, sich auf Aus- sprüche deutscher Dichter und Denker (namentlich _ 74 — Goethe's) zu berufen, sein Leben lang eigentümlich blieb. In dem mit besonderer Vorliebe betriebenen Rechtsstudium brachte er es so weit, dass er sein eigener Advocat werden und auch in dieser Rücksicht die Selb- ständigkeit behaupten konnte, die das entscheidende Merk- mal seines Wesens bildete und mit welcher seine souveräne Verachtung populärer Schlagworte und Stimmungen aufs engste zusammenhing. Dazu kam, dass die Notwendig- keit der Erfüllung ernster Pflichten ungewöhnlich frühe an ihn herantrat. Unmittelbar nach Beendigung seiner akademischen Studien musste Wielopolski die Verwaltung der seiner Familie gebliebenen Güter und die Leitung der Erziehung seiner jüngeren Geschwister übernehmen, — dann erheischte die Wiederaufnahme des grossen Pro- cesses die volle Thätigkeit des kaum 23jährigen jungen Mannes, der einem fähigen, reichen und populären Gegner die Spitze bieten und gegen die Ungunst ankämpfen musste, mit welcher sein Rechtsanspruch von den zahl- reichen Anhängern der Grundsätze des (bekanntlich auch in Polen geltenden) Code Napoleon beurtheilt wurde. Vor dem lärmenden Treiben der eleganten Warschauer Gesellschaft hielten ihn eine frühe Eheschliessung, der schwerfällige Ernst seines Wesens, seine Schweigsamkeit und eine gewisse Schüchternheit fern, die sich hinter kühler Zurückhaltung verbarg und gewöhnlich für Hoch- muth genommen wurde; an den durch den Reichstag von 1825 entzündeten parlamentarischen Kämpfen konnte er sich seines jugendlichen Alters wegen noch nicht be- theiligen. So gewöhnte der Marquis sich frühe an eine zurückgezogene, auf seine Familie und einen engen Kreis von Freunden beschränkte Lebensführung, die seiner geistigen Vertiefung die grössten Dienste erwies, seiner öffentlichen Wirksamkeit und seinem P^influss indessen - 75 nicht zu Gute kam und ihn in Mitten der in unaufhör- licher Bewegung begriffenen Gesellschaft des gastfreund- lichsten, unruhigsten und mittheilsamsten Landes der Welt zum einsamen Manne machte. Die Kunst, den in den östlichen Ländern politisch allmächtigen Salon zu beherrschen und gesellige Beziehungen für staatliche Zwecke fruchtbar zu machen, hatte Alexander Wielopolski nicht gelernt und er hat diesen Mangel bis an das Ende seines Lebens empfinden müssen. Während der letzten Jahre der Regierung Alexan- ders I. und zur Zeit der Anfange des Kaisers (oder wie er in Warschau hiess, des „Königs") Nikolaus arbeitete der Marquis in der legislatorischen Abtheilung des pol- nischen Justizministeriums, seit dem Jahre 1825 beklei- dete er gleichzeitig die (übrigens blos tituläre) Stellung eines königlichen Kammerherrn. Auf die politische Bühne wurde er erst durch die Ereignisse gezogen, die sich an die Revolution von 1830 knüpften. Um die Verschwörung, welche zu dem Ausbruch vom 29. November des Jahres der Julirevolution führte, hatten verschiedene höhere Officiere der polnischen Armee und einzelne angesehene Parteiführer gewusst — Theil- nehmer dieses Unternehmens waren aber ausschliesslich Leute von untergeordneter Stellung (nach Lubecki's be- kanntem Ausspruch „Aerzte und Advocaten ohne Praxis und Subaltern-Officiere, die höhere Stellungen ambirten" — nach der Meinung Wielopolski's „Auswürflinge aller Klassen) gewesen. Dass ein grosser Theil des Adels sich den durch die Schuld des Grossfürsten Constantin zu Siegern geAvor denen Empörern anschloss, geschah (von einzelnen Ausnahmen abgesehen) nicht aus Sympathie für die Revolution, sondern aus Furcht vor der durch die Demokratie bestimmten öffentlichen Meinung und aus — <b — falscher patriotischer Scham. Zufriedenheit mit den ge- gebenen Zuständen und Vertrauen zu der Möglichkeit einer diesen Namen verdienenden constitutionellen Ent- wickelung wurden freilich bei Niemand, auch nicht bei den Männern gefunden, die Namens des „Königs" Niko- laus die Regierung des Königreichs führten. Im Gegen- theil wusste man in den höchsten Kreisen der War- schauer Gesellschaft genauer, als sonst irgend wo, dass dem neuen Herrscher der blosse Schatten verfassungs- mässiger Verpflichtungen eine Beleidigung seiner Sou- veränität dünkte, dass die einflussreichstfm Berather der russischen Krone nur der Gelegenheit harrten , um die vollständige Beseitigung der Charte vom 12. 24. December 1815 zu beantragen und dass des alten Grafen Mostowski Ausspruch „ü ne s'agit plus de discuter, mais d'obeir" durchaus das Wesen der Sache getroffen hatte. Nichts desto weniger war die grosse Mehrheit der den höheren Klassen angehörigen und urtheilsfähigen Polen darüber einig , dass die einmal gegebenen Zustände unter den obwaltenden Verhältnissen immer noch als relativ günstige angesehen werden müssten und dass nur voll- endeter politischer Aberwitz an denselben rütteln könne. Polen besass eine selbständige, ausschliesslich von Landes- kindern bediente Verwaltung, die trotz ihrer handgreif- lichen Mängel unvergleichlich besser organisirt war, als irgend eine der Verwaltungen, die in den gepriesenen Tagen der Unabhängigkeit und Grösse des polnisch- littauischen Doppelreichs existirt hatten; es besass eine wohlorganisirte, alle Parallelen mit der Vergangenheit ausschliessende nationale Armee, über deren Unabhängig- keit Niemand so eifersüchtig Avachte, wie ihr despotischer und launenhafter Oberbefehlshaber, der Grossfürst Con- Stantin. Zu Beschwerden über die kirchlichen Verhält- — 77 - nisse war in dem glaubenseifrigen Lande gleichfalls kein Grund vorhanden, da die katholische Kirche sich den Vollbesitz ihrer geschichtlichen Stellung und ihrer reichen Dotationen zu erhalten gewusst hatte. Und ähnlich lagen die Dinge auf den übrigen Lebensgebieten. War den beiden constitutionellen Körperschaften, dem Senat und der Landboten-Versammlung, auch nur ein bescheidenes Maass von freier Bewegung gestattet, so befanden die- selben sich immer noch in der Lage, gewisse Inter- essen des Landes zur Sprache bringen und in geordneter Weise discutiren zu können. Das Mass von literarischer und gesellschaftlicher Freiheit, dessen man sich erfreute, hielt den Vergleich mit London und Paris allerdings nicht aus, war aber doch erheblich grösser, als die den russischen Unterthanen des Kaisers oder den unter öster- reichischer Herrschaft lebenden Polen zugemessene Por- tion von „Gedankenfreiheit". Die materiellen Verhältnisse befanden sich, wie wir oben gesehen haben, endlich in einem Zustande des Aufschwunges und der Besserung, wie ihn nicht nur das alte Polen, sondern auch das Herzogthum Warschau niemals gekannt hatte. Dass es ein diesen Kamen verdienendes polnisches Unterrichts- wesen gab, hatte man gleichfalls erst der vielgescholtenen Ordnung von 1815 zu danken. Was wollten die ge- legentlichen Plackereien, mit denen die Fähnrichsschule, die Universität und die Lyceen Warschau^ durch den kaiserl. Commissar Nowossilzow und den General Trem- binski heimgesucht wurden, im Vergleich zu den Zu- ständen jener alten Zeit bedeuten, zu welcher keine einzige Anstalt zur Ausbildung von Aerzten, keine Rechts- schule, — andere als von Priestern geleitete höhere Lehr- anstalten in Polen überhaupt nicht vorhanden gewesen waren ? — 78 — Kein Zweifel, dass die Gewalttätigkeiten, deren der Grossfürst und die Männer seiner Umgebung, und dass die Verfassungsverletzungen, deren der Kaiser-König und seine Minister sich schuldig machten, zu den durch das Grundgesetz von 1815 garantirten Verhältnissen in aus- gesprochenem Gegensatz standen und dass zu „constitu- tionellen" Beschwerden über Beeinträchtigung der Press- freiheit, der richterlichen Unabsetzbarkeit, der den Mit- gliedern des Reichstags zugesicherten Immunität u. s. w. überreichlicher Grund vorhanden war : Beschwerden ähnlicher Art hallten zu jener Zeit aber aus allen Ecken und Enden Europa' s wider und konnten in Polen um so weniger für unerhört gelten, als Willkür und Gesetz- losigkeit in diesem Lande von Alters her gewohnt ge- wesen waren und als hochangesehene Landeskinder (zum Theil solche von unbestreitbar patriotischer Gesinnung) an den Verschuldungen der „Moskowitischen Gewalt- herrscher" reichlichen Antheil hatten. Was am meisten verdross und erbitterte, waren auch keineswegs die von der Landtags - Opposition und von den demokratischen Geheimbündlern emphatisch gescholtenen Rechts- und Verfas'sungsverletzungen (wirklich gesetzliche Zustände hatte man in Wahrheit niemals gekannt), sondern die einzelnen brutalen Ausbrüche, durch welche der im Grunde wohlmeinende Grossfürst Constantin und dessen polnische und russische Günstlinge sich verhasst gemacht hatten. Und grade in diesen letzteren Beziehungen schien es in den dem Ausbruch der Revolution vorhergegangenen Jahren besser geAvorden zu sein. Seit seiner Ver- heirathung mit der Fürstin Lowicz zeigte der Grossfürst sich traitabler und menschlicher, als er je zuvor gewesen und war in der Person der Fürstin eine Vermittlerin vorhanden, welche stattgehabte Zerwürfnisse und Ueber- eilungen mit ebenso viel Geschick , wie gutem Willen auszugleichen wusste. Mit Drucki - Lubecki hatte der Grossfürst Frieden geschlossen ; der Todfeind Drugki's, der polnischen Nation und der polnischen Verfassung, der als kaiserl. Commissar bei der Warschauer Regierung fungirende General Nowossilzow hatte seit dem Tode Kaiser Alexander's I. von seinem früheren Einfluss er- heblich verloren und sich, wie erwähnt, im Sommer 1830 zu längerem Aufenthalt nach Wilna begeben. Was die Person des Kaisers Nikolaus anlangte, so verstand sich allerdings von selbst, dass derselbe seine autokratische Natur und seine Abneigung gegen das constitutionelle System niemals verleugnete, und dass der polnische Staats- secretär in St. Petersburg, Graf Grabowski, einen ausser- ordentlich schweren Stand hatte, wenn er auch nur das Decorum eines verfassungsmässigen Regimentes ge- wahrt sehen wollte. Dafür hatte der Kaiser es ausser- lich an einer gewissen Rücksicht gegen seine polnischen Unterthanen niemals fehlen lassen; er hatte sich der Cere- monie einer Warschauer Königskrönung unterworfen, während der Warschauer Aufenthalte von 1829 und 1830 bereitwillig die polnische Uniform getragen, den Warschauer Hofstaat durch Neuernennungen (u. A. war der ihm persönlich von je verhasst gewesene Freund Alexander's I., Fürst Georg Adam Czartoriski zum königl. Oberkammerherrn befördert worden) ansehnlich vermehrt, der Landeshauptstadt alljährliche Besuche in Aussicht gestellt und dafür Sorge getragen, dass der künftige Träger der Piastenkrone die polnische Sprache erlernte. Dass der grundsätzliche Gegner des Constitu- tionalismus zu einer förmlichen Antastung der Ver- fassung von 1815 nicht geneigt sei, schien endlich durch das Verfahren bescheinigt worden zu sein, welches Nikolaus — 80 - in Sachen des vom Senatsgerichtshof über die polnischen Mitverschworenen von 1825 gefällten Urtheils beobachtet hatte. Dieses Urtheil war Gegenstand einer erbitterten Kritik aus Allerhöchstem Munde und Veranlassung zu höchst unbilligen Chikanen gegen seine Urheber gewesen, nach längerer Beanstandung aber schliesslich doch be- stätigt worden. Urtheilsfähigen musste es als Vortheil erscheinen, dass man ein für alle Mal wusste, wie man mit dem neuen Herrscher daran sei und dass die einfache Natur des- selben Widersprüche und Schwankungen ausschloss, wie sie unter Alexander L, auch zu dessen besten Zeiten, die Regel gebildet hatten. Um mit Nikolaus auszukommen, musste auf die ersehnte Ausbildung der Verfassung ver- zichtet, jeder energische Gebrauch der durch diese Ver- fassung garantirten Rechte vermieden, die Schonung- Allerhöchster Empfindlichkeiten zum Rang eines leiten- den Princips erhoben werden. Geschah das, und be- gnügte Polen sich bis auf Weiteres mit der Pflege seiner materiellen Interessen und mit der formellen Aufrecht- erhaltung der ihm im Jahre 1815 verliehenen staatsrecht- lichen Stellung, so Hess sich auf eine immerhin erträg- liche Existenz und auf eine bessere Zukunft rechnen! Der Einsicht in die wahre Lage der Dinge hatte man sich in denjenigen Kreisen der polnischen Gesell- schaft, welche für die leitenden galten, keineswegs ganz — 81 — verschlossen. Nicht nur die Mitglieder der Regierung und der conservativen Reichstagspartei, auch die frondiren- den Generale der Napoleonischen Schule und die ge- mässigten Liberalen waren darüber einig, dass andere Veränderungen als solche zum Schlechteren nicht möglich seien , und dass es vor allem darauf ankomme , Geduld lind Vorsicht zu üben. Von einer gewissen Connivenz gegen die pseudo-patriotischen Geheimbündler der Demo- kratie und von Illusionen über den moralischen Rück- halt, welchen der einzige constitutionelle Staat des öst- lichen Europa an den Westmächten besitzen sollte, waren freilich auch die besten und einsichtsvollsten Polen jener Zeit nicht frei geblieben — in dem Wunsche, die Dinge nicht auf das Aeusserste zu treiben, begegneten sich nichts- destoweniger alle zurechnungsfähigen Zeugen des toll- köpfigen revolutionären Ausbruchs vom 29. November 1830. Ein nicht unerheblicher Theil polnischer Generale und verschiedene grössere Truppenkörper waren dem Grossfürsten in der Stunde der Gefahr treu geblieben und auf die Seite der siegreichen Revolution erst ge- treten, als ihr Oberbefehlshaber seine Sache selbst verloren gegeben, in unbegreiflicher Rathlosigkeit die Stadt geräumt und trotz der dringenden Vorstellungen Lubecki's, dass die Wiederherstellung der Ordnung und Loyalität mit geringer Anstrengung werde herbeigeführt werden können, nicht wieder betreten hatte. Unter den Anführern, auf deren Unterstützung die Aufständischen gerechnet hatten, waren mehrere, die ihre Anhänglichkeit gegen den König mit dem Leben bezahlten. Niemand ver- urtheilte die Herausforderung der überlegenen russischen Macht so bitter und so unbedingt, wie der zum Dictator erwählte General Chlopicki, dessen Sträuben gegen die St. Petersburger Beiträge. N. F. 6 — 82 — Uebernahme dieser Stellung Lubecki * ) vornehmlich mit der Vorstellung besiegt hatte, die Wahl eines populären, dem Grossfürsten persönlich verhassten Mannes werde die Truppen „aus der Revolution herausziehen", die Aufrichtung eines conservativen Regiments, einen Aus- eleich mit dem Zaren und eine Restauration des be- gangenen Fehlers ermöglichen. Lediglich in der Ab- sicht, die „vorgeschrittenen Elemente" zu Vernunft und Mässigung zu bringen, hatte der ad hoc eingesetzte Ver- waltungsrath sich durch eine Anzahl volksthümlicher und zu den Aufständischen neigender Patrioten verstärkt, und die erste Massregel, zu welcher die Männer der Situation sich entschlossen, war die Absendung einer mit Friedensverhandlungen beauftragten Deputation in das Hauptquartier des Grossfürsten gewesen. Diese Ver- handlungen blieben infolge der wahrhaft beispiellosen Ungeschicklichkeit resultatlos, deren der Grossfürst und bei dieser Gelegenheit auch die Fürstin Lowicz sich schuldig machte**) (seine Vorwürfe richtete der erstere vornehmlich an den loyalsten der anwesenden Unter- händler, den Fürsten Drucki, während die letztere ihre Hauptaufmerksamkeit dem „Republikaner" Lelewel zu- wandte), — an dem Verhalten der Warschauer Conser- vativen aber wurde auch durch dieses unbefriedigende Ergebniss noch Nichts verändert. Die Besetzung der *) An Chlopicki hatte der Fürst sich gewendet, nachdem der Grossfürst Lubecki's Vorschlag „ihm behufs Niederwerfung der Re- iirllr>n zwei Regimenter anzuvertrauen" abgelehnt hatte. **) Einen genauen Bericht über diese merkwürdige Unterredung hat die Kusskaja Starinä im Juni 1878 (.Jahrg. IX, 5. ti. pag. 317 ff.) auf Grund der Aufzeichnungen eines Ohrenzeugen veröffentlicht. Vgl. auch Karnowitech „Der Zesarewitech Konstantin Pawlowitsch" (Russk. Starina vom Februar JsTti, pag. 2.'!" ff.). - 83 am 21. November installirten „provisorischeu Regierung" o-ab Drucki den revolutionären Elementen in der aus- gesprochenen Absicht Preis, die Demagogenpartei in ihrer eigenen Brühe zu kochen und den bestimmenden Einfluss dem Dictator und den Ministern zu erhalten. Obgleich dieser Plan wegen des unaufhaltsamen Wachs- thunis der revolutionären Leidenschaften missglückte, Drucki selbst bei Seite geschoben und die demokratische Partei alsbald zur alleinigen Herrin der Situation ge- macht wurde, hielten der Dictator Chlopicki und die um diesen gescharten Beamten und conservativen Edelleute unerschütterlich an der Absicht fest, die Autorität des Kaiser-Königs aufrecht zu erhalten und zwischen diesem und der einmal zur vollendeten Thatsache gewordenen Revolution zu vermitteln. Chlopigki richtete ein langes Schreiben an den Kaiser, in welchem die „durch ein un- erhörtes Zusammentreffen von Umständen1' herbeigeführte Umwälzung nicht sowohl gerechtfertigt als entschuldigt und der dringende Wunsch nach einer durch die „Gross- muth" des Monarchen zu bewerkstelligende Aussöhnung- ausgesprochen, als Preis derselben die Wiedervereinigung Littauens mit Polen bezeichnet und schliesslich darauf hingewiesen wurde, dass zwei Deputirte ernannt worden seien, um nach St. Petersburg zu reisen und Namens der provisorischen Regierung die Wünsche der Nation vor dem Throne Sr. Majestät niederzulegen. Der eine dieser Deputirten war Fürst Drucki-Lu- becki, dem vornehmlich daran gelegen sein mochte, das empörte, seiner persönlichen Sicherheit gefährlich ge- wordene Warschau zu verlassen; Illusionen über die Un- möglichkeit, den Kaiser zur Wiedervereinigung Polens und Litthauens zu bestimmen, wird der erfahrene Praktiker sich schwerlich gemacht haben. Zeugniss dessen war 6* — 84 - die ausserordentliche Vorsicht, mit welcher er in Petersburg auftrat und die er soweit trieb, erst auf Grund einer durch den Staatssecretär Grafen Grabowski eingeholten kaiser- lichen Erlaubniss das Pflaster der Newa-Residenz zu be- treten. Ganz überflüssig scheint diese Vorsicht nicht ge- wesen zu sein, denn es vergingen Wochen, bevor Lubec,ki und sein College Jezierski auf ihr Gesuch, von dem Kaiser empfangen zu werden, auch nur eine Antwort erhielten. Erst nachdem er darüber schlüssig geworden, mit seinem „Ja soumission oic Ja mortu rücksichtslosen Ernst zu machen und nachdem er diesen Entschluss in dem be- kannten Manifest vom 17. Decbr. 1830 niedergelegt hatte, gewährte Nikolaus dem Fürsten, dem er in früherer Zeit so zahlreiche Zeichen seiner Gunst und seines Vertrauens gegeben, den nachgesuchten Empfang. Die Mittheilungen, die Lube9ki seinem Freunde Przewalski über diesen Auf- tritt gemacht hat, lauten wie folgt: „Ich hatte eine Privataudienz erbeten, da ich vieles Intime auf dem Herzen hatte, das sich nur unter vier Augen sagen liess. Ich war darum aufs Peinlichste erstaunt, als ich bei der Hauptauffahrt zum Winterpalais eine Anzahl Wagen und Lakayen bemerkte, die offenbar zu Gesandtschaften gehörten. Man führte mich in einen Saal, in welchem ich den Kaiser, umgeben von sämmt- lichen in St. Petersburg anwesenden Diplomaten, vorfand. Als ich eintrat, richtete S. M. die folgenden Worte an mich: „Prince Ltibccki, voas avcz demande une audietice, en <l ii ii Ute de mon conseillcr intime?" — Oui Sire. „Cela veut dire , que vom arcz un conseil ä me donncr?" — 85 — — Precisement Sire , je crois de man devoir de le faire. „Parlez , je veux que les representants des puissances amies vous entendent." Ich war auf einen solchen Auftritt nicht vorbereitet gewesen, — wie die Dinge einmal lagen, konnte ich aber nicht umhin, einen „Rath" zu improvisiren. Was ich unter dem Eindruck eines solchen Empfanges sagte, wäre unter anderen Verhältnissen wahrscheinlich in anderer Form gesagt worden : — Sire, Je manifeste de V. 31. 1. adresse demiert - ment ä Varmee et ä Ja nation polonaise a poar but de mettre fin ä une gnerre fratricide. Ce but ne saurait etre dtieint par cette voie. Pour qui connait Je caractere national des insurges , Je ton de cet acte et les conditions qu'il impose. ne pourraient que pousser Taveugle exaltation des Polonais ä une resistance de'sesperee. „Alors que conseillez-vous?" — J'ose penser, que l'impression, produite par Je manifeste, pourrait etre attenuee par une proclamation plus conciliatrice , . laissant pressentir la possibilite d'une issue de la soumission moins humiliante poar Torgueü national. „Comme une teile concession nest pas possible, ce serait donc Selon vous, une guerre ä mort?" — Malheur easement, Sire, ce sera une guerre ä mort. Der Kaiser winkte mit der Hand, meine Audienz war zu Ende, — ich verbeugte mich, die Gesandten wollten sich entfernen, wurden indessen zurückgehalten." In ähnlichem Sinne war Jezierski beschieden worden, nur dass der Kaiser ihm gesagt hatte, die Polen sollten dem Wort ihres Monarchen vertrauen, die Schuldigen bestrafen und ausser Landes weisen, das Weitere werde — 86 — sich finden, der erste Kanonenschuss dagegen Polen in's Verderben stürzen. Mit diesem Bescheide traf Jezierski am 13. Januar 1831 in Warschau wieder ein. Jetzt trat ein vollständiger Scenenwechsel ein und wurde die Fiction von der Fort- dauer der königl. Autorität auch der Form nach auf- gegeben. Von den Männern, die bis dahin die Regierung geführt hatten, schieden die beiden bedeutendsten von Stunde an vollständig aus; Chlopicki legte am 17. Januar 1831 die Dictatur nieder, Drucki - Lubecki blieb in der russischen Hauptstadt, — dass die Czartoriski und Zamoiski sich von der Sache ihres Vaterlandes nicht trennten, geschah wesentlich in der (allerdings un- begründeten) Hoffnung, die turbulenten Elemente schliess- lich unterkriegen und eine nachträgliche, durch die diplo- matische Vermittelung des Auslandes angebahnte Ver- ständigung mit dem Kaiser herbeiführen zu können. Es ist bekannt, dass die beiden Nachfolger Chlopicki's im militärischen Obercommando, Fürst Michael Radziwill und General Skryczinecki, den Kampf gegen Russland nur widerwillig aufnahmen und bei jeder sich darbietenden Gelegenheit zur Anknüpfung von Verhandlungen riethen. Auf dem Standpunkte dieser Männer stand auch der 27jährige Alexander Wielopolski. Gleich ihnen hatte er den Aufstand vom 29. November bedingungslos ver- urtheilt, gleich ihnen an der Hoffnung auf eine Ver- ständigung mit St. Petersburg festgehalten, gleich ihnen hatte er den von Hause aus aussichtslosen Kampf gegen die Schwätzer und französirenden Ideologen der demo- kratischen Clubs aufgenommen. Von dem weitverbreiteten Wahne, dass Polen äussersten Falles auf die Vermittelung des Auslandes rechnen könne, und dass es möglich sein werde, durch rechtzeitige Anrufung dieser Vermittelung — 87 — auf die in Petersburg zu fassenden EntSchliessungen ein- zuwirken, war freilich auch er nicht frei geblieben. Gleich der Mehrzahl seiner Landsleute befand der Marquis sich in so vollendeter Unkenntniss der Wiener Congress- verhandlungen, dass er diese zu Ausgangspunkten der mit den Cabinetten von London und von Paris an- zuknüpfenden Verbindungen zu machen vorschlug und dass er ein in diesem Sinne verfasstes Memorial dem Fürsten Adam Georg Czartoriski Tags nach der Ver- kündigung von Chlopicki's Dictatur überreichte. Der vieljährige Vertraute Alexanders I. und Mittheilnehmer der Wiener Verhandlungen war mit der Vorgeschichte der Constitution von 1815 zu genau bekannt, um die Illusionen seines jungen Landsmannes theilen zu können. Unbegreiflicher Weise hiess er den von diesem ent- worfenen Plan indessen gut. Gegen Chlopicki's Wunsch und Willen und ohne Rücksicht darauf, dass der Versuch einer Anknüpfung mit dem Auslande den Kaiser Nikolaus aufs Aeusserste erbittern und der gekofften Verständigung allen Boden entziehen musste, wurde am Abende des 13. Decembers (zwei Wochen nach Ausbruch des Auf- standes, vier oder fünf Tage* nachdem Fürst Drucki- Lubecki und Graf Jezierski behufs Anknüpfung von Verhandlungen nach St. Petersburg abgereist waren) Wielopolski in diplomatischer Mission nach London, der General-Intendant der königl. Armee Wolicki mit einem entsprechenden Auftrage nach Paris abgesendet. In Wielopolski's Leben und für den Entwickelungs- gang von Wielopolski's politischen Anschauungen hat die thörichte Londoner Mission von 1830 — 1831 Epoche ge- macht. Mit einem auf den Namen Dupasquier aus- gestellten Pass, mit einem Beglaubigungsschreiben und einer Hand voll von Czartoriski geschriebener Briefe — 88 — ausgerüstet, traf er am 28. December in Paris, am 2. Januar 1831 in London ein, wo sieben Wochen zuvor die Tories den angeblich polenfreundlichen Whigs Platz gemacht hatten. In der französischen Hauptstadt hatte der Marquis nicht erreichen können, dass der Minister- Präsident Lafitte das Schreiben, in welchem der polnische Regierungs- Agent um eine Unterredimg bat, auch nur beantwortete, — in London wurde ihm durch einen Lands- mann, den Fürsten Leo Sapieha, unmittelbar nach seiner Ankunft mitgetheilt, dass er vielleicht als „vom Fürsten Czartoriski empfohlener Reisender", keinenfalls aber als diplomatischer Agent von den Ministern werde empfangen werden. Wielopolski Hess sich diese Bedingung gefallen, musste aber nichtsdestoweniger erleben, dass der Premier- Minister Lord Grey zu dem Zusammentreffen, welches im Hause eines gemeinsamen Bekannten stattfinden sollte, nicht erschien, sondern sagen liess, dass die Rücksicht auf „eine befreundete Macht" ihm verbiete, Herrn Wielo- polski's Mittheilungen direct entgegen zu nehmen. Minder schwierig zeigte sich Lord Palmerston, der den Marquis zu wiederholten Malen in üowning Street empfing und keinen Anstand nahm, dem russischen Botschafter mit- theilen zu lassen, dass ein Warschauer Abgesandter da sei, den er privatim und ohne Anerkennung der amt- lichen Eigenschaft desselben sprechen werde. Dass dem kühlen nüchternen Britten weder Berufungen auf die Wiener Congressverhandlungen noch Warnungen vor der ansteckenden Wirkung einer sich selbst überlassenen polnischen Revolution den geringsten Eindruck machten, wusste der Marquis bereits nach der ersten Unterredung. Anlangend den ersten Punkt hatte Palmerston zur Ant- wort gegeben, dass die in Wien gefassten Beschlüsse sich wo! auf die Einführung einer constitutionellen Ver- — 89 — fassung, nicht aber auf den Inhalt', und nicht auf die Ausführung derselben bezogen hätten,! und dass zur An- rufung der bezüglichen internationalen Feststellungen jede auch nur scheinbare Veranlassung fehle; die Revolution selbst hatte der Lord als Thorheit und als Verletzung rechtlich bestehender Ordnungen verurtheilt und daraufhingewiesen, dass ihre Gefährlichkeit lediglich als Argument für be- schleunigte Erstickung des entzündeten Feuers angesehen werden könne. Nachdem Palmerston in einer späteren Unterredung mit der ihm eigentümlichen Klarheit und Nüchternheit ausgesprochen hatte, dass die Bedrohung Europa's durch das revolutionäre Frankreich wie alle übrigen Rücksichten, so auch die unter andern Um- ständen vielleicht in Betracht gekommenen Vortheile einer Polen gewährten „massigen Freiheit" zum Schweigen gebracht habe, und dass Vergleichungen zwischen der einer Niederlage entgegengehenden Sache Polens und derjenigen der siegreichen Belgier und der Griechen nicht möglich seien, konnte Wielopolski über die Ver- geblichkeit seiner Mission und über die Aussichtslosigkeit der polnischen Interventions-Hoffnungen nicht mehr im Zweifel sein : dass der Staatssecretär des Auswärtigen ihn überhaupt noch empfing und bereitwillig anhörte, führte der nüchterne Mann mit gutem Grunde auf das Verlangen des Londoner Cabinets nach andern als russischen Meldungen über die Lage des insurgirten Landes zurück. Und selbst diesem Verlangen konnte der unglückliche Vertreter der unglücklichen polnischen Sache nicht entsprechen, da er oft Wochen lang ohne alle Nachrichten aus Warschau blieb und die ihm spärlich zugehenden Meldungen beinahe regelmässig durch die Zeitungen überholt wurden. Dem Beispiele seines heiss. blütigen Pariser Collegen Wolicki zu folgen, der mit den — 90 — Führern der radicalen Opposition gegen die Regierung, auf welche er einwirken sollte, conspirirte, Club- und Pöbel-Demonstrationen in Scene setzte und um die Gunst demagogischer Journalisten warb, — dazu war Wielo- polski nicht der Mann. Der durchaus ungünstige Ein- druck, den die von den Warschauer Reichstags -Thoren ausgesprochene Absetzung des Hauses Romanow und die Unabhängigkeits- Erklärung Polens auf die Londoner Regierungskreise machte, und die Erfahrung, dass der Einfluss der Fürstin Lieven ihm die Thüren der fran- zösischen Botschaft und das gastfreie Haus des polen- freundlichen Lord Holland ohne Weiteres verschluss, be- stärkten Wielopolski in der Absicht, bei erster sich dar- bietender Gelegenheit sein zu übler Stunde übernommenes Amt niederzulegen und in die Heimath zurückzukehren. Diese Gelegenheit fand sich; als Graf Alexander Wale wski (der spätere Minister Napoleon's III.) in London eintraf, um Lord Palmerston die Candidatur eines österreichischen Erzherzogs für den Warschauer Thron vorzuschlagen. Ende März (oder Anfang April) des Jahres 1831 reiste Wielopolski ab, um über Krakau nach Warschau zurück- zukehren. Noch bevor er die erstere Stadt erreicht hatte, ging ihm die Trauerkunde zu, dass seine junge Frau einen todten Knaben geboren habe und diesem in's Grab gefolgt sei. Eine Schilderung der Zustände, welche Wielopolski bei seinem Wiedereintreffen in Warschau vorfand, liegt ausserhalb der Absicht dieser Blätter. Für unsern Zweck genügt, dass die demokratische Partei ihr Werk gethan, durch die gegen den Kaiser-König Nikolaus decretirte Absetzung jede Verständigung mit dem übermächtigen Feinde unmöglich gemacht, eine wirksame Vertheidigung des Landes durch Unbotmässigkeit gegen die selbst ge- — 91 - wählten Führer und durch Zerwühlung der Armee nach Kräften erschwert hatte — und dass die Conservativen schwach genug gewesen waren, ihren Rivalen Schritt für Schritt das Terrain zu räumen und durch fortgesetzte Theilnahme an der thatsächlich durch unzurechnungs- fähige Clubredner bestimmten Regierung eine Mitverant- wortung für die Thorheiten zu übernehmen, die sie nicht hatten verhindern können. Während die russische Armee sich der polnischen Hauptstadt langsam aber stetig näherte, General Skrzynecki und die übrigen sachkundigen Feld- herren trotz einzelner über den Feind errungener Vor- theile keinen Augenblick darüber im Zweifel waren, dass ein schliessliches Unterliegen unvermeidlich sei und dass eine gänzliche Vernichtung höchstens durch rechtzeitig begonnene Verhandlungen abgewendet werden könnte nahm die in Warschau herrschende Begriffsverwirrung- stündlich zu. Angesichts einer tödtlichen Gefahr fuhr die Demokratie fort, Illusionen der sinnlosesten Art zu hul- digen. Preussens der polnischen Sache feindliches Ver- halten wurde nach Möglichkeif ignorirt, über Metternich's dem Grafen Zamoiski gespendeten freundlichen Worte die durchaus abwehrende Haltung des kaiserl. königl. Cabinets vergessen und von einem bevorstehenden „System- wechsel" in Wien gefabelt, endlich für feststehend an- gesehen, dass die Pariser Demokratie den Bürgerkönig in Bälde dazu nöthigen werde, den Warschauer Volks- helden mit einer grossen, unüberwindlichen Armee zu Hilfe zu kommen. So vollständig waren bestimmender Einfluss und politischer Credit an demagogische Hampelmänner vom Schlage des polnischen „Robespierre" Mochacki und des Doctrinärs Lelewel übergegangen, dass der einzige dem übrigen Europa bekannte und für einen Staatsmann an- — 92 — gesehene Pole jener Zeit, der Fürst Adam Georg Czarto- riski, die Rolle eines blossen Figuranten spielte, dass der Rücktritt der beiden populärsten Minister, des Grafen Malachowski und des als Gefährten Kosziusko's bekannten Niemojewski, spurlos an der Bevölkerung vorüberging, und dass der von Wielopolski angestellte Versuch, die Stimme der Vernunft mindestens in der wichtigsten der obschwebenden Fragen, der littauischen, zur Geltung zu bringen, mit einem totalen Fiasko endete. Mit dem In- stinct des wirklichen Politikers errieth der 28jährige Marquis, dass der von der radicalen Reichstagspartei er- hobene Anspruch auf Auslieferung der grösstenteils von Nicht-Polen und Nicht-Katholiken bewohnten, weder in den Verträgen noch in der Verfassung irgend erwähnten weissrussischen und littauischen Provinzen an das König- reich und die Aufpflanzung der Revolutionsfahne in denselben, den zwischen Polen und Russen gährenden Zwiespalt zu einem unausfüllbaren machen und die vor- handenen staatsrechtlichen Gegensätze zu nationalen er- weitern werde. Um dieses Aeusserste abzuwenden, Hess Wielopolski sich als Regierungscommissar in die Reichs- tagssitzung vom 5. Mai 1831 abordnen, in welcher die Anträge auf Proclamation der Untrennbarkeit Littauens und Polens verhandelt werden sollten : er unterlag nicht nur , sondern war von Stunde an mit einem Odium be- haftet, das er in der Folge nie wieder ganz los geworden ist. Als er am 8. August als Vertreter Grodno's in den Reichstag trat, Avurde der wegen seiner in London be- wiesenen Mässigung hart gescholtene Marquis von der Demokratie mit einer Feindseligkeit verfolgt und als Verräther denuncirt, die selbst in jener Zeit leidenschaft- lich verschärfter Gegensätze beispiellos genannt werden inusste. - 93 — ■ Die Geschicke, welche die falschen Vaterlandsfreunde über das unglückliche Land beschworen hatten, nahmen inzwischen ihren unaufhaltsamen Gang. Paskewitsch, der nach dem Tode des Feldmarschalls Diebitsch das Commando über die russische Invasions- Armee über- nommen hatte, stand in den letzten Tagen des August 1831 vor Warschau. In seinem Auftrage überbrachte General Dannenberg am 4. September die folgenden, unter den einmal gegebenen Umständen beispiellos günstig zu nennenden Bedingungen. Der russische Ober- commandirende versprach den Erlass einer Amnestie, unveränderte Aufrechterhaltung der Verfassung, Conser- virung der polnischen und Zurückziehung der russischen Armee, wenn polnischer Seits die Anerkennung der Autorität des Kaisers und der Rückzug der polnischen Truppen auf Plock zugestanden würden; er ging soweit den polnischen Officieren die Anerkennung der Grade anzubieten, welche sie im Revolutionskampfe erworben hatten. Einstimmig riethen die Generale zur Annahme dieser Vorschläge. Die revolutionären Clubredner und ihre der Regierung ängehorigen Gevattern aber wussten es besser und setzten durch, dass das letzte der polnischen Sache dargebotene Rettungsmittel schnöde von der Hand gewiesen wurde: die unsinnigen Phrasen von der Noth- wendigkeit vollständiger Unabhängigkeit des Vaterlandes und von der Wiederherstellung seiner historischen Grenzen hatten noch einmal ihr Werk gethan. Drei Tage später hatte das im Sturm genommene Warschau capitulirt, war die Armee vernichtet, der Reichstag nach Modlin ge- flüchtet, von wo er sich weiter nach Zakroczym zurück- ziehen musste. Hier versuchte man, das Gaukelspiel einer allgemeinen Versöhnung der Parteien und der Auf- richtung eines „Coalitions- Ministeriums" in Scene zu — 94 — setzen, in welchem neben Demokraten vom Schlage der Lelewel und Olryk auch Wielopolski und dessen Freund Swidzinski Platz finden sollten. Beide Männer lehnten die ihnen zugedachte Ehre ab. Nach einigen mit gegen- standslosen Berathungen und unaufhörlichen Intriguen ausgefüllten Wochen hatte es mit der parlamentarischen Farce ein Ende. Der Reichstag und die Ueberreste der Armee flüchteten über die Grenze, welche Fürst Czar- toriski . Ladislas Zamoiski und andere Führer der con- servativen Partei bereits früher überschritten hatten. Wörtlich hatte sich erfüllt, was Gentz einem Freunde geschrieben : „dass die polnische Sache nicht nur durch die feindlichen Bajonette, sondern vornehmlich durch das Treiben der Factionen vernichtet werde, welche die Freiheit in ihren mörderischen Armen erstickten". Gleichzeitig mit dem Reichstage verliess auch Wie- lopolski das zur Beute eines erbarmungslosen Siegers gewordene Land. Auf Verlangen des russischen Resi- denten aus Krakau ausgewiesen, wo er sich mit der Schwester seiner verstorbenen Frau verheirathet hatte, wandte Wielopolski sich zu längerem Aufenthalt nach Dresden. Sein Vermögen und sein Heimathsrecht glaubte er verwirkt zu haben, vor dem Müssiggang und der Ver- lumpung einer Emigranten- und Verschwörer -Existenz empfand der energische Mann ein so unüberwindliches Grauen, dass er sich nach der Begründung eines neuen Herdes und einer bürgerlichen Thätigkeit umsah. Er beschloss nach Basel zu gehen und sich mit dem Rest seines Vermögens als Privatdocent niederzulassen. — Dazu sollte es indessen nicht kommen. Ohne sein Zu- thun wurde der Ex-Gesandte der polnischen Revolutions- Regierung in die Amnestie vom 1. November 1831 ein- geschlossen und in den Stand gesetzt, nach zwei in - 95 — Krakau verbrachten Jahren in sein Vaterland zurück- zukehren, wo er sich während der folgenden Jahre aus- schliesslich der Bewirtschaftung seiner nach im Jahre 1835 endlich erstrittenem Processsiege um das Majorat von Pinczow vermehrten Familiengüter widmete und von allen öffentlichen Angelegenheiten fern hielt. Der Charakter des fast ein Viertel-Jahrhundert um- fassenden Willkür-Regiments, welches der zum Statthalter des Königreichs ernannte Besieger Warschau's und der Revolution, der Feldmarschall Graf Paskewitsch-Eriwanski, Fürst Warschawski aufrichtete, ist bekannt. Der Statt- halter waltete als Dictator, der seinen russischen Gehilfen die Schrankenlosigkeit der ihm ertheilten Befugnisse ebenso erbarmungslos zu fühlen gab, wie den Bewohnern des Landes, einerlei ob dieselben hochgeborene, zur Aus- söhnung mit Russland neigende Magnaten, ergraute Bi- schöfe oder in den kaiserlichen Civil- und Militärdienst gepressten Patres minorum gentium waren. Eine gesetz- lich geregelte Ordnung der Dinge bestand nur dem Namen nach, thatsächlich dauerte der bei dem Einrücken der russischen Truppen verkündigte Belagerungszustand auch nach der äusseren Pacification des Landes fort. Das an die Stelle der Verfassung getretene „Organische Statut" vom 23. Februar 1832 kam nur rücksichtlich seiner Bestimmungen über die Incorporation der pol- nischen in die russische Armee, über die Einsetzung eines Statthalters und über die zur Berathung polnischer Angelegenheiten bestimmte Abtheilung des St. Peters- burger Reichsraths in Ausführung, — zur Verwirklichung der der polnischen Nationalität in diesem Gesetze gege- benen Versprechungen wurde niemals auch nur Miene gemacht. Vor wie nach Verkündigung des Statuts wur- den alle höheren Verwaltungsämter in die Hände russischer — 96 — Beamten und Offieiere gelegt, die confiscirten Güter und zahlreichen Domänen Generalen russischer Herkunft und griechisch-orthodoxen Bekenntnisses verliehen, die der katholischen Kirche gewährleisteten Rechte mit Füssen getreten und der Rücksicht auf eine möglichst erspriess- liche Propaganda des griechisch-russischen Kirchenthums geopfert, alle politischen Processe und sehr zahlreiche strafrechtliche Fälle ad hoc eingesetzten Militär -Com- missionen zur Aburtheilung überwiesen. Dass die War- schauer Universität aufgehoben, die Mehrzahl höherer Lehranstalten geschlossen, die Erlernung der russischen Sprache für die Beamten des Königreichs obligatorisch gemacht, die unirte Kirche Littauens und Weissrusslands gewaltsam mit der griechisch-orthodoxen vereinigt, jede Spur einer freien Bewegung der Presse vernichtet und über das ganze Land das Netz eines Spionirsystems aus- gebreitet wurde, verstand sich von selbst. Andere als rein gesellige und auch dann auf eine massige Anzahl von Personen beschränkte Vereinigungen abzuhalten, war bei dem Umfang, den die Spionage gewonnen hatte, un- möglich; selbst die Begründung von Lesegesellschaften und Journalzirkeln galt mit der öffentlichen Sicherheit für unvereinbar, seit drei Viertheile aller polnischen und aller im Auslande gedruckten Bücher verboten worden waren. Der einzige Verein, den Paskewitsch dulden zu dürfen glaubte, war derjenige der Land -Credit- und llypothekengesellschaft, die alle zwei Jahre zur Wahl eines Präsidenten und eines Cassencuratoriums zusammen- trat, indessen so ängstlich überwacht wurde, dass es für eine unerhörte Kühnheit galt, als Wielopolski eine im Jahre 1842 abgehaltene Versammlung mit einer Ansprache eröffnete. Polen wurde als eine eroberte Provinz behandelt, — f • — die so schnell und so rücksichtslos wie immer möglich in eine russische Provinz verwandelt werden sollte, deren Einwohnern man allenfalls den privaten Gebrauch der polnischen Sprache und innerhalb gewisser enger Grenzen die Befolgung katholischer Kirchenvorschriften gestatten wollte. Die Schulanstalten des Königreichs wurden 1839 dem russischen Ministerium der Volksauf klärung unter- stellt, die Functionen des Warschauer Staatsraths und des Cassationshofs im September 1841 auf zwei Departe- ments des St. Petersburger Senats übertragen, — die fünf alten Palatinate im Jahre 1844 in zehn nach rus- sischem Muster eingerichtete Gouvernements verwandelt, die Vorschriften des russischen Strafgesetzbuchs 1848 auf das Königreich ausgedehnt und gleichzeitig die öffent- lichen Strassen und Canäle unter die Verwaltung der von dem berüchtigten Grafen Kleinmichel geleiteten St. Petersburger General - Direction gestellt. Dass die beabsichtigte „Annäherung" des polnischen bürgerlichen Rechtes an das russische Muster nicht in Ausführung kam, lag lediglich an der Unfähigkeit der mit dieser Aufgabe betrauten Commission, — das Gesetz, nach welchem alle in gemischten, d. h. von Katholiken und Protestanten mit Angehörigen der russischen Staatskirche eingegangenen Ehen, erzeugten Kinder, der Religion des griechisch-orthodoxen Theils bei schwerer Criminalstrafe folgen mussten, war bereits um die Mitte der dreissiger Jahre auf das Land ausgedehnt worden, dem das Or- ganische Statut unbeschränkte Cultusfreiheit und beson- dere Beschützung der „Religion der katholischen Mehr- heit" verheissen hatte. Die Rechtlosigkeit des Landes und seiner Bewohner war eine so vollendete, dass Paske- witsch einem polnischen hohen Beamten, der ihm in einer Finanzangelegenheit Opposition zu machen gewagt hatte, St. Petersburger Beitrage. N. F. 7 — 98 — allen Ernstes die drohenden Worte sagen konnte: „Ich werde Sie hängen lassen und in meinem nächsten Jahres- bericht an den Kaiser einfach bemerken, es sei auf meine Anordnung „ein gewisser Senator" gehängt worden." Das war um die Mitte der vierziger Jahre geschehen; — seinen Höhepunkt erreichte das von dem Kaiser Nikolaus etablirte Depressions- und Bevormundungssystem aber bekanntlich erst nach dem Jahre 1849, wo der Besieger Ungarns und der Revolution sich zum Herrn des Welt- theils gemacht zu haben glaubte und wo die sog. Pe- traschewski'sche Verschwörung und die Theilnahme ein- zelner Polen an dem magyarischen Nationalkampf zu abermaliger Verschärfung der Massregeln den Vorwand gegeben hatten, durch welche das heilige Russland vor revolutionären Ansteckungen behütet werden sollte. Die Unmöglichkeit, Zustände so widersinniger, der menschlichen und der polnischen Natur direct zuwider laufenden Art in infinitum fortzusetzen, war so einleuch- tend, dass dem Polenthum kaum verübelt' werden konnte, wenn es gerade aus der Härte des geltenden Systems PI Öffnungen für eine bessere Zukunft schöpfen zu können glaubte. Während äusserlich eine nur selten unterbrochene Kirchhofsruhe herrschte, Handel und Verkehr sich auf die Beschaffung der dringendsten Lebensbedürfnisse be- schränkten, die von Soldaten starrenden Städte von den höheren Ständen gemieden wurden und der Bauer stumpf- sinnig zwischen Ueberanstrengung und Berauschung da- hinlebte, waren Augen und Ohren des denkenden Theils der Nation ausschliesslich auf die Vorgänge ausserhalb der Grenzen des Landes gerichtet. Der in den kleineren Städten und auf dem flachen Lande lebende Adel hielt sich von jeder Berührung mit den gouvernementalen Elementen zurück, um ungestört politischen Speculationen — 99 — nachzuhängen, die sich zumeist um die Ereignisse in Paris und um die Nachrichten drehten, welche die im Exil lebenden Freunde und Vettern in die Heimath ge- langen liessen, um die Hoffnung auf einen allendlichen Sieg der nationalen Sache und auf eine von Westen kommende Rettung derselben am Leben zu erhalten. Für die Masse der sog. Gebildeten und besonders für das jüngere Geschlecht stand ein für alle Mal fest, dass die Zukunft Polens mit derjenigen der europäischen Demokratie untrennbar verbunden sei und dass es der zu erwartenden Universal- Revolution gelingen werde, was der polnischen Local-Revolution nicht geglückt war. In den Kreisen des höheren Adels, für deren typischen Re- präsentanten der Graf Andreas Zamoiski gelten konnte (derselbe der 1831 durch die Weichsel geschwommen und nach Wien gegangen war, um den Beistand des österreichischen Cabinets anzurufen), herrschten aller- dings andere Anschauungen. Hier rechnete man auf die Wechselfälle der hohen Politik, auf das durch die römische Mission Ladislas Zamoiski's neu belebte Interesse der römischen Curie für das „katholischste Volk der Erde", und vor Allem auf die Geschicklichkeit, mit welcher die um den Fürsten Czartoriski gruppirte aristokratische Emigranten - Fraction in Paris, Frankreichs ßedürfniss nach einem Stützpunkt gegen den vordringenden Einfluss der drei nordischen Mächte auszubeuten wissen werde. Während die polnische Aristokratie die Tendenzen der Demokratie im Uebrigen nach Kräften bekämpfte und durch eine streng kirchliche Erziehung der Jugend den revolutionären Zeitideen entgegen zu arbeiten versuchte, traf sie an zwei entscheidenden Punkten mit der Revo- lutionspartei zusammen: in der Ueberzeugung , dass das Heil allein von Westen zu erwarten sei und dass der 7* — 100 polnische Patriot seine Pflicht erfüllt habe, wenn er der Regierung auf allen Gebieten und unter allen Umständen passiven Widerstand leiste und sich auf keinerlei die inneren Zustände des Landes betreffenden Transactionen einlasse. Iunerhalb einer so gearteten Gesellschaft musste ein Mann vom Schlage Wielopolski's vollständig isolirt da- stehen. Er, der seine Rechnungen mit dem Auslande grundsätzlich abgeschlossen, alle Beziehungen zu der Emigration und zu seinen ehemaligen Genossen von der Czartoriski'schen Partei abgebrochen hatte und dem über- dies die geselligen Talente und Gewohnheiten fehlten, auf welche der polnische Magnat seinen Einfluss zu gründen gewohnt ist, — er zählte in den Kreisen der von Pariser Neuigkeiten und eingeschmuggelten Zeitungs- artikeln lebenden Gelegenheitspolitiker nicht mit. Seine Aufmerksamkeit und seine Thätigkeit waren ausschliess- lich auf seine nächsten Pflichten und auf eine möglichste Besserung der ihn umgebenden realen Verhältnisse ge- richtet. Sparsam, energisch und bedürfnisslos wie er war, Hess Wielopolski sich zunächst die Consolidation seiner durch die Revolution und den vieljährigen Erb- schaftsprocess zerrütteten Vermögensverhältnisse angele- gen sein und das mit so glücklichem Erfolge, dass er im Verlauf weniger Jahre die auf seinen Gütern lastenden Schulden bezahlt, einen grossen Theil der versplitterten Majoratsgüter eingelöst, seine Brüder und Schwestern abgefunden hatte und zum wohlhabenden, wenn auch nicht eben reichen Manne geworden war. Mit gleichem Eifer widmete er sich der Erziehung seiner Kinder, die er Anfangs im eignen Hause, später unter der Obhut der Mutter in Breslau erziehen liess. Dann nahm er die ökonomische Reorganisation der bäuerlichen Insassen — 101 seiner Güter in die Hand, um von der einzigen Freiheit, welche die russische Regierung dem Edelmanne Hess, Gebrauch zu machen und dem guten Beispiele Folge zu leisten, das dieselbe auf ihren Domänengütern gegeben hatte. Er begann damit, die Frohnleistungen der Bauern in Geldpacht zu verwandeln (der Pferdetag wurde zu 1 Mark, der Fusstag zu 25 Pfennige berechnet) und die Naturallieferungen abzuschaffen, um sodann zu einer Ge- meinheits-Theilung, endlich zum Verkauf der Gebäude und Gärten an die Pachtinhaber und zum Abschluss für 24 Jahre giltiger Pachtverträge zu schreiten, die nach den für die Domänen geltenden, anerkannt billigen Sätzen berechnet wurden. — Erst nachdem diese Angelegen- heiten geordnet worden waren, erlaubte der Marquis sich eine jener ausländischen Reisen, die unter den gegebenen Verhältnissen für jeden Gebildeten zum unabweisbaren Bedürfniss geworden waren.
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印度国家足球队
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印度国家足球队是印度官方个男子国家足球代表队，由印度足球总会负责管辖，现时属于国际足联搭亚洲足协成员国之一。印度拉国际赛事并弗突出，至今从未参与世界杯足球赛决赛周，亦只曾经拉1964年、1984年、2011年、2019年晋身过4届亚洲杯足球赛个决赛周。
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The physical geography of Wisconsin
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The Painted Stone Nearly a century ago Professor Keating, a geologist from the University of Pennsylvania, travelled overland from Chicago to Prairie du Chien, and then went up the Mississippi. In south- western Wisconsin he noted the absence of the granite bowlders that we now know to have been brought by the continental ice sheet to glaciated areas. He thought of them as erratics of very old, or "primitive" rock, transported during the Flood. He commented upon this change (see p. 93), and he did so at the southern border of the district we now call the Driftless Area. After crossing the Driftless Area in 1823 Keating observed the resumption of the erratics. He saw them at the first place along the Mississippi where one could possibly do so, unless he were to climb the bluffs. This was at Red Rock, Minnesota, near the northwestern boundary of Wisconsin. Just after he passed Lake St. Croix, Keating tells us that they "landed, for a few minutes, to examine a stone which is held in high veneration by the Indians; on account of the red pigment with which it is bedaubed, it is generally called the painted stone. They remarked that this was the first bowlder of primitive rock, which they had seen to the west of Rock river, and this place corresponds well with that at which these bowlders were first observed by Mr. Colhoun (p. 94) while travelling by land. It is a fragment of sienite, which is about four and a half feet in diameter. It is not surprising that the Indians should have viewed this rock with some curiosity, and deemed it wonderful, considering that its characters differ so materially from those of the rocks which are found in the neighbourhood. A man who lives in a country where the highest hills are w holly formed of sandstone and secondary limestone, will necessarily be struck with the peculiar characters of the first specimen of granite that comes under his notice, and it is not to be wondered at, that one who 'sees God in all things', should have made of such a stone an object 74 The Physical Geography of Wisconsin of worship. The Indians frequently offer presents to the Great Spirit near this stone; among the offerings of their superstition, the party found the feather of an eagle, two roots of the "Pomme de Prairie," (psoralea esculenta, Nuttall,) painted with vermilion; a willow branch whose stem was painted red, had been stuck into the ground on one side, etc. The gentlemen broke off a fragment of this idol, to add to the mineralogical collections, taking care, how- ever, not to leave any chips, the sight of which would wound the feelings of the devotee, by convincing him that the object of his worship had been violated.-' Thus we see that Keating, who was almost the first geologist to visit the Driftless Area, clearly recognized its contrast with the surrounding area at both borders. But he w as not the real pioneer, for the naked aborigines had painted the stone red, and worshipped it! Nature of the Driftless Area In thinking of this driftless area it should be recalled that the region is not unusual except in the absence of features of the erosion and deposition brought about by the continental glacier. Much of the United States is also driftless, as in the southern states and a large part of the West, outside the relatively small areas of glaciated mountains. These regions are not spoken of as driftless areas or thought of as exceptional in any essential respect. The Driftless Area of Wisconsin, however, is famous the world over because it is completely surrounded by glaciated territory. It preserves a large sample of what the rest of Wisconsin, as well as northern and eastern United States, were like before the Glacial Period. Within the belts covered by the gigantic continental* ice sheets of north- eastern North America and northwestern Europe there is no similar region left bare of glacial ice. Although it has been suggested that there were tiny glaciers in the Driftless Area, their existence has not yet been agreed to by all geologists. The DrifUess Area 75 The DrifUess Area is mostly in the Western Upland, but it also extends into the Central Plain and the Northern' Highland. It covers an area of nearly 15,000 square miles, roughly 210 miles north and south by 120 miles east and west. This is twice as large as the state of New Jersey, or about as large as Denmark. The icoDsin and adjacent states. For phot t VII. VIII. IX. XII. XV. XXV. portion of this in Wisconsin is 180 by 120 miles, or 13,360 square miles. The remainder of the Driftless Area is in southeastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, and northwestern Illinois. The Mississippi River flows through the western edge of the Driftless Area, which extends up the Wisconsin River to a point north of Wausau, terminates on the Black River between Neillsville and Black River Falls, and on the Mississippi between the Trem- pealeau and Chippewa Rivers. 76 The Physical Geography of Wisconsin Topography of the Driftless Area The Driftless Area is one of the most beautiful parts of the state. Writing in 1854, Edward Daniels, the first state geologist, described the portion in southwestern Wisconsin as follows: "About one-third of the surface is prairie, dotted and belted with beautiful groves and oak-openings. The scenery combines every element of beauty and grandeur — giving us the sunlit prairie, with its soft swell, waving grass and thousand flowers, the sombre depths of primeval forests; and castellated jcliffs, rising hundreds of feet, with beetling crags which a Titan might have piled for his fortress." This region is not, as a whole, higher than the surrounding region, but the hill tops are distinctly not loWfer than the adjacent lands. In relation to the encircling glaciated areas it is higher than the Central Plain to the east and northeast; a little lower than the Northern Highland; at about the same level as the Magnesian, Trenton, and Niagara cucslas to the west in Minnesota and Iowa; higher than Illinois to the south; and slightly higher than the glaciated portion of the Western Upland to the southeast. Specific altitudes in the Driftless Area are shown in the following table: Table Showing Elevations in the Driftless Area Locality Northern Highland, near Wausau Central Plain, near Necedah Magnesian cuesta, near Alma Magnesian cuesta, near Richland Center Baraboo Range, west of Devils Lake Military Ridge in Trenton cuesta near Mt. Horeb. Elevation in feet 1400 900 1200 1160 1400 1200 Cause of the Driftless Area The Driftless Area is not a Nunatak. The cause of the Drift- less Area is not the simple one which might at first suggest itself. On the borders of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets of the present time there are small driftless areas. It was so at the max- imum of past glaciation. Similar areas never overridden by ice are found in all glaciated mountains, as in Alaska, the Alps, the Himalayas, New Zealand, and Patagonia. In Greenland peaks The Driflless Area Pig. 27, Noftb AmericB during tbe Gticial Period, •howins th« Driflltu Area — i black — *Dd I he La brad* e Glacial Period, •howins th« Dnfllc 78 The Physical Geography of Wisconsin which rise up like islands through a sea of ice are called nunataks. They are free from glaciation because of their height. The Driftless Area of Wisconsin is not a nunatak area. The Driftless Area is Neither an Island nor a Lake Bed. About the middle of the last century, when the drift deposits were thought of as laid down in the ocean, the Driftless Area was con- sidered to have been an island. Its lack of height above the sur- rounding areas, and our modern knowledge of drift deposits as glacial and not marine, render this explanation untenable. It was also once thought to represent a lake bed. The deposits of fine silt or loess in Wisconsin, then thought to be lacustrine, are noAv known to be chiefly wind-laid (p. 123). The Elements of Topography and Time. Instead, it is drift- less because of three factors: (a) The highland to the north furnished temporary protection from ice invasion; (b) The more rapid movement of glacial lobes in the lowland to the east and the region to the west resulted in the final joining of these ice lobes south of the Driftless Area, so that it was completely surrounded by the continental glacier; (c) The termination of the forward movement and the beginning of retreat came before there was time for the ice from the north, east, and west to cover the driftless remnant. Such was the relation of the Driftless Area to (a) the topography of the adjacent region and (b) the element of time. It is assumed that the advances of the glacial lobes east, north, and west of the Driftless Area took place at the same time. There is no direct evidence of this, but no facts are known that disprove it. Topographic Influences Outside. The upland which lent temporary protection to the Driftless Area was the Northern High- land. The lowland which rapidly led the eastern lobe southward past the Driftless Area was the river valley now occupied by Lake Michi- gan. The similar feature to the west was not so low, being the valley of the Red and Minnesota Rivers in Minnesota and the valley of the Des Moines River in central Iowa. Glacial Lobes. The ice which covered nearly all of northern and eastern Wisconsin during the Glacial Period is thought to have come chiefly from the Labrador ice sheet, east of Hudson Bay (Fig. 27). It has also been suggested that at least one advance in northern Wisconsin came from the northwest, as a part of cither the Kee- The Driflless Area 79 watin, or the Patrician, ice sheet west of Hudson Bay. The ice which covered northwestern Wisconsin and Minnesota and Iowa came chiefly from the Keewatin center (Fig. 27). J$i*» Driftlgsi Art-a. In advancing over Wisconsin the ice sheet or continental glacier, was divided into several lobes (Fig. 28), determined in position by the preglacial configuration of the land. These were the Lake Michi- gan and Green Bay lobes on the east and the Lake Superior and Minnesota lobes on the west. On the north two minor branches of the Lake Superior lobe, one from the bay at Ashland, the other from the bay east of Keweenaw Point in upper Michigan united to form 80 The Physical Geography of Wisconsin the Chippewa lobe. The movement of these ice lobes is known by the glacial scratches, or striae, upon the rock ledges and by the trans- ported rocks, or erratics, which have been traced to their sources, often in Michigan, Minnesota, or Canada. These lobes advanced until they completely coalesced. There may have been several advances, the latest being called the Wisconsin stage of glaciation. The earUer advances are known as the Illinoian, lowan, Kansan, and pre-Kansan. Their deposits are spoken of collectively as older drift. It is not yet decisively established that we do not now live in an interglacial period or that the ice may not advance again. The most recent glacial de- posits in the United States are called Wisconsin drift, whether found in the state of Wisconsin or elsewhere. The Ice East of the Driftless Area. To the east of the Drift- less Area, the lobe from the Labrador center advanced down the pre- glacial river valleys now occupied by Lake Michigan, Green Bay, and Lake Winnebago. By the time it had advanced farthest in southern Illinois, about 300 miles south of Wisconsin, it had spread westward in this slate nearly as far as Wausau and Madison. It covered the rather-low southeastern part of the Northern Highland, the eastern part of the Central Plain, and the low eastern region of Galena- Trenton limestone. Thus it had expanded where ice movement was relatively easy. No doubt its later rate of broadening and west- ward expansion over those parts of the Driftless Area which are higher would have been slower. We know that such was the case with the expansion across the high eastern part of the Baraboo Range (p. 110). m The Ice North of the Driftless Area. In the meantime the lobe of the Labrador glacier in the lowland now occupied by Lake Superior, was advancing more slowly. It was retarded on the high- land between western Lake Superior and the northern portion of the Driftless Area. Therefore the time necessary for the rapid south- ward movement of the Lake Michigan ice past practically the whole length of Wisconsin and Illinois, was only long enough for the Lake Superior ice to ascend to the crest of the Northern Highland and advance down its southern slope and across part of the Central Plain to the vicinity of Eau Claire, Neillsville, Grand Rapids and Merrill. The later expansion of this ice across the Driftless Area would have been more rapid. Except in the high Western Upland, it would have been almost as fast as that of the ice of the Green Bay- Lake Michigan lobe on the east. XXXVI, Pl, vii. u The Driftless Area 81 The Ice West of the Driftless Area. During this same period of time it seems likely that the ice from the Keewatin center of glaciation was advancing rapidly southward, down what are now the valleys of the Red River of the North, the western part of the Minnesota River, the Des Moines River in Iowa, and part of the Mississippi valley. It finally reached the vicinity of the St. Louis, nearly as far south as the Lake Michigan ice in southern Illinois. This lobe also expanded laterally with southward extension. At its maximum it was probably confluent with the Lake Michigan lobe in northwestern Illinois. These ice tongues on either side of the Driftless Area, therefore, joined each other at a point only 50 miles south of the Wisconsin line. The Keewatin ice in Minnesota and Iowa was reinforced by a Uttle ice from the Lake Superior glacier. This resulted in the over- riding of the upland in Wisconsin northwest of the Chippewa River. The later expansion of this ice would doubtless have been as* rapid as that for some time before. Results of a Longer Time of Glaciation. Topography has played the major role in the formation of such a Driftless Area as we have, but now the element of time comes in. If the Glacial Period had lasted a little longer, there should have been the follow- ing consequences : (a) the Labrador and Keewatin ice sheets would have advanced still farther south across Missouri and from Illinois into Kentucky; (b) there would have been further lateral expansion of these glaciers, covering more of the eastern and western edges of the Driftless Area and encroaching more on the south; (c) the ice from the north would have moved southward from the Northern Highland, whose retarding influence was then decidedly lessened; (d) these lobes acting together would have completely covered the Driftless Area. However, time did not permit this. Forward movement decreased in rate and the ice borders melted back. This was air in one of the periods of early glaciation. We do not know that the Driftless Area was completely surrounded more than once. Indeed it was never completely encircled by ice unless, as already stated, the Labrador and Keewatin lobes advanced at the same time. In the latest, or Wisconsin, stage of glaciation the ice fell far short of the borders of the Driftless Area, except where the Green Bay lobe spread a little 82 The Physical Geography of Wisconsin farther westward than any of its predecessors. Thus we have aU the borders of the Driftless Area made up of older drift (Fig. 26), except in eastern Wisconsin between Wausau and Madison. The Work of Weathering and Underground Water in the Driftless Area. Weathering and the Residual Soils. Throughout the Drift- less Area the work of weathering has continued since long before the Glacial Period and has produced a deep mantle of residual soil or geest. This forms a notable contrast with the remainder of the state, where the continental glacier scraped away nearly all the residual soil and left a sheet of transported soil. The latter is essentially unaltered, except in the areas of older drift. The Dodgeville and Baxter silt loams of the Wisconsin Soil Survey represent the residual soil of limestone. The Boone fine sandy loam is that of sandstone. The Marathon and Mosinee loams are residual from granite, greenstone, and crystalline rocks. The residual material in the limestone belts is chiefly a fine brown or reddish clay, representing the more or less insoluble residue from the decay of the limestone. It also contains numerous fragments of flint or chert, made of siUca and therefore relatively insoluble and not much weathered. It grades downward into solid rock, passing through successive zones of larger and larger limestone fragments (Fig. 32). The thickness of the residual soil in the Driftless Area varies con- siderably. The average thickness may be a little over 7 feet. This is based upon about 1800 measurements. The average thickness of residual soil on slopes is about 4| feet, on ridges 8 feet, on broad uplands 13^ feet, in valleys 7 to 18 feet, and the maximum recorded thickness is 70 feet or more. The latter is on an upland. It has been computed that the removal of about 100 feet of Hmestone by weath- ering leaves 10 feet of residual soil. The limestone regions have thicker residual soil than the sandstone areas, but the latter, includ- ing rock fragments as well as soil, may have a thicker residual cover- ing than the hmestone. Crags and Pinnacles. As a result of the process of weathering and of erosion by the wind the Western Upland abounds, in pic- turesque rocky crags and pinnacles. There are also crags of this sort east of the Western Upland near the Wisconsin River. Such rocks and crags are present in the Driftless Area, but generally absent in glaciated regions. Some of these are columns recently Wisconsin Chol. and Nat. Hist. Suhve BiiLLF.iiN,:iXX.V[. Pl. VIII. ^m0lSba, i J ( 1 V CBAG IN THE DRIFTLESS ARl ock near Readntuwn, Kkkapoo vall^r -I of Ibe United Stales than in the I Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey. Bulletin XXXVI. Pl. IX. '*. '•. • * #8^ m!S M H^iLi '• ■*? -i-'#^''-*j;.'*'^ji^. B LA CROSSE. The DriftUss Area 83 separated from adjacent precipices, as at Stand Rock in the Dalles ot the Wisconsin (p. 331), the Turks Head and the Devils Door at Devils Lake, and many others. Other crags rise above the level of the surrounding country as solitary rocky towers. They are especially abundant in the St. Peter sandstone. Monument Rock, in Vernon County, 7 miles south of Viroqua, is a conspicuous crag of this sort {PI. IX, A). It is 35 or 40 feet high and twice as wide at the top as at the base. The Devils Chimney and Picture Rock in Dane County are similar, precipitous towers of sandstone. There are also large hills with crags, chimneys, and towers at their borders. Among such hills is Roche h Cris in Adams County. It rises to a height of 225 feet. Friendship Mound is 85 feet higher. Mosquito Mound in Portage County, Pilot Knob, Rattlesnake Rock, and Petenwell Peak, the tatter 230 feet high, all in Adams and Juneau Counties, are picturesque hills and crags of the Cambrian sandstone. Necedah Mound is a quartzitc hill. Gibraltar Rock in Columbia County is a glaciated crag of the same type as Roche h Cris, but capped by St. Peter sandstone, and somewhat rounded on the eastern side by the ice. 84 The Physical Geography of Wisconsin Natural Bridges. Another result of the operation of weather- ing has been to make natural bridges. In the Driftless Area two of these are of fair size and there are numerous smaller arches of the same nature. Tlie arch at Rockbridge spans a stream which has cut under a rock bridge. Nearby the abandoned lower valley joins that of a larger stream. As the bridge is in sandstone it is not due to solu- tion. It is due to weathering along a vertical joint plane. The main stream seems to have swung against the spur on one side and the trib- utary on the other, undercutting the cliff atthis point. Thus the trib- utary was diverted and passes through an arch about 10 or 12 feet ik hole in the Driftless Area. high, with a span of 15 or 20 feet. It is 8 miles north of Richland Center and is well shown on the Richland Center Quadrangle. A second natural bridge is li miles northeast of Leland in Sauk County. The bridge is an arch with a 35 foot span. It is 25 to 35 feet high. The rock ledge which spans the opening is less than four feet wide at the top. This bridge is also in sandstone. It is not related to any stream, but apparently results from weathering and the removal of grains of sand by the wind and of blocks of sand- stone by gravity. Below the arch of the bridge is a cave 7i feet high and 25 feet long. There is a small natural bridge southwest of Madison near the Devils Chimney in the Town of Primrose. The arch is about 0 feet high and has a span of 8 feet. The shallow caves in the Mississippi bluffs near La Crosse seem also to be due to weathering. Solution. While the chemical action of underground water goes on near the surface, there is much dissolving of soluble portions The Drift less Area 85 of the rock deep below the surface. The water which soaks into the ground penetrates to considerable depths. It dissolves little of the quartz in the sandstone belts of the Driftless Area, but in the limestone areas it takes away much of the lime. Sink Holes. Parts of the Driftless Area abound in sink holes and caves and these have been produced chiefly by the solvent action of the underground water, aided by the abundant joints in the rock. The sink holes are sometimes at the entrance of caves. They are circular or elliptical depressions, some dry, others containing ponds. Some of them are 60 feet in diameter and 20 feet deep. One sink hole near Blue Mound is 100 by 200 feet, and 20 feet deep. They average over 5 feet in depth and the greatest number are seldom over 10 or 15 feet in diameter. That they are still being formed by solution and by falling in of cavern roofs and entrances is shown by the recent killing of trees adjacent to some sink holes, as near Blue Mound. There are at least 70 sink holes in Vernon, Crawford, and Richland Counties alone. Cayes. Some of the caves of Wisconsin are listed below. List of a Few of the Wisconsin Caves Name or location of cave Cave near Blue Mound* John Gray Cave near Rockbridge'* Eagle Cave, northeast of Blue Rivet*. Bear Cave near Boscobel**.... Richardson Cave near Verona* Cave near Wauzeka' Highland Shullsbur^ Mazomanie* Viroqua Wilson Castle Rock Platte Mound north of Eagle 4( *< (* *« <« C< ** County Dane Richland Richland Crawford Dane Crawfbrd Iowa Lafayette Iowa Vernon St. Croix Grant Grant Richland » One mile northwest of Blue Mounds railway station, on the N. W. H of section 6. T. . 6 N.. R. 6 E., Township Blue Mounds. b< Seven miles northwest of Richland Center, on the S. E. H of the N. W. H of Section 25, T. 11 N., R. 1 E., Township Rockbridge. c Six miles northeast of Blue River, on the N. W. H of Section 19, T. 9 N., R. 1 W.. Town- ship Eagle. d Six and one-half miles northeast of Boscobcl. on the N. W. H of the N. E. H of Section 28. T. 9 N., R. 3 W., Township Scott. « Three and one-half miles north of Verona, on the N. E. K of the N. E. H of Section 5, T. 6 N., R. 8 E.. Township Verona. ' Northwest of Wauzeka near Little Kickapoo lead mine in the N. W. K of Section 10, T. 7 N.. R. 5 W. R Five miles north of Blue Mound. Entrance blocked. The Driftless Area 87 There are doubtless scores of other caves and they are prac- tically all within the Driftless Area. The lead and zinc district abounds in natural caves. Indeed the mining in early days consisted in some cases only of the removal of lead deposits that lined caverns and cavities. Many of these were small, but certain of them con- tained chambers as much as 35 feet long and 6 or 8 feet wide. The cavern just cited was 60 feet below the surface. Some facts about the dimensions of caves in the Western Upland are summarized in the table below. Their forms are indicated by the maps reproduced in Figure 31. r Table Showing Facts about Certain Caves in Wisconsin Nune Location Total length in feet Width in feet Height in feet Depth bdow Borfaoe • Qeologieal formation Blue Moond Caye John Gray Cave... Bear Cave..-. Eade Cave. Near Blue Mound, Dane County.... Rookbridge. Richland County Near Boacobel, Crawford County... Near Eule, Richland County..^ North ofVerona, Dane County .„>.. 250 7l(f 800 960 Over 500 H 2-14 7-«0 70 a-25 5 3-5 6-10 7i a-10 25 40 75 50 40 Galena Hmeitone Lower Magnwian Bmeetone •• •! <• !• II <• M II U The table shows that these Wisconsin caves are relatively small affairs, compared with the mammoth caverns of Kentucky, Tenn- essee, Indiana, Virginia, and some other parts of United States. They are not insignificant features, however, and there may be still larger ones within the Driftless Area. The Bear Cave has two levels, the upper one containing one room 60 feet wide, 65 feet long, and 40 to 60 feet high, while the Eagle Cave has one room 100 feet wide and 30 or 40 feet high. There are many other caves, whose entrances have recently been blocked by falling in of rock, as is well known to farmers on the limestone uplands of the Driftless Area. There are probably still other hidden caves in the localities where well drillers report that their bits suddenly fell 4 or 5 feet, after penetrating through solid rock. Several of these caves contain stalactites and all are more or less filled with mud. Enlarged fissures extend below the bottoms of some caves. On the whole there seem to be more caves in the Lower Mag- nesian than in the Galena-Trenton or the Niagara limestone of the Driftless Area. No caves are known in the Trenton or Lower Mag- nesian limestone in the glaciated, eastern part of the state. Cave8 Limited to Driftless Area. So far as now known, only one of the caves in easterQ Wisconsin duQ to the solvent ac- 88 The Physical Geography of Wisconsin tion of underground water is in the area of Wisconsin drift. This is the Richardson Cave in Dane County. Its entrance lies within a quarter of a mile of the outermost terminal moraine. There are enlarged fissures and tiny caves near Wilson (p. 237) in northwestern Wisconsin. These are in the region of older drift. It is infinitely improbable that there are caves in the eastern part of the state but that every one happens to be covered by glacial drift, and that not a single one was ever accidentally uncovered by streams or by man in connection with all the work of railway grading, highway building, and artificial excavation. ^^_^ --■?«? FiB. 32. Two levels thickness ot The absence of caves in eastern Wisconsin seems to be due to sculpture by ice during the Glacial Period. The continental glacier nearly everywhere eroded down to a level below the bottoms of the preglacial caves, as will be explained in a later chapter (p. 236 and Fig. 89). * Since the end of the Glacial Period there has not been time enough for underground water to make new caves in the glaciated territory, for solution and weathering perform their work so slowly that the delicate glacial scratches are not yet removed from the rock ledges. This suggests that the caves of the Driftless Area are chiefly the work of underground solution in preglacial time and that they have been exceedingly long in process of formation. As with numerous other phenomena, we should not know of this were it not for the preservation of the physiographic features of preglacial time in the Driftless Area. The Driftless Area 89 BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldrich, Mildred. A Comparison of Agricultural Conditions in the Driftless and Glaciated Portions of Wisconsin, Unpublished thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1912. Alden, W. C. Criteria for the Discrimination of the Age of Glacial Drift Sheets, Joum. Geol., Vol. 17, 1909, pp. 694-709. Bowman, Isaiah. (On plants in the Driftless Area), Forest Physiography, New York. 1911, p. 497. Chamberlin, T. C. (An early explanation of the Driftless Area, see also R. D. Irving, and N. H. Winchell), in Snyder, Van Vechten & Co's Atlas of Wis- consin, Milwaukee, 1878, p. 151; Annual Report, Wis. Geol. Survey for the Year 1878, Madison, 1879, pp. 21-32; Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Vol. 5, 1882, pp. 268-270; Geology of Wisconsin, Vol. 1, 1883, pp. 269-270; Maps of Driftless Area, Atlas Plate II, Geol. of Wis., 1881; 3rd Ann. Rept., U. S. Geol. Survey. 1883, Plates 28, 29, 31, and 35; 7th Ann. Rept., Ibid. 1888, Plate 8; (on soils) Ibid., pp. 678-688. Chamberliii, T. C. and Salisbury, R. D. The Driftless Area of the Upper Mississippi Valley, 6th Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1885, pp. 199-322, with maps, {the most complete discussion of the Driftless Area, and of the residual soil and loess within it). Dana, J. D. (On the Driftless Area), Amer. Joum. Sci., 3rd Series, Vol. 15, 1878. pp. 62-64, 254-255. Davis, W. M. (On the Driftless Area), Guidebook for the Transcontinental Excursion of 1912, American Geographical Society of New York, Boston, 1912. pp. 16, 87-89. Daniels, Edward. (On the Driftless Area), First Annual Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Wisconsin, Madison, 1854, pp. 11-12; (on caves) Ibid., pp. 15, 26; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.. Vol. 4, 1854, p. 387. Folsom, W. H. C. (On Driftless Area phenomena), Fifty Years^in the North- west. St. Paul, 1888, pp. 383-384. Gilbert, G. K. (On the Driftless Area), Geological Guidebook of the Rocky Mountain Excursion. Compte Rendu de la 5in«- Session, Washington 1891, Congr^ G6ologique International, ^Washington, 1893, pp. 289-290; see also S. F. Emmons, Ibid., pp. 298-301. Grant, U. S. (On the Driftless Area), Bull. 14, Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 1906, pp. 12-14. Grant, U. S. and Burchard, E. F. Geological Atlas of the United States, Lancaster-Mineral Point Folio, No. 145, 1907. Hall, James. (On the Driftless Area), Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Wisconsin, Vol. 1, 1862, pp. 6-7. Hodge, J. T. (On the Driftless Area), On the Wisconsin and Missouri Lead Region, Amer. Joum. Sci., Vol. 43, 1842, p. 36. Irving, R. D. {The first correct explanation of the Driftless Area, see also N. H. Winchell), The Quaternary Deposits of Central Wisconsin, Geology of Wis- consin, Vol. 2, 1877, pp. 608-611, 632-635, and Plate XXV A; Annual Report, Wis. Geol. Survey for 1876, Madison, 1877, p. 15; Origin of the Driftless Area of the Northwest, Amer. Joum. Sci., 3rd Series, Vol. 15, 1878, pp. 313- 90 The Physical Geography of Wisconsin 314; Driftless Region of Wisconsin, op. cit., pp. 406-407; Trans. Am. Inst. Mining Engineers, Vol. 8, 1880, pp. 491, 504; see also boundaries of Driftless Area on map facing p. 506; see boundaries of Driftless Area on Map of Quater- nary Formations of Wisconsin, Atlas Plate II, Geology of Wisconsin, 1881; (on crags and pinnacles). Geology of Wisconsin, Vol. 2, 1877, pp. 428, 523, 564, 567-568, 572-574, 606-607. Keating, W. H. (The first obseroation of the Driftless Area phenomena)^ Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, etc. etc.. Performed in the Year 1823, Philadelphia, 1824, Vol. 1, pp. 200, 263, 287-288. Lange, E. G. Caves of the Driftless Area of Southwestern Wisconsin, Unpub- lished thesis. University of Wisconsin, 1909. Lapham, I. A. (On the Driftless Area), A Geographical and Topographical Description of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 1844, p. 59; Wisconsin, Its Geography and Topography, Milwaukee, 1846, p. 57; Geological Formations of Wisconsin, Trans. Wis. State Agr. Soc, Vol. 1, 1851, pp. 125-126; Geology, in Waiting's Atlas of the State of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 1876, p. 19; also some time before 1862, see Lapham quoted by Whitney in Geology of Wisconsin, Vol. 1, 1862, p. 119, and Geol. Survey of Illinois, Vol. 1, 1866, p. 161; Report for 1874, Geology of Wisconsin, Vol. 2. 1877, p. 57. Long, S. H. (On Driftless Area phenomena). Voyage in a Six-Oared Skiff to the Falls of Saint Anthony in 1817, Collections Historical Society of Minnesota, Vol. 2, Part 1, 1860, pp. 27, 29, 50. Martin, Lawrence. (On the Driftless Area), Monograph 52, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1911, pp. 429, 438, 454; The Discovery of the Painted Stone— An Early Ob- servation of the Driftless Area, Joum. Geog., Vol. 14, 1915, pp. 58-59. McGee, W J (On the Driftless Area), On the Relative Position of the Forest Bed and Associated Drift Formations in Northeastern Iowa, Amer. Joum. Sci., 3rd Series, Vol. 15, 1878, p. 341; On the Complete Series of Superficial Deposits in Northeastern Iowa, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 27th Meeting, 1878, Salem, 1879, pp. 198-201; The Drainage System and the Distribution of the Loess in Eastern Iowa, Bull. Philos. Soc. Wash., Vol. 6, 1884, pp. 93-97; The Pleistocene History of Northeastern Iowa, 11th Annual Rept., U. S. Geol. Survey, Part 1. 1891, pp. 202-206. 277, 295-303, 353-354, 357, 435-450, 548, 566, 571-572. Map showing Lake Hennepin, facing p. 577. Plate 44 shows the border of Driftless Area, distribution of residual soil, of loess, etc., in northeastern Iowa. Mansfield, G. R. The Baraboo Region of Wisconsin, Journ. Geog., Vol. 6, 1908, pp. 286-292; Glacial and Normal Erosion in Montana and Wisconsin, Ibid., pp. 309-312. Murrish, John. (On the Driftless Area), State of Wisconsin, Report on the Geological Survey of the Lead Regions, 1871, pp. 13-14, 16; (on sink holes), pp. 21-22. Norwood, J. G. (On the Driftless Area), — in Owen*s Geological Rcconnoissance of the Chippewa Land District of Wisconsin, Senate Ex. Document 57, 30th Congress, 1st Session, Washington, 1848, p. 105. Orr, E, Exposures of lowan and Kansan (?) Drift, East of the Usually Accepted West Boundary Line of the Driftless Area, Proceedings Iowa Acad, of Science, Vol. 14, 1907, pp. 231-236. The Drift less Area 91 Owen, D. D. {The third mention of the Driftless Area phenomena) — in Geological Exploration of Part of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, House Ex. Document 239, 26th Congress, 1st Session, Washington, 1840, second footnote on page 46; (on occurrence of erratics at borders of Driftless Area), — ^in Wisconsin, pp. 65, 109, 111, 112,— In Iowa, pp. 70, 71, 72, 75, etc; (on soils) Ibid., pp. 48-53; (on prairies) Ibid., see township descriptions, pp. 70-115; (on the loess) in Geological Reconnoissance of the Chippewa Land District of Wis- consin, Senate Ex. Document 57, 30th Congress, 1st Session, Washington, 1848, p. 57; (on drift deposits near the Driftless Area), Ibid., pp. 68-70. Park, £. S. Map showing part of border of Driftless Area and location of boulder finds, — Geology of an Area in Green County, Wis., PI. 9, p. 80, Unpublished thesis. University of Wisconsin, 1897. Percival, J, G. (On the Driftless Area), Annual Rept. Greol. Surv. Wis., 1855, pp. 30-31; Ibid.. 1856, pp. 17-18. Pike, Z. M. (On the Driftless Area phenomena). An Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississippi, etc.. During the Years 1805, 1806, and 1807, Philadelphia, 1810, p. 23. Salisbury, R. D. (On the Driftless Area), Descriptive America, Vol. 1, 1884, p. 109; Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Vol. 6, 1885, p. 48; Loess in Wisconsin Drift Fonnation, Journ. Geo!., Vol. 4, 1896. pp. 929-937. Salisbury, R. D. and Atwood, W, W. Drift Phenomena in the Vicinity of Devils Lake and Baraboo. Wisconsin. Journ. Geol., Vol. 5, 1897, pp. 131-147; Devils Lake and the Dalles, Bull. 5, Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 1900, pp. 7^79, 142-146. Sardeson, F, W. On Glacial Deposits in the Driftless Area, Amer. Geol., Vol. 20, 1897, pp. 392-403. Shaw, James. (On the Driftless Area), Geol. Survey of Illinois, Vol. 5, 1873, pp. 4-5, 30-33; Ibid.. Economical Geology of Illinois, Vol. 3, 1882, pp. 25-^28. Schoolcraft, H. R. (The second mention of the Driftless Area phenomena). Remarks on the Lead Mine Country on the Upper Mississippi (Addressed to the Editors of the New York Mirror) pp. 294-307, especially p. 306, in Schoolcraft's Narrative of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, etc., in 1832, New York, 1834; Not signed or dated in original report, but re- printed verbatim in Schoolcraft's "Summary Narrative*' (1855, pp. 560-572) as "Brief Notes of a Tour in 1831, from Galena, in Illinois, to Fort Winnebago, on the Source of the Fox River, Wisconsin. By Henry R. Schoolcraft." Addressed to George P. Morris, Esq., New York. Sqiiier, G. H. Depth of the Glacial Submergence on the Upper Mississippi, Science, Vol. 4, 1884, p. 160; Studies in the Driftless Region of Wisconsin, Journ. Geol., Vol. 5, 1897. pp. 825-836; Ibid., Vol. 6. 1898. pp. 182-192; Ibid., Vol. 7, 1899, pp. 79-82; Peculiar Local Deposits on Bluffs Adjacent to the Mississippi, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Vol. 16, 1908. pp. 258-274. Strong, Moses. (On the Driftless Area), Geology of Wisconsin, Vol. 2, 1877, pp. 665-667; Vol. 4, 1882, pp. 88, 92-94; Annual Rept., Wis. Geol. Survey for 1876, Madison, 1877, p. 10; Atlas Plate II, Geology of Wisconsin, 1881; (on caves and sink holes). Geology of Wisconsin, Vol. 2, 1877, pp. 661-662; Ibid., Vol. 4. 1882. pp. 75-76, 96-98; (on prairies). Ibid., Vol. 2, 1877, pp. 660-661. and PI. 27; map showing prairies. Ibid., Atlas Plate I la. Tcnncy, H. A. (On the Driftless Area) in Daniels' First Annual Report on the G^logical Survey of the State of Wisconsin, Madison, 1854. pp. 69-74. 92 The Physical Geography of Wisconsin Thwaites, F. T. Mysteries of Devils Lake, Madison Democrat, Feb. 18, 1908. Weidman, S. (On the Driftless Area), Geology of North Central Wisconsin, Bull. 16, Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 1907. pp. 548-565; (on residual soil). Ibid., pp. 552-554, 560-562, 680; see also other pages in Bull. 16 and discussion of soils in northwestern Wisconsin in Bulls. 11 and 23; (on Driftless Area deposits). Ibid., Bull. 13, 1904, pp. 101-102; Pleistocene Succession in Wisconsin, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. 24, 1913, pp. 697-698. Whitbeck, R. H. Contrasts between the Glaciated and Driftless Portions of Wisconsin, Bull. Philadelphia Geog. Soc, Vol. 9, 1911, pp. 114-123; Economic Aspects of the Glaciation of Wisconsin, Annals Assoc. Amer. Geographers, Vol. 3, 1913, pp. 62-87. White, C. A. (On the Driftless Area), Geological Surv^cy of the State of Iowa, Vol. 1, 1870, p. 87. Whitney, J. D. (The first description of the Driftless Area), Surface Geology of the Lead Region, in Hall and Whitney*s Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Wisconsin, Vol. 1, 1862, pp. 114-139, \sith a map of the Driftless Area, Fig. 2, facing p. 118; Geol. Survey of Illinois, Vol. 1, 1866, pp. 160-162; Economical Geology of Illinois, Vol. 1, 1882, pp. 123-124. Whitson, A. R., Weidman, S., and Others, (on loess and on residual soil in the Driftless Area), Soil Surveys of Iowa, Juneau and La Crosse Counties, North Central Wisconsin, and the South Part of Northwestern Wisconsin, Bulls. 11, 23, 30, 38, and 40, Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 1903 to 1914. See also Soil Survey of Viroqua Area, Bureau of Soils, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture; and D. D. Owen's soils report of 1840, with analyses and township descriptions. Whittlesey, Charles. (On the Driftless Area), Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 15, 1867, p. 20 and map facing title page; Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. 15, 1867, p. 49. Winchell, N. H. {The first correct explanation of the Driftless Area, see also R. D. Irving), Fifth Annual Report, Minn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 1877, pp. 9, 34-38; see also First Annual Rept., Ibid., 1873, pp. 46, 61; Fourth Annual Rept., Ibid., 1870, pp. 5. 21, 59-62; Geology of Minnesota, Vol. 1, 1884. pp. 117, 213, 227, 245, 260, 275, 278, 311-312, 317, 406; Ibid., Vol. 2, 1888, pp. 2, 14-15; (on Red Rock), Ibid., p. 398. Worthen, A, H. (On the Driftless Area), Geol. Survey of Illinois, Vol. 1, 1866, pp. 27-33; Ibid., Economical Geology of Illinois. Vol. 1, 1882. pp. 22-26. See also the bibliographies at the ends of Chapters I and III and in Appendix G. MAPS For maps showing the borders of the Driftless Area in Wisconsin, see the publi- cations listed above, and especially: J. D. Whitney, 1862. R. D. Irving, 1877, 1879, 1881. Moses Strong, 1881. T. C. Chamberlin, 1881, 1883, 1888. T. C. Chamberlin and R. D. Salisbury, 1885. W J McGee, 1891. E. S. Park, 1897. R. D. Salisbury and W. W. Atwood. 1900. U. S. Grant and E. F. Burchard, 1906. Samuel Weidman, 1907. For topographic maps within the Driftless Area, see end of Chapter III, p. 72. CHAPTER V. THE DISCOVERY AND EXPLANATION OF THE DRIFT- LESS AREA. Observations and Their Interpretation Discovery by the Indians. We do not know the time and place of the first recognition of the absence of erratic bowlders in what we now call the Driftless Area. It was known to the Indians: they actually worshipped an erratic bowlder near its border (p. 95). It was probably observed by some of the first white men who came to the Upper Mississippi. The following geologies are among those who have discussed it from first-hand knowledge and specu- lated upon its origin. 1823 — W. H. Keating. The first recognition and understanding of the Driftless Area phenomena, of which we know, was made by the geologist, Keating, whose observations were published in 1824. He traveled overland from Chicago in 1823, as already stated (p. 73), accompanying Major Long's Second Expedition. He entered what is now the state of Wisconsin about where the border of the Driftless Area crosses from Wisconsin into Illinois, southwest of Monroe. He then crossed the Military Ridge some distance west of Blue Mound and went to Prairie du Chien. The party travelled up the Mississippi valley to Minneapolis, some of the members going over- land through Iowa and Minnesota, and others, including Keating, by boat. They observed the absence of erratic bowlders almost at once on entering the Driftless Area. They also noticed when they left the bowlderless region, though not until they had passed through the loess-covered region of thin, older drift and reached the latest drift, with abundant erratics, west of Lake St. Croix. After describing the abundant bowlders of hornblendic granite between the Rock and Pecatonica Rivers in northern Illinois, Keat- ing speaks of crossing the latter stream and coming within sight of the Platte Mounds. He then says: 94 The Physical Geography of Wisconsin "No granitic blocks are to be seen; this is accounted for by the fact that we are no longer upon the alluvial formation, but upon the magnesian limestone which rises to a greater height, constituting the dividing ridge between the Mississippi, Rock River, and the Wis- consan, and perhaps connecting itself with what have been termed the Wisconsan hills." Later Keating records: "The first boulders which had been seen from Rock river, were observed by Mr. Colhoun at about seven miles from Fort St. An- thony; they consisted of granite." This is clearly the border of the Wisconsin drift sheet near Min- neapolis and St. Paul. Though not observing any erratics in the older drift, as indeed is none too easy today, Colhoun and the land party did see the difference in topography close to the very border of the Driftless Area which lies a short distance south of Lake Pepin, for Keating says: "A very great change in the country above Lake Pepin was visible. The bluffs >|ere not so high, they were more frequently interrupted, and gave a new character to the scenery of the river." In the meantime the river party, with Keating himself, had been on the Mississippi, where the border of the Driftless Area cannot be easily detected. Within a short distance of the mouth of the St.
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Japan at first hand, her islands, their people, the picturesque, the real, with latest facts and figures on their war-time trade expansion and commercial outreach
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Clarke, Joseph Ignatius Constantine, 1846-1925
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The Osaka Shosen Kaisha, of which T. Nakabashi is president, has over one hundred steamers, mostly of mod- erate tonnage. It operates mostly in Asiatic home waters between Japanese ports and to Chinese, Formosan and Korean ports, with a service to Tacoma via Shanghai and Yokohama. It is paying eight per cent, dividends. The Toyo Kisen Kaisha, of which S. Asano is president, is younger than the other two concerns named. It has run since 1896 a splendid fortnightly service between San Francisco and Yokohama via Honolulu, with calls at other Japanese and Chinese ports to Manila with steamers of 22,000 tons. I sailed to the Orient and returned on dif- ferent steamers of this line, and can testify to the comfort and courtesy I experienced. The four large steamers on this route were then the favourites for the valuable raw silk cargoes which are the apple of the eye of Japan's indus- tries. Since then, one, the Chio Maru, has been wrecked beyond recovery on the coast of China. Their chief officers are American, but one gets a pleasant foretaste of Oriental life in their Japanese crews and Chinese *'boys." The company has a South American service also. A sign of the expanding times in Japan is the Toyo 308 JAPAN AT FIRST HAND Kisen Kaisha's undertaking of a dockyard with all its out- fittings near Yokohama. A fourth but in a way subsidiary organization is the Japan-China Steamship Company, in which the Yusen and Osaka Shosen, with two other Japanese companies, hold shares. It has a dozen steamers on the Yangtse inland route and pays six per cent, dividends. Two events, the American or La Follette shipping law which drove our trans-Pacific shipping off the seas, and the opening of the Panama Canal gave the steamship industry of Japan a sudden uplift. The far-sighted Mr. Asano bought all available steamers of large capacity in sight for the Toyo Kisen Kaisha, while ordering what he could get from the home shipyards. Nor were the Nippon Yusen Kaisha and the Osaka line asleep to their great chance. Then came the great impetus given to Japan through all its commercial and industrial fibres by the world-war. Russia called loudly for all the guns and munitions, textiles and foodstuffs that under the highest pressure could be produced, giving almost any price for them. The people responded, and Japan in two years reaped a reward of great richness for the industrial prep- aration she had made with consummate foresight. Great profits ensued. Enterprise was given a mighty fillip, and huge fortunes rolled up. The Narikin or Get-Rich-Quick man was born to Japan and the nation passed out of the debtor class. Every shipyard in Japan is working and expanding and wages rising. The submarine war of Germany has its echoes over there. Germany will face when the war is over two enormously advanced mercantile marines — America's and Japan's. Of the highest promise is the cotton spinning and weaving industry. It is only in the last twelve years that Japan has taken up the spinning of finer yarns and weav- JAPAN AND BIG BUSINESS 309 ing of finer fabrics. Before that time a widespread home industry and a coarse cloth factory industry supplied the home demand and exported to China, Korea and the South Seas, finer cloths being all imported. Now, however, thirty and more large cotton mills are making better and more uniform grades, operating 2,000,000 spindles and using about 1,000,000 bales of cotton. The industry is immensely profitable, earnings up to thirty per cent, being constantly reported. Cheap and abundant female labour accounts for much of this. I paid a visit to the Kobe mills of the Kanegafuchi Spinning Company. It is a spacious place with many mills for spinning cotton yarns and threads and weaving varie- ties of cotton cloth. It employs 6,500 operatives, and the company, including its Tokyo mills, has a total of 22,500 workers. The mills were all scrupulously clean and a fine sanitary and ventilating system is in force. The machinery is quite modern, and the shops are large and not crowded. System pervades everything, and the products, so far as I examined them, seemed of standard qualities. The operatives/ ranged from young girls of thirteen at lighter tasks and shorter hours to young women of twenty- three or twenty-four. They have rooms in which to change their garments before entering the working part of the mills. No girl seemed to have more spindles to attend to than she could serve with ease, but the hours are long. In most mills work is practically continuous, a night force and a day force changing ranks at intervals. The company has large airy dormitories and vast spotless refectories. All the women workers are boarded and lodged by the com- pany. Indeed, there seemed no end of the welfare work, all sorts of leagues for sick benefits, schools of many kinds, lectures, nurseries, recreation halls. We went down to the beach, a quarter of a mile away, and saw a hundred or so of the younger girls splashing to 310 JAPAN AT FIRST HAND their heart's content in the green sea water, having a fine time. The girls, it seems, do not work in the factories for more than three or four years. The pressure must be pretty great and the desire for a freer life becomes irre- sistible. No matter how well guarded they may be, no matter how much care may be taken of their health and their morals, they long to be "back on the farm." The supply does not, however, seem to fall off, as the workers who survive generally go home with money saved, and a little goes a long way in rural Japan. On the whole, however, the system leaves much to be desired. It was surely corporate greed which in peace-time made all-night work take up half the women's time in a year. It doubled the capacity of the plant but it halved the vitality of the workers. No sophistry can overset that. The dormitories did double work like the machines. No chance to really air either the mills or the sleeping rooms. No wonder tubercular disease lifted its hideous white face of sunken cheeks, though these were not paraded. And the wage is so small that an American or even an English factory hand, even a French or German worker would laugh it to scorn. But when a corporation wants thirty per cent. ! Pottery is another industry with a growing future, not the fine artistic things that collectors value, and which, despite all croakers to the contrary, will continue to be produced in Japan by a devoted few about as they were in the past. The models of Arnold Bennett's Five Towns will generally be followed. I visited small factories in Osaka, where one could well imagine the novelist's stodgy characters at work turning out their stint of product amid dusty, ill-kempt surroundings — things for the common market done in a common way. At Nagoya, on the other hand, I went through the large Morimura porcelain factory, where 2,500 hands are em- 1. J. INONYE, YOKOHAMA SPECIE BANK 2. MR. S. HAYAKAWA, OF THE MITSUI BANK 3. BARON H. MITSUI, HEAD OF THE GREAT BANKING HOUSE 4. BARON K, OKURA, PHILANTHROPIST, CAPITALIST AND MAN OF PRO<;reSS 5. MR. S. ASANO, OF THF, TOVO KISEN KAISHA 6. BARON E. SHIBUSAWA, A GREAT JAPANESE CAPITALIST JAPAN AND BIG BUSINESS 311 ployed, who work from 6 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., with time for meals. Perhaps half are young women. We were shown the entire process from the puddling of the kaolin or porcelain clay through the shaping and wheelwork and the baking, glazing and painting. The shops are large and airy, and there is an American air of briskness not usually visible in the crafts work of Japan. A large part of their business is of the smaller order of things for the cheaper grades of porcelain. One order amused me, namely, 1,400 cases of cups and saucers for 700 "ten cent stores" in the United States. Each case contains 300. So that these enterprising merchants of Uncle Sam account for 420,000 cups and saucers from Nagoya every year. What a mighty flood of gossip over the ten-cent tea cups this fact prefigures! They have a large trade with England also in like ware and competed successfully with Germany. Modern English shaping machinery is used on a great scale. In the painting department I saw one hundred men, youths and girls painting by hand for the firm. Designs are furnished by special artists. These are outlined in black on paper for them and the patterns are applied over the plaque, plate, cup or vase, wetted and taken off leaving the design outlined on the object. The colour artist then paints on the design in colours, sometimes varying it a little. Some of the plaques were excellent. We also saw the hollow casting in dry plaster moulds. A fluid mixture of kaolin and water is poured into the dry mould, which absorbs the water and attracts the kaolin, which settles in a thin flake on the mould. The water is poured off, and mould and all put in the oven and baked. There is a large dining hall for the workers. The Satsuma ware is in another class. It becomes obvious to the observer that in all businesses where the raw material is freely obtainable and the climatic 312 JAPAN AT FIRST HAND and other conditions are favourable, Japan will more and more tend to larger units of manufacture. It is demanded alike by the energy and ambition of Japan. The great advance by Germany as wholesale manufacturer and exporter since 1870 is pointed to out there as Japan's exemplar. It is notable that the importance of the Asiatic con- tinent as a trading ground for Japan has grown in the last few years. In 1882 Europe stood at the head, with Asia and America following. In 1899 it was found that these conditions had been reversed, and Asia came first in exports, followed by America and Europe, while in imports Asia was also first, but Europe preceded America. The Asiatic lead has been strengthened of late years in China and British India as well. Another notable thing is the cleverness and push of Japanese trading agents in these countries, where they clashed continually with the German traders, who literally swarmed all over Asia. The hold of England in these markets is very strong and comparatively ancient, hence a rather haughty indifference to the newcomers, including a few Americans, who have been looking somewhat into the old fields once exclusively supplied by Great Britain. Too much tiffin, tennis and golf, and easy-going methods by the English have given a chance to the livelier peoples. France's share has not varied much; her wares are so much her very own. Japan's push for this Asiatic trade naturally competes with American goods — cotton cloths particularly — among the rest, but American capital can take its share and welcome, as it was explained to me, by combining with the Japanese corporations. They have great advantages in the low wages of Asia — while they remain low. It is not of course to be assumed that mere lowness of wage is all: efficiency counts for a great deal. What strikes me, how- JAPAN AND BIG BUSINESS 313 ever, in the matter of investments is that they are safest when made by those who best know the conditions of the business looking for capital. I mean that the people to whom the cotton propositions, steel propositions, electric or machinery propositions should first commend themselves are the men of like industries in America. Many of these invitations are distinctly worth while. In a talk with Viscount i\Iishima, Governor of the Bank of Japan, in my interview with Count Okuma, the Premier, and in talks with Baron Shibusawa, at once perhaps the richest trader and most enterprising man in Japan, with Mr. Hayakawa, director of the Mitsui bank, I detected one note, namely, that American investments in well-grounded Japanese enterprises would work as potent factors in the much to be desired good understanding between the two countries. They dwelt upon the idea of community of interests from many viewpoints, but always with the idea of consolidating international friendship. Not one of them pointed out any special interest to recommend to my countrymen for investment, but Mr. Hayakawa pointed to several cases in which satisfaction and mutual benefit had followed the investment of American and English brains and money into Japanese concerns. One was the entrance of Armstrong & Vickers into the Muroran steel concern already referred to. Another case was that of the Shibakura Engineering Works, near Tokyo, for supplying electric light and power, in which the American General Electric Company had taken half the capital with immense advantage to all. The Osaka Gas Works was owned largely by American capital. The Fuji Company and others were mentioned. The paper com- panies using wood pulp by doubling their capital had profited greatly, the Oji Paper Mill going from yen 6,000,000 to yen 12,000,000 and doing a splendid business. China, Manchuria, Korea stood open for exploitation. 314 JAPAN AT FIRST HAND Many attempts to do business in Japan had been failures, Mr. Hayakawa said, through foreigners taking important proposals to people of no real standing in the Japanese business world. Disappointments often followed fine and liberal offers from abroad because the Japanese men who were consulted could not in the expressive commercial language "swing" the proposition. They wore out the patience of the foreigner by dilatory tactics while they sought support in all quarters ta carry out their end of the bargain, finally abandoning it on an excuse — not the real one — to the disgust of the would-be investor. Prob- ably the foreigner departed cured of his desire to invest in Japan, when a call in the proper quarter might have resulted far otherwise. Mr. Buyei Nakano, president of the Chamber of Com- merce of Tokyo, who is in touch with all sound business in the Island Empire, is tha sort of man to give or get information on all such points. It is his business, and he carries into it a fund of courtesy and good nature that I, for one, never found to fail. Japan's chief cities spe- cialize in statistics of the openest kind, but foreigners neglect them, relying often on the report of fellow country- men who are not looking for rivals in their own fields. From all the foregoing I deduce this conclusion as very plain to me, that Japan offers a field to American capital and enterprise, those enterprises prospering best where American skill goes with American money. Japan's con- fidence in its own industrial skill is too recent to be entirely well founded; it still needs some guidance though it may not think so. It has now a volume of capital that it did not dream to possess five years ago, but co-operation is the thing desired — brains and money with money and brains. Why, one may ask, is not such a movement led by fthe foreign business men — American and European — in JAPAN AND BIG BUSINESS 315 Japan? The answer is that some foreign merchants and manufacturers of small calibre have found their profit in joining forces with native business men. But in the main the foreigner in business holds himself apart from the Japanese. An old sense of something like amour-propre I discovered among them. It reached back to the modern beginnings of foreign business with Japan. The first crop of resident foreign dealers camped at Kobe or Yokohama or Nagasaki felt themselves immeasurably above the native traders, who scarcely knew the A B C of exchange. To the unscrupulous, the freebooting, the Jeremy Diddlers among the foreign group with their wonderful deceptive "confidence" yarns the Japanese lent a ready ear. From such contact with these scabious gentry grew the stories that we hear of ordinary wine bottles sold for costly curios at outrageous prices — $10 to $50, even, it is said, $500 for fancy liqueur bottles worth at the outside ten cents. These, ensconced in pearl-inlaid and lacquered cabinets of Japanese lords, bought at another advance from the native dealers, made later an indictment against the foreign trader. Consequently, the honest traders of responsible houses found themselves met by every grade of suspicion, and a super-prudence that made business difficult and full of friction. And the native traders, believing to the depth of their immortal souls that there would be merit in "doing" the deceptive foreigner, it became a contest of sharp wits. Later, the foreigners "put over" another on the still really uninformed Japanese based on the lower parity of gold and silver in Japan. The Japanese did not waken to their need of conforming their ratio of silver to gold to that of the rest of the world until the yellow metal seemed about to take its flight altogether from the Land of the Rising Sun. In this the best of the foreigners could not forbear taking a hand. So we had here a situation not 316 JAPAN AT FIRST HAND making for a sense of business brotherhood. Business had, however, to be done, and a modus was reached at last between the best of the foreign traders and the best of the native merchants which functioned fairly well. It was and remains a self-respecting and deliberate method giving mutual credit for substantial honesty. It did not and does not unfortunately call for any marked interchange of social amenities. I have sketched in earlier chapters the factors of language and custom that tend to keep resident foreigners and natives apart, but with the growth of the foreign communities another influence entered, namely, the importation and use of the games, gatherings and insti- tutions— clubs, charities, concerts, amateur theatricals and so on of the older world. A foreign lady or a business man in Yokohama has local interests that take up time and energy outside of business of the same nature that prevails in the homeland. This seals the separateness. I was lunched and dined in that busy burg by Americans without a single Japanese being present, and when the affable mayor, Mr. Ando, entertained me at lunch the contrariwise was the fact. Meanwhile the Japanese had not been idle in learning the ways of foreign trade. In Baron Okura's business school and the high school a race of young business men was educated who took their places later in mart and counting house and that asked no odds of anybody in conducting trade. They soon perceived that the foreign middlemen were not always a necessity, and began reaching out for direct relations with foreign producers and manu- facturers. And, as a last stab at the foreign trader, they began establishing Japanese agencies and branches abroad until nowadays the great Japanese houses do much of their own work all over the world. To the foreigners in Japan this has brought many changes. Agencies took the place of general commission houses in many businesses, and the JAPAN AND BIG BUSINESS 317 foreigner in the ports resented it all in a dull, grey spirit. A significant thing is that the wiser foreign merchants in Yokohama are opening branches in Tokyo. When, there- fore, one hears the long-resident foreigner in Yokohama or Kobe inveigh among his own countrjTnen against Japanese men and Japanese ways, you have in great part a summary of Japanese business progress more than anything else. Still, trade is trade and if the twenty and thirty-year resi- dents are not likely to be first in reaching out for full co-operation with the Japanese they will follow when the impulse comes from their homelands. Japan desires American friendship on a footing of mutual trust and support in matters outside treaties and formal professions of amity. Her desire in this reaches the pathos of a passion for recognition of her good faith in calling us her friend. She looks to a futurt of growing acquaintanceship. The leading place she took at the San Francisco fair was really a demonstration of this, but most she hopes for an influx of visitors to Japan with eyes open to opportunities and seeking information at the fountain head. The future of her export trade in manufactures lies largely in China, India, Korea, just as she hopes for larger custom still for her staples in the United States. As these wishes are gratified, her leading men aver, will the clear purpose of her own conception of her mission remove the last vestige of distrust of her in the land of the common people — democratic America; for the Japanese while im- perial in government are, as I have indicated, the most democratic of peoples. CHAPTER XXI JAPAN'S FINANCE AND BANKING Only fifty years of real banking — In the Bank of Japan — The nation's finances — Remarkable specialization — Cashier for the government — Revenues and expenditure and national debt — The banking system — ^An early American model rejected after a time — Great work of the Yokohama Specie Bank — The Hypothec Agricultural and Industrial Banks — Colonial banks, Ordinary banks, Saving's institutions — Thirteen million postal savings depositors — Insurance — The currency — Gold basis — War profits. Japan's finances after a long period of struggle have entered since a year or so after the outbreak of the great war on a golden period. Profits of enormous amount have poured in upon her, consequent on her activities in sup- plying Russia with munitions of war, foodstuffs and textiles. It has been literally golden reward, for her bankers have reached out for aU the actual gold they could obtain, which is on the whole questionable policy in the long run. Her bankers, however, are able men. If their minor methods seem a bit antiquated, they only seem so from the standpoint of a banking world making rapid changes to meet the increased impetus of modern business. When Japan first came into the bank parlour about fifty years ago she entered with something of awe and carrying her little Chinese abacus or counting-frame, with buttons sliding on wires, under her arm. Now, nothing in the world is much prouder than a bank president. His respect for the bank is a serious something that he impresses on 318 JAPAN'S FINANCE AND BANKING 319 others so that his institution may live, for it is built upon confidence: it implies safety, and these things are worthy of respect where the handling of money is concerned. In a word Japan has so respected the methods she found in use as she learned the art and science of banking from these proud, fixed-looking persons of fifty years ago that she has clung to them a little too religiously ever since. Under the pressure now coming upon her she will doubtless move as the bankers of America and the rest of the world have moved to swifter methods. Japan has had one tremendous advantage over all other nations of learners in the modern world; she was bred to system. This means that organiz- ing comes as a second nature to her. If her money traders took to banking be sure they went to the roots of the science and built rapidly according to their lights. With the externals it is the same. Their important bank buUdings are impressive structures entirely on European and Ameri- can models. The Bank of Japan stands on an eminence in the modern business centre of Tokj'o. It is built of white stone, massive as to its lofty lower story and pillared as to its upper stories, and it looks as if it might have been taken bodily from London, Paris or New York, and set up facing the imperial palace across the wide moat. Within as befits the central home of the nation's money, it has all the dignity and spaciousness and glory of tiled floor, marble counter, plate glass and tellers' wickets that such a counting house interior should possess. Its president's room, its directors' rooms, its shareholders' hall, its parlours, its library are of the best and stateliest, and it can furnish forth in a special dining room a luncheon that would put the Cafe Riche in its best old days to its trumps. Its vaults are models of system and strength. Its ways are sure if slow : its force is numerous and trained highly, but moves with a deliberation that seems hieratic beside our quick-acting bank men. Systems of cheeks and balances • 320 JAPAN AT FIRST HAND abound, but they function effectively. To the last man all employees and directors are Japanese. And the same is true of all the other great banks, the Yokohama Specie Bank, the Hypothec Bank, the Industrial Bank and the like. What business all these banks do and the others that make up the formidable banking total of Japan will be dealt with farther on in this chapter. They all form a system variously inter-related and highly spe- cialized, and all are increasing in their turn-over. May I just for a moment put a blotting finger on a most absurd story that one meets everywhere, doubtless started years ago by some malicious pro-Chinese foreigner of the kind I have described elsewhere seeking to say something hurtful to Japanese credit and self-respect. I allude to the Chinese-cashier story, which is generally put in these terms : ' ' The Japanese may be a smart people, but how is it they are obliged to have Chinese cashiers handle their money in every bank in Japan? They say that they cannot trust the honesty of their own people. Is that so?" — the answer is that it is simply and absolutely untrue, though it persists. There are no Chinese employees in the banks of Japan. What, at any time, gave colour to the story, and stamps it as to its origin is that in the Chinese branches of Japanese banks, in Shanghai, Peking, Hankow, for in- stance, a Chinese teller was often employed to deal in their own vernacular with native Chinese customers. I came across one such in the Peking branch of the Yokohama Specie Bank — a big Manchu who spoke half a dozen Chinese dialects, and functioned with an abacus as he ladled out cash in silver mostly to small customers. Since the starting of the story it has operated to the ousting of all such Chinese that could be spared from the branches in China. Thus does malice hurt even its friends. It is about time for the story to disappear. The personality of the heads of the Bank of Japan im- JAPAN'S FINANCE AND BANKING 321 pressed me strongly. The governor or president, Viscount Mishima, a strong man in his late forties of what I might without offence call a German type, had a fine banking history, having graduated from the presidency of the Yokohama Specie Bank. The previous president. Baron Takahashi, a man of sixty, was, however, more of the typical banker. At any rate he expressed himself with singular penetration and wideness of view on banking questions. He had left the governorship in 1911 to take the post of Finance Minister. Mr, K. Mizumachi the vice president was evidently a trained worker, and so it proved, having been concerned in the higher economies at home and abroad for twenty-five years. The national finances rest on the industrial productive- ness of a people singularly loyal, industrious and frugal. "While the population of the Empire has been largely in- creased during the last twenty-two years by territorial additions — Chosen (Korea), Taiwan (Formosa) and Kara- futo (Saghalien) to a total of 76,000,000, the burden of taxation necessarily rests in the major degree upon the nearly 56,000,000 souls of Japan Proper, as computed of June, 1917. Taxation under the feudal rule of many centuries had been a fine art, in its searching imposition and scrupulous collection, but it was scarcely a national system in the modern sense. With the Restoration of 1868 under the Meiji Emperor an attempt was at once made to establish such a system, but the plan was extremely com- plicated and largely failed of its object. The division of the territory into prefectures in 1871, and the setting up of prefectural governments made easier the work of finan- cial unifaction, which was gradually perfected in the course of the next few years. In 1880 the Board of Audit was created, but it found many difficulties in carrying out its work before 1882 when the Law of Finance was first uniformly enforced, with the result that the sole control 322 JAPAN AT FIRST HAND of financial matters was vested in the Treasury and all irregularities in the receiving and dispensing of public moneys were entirely removed. In the same year the Bank of Japan was created and practically made the cashier for the government. Since 1886 budgets and settled accounts have been made public every year. This was real progress. On the promulgation of the imperial constitution in 1889 the Law of Finance was amended, and the financial system assumed its present form. Thus the budget, compiled by the Minister of Finance must be presented to the Diet for its approval before it is carried into effect. The settled accounts must also be so presented after passing through the hands of the Board of Audit. The fiscal year runs from the first of April in one year to the end of March of the next year. The Department of Finance was established in 1869, but its organization was greatly improved under the new organi- zation in 1886. There are eight revenue superintending offices, controlling four hundred revenue offices scattered through the country. There are besides six custom houses with thirty-seven branches and forty-eight observation posts engaged in the revenue service in connection with foreign trade. The financial administrations of Korea and Formosa differ somewhat from those in Japan. The national finance accounts are divided for con- venience into two classes — general and special. The taxes are the most important sources of national revenue — about sixty-five per cent, of the ordinary revenue — and include land tax, liquor tax, as the most important items, as well as customs duties, income tax, business tax, textile con- sumption tax and sugar excise. As showing the factor of growth it may be well to compare the revenue from taxes in some of the items in 1900-01 with those of the year 1917-18, that is of March 31 of this year, set down in yen, which coin may be roughly counted at half a dollar : JAPAN'S FINANCE AND BANKING 323 1900-01 1917-18 Land Tax 46,717,797 72,815,747 Income Tax 6,368,039 36,880,640 Tax on Liquors 50,450,485 89,874,723 Customs Duties 17,009,815 31,653,908 The total from taxes 1900-01 was yen 133,926,095 against yen 320,434,489 for 1917-18. Going to make up the sources of ordinary revenue out- side the taxes are stamp receipts, public undertakings and state property, postal, telegraph, telephone services, forests and the profits of the three state monopolies, tobacco, salt and camphor, making a total of ordinaiy revenue of yen 557,379,584. Extraordinary sources of revenue totalling yen 157,- 154,443 included sales of state property, Chinese indemnity and public loans, the latter yen 19,430,963. The total 1917-18 revenue was therefore yen 714,534,127 against a total of yen 294,854,868 for 1900-01. To the available revenue for 1917-18 must be added treasury surplus of the preceding years transferred, yen 53,151,113. The land tax is laid proportionally to the value of the land taxed. The value is computed on the rent or the net revenue. The mortgagee pays on mortgaged land, the leaseholder on land leased for more than one hundred years, the owner on all other land. For arable land it runs at two and one-half per cent., on town land built on, seventeen and one-half per cent., not built upon, three per cent., rural properties built upon, five and one-half per cent. The income tax is laid upon all native residents except those with income below three hundred yen, and aliens of one year's residence or over in Japan, on absentee rest- dents with profitable interests in Japan to the extent of the income from such interests. It is on a sliding scale, the lowest for the smallest income being two per cent., the 324 JAPAN AT FIRST HAND average two and one-half per cent. On incomes from 5,000 to 100,000 yen and beyond the rate mounts from two to over twenty per cent. Corporation and joint stock companies pay from two to ten per cent. There is a long list of exemptions. The textile tax is imposed on woollen goods at fifteen per cent., and on all other materials, ten per cent. Customs duties were first legalized in Japan in 1859, but a new tariff was passed in 1866 which remained in force for thirty-three years to 1899, when a new tariff was passed based partly on the revised commercial treaties with foreign powers then coming into effect. At this time all export duties were abolished. The war with Russia caused the imposition of a sur-tax on importations. A further re- vision took place in 1906. The growth of manufacturing in Japan caused a revision in the tariff field in 1910, the act then passed coming into operation in 1911. It enum- erates six hundred and forty-seven articles, classified in seventeen groups, and further subdivided and the rates as far as possible made specific duties. Raw materials are mostly duty-free, partly manufactured goods come in under light duties. Upon manufactured articles the rates vary from fifteen per cent, to forty per cent. Many lines of goods come under the lower rates, while the goods on which forty per cent, is imposed are small in amount of impor- tation. Again, though a duty of fifty per cent, is levied upon articles of luxury, their importation is also very small. By tariff conventions with Great Britain, Germany, France and Italy, duty concessions were made on both sides. The outbreak of war on August 23, 1914, with Germany put an end to the German convention. The monopoly revenues noted heretofore are led by that on tobacco — the manufactured tobacco monopoly — which in its present form dates from 1904 when it succeeded the leaf JAPAN'S FINANCE AND BANKING 325 tobacco monopoly established a year earlier. Under the provisions of the law the cultivation of tobacco is permitted to individuals under a government permit, and the leaf tobacco grown is taken over by the government at a suitable price according to quality, and manufactured at a govern- ment factory, the manufactured article being sold at fixed prices by licensed dealers. Foreign tobacco cannot be imported except by the government or persons whom the government appoints, while exportation can only be effected by persons specially permitted to do so. The results are highly satisfactory to the government. The salt monopoly is a relic of the financial requirements of the Russian war and has been retained for its benefits at large as well as its revenue. Exportation is free. The camphor monopoly was primarily applied in For- mosa but later applied also to Japan Proper. Its object is to retain control of this important article so scarce among natural products. The extraction from the cam- phor tree of crude camphor and camphor-oil is confined to licensed persons. All the product is sold to the govern- ment which declares the quantities for export. It yields only about yen 72,000. The National Debt of Japan may be divided into internal and foreign loans as to their raising, and into national development and war loans as to their object. In accom- plishing the great work of social and political reorganiza- tion after the Restoration in 1868, the new government at once suffered from deficiency of financial resources: con- sequently loans were raised. The first loan was placed in London in 1870 and the second at home in 1873, the first going to railway construction and the second to consoli- dating hereditary pensions, turning the debts incurred by the former feudal lords into national debts. For similar home development objects successive loans were placed 326 JAPAN AT FIRST HAND until war broke out with China, when an issue of yen 100,000,000 war bonds was made. The victory over China ushered in an era of domestic expansion and improvements which caused the issue of railway and industrial loans. One raised abroad in 1899 for industrial purposes was the first foreign loan since 1873. Then came the Russian war with its mountainous expenses, necessitating successive issues of war bonds, internal and foreign, so that Japan's national debt increased enormously, jumping in fact from the 1904-05 total of yen 969,000,000 to the 1906-07 figure of yen, 2,135,000,000. Of this yen 800,000,000 was raised abroad during the war. Due to financial adjustments and railway nationalization, the increase continued after the war until, in IMarch, 1911, it had reached a total of yen 2,650,395,115, that is, yen 39.571 or $19.78 per capita. Since 1909 the government has redeemed at least yen 50,000,000 a year until 1916 when in face of the European war the reduction was yen 30,000,000. The outstanding national loans as of March 31, 1917, were: Yen Internal loans 1,097,494,377 Foreign loans 1,370,207,560 Total outstanding 2,467,701,937 Original issues, yen 2,817,632,225; redeemed, yen 349,930,288. According to the objects for which they were raised the amounts outstanding of loans, March 31, 1917, were : Yen Reorganization of public institutions 97,668,843 Railway construction and purchase 728,105,904 Steel works, harbour works, telephone 42,401,183 JAPAN'S FINANCE AND BANKING 327 Yen Military affairs (war) 1,301,453,547 " (expansion of armaments) 81,109,424 Financial adjustments (new loans for old) 111,099,536 Monopoly loans 13,328,547 Exploitation of new territory, Formosa and Korea 92,534,953 Total 2,467,701,937 Per capita, yen 34.041. These loans bear interest at four, four and one-half or five per cent. Municipal loans. As part of the financial condition of Japan note should be taken of the local loans of prefectures, districts, cities, towns, villages and local associations. For the purpose of encouraging local enterprise and devising means of fostering the resources of the people, the govern- ment gives liberal encouragement to well-considered plans for local betterment whether in education, sanitation, in- dustry or public works. It has aecordinglj^ arranged with the Hypothec Bank of Japan and the Hokaido Colonial Bank to advance money for local use at low interest upon condition that the government should take over the debentures annually, using for this a portion of the postal savings retained in the finance department. These loans with some exceptions are raised by the local bodies or cor- porations only upon acquiring permission from the Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Finance, and, where edu- cational matters are involved, from the Minister of Educa- tion. The amount so supplied in the financial years from 1909-10 to 1914 was yen 27,166,000. At the end of the year 1916-17 the annual revenue of the local bodies of Japan Proper was yen 297,821,671 and their expenditures yen 292,893,756. Of the local loans made by the same corporations with government approval there were at the end of 1916 yen 340,625,008, and of loans not requiring government approval there were outstanding yen 7,442,026, 328 JAPAN AT FIRST HAND a total of yen 348,047,034. Industry, sanitation and public works led in the objects for which they were raised. Some local loans were very successfully raised abroad by the cities. The latter it may be said led in enterprise and the call for loans. The interest upon these loans and all the expense of the care for their repayment are met from local taxation. National expenditure. Under the stress of war condi- tions expenditure naturally rose sharply during the conflict with Russia, and the necessities of the nation as a world power in trade and commerce as well as in naval and army strength have called for great increases in the cost of government. Thus in 1900-01 the total of state expendi- ture, ordinary and extraordinary, stood at yen 292,750,059, but the war costs in the budget for 1905-06 called for and obtained yen 420,741,205. The cost of armament and growing institutions of all kinds in succeeding years made necessary still greater expenditure, thus : Ordinary Extraordinary Total 1914-15 415,971,859 207,880,569 623,852,428 1915-16 386,516,456 196,753,397 583,269,853 1916-17 397,755,609 204,507,363 602,262,972 1917-18 estimated. 437,261,332 277,272,795 714,534,127 Under ordinary expenses are imperial household, yen 4,500,000, army, yen 80,240,568, navy, yen 49,810,653. The executive and administrative cost of the departments cover the departments of Foreign Affairs, Home Affairs, Finance, Justice (including prisons). Public Instruction (yen 9,812,- 159), Agriculture and Commerce and Communications (telegraphs, railways, and highways). Extraordinary outlays cover yen 19,244,207 for the army and yen 59,760,070 for the new navy building program, with yen 114,829,842 for Finance and yen 41,092,130 for Home Affairs. JAPAN'S FINANCE AND BANKING 329 War is the great increasing factor. After the China- Japan war of 1894-95, expenditures doubled, and before the century had closed were tripled. Compared with 1894- 95 the outlays are now up eightfold and increasing. In considering these figures of the current national finance of Japan it is worth pointing out that the Empire entered the European war period under conditions, partly forced on her it is true, which proved to be the best prep- aration for the era of prosperity now in process of develop- ment, namely, with the resolve upon the strictest economy. As regards the working budget for 1915-16 the war caused a very great decrease of revenue to the national treasury and, moreover, not only were the various laws relative to the reduction of taxes which had been established and promulgated in the preceding year brought into force, but as the various expenditures connected with the war were considered important, several urgent and indispensable measures were carried out by drastic curtailment of expenses in both the general and special accounts and postponement of many undertakings. Especially, the solution of the question of the increase of army divisions and construction of warships which had long agitated the political world of Japan will, it is believed, have a bene- ficial effect upon political administration in the future, accomplished as they are from ordinary revenue.
| 47,373 |
https://github.com/underlay/apg-rdf-parser/blob/master/test/parse.test.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
apg-rdf-parser
|
underlay
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 496 | 1,735 |
import fs from "fs"
import { resolve } from "path"
import { Quad } from "rdf-canonize"
import canonize from "rdf-canonize"
import { schemaSchema } from "@underlay/apg"
import { parseString } from "../es6/parse.js"
import { parseSchemaString } from "../es6/parseSchema.js"
import { serialize } from "../es6/serialize.js"
import { serializeSchemaString } from "../es6/serializeSchema.js"
test("Parse example schema as schema instance", () => {
const file = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "example.schema.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const result = parseString(file, schemaSchema)
expect(result._tag).toBe("Right")
})
test("Parse example schema", () => {
const file = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "example.schema.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const result = parseSchemaString(file)
expect(result._tag).toBe("Right")
})
test("Parse example instance", () => {
const schemaFile = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "example.schema.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const schemaResult = parseSchemaString(schemaFile)
expect(schemaResult._tag).toBe("Right")
if (schemaResult._tag === "Right") {
const instanceFile = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "example.instance.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const instanceResult = parseString(instanceFile, schemaResult.right)
expect(instanceResult._tag).toBe("Right")
}
})
test("Parse schema schema as schema instance", () => {
const file = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "schema.schema.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const result = parseString(file, schemaSchema)
expect(result._tag).toBe("Right")
})
test("Parse schema schema", () => {
const file = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "schema.schema.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const result = parseSchemaString(file)
expect(result._tag).toBe("Right")
})
test("Round trip example schema", () => {
const a = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "example.schema.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const result = parseSchemaString(a)
expect(result._tag).toBe("Right")
if (result._tag === "Right") {
const b = serializeSchemaString(result.right)
expect(a === b).toBe(true)
}
})
test("Round trip schema schema", () => {
const a = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "schema.schema.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const result = parseSchemaString(a)
expect(result._tag).toBe("Right")
if (result._tag === "Right") {
const b = serializeSchemaString(result.right)
expect(a === b).toBe(true)
}
})
test("Round trip example instance", () => {
const schemaFile = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "example.schema.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const schemaResult = parseSchemaString(schemaFile)
expect(schemaResult._tag).toBe("Right")
if (schemaResult._tag === "Right") {
const file = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "example.instance.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const result = parseString(file, schemaResult.right)
expect(result._tag).toBe("Right")
if (result._tag === "Right") {
const quads: Quad[] = []
for (const quad of serialize(result.right, schemaResult.right)) {
quads.push(quad.toJSON())
}
const dataset = canonize.canonizeSync(quads, { algorithm: "URDNA2015" })
expect(dataset === file).toBe(true)
}
}
})
test("Round trip example schema as schema instance", () => {
const schemaFile = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "schema.schema.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const schemaResult = parseSchemaString(schemaFile)
expect(schemaResult._tag).toBe("Right")
if (schemaResult._tag === "Right") {
const file = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "example.schema.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const result = parseString(file, schemaResult.right)
expect(result._tag).toBe("Right")
if (result._tag === "Right") {
const quads: Quad[] = []
for (const quad of serialize(result.right, schemaResult.right)) {
quads.push(quad.toJSON())
}
const dataset = canonize.canonizeSync(quads, { algorithm: "URDNA2015" })
expect(dataset === file).toBe(true)
}
}
})
test("Round trip schema schema as schema instance", () => {
const schemaFile = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "schema.schema.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const schemaResult = parseSchemaString(schemaFile)
expect(schemaResult._tag).toBe("Right")
if (schemaResult._tag === "Right") {
const file = fs.readFileSync(
resolve(__dirname, "..", "examples", "schema.schema.nq"),
"utf-8"
)
const result = parseString(file, schemaResult.right)
expect(result._tag).toBe("Right")
if (result._tag === "Right") {
const quads: Quad[] = []
for (const quad of serialize(result.right, schemaResult.right)) {
quads.push(quad.toJSON())
}
const dataset = canonize.canonizeSync(quads, { algorithm: "URDNA2015" })
expect(dataset === file).toBe(true)
}
}
})
| 2,890 |
https://github.com/archiloque/tools/blob/master/images_duplications/migrations/002_fingerprints.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
tools
|
archiloque
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 15 | 47 |
Sequel.migration do
up do
alter_table(:articles) do
add_column :fingerprint, 'BIT(64)', :null => true
end
end
end
| 23,997 |
https://askubuntu.com/questions/457452
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Spammer, https://askubuntu.com/users/1615712, https://askubuntu.com/users/1615713, https://askubuntu.com/users/1615714, https://askubuntu.com/users/1615856
|
English
|
Spoken
| 59 | 73 |
Why folder is not sharing in ubuntu 13.10?
I want to share my computer's folder beyond the local network, I've installed samaba to access folder from another computers and gives 777 permission and have change owner as well to the folder but it says "You do not have permission to access" while accessing form other computer? please help me
| 17,361 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47398925
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
ControlAltDel, MadProgrammer, https://stackoverflow.com/users/1291492, https://stackoverflow.com/users/992484
|
English
|
Spoken
| 371 | 746 |
JPanels cannot be set any size value
I'm trying to build a simple layout, with :
** first row is consisted of : 3 JComboboxes.
** second row of one JTextArea
** third row of 3 buttons.
However, I'm getting this weird layout :
How can I make everything seem without all these insanse gaps, and set a sensible height to the components (it seems it takes up the whole frame currently for some reason)?
My code :
mainFrame.setSize(500,600);
mainFrame.setLayout(new GridLayout(0,1,0,0));
mainFrame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent windowEvent){
System.exit(0);
}
});
JPanel datePanel = new JPanel(new GridLayout(1,3,0,0));
String[] petStrings = { "Bird", "Cat", "Dog", "Rabbit", "Pig" };
JComboBox petList = new JComboBox( petStrings );
JComboBox petList2 = new JComboBox( petStrings );
JComboBox petList3 = new JComboBox( petStrings );
datePanel.add( petList );
datePanel.add( petList2 );
datePanel.add( petList3 );
mainFrame.add( datePanel );
JPanel controlPanel = new JPanel();
controlPanel.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
final JTextArea commentTextArea = new JTextArea("",7,25);
JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane(commentTextArea);
controlPanel.add(scrollPane);
mainFrame.add(controlPanel);
JPanel buttonsPanel = new JPanel( new GridLayout(0,1,10,10) );
buttonsPanel.add( new JButton("x") );
buttonsPanel.add( new JButton("y") );
buttonsPanel.add( new JButton("z") );
mainFrame.add( buttonsPanel );
You do this by using LayoutManagers correctly. Which layout manager? There's a lot of ways you can do this, so your question is too broad
Use different layout managers, maybe a combination of GridLayout and GridBagLayout
However, I'm getting this weird layout :
You are using a GridLayout so that is what the GridLayout does. It makes each cell in the grid the same size.
You need to use a different layout manager or combination of layout managers.
Maybe the default BorderLayout of the frame would work for you:
You create a JPanel which uses the FlowLayout and then add the combo boxes to the panel. Then add the panel to frame using the BorderLayout.PAGE_START as the constraint
Then you add the text area to the BorderLayout.CENTER
Then you create a panel for the buttons and add them to the BorderLayout.PAGE_END.
Or if you don't want to nest layouts then you could use a GridBagLayout.
We can't give you an exactly solution so you need to play with different layout managers. Read the Swing tutorial on Layout Manager for more information and working examples to get you started.
| 31,288 |
https://github.com/lzy-git/spring-data-jpa/blob/master/spring-data-jpa/src/test/java/org/springframework/data/jpa/domain/sample/AuditableEntity.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
spring-data-jpa
|
lzy-git
|
Java
|
Code
| 226 | 563 |
/*
* Copyright 2008-2022 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.sample;
import jakarta.persistence.Embedded;
import jakarta.persistence.Entity;
import jakarta.persistence.EntityListeners;
import jakarta.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import jakarta.persistence.Id;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.domain.support.AuditingEntityListener;
/**
* JPA entity with an {@link Embedded} set of auditable data.
*
* @author Greg Turnquist
*/
@Entity
@EntityListeners(AuditingEntityListener.class)
public class AuditableEntity {
@Id
@GeneratedValue //
private Long id;
private String data;
@Embedded //
private AuditableEmbeddable auditDetails;
public AuditableEntity() {
this(null, null, null);
}
public AuditableEntity(Long id, String data, AuditableEmbeddable auditDetails) {
this.id = id;
this.data = data;
this.auditDetails = auditDetails;
}
public Long getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Long id) {
this.id = id;
}
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| 5,543 |
petitebibliothq19pringoog_4
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French-PD-diverse
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,787 |
Petite bibliothèque des théatres, contenant un recueil des meilleures pieces ...
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Jean Baudrais , Nicolas Thomas Le Prince
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French
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Spoken
| 8,396 | 13,947 |
J v LIE* Oui , ie vous servirai , vous dis-je. Néanmoins * Comme l'indice esc fort et l'attentat énorme * Et que d'ailleurs il faut s'attacher à la forme, Je vais > pour satisfaire à votre passion , Vous faire promptement donner la question , Afin que sur le soir vous soyiex, hors d'affaire,... ( Appelant, J Hola ! BlRNADILLI. la question J Julie. Cest un mal nécessaire. BîRNADlLLÏ. A mot la question!... Ah ! je suis enragé! J u l II. • J'en ai bien du regret, mais j*jr suis oblige*. Octave, à Bernadille, Marchez ! Bernadille. ( A Julie. ) Encore un mot.... Voulez-vous que Je meurt? Mille ducats pour vous , payables dans une heures Soit dit , sans faire tort à votre intégrité , Et laittcx-là pour nous votre formalité. COMÉDIE. <• J U L I 1. Te roudroïs tou* pouvoir accorder cette grâce. Birnadilh. li i comme je Tai cru , j'étois en votre place , Et que sur un tel point vous fussiez recherché, le vous en sortirois à bien meilleur marché! J v l 1 1. Malt cela ne se peut. BllNADrill. Point de miséricorde?.— ( A part, ) Il faut, pour me sauver, toucher une autre corde. Car enfin je vois bien ce qui lui tient au coeur»... ( A Julie, ) Constance vous plaît fort? Notre hymen vous fait peur? Ih ! bien , épousez-la ; je cède sa personne... Vous secouez la tête?... Et, déplus, je vous donne Quatre mille ducats en 1* épousant. Te crois , Quoi que vous en disiez , que c'est parier François* 7 u 1 1 s. Répondez , répondez , sans parler de Constance. Te fait dont il s'agit est d'une autre importance! Vous êtes accusé, faites votre devoir. Vous savez que je puis.... Bejnadiui, à part. Rien ne peut l'émouvoir.'..» ( A Julie. ) Qu$i !. me mettre à U g€ne. , et que je sois bu proie»,*. 7* LA PEMME JUGE ET PARTIE» JvliI, IHntnrompant, Pour tous en garantir , je ne sais qu'une veïe..«. ( A Octave et aux deux Valets. ) Que Ton nous laisse seuls. ( Octave et "les deux Valut sortent* ) SCENE III. JULIE, BERNA PILLI. J U L 1 1, X A vie est en ma main. Ton crime m'est connu ; tu t'en défends en vain. La gêne ayant tiré ton aveu de ta bouche» Rien ne peut te sauver.... Mais ta perte me touches Ton sort me fait pitié : je te veux secourir. Ne me force donc pas à te faire mourir. Oui , malgré ton forfait et la mort de Julie , Si tu confesses tout » je te sauve la vie. Tu peux , dès à présent , prononcer ton ArrSt , Les témoins , le supplice , en un mot , tout est prît. Mais s'il te* faut enfin faire donner la gêne , Et que ton cœur s'obstine à mériter ma haine, Ne songeant plus alors qu'à ce que je me doi..., Birnadillk, se jettaxt à genoux. Hélas ! Monsieur le Juge ! ayez pitié de mois U l'avoue , il est vrai > j'ai fait mourir ma femme! ~ COMÉDIE. yt J«LH, Cependant , on en dit tant de bien î BlRNADILLI. La bonne ame! Je la mena! , par force , en liste où je la mis » lt si je vous disois pourquoi je m* en défis! JULIl, C'est ce qu'il faut savoir. Pour commettre un tel crime* Votre courroux eut donc un sujet légitime ? BlRNADILLI.. Que trop! Julie. S'il est ainsi, je vous renvoie absous i Mais je veux tout savoir. BlRNADILLI, à part. Ah! que lui dirons-nous ? Lui faut-il avouer qu'elle mit sur ma tête?... Non , tâchons de trouver quelque prétexte hormêre Qui puisse m' excuser. Juin. Mais si tu celés rien Sois sûr que ton trépas sera suivi du tien» BZRNADILLE. Eh ! bien , vous saurez donc que ladite Donzellt Faisoit la précieuse et la spirituelle, Aimoic les violons , le régal , le cadeau , L'hiver en terre ferme , et l'été dessus l'eau t A voit sut le «apis toujours quelque partie , Couroit la nuit le Bal , k jour la Comédie* ** LA PE*iME JUGE ET PARTIE , Julie. Sh ! qu'importe t Ces lieux ont été de tout terni > Xe centre du beau monde et des honnêtes gens. Xa Scène a des appas que tout le monde approuve, It c'est un Tendez-vous où la vertu se trouve : On y traite l'amour , mais c'est d'une façon Moins propre à divertir qu'à servir de leçon; fit ce Dieu, qui n'y plaît que par son innocence • If'j règle ses transports que sur la bienséance. BlKNADILLI. Mais, en sortant du lit, il lui falloit des eaux, "Des pommades, du blanc, du vermillon, des peaux: fille avoit, malgré moi, dedans une cassette, foudres , pltes , tours blonds, gommes , mouche, pin cette , Racines , oppiat , essences et parfum , De 'l'eau d'Ange, du lait virginal, de l'alun, fit mille ingrédiens , à-peu-près, de la sorte , Qu£ le Diable a sans doute inventés] Julie. Eh .' qu'importe* C'est presque pour le Sexe une nécessité : Un peu d'aide souvent sied bien .1 la Beauté. Ce soin n'est pas blâmable , et même la nature Ne prend pas le secours de l'art pour une injure? ïlle n'a rien sans lui de beau , ni de parfait. C'est l'art qui sait cacher les fautes qu'elle fait. Il adoucit les yeux, change la brune en blonde, Fait d'un teint bazané le plus beau teint du monde» Noircit les. cheveux gris , couvre ks dents d'émail, Converti COMÉDIE. 7j Convertît la blancheur d'une Ievte en corail. Il embellit la fille , et rajeunit la mère ; Quand un œil est unique, il lui fournit un frère, Des Beautés en décours conserve les amans, Convertit leurs défauts en autant d'agrémens, Embellit , rajeunit , sans peine et sans obstacles » Et la nature enfin ne fait point ces* miracles. BlRNADILLl, Mais elle m'épuisoit, et changeoit tous les jours De juppes, de mouchoirs, de bijoux et d'atours, Vouloir voir à son col un râtelier de perle, Aiixioit la compagnie , et jasoit comme un merle. ÏU LIE. Qu'importe ? est-ce un défaut qu'on doive condamner? Elle parloit. beaucoup ? faut-il s'en étonner ? C'est dedans une femme une chose ordinaire , It je n'en ai jamais connu qui sût se taire. Bernadille» Mais elle introduisoit , nous absent , un amant, It coquetoit enfin trop méthodiquement; A tous venans, hors nous, elle étoit fort accorte* Aimoit le t8te-à-tëte. Julie. Allons donc ! Eh ! qu'importe? Sont-ce-là des sujets qui méritent la mort? ËHRNADILLB. C'est une bagatelle , en effet , j'ai grand tort I JVLII. Si c'est là le motif qui fit mourir Julie , Je ne te réponds pas de te sauver la vie) 74 LA EEMME JUGE ET PARTIE * It si tu n'as pas eu de sujet plus puissant, Tes jours sont en danger. B B UN AD I L L I. Que vous Stes pressant! C*not donc! vous en faut-il découvrir davantage c béclarer à vos yeux ma honte et mon outrage ? Et, pour vous contenter» faut-il spécifier?... Julie. Oui ; du moins , si cela vous peut justifier. BîRNiDILLl. la friponne , ayant mis son honneur en déroute » À l'amour conjugal avoit fait banqueroute! Rangeoit impunément son coeur sous d'autres loix , Kt faisoit, en un mot, trop grand feu de mon bois* J'étois, en nourrissant ce serpent domestique, L'objet de son mépris, lafable du critique, Et , .dissipant mon bien, pour flatter ses désire, J'étois le trésorier de ses menus-plaisirs, le savoîs son amour i et, forcé d'y souscrire, J'étois.... j'étois cocu, puis qu'il vous faut tout dire. J U L I I. Est-ce là le sujet de tout ce grand courroux i £h ! tant d'autres le sont , qui valent mieux que vous ! C'est un malheur commun dont souvent on est cause, £t tous les jours enfin on ne voit autre chose. Mais si tous les maris se piquaient tant d'honneur» Et traitoient leurs moitiés avec même rigueur» Cette Isle inhabitée où vous mites la vôtre, Reviendrait un pays plus peuplé que le nétre. • Ccst à quoi vous deviez, avoir un peu d'égard. COMÉDIE; 75 Bbrnadilli. Mais dans ses intérêts vous prend grande part, Et tous l'excusez fort! N'êtes-vous point le drôle Qui , lorsque je sortais, alloit jouer mon rôle? A qui notre moitié, se laissant aborder, Donnoit à rtmotis notre honneur i garder» It qu'une nuit enfin dérobant à ma vue.. Julii, l'interrompant* Je ne tous entends point. BlRNADILLI. Si vous l'aviez connut» Te serots sur ce point aisément convaincu, Car vous avez tout l'air de bien faire un cocu! J v l 1 1» Je n'en ai jamais eu le dessein , et je porte...» Bsknadilli, l'interrompant» %i j'en voulois jurer que le Diable m'emporte ! J v l 1 1. Rejetions à Julie. BlKNlSItLI. Encore ? Ivlii. Ditesmoi » Quelle preuve eûtes-vous de son manque de foi? Avicz-vous de son crime une entière assurance? BlRNADILLI. Je n'en avois que trop , hélas ! et ma vengeance» Après un tel éclat , cherchant à s'-assouvir.... Julie, l'interrompant* lk! bien, poux te montrer que je te veux servir* Cij f* LA FEMME JUGE ET PARTIE , Si tu peux me prouver qu'elle fut ïrtfidellc, Je prends tes intérêts , et ne suis plus pour elle* Je sais qu'un tel affront touche un homme de coeur; Mais si , voulant ternir sa gloire et son honneur, D'un injuste attentat tu ne peux te défendre, Sien ne peut te sauver: demain je te fais pendre. C'est à toi maintenant à ménager tes soins» Profite bien du . tems , et cherche des témoins. ( Elle se retire, ) SCENE IV. OCTAVE , LES DEUX VALETS , BERNADILLE. Bsrnadille, à part, IJuoi ! me couvrir moi-même et d'opprobre > et dft blâme! Moi-même publier la honte de ma femme! Et chercher , quoi qu'enfin j'en sois trop convaincu» Des témoins, et prouver qu'elle m'a fait cocu! Que je suis malheureux!... O vous, maris paisibles» Qui sur le point d'honneur n*êtes point si sensibles» Qui souffrez sans scrupule , et sans dire pourquoi, Que l'on fasse chez, vous ce qu'on fa i soit chez moi» Et qui vous consolez , quand vous êtes ensemble, D'avoir devant vos yeux quelqu'un qui vous ressemble » Que vous vous épargnez de peines et de. soins ! On ne voue force point à chercher des. témoins» COMÉDIE. jf Et rot ressentiment se prescrivant des bornes, Vous mettez votre vie à l'abri de vos cornes. Que n'ai-je tout souffert sans en témoigner rien?... Ah ! morbleu ! c'est bien fait} je le mérite bien. Pourquoi fuir sous l'hymen les maux qui s'y rencon trent f ~ Pourquoi vouloir cacher ce que tant d'autres mon trent ? faire , pour me venger, des efforts superflus, Il me piquer d f honneur, quand je n'en avois plus ? ( A Octave. ) Pourquoi , sot que j'étois.... Mais il faut me résoudrai Et , puisque sans témoins on ne sturoit m' absoudre, Que je ne puis enfin me sauver qu'à ce prix, Que l'on prenne le soin de chercher Béatrix, It qu'on l'amené ici. Oc TA VI. Dans peu je vous l'amené.... ( Aux deux Valets, ) Cependant, rensenez-le en la chambre prochaine. Fin du quatrième Acte. eflf 1* LÀ FEMME JUGE ET PARTIE , A C T E V. SCENE PREMIERE. D. LOPE, CONSTANCE. D. Lofs/ R, 'EN ne s'oppose plus à mes justes souhaits* Tout flatte mon amour , Madame ; et désormais In vain près de mes feux une autre flamme brille* Vous savez quel malheur menace Bernadille, On lui fait. son procès, et son lâche attentat Vous fait voir que de lui vous faisiez trop d'état. Vous me le préfériez, Madame, et cette flamme Vous donnoit pour époux l'assassin de sa femmes Mais le Ciel, irrité du mépris de mes feux, Refuse, en ma faveur , de vous unir tous deux. Pourrai-ie me flatter ,' par le malheur d'un autre , Qu'aux volontés du sort vous soumettrez la vôtre ? Frédéric m'a tout dit. Si j'en crois son aveu,*.. Constanci.. Hé bien ? D. L o p s. Je vous verrai récompenser mon feu. C O M É D I Ei it Constance. Xt que tous a-t-il dit ? D. Lopi, Qu'il savoit la manière De nous unir tous deux , et qu'à votre prière 11 rompoit un hymen à votre amour fatal; Et vous voyez enfin qu'il ne s'y prend pas mal ? Constance. Il faut sur cet aveu que je vous désabuse; Aussi-bien de l'amour , l'amour même est l'excuse. Je craignois cet hymen , je ne le puis nier , Et je me suis enfin réduite à le prier D'en empêcher l'effet -, mais c'est dans l'espérance Que ma main de ses soins seroit la récompense. Je l'aime , et ne veux plus vous en faire un secret , Je trahis votre amour , et peut-être à regret. D. Lope. Ma flamme , qui veut bien se régler sut la vôtre > Après un tel aveu , vous en veut faire un autre. Voycx ce qu'un tel choix doit avoir de si doux: Madame , Frédéric ne sauroit être à vous. C o N STA MCI. Il ne peut être à moi ? D. Lope. Votre coeur en soupire ? Constance. Quelle en est la raison ? D. Lopi. Je n'ose tous la dire 9 *o LA FEMME JUGE ET PARTIE, Non qu'il m'en ait rien dit ; mai* par son entrettar Je m'en suis bien douté. Constance. Quoi ! je n'en saurai rien ? Ke dissimulez point , parlez. D. Loti. La bienséance, Sur un pareil sujet , me condamne au silence. CONSTANCI. Mais de qu*i , sur ce point » vous êtes-vous douté? D. L o p i. Que le pouvoir lui manque , et non 1* volonté v Que sa main i vos feux mêleroit trop de glace s Que du Ciel en naissant il eut quelque disgrâce , Et que de votre hymen l'amour venant à bout , Se deux bonnes moitiés feroit un méchant tout. CONSTANCI. A de pareils discours je ne puis rien comprendre." D. L o p i. Frédéric vient ici , qui pourra vous rapprendre. » SCENE IL JULIE, D. LOFE, CONSTANCI, Constance, i Julit. JL' ois-yi à ce qu'on me dit ajouter quelque foi ? Frédéric, votre coeur ne sauroit être à moi? Apres uni de seimcns, D» Lopc est-il croyable? COMÉDIE. «i J U L IX. Son récit me fait tort , mais il est véritable ; Et mon cœur qui tantôt vous juroit amitié, Vous vouloit pour amie, et non pas pour moitié. Le Ciel i cet hymen met un trop grand obstacle, Et je ne puis me voir votre époux sans miracle. Constance. Il s'en fait quelquefois , quand de justes souhaits... J U L I X , l'interrompant. Madame , il est de ceux qui ne se font jamais ! Il faut que pour l'hymen vous fassiez choix d'un autre f Vous n'êtes pas mon fait , je ne suis pas le vôtre. Je ne puis rien pour vous; j'en ai bien du regret i CONSTANCI. Pc uton savoir pourquoi ? J v l i s. Ce n'est plus un secret * TJhymen m'engage ailleurs, et je ne puis..., CohstangVi l'interrompant. Quoi ! traître! Vous êtes jnarié ? J v l i x. , Vous le vouliez bien être ! Est-ce un crime yji grand que d'être marié? i CONSTANCI. Pourquoi me le nier î Julie. Je l'avois oublié...; Mais l'hymen près de vous me rendroit-il coupable? Foui être sous ses loix en est-on moins aimable r * LA FEMME JUGE ET PARTIE 9 L'amour a des douceurs que ce lien permet , 11 n'est pas si sévère ; et quand on s'y soumet S'il falloit renoncer i la galanterie , On ne s'engageroit à l'hymen de. s a vie ! C o n s ta MCI. Mais pourquoi , tous sachant engagé sous sa loi , Vous flatter hautement de l'espoir d'être à moi ? Julie. Malgré l'hymen, aimant les amitiés nouvelles, l'ai fait voeu solemnel d'aimer toujours les belle». Vous êtes de ce nombre , et je vous ferois tort Si je ne vous ai mois. C O N S TAN C I. Modérez ce transport , Puisque je ne puis plus écouter votre flamme , Que l'hymen.... Ivlii, F interrompant. Voulez-vous épouser une femme? CONSTlNCI. Vous, femme? J v L 1 1 i fui montrant s» main. Jugez-en. Constance, apret l'avoir examinée» le n'en saurois douter. Julu, à D. Lope. Un semblable rival n'est pas i redouter ? D. L • p I. Pardonnez au transport dont j'eus l'ame saisie » Vous donniez de l'amour et de la jalousie.... Mais qui peut vous porter à ce déguisement | COMÉDIii tj Juin. Intre* , pour le savoir , dans mon appartement. Ce que je vous veux dire a de quoi vous surprendre. Iternàdille s'y ptaint , que vous pourrez entendre » It sts plaintes pourront vous iliverrïr , je croi , Alors que vous saurez.... Il paioît , suivex-moi. (Elle se retire avec Constance et D, Lope.) SCENE III. B'iRHADILLE» seul. H.N vain tu me livres bataille» Rigoureux et cher point-d'honneur; Le gibet me fait trop de peur, Il faut que nous rompions la paille! Aussi bien vainement je voudrais m'en piquer i Celui qui me vient d'attaquer Me presse de trop près : il est impitoyable. l'ai perdu mon crédit , et j'en suis convaincu » Puisque je ne suis pas croyable Quand je dis que je suis cocu. Frédéric veut que je le prouve , It je n'en ai qu'un seul témoin; Encor dans un si grand besoin , C'est un bonheur v que je le trouve ! Ceux qui souffrent en paix un affront si commua *4 LA FEMME JUGE ET PARTIE , Trouvcroient cent témoins pour un* C'est à n'en point trouver que leur recherche en vaine : Leur honte les fait vivre; et plusieurs , que je réi, S'ils s'en vouloient donner la peine , Le prouveroient bien mieux que mol i En vain , pour tâcher de m'abattre » L'honneur me crie , i haute voix , Que l'on n'est pendu qu'une foi* , Et qu'on peut être cocu quatre ; Que de ces deux affronts le moindre est de mourir^ La peur qui me vient secourir , Avecque ce que j'ai de penchant à l'entendre, Fait que je lui réponds, d'un ton plus vigoureux» Que l'affront de se laisser pendre Me semble le plus grand des deux* Suivons donc cette noble envie , Écoutons toujours cette peur, Tâchons d'abréger notre honneur» Afin d'alonger notre vie. Je passe pour un sot en faisant un tel choix } Mais je ne le suis qu'une fois , Et je le serois deux si je me laissois pendre...* We balançons donc plus ; et , dans un tel besoin > Puisque je ne puis m'en défendre t Faisons jaser notre témoin. SCENE IV. COMÉDIE. 85 SCENE IV. BÉATRIX, OCTAVE, BERXADILLE, Bunadillî, à part* J'APPEftçois Béatrix 5 sa présence me flatte..., ( A Octave. ) Monsieur , cettejrutiere est un peu délicate s Que l'on nous laisse «eulc ( Octave s'en va, ) SCENE V. BERNADILLE, BÉATRIX. BÉATRIX. VjAui voulez-vous dt moi t BîlKADlUK. Mon sort dépend de toi. BéATft 1 x. De moi, Monsieur? Bl&KADILL 1. De toï. n y va de ma vie , et la chose me touche. Tu peux me la sauver , et deux mots de ta bouche Mettrout en sûreté ma vie et mon repos. H %û LA FEMME JUGE ET PARTIE, BÉ AT R X X. Dites-moi donc , Monsieur , promptcraent ces deux mots. Bernadilli, Tu les diras? BÉ AT R I X. Sans doute. Bernadilli. It même en la présence Pu Prévôt ? Béat ri z. Pourquoi non r Bernadilli. Après cette assurance» Je suis hors de danger , et j'en suis convaincu. Hd bien, tu diras donc... BÉATRix, l'interrompant* Quoi? BlRNADULl. Que j*étoîs cocu. Ce sont-là les deux mots que je voulois Rapprendre. B a A T r i x. Vous vous moquez, Monsieur, et me voulez surprendre! BlRNADILLl. nullement. BÉATRIX. Vous voulez , Monsieur , vous divertit f Berna'dillb, Morbleu ! tu le diras , quand tu devrais mentir. COMÉDIE. I7 BUtiix. le n'ai garde , Monsieur, l'infamie est trop grande ! BllNADILLl. Tu ne le diras pas ? Tu veux donc qu'on me pende ? • BÉA t ri x. Quoi ! vous pendre ?... Et la cause ? BlRNADILLI. Ah! discours superflus] C'est que l'on pend les gens qui ne sont pas cocus. Curieux animal * dont la sotte prudence Voudrait de notre honneur cacher la décadence» Dis ce que Ton te dit. / Bs atrix. Mais, de grâce, Monsieur, Songez qu'un tel aveu tous Ta perdre d'honneur. BllNADILLl, Va , j'ai pour m'en défendre , une raison trop fortes L'homme n'est plus cocu , lorsque sa femme est morte. B s atr 1 x. Mais , Monsieur , cet affront vous doit combler d'en nuis. BlRNADILLI. Mais je ne veux passer que pour ce que je suis. B E A T R X X. L'honneur doit s'acheter au péril de répandre... BllNADILLl, l'interrompant. Quand l'honneur est trop cher, il faut le laisser Tendre» BB A TR I X. Mais peut-être qu'à tort tous tous êtes douté.... Hij ** LA FEMME JUGE ET PARTIE , Birnadilli, l'interrompant* Si je ne l'étois pas , je veux l'avoir été. B i a r r i x. Tous vos parens, Monsieur, et vot ami*.... Birnadilli, l'interrompant» Encore! B t A T r i x. Se moqueront de vous. Birnadilli. Indocile Pécore! Esprit contrariant, dis-moi pourquoi tu veux Qu'ils se moquent de moi . quand je serai comme eux ? Be A t r i x. Hé bien , ordonnez donc ce qu'il faut que je die. BlRMADILLl. C'est parler de bon sens. Tu connoissois Julie f B fi AT R I X. Oui , Monsieur. Birnadilli. • Il faut donc , tout scrupule vaincu , Déclarer hautement qu'elle m'a fait cocu. B t AT r i x. Qu'est-ce donc qu'un cocu , Monsieur , ne vous dé plaise ? Birnadilli. La question est neuve .' Ah ! tu fais la niaise ! Bx A t r i x. fil vous ne m'expliquez ce que c'est , je prétends.... Birnadilli, l'interrompant. Tu veux donc le savoir i C'est quand , en même tems , C O M É D I E. lp On fait sympathiser , pourvu qu'un tiers y trempe » Un mariage en huile, avec un en détrempe; Quand une femme prend un galant à son choix » Que d'un lit fait pour deux , elle en fait un pour trois > It qu'enfin se faisant consoler de l'absence... Maugreblcu de la masque ! avec son innocence i Béatrix. Si ce n'est que cela , Monsieur , je jurerai Que vous ne l'étiez pas. BlRNADILlI, Ah ! je t'étranglerai ! Mon honneur est défunt * la chose est trop certaine. BÉATRIX. Four me faire mentir votre colère est vaine. BlKVADILLI, Et l'homme que tu sais qui sortoit de chet mo! f D'avec qui venoit-il ? BÉATRIX. D'avec moi. Bernaoilli. D'avec toi? Tu me dis le contraire, à l'instant, et j'admire..* B i AT R I X , l'interrompant. Un poignard à la main , vous me le fîtes dire i Je n'osai le nier. BUNADILLI. Il n'en étoit donc .rien? .. BÉATRIX. JUen du tout. H iij y LA FEMME JUGE ET PARTIE ,. BlRNADILLI. Et ma femme ? B S A T R I X. Elle vivoit fort bien. BlRNADILLI. llle ne donnoit point au galant audience? B £ a T r i x. Non. BlRNADILLI. Elle ne voyoit personne en notre absence ? BijLTIII. C'est en Tain que quelqu'un s'y seroit attendu» BlKHADULK. Quoi! jamais! B£ a tri x. Non , jamais. BlRNADILLI. Ah! me voilà pendu! Ah ! langue de serpent ! Mégère abominable ! Ecume de l'enfer ! organe du grand Diable ! Je crûs trop aisément ton funeste rapport; Je voulus la punir , et je causai sa mort ! Je pris l'occasion à ma vengeance offerte: Mon amour en fureur précipita sa perte; Croyant de son forfait être assez convaincu, Et, poor comble de maux, je ne suis pas cocu! . Enfin, de son trépas, tu fus la seule cause; Pour t'en mettre à couvert, fais du moins quelqut chose : Je te pardonne tout i mais, dans un tel besoin, COMÉDIE. 9 i Par grâce , ou par pitié , sers-moi de faux-témoin. Soutiens que je l'étois , puisqu'il faut qu'on t'en croie j Prouve-le , si tu peux , j'en aurai de la joie : Assure mon repos , et j'aurai soin du tien. BUtrix. Mais comment le prouver, en€n , s'il n'en est rien? La vérité , Monsieur , m'oblige à m'en défendre. Bernadilli. faute d'un faux témoin , faut-il me laisser pendre? Mais , après avoir mis mon épouse au tombeau , Avant qu'être pendu, je serai ton bourreau! Béatrix, criant. Au secours ! Bernadilli. Mon malheur te deviendra funeste ! SCENE VI. OCTAVE, BERNA DILLE, BÉATRIX. Octavb, à Bemadille. JLJJ'ou vient ce bruit? Bernadilli. De moi , qui jouois de mon rester (. Montrant Matrix. ) Otez-Ia moi d'ici. >i LA FEMME JUGE ET PARTIE , B É A T R I X. Voyez ce vieux portrait, Qui veut Être cocu , malgré que Ton en ait ! OCTiVI, Frédéric vous veut voir ; entrez, dans cette salle. ( Béatrix pusse dans la salle voisine, ) SCENE VII. OCTAVE, BERNADILLE. Octave, à part, Vru'iL est surpris ! Biknaduli, â part. Enfin ma peine est sans égale, Ma femme est morte , et rien ne me peut secourir. Elle éeoit innocente , et je l'ai fait mourir.. Cet injuste trépas demande une victime: La vertu fait ma honte , et le malheur mon crime* Le désordre où j'en suis* ne peut s'imaginer... Mais je vois Frédéric , qui va me condamner. Je pense, en le voyant , voir devant moi ma femme F ' Le frisson de la mort m'a déjà saisi rame. COMEDIE. 91 SCENE VIII. JULIE, OCTAVE, BERHADILLE, Julii, à Benutdilli. JtJlÉ bien, votre témoin flatte1il votre espoir r • iRNADILLI. Hélas ! j'ai plus d'honneur que je n'en veux avoir? JULIli Tu vois » par le trépas de cette malheureuse , Le péril où t'a mis ton humeur ombrageuse; BlRNADIUl. J'ai commis un grand crime , et je le vois trop bien? Mais si j'étois cocu , cela ne seroit rien. Julie. Il semble que tu sols fiché de ne pas l'être ? BSRNADILLI. J'en suis au désespoir , vous le pouvez connoître. Les pleurs que je répands vous disent.... J v L 1 1 , l'interrompant. Vou<3rois~tii Que le cœur de Julie eût eu moins de vertu ? Que pour toi...» BlRNADIUl) V interrompant , À soit tour. Plût au Ciel , pour me sauver ia vie, Que de tous mes amis elle eût été l'amie i S4 LA FEMME JUGE ET PARTIE, Et que de mon repos leur amour prenant soin , M'en eût fait découvrit quelque petit témoin ! IVLII. Ainsi , sur ce sujet , tu n'as plus de ressource! filRNADILH. Von , que votre bonté , mes larmes et ma bourse. Julie. C'est un foible secours , et je dois observer.... Bernadille, l'interrompant» Quoi 1 je serai pendu ? Julie. Rien ne peut t'en sauver, Ne pouvant pas prouver qu'elle t'ait fait d'outrage. B ER N A DI.L LE. Morbleu r pourquoi prenois-je une femme si sage? Hélas ! une coquette étoit bien mieux mon fait ! Julie. Tu vois que rien ne peut excuser ton forfait? Je ne puis te sauver. Choisis pour ton supplice De quel genre de mort tu veux qu'on te punisse} Ma bonté veut pour toi faire encor cet effort. Bernadille Quel choix ! Si je ne puis me sauver de la mort, Ih ! que m'importe , enfin , s'il faut qu'on me punisse, Qu'on allonge mon corps, ou bien qu'on raccourcisse? J v L 1 1. K'itnporte , puis qu'enfin tu te vois convaincu» BlRNADILLl. h ! bien , s'il faut mourir faute d'fitrc cocu , C O M ÉDIE. n Que, deux heures après que l'on m'aura fait pendre, On me fasse brûler, pour avoir de ma cendre* Cela doit être rare ! Juin. Oui , tu seras content.... ( A Octave, ) Octave , faites tout préparer à l'instant , Afin qu'ayant conclu tout ce qu'il faut qu'on fasse), Il soit exécuté dedans la grande Place. Oc ta v i. J'avois prévu votre ordre , et tout est déjà prfit. ( II sort. ) SCENE IX. JULIE, BERNADILLE. BlRNADlLLB. XVâis^RicoBDi ! Hélas! modérez cet arrêt.... Ah ! Monsieur le Prévôt , que la pitié vous touche J J v l z i. Je ne puis rien pour toi. BERNADILLE. Deux mots de votre bouche Peuvent, avec l'honneur, rétablir mon espoir! 9 6 LA FEMME JUGE ET PARTIE, SCENE X. OCTAVE, JULIE, BBKNADILLB» OCTATI, a JufiV. JUr. Lopb , avec Constance.... J V l i b , l'interrompant* lié bien? Octave. Viennent vont *oif^ « , . Julie. Tu de vois.... Octave, l'interrompant» Parlez bas $ ils sont à cette porte» Julie. Ils prennent mal leur tenu.... Qu'ils avancent , n'im porte 1 SCENE XI COMÉDIE. *r SCENE X I et dernière. D. LOPfi, CONSTANCE , JULI1 , BEKNADILLI, OCTAVE. CONSTiKCl, A Julie, tf duroNS-Nous espérer une grâce de vous? J V L I I» l'honneur de vous servir, Madame, m'est trop doux Four vous la refuser -, j'honore trop Constance. Constance. Mais puîs-je faire fonds dessus cette assurance i J v L I !.. Ce «foute me fait tort L Co-KrrAirci, Eh J bien , s'il est ainsi , ïernadille en péril me fait venir ici i Je demande sa grâce : il faut que je l'obtienne. I>. L o p b , A Julie» Je joins , pour vous fléchir » ma prière à la sienne» BlRNADILLf, Quel excès de bonté ! ' Julie, à Constances Maie cela ne se peut» H est trop criminel. CO HtTiHCE, JMait Constance le veut* I ♦$ LA FEMME JUGE ET PARTIE , Julie. Madame, savez-vous de quel crime on l'accuse? CONSTANCE. le regret qu'il en a lui doit servir d'excuse, JDLIB. Mais.... Constance, l'interrompant. Vous me refusez ? Avant que de partir,... Julie, l'interrompant , à son tour. Puisque vous le voulez, il y faut consentir* BlRNADXLLB. Que mon bonheur est grand ! Julie. 11 est libre, Madame» Pourvu que de ma main il reçoive une femme. BERNADILLS. Sans doute , vous avez , à ce que je puis voir, Quelque mafcre&sc en chambre, et voulez la pourvoir ? Julie. Votre honneur m'est trop cher , et je vous rends la vie , Pourvu qu'avec plaisir vous repreniez Julie. Bernadilli. Où diable la reprendre?... Hélas! je meurs d'effroi i Qui pourra me la rendre ? J v l i e. Ingrat ! ce sera moi...» La voilà. Bernadilli. Vous Julie i... Ah i comble d'alégresse! COMEDIE. 5 j> Quel miracle aujourd'hui te rend à ma tendresse ? Comment t'es-tu sauvée'... Ah! que mon déplaisir..., J V L il, l'interrompant. C'est ce que je prétends vous apprendre à loisir, RlRNADILLt. Cefripon de Prévôt , dedans cette journée , M'a donné de la peur! IULIl, Vous me l'aviez donnée. Le soupçon qui pour moi vous rendit inhumain..,, Bernadiili, Vinttrromp*nu { A Constance. ) Il suffit.... Recevez D. Lope de ma main. Allons, pour égaler notre joie à la vôtre, Concluant votre hymen, rcnouveller le nôtre j Et dire. à nos amis, qui me croyoient pendu, Que le Juge et Partie a fait ce qu'il a dû. FIN. L'ÉCOLE DES BOURGEOIS, COMÉDIE, EN TROIS ACTES, EN PROSE, Avec un Prologue, Par l'Abbé D'A LL A IN VAL. •a* A PARIS, SBblin, Libraire, rue Saint-Jacques, près Saint-Yves , Brunet , Libraire , rue de Marivaux , Place du Théâtre Italien. M. DCC. L X X X V I I. NOTE DES RÉDACTEURS. 1^1 OU S ne comptions pas d'abord faire entrer cette Pièce dans notre Collection 5 mais la re prise qui en a été faite , au Théâtre François , cette année, avec succès , nous Ta fait demander par un assez grand nombre de MM. nos souscrip teurs , pour que nous ne puissions pas nous dis penser de h, donner. Nous renvoyons pour le sujet de cette Pièce a» tome quatrième des Comédies du Théâtre Ita lien de notre Collection. fi* JUGEMENS ET ANECDOTES SUR L'ÉCOLE DES BOURGEOIS. ^ETTI Pièce n'eut que sept représentations dans sa nouveauté, sans beaucoup de succès. Elle fut reprise le 3 Septembre 17-0 , et ne réussit gueres mieux j mais le 2 1 Mars de cette année (1787) on Ta remise, de nouveau, et elle a plu davantage. On peut croire même qu'actuellement elle restera au répertoire , pour être jouée de tems en tems. On a pensé que c'étoit cette Pièce qui avoit donné à feu M. Saurin l'idée de sa jolie petite Comédie des Mœurs du tems, jouée en 17*0. 11 y a , en effet , dans ces deux Pièces quel ques situations qui se ressemblent beaucoup quant au fonds , mais elles différent absolument dans la manière dont elles sont traitées. L'ÉCOLE DES BOURGEOIS, COMÉDIE, EN TROIS ACTES, EN PROSE, Avec un Prologue, Par l'Abbé D'ALL AIN VAL; Représentée , pour la première fois , par les Comédiens François ordinaires du Roi * le %o Septembre 1718. u ■ . , sac PERSONNAGES PU PROLOGUE, l'AUTEUR. LE CHEVALIER. LA MARQUISE. B i L I S i , sœur de U Marquks* PANCRACE, Précepteur des enfant de la Mar quise, i A C A S T S. ' i LAQUAIS. ' La Scène est a Paris , che la Marquise* 1 9 PROLOGUE. SCENE PREMIERE.. L' AUTEUR, LE CHEVALIER. Il Chitaliir, tirant l'Auteur par la lasqut de stn habit. A llons , allons gai , gai , notre ami ! L'AUTIUH. Ih i Monsieur le Chevalier .'... La Chitaliir. Comment .' morbleu ! je t'amène ici ; je t'y an nonce à la Marquise et a sa soeur, comme un bel esprit , et pendant tout le dîner tu ne desserres pas les dents ni pour parler, ni pour manger ? Qui diable reconnoîtroit un Auteur à ces deux traits? L' A U T 1 U R. Eh 1 de grâce ! Li Chevalier. Quoi ! parce que c'est aujourd'hui la première re présentation de ta l'icce ? Allons , allons , ventre bleu ! de la joie , de la gaieté , de la bonne hu meur'... tu as l'air d'un homme à qui on va lire ton arr6t. AiJ * PROLOGUE; L'A.QTIUR. N'attends-je pat le mien du Parterre ?... Ciel ! com4 bien de. juge*! L i Chitaliii. Qui' n'y viennent point pour dormir , ni pouf epincr du bonnet! L'AVTIVI. J'y vois , de toutes parts , des gens d'esprit. f>e ce côté , c'est un avocat , q,uî a pâli toute la journée sur des questions épineuses du Jurisprudence. Là » c'est un officier , qui vient de perdre son argent. Ici , c'est un homme désespéré de l'infidélité de sa femme, ou de sa maîtresse. Ils viennent àla Co médie pour faire trêve , l'un à ses travaux , les au tres à leurs chagrins. Ils me regardent tous avec an air farouche et effrayant , et je crois les entendre me dire : «. Fais moi rire. Je viens ici pour cela. S C E N E I. I. LA '"M ARQUÏSR , BELISE , PANCRACE, ACAST5, LAQUAIS, L'AUTEUR, El CHEVALIER. Il Chevalier, ifs Marquise et à Biïite. H.HÎ Mesdames, venez donc au secours de ce pauvre diable*, il devient fou. FROLOGUE. | La Ma r o. uiu, aux Laquais* ï)« sièges. < Les Laquais CHEVALIER, LA MARQUISE, UÉLiSE , ACASTE , PANCRACE. La Marquisb>4 l'Auteur. XVIonsiiur va nous lire quelque chose de s* Comédie , en attendant qu'il soit l'heure d'y aller... { A Pancrace , qui fait quelques pas pour sortir, ) 0& Allez-vous > M. Pancrace i ' Pancracv. faire la leçon à M. le Marquis , votre fils* La Marquise. Restez avec nous...» ( A. l'Auteur, en lui montrant Pancrace. ) Monsieur , tel que vous voyez M. Pan crace , c'est un garçon d'esprit. L' À V T I V R, Je le devinois à sa mine ! Pancraci» Oh ! point du tout. La Marquis i, à l'Auteur , en lui montrant Mi Use» Voila fa* saur , dent le goût est du plus délicat. 6 PROLOGUE, A C A S T I. Une preuve de son bon goût, c'est qu'elle m'ai me , moi. La Marquis*,* l'Auteur , en lui montrant Acaste, Voici mon cousin Acaste. Il ne fait que sortir du Collège -, mais il décide de tout avec une merveil leuse hardiesse! Acaste. Mon pere dit que j'ai l'air d'un sot, d'un benêt; mais que je lui ressemble, et que» dans le fonds, j'ai autant d'esprit que lui. La Marquise, à l'Auteur t en. lui montrent U Chevalier* Pour le Chevalier, je ne vous en dis rien. Vous le coonoissez. 'C'est un agréable , un aimable fou... Le Chevalier, l'interrompant. Nous avons cela de commun , Marquise ! La Marquis», à l'Auteur, en montrant toujont» le Chevalier, Connoisseur. Li Chevalier. Te m'en pique ; et cela m'est naturel , car per sonne n'a peut-être jamais moins étudié, ni moins lu que moi. L* A v T s u R. Je vous crois. Béusi. Allons , Monsieur , lisez nous votre petite bagatelle* acaste. Je l'ai déjà entendue. Cela est assez drôle, assez drdto» *RO. LOGUS»' f Béliu» à l'Auteur, Comment l'intitulez-vou» ? L'Avtivi, tirant la Pièce de m pêche* L'Ecole des Bourgeois. La Marqviu. Pourquoi n'avoir pas choisi un autre titre? L'AVTIOI, C'est que celui-ci convenoit mieux à mon dessein* ACASTI. Convenoit ! convenoit ! oh i tant qu'il. vou*, ■ plaira. Li Chevalier, à l'Auteur, Comment diable i Ce titre esc fier , hardi l V A v t ■ v R, Le titre ne fait rien à la Pièce. Pancrace. Pardonnex-moi , Monsieur i car il est â craindre, comme le dit , fort agréablement , Horace , que et ne soit la Montagne.... V A u t b u r , l'interrompant* Mais A mon titre est rempli t A c a s t s. Quand il serait rempli , 11 ne vaudroit rien* BUltB, à l'Auteur. Voyons la Pièce. L'Aïteu», Usant. « L'Ecole des Bourgeois , Comédie.... » La Marquise, l'interrompent* En combien d'actes s S PROLOGUE; V X V T I V JL, £n trois. L i Chivaliu. Bon .' tous dîriei qu'ils en «ont tous bottés-tt. Eh ! t8te-bleu ! mon ami , cinq actes , cinq actes l L'AOTBUR. Mon sujet ne me l'a pas permis. ACAfTI. Belle raison ! il falloir en prendre un autre. Bélisi, à l'Auteur, Vôtre sujet ne vous l'a pas permis ? Il n'est que trop abondant! A c a s T s , À V Auteur, L'Ecole in BourgeoisIl y a dans ce titre seul de quoi faire une pièce en trente actes! . * Li CHiTAtiiK, a l'Auteur, Un Poème épique. La Marquis», à l'Auteur. Tout moi , l'y vois m*! te belles choses i dire; une •foule de Bourgeois , tous plus ridicules les uns que les autres. VANCRACÏ. Si toute la noble compagnie m'en concède la licence, j'ajouterai qu'un ouvrage dramatique qui n'est pas en cinq aces est un monstre. A C A S T K. Oui , sans doute , un monstre. Pancrace. Dont on ne voit le semblable ni chez les Grecs, inventeurs de la Comédie , ni chez les Latins , qui Tout PROLOGUE. f font perfectionnée. Toutes leurs Comédies sont par tagées en tinq actes. Aristote , dans sa Poétique , «n fait un précepte. L* AuTiua. Laissezlà votre Aristote. Li Chivaliik, lh ! quoi , eh .' quoi , tu es déjà défené pout ce que M. Pancrace te dit ?... Lis , lis» B à l i s i , À l'Auteur* Votre Pièce est-elle en vers? L'AUTIUI. Kon , Mademoiselle. La Maeqvisi, «w m/prit* In prose ? L'Autbuk. • Oui, Madame. ACASTB. H me semble que l'autre jour tous nous l'avet lue en vers? L* A V T 1 V a , avec impatience. Eh ! Oui y Monsieur. C'est que Je fais mes ou vrages en vers , ensuite , je les mets en prose*. Pancraci. Les Comédies des anciens sont toutes en vers. C'est le langage des Dieux. Ll C HIT A LU 1U Oui; mais comme ce nfc sont que des Bourgeois qu'il -fait parler, il faut que leur dialogue soit popu laire, dans le bas. U n'a eu garde d'y manquer! la peste 1 » f» PROLOGUE. La Miiaviiii* l'Auteur, Yoyons-là toujours. V A, V T 1 V & 9 Usant, » Prologue.... » Ls Chitaliir, V interrompant t en riant, ' Un Prologue ?... Ah ! ah i ah !... La Marqjdisi it BiLlll , ensemble, en bâillant, Ua Prologue? Ah! Acaiti, à l'Auteur. Ih ï fi ! Monsieur , avec rocre Prologue i A quoi <ela sert-il? La MiRQTJisi, avw aigreur, A impatienter l'assemblée. Li Chitaliu. It à mendier son indulgence. Tous ces Prologues se réduisent à ceci : te parterre , je vais t'ennuyer t s» je vais t'assommer de balivernes i mais , je t'en » supplie , ne laisse pas de rire et de m'applaudir. i» En revanche , je te promets le petit couplet , »> à la fin. » Panchacx. Le Prologue n'est pas ce que je trouve à redire, moi. Plaute et Térence en ont à la tête de toutes leurs Comédies. Bel i si Ah ! puisque Plaute et Térence en mettent...» La Marquise,* Pancrtue. ' M. Pancrace , vous parle» souvent de ce Plaute et 4e ce Térence? * R O X O G U B. ii Panckaci, Ce sont deux illustres. âcàsti, l'interrompant. Ma cousine seroit ravie de les connoître. Il faut le* amener dincr. PlXCXACI, Monsieur veut rire ? ei Prologue.*., i» Le CmitaliïR, Viaterfompont. Ineore Prologue ? Ih ! la Comédie , je f en co» Jure ! Kous devinons ton Prologue. Il va venir un Marquis dire du mal de ton Ecole des Bourgeois , et un Raisonneur, de tes 'amis, la défendra. Tout les Prologues sont montés sur ce ton* Panckaci. tts anciens n'y mettoïent qu'un Personnage» Binii, à l*Aut€ur* Quelle est votre intrigue ? L i Chitax.hr. Je la sais déjà par coeur,... ( A Acastt. ) Tiens , Acaste , tu Tas entendue je gage que c'est It Bout* %eois Gentilhomme , retourner AC A STB. Oui» justement. La Marquis i. On les Bourgeoises de qualité t en Uinb«*UXfc / A C A S T S. Vous l'avei dit. 1 t* FROLOGUE. B A l x 1 1. Cela tst use*. ACilTIi Oui , cela ressemble à tout. BUni, à l'Auteur* Qui jouei-vous dans votre Pièce I LUoiivi. Des ridicules, Mademoiselle. La M a a q, v i s a. Qui arci-Tçus en vue? L'AyTiui, Personne, Madame. La Chivalii*. Ih! non, eh. 1 non, il se tue de ▼oui le dift: 11 ne joue rien , il ne joue rien. BALisa, à l'Auteur. Tant pif , Monsieur , tant pis* PANCIACI, à l'Auteur, Oui, il faut toujours qu'un Auteur ait des origi naux en vue. L'AWTEOR, Vous me feriei croire qu'une Pièce nt pourtolt ▼oui plaire sans malignité i ACAITI* fans doute. Monsieur, sans doute. PROLOGUE. »j La Makqviis, 4 l'Auuur. Qu'est-ce qu'une Comédie tans satyre» sani por traits, où on ne reconnoit personne, où on ne peut faire l'application d'aucun trait i / BUm. ïi donc .' cela fait bâiller. La Marquis e. f Mais quand on peut dire : ce Bon ! voila pot» » Madame une telle.... Cela est pour son mari..»* » Ce traie est pour ma cousine, la Présidente..*. » Ce portrait est ma soeur, la Comtesse.... » lÉLlsi, l'interrompant. Cela fait écouter , cela intéresse , cela fait rire. A € A S T B. Et Voilà comme un Auteur fait valoir son esprit» L'Adtivi, Et déshonore son coeur. Pancracb. Aristophane joua , dans une de ses Comédies , le Philosophe Socrate. Li Chevaliir. Si jamais : e tais des Comédies , tous mes amis y tiendront leur coin. ■ L* A T7 T B U R. XI y aura du plaisir à en €tre !... Je n'ai pas Bitj *»4 PROLOGUE. toujours été si bon i et je rais vous dire une Fable» de ma façon , ou j'ai mes originaux devant les yeux. Il ne tiendra qu'à vous de les reconnoîtte. La Mah. qu i s i. Ah ! voyons. Cela vaudra peu>6tre mieux que U Comédie, car, entre nous.... Aciiti, Vinttrrompanu Je Pavois trouvée drôle; mais aujourd'hui je *oïi bien qu'elle ne vaut rien. » M li s i. Écoutons la Fable. L* A. U T I V ». LE SINGE, JOUEUR DE GOBELETS» F a b x, i. Au teins d'Esope , un Singe, eut la manie D'immortaliser son nom. Que faire pour cela? Le drôle aimoit la vie» Et , comme il n'étoit pas gascon , Trfcs volontiers, se confesspit poltron. Que fait-il donc ? Par affiche , il convie ' Quadrupèdes, oiseaux, bref, toutes les forSts» A le voir faire l'équilibre, lerpenter le fauteuil, jouer des gobelets. La salle étoit commode et libre» Dans les loges dévoient briller L'aimable et tendre Philomèlï, La charmante Serine et Perruche la belle, PROLOGUE. if Sur le Théâtre on verreit s'étaler» Et jouer de la prunelle Sire Lion, Mylord Rhinocéros, Le Seigneur Eléphant , et tel autre gros do*. Aux Renards , troupe connoisscuse » Le Parterre fut assigné. Une heure avant le rendez-vous donné» Chez la Grue et sa sœur , engeance curieuse , Notre Singe fut attiré. Deux Êtourneaux étoient près d'elles, Ainsi qu'un noir Hibou , commensal des Donxellcs. De montrer de ses tours , comme on l'eût conjuré , Il se mit en devoir d'en faire) Mais, des qu'il eut tiré sa Gibecière, Chacun la critiqua, de la belle manière. La Grue en blâma la couleur. Sa soeur s'en prit à la grandeur. Le noir Hibou, jaloux de sa nature, En Hébreu , Grec , latin , en fronda la structure» Les Étourneaux, soi-disant, beauxesprits, Sur l'affiche , à l'envi , d'abord , se déchaînèrent , Et la trouvèrent Conçue en termes trop hardis. Bref, sans rien voir de plus, ce digne aréopage j Cenclut que tout son fait n'étoit que badinage* pe cet accueil Messer Bertrand surpris , Leur dit , serrant sa Gibecière : ( L'Auteur remet la Pièce dans sa poche . ) et C'est aux Renards qu'il m'importe de plaire, a» Voilà l'heure, a-peu-pres , qu'ils doivent s' assemble*. •<f 'PROLOGUE. » Je n'eserois compter sur leur suffrage I » Mats oh n'ira pas me siffler so Avant que de mes tours on ait vu l'étalage.». » Avec un ris moqueur, leur ayant dit cela. Le Singe fait la gambade , et s'en va. ( L'Auteur s*rt> ) a 5CENE IV. LE CHEVALIER , LA MARQUIS! , BÉLKl, ACAStE , PANCRACE* A C A S T I. IVJlisbAMEs, je crois que vour 6tes les Grues de ta Fable, et nous les Étourneauxf Pancrace. Et moi le Hibou, I B i l i s s. L'impertinent i je n'irai point à sa Pièce, pour le punir ! La Marquis i. Moi, j'irai; mais je ne I'écouterai point. Je con trôlerai toutes les femmes des loges , afin d'empê cher celles avec qui je serai d'entendre la Corné die. PROLOGUE, 17 Le Chitaliir, i Acattu Allom * Acaste , allons au Parterre.... ( 4 part, ) Morbleu! Singe* mon ami, tu m'y entendrai t parmi les Renards i Fin du Prologue. PERSONNAGES DE LA COMÉDIE. Madame ABRAHAM, veure d'un Banquier» BINJAMIKE, fille de Madame Abraham, M. MATHIEU, Banquier. D A M I S , Conseiller , cousin et amant de lea jamine. UH COMMISSAIRE,^ Parens de Madame UN NOTAIRE, -> Abraham. MARTON, suivante de Benjamine. PICARD, laquais de Madame Abraham. LE MARQUIS DE MOKCADE. UN COMMANDEUR, -% amis du Marquï» UH COMTE, -> de Moncade.. M. POT-DE-VIK, Intendant du Marquis dt Moncade. UN COUREUR, du Marquis de Moncade» La Scène est a Paris % cheç Madame Abraham* t'ÉCOLE DES BOURGEOIS, COMÉDIE. ======= » i ACTE PREMIER. t ' » , ia SCENE PREMIERE. Madame ABRAHAM, BENJAMINS» Madame Abraham, .H,nfin , ma chère Benjamine , c'est donc ce soir que tu vas 8cre l'épouse de M. le Marquis de Mon cade. Il me tarde que cela ne soit déjà i et il me semble que ce moment n'arrivera jamais. Benjamin s. F en • suis plus impatiente que tous , ma mère 5 car , outre le plaisir de me voir femme d'un grand Seigneur , c'est que comme cette affaire s'est traitée depuis que Damis est à sa compagne , je serai ravie qu'à son retour il me trouve mariée, pour m'épar gner ses reproches. io L'ÉCOLE DES BOURGEOIS f Madame Abraham. IsNee que tu songes encore à Danois ? BlMIiMINI. Kon,ma mère. Mais que voulex vous ? II est Iteveu de feu mon père; nous avons été élevés en semble : je ne connoissois personne plus aimable que lui ; j'ignorois mSme qu'il en fût. Je lui trouvois do l'esprit, du mérite; il étoit amusant, tendre, com plaisant. 11 m'aimât je l'aimai aussi. Madame Uraham. Qu'il perd auprès de ce jeune Seigneur ! qu'il est défait ! qu'il est petit ! qu'il esc mince ! Son mérite parott ridicule , sa tendresse maussade. C'est u& petit homme de râlais , la tête pleine de Livres » attaché à ses Procès; un Bourgeois tout uni , sans manières , ennuyeux , doucereux , à donner des va peurs! B1M7AMIN1.
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https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27985521
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
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Tabo Creek
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
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Tabo Creek
river in the United States of America
Tabo Creek country United States of America
Tabo Creek located in the administrative territorial entity Lafayette County
Tabo Creek instance of river
Tabo Creek coordinate location
Tabo Creek coordinate location
Tabo Creek GeoNames ID 4411101
Tabo Creek GNIS Feature ID 727431
Tabo Creek Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11c5bsbw28
Tabo Creek
Tabo
Tabo stato Stati Unii de l'Amèrica
Tabo istansa de fiume
Tabo coordenae zeogràfeghe
Tabo coordenae zeogràfeghe
Tabo ID GeoNames 4411101
Tabo ID GNIS 727431
Tabo ID Google Knowledge Graph /g/11c5bsbw28
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apopularaccount02aclagoog_6
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English-PD
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,847 |
A Popular Account of the Manners and Customs of India
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Charles Acland
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English
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Spoken
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Whenever I halt I have nothing to do but lift this box out, and there is all mj apparatus on the table. Most people have only a shelf, on which they place their medicine-chest, dressing* case, pistols, &c. ; but I found this so inconvenient, that I re- solved to have the whole in one moveable box, and I find it a great additional comfort. In the lining of the palanquin are pockets for books, &c., and stuck here and there are hoc^, on which to hang a watch, &c« I have pillows especially for my palanquin. I take a blanket and a few books, and then I can start in tolerable comfort for a four or five days' journey. There is a place outside behind for a large brass washhand-basin ; in front there are two little win* dows, like those of a carriage, with glass and Venetian blinds ; behind there is one window, and also a lamp with a glass in the back of the palanquin, so as to ^w its light inside. Cnttad^ November 8, 1843. I HAVE just been called out to see an enormous Bengal tiger which some native huntsmen shot last night. It has been long prowling about between Cuttack and Chogga, and lias carried ofiT many unfortunate men. A party of us intended to go out and look for him next week. He was wounded first by a shot in the shoulder ; the second ball went through his eye and killed him at (mce. It was a mi^ificent beast. On the 9th a large leopard was brought in, and also a wild boar. The latter animal is excessively savi^e and very danger- ous. The usual mode of hunting is on horseback, armed with long lances or spears. His streng^ is very great ; he is modi larger and longer than the English pig. When enraged his back becomes as much curved as that of the h3r8ena ; indeed, it is a good deal so at all times. From the top of the head to the tail extends a thick mane of bristles, not hanging down like a horse's AlSTECDOtES OF TtGERS. 8f — mane, but standing perfectly upright. I have a young one uovt in a sty, but the men are obliged to throw his food to him, as he flies at them directly they go within reach. The tusks of the wild boar grow to several inches in length. A friend of mine was out one day when a boar charged his horse ; the brute made a spring at its huider parts, cutting right and left, and both the hind legs of the steed were severed to the bone, and his master was dbliged to dismount and shoot him. This reminds me of another anecdote. Miss D., the sister of the doctor at Balasore, wis out riding a short time since ) a gentlanan of her acquaintance was with her. They were moving slowly aloag^ when suddenly they heard a crackling of the branches by the roadside, and the next instant an enormous tiger sprang into the middle of the lane, just in front of them. The horses appeared paralysed ; they could not move, but stood trembling in every joint. The tiger turned round, glared upon them, opened his mouth wide, and gave that horrible ya a-a-a, diett made a cpring, bounded into the jungle on the other side, and disappeared^ The tiger which they brought in the other day measured ten feet six inches m length, and one foot two inches round his ankle. This species possesses enormous strength ; a single blow from his paw is su^ient to crush a man's skull into one frightful mass. The adjutant of the 8th Bengal Native Eegiment told me of a «ase which he had seen. A tiger seized a large English bullock, tossed it over his shoulders, and then sprang at one' bound over a fence several feet in height : so you may easily ima- gine that a wild tiger is not a very pleasant companion. We had a sad loss the night before last. I have already men- tioned ocir beautiful little antelope, which used to come and lie at my feet while I was writing. The other night I heard him give a fitint scream, and hastened to see what' was the matter ; he had been bitten by a cobra, and was dead in ten minutes. Poor little fellow ! I could have cried,— my wife did. I have seen many, but never knew one so tame before. I doubt whether any of the servants had dry eyes as its body was thrown into the g8 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OP INDIA. ■ ' ■ '< river. The bite of the cobra causes the body to swell to a frightful size. The other day my wife was walking in the garden, when a large cobra glided past her ; she called some of the men, who soon killed it, but it was too large to put into a bottle. A gen-* tleman, happening to call just then, asked me whether I had seen the poison. I said, ^' No.'' He took the head between his fingars and squeezed it in such a way as to open the mouth. In the upper jaw were two very large white &ngs, corresponding as it were to our eye-teeth. As he squeezed with more force, a tiny drop of perfectly transparent colourless fluid issued through the point of each fang — these were drops of venom that pass into the wound. The gentleman who showed me this was a medical man, and he said that he would not for a lac of rupees have the half of one of those drops get into a cut in his finger. Last June, when the weather was intensely hot, after we left Pooree, where we had resided for six weeks with Mr. and Mrs* B., I went to Chandapore, a delightful place on the sea-coast, about seven miles from Balasore. The thermometer was 105^ in-doors at six o'clock in the evening. When I started from Cuttack the thermometer in my palkee stood at 126% At Chandapore I was glad to put on a cloth coat and cloth trowsers* That is one great advantage in my station ; I have almost every variety of climate, except extreme cold. Indeed, when the bishop asked me how I liked my station, I told him I would not change with any chaplain in India. At Chandapore four of us one morning started for a walk over the sands. We took no shoes nor stockings, and had our trowsers tucked up to the knees. How we did laugh at eyeing ourselves ! we were like a set of merry boys. Every now and then one of us would step upon a quicksand and sink down half up his legs, and have to scramble out. Then, as we ran along in the water about six or eight inched deep, we would suddenly see two or three sea-scorpions, and run away, or perhaps slip or stumble over a piece of rock, and then down we came, and all roared with laughter, and then the magistrate sang out,-* SEA^SCOBPIONS-EELIEP FUND-SOLITUDE. 8d ** There was an old man at Barbago, He lived upon nothing but sago ; — Oh I how he did jump, When a doctor said, plump, ^ To a roast leg of mutton yon may go.' " I caught a couple of the sea-scorpions ; they do not sting, but cut with the edge of their tails, and it is said that the wound is incurable. They are covered with a hard shell. There is a great deal of illness about now, although the wea-* ther is most delightful : the thermometer seldom above 80^ ; the morning quite chilly. I am very well ; the only complaint I have is that of getting exceedingly fat, I think I have men- tioned our relief fund. There are a number of poor Christians here who have lived by beggary, stealing, and all sorts of wretch- edness. We are trying to induce them to work, and give them materials, and purchase at a high rate what they produce, and I quite hope our plan will succeed. You would have laughed to have seen me to-day, surrounded by a crowd of half-black women, measuring out prints and calicoes for dresses, &c, ; I being obliged to do it, as my wife was poorly. The things they make are to be given, as rewards, in our new Christian school. Barripore, November 28, 1843. How extraordinary does this utter solitude appear ! I have just been outside the bungalow : there is none of that confused murmuring sound which is almost universal in England. Every noise is distinctly heard : a child's voice, or a dove's coo, appears to break the intensity of the silence. And then, the thought that, excepting a few barbarians, there is not a human being within a day's journey I The whole feeling is exciting, but oppressive. Millions of black heathens> interpose between me and a single European ; and yet, with one brace of pistols and a good thick stick, I feel myself perfectly secure. But I will give an instance of the power which each European possesses over these people. 90 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF INDIA. When I went to Balasore with the L/s, we had four palan- quins, and consequently forty bearers. At one place, where we stopped to change men, Mrs. L. sent a man to my palanquin to say that she wanted to speak to me. I at once walked across to the spot where her palanquin stood. The night was as dark as pitch, with a nasty drizzling rain. The red flaming torches dis* closed a group of from eighty to a hundred natives, with their long black hair and immense mustachios, naked, except a cloth round thdr loins. As we changed bearers here, there was of course a double set present. We had four palanquins — one containing a native nurse and three of Captain L.'s jchildren ; another. Captain L. and one child ; another, Mrs. L. ; and the fourth was my own. On one side of the road was a dense thicket, or jungle; on the other, a deep canal, called by the natives a ^* nullah ;" and these, as well as the dusky group, were fittingly lighted by the torches of the mussalchees. Every man, as is the custom, had a long stick in his hand. We were many hours' journey from any European ; Ci^)tain L. was totally enfeebled by sickness ; and, in short, I was the only person who could have attempted to knock a man down. But mark the power of white skin (not but that mine is getting somewhat mahogany colour) : when I bent down to learn what Mrs. L. wanted, she was too' faint and weak to speak loud, and the abominable babbling of the hundred men about us prevented the possibility of my hearing what she said. " Choop ruho V* (keep quiet) I called out, but to no effect. " Choop ruho !" I bawled, but still to no avail ; I could not hear what Mrs. L. said. Suddenly I snatched the stick out of the hand of the nmn next me, just gave it a little flourish, and jumped into the middle of the crowd. ** You want the whip, 6h ?** I shouted. *' Choop ruho, will you ?" (for a word or two of English generally slips in either at the beginning or the end of a hasty sentence). In one instant there was a dead silence r not a word of resistance, or even insolence. Mrs. L. was weak and faint, and it seemed she wanted a glass of wine-and-water ; this detained us a little time, but as long as we remained there SOCIAL REaLATION OF EUROPEANS AND NATIVES. 91 ■I— single Word " Choop** was sufficient to quiet it directly. Now, some people may say, here is a long story about nothing, or rather about getting a glass of wine-and-water ; but I wish you to observe everything that takes place. Now, the nullah and the jungles, and the torches and the palanquins, are no great wonders in themselves, but together they make a pretty picture, car rather a striking one ; and so throi^h life you will find that •every half-dozen things that you observe will either form, ot assist in forming, some picture in your minds, which will cer- .tainly prove amusing or useful, or both. Then, again, suppose I had told you that I desired the men to be quiet, and they obeyed me : that would have been much shorter, but it would not have led the mind on to any other train of thought ; whereas the narrative, as I have related it, suggests many ideas which, if followed up, would fill whole pages ; for instance — ^ Ist. Why did the men dread the whip, when they were equally well armed ? 2nd. Are they accustomed to fbel it ? Srd. Are they generally oppressed, and in what way ; and would a native government be an advantage to them ? 4th. In what does that superiority consist which makes one hundred Hindus afraid of one European ? 5th. What is civilization ? What is the difference be- tween real civilization, and that knowledge of arts and sciences, of railroads and balloons, which is commonly digni- fied with the name ? And also what is the connexion he* tween real, true civilization and religion ? Here are a few out of numberless trains of thought and ques* tions which might arise, and do naturally arise, from the little anecdote I have given. Now, suppose I had said, ^^ At one stage Mrs. L. said something to me which I could not well make out on account of the noise the men made; however, I soon quieted them, and then found that she wanted some wine-and« water.'' That description would have given no idea of what actually took place, neither would it have afforded any subject for al^er consideration. 92 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OP INDIA. It was bitterly cold last night. I had on cloak, trowseis, a flannel jacket next my skin, a thick coat buttoned up to my neck, a double blanket over me, and both doors of my palkee shut. Yet I awoke about four o'clock this morning shivering with the cold, and was glad to get out and have a good run of two or three miles, flapping my arms against my sides, to restore the warmth. Mrs. Acland has complained of the cold for the last two days, even at twelve o'clock at noon. The fact is, people here become so accustomed to intense heat that they often find the cold weather very trying, and the hot season is notoriously the most healthy part of the year, though I &ncy it is now as warm as an English summer. Poor Mr. B., with whom we stayed while at Fooree, has had an attack of the terrible jungle-fever, and will, I fear, be obliged to return to England. A sick person, at least in my district, is quite a rarity : all the diseases are so rapid in their operation, that a week's illness is considered a long time. If it is violent, the patient generally dies in a few hours, or at most in two or three days ; if slight, he is by that time convalescent, and generally proceeds at once either to the Cape of Good Hope or to England. Cattack, December 10. I HAVE been to Midnapore and back again. Whilst I was at Balasore information was brought in that one hundred and fifty or two hundred elephants had come down into the paddy-fields about twelve miles from Balasore, and that they were destroying the crops. Two or three of the Europeans there wanted to make up a party to go and attack them ; I should very much like to have gone with them, but could not aflbrd the time; so the pro* position fell to the ground. It is dangerous sport, but very exciting. The elephant is invulnerable except at one point, and that is a small hollow in the middle of the forehead. I said invulnerable, but that is an improper word ; I mean, that that little spot is the only point where you can hit him fatally. Fancy An enormous elephant JUGGEBNATH PECTIVAL. 93 charging at full speed down a narrow path, with dense jungle on either side, and the sportsman standing still till he comes almost close, and then aiming at the forehead. Suppose he misses the one little spot — the elephant seizes him with his trunk, dashes him to the ground, and then kneels upon and crushes him ; that is to say, if it is a fierce male elephant. The tusks of a large one are worth fifty pounds. The sight of the dead pilgrims by the roadside in this part of India is very dreadful ; they go to Juggernat'h by hundreds, or rather by thousands. At the grand ifestival in June this year, when the car of Juggernat'h is dragged from the temple to his country house, there were present at least eighty thousand pil- grims from all parts of India, who each make large offerings to Uie idol, and during their stay are not allowed to eat any food but what has been prepared in the temple by the priests. Of course, for this food a most exorbitant price is charged, and at the same time it is of so inferior a quality that numbers died of cholera in consequence of eating it. Many of the pilgrims when they leave Pooree have not a pice left, and literally lie down and die of starvation by the roadside. The instant they are dead they are surrounded by jackals, dogs, and vultures, who quickly peel all the flesh from the bones : it is a horrid sight, but one which is too frequent to create surprise. To the support of this temple our Christian government pays 6000/. a-year, whilst at other places it supports one, two, or more priests. Some will scarcely understand all the arguments by which this pernicious support of idolatry is defended. The principal reason given is, that, when we took possession of the country, we found a nimiber of heathen tem- ples, supported out of the produce of certain lands which were appropriated to their service ; and that we, having taken pos- session of those lands, are bound to support the same temples by money derived from our own revenue. When the Roman Catholics conquered a country, their first object was to extirpate idolatry ; when the Mohammedans waged war, they did it in order to destroy the idols of the heathens ; but we encourage and protect all those wicked and evil superstitions. 94 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OP INDIA. Terrible as is the sight of the mutilated bodies of the pilgrims, it is not to me half so shocking as their thanks when they are relieved. As I travel, some poor wretch, who has more the appearance of a skeleton than a human being, comes to the side of the palanquin, and cries in Hindustanee, '^ Oh, great king, have mercy ! I have been to Juggematli, and I have no rice. I have not tasted food, O great king, for three days. Oh, great king, give me some cowries to buy some rice !" I give the man a pice or two, and then he exclaims, " May Juggematli bless you, great being ! May Ju^ernat'h make you prosperous ! '* This invocation of a blessing &om an idol sounds most frightful. The horrors of the roadside scene I will not describe — they are too fearful. The above account reminds me of the exaggerated manner of expression in use among the Eastern nations. I will give another instance of it, premising that it is the usual style of language employed by the natives towards their European masters. At Midnapore, the other day, I wanted to call on the' commanding officer ; I accordingly got into a tanjore, — that is, the body of a gig, supported, on two poles, and carried by men. As they took me up, I told them to go to the Colonel Sahib's ; they spoke together for a few minutes, and then one of them said in Hindustanee, *' representative of God, your slaves do not know where the Colonel Sahib lives.'* . " Well, do you know where the Salt- Agent Sahib lives ?** " Yes, O representative of God." " Then take me there." I had turned away a domestic for being impertinent — a case of very rare occurrence amongst the natives. He was my own personal attendant, and an excellent servant, but I would not allow him to be insolent, and therefore discharged him at once. For weeks this man stood at the gate of my compound, ran for miles by the side of my palanquin when I went out in it, and, if he saw me walking, threw himself on the ground at full length before me, extending his hands clasped over his head, and then crept or rather glided on his stomach close to me, kissed my feet, placed them on his head^ and, whilst the tears ran from bis. NUMBER AND NAMES OP SERVANTS. 95 eyes, exclaimed in Hindustanee, ^^ great being ! repre* sentative of God, have pity on your slave ! punish me, whip me, but let roe be your slave, great king I" One day he brought his two little boys with him, and made them also kneel at my' feet. He was an old man with a long beard, and he rubbed it in the dust, and cried and sobbed. I looked at his sons, and thought of my own children, and, as I considered he had been sufficiently punished, I told him to get up and I would try him again. He raised himself on his knees, and kissed the hem of my garment.* He is now the most useful servant I have. He is a sheikh — Sheikh Ibrahim is his name, and he had served every one of my predecessors, the chaplains at Cuttack. I do not know the names of all my servants, but I will men- tion a few. Ibrahim is my sirdar, or valet, and chief man ; my bearer is Maqua (which, by the way, is a name in use amongst the Indians in North America) ; my water-carrier is Bangore ; my watchman, or chokedar, Sieboo; my sweeper, Bamoo. These last four are allowed me and paid for by Govern- ment: I give them a trifle in addition to their regular pay. The cook, or bowachee, is Callipar; and the table-servant, or khitmutgar, is Pekhoo. We only keep one table-servant ; every one else keeps two, and many four or five. My syce, or groom, is Saitor ; I do not know the names of the coachman, grass-cutter, tailor,and carpenter, nor of my wife's woman -servant, or ayah, a» she is called. I think these are all our domestics, e:icept the dobee, or washerman, but I do not know his name. . I believe every one in Bengal keeps more servants than I do. In the Madras presidency not nearly so many are required, as one there will do the work of three here. I do not know how it is in Bombay. I suppose it is on this account that in the Bengal presidency we receive higher pay than in the other parts of India. I said that I kept fewer than most people, hut I certainly think I am better served than those who keep double the number, and I attribute it to this: I never beat my servants ; I scold them, but do not strike them : and I be- ^ * This man continued most ^ithftdlj attached till his master's death, and was then inconsolable. 96 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OP INDIA. lieve that they exert themselves very much in order that they may remain with me on that account, for the cruelty practised by many towards their domestics is most shocking. Yet I firmly believe that I am better served, and, if I may use the expression, really loved, for that very reason. When a servant is ill it is usual to stop his wages entirely : this I think wrong, and I therefore only stop half, which is another inducement to them to exert themselves in order to rcHiain with me. I will give an instance of the sort of exer- tion to which I allude. When I packed the last box for England, my carpenter was ill ; my cook is a very handy sort of man, so I called him, and desired him to nail up the box ; he did it without a moment's hesitation. Almost any other cook would rather have lefl his situation than have done what he did not consider his work. Again, I do not know any other person who can get one man to wait on both the sahib and the mem. My khitmutgar not only does this, but also cleans my gun, and sometimes goes out shoot- ing with me; when he is thus engaged the cook supplies his place. These are the advantages of kindness. It is a common saying that the Hindus have no sense of gratitude, that they have not even a word to express that feeling in ^heir language. I do not believe it, and will give you a case in point. When we are going to travel we pay the money for the bearers into the hands of the postmasters before* hand ; he then orders the men to be ready at each stage, and he subsequently sends them their pay. At one stage, as I was going to Midnapore some time ago, the men complained to me that they had not received their money for many months. I questioned them, and, finding their story probable, I promised to speak to the postmaster, and also offered to carry a petition from them to him. This I did ; there had been a fault somewhere, but not, I believe, with the postmaster. However, the poor men got their money. Since that time, whenever I go along the road, as soon as I come to that place a man calls out, <'Here is the kind sahib that took our letter for us;" and although the stage is ten HONESTY OP NATIVES. ^f miles in length, yet they carry me over it in less time than it takes me to go a six-mile stage elsewhere. My palke^ is a heavy one, but they literally run as fest as they can the whole way ; and two additional men always go with them without asking for any pay. Is not this something like gratitude? They are said to be extremely dishonest — I mean the natives generally. This also I deny; although their treatment by individuals is enough to make them so; for on the part of Government the error — if any — lies in an excess of mildness and lenity. I would not hesitate, if it were necessary, to intrust a thousand rupees to a servant to take to Calcutta : that is for him a fifteen days' journey. Yet, if he chose, he might easily get beyond my reach ; and such a sum would be sufficient to purchase an estate which would render himself and his descendants landed proprietors and gentlemen. I doubt whether you could say more than that for English honesty; although, of course, there may be exceptions here as well as there. After I left Jelasore the other day, I remembered that I had omitted to lock my patarahs or tin travelling-boxes. There were many valuable things in them, and when I reached the first stage they had not then come up; yet I proceeded day after day for one hundred and fifty miles without the slightest uneasiness ; and these patarahs, which had passed through the hands of sixteen men successively, all of the poorest class and each one alone, arrived at Cuttack in safety one day after myself. I should not have felt so easy had this occurred in England. But enough of this subject for the present, I was riding out with two friends a few days ago near Bala* jBore, when we saw a cavalcade approaching, consisting of several armed men, some on horseback others on camels. We inquired who they were, and learned that it was the escort of Bheere Singh, who had been on a pilgrimage to Juggemat'h. We joined the Rajah and had a long gossip with him. The first salutation was a salaam on both sides, that is, — we bowed almost to the necks of our horses, pressing the palms of oar right hands against our foreheads. The Bajah, being more H -98 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF INDIA. polite, or having better command of his horse, salaamed with both hands. I shaU^describe ihe man, because, judging £rom the present state of his country, it is posnble that he may hereafter figure in the history of India. He appeared about forty years of age, strongly built, but not very tall ; large black whiskent, and the universal moustache, which however was smaller than usuaL There was much fire and animatioii both in his eyes and gestures ; I should say also that his look betrayed a cnnniag and intriguing spirit. He was evidently unwilling to say much concerning the disturbances which have recently taken place in his country, but was most anxious to hear our opinions. He said he had seen the burra lord (great lord), Ellenboroug^, as he came through Calcutta ; and I wondered whether the real object of his journey might not have been to see and speak with the Governor" General rather than to perform his devotions at Pooree. But one thing struck me especially, and it is a thing highly to the credit of our Indian Government Pointing to his retinue, he said, '^ This I very much admire. In my own country and all the native states (that is, states governed by native rajahs), if I were to go to sleep, I must set my guards round me with their arms in their hands, and I dare not ask a stranger to carry a thing for me lest he should run away with it. But directly I come into the Burra Beebee Company's territories " (the East India Company is called the Burra Beebee, or the great lady, by all the natives), ^^ directly I come into their territories, although they are so vast, so immense, from sea to sea '' (and he stretched forth his hands in every direction), '' directly I come there, if I am weary, I can go to sleep under any tree by the roadside, and I oan tell all my guards to go to sleep also. If I want anything carried, I can say to the stranger * Carry it,' and I know it is safe. Oh ! the Burra Beebee Company is a very good great king." And most assuredly it is so. Wherever we come we give sound laws, and the people find peace and comparative happi- ness. Under the native rajahs all is anarchy, bloodshed, and oppression. Would that the whole of India were undar our sway, and that our Government would seek, by firm and decisive *neasures, to introduce the blessings of Christianity amongst the A MEETING— CHOUDWAR. 99 thousands and miUions of their heathen subjects ! I consider these few words of Bheere Singh to confer far more real honour on our Government than all their victories. How little one knows in England of the pleasure of meeting with an acquaintance ! The other night, as I was travelling and just doaug m mj paknqoia, I wm roused bj a loud voice' — ^* Hulloh, Acland I what, is that you ?" I was out of my palkee in an instant, and Mr. C, of Talacore, jumped out of his. What a break in the monotony of the road I and yet there was one great unpleasantness about it, and that was, we wei^ oUiged, after a few minutes' gossip, each to return to his own solitary palanquin. He produced some oranges ; we sucked one or two, and then separated. Cattack, December 25, 1843. Yesterday morning Captain W. sent to ask me whether I would go out into the jungle with him and try and get some hares. I did not fisel much inclined, as my yearly supply of stipes, such as wine, beer, candles, vinegar, &c. &c., had just arrived from Cal- cutta. However I thought that perhaps I should see something which might amuse me, so I went. At three we started on our ponies across the tedious sands to the river. The water we crossed in a boat, and then remounted and rode for some dis- tance into the jungle : at last down we got. We had fourteen men with us to bait the jimgle. We walked along through the wildest scenery, looking for hares, until we arrived at Choudwar-^-at least that I believe to be the name of the place I described once before, which I said reminded me much of the ancient Petra. There are several long deep ravines filled with dense jungle, the sides composed of perpendicular black rock, a sort of iron-stone, in some parts of which steps have been cut, and in other places great blocks are lying about irregularly, or forming the foundations of the houses of the ancient inhabitants. We had found no game of any sort except porcupines, which H 2 100 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF INDIA. ■■ ^»»».— I 11 1 II - 11 I > abound here. At last we came to a ravine of the shape of an acute triangle. The lower line was a perpendicular face of rock of perhaps forty feet in height, the other line was a steep slope, and all the hollow was filled with thick jungle. Captain W. and myself were standing about the middle of the lower line, and we ordered the men that were with us to go down and beat the bushes in the hollow. As they went down I observed to Captain W. that I thought it looked a likely place for something rather larger than liares* He replied that the men said there were no wild beasts about here. He had hardly done speaking when we heard the most frightful snarling growl proceeding from the bushes down at the farther point of the angle. ^' A tiger ! '' screamed the men, and ran off in every direction as fest as they could. " Give us the guns with ball," shouted we ; for those in our hands had only small shot, said the men behind us held our other guns. ^' It is a great hysena ! " shouted I, as with another growl an enormous one sneaked out of the bushes up the bank opposite to that on which we stood. Bang ! went the Captain's gun and mine at the same time ; — down fell the brute, up again, turned round, yelled, and screamed, inclined to make a rush at us. Bang I bang 1 again with the other barrels, and with a scream the ani- mal bounded off on three 1^, his hind thigh having been broken by one of our balls. " Powder I powder, quickly I" was the cry, and our men handed us the powder and balls : we reloaded as quickly as possible, our hands trembling with excitement. ^^ Give chase ! " I shouted, and off we set as hard as we could run towards the other bank, where the beast was still running, and turning every now and then to snarl at us. '^ Coolies, drive him hither I " cried Captain W., and on we bounded ; but the coolies were not at all willing to obey the command, and so we had a long chase. " 1 11 fire ; you mind him if he turns,'' exclaimed W. Bang I A yell from the hyeena ; and down he rushes towards me. Bang! he's down — ^no~^up again. An- other shot from Captain W., and over he tumbles and is dead in a few minutes. The excitement of such a chase is very great. I was hot and •J *. SPORTING. ^ - ;. t : ^ tol tired, and also fat ; but when I saw thejenoirfnoiis biijt^^lalJyas : : :. forgotten, and I leaped down the rocks, scrambled 'lip the tiilfe,'^ ' ^ ^ ' and bounded over the bushes, as if 1 had been a boy. The hyaena is a cowardly animal, although he has immense strength both of jaw and paw. Had this been a tiger, he would at the first wound have flown at us, and perhaps killed us before we had time to load again ; but the hyaena rarely turns upon the hunters unless he sees that all escape is hopeless. I had no idea that these animals were so large. This was little if at all less than a full-grown tiger. He did not spring out like the latter would have done, but sneaked along as if he thought his horrid ugliness would protect him. As we were coming home over the sands, I asked Captain W. if he did not mean to dischai^e his gun before he went in. " Yes," said he, '^ and there is a target," pointing to a large black pariah dog, which was feasting on some rotten carrion at a considerable distance. We dismounted, took our guns, and Captain W. fired. The ball struck the sand between the animal's legs, and he stared round him as if to know what it meant. Captain W.'s next shot struck the sand close to the dog's nose. Off he started, when I raised my gun and fired, and he rolled over dead. This was a useless piece of cruelty ; the killing the hyeena was right, because these animals do much mischief among the cattle, and will also carry away young children ; but the dogs are in a great measure our scavengers, and carry off all sorts of filth. The only other things we fired at were some jackals and a white- headed fiilcon. The former we missed ; the latter I killed. The miner is a pretty bird, of which I have before spoken. I consider it good eating, although most persons have a prejudice against it, as not being a very clean feeder. They fly in large flocks. The other day, with a small charge of shot, I killed five at once. The parrots are very destructive to the fruit, especially the custard- apple ; I therefore frequently shoot them in my own garden. » • r Ibt \ : -MMPO^fiRS AND CUSTOMS OF INDIA. • • •• • • « • • • • « Cuttacky January 3| 1844. I HAVE been to Pooree ; but what I am going to relate now is an adventure, not of my own, but of some valiant officers of the regiment stationed here. The Captain, the Lieutenant, the En* sign, and a Seijeant, went out for a day's shooting ; and I had the story from two separate individuals of the party. They rode to the ground, and then skirted for some time along the side of the dense jungle. At last the Captain says — " Well, I am tired ; I shan't go any £irther. Bring me my camp-stool." Fancy a man's taking a camp-stool when he goes out to hunt or shoot ! However, down he sat ; and the other three proceeded some way £u'ther. At length the Lieutenant 8ay»— " Well, Jam tired } I shan't go any farther. Give me my camp-stool." Down he sat ; and on went the other two, until the Ensign said — ** Well, I am tired ; I shan't go any &rther. Give me my camp-stool." And he sat down. The Serjeant, with one native, now proceeded down a narrow path which led into the jungle. He had not been gone more than five minutes when the Ensign heard the report of a gun, and the next instant the Serjeant rushed out of the jungle, without his hat, without his gun, with bis mouth wide open, eyes staring, and hair all on end. ^^ What's the matter, Seijeant ?" cries the Ens^. '' A tig^r, sir," says the other, without stopping. *' A tiger?" ^' Ay." Down goes the Ensign's gun over his camp-stool, and o£P he starts after the Serjeant as &st as his leg^ can carry him. ^' Hulloh !" exclaims the Lieutenant, as they came rushing towards him: "why, what's in the wind now?" "A tiger! a tiger I'* they shout. Down goes the Lieutenant's gun, and he quickly joins in the race. " What in the world are you all after P' cries the Captain, as they came to where he was comfortably sitting, drinking a bottle of beer, and smoking a cigar. " A tiger ! a tiger ! a tiger !" is again the reply. " Pooh, pooh, nonserae !" said the Captain, moving slowly towards his horse. ' ' Nonsense !" answered the fugitives ; " we tell you there is a tiger down there : go and see yourself." " No, I am tired," says the Captain ; " I shall go home." And he juniped on his horse, and, followed by COSTUME BEGULATIONS. 10S» his brave comrades, galloped back to Cuttack. How the natives did grin and chuckle. They, too, had seen the frightful monster, and knew that it was a poor harmless jackal which had put to flight the Captain, and the Lieutenant, and the Ensign, and the Serjeant I ! ! But there is moral to this tale. Another officer asked the Ser- jeant afterwards why he ran away ? The answer was, that he ran at first because he was alone and unsupported, and that he ran afterwards because he saw the officers run. And this will ever be the case. If the officers show a firm front, so will the men : if the officers waver or hesitate, it will naturally strike a panic into the minds of those who are accustomed to look up to them for guid- ance. Eemarkable instances of both these positions we have recently had at Jellalabad and Kabul. I start on Friday next for Balasore. I go principally for the sake of exercise and shooting. There are a great many bears there. My wife has just hired a new woman-servant. She is of the Ooriah Mehanee caste, and therefore may not wear petticoats, but only the common native dress. Now, all ladies like their own personal servants to wear petticoats ; but here it is so strictly forbidden, that the woman, if she were once to put them on, would be deserted by her husband and children, and never be suffered to eat with any of her tribe. But then the Hindu law, whilst it is thus severe on any breach of caste, provides an easy mode of getting over the difficulty. My wife gives the woman eight £^illings : the woman gires half of this to the priest, and with the other half she pro- vides a feast for her tribe. After this she may wear her petticoats in peace and security. Barripore, January 5, 1844. Thsr£ is one ps^t of the sands at Fooree, on which if you stand about the middle of the day, and look towards the north, you are surprised to observe in the distance an English town. You see several three-storied houses, with doors and windows : interspersed here and there are several very English-looking trees ; and at a 104 MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OP INDIA.
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Article 65Procédure du comité
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1. La Commission est assistée du comité européen des assurances et des pensions professionnelles, établi par la décision 2004/9/CE de la Commission (
31
).
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2. Dans le cas où il est fait référence au présent paragraphe, l’article 5 bis, paragraphes 1 à 4, et l’article 7 de la décision 1999/468/CE s’appliquent, dans le respect des dispositions de l’article 8 de celle-ci.
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Article 66Droits acquis par les succursales et les entreprises d'assurance existantes1. Les succursales qui ont commencé leur activité, conformément aux dispositions de l'État membre de la succursale, avant le 1er juillet 1994, sont censées avoir fait l'objet de la procédure prévue à l'article 40, paragraphes 1 à 5.Elles sont régies, à partir de cette date, par les articles 13, 20, 37, 39 et 46.2. Les articles 41 et 42, ne portent pas atteinte aux droits acquis par les entreprises d'assurance opérant en régime de libre prestation de services avant le 1er juillet 1994.Article 67Recours juridictionnelLes États membres veillent à ce que les décisions prises à l'égard d'une entreprise d'assurance en application des dispositions législatives, réglementaires et administratives adoptées conformément à la présente directive puissent faire l'objet d'un recours juridictionnel.Article 68Révision des montants libellés en euros1. La Commission soumet au Conseil avant le 15 mars 1985 un rapport consacré aux incidences des exigences financières établies par la présente directive sur la situation du marché des assurances des États membres.2. Le Conseil, statuant sur proposition de la Commission, procède tous les deux ans à l'examen et, le cas échéant, à la révision des montants libellés en euros dans la présente directive, en tenant compte de l'évolution de la situation économique et monétaire dans la Communauté.Article 69Mise en œuvre des nouvelles dispositions1. Les États membres mettent en vigueur au plus tard le 19 juin 2004, les dispositions législatives, réglementaires et administratives nécessaires pour se conformer à l'article 1er, paragraphe 1, point m), à l'article 18, paragraphe 3, à l'article 51, paragraphe 2, point g), paragraphes 3 et 4, à l'article 60, paragraphe 2, et à l'article 66, paragraphe 1. Ils en informent immédiatement la Commission.2. Les États membres mettent en vigueur au plus tard le 17 novembre 2002 les dispositions législatives, réglementaires et administratives nécessaires pour se conformer à l'article 16, paragraphe 3. Ils en informent immédiatement la Commission. Avant cette date, les États membres appliquent la disposition visée à l'annexe IV, point 1.3. Les États membres adoptent au plus tard le 20 septembre 2003 les dispositions législatives, réglementaires et administratives nécessaires pour se conformer à l'article 3, paragraphe 6, et aux articles 27, 28, 29, 30 et 38. Ils en informent immédiatement la Commission.Les États membres veillent à ce que les dispositions visées au premier alinéa s'appliquent, pour la première fois, à la surveillance des comptes des exercices sociaux commençant le 1er janvier 2004 ou durant cette année civile. Avant cette date, les États membres appliquent les dispositions visées à l'annexe IV, points 2 et 3.4. Lorsque les États membres adoptent les dispositions visées aux paragraphes 1, 2 et 3, celles-ci contiennent une référence à la présente directive ou sont accompagnées d'une telle référence lors de leur publication officielle. Les modalités de cette référence sont arrêtées par les États membres.5. Au plus tard le 1er janvier 2007, la Commission remet au Parlement européen et au Conseil un rapport sur l'application de l'article 3, paragraphe 6, et des articles 27, 28, 29, 30 et 38 et, le cas échéant, sur la nécessité d'une harmonisation plus poussée. II. L'assurance «nuptialité», l'assurance «natalité».
III. Les assurances visées à l'article 2, point 1 a) et b), qui sont liées à des fonds d'investissement.
IV. La «permanent health insurance» visée à l'article 2, point 1 d).
V. Les opérations tontinières visées à l'article 2, point 2 a).
VI. Les opérations de capitalisation visées à l'article 2, point 2 b).
VII. Les opérations de gestion de fonds collectifs de retraite visées à l'article 2, point 2 c) et d).
VIII. Les opérations visées à l'article 2, point e).
IX. Les opérations visées à l'article 2, point 3.
ANNEXE IIRègles de congruenceLa monnaie dans laquelle les engagements de l'assureur sont exigibles est déterminée conformément aux règles suivantes:
1) Lorsque les garanties d'un contrat sont exprimées dans une monnaie déterminée, les engagements de l'assureur sont considérés comme exigibles dans cette monnaie.
2) Les États membres peuvent autoriser les entreprises d'assurance à ne pas représenter leurs provisions techniques, et notamment leurs provisions mathématiques, par des actifs congruents s'il résulte de l'application des modalités précédentes que l'entreprise devrait, pour satisfaire au principe de la congruence, détenir des éléments d'actifs dans une monnaie d'un montant ne dépassant pas 7 % des éléments d'actifs existant dans d'autres monnaies.
3) Les États membres peuvent ne pas exiger des entreprises d'assurance l'application du principe de congruence lorsque les engagements sont exigibles dans une monnaie autre que celle de l'un des États membres, si les investissements dans cette monnaie sont réglementés ou si cette monnaie est soumise à des restrictions de transfert ou est, pour des raisons analogues, inadaptée à la représentation des provisions techniques.
4) Les entreprises d'assurance sont autorisées à ne pas couvrir par des actifs congruents un montant n'excédant pas 20 % de leurs engagements dans une monnaie déterminée.
Toutefois, l'ensemble des actifs, toutes monnaies confondues, doit être au moins égal à l'ensemble des engagements, toutes monnaies confondues.
5) Chaque État membre peut prévoir que lorsque, en vertu des modalités précédentes, des engagements doivent être représentés par des actifs libellés dans la monnaie d'un État membre, cette modalité est réputée respectée également lorsque les actifs sont libellés en euros.
ANNEXE IIIInformation des preneursLes informations suivantes, qui doivent être communiquées au preneur soit A. avant la conclusion du contrat, soit B. pendant la durée du contrat, doivent être formulées de manière claire et précise, par écrit, et être fournies dans une langue officielle de l'État membre de l'engagement.Toutefois, ces informations peuvent être rédigées dans une autre langue si le preneur le demande et le droit de l'État membre le permet ou que le preneur a la liberté de choisir la loi applicable.A. Avant la conclusion du contrat
Information concernant l'entreprise d'assurance
Information concernant l'engagement
a.1. Dénomination ou raison sociale, forme juridique
a.2. Nom de l'État membre où est établi le siège social et, le cas échéant, l'agence ou la succursale avec laquelle le contrat sera conclu
a.3. Adresse du siège social et, le cas échéant, de l'agence ou de la succursale avec laquelle le contrat sera conclu
a.4. Définition de chaque garantie et option
a.5. Durée du contrat
a.6. Modalité de résiliation du contrat
a.7. Modalités et durée de versement des primes
a.8. Modalités de calcul et d'attribution des participations aux bénéfices
a.9. Indications des valeurs de rachat et de réduction et la nature des garanties y afférentes
a.10. Informations sur les primes relatives à chaque garantie, qu'elle soit principale ou complémentaire, lorsque de telles informations se révèlent appropriées
a.11. Énumération des valeurs de référence utilisées (unités de compte) dans les contrats à capital variable
a.12. Indications sur la nature des actifs représentatifs des contrats à capital variable
a.13. Modalités d'exercice du droit de renonciation
a.14. Indications générales relatives au régime fiscal applicable au type de police
a.15. Dispositions relatives à l'examen des plaintes des preneurs d'assurance, assurés ou bénéficiaires du contrat, au sujet du contrat, y compris, le cas échéant, de l'existence d'une instance chargée d'examiner les plaintes, sans préjudice de la possibilité d'intenter une action en justice
a.16. La loi qui sera applicable au contrat lorsque les parties n'auraient pas de liberté de choix ou, lorsque les parties ont la liberté de choisir la loi applicable, la loi que l'assureur propose de choisir
B. Pendant la durée du contrat
Outre les conditions générales et spéciales qui doivent être communiquées au preneur, ce dernier doit recevoir les informations suivantes pendant toute la durée du contrat.
Information concernant l'entreprise d'assurance
Information concernant l'engagement
b.1. Tout changement dans la dénomination ou la raison sociale, la forme juridique ou l'adresse du siège social et, le cas échéant, de l'agence ou de la succursale avec laquelle le contrat a été conclu
b.2. Toutes informations relatives aux points a.4 à a.12 du titre A en cas d'avenant au contrat ou de modification de la législation y applicable
b.3. Chaque année, informations concernant la situation de la participation aux bénéfices
ANNEXE IV1. Secret professionnel
Jusqu'au 17 novembre 2002, les États membres ne peuvent conclure des accords de coopération prévoyant l'échange d'informations avec les autorités compétentes de pays tiers que pour autant que les informations communiquées bénéficient de garanties de secret professionnel au moins équivalentes à celles visées à l'article 16 de la présente directive.2. Activités, entreprises et organismes exclus
Jusqu'au 1er janvier 2004, la présente directive ne concerne pas les mutuelles d'assurance, dont, à la fois:
— les statuts prévoient la possibilité soit de procéder à des rappels de cotisation, soit de réduire les prestations, soit de faire appel au concours d'autres personnes qui ont souscrit un engagement à cette fin, et
— le montant annuel des cotisations perçues au titre des activités couvertes par la présente directive n'excède pas 500 000 euros pendant trois années consécutives. Si ce montant est dépassé pendant trois années consécutives, la présente directive s'applique à partir de la quatrième année.
3. Jusqu'au 1er janvier 2004, les États membres appliquent les dispositions suivantes:
A. Marge de solvabilité
Chaque État membre impose à chaque entreprise d'assurance dont le siège social est situé sur son territoire de disposer d'une marge de solvabilité suffisante, relative à l'ensemble de ses activités.La marge de solvabilité est constituée:
1) par le patrimoine de l'entreprise d'assurance, libre de tout engagement prévisible, déduction faite des éléments incorporels. Ce patrimoine comprend notamment:
— le capital social versé ou, s'il s'agit de mutuelles, le fonds initial effectif versé, additionné des comptes des sociétaires qui répondent à l'ensemble des critères suivants:—
a) les statuts disposent que des paiements ne peuvent être réalisés à partir de ces comptes en faveur des membres que si cela n'a pour effet de faire descendre la marge de solvabilité en dessous du niveau requis ou, après la dissolution de l'entreprise, si toutes les autres dettes de l'entreprise ont été payées;
b) les statuts disposent, en ce qui concerne tout paiement effectué à d'autres fins que la résiliation individuelle de l'affiliation, que les autorités compétentes sont averties au moins un mois à l'avance et qu'elles peuvent, pendant ce délai, interdire le paiement;
c) les dispositions pertinentes des statuts ne peuvent être modifiées qu'après que les autorités compétentes ont déclaré ne pas s'opposer à la modification sans préjudice des critères énumérés aux points a) et b),
— la moitié de la fraction non versée du capital social ou du fonds initial, dès que la partie versée atteint 25 % de ce capital ou fonds,
— les réserves (légales ou libres) ne correspondant pas aux engagements,
— le report des bénéfices,
— les actions préférentielles cumulatives et les emprunts subordonnés peuvent être inclus, mais dans ce cas uniquement jusqu'à concurrence de 50 % de la marge, dont 25 % au maximum comprennent des emprunts subordonnés à échéance fixe ou des actions préférentielles cumulatives à durée déterminée pour autant qu'ils répondent au moins aux critères suivants:—
a) en cas de faillite ou de liquidation de l'entreprise d'assurance, il existe des accords contraignants aux termes desquels les emprunts subordonnés ou les actions préférentielles occupent un rang inférieur par rapport aux créances de tous les autres créanciers et ne seront remboursés qu'après règlement de toutes les autres dettes en cours à ce moment.
— En outre, les emprunts subordonnés doivent remplir les conditions suivantes:—
b) il n'est tenu compte que des fonds effectivement versés;
c) pour les emprunts à échéance fixe, leur échéance initiale doit être fixée à au moins cinq ans. Au plus tard un an avant l'échéance, l'entreprise d'assurance soumet aux autorités compétentes, pour approbation, un plan indiquant comment la marge de solvabilité sera maintenue ou amenée au niveau voulu à l'échéance, à moins que le montant à concurrence duquel l'emprunt peut être inclus dans les composantes de la marge de solvabilité ne soit progressivement réduit au cours des cinq dernières années au moins avant l'échéance. Les autorités compétentes peuvent autoriser le remboursement anticipé de ces fonds à condition que la demande ait été faite par l'entreprise d'assurance émettrice et que sa marge de solvabilité ne descende pas en dessous du niveau requis;
d) les emprunts pour lesquels l'échéance de la dette n'est pas fixée ne sont remboursables que moyennant un préavis de cinq ans, sauf s'ils ont cessé d'être considérés comme une composante de la marge de solvabilité ou si l'accord préalable des autorités compétentes est formellement requis pour leur remboursement anticipé. Dans ce dernier cas, l'entreprise d'assurance informe les autorités compétentes au moins six mois avant la date du remboursement proposé, en indiquant la marge de solvabilité effective et requise avant et après ce remboursement. 2) dans la mesure où la législation nationale l'autorise, par les réserves de bénéfices, figurant dans le bilan, lorsqu'elles peuvent être utilisées pour couvrir des pertes éventuelles et qu'elles n'ont pas été affectées à la participation des assurés;
3) sur demande et justification de l'entreprise auprès de l'autorité compétente de l'État membre sur le territoire duquel est situé le siège social et avec l'accord de cette autorité:
a) par un montant représentant 50 % des bénéfices futurs de l'entreprise; le montant des bénéfices futurs est obtenu en multipliant le bénéfice annuel estimé par le facteur qui représente la durée résiduelle moyenne des contrats; ce facteur peut atteindre 10 au maximum; le bénéfice annuel estimé est la moyenne arithmétique des bénéfices qui ont été réalisés au cours des cinq dernières années dans les activités énumérées à l'article 2 de la présente directive.
Les bases de calcul du facteur multiplicateur du bénéfice annuel estimé ainsi que les éléments du bénéfice réalisé sont fixés d'un commun accord par les autorités compétentes des États membres en collaboration avec la Commission. Jusqu'au moment où cet accord est obtenu, ces éléments sont déterminés conformément à la législation de l'État membre d'origine.
Après que les autorités compétentes auront fixé la notion de bénéfices réalisés, la Commission présentera des propositions sur l'harmonisation de cette notion dans le cadre d'une directive visant à l'harmonisation des comptes annuels des entreprises d'assurance et comportant la coordination prévue à l'article 1er, paragraphe 2, de la directive 78/660/CEE;
b) en cas de non-zillmérisation ou dans le cas d'une zillmérisation qui n'atteint pas le chargement d'acquisition contenu dans la prime, par la différence entre la provision mathématique non zillmérisée ou partiellement zillmérisée et une provision mathématique zillmérisée au taux de zillmérisation égal au chargement d'acquisition contenu dans la prime; ce montant ne peut toutefois excéder 3,5 % de la somme des différences entre les capitaux «vie» et les provisions mathématiques, pour l'ensemble des contrats où la zillmérisation est possible; mais cette différence est éventuellement réduite du montant des frais d'acquisition non amortis inscrits à l'actif;
c) en cas d'accord des autorités compétentes des États membres intéressés sur le territoire desquels l'entreprise d'assurance exerce son activité, par les plus-values latentes résultant de sous-estimation d'éléments d'actif et de surestimation d'éléments du passif autres que les provisions mathématiques dans la mesure où de telles plus-values n'ont pas un caractère exceptionnel.
B. Marge de solvabilité minimale
Sous réserve de la section C, la marge de solvabilité minimale est déterminée comme suit selon les branches exercées:
a) pour les assurances visées à l'article 2, point 1 a) et b) de la présente directive, autres que les assurances liées à des fonds d'investissement et pour les opérations visées à l'article 2, point 3), de la présente directive, il doit être égal à la somme des deux résultats suivants:
— premier résultat:
— le nombre représentant une fraction de 4 % des provisions mathématiques, relatives aux opérations directes sans déduction des cessions en réassurance et aux acceptations en réassurance, est à multiplier par le rapport existant, pour le dernier exercice, entre le montant des provisions mathématiques, déduction faite des cessions en réassurance, et le montant brut, visé ci-dessus, des provisions mathématiques; ce rapport ne peut en aucun cas être inférieur à 85 %,
— second résultat:—
pour les contrats dont les capitaux sous risque ne sont pas négatifs, le nombre représentant une fraction de 0,3 % de ces capitaux pris en charge par l'entreprise d'assurance est multiplié par le rapport existant, pour le dernier exercice, entre le montant des capitaux sous risque demeurant à charge de l'entreprise après cession et rétrocession en réassurance et le montant des capitaux sous risque sans déduction de la réassurance; ce rapport ne peut en aucun cas être inférieur à 50 %.
Pour les assurances temporaires en cas de décès, d'une durée maximale de trois années, la fraction mentionnée ci-dessus est de 0,1 %; pour celles d'une durée supérieure à trois années et ne dépassant pas cinq années, la fraction mentionnée ci-dessus est de 0,15 %;
b) pour les assurances complémentaires visées à l'article 2, point 1 c), de la présente directive, il doit être égal au résultat du calcul suivant:
— il est fait masse des primes ou cotisations émises dans les affaires directes au cours du dernier exercice, au titre de tous les exercices, accessoires compris,
— il y est ajouté le montant des primes acceptées en réassurance au cours du dernier exercice,
— il en est déduit le montant total des primes ou cotisations annulées au cours du dernier exercice, ainsi que le montant total des impôts et taxes afférents aux primes ou cotisations entrant dans la masse.
Après avoir réparti le montant ainsi obtenu en deux tranches, la première s'étendant jusqu'à 10 millions d'euros, la seconde comprenant le surplus, des fractions de 18 % et de 16 % sont calculées respectivement sur ces tranches et additionnées.
La somme ainsi calculée est multipliée par le rapport existant, pour le dernier exercice, entre le montant des sinistres demeurant à charge de l'entreprise d'assurance après cession et rétrocession en réassurance et le montant brut des sinistres; ce rapport ne peut en aucun cas être inférieur à 50 %.
Dans le cas de l'association des souscripteurs dénommée «Lloyd's», le calcul du montant de la marge de solvabilité est effectué à partir des primes nettes; celles-ci sont multipliées par un pourcentage forfaitaire dont le montant est fixé annuellement et déterminé par l'autorité compétente de l'État membre du siège social. Ce pourcentage forfaitaire doit être calculé à partir des éléments statistiques les plus récents concernant notamment les commissions versées. Ces éléments, ainsi que le calcul effectué, sont communiqués aux autorités compétentes des pays sur le territoire desquels le Lloyd's est établi;
c) pour les assurances maladie à long terme, non résiliables, visées à l'article 2, point 1 d), de la présente directive, et pour les opérations de capitalisation visées à l'article 2, point 2 b), de la présente directive, il doit être égal à une fraction de 4 % des provisions mathématiques, calculée dans les conditions prévues au point a), premier tiret, du présent article;
d) pour les opérations tontinières visées à l'article 2, point 2 a), de la présente directive, il doit être égal à une fraction de 1 % de l'avoir des associations;
e) pour les assurances visées à l'article 2, point 1 a) et b), de la présente directive, liées à des fonds d'investissement, et pour les opérations visées à l'article 2, point 2 c), d) et e), de la présente directive, il doit être égal à:
— une fraction de 4 % des provisions mathématiques, calculée dans les conditions prévues au point a), premier résultat de la présente section, dans la mesure où l'entreprise d'assurance assume un risque de placement, et une fraction de 1 % des provisions ainsi calculée, dans la mesure où l'entreprise n'assume pas de risque de placement et à condition que la durée du contrat soit supérieure à cinq ans et que le montant destiné à couvrir les frais de gestion prévus dans le contrat soit fixé pour une période supérieure à cinq ans,
— plus
— une fraction de 0,3 % des capitaux sous risque calculée dans les conditions prévues au point a), second résultat, premier alinéa, de la présente section, dans la mesure où l'entreprise d'assurance assume un risque de mortalité.
C. Fonds de garantie
1. Le tiers de l'exigence de marge de solvabilité, tel qu'il est prévu à la section B, constitue le fonds de garantie. Sous réserve du paragraphe 2 de la présente directive, il est constitué à concurrence de 50 % au moins par les éléments énumérés à la section A, points 1 et 2.
2.
a) Toutefois, le fonds de garantie est au minimum de 800 000 euros.
b) Chaque État membre peut prévoir la réduction à 600 000 euros du minimum du fonds de garantie pour les mutuelles, les sociétés à forme mutuelle et celles à forme tontinière.
c) Pour les mutuelles d'assurance visées à l'article 3, point 6, de la présente directive, dès qu'elles tombent dans le champ d'application de la présente directive, et pour les sociétés à forme tontinière, chaque État membre peut autoriser la constitution d'un minimum de fonds de garantie de 100 000 euros porté progressivement au montant fixé au point b) de la présente section par tranches successives de 100 000 euros chaque fois que le montant des cotisations augmente de 500 000 euros.
d) Le minimum du fonds de garantie visé aux points a), b) et c) de la présente section doit être constitué par les éléments énumérés à la section A, points 1 et 2.
3. Les mutuelles d'assurance qui souhaitent étendre leur activité au sens de l'article 6, point 4, ou de l'article 40 de la présente directive ne peuvent le faire que si elles se conforment immédiatement aux exigences du point 2 a) et b) de la présente section.
ANNEXE VPARTIE ADirectives abrogées et leurs modifications successives (visées à l'article 72)Directive 79/267/CEE du Conseil
Directive 90/619/CEE du Conseil
Directive 92/96/CEE du Conseil
Directive 95/26/CEE du Parlement européen et du Conseil (uniquement son article 1er, deuxième tiret, son article 2, paragraphe 2, quatrième tiret, et son article 3, paragraphe 1, pour ce qui concerne les références faites à la directive 79/267/CEE)
Directive 2002/12/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil
Deuxième directive 90/619/CEE du ConseilTroisième directive 92/96/CEE du ConseilTroisième directive 92/96/CEE du Conseil
Directive 95/26/CEE du Parlement européen et du Conseil (uniquement son article 1er, deuxième tiret, son article 2, paragraphe 1, troisième tiret, son article 4, paragraphes 1, 3 et 5, et son article 5, troisième tiret, pour ce qui concerne les références faites à la directive 92/96/CEE)
Directive 2000/64/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil (article 2, pour ce qui concerne les références faites à la directive 92/96/CEE)
Directive 2002/12/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil (article 2)
PARTIE BDélais de transposition et d'application(visés à l'article 72)
Directive
Délais de transposition
Délais d'application
79/267/CEE
(JO L 63 du 13.3.1979, p. 1)
15 septembre 1980
15 septembre 1981
90/619/CEE
(JO L 330 du 29.11.1990, p. 50)
20 novembre 1992
20 mai 1993
92/96/CEE
(JO L 360 du 9.12.1992, p. 1)
31 décembre 1993
1er juillet 1994
95/26/CE
(JO L 168 du 18.7.1995, p. 7)
18 juillet 1996
18 juillet 1996
2000/64/CE
(JO L 290 du 17.11.2000, p. 27)
17 novembre 2002
17 novembre 2002
2002/12/CE
(JO L 77 du 20.3.2002, p. 11)
20 septembre 2003
1er janvier 2004
ANNEXE VI
Tableau de correspondance
La présente directive
Directive 79/267/CEE
Directive 90/619/CEE
Directive 92/96/CEE
Directive 95/26/CE
Autres actes
Article 1er, par., 1, point a)
Article 1er a)
Article 1er, par. 1, point b)
Article 3
Article 1er b)
Article 1er, par. 1, point c)
Article 2, c)
Article 1er, par. 1, point d)
Article 1er c)
Article 1er, par. 1, point e)
Article 1er d)
Article 1er, par. 1, point f)
Article 1er e)
Article 1er, par. 1, point g)
Article 2 e)
Article 1er, par. 1, points h) à l)
Article 1er f) à j)
Article 1er, par. 1, point m)
Nouveau
Article 1er, par. 1, point n)
Article 1er l)
Article 1er, par. 1, points o), p) et q)
Article 5 b), c) et d)
Article 1er, par. 1, point r)
Article 2, 1)
Article 1er, par. 2
Article 5 a), 2e phrase
Article 2
Article 1er
Article 3, par. 1 à 4
Article 2
Article 3, par. 5 et 6
Article 3
Article 3, par. 7
Article 4
Article 3, par. 8
Acte d'adhésion de l'Autriche, de la Finlande et de la Suède adapté par la décision 95/1/CE, Euratom, CECA
Article 4
Article 6
Article 5
Article 7
Article 6, par. 1
Article 8, par. 1
Article 6, par. 2
Article 8, par. 1, trois derniers points
Article 6, par. 3
Article 8, par. 1 a)
Article 6, par. 4
Article 8, par. 2
Article 6, par. 5
Article 8, par. 3
Article 6, par. 6
Article 8, par. 4
Article 7
Article 9
Article 8
Article 7
Article 9
Article 12
Article 10
Article 15
Article 11
Article 16
Article 12
Article 22, par. 1
Article 13
Article 23
Article 14, par. 1 à 5
Article 11, par. 2 à 6
Article 15
Article 14
Article 16, par. 1 à 5
Article 15, par. 1 à 5
Article 16, par. 6
Article 15, par. 5 bis
Article 16, par. 7
Article 15, par. 5 ter
Article 16, par. 8
Article 15, par. 5 quater
Article 16, par. 9
Article 15, par. 6
Article 17
Article 15 bis
Article 18, par. 1 et 2
Article 13, par. 1 et 2
Article 18, par. 3
Nouveau
Article 18, par. 4 à 7
Article 13, par. 3 à 7
Article 19
Article 14
Article 20
Article 17
Article 21
Article 19
Article 22
Article 20
Article 23, par. 1
Article 21, par. 1, alinéa 1
Article 23, par. 2
Article 21, par. 1, alinéa 2
Article 23, par. 3, alinéa 1
Article 21, par. 1, alinéa 3
Article 23, par. 3, alinéa 2
Article 21, par. 1, alinéa 4
Article 23, par. 4
Article 21, par. 2,
Article 24
Article 22
Article 25
Article 23
Article 26
Article 24
Article 27
Article 18
Article 28
Article 19
Article 29
Article 20
Article 30
Article 20 bis
Article 31
Article 21
Article 32
Article 4
Article 33
Article 28
Article 34
Article 29
Article 35
Article 15
Article 36
Article 31
Article 37
Article 24
Article 38
Article 24 bis
Article 39
Article 26
Article 40
Article 10
Article 41
Article 11
Article 42
Article 14
Article 43
Article 17
Article 44
Article 38
Article 45
Article 39, par. 2
Article 46, par. 1 à 9
Article 40, par. 2 à 10
Article 47
Article 41
Article 48
Article 42, par. 2
Article 49
Article 43, par. 2
Article 50, par. 1
Article 44, par 2, alinéa 1
Article 50, par. 2
Article 44, par 2, alinéa 2
Article 50, par. 3
Article 44, par 2, alinéa 3
Article 51, par. 1 à 2, point f)
Article 27, par. 1 à 2, point f)
Article 51, par. 2, point g)
Nouveau
Article 51, par. 3 et 4
Nouveau
Article 52
Article 31
Article 53
Article 31 bis
Article 54
Article 28
Article 55
Article 29
Article 56
Article 30
Article 57
Article 32
Article 58
Article 32 bis
Article 59, par. 1
Article 32 ter, par. 1
Article 59, par. 2
Article 32 ter, par. 2
Article 59, par. 3
Article 32 ter, par. 3
Article 59, par. 4
Article 32 ter, par. 4
Article 59, par. 5
Article 32 ter, par. 5
Article 59, par. 6
Article 32 ter, par. 7
Article 60, par. 1
Article 33, par. 4
Article 60, par. 2
Nouveau
Article 61
Article 37
Article 62, alinéa 1
Article 38
Article 28, alinéa 1
Article 62, alinéas 2 à 4
Article 28, alinéas 2 à 4
Article 63
Article 29
Article 64
Article 47
Article 65
Article 47
Article 66, par. 1, alinéa 1
Nouveau
Article 66, par. 1, alinéa 2
Article 48, par. 1
Article 66, par. 2
Article 48, par. 2
Article 67
Article 50
Article 68, par. 1
Article 39, par. 1
Article 68, par. 2
Article 39, par. 3
Article 69, par. 1
Nouveau
Article 69, par. 2
Directive 2000/64/CE article 3, par. 1, alinéa 1
Article 69, par. 3
Directive 2002/12/CE article 3, par. 1, alinéa 1 et directive 2000/64/CE article 3 par. 2
Article 69, par. 4
Directive 2000/64/CE article 3 par. 1, alinéa 2 et directive 2002/12/CE article 3, par. 1, alinéa 2
Article 69, par. 5
Directive 2002/12/CE article 3, par. 4
Article 70
Article 41
Article 31
Article 51, par. 2
Article 6, par. 2
Directive 2000/64/CE article 3, par. 2 et directive 2002/12/CE article 3, par. 3
Article 71
Directive 2002/12/CE article 2
Article 72
Article 73
Article 74
Annexe I
Annexe
Annexe II
Annexe I
Annexe III
Annexe II
Annexe IV
Annexe V
Annexe VI
(
1
) JO C 365 E du 19.12.2000, p. 1.(
2
) JO C 123 du 25.4.2001, p. 24.(
3
) Avis du Parlement européen du 15 mars 2001 (JO C 343 du 5.12.2001, p. 202), position commune du Conseil du 27 mai 2002 (JO C 170 E du 16.7.2002, p. 45) et décision du Parlement européen du 25 septembre 2002 (non encore parue au Journal officiel).(
4
) JO L 63 du 13.3.1979, p. 1. Directive modifiée en dernier lieu par la directive 2002/12/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil (JO L 77 du 20.3.2002, p. 11).(
5
) JO L 330 du 29.11.1990, p. 50. Directive modifiée par la directive 92/96/CEE (JO L 360 du 9.12.1992, p. 1).(
6
) JO L 360 du 9.12.1992, p. 1. Directive modifiée par la directive 2000/64/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil (JO L 290 du 17.11.2000, p. 27).(
7
) JO L 374 du 31.12.1991, p. 7.(
8
) JO L 228 du 16.8.1973, p. 3. Directive modifiée en dernier lieu par la directive 2002/13/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil (JO L 77 du 20.3.2002, p. 17).(
9
) JO L 141 du 11.6.1993, p. 27. Directive modifiée en dernier lieu par la directive 2000/64/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil.(
10
) JO L 184 du 17.7.1999, p. 23.(
11
) JO L 374 du 31.12.1991, p. 32.(
12
) JO L 193 du 18.7.1983, p. 1. Directive modifiée en dernier lieu par la directive 2001/65/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil (JO L 283 du 27.10.2001, p. 28).(
13
) Directive 2004/109/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 15 décembre 2004 sur l'harmonisation des obligations de transparence concernant l'information sur les émetteurs dont les valeurs mobilières sont admises à la négociation sur un marché réglementé (JO L 390 du 31.12.2004, p. 38).(
14
) Directive 2004/39/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 21 avril 2004 concernant les marchés d'instruments financiers (JO L 145 du 30.4.2004, p. 1). Directive modifiée en dernier lieu par la directive 2007/44/CE (JO L 247 du 21.9.2007, p. 1).(
15
) JO L 323 du 9.12.2005, p. 1.(
16
) Directive 85/611/CEE du Conseil du 20 décembre 1985 portant coordination des dispositions légis- latives, réglementaires et administratives concernant certains organismes de placement collectif en valeurs mobilières (OPCVM) (JO L 375 du 31.12.1985, p. 3). Directive modifiée en dernier lieu par la directive 2005/1/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil (JO L 79 du 24.3.2005, p. 9).(
17
) Directive 92/49/CEE du Conseil du 18 juin 1992 portant coordination des dispositions législatives, réglementaires et administratives concernant l'assu- rance directe autre que l'assurance sur la vie (troisième directive «assurance non vie») (JO L 228 du 11.8.1992, p. 1). Directive modifiée en dernier lieu par la directive 2007/44/CE.(
18
) Directive 2006/48/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 14 juin 2006 concernant l'accès à l'activité des établissements de crédit et son exercice (refonte) (JO L 177 du 30.6.2006, p. 1). Directive modifiée en dernier lieu par la directive 2007/44/CE.(
19
) Directive 98/78/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 27 octobre 1998 sur la surveillance complémentaire des entreprises d'assurance et de réassurance faisant partie d'un groupe d'assurance ou de réassurance (JO L 330 du 5.12.1998, p. 1). Directive modifiée en dernier lieu par la directive 2005/68/CE.(
20
) Directive 2002/87/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 16 décembre 2002 relative à la surveil- lance complémentaire des établissements de crédit, des entreprises d'assurance et des entreprises d'inves- tissement appartenant à un conglomérat financier (JO L 35 du 11.2.2003, p. 1). Directive modifiée par la directive 2005/1/CE.(
21
) Directive 2005/60/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 26 octobre 2005 relative à la prévention de l'utilisation du système financier aux fins du blanchiment de capitaux et du financement du terrorisme (JO L 309 du 25.11.2005, p. 15).(
22
) JO L 126 du 12.5.1984, p.
| 4,704 |
https://github.com/papichayaq/StarCruise_Hackathon/blob/master/verifyfl.php
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
StarCruise_Hackathon
|
papichayaq
|
PHP
|
Code
| 130 | 778 |
<?php
if (session_id() == '' || !isset($_SESSION))
session_start();
include_once("dbconnect.php");
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Verify Freelancer</title>
<link href="css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="css/divtable.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="css/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<?php include_once("navbar-admin.php"); ?>
<div class="jumbotron" style="max-width:50%; margin:auto;">
<form id="form1">
<div class="div-table" style="max-width:100%; margin:auto;">
<div class="div-table-row">
<div class="div-table-col" align="center">Freelancer</div>
<div class="div-table-col">Date Registered</div>
<div class="div-table-col">Profile</div>
</div>
</br>
<?php
$preview = $con->query("SELECT Freelance_ID, Freelance_FName, Freelance_LName, Freelance_DateRegistered FROM freelancer WHERE Freelance_Approval = 0;");
if ($preview->num_rows > 0){
while($row = $preview->fetch_assoc()) {
echo "<div class='div-table-row'>";
echo "<div class='div-table-col'>".$row['Freelance_FName']." ".$row['Freelance_LName']."</div>";
echo "<div class='div-table-col'>".$row['Freelance_DateRegistered']."</div>";
echo "<div class='div-table-col' align='right'><button type='button' class='btn btn-success' onclick='javascript:document.location=".'"profilefl.php?id='.$row['Freelance_ID'].'"'."'>View Profile</button></div>";
echo "</div>";
}
}
?>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="js/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script src="js/scripts.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
| 47,356 |
https://github.com/kasparsaleksejevs/OpenXML.ExcelWrapper/blob/master/OpenXML.ExcelWrapper/ExcelSheet.cs
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
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OpenXML.ExcelWrapper
|
kasparsaleksejevs
|
C#
|
Code
| 204 | 555 |
using OpenXML.ExcelWrapper.Styling;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace OpenXML.ExcelWrapper
{
/// <summary>
/// Excel sheet class.
/// </summary>
public class ExcelSheet
{
/// <summary>
/// Gets the name of the sheet.
/// </summary>
/// <value>
/// The name of the sheet.
/// </value>
public string SheetName { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// The cells collection to be written to the Excel document.
/// </summary>
internal readonly SortedList<string, ExcelCell> Cells = new SortedList<string, ExcelCell>();
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="ExcelSheet"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="name">The name.</param>
public ExcelSheet(string name)
{
this.SheetName = name;
}
/// <summary>
/// Adds the or updates the cell.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="address">The cell address.</param>
/// <param name="value">The cell data value.</param>
/// <param name="cellFormat">The cell data format.</param>
/// <param name="style">The cell style.</param>
public void AddOrUpdateCell(string address, object value, CellFormatEnum? cellFormat = null, ExcelCellStyle style = null)
{
var cell = new ExcelCell(address, value, cellFormat);
if (style != null)
cell.CellStyle = style;
if (this.Cells.ContainsKey(address))
this.Cells[address] = cell;
else
this.Cells.Add(address, cell);
}
/// <summary>
/// Adds the or updates the cell.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="cell">The cell.</param>
public void AddOrUpdateCell(ExcelCell cell)
{
var address = cell.Address;
if (this.Cells.ContainsKey(address))
this.Cells[address] = cell;
else
this.Cells.Add(address, cell);
}
}
}
| 35,989 |
https://github.com/nguni52/pearson/blob/master/daassets_repo/interactivetool/questions/M10_008.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
pearson
|
nguni52
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 123 | 410 |
// JavaScript Document
var quiz = {
// Put category here
fill:
[
{
ques: "<strong>Question 1</strong><br/>The true bearing of the Lister Clinic (C3) from the Cenotaph (B2) is _ degrees.<br/><br/><code><p>56<p>50<br/><p>75<p>65",
ans: "56"
}, {
ques: "<strong>Question 2</strong><br/>The true bearing from the Cenotaph to the Science Museum (A2) is _ degrees.<br/><br/><code><p>250<p>306<br/><p>189<p>269",
ans: "269"
}, {
ques: "<strong>Question 3</strong><br/>The true bearing of the Cenotaph from the Sports Ground (A2) is _ degrees.<br/><br/><code><p>79<p>159<br/><p>70<p>95",
ans: "79"
}, {
ques: "<strong>Question 4</strong><br/>The true bearing from the Planetarium (C4) to the Cenotaph is _ degrees.<br/><br/><code><p>117<p>277<br/><p>197<p>187",
ans: "197"
}, {
ques: "<strong>Question 5</strong><br/>The true bearing of the Cenotaph from the Fire Station (C1) is _ degrees.<br/><br/><code><p>126<p>290<br/><p>26<p>306",
ans: "306"
}
// Copy to hear and remove last comma
]
};
| 22,431 |
https://github.com/kyawswarthwin/ionic-theme/blob/master/dist/ionic-theme/lib/services/theme.service.d.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ionic-theme
|
kyawswarthwin
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 135 | 370 |
import { InjectionToken } from '@angular/core';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
import { SettingsService } from 'ionic-settings';
import { StatusBar } from '@ionic-native/status-bar/ngx';
export interface ThemeConfig {
themes: Theme[];
defaultTheme: string;
}
export interface Theme {
name: string;
colors?: IonicColors;
properties?: Properties;
}
export interface IonicColors {
primary?: string;
secondary?: string;
tertiary?: string;
success?: string;
warning?: string;
danger?: string;
light?: string;
medium?: string;
dark?: string;
foreground?: string;
background?: string;
}
export interface Properties {
[propertyName: string]: string;
}
export declare const THEME_CONFIG: InjectionToken<ThemeConfig>;
export declare class ThemeService {
private config;
private document;
private settings;
private statusBar;
private theme;
constructor(config: ThemeConfig, document: Document, settings: SettingsService, statusBar: StatusBar);
initialize(): Promise<void>;
getThemes(): Theme[];
getTheme(name: string): Theme;
isActiveTheme(name: string): boolean;
getActiveTheme(): Observable<Theme>;
setActiveTheme(name: string): void;
private setTheme;
private generateTheme;
private colorToRGB;
private contrast;
private shade;
private tint;
}
| 11,585 |
sn83030313_1873-10-09_1_5_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,466 | 12,254 |
STOKES' THIRD TRIAL. Opening Legal Facts of the Defense. Objection Raised and Argued on the legality of the Jury Panel Summoned for the Term. Judge Davis Will Decide the Point Today. STOKES' APPEARANCE IN COURT. The opening proceedings in the third trial of Edward S. Stokes, for the shooting of Colonej Jamen Fisk, Jr., at the Grand Central Hotel, in January, 1872, were held yesterday in the Court of Oyer and Terminer, Judge Davis presiding. So long a time has elapsed since the fatal shooting, and which caused such public excitement then, and the fact that Stokes has already been twice tried for the offense, and that all the facts and circumstances have been tried. Enmities connecting the victim and the prisoner in their relationships with the third principal actor in the tragedy, and which ultimately led to the death of Fisk, have been elicited on the two former trials, there was a very perceptible falling off in the crowds about the courtroom anxious to see the prisoner and witness the proceedings that marked the opening of the previous trials. No doubt the dry work of empanelling a jury had a good deal to do with this apparent lack of interest, and when the case is fairly started the same anxious crowds will besiege the courtroom. The result, however, to Stokes, in a legitimate degree and the vindication of the law, are just as momentous as they ever were, and the public will await with interest, though without marked excitement, the termination of the third trial which the laws have afforded the prisoner to establish a defense that will save him from the late which a second verdict of guilty would entail. The action taken by Stokes' able counsel yesterday might indicate a desire on the part of Stokes, his friends and his counsel to throw fresh obstructions in the way of a speedy trial at this time. But this, in fact, is not the case. Tremain assured the Court that the defense was ANXIOPS TO GO TO TRIAL AT ONCE, but that there was so much of vital interest to the defendant in the testimony of Dr., Tripler, who was the first to treat the deceased medically after receiving the fatal wound, that he should claim from the Court the light, in the absence from the country of Dr. Tripler, to have his testimony given on the first trial put In for the defense by having it read from the stenographers' notes. Mr. Tremain referred In this connection to late rulings of the judges in England, where malpractice on the part of medical men was admitted on trials or murder, and in which, the malpractice having been proved, the defendant was acquitted. In the case of Dr. White, Fisk's family physician, who was temporarily absent from the city, Judge Davis Bald that if Dr. White did not return and be procurable as a witness before the defense was concluded, he would allow his testimony to be read and admitted in evidence. In the objection raised as to the summoning of the panel of jurors to serve during the present term in the Court of Oyer and Terminer the first case on the calendar being Stokes', Mr. Tremain contended that the panel was detective; not that any of the jurors put on the panel were disqualified In any way, but that an evident partiality had been shown for the service of baukers, brokers, merchants and clerks, to the prejudice of the defendant in the exclusion from the panel of journeymen mechanics, artisans and laborers, respectable citizens qualified to perform jury service. Counsel also alleged special informalities in the drawing of the panel. On this point, Judge Davis said that although the only point of the plea was that admitted by the District Attorney, which he was bound to consider, and while, notwithstanding his mind was quite a serious one, yet he would be sorry that if any omission of his decision on the result of the trial might come nugatory, he would take time to more fully consider it and give his decision on the reassembling of the Court this morning. OPENING PROCEEDINGS. At an early hour, the prisoner was conducted from his cell in the Tombs and seated in a close carriage. Sheriff Brennan and his deputy, Shields, entered the coach with Stokes, and the trio were driven rapidly to the court house. Stokes was kept in an ante-room until the arrival of His Honor, when he entered the larger room and was placed at the bar, in his old place. His personal appearance has undergone very little perceptible alteration since his last trial. He looks somewhat paler, but that may be attributed to a recent severe attack of biliousness, which attack precluded his appearing on Monday last, the day upon which the cause was first called. He was attired in the same outward garments as formerly, and he altogether looked the same. He sat easy and calmly behind his triumvirate of counsel and spoke but little. His counsel are the same as on the second trial. Messrs. Lyman Tremain, J. P. Dos Passos and Mr. Brainerd. The father, mother, and sister of Stokes were present throughout the day. Counsel for the People? District Attorney Phelps and his assistants, Messrs. Lyons and Russell? were also in their places. Mr. Sparks, Clerk of the Court, then proceeded to call the panel of jurors. For the four jurors answered to their names, and others subsequently reported themselves present. The absentees were fined $260 each, unless they excused themselves on Friday. Mr. Tremain, rising, said that he regretted the decision was not ready. He would have to ask an adjournment, unless the District Attorney would consent to the reading of certain evidence taken on previous trials. Dr. Tripler was a witness on the first trial. He and Dr. Fisher were the physicians having charge of the case of Mr. Fisk and there called by the prosecution on that trial. Dr. White was the family physician of Mr. Fisk; he, too, was a witness for the people on that first trial. Immediately on sure notice of the moving of this trial, they got out their subpoenas. They found that Dr. Tripler had gone to Europe; Dr. White, a physician in active practice, had, by a singular coincidence, gone away for a month. He was informed that, though at the last trial Dr. Tripler was reported to have gone to some America, he was in the court at the time of the last sentence. The defense much preferred to have these witnesses on the stand, but so anxious were they to go on that they would consent to the reading of their evidence; otherwise they must ask an adjournment. Mr. Brainerd then read affidavits to show that Dr. Tripler was reported to be in China, that they had had difficulty in finding Dr. Fisher and that Dr. White was in Pennsylvania. Mr. Phelps in reply said that it was only within a day or two that he had learned that these two witnesses were considered material by the defense. They had never been summoned by the defense, and he could not see how, on this third trial, they could be considered material. Mr. Tremain said that on the first trial the prosecution had left it necessary to prove all the surroundings of the death, so as to exclude the idea of death from any cause except the bullet wound, as was clearly its duty. That offered the defense the opportunity of showing that death occurred from the injection of morphine, on the second trial, so confident was the prisoner in the strength of his defense. JEFFERSON HOMICIDE that he directed his counsel not to raise this issue, and though he, as counsel, thought it a mistake, he yielded to the confidence of the prisoner and his friends, but only after taking their written instructions. The disastrous result of that concession was known to everyone, and he thought it should not be made again. The Court? Why cannot Dr. Usher state the material facts? Mr. Phelps here recounted the number of medical men who had been in attendance on Fish, and said he could not see how Dr. Tripler, who he understood had left the country for good, could be of use. Mr. Tremain replied that the testimony of Dr. Tripler covered a period at the very beginning of Fish's treatment which no other witness covered including the giving of still. Mantana and the probing with a broken probe. The Court overruled the motion, holding that as to Dr. Tripler, the prisoner should have taken earlier steps to secure his testimony, and as to Dr. White, he was probably not intentionally absent, and, should he not return and his evidence become material, it could be read. CHARLES TO THE ARREST. Mr. Tremaine then presented a challenge to the jury first, that the panel of Jurors was drawn, not from the wholesalers of qualified petit jurors, amounting to between twenty and thirty thousand, but from a special list placed in the box. September 1, 1878, numbering twenty; second, that the ballots were not presented by the County Clerk, as provided by law, but by the Commissioner of Jurors; and last, that the motion of Jurors was placed on the restricted list of special clauses of bankers, brokers, etc., to the exclusion of mechanics, artisans, etc. Mr. Phelps asked time to decide his course on this challenge, and the Court gave him until one o'clock to do so. THE COURT EXAMINED. A little after one o'clock the Court reassembled and Mr. Phelps said that while he was satisfied that the facts set forth were not true, yet to avoid any long investigation into merely collateral facts, he should simply declare to it. Mr. Dos Passos joined issue on the demurrer. Mr. Phelps proceeded to argue that the CALLKMOK WAS DEFECTIVE, In that it did not aver that there was any other list of petit jurors when the list of 'A2U5 was placed on file, though it did aver there was such another list now on file. The law authorized and directed him to make a list each year and then after prepare a list of those omitted from time to time and return them to the County Clerk to be added to the box. He had to examine the qualifications of jurors, and as fast as he found any fit, to prepare a list of them and add them. There was no allegation that any one of these jurors on the list was an improper person to be a juror. The purpose of this whole statute was not to secure an impartial jury, but to secure a fair distribution of jury duty. It was directory, and the only party to be injured or who could complain, was the People. He cited the anti-Mason case of the People against Jewett, that the mere exclusion of unexceptionable persons from this panel, provided no improper person was placed on it, was not ground for challenge to the array, and a later case to show that the statute was merely directory, and in the absence of any allegation of fraud the omission of any formality was not good ground to quash the array. Mr. Tremain, in reply, said that the object of the challenge was to present this question; that after the Commissioner of Jurors had completed his examination and prepared his list of the great body of petit Jurors, he then selected out of that body 2,525 names to be placed on the list and in the ballot-box. He insisted that the wording of the challenge fairly presented this question. The question was whether the Commissioner had power to select jurors to suit himself. If the law had given him such power as the Honor would so decide; but he thought it then would be for the law-making power to inquire whether it was proper to entrust such a power to any one man. The Court held that the only facts to be considered by him were those well pleaded in the challenge, and, therefore, admitted by the demurrer. His impressions were quite clear, though he thought he ought to give more time to the consideration of the question. He should be sorry that, by any omission of his, the result of this trial might become nugatory. He would, therefore, postpone the decision of this question to the coming in of the Court tomorrow morning. Mr. Doss Passes then asked that if the Court should think the verbal criticism of the District Attorney that their challenge did not aver that the great list was filed when the smaller list was made, the court should be allowed to amend it by adding words showing the fact. The District Attorney opposed any amendment. Mr. Tremain, after the discussion had been protracted to some further length, asked if he might with Draw the paper. Judge Davis? You have that undoubted right; the paper is withdrawn. Mr. Tremain? There is nothing now before the Court. Judge Davis? Nothing (repeating the word with an emphasis that evoked a general smile). Mr. Tremain asked if he might present another paper, which being granted, he offered another challenge, being a statement as to the panel, in which it was stated that out of a list of between 20,000 and 30,000 names only 2,285 appeared on the list submitted from which to select a jury. Mr. Phelps objected to the receiving of this paper. Judge Davis said that it was evident that the defense intended to conduct their side of the case fairly and he thought it no more than fair to give them all the facilities possible. Mr. Phelps demurred to the challenge, and thereupon the court adjourned till half-past ten o'clock this morning, when the demurrer will be argued. AFTER THE COURT ADJOINED there was quite an animated discussion between Mr. Tremain and Mr. Douglas Taylor, Commissioner of Jurors, on the subject of preparing panels from which to select jurors. Mr. Tremain confessed himself greatly dissatisfied as to the process pursued, though his mind was clear as to the status applying to the case. Mr. Taylor undertook to explain away this mystery, and that no possible blame could be attached to him. Mr. Tremain said that he would not undertake to say who was to blame; but this fact was clear that, while a set of the greatest scallawags to be found in the city, Tweed's fugleman in fact, had been selected for the Tweed jury, there was offered for the trial of Stokes a pang, every man upon whom would hang a man for carrying a pistol in self defense. THE COURTS. SUPREME COURT? CHAMBERS. Decision By Judge Barrett. Acker vs. Fischer. Motion granted, with $10. Conklin vs. Woodworth. Motion granted for second Tuesday in October. Casserly vs. Karragansett Steamship Company. Motion denied, with $10 costs. SUPERIOR COURT. Decisions. By Judge Van Vorst. The Republic of Fern vs. Reeves. Order continuing Injunction granted. Durelle vs. Durelle. Judgment of divorce in favor of plaintiff. Unlight vs. Moore et al. Order settled. Kellar vs. Davidson. Motion granted. Hutchinson vs. Outline. The answer being struck out as sham, on motion no trial fee can be allowed; there has been no trial. Moore vs. Dana. Order granted. Clain et al. vs. Rhodes. Order striking out order and for judgment. By Judge Curtis. Matty vs. Ruttlinger. New trial granted; costs to abide the event of the action. The Gutta Percha and Rubber Manufacturing Company vs. Toney et al. Order granting motion on payment of $10 costs. The People vs. Fassett vs. Green. Comptroller. Motion for peremptory mandamus denied. COURT OF COMMON PLEAS—SPECIAL TERM AND CHAMBERS. Decisions By Judge Robinson. The Place Steam, Ac., Company vs. Dalley. Motion filed, without costs. Jasper vs. Wendell. Order granted. Hoffman vs. Bogjn.? Order granted. Flaurand v. Wagner.? Order granted. Morris vs. Murphy.? Order granted. By Judge Daly. The People ex rel. Haskins v. Green.? Peremptory mandamus refused; alternative mandamus to issue. The People ex rel. McVamara vs. Green.? Peremptory mandamus refused; alternative mandamus to issue. The People ex rel. Boyer vs. Green.? Peremptory mandamus denied. In the Matter of John Sparks vs. Andrew H. Green.? Application granted. Breen vs. Rich.? Motion denied. By Judge Larimore. Hayes vs. Rogers.? Let counsel appear for settlement of case on October 13, at eleven o'clock A.M. MARINE COURT? PART 3. Discovery. By Judge Joachimpcn. Foley vs. IUlbertadt.? Heieree's report con fl rmea. Walton vs. Hogan (two cases).? Motions for Judg ment. granted; orders entered. Bologner vs. Salomonte.? Motion denied. ColUnavs. Bachier.? Motion granted; order en tered. Duly vs. Vorth America Life Insurance Com pany.? Order granted. COURT CALENDARS? THIS DAY. SUPREME COURT? CHAMBERS.? NOS. 37, 45, 84,80, 89, W, ?4, 102, 112, 114 S, 127, 129, 134 Supreme Court? Circuit? Part 1? Held by Judge Davis.? oyer and Terminer business. SuriiKHE Cot iti? CiKoriT? Part 2? Held liy Judge Van Brunt.? No. 7;2. SUPREME COURT? SPECIAL Term? Held by Judge Fanctier.? Nos. 4.r>. 24 'a, 304, 40, 47, 4s, 4U, 5u, 61, 62, 63. 54, 66, 67, 68, 69, 80, HI, 62, 03. 04. SUPREME Col RT ? UKN ERA I. TERM,? KOB. 00, 07, fN, 24\ 106, 107, los, 109, 110, lil, 20, 21, 22, i4, .>0, 63, 61, 112, 114, 116, 110, 117, 118, 119, 120. Superior Court? Trial Term? Part l? Held bv Judge Barbour.? Nos. 6161,, 013. 357, 371.37:1,1.07, 01. 461, 483, 633, 613, .196, 469. 70W. 701. Part 2? Held hr Judge Freedman.? Noa. 460, 042, H44, 648, 660, 052, 6o0, 000, 062. 006, 608, 670, 672, '>74, 6SII. Cpimr ok Common Pleas? 1'kiai. Term? Part 1? Held by Ju<;gc Daly.? Nos. 077, 1494, 39, 2246, 2'-'46, 2248, will, 2-53, 2266. 2266, 2267, 2258, 2200, 2201. Part 2? Held by Judge Loew.? Nos. .Ml 9. 1831, 2*,!62, 2203, 2205, 22t>0, 2207, 2268, 2209, 2270, 2271, 2272, 1.74, 2270, 2277. Kyi it v Tkrm? Held by Judge J. F. Daly ?Nos. 2, 60, 62, 63, 06. 76, 76. Marine Court? Part 1? Held by Judge Gross.? Nos. 2936, 1632, 2568, 2069, 25:15, 2370, 2681, 2713, 982, 2962, 2960, 2641, 2968, 2099, 2787. Part 2? Held by Judge Howell.? Nos. 2911, 3012, 2723, 2783, 2696, 2866, 3119, 3120, 2389, 2069, 1868, 2637, 2756, 2793, 2762, 2796. Part 3? Held by Judge Spaulding.? Nos. 2627, 2686, 20 iW, 2827, 2109, 2708, 3143, 2811, 27V9, 2804, 2822, 2813, 2816, 2821, 2825. Court of general Sessions - Held by Recorder Hackett.? The People vs. William Madden, felonious assault and battery: Same vs. Martin calla Shan, felonious assault and battery; Same vs. Ferdinand strightening, burglary: same vs. Martha McCutcheon, grand larceny from the person: Same vs. Thomas Kills, seduction; Same vs. Robert Reynolds, seduction. COURT OF APPEALS CALENDAR. Albany, Oct. *, 1873. Court of Appeals day calendar for October 5th, No. 62, 64, 24, 07, 30, 81, 82, 86. LOIGIBLAJD BURGLARS. Burglars are very busy on Long Island Just now. A night or two A large place was broken into and robbed in Jamaica, and early yesterday morning, the store of William Jones, at Woodhaven, was entered, and $4,000 worth of boots and shoes stolen. On Tuesday night, a peddler's wagon, owned by William Barnes, was broken open at Hempstead and robbed of goods to the value of $1,000. The wagon stood in a barn, the door of which was forced. The store of Mr. Barnes, owned by William Barnes, was robbed at Jamaica on Tuesday morning, was completely cleared of dry goods, the amount of the robbery being estimated at $1,600. WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY ELECTION OF OFFICERS. New York, Oct. 8, 1873. At the election for officers of the Western Union Telegraph Company today, the following gentlemen were chosen directors: William Anton, James H. Barker, Alonzo B. Cornell, Harrison Durkee, Norvin Green, Joseph Harker, Edwin D. Morgan, Augustus Schell, W. K. Tuortie, C. Vanderbuth, Frank Workz, Chester W. Chapman, Ezra Cornell, Cyrus W. Field, Wilson O. Hunt, David Jones, C. Livingston, George H. Mumford, O. H. Palmer, Geo. M. Pullman, E. S. Sanford, Hiram Mblcy, John Steward, Moses Taylor, W. H. Vanderbuth, W. H. Vermilye, E. B. Wesley, Billman Witt, and E. D. Worcester. PIANOFORTES, ORGANS, &C. A NEW OVERSTRUNO CARVED PIANO FOR $175 A 7 octave stool, for $150 cash. Pianos and Organs to rent, and sold on instalments. CHAIRMAN BETTS, 788 Broadway, corner Tenth street. AT $90, BEAUTIFUL PIANO, IN PERFECT ORGANS, sweet, power full tone, city milker, carved legs, round corners, great bargain; money wanted. J. BIDDLE, IS Waverley Place, near Broadway. AUSPENDANT ASSORTMENT OF SECOND HAND STYLE IN way A Son's Pianos for sale cheap; also Pianos of other makers. Steinway Upright Pianos to rent to responsible parties. STEINWAY & SONS, Steinway "all, New York. ALINDERMAN 714 OCTAVE rosewood PIANO (for sale) for $175; Stool and Cover; one cost $1,500; $275 at private residence, 21 East Twentieth street, near Broadway, for three days. A FINELY CARVED ORCHIDIAN, STEINWAY and other Pianos from $100 dollars up. for rent or for sale by installments very low. BERRY & CO., 789 Broadway. A MODERN 7 OCTAVE ROSEWOOD PIANO FORTE, $123. We are retailing the best tin and rich toned Pianos manufactured from $235 up. OPEN AT 9 P.M. OPEN AT 9 P.M. ATTENTION PIANO SELLERS? PIANOS AT wholesale only, not by the tens of thousands of boy mule pianos, but by thoroughly practical piano makers; acknowledged by all to be the best and cheapest in the market: bend for circulars. C. D. PEASE & CO., Nos. 241 and 241 West Twenty-seventh street. A MAGNIFICENT 7'4 OCTAVE ROSEWOOD PIANO for sale, 4 round corners, made of excellent quality, with a celebrated maker, fully guaranteed, used 5 months, cost $1,200, for $600; embroidered, haul cover, Stool, Music Stand; also Parlor, Chamber, dining Furniture; a sacrifice; property of W. R. Livingston, 30 West 15th St., near 5th av. A SEVEN OCTAVE ROSEWOOD 8ICCOND HAND Piano for sale; all improvements, at a great sacrifice; cash wanted; a live stop Organ, a bargain. PEEK & son, 187 Bleecker street A BRILLIANT TONED 7'4 OCTAVE ROSEWOOD Piano for sale; has all improvements; four large round cornered carved legs and case; made to order; cost $850, for $250 cash; a Chickering & Son. Private residence, 120 West Twenty-third street. A NOTICE.? WILL SELL AT A SACRIFICE MY ? elegant four round rosewood 7H octave Decker Piano for sale; with guarantee; one brilliant grand square, Cost $1,200, for $2250; also entire House Furniture. Private residence, 210 West 21st St. N.B. Above piano forte and furniture were made to order for present owner. A? A.? A.? A.? AT A SACRIFICE, AN ELEGANT NEW . Piano; will bear close investigation; a sale will insure a bargain. Address SP LENDID TUNIS, Herald Uptown Branch office. A MAGNIFICENT GRAND 7^ OCTAVE ROSEWOOD Piano, nearly new; cost $1,200, for $300 cash; Stool, Cover; has box for shipping. Parlor Suits, Bronzes, Paintings; chamber, dining Furniture, Silverware; a sacrifice. Residence 104 East Twenty-fifth street, near Fourth avenue. A LADY WILL SELL, PRICE $100, INCLUDING Stool, beautiful 7 octave Pianos, cost $450; carved case; modern improvements; perfect order; sweet, powerful tone. 18 Third Street, near Bowery. A MAGNIFICENT OCTAVE AGENCY rosewood overstrung iron frame (Goldsmith) Piano forte, stool, etc.; carved case and legs; latest improvements; fully guaranteed. 26 Bleeker Street, near Bowery. A BARGAIN. A BEAUTIFUL CARVED ROSEWOOD Pianos; all the latest improvements; cost $800, for $100; celebrated maker. 243 East 3rd St., between 2nd and 3rd Ave. A BEAUTIFUL 7% OCTAVE PIANOS; CARVED; patent agraffe; triple; fully warranted, manufacturing prices; 422; instalments taken, $12 monthly; second hands $100 upwards. R. CAULIUS, 107 West 23rd St., corner 11th Ave. A FINE ASSORTMENT OF SECOND HAND PIANOS, of various makes, for sale, very low for cash, or sold on Installments, at 'LINDEMAN & SONS', 14 East Fourteenth Street. BURDETT ORGANS? WE CHALLENGE THE world to equal them. Parlor organs $40 and upwards; Pianos and Organs sold on instalments, second Hand instruments at panic prices. BILLINGS & WHEELOCK. 14 East Fourteenth Street Mason & Hamlin cabinet organs, with voters of HIGHEST MEDALS at Vienna 187, Paris 1867, and IN AMERICA ALWAYS. The largest stock and greatest assortment of styles of Organs in the country are to be found in the warerooms of the MASON & HAMLIN ORGAN Co., 26 Union square, New York, at LOWEST PRICES, $5 or less to and upward each. NEW STYLES, at reduced prices this season: ORGANS! RENTED, with privilege of purchase, on most favorable terms. ILLUSTRATED Catalogue. 8 KEE. NEW AND SECOND HAND SQUARE AND UPWARDS Pianos to sell for cash or on installment; rent $50 to $8 per month. 45 second avenue. F. LUDKE. PIANOS? A GREAT VARIETY TO RENT OR SELL. Prices and terms to suit the times. Steinway upright, Cheap, at MERBILL'S, No. 8 Union square. GERALD CHICKERING. STEINWAY AND OTHER make Pianos; also Fine Parlor Organs, for sale on installment and for rent. S. X. HALL & CO., 15 Fast Fourteenth street. LET OR SELL-ELEGANT ROSEWOOD 7 octave Piano; round corners; fine order; would have no use for it. 241 East 124th street WANTED TO HIRE-A NICE PIANO, FOR A MODERN rate price; take good care of it, and will be used but little. Address H USE It, 38 West fourth street. Pianos and Organs, New and Second hand, of first class musicians, will be sold at lower prices, for cash or installments, or for rent, in city or country, by HORACE WATER & SON, 46 Broadway, than ever offered before in New York. Agents wanted. A. H. HOMERWAY, 7th STREET, Money liberally advanced on Diamonds, Watches. Jewelry, India Shawls, silks, etc.; the same bought and sold: private office for ladies. F. K. PAGE. A J. JACKSON. NO. WEST I'M I RTY FIRST street, late HO Prince street, advances money on diamonds, watches, jewelry, etc., etc. Private entrance for ladies. AT. FIRESKIS, 6R1BROADWAY, CORNER AMITY street, highest advances on Diamonds, Watches, Jewelry, silverware, Plumes, India shawls, Silks, Ac. Private office for ladies. Easiness confidential. 081 Broadway. T 697 BROADWAY. CORN I.RF<7u kill STRr.!T? Liberal advances on Diamonds, Watches, Jewelry, Silks, Camel's Hair shawls, Laces and Personal Property of over v description. JAMES P. MATHEW. ADVANCES MAKE TO ANY AMOUNT ON OAK monds, Watches, Jewelry, silks, India shawls, Laces, and Personal Property of over v description. JOSEPH SOLOMON & CO., 154 Fulton street. Private office for ladies. Established 1830. Habla Pspanol. BACKSON'S, KH IIR >ADW AY, OPPOSITE ELEVENTH street? Money liberally advanced on Diamonds, Watches, Jewelry, Silks, Dry Goods and Personal Property of every description. Private entrance for ladies. T HYMAN'S, 710 BROADWAY-LIBERAL advances made on Diamonds and Watches, silverware, Ac., or will pay the highest market price for the same. NASH STREET OPPOSITE POST OFFICE.? Liberal advances made on Diamonds, Watches, Jewelry. and all kinds of Merchandise. The same bought and sold. Room 1. HYMAN LEOPOLD. SIXTH AVENUE, BETWEEN TWENTY-FOURTH and Twenty-fifth streets. Liberal advances made on Diamonds, Watches, Jewelry, Silks, Lace and Shawls. Same bought at full value. L. BERNARD. For BROADWAY, CORNER AMITY STREET? Money liberally advanced on Diamonds, Watches, Jewelry, and all other personal property; the same bought and sold. n. GEORGE. 60 BROADWAY, NEAR TWENTIETH STREET? Oldest established and most responsible office. Liberal advances on Diamonds, Watches, Silverware, Jewelry, etc.; same bought and sold. A. C. HERTS. 1 OA1 BR 1ADWAY. NO SIGNS; PRIVATE KN I. _'> 1 trance; liberal advances on personal property of every description; the same bought and sold; open until nine P. M. i over bell. tfLAAMSEN. 1GC 7 BROADWAY, OVER HERALD BRANCH! ._-')( office, room 8.? I arlor for ladies. Branch 1.1M7 Broadway. Money to m d on Diamonds, Watches, Jewelry, Ac. same bought and sold. L. and Co. WAKRICK MASTIXM. An assortment of mantels, in stock passed for beauty or design at a quality of workmanship. Slate work of all kinds a speciality. PENHU YN |L\TE COMPANY, Fourth avenue and Seventeenth street. Union square. UTEWART'S SLATE MANTELS, GARBLE AND WOOD O Mantels, rich and elegant designs, at the lowest prices, 220 and 128 West Twenty-third street, between Seventh and Eighth avenues. Miscr.Li, \m ors. IltXOBMA AND OTHER SKIN DISEASES, RHEUMATISM and stone cured thoroughly, by a new, rapid and prudent system, treatment by correspondence (pre paid). Dr. LOUIS, 140 East Twenty-seventh street, N. Y. IVMHII SOUNDS CAN BE HAD FOR THE PURPOSE r of purifying Cider at the fish stand of JOHN II, LYNCH, No. 18 button Wholesale Fish Market. New York CLOTE A JANES. STATIONERS, PRINTERS, AND Blank Book Manufacturers, 9 Fulton Street, Brooklyn, NY. BOOKS . Til I'KKDA Y, OCTOBKR 18, a*?nw? \g& ini^awFh0 ^ plV,B' lr,,ulin*?n Sedgwick rc?.l Ak7? r. /??Jh rtr'Tu- an<t Macomb's Dam EiKhtv tUKC' ?2Uxb3- containluK 13 room* tilled years. remain on bond ami mortgage lor 7 PufeTfrK * I1(1. Da rtlc u I* ? apply to the anctioneers, No. fair dav ?. wi" '* 1,1 attendance every A M waft flmkf ,Uti"n- on the "rlvul of Uie 11 fy ana the 2 15 p i ''orty-secoiid street (time i!2 minutes) a venue ? wJ.' " train from Thirtieth street and Ninth The ?hoMe*? ??"?"'?? irom station to premises, thin DroiXtv k "l,(J "'""t Picturesque drive to turnPrli to ?L^i!iro?fS the "?w ???*wiclt avenue, first I* "u- a l Hn wi n,? , H'V10'' cn/' Macomb'. Dam or DRIAN H. MULLRR, auctioneer. "" EXECUTOR'S 8 AXE. VALUABLE PROPERTY ? _ on the GRAND BOULEVARD, BROADWAY, SEVENTH AVENUE, FIFTIETH AND CHURCH STREETS Kn - ?A'w the elegant Residence NO. 7 WEaT THUtlY-FOURTa STREET. ADRIAN H. MULLER a^HON will sell at auction, on TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14, h v 'ordcV^tVho man k* ?? a "* e 8al',gro<'n>. 1" Broadway, oi estate of J ame It si Jv i n , decea ge j c u "* r ? *??? - P?rtkS tv.ii.?a? Grand Boulevard. corner of u.e Ja.,7 B.'uio v?j ind sfxty^t "wit"* three .trecta. * lor"""? tt allJ Wonting on ?ide11 of0,Chur"h "i t'nef'T Ktore and Lot on west strut ta, No. 232, W between Canal and Lispenard n,. .. We?t Thirty- kmrth street. Hoise and Lot 5W??t?,our r tory br"wn stone front ?vZ? The luL West Thirty-fourth street, near Fifth depth and containing?h?,oet,lr""t b-v about?5 leet in lo#?eTM,S'!,&^?ri,?1 the' Ve ar '"lea v 1 r r 'a She 10 Ulu?.f u'? ^owe l forVgarden aii* Sixty per cent may remain on bond and mortsaire Maps at office of the auctioneer.?"?age. ARCH. JOHNSTON, AUCTIONEER, OFFICE AVn A RPR lni{n&r?& L?kARV of BOOK a o'cKa^^Tu^ri^1 N^.^rl^M; *col beautifully illustrated Maudard some , On SATURDAY, '"fge?ale of Household Furniture. Albert b. waldron, auctioneer. 0, By d. vv. IVES. Salesrooms 108 Liberty and 111 Cedar street Assignee's sale of Furniture, arrets, Bedding, Ac., Tv i,, nils DAY, at 11 o'clock. The sale will commence with 2.1 Parlor Suits- also Pvp Bookers, Buffets, Centre Tables, also Chamber Suites, At 12 o'clock. Spring, Hair, Husk and other Mattresses. At 1 o'clock, o.PHdWiil,Tgteffi A CALDWELL, AUCTIONEER. HANDSOME HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE ELEGANT ROSEWOOD PIANO FORTE Fourteenth Street near Eighth Avenue Fourteenth Street near Eighth Avenue A very elegant furniture of the above residence and of best description, viz. very elegant Sale, Buttery, Secretary, etc. A. C. S. S. Peremptory sale, to pay advances and loans, October 1, at 10 o'clock, at Broadway, opposite New York Hotel about 100 karat of Diamonds mounted in Kings, Brooches, Earrings, and Studs. 15 dozen umbrellas and 11 karat, Chairs. at^Mlver Watehel ? iT' ? Sical V"8*' liol<l "untini? Ware and a number of ou,?r ffl'fn Choline" T-ble ^Dealers and othe rs in vlted. Catalogue at sale a. &. b8s r,:iVs^lRroTlmm.s1'ia"?rurte- Sold to' "?>' "advances A ACTION SALE?THIS DAY AT PRTVATJ? ui v ? . bedroom Suit^ in rosewood and walnut teui'SJ. AlfciSS ,"-r'K' f'N V Auctioneer. ^BSOLUTE AUCTION SALE 176 choice Brooklyn Lots, being portions ot the property of J. Carson Brevoort, on TUESDAY, October 14, 1*73, tin? , ? ??* 4 DLh, Auctioneer, at the Commercial Exchange, i-y Kuliou street, Brooklyn, Fulton, Bedford. Franklin St Mark'* pnm , J.l,'i?vpH,v<;"u,'fi nn<1 ' "''tic- Herkimer. Bergln Halsev anil J.adison streets, in the Twentv third y lourth iliiie Ninth and iwenty-nrsifwards. lwcu,> 1 hese loU, now ottered lor' the first tune, are in the sr assist ' r !i "lo'snutable. Maps and particulars at tli? office of the Auctioneer, or of If C Muroh " i! S?it slat ""<?? M?#28*i&JiSS&. Auction 8 alb. $2\0n0 worth of niagniflceut Household Furniture, ut the private mansion No. 36 West lfttii st.. between 6ih and 6th avs., on THIS DAY (Thursday). at l'JfB o'clock, Pianoforte, Parlor Suit*, I'aintiugs Bronzes. by order of M. B. Chapman, Esq. AUUUSTE MAKTIN'E A CO.. Auctioneers. Drawing room Suits, Marie Antoinette, Grand Duchess styles, covered silk brocade; marqueterie Cabinets, Ta- 1 blcs, f.tuk'ere*. f^cretaire Bookcase, Paintings by emi nent artists, Statuary, Clocks, magnificent rosewood ! Pianoforte. Music Stand, rosewood, walnut Bureaus, i Bedsteads, Wardrobes, Mattresses, Extension '1'abie, I Bullet, Cliinawarc, Glassware. Cutlery, basement and j kitchen Furniture. N. B.? Parties w ishing to attend i this sale take 5th av. stages or 6th av. cars. J t CCTION.? CL08ING SALE. j\. I- riday, October 10, at I0l3 o'clock, WINANS A GAR R..ITSON, 527 and 629 Sixth avenue, will sell the Furni ture in their warerooms comprising elegant Parlor, Din ing Boom and Chamber Milt-, MtttniM Mirror-. Tab c\ Piano. Paintings, a variety ot Carpets, Ac., Ac. Sals posi'lve. ? UCTIOS ^A-LE-AT TS ^l^uJpho'd VVn?Uure, Fit rLr;sss..? i0.?a' &"?U; Gla.-sware, Ac. ^^'^YD. AucUonter, Z9 Broadway. t tCTION.? IMPORTANT AND POSITIVE SALE 1\. of handsome aua genteel Household Furniture. , Magnificent Parlor grand octave Pianoforte, valuable Paintings, Bronzes. Statuarv, Vases, THIS DAY (Tnuradayi, at 10** o'clock. property of Colonel A. T. Coolie, ut elegant rcslncnee 104 Last i6th street, between third and Fourth avenues. Parlor Suits, in rich French satin, tirocatel awl reps; Etageres, 1 aides. Cabinets, Turkish Easy Chairs, Lounges, pier and oval Mirrors, Library, "Secretaire, Bookcases, choice Books French walnut Sideboard. Ex tension Tabic, Dining Boom suit*. $2.0tH) w.irth ttiass, ( liina. Stiver Ware, cutlery . rosewood and walnut Bed Heads, Bureaus, Wardrobes. Wa?hstands. Coinmodes, spring ami hair Mattresses. Bolsters, Pillows, Bedding, | walnut Sitting Room suits in reps, haircloth and plush; i hail and basement Furniture, ly Carpets, Ac., wlih every , u-siul household article. E. Ho i (I, Auctioneer. N B.? To attend this large sale take Tnird or Fourth ? avenue cars to I'wenty-fllth street. Above residence was furnished last April, nnd all made to order bv best city maker. Responsible men in attendance to cart, pack or ship goods tor purchasers. \ t'ClION NOTICBT" J\. Elegant Hoiitchold Fnrnlture at public auction. Tills DaV. <>ver 400 I ots by catalogue, 800 yards velvet, Brnsscis ami ingrain Carpets, THIS (Ihursday) MORNING, commencing at ll>>j, o'clock, at private rcsidcncc 120 Wes- 2.WI street, near titll avenue. Parlors consist? Frcnch plate rosewood Eiagerc. Magnificent rosewood 7'4 ociave Piano Forte, Chicker in A sun. Steinway A Son makers. Gilt Cottage Table. Satin brocade Parlor Suits. Inlaid marquisette Centre Tables. Windows, real lace Curtains Bronzes, figures on Pedestals. Pieces of Statuary. Valuable till Paintings Chambers Suit, com Melt, In rosewood, and inlaid black walnut; Heeds, Dressing cases. Bureaus, Wardrobes. 20 curled hair and spring Mattresses, Pillows, Bolsters, Ac. Dining rooms Inlaid French walnut Bullet, extension Table to match; dining room Chairs, solid Silver and Plated Ware; china Dinner and Tea Sets, 50 pieces; library and bedroom Suites in reps, Furniture, Chairs, Handkerchiefs, library Table, lady's Secretary, 100 volumes of Books; also basement and other Furniture. N. H.? This is the largest and richest sale of Household Furniture this season. LIKE FITZGERALD, Auctioneer. Auction sale positively this day (Tuesday), at 10 o'clock, at elegant residence, 210 West Twenty-first street, near seventh avenue. ROHERI C: CASHIN, Auctioneer, sells over $1000 worth handsome Household Furniture, consisting of Parlor Suits, in silk brocade and figured satin; Inlaid Cabinets, centre and console Tables, Etagères, Turkish Chairs, Mirrors, lace Curtain- bronze Figures Clocks, etc. Elegant Decker & Bro.'s octave Pianoforte; also beautiful 7 octave Pianoforte; Music Cabinet, rosewood and walnut Bedsteads, Dressing Cases, Bureaus, Wardrobes, Lounges, etc. Hair and spring Mattresses, rep and plush bedroom Suits, extension dining Table, Sideboard, dining Chairs, Crockery, $2, worth Silverware, Tea set, etc.; hall and kitchen Furniture and every useful household article. N.B. To attend sale take Seventh or Eighth avenue cars. For sale, private Livery connected with above, consisting of Ave handsome Horses Carriages, Harness, Blankets, etc. See notice in Saturday's BY JOHN A. DUNN, AUCTIONEER. JOHN A. DUNN will sell, tomorrow (Friday), at 1 o'clock P.M., at No. 3 Third avenue, a general assortment of Household Furniture, consisting of black walnut Bedsteads, marble top Bureaus, Tables, Inings, solas, Sails in haircloth and raps, Mirrors, Chromos, Brussels and in grain Carpets, etc. SALE AUCTION. ALLEN B. MINER. AUCTIONEER. JX Salesrooms, M Chambers and 77 Reade Street. By ALLEN B. MINER & BROTHER. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 10, At 10:00 o'clock. At their salesrooms. US Chambers and 77 Reade Street. OENTEEL HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE-Consisting of black walnut and silt frame pier and mantel Mirrors, rosewood and black walnut Parlor suits in crimson latin and various colored reps; velvet, Brussels and ingrain Carpets, black walnut Bedsteads, marble top Dressing Bureaus, Commodes, Washstands, Dining Extension Tables, Wardrobes, Bookcases, Lounges, Rockers, Baby Chairs, Cottage Suits, hair and spring Mattresses, leather Beds, Bolsters and Pillows, Crockery, Class, silver-plated Ware, Kitchen Utensils, Ac, Ac. ALSO, at 12 o'clock, 12 casks fort Wine. BY JOHN A. DlTNN, AUCTIONEER.? WILL HELL this day, at 10)* o'clock sharp, at No. 1,1(0 First averius, between Sixtieth and Sixty-first streets, the contents of a Lager Beer Saloon, consisting of black walnut Counter and Mack walnut Back Shelving, black walnut Tables, Armchairs, Tumblers and Weiss Beer Olassex, Mirrors, Clock. Engravings, Stoves. Shades, Swinging Sign, Ac. Sale positive. Dealers invited. By P. COLTON, AUCTIONEER? LAROE RALE OP Household Furniture, Pianos, French plate Mirrors, Ac.. Ac. This day (Thursday, October 9i. at the private residence No. 1/9 Macdougal street, near Washington square, at 1 1 o'clock, the entire Kurniture of the lar:;? house, comprising the usual assortment of parlor, dining room and basement Goods : carved Bedsteads and Bu reaus; Brussels, three-ply and ingrain Carpets; ha>r Mat tresses; marble top Centre, Card ami other Tables: Cur tains ?nd Cornices: Parlor Huita, Kitchen Furniture, Ac.. Ac. Catalogues early tins morning. BY GERARD BETTS A CO.. AUCTIONEERS. Store No. 7 Old Slip and 104 Pearl street. (For Account oi whom it mny concern, to close invoices), WINK AND LIQUORS, THIS DAY, > Thursday), October 9, 1873, at 11 o'clock, within their store (Per samples drawn in Bonds), Large mile of Sherry. Ports, Madeira, Bourbon and Rye Whiskey, Clarets, Jamaica and St. Cro.x i(u?n. Cor dials, Ac., Ac. in pipes, qaar'rrs, eighths and i .i ss, in lots to suit purchasers. Catalogues and samples at sale. J^DWARD SCIIENCK, AUCTIONEER. Mortgage sale of elegant Cabinet Furniture. BY EDWARD SCHENCK TO MORROW, 101 II INST., at 11 o'clock, an elegant assortment of the finest Furniture, of the most modern and unique styles of parlor, chamber, dining and hall, in elegant carved walnut, rosewood, covered in damask and reps; superb Centre and Card Tables, and every variety of style of Furniture. The above is now on exhibition and will repay those in want of fine furniture. To be sold at auction, at No. CO Liberty street, TO MORROW, 10th inst., at 10 o'clock. FRED. JEWETT, AUCTIONEER? BY J. E. CLARK, 185 Greenwich street, corner Dey. Thursday, October 9, large and important sale of Hardware, Fancy Goods, Notions, Looking Glasses, Clocks; also a large line of silver-plated Ware. Hugh N. Camp, auctioneer. Valuable House and Lot, No. 101 West Twenty-seventh street, near Sixth avenue, at auction. HUGH N. CAMP will sell at auction, THURSDAY, October 9, 1873, at 12 o'clock, at the Exchange salesroom, 111 Broadway (Trinity Building), New York. West Twenty-seventh street? The valuable three story high stoop brown stone House and Lot No. 112 West Twenty-seventh street, north side, 60 feet west of Sixth avenue. This lot is very valuable on account of it being the key of corner lot. House contains modern improvements and in good order. Lot 25x30. For particulars, apply to Auctioneer's office, 10 Broadway, New York. Henry B. Herts, Auctioneer, 650 Broadway. Special peremptory sale of Fancy Goods, Notions, stationery, Perfumery, Brushes, Soaps, Glassware, Ac., on Friday, October 10, at 10 o'clock. At No. 122 Chambers street (upstairs), comprising the entire Stock of the Yankee Notion Company, who are closing up the business. The sale will be positively without any reserve, in lots to suit city and country trade. Ratal times will be ready and goods on view early on the morning of sale. House and lot for sale with a three-story front and two-story rear House, with a coal yard and stable for horses; it is a most valuable lot, and will be sold to the highest bidder, this day, at 12 o'clock, at 111 Broadway, by J. McGURRE, Auctioneer; It is No. 51) Market Street, near East River; only 10 percent cash; must be sold. IS. WEINBERGER, AUCTIONEER. ASSIGNEE'S sale this day (Thursday), October 3, at 10 o'clock, at 15a Bowery, 475 boxes of linen thread and 30 kegs of Paint by order of A. Pollack, Assignee. Thereafter Furniture, Carpets, oilcloth, Blankets, Quilts, Comforters, Curtains, Jewelry, five chests of Tea, 25 Moulds for Future Frames, etc.; also a large lot of Wines, Brandy, Whiskey, Gin, Rum, etc., in barrels, cases and demijohns. J. E. JOHNSON JR. AUCTIONEER. Great continuation sale of 30 splendid Lots, in the new part of the city at Woodland Heights, by order of E. K. Willard, Esq., under the direction of Messrs. Potter brothers, on the premises, MONDAY, OCT. 13, 1873. Since contracts have been made for the The erection of 50 houses on the premises, the demand for lots for improvement has been so great that the owner has decided to encourage the movement by disposing of a portion of his remaining lots at a positive sale, on easy terms. Location of the property near the depot: most important and accessible in the New Twenty-fourth ward of New York, at the 'Unction of the Harlem and New Haven railroads. Where express trains constantly stop, thus affording quick and rapid transit to all parts of the city. Gratula's Seventh Reninuit Band, Banquet under the great tent, Harrison, the world-renowned proprietor, will take place next day. Special train, stopping each way at Harlem, will leave Grand Central depot at 10:50 A.M. For free excursion tickets and stops apply to J.F. Johnson, Jr., 21 Park Row; or to Messrs. Potter Brothers, No. 4 on J. Warren Street, and at their branch office, Fordham. J.E. Freeman, Jr., Auctioneer, Westchester, blazing again over the great continuation sale of the grand auction of Liggett estate, Saturday, October 11. The great success attending the opening sale of this magnificent estate on the 29th ult., has induced the owner, Edward T. Young, Esq., to offer the remaining choicest blocks of lots between the grain, southern Boulevard and railroad on 145th Street, Hunter's Point road, and other avenues, respectively, to the highest bidder. The property is but three miles from Central Park, and two miles from Harlem Bridge in time only thirty-three minutes from Fulton Ferry. In twenty-third ward of New York city, an annexed. The Portchester Railroad from Harlem River passes through the property. For free tickets, apply to J.F. Johnson, Jr., 21 Park Row. New York. J. P. TRAVER, AUCTIONEER. Large Sale of Household Furniture. TRAVER A WRIGHT will sell on THURSDAY, October 7, at 1 o'clock P.M., all the elegant Carpets, Pier and Mantel Mirrors, Parlor Suits in silk brocade, Oil Paintings, Engravings, Chromos Mantel ornaments, brocatel and lace Curtains, rosewood marble top Centre Tables, marble top walnut and oak Cottage suits, feather Beds, Pillows and Bolsters best curled hair and other Mattresses, Bedding, bronze chandeliers, Oilcloths, stoves, Chamber, Dining Room and Kitchen Furniture, in houses Nos. 145 and 147 Greene street, near Houston; also, the valuable leases of said houses. Catalogues, embracing about four hundred lots, ready on morning of sale. T. P. TRAVER, AUCTIONEER. TRAVER A WRIGHT will sell this bay, by virtue of an execution, at 10 o'clock, at his (St. Jones street, two singers' Tailoring Machines. HENRY ROSS, Marshal. Also thirteen Family Sewing Machines of different makers. Also, will sell to the trade and others, for cash, on Friday next, at 215 Spring street the entire Stock in Trade of furniture dealer, comprising a varied assortment. Particulars tomorrow. JACOB BOO ART, AUCTIONEER. SATURDAY, October 11, at 11 o'clock, at the auction rooms, No. 1 North William street. Household Furniture, Carpets, Mirrors, etc. At 12 o'clock, in front of the auction room. The auction rooms.
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RELIGIOUS CAMPAIGN IS CLOSED The Successful Meetings Were Held on Sunday. RINK WAS PACKED SUNDAY NIGHT THE MUSIC WAS A SPECIAL FEAT. It was at all services on last day. Genial Order Number One Was Morning Subject and “How to Know You Are Sated” Afternoon Theme. The religious campaign, carried on by the churches, under the leadership of Evangelists Pratt and Sutherland, for the past five weeks, came to a close on Sunday. The rink was well filled for the three services. Sunday night witnessed the largest audience of the meeting. -he large chorus choir, which has ( been doing great singing throughout 1 the campaign, sang with special en thusiasm and power on Sunday. It was '* with mingled feelings of thankfulne*» and sadness that the large congrcga- 1 tions assembled and dispersed. There was gratitude for the great spiritual * uplift, for the joy of salvation which has come to many lives, and for the 1 which has come through j service in winning friends and loved j * ones to come out on the Lord’s side 1 and confess Jesus Christ. There was I tie feeling of regret that it was the 4 l&Vpd*y of blessed fellowship enjoyed 1 during the past days, and the last 1 services under the leadership of the * roea who have made for tbemaelves a 1 lift*place la the esteem of the lord's 1 people as helprul servants of Christ. 1 The meetings have closed. The last 1 song has been sung, the last sermon 1 has been preached, the last Invitation ' given, but the ap!endld and efflcieut work done will go on in the various 1 churches, and eternity alone can re- 1 veal the good accomplished. I 1 Morals* Service. For special numbers In the song 1 service Prof. Sutherland sang a solv 1 ftnd Mr Willis Watson and Prof pntherland sang a duet Dr J. F. Har- 1 rla and Rev. Geo. F. Sevier in appro- 1 prlate remarks announced the thank- ' offering which was to be received for 1 the evangelists, and the people gladly 1 responded, thankful for the opportun- 1 Ity to give expression to their appre- ’ elation for the service of the past 1 flvf. Vofkl. The text for the morning sermon was "Cor. 16:12. "Watch ye, stand in the faith, quit you like men." It was a special sermon to the new converts. They were urged to watch the prayer life. Prayer is as necessary to the spiritual life as breathing is necessary to the physical life. It is also essential to watch your Bible study. Read the Bible every day. Mr. Pratt said that he had talked to hundreds and even thousands of backsliders, and he had found the cause was neglect of prayer and neglect of study. Also watch your church. Unit with spine church and go to work. Join some Sabbath school class. Everyone ought to be in Bible class. If you are a young man or woman, join a young people’s society and learn to pray in public and for Christ. Temptations will come, but stand fast in the faith. So, somebody worth while and do something worth while for Christ. Afternoon Service. The subject was "How to Know You Saved." This was a practical address bringing clearer light to man on great doctrines of Justification, sanctification, and repentance. Many Biblical texts were mentioned by which any seeking soul could come into possession of the blessed assurance or Miration. Every Christian was made to read the first Gospel of John and there and the marks of genuine humility, such as the Lord's Prayer. A love for God's Word. I love for the people of God, an abhorrence of sin, and a love for the fellowship and service of the Lord Jesus Christ. The Evening Service. The farewell service of the great union gospel meetings took place at 7 o'clock in the evening. It was one of the most impressive of the whole campaign. The large chorus choir sang as never before. “Immanuel” which has been so popular throughout the meeting was repeated in this last service. The male quartet rendered a beautiful selection and Mr. Sutherland and Mrs. Hughart sang a duet with great effect. The pastors made announcements for several churches. Thirty-three of the sixty-five divisions for morning prayer meetings reported that decision had been made to continue the program indefinitely. This has been one of the most helpful parts of the entire campaign. During the past five weeks, 783 women have met in their morning devotions to plead to God for the salvation of their neighbors, relatives, and friends. Rev. Pratt declares this prayer meeting attendance to be the greatest he ever experienced in his eight years of evangelistic career. Mr. Sperry, who had charge of the districting and appointing of superintendents, wishes to most heartily thank the women for their splendid cooperation, and particularly grateful is he to the faithful superintendent. An additional subscription was taken for the evangelist and singer. Mr. Pratt's text for his last sermon in our midst was from Acts 26:23. "Almost thou Jerusalem, I am a Christian." These are the words of King Agrippa to Paul. The circumstances under which the text was spoken are peculiar. King Agrippa comes to pay respect to the Roman emperor, Festus. Agrippa had heard of Paul's power as a preacher. Everybody knew Paul was a Christian. He did not mince matters. He stood out four-square on every occasion. No one had to run through a lot of musty church records to ascertain whether or not he was a Christian. He was a great worker, an enthusiastic supporter of his belief. The greatest loss Judalim ever sustained was Paul's departure from its ranks. Agrippa wanted to hear this great preacher. Festus ordered him in. The soldiers bring fuel from prison. He is getting old. His step is unsteady, but from his eye the fire that is burning in his soul seemed to flash. He is led before the high officers. Agrippa says Paul thou mayest speak for thyself." Paul's Christian spirit causes him to speak in commendatory tones—he thanks them for the honor. Then in his usual earnest manner, he tells of his wonderful conversion on the Damascus road. He paints the whole picture in pathetic words. He tells of the grange voice which said "Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou?" In the midst of his dramatic presentation, Festus to jump and exclaim, "Much learning, doth make thee mad." Oh, how strange he would think of Paul being mad when proclaiming Christ, but perfectly sane when killing Christians. Paul assured the emperor of his sanity, then his majesty gave utterances to our text. “Almost thou permit me to be a Christian.” Then Paul saw his opportunity to say, would to God that not only thou, but false all who hear me this day were both almost and altogether such as I am, except these bonds.” He thought of everyone present having all of his joys but none of his sorrows. At this point the evangelist said, “I was past time in this Canon City campaign for sermons, so he would endeavor to earnestly entreat lost souls to be come ‘fully persuaded’ to follow Christ. He continued, “Oh lost soul, you have been persuaded by long testimonies, prayers, personal conversation for the past five weeks to accept Christ, still you neglect your soul. If you are only almost persuaded you are in danger of drifting farther and farther away. Oh, the danger is delay.” Several incidents which had a telling effect on the audience were used to illustrate the fact of “almost persuaded” being altogether lost. Then feet away from the vessel leaving the wharf is as sore to cause you to miss the voyage as though you were too late. CAHOY CITY RECORD, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER, 1892 FINE TONIC FOR WOMEN Fatarrh Hands away. Almost —almost but lost! How hazardous for you to jeopardize your interests here and in The life to come. "Almost thou peradest me to be a Christian." Mr. Sutherland sang in his usual pleasing manner, "Almost persuaded," as the invitation was being given. Nearly fifty persons came forward representing their sins, and seeking salvation. Mr. Pratt announced at the beginning of his remarks that he had some very important things to say with reference to his impressions of Canon City at the close of his discourse. He spoke in forceful terms of the great need of a Y.M.C.A. building here, declaring the young men of the community to be its greatest asset. He asked for all who were in sympathy with the movement and would lend aid to the undertaking to so express themselves by standing. Many men stood. The evangelist and ministers lined up in front of the platform and shook hands with a vast audience as they passed before them. Thus closed one of the most successful campaigns for the ingathering of souls ever conducted in Canon City. THE ENABLING ACT Hon. Alfred Durfee of Fremont county, author of the county enabling act, which is to be submitted to the voters of the state in the form of a constitutional amendment this fall has sent to the Colorado Good Roads Association the following statement concerning the measure: "The principal features of the proposed amendment are as follows: Counties may create a bonded indebtedness for the purpose of erecting necessary public buildings, making or repairing roads and bridges. Debt contracted in any one year shall not exceed $1.50 on each $1,000 when the assessed valuation in the county is greater than $5,000,000; and $3.00 on each $1,000 when the assessed valuation is less than $5,000,000." Bonded Indebtedness not to exceed 5 percent of the assessed valuation, and not more than 1 percent of the assessed valuation, or 20 percent of the bonded indebtedness to be used in one year. Bonded indebtedness to run not less than ten years. The whole or any part may be authorized at a single election. People who have paid a tax the preceding year are entitled to vote on the bond issue. The bond issue may be submitted at a general or special election. This measure will, if adopted, allow counties to vote bonds for good road purposes, thus securing much needed improvements at once. Any further information or copies of this act can be secured by writing the Colorado Good Roads association, 312 Chamber of Commerce building, Denver. BACKACHE ALMOST UNBEARABLE is an almost certain result of kidney trouble. D. Toomey, 802 K. Olive St. Bloomington, Ill., says: “I suffered with backache and pains in my kidneys which were almost unbearable. I gave Foley Kidney Pills a good trial, and they did wonders for me. Today I can do a real hard day's work and not feel the effects.” Foley Kidney Pills will cure any case of kidney and bladder trouble not beyond the reach of medicine. No medicine can do more.—For sale by all Druggists. DRESSING UP By Elizabeth Armstrong (Copyright, text, by Associated Literary Press) A rainy day in early summer sent Jim Botnar’s motherless girls to the attic to rummage in the capacious chests for old-fashioned dresses, in which they arrayed themselves with great glee. “Oh, but aren’t we fine?” cried Mamie. “Let’s go down and show father.” “Father might make us take him off,” rejoined practical Grace; “he’s feeling sad anyway.” “I suppose the house bothers him because it’s so kind of mussy since Mrs. Mott left, but I tried to scrub that kitchen just last Saturday, and father washes the dishes himself whenever we leave them long enough.” And Mamie sighed over a housekeeper’s trials. Poor Jim Botnar was used to cold meals and a general lack of cheer. Even before his wife’s death, the house had borne a down-at-the-heels aspect, and Jim had been wont to escape to the harness room in the barn, where He could find order and peace. At a refuge, the harness room was exceptional. Besides being clean, it was warmed in winter by a small wood stove, and made airy in summer by two enormous windows. The west window had the advantage of looking toward the homestead where Mary Andrews had lived alone since the death of her mother. Mary's younger sister, Jennie, was Jim's wife. He had never understood just how it happened that she had supplanted Mary. If not in his heart, still to all intent and purposes in his life. He and Mary had been sweethearts for years, and at last he had written asking her to tell him where he might see her for a most particular talk. He knew that Mary would understand, and he had laughed, when he gave her the note, at his little subterfuge when he might so easily have told Mary he loved her then and there. But Mary craved romance, and Jim was doing his humble best in arranging this dark plot for her entertainment. Mary ran up the steps with his note in her hand, waved her hand at him in good by—and he had not seen her again in months. She did not answer the note, and gave Jim no chance to ask an explanation of her strange conduct. Deeply hurt, he learned the next day that she had gone for a long visit to her aunt in the city. Jim Ribs, his dismissal hard, and Jennie was with him, night after night, for news of Mary She did not tell him outright, but hinted delicately that Mary had been courting only in fun and had taken this way of letting him down easy. And after a time, Jennie's sweetness won Jim to believe that her heart was pure gold, and it was his fault if he could not appreciate her as he should. So on the night she told him that Mary was to wed a man in the city whom she had known for several years. Jim asked Jennie if she would care for what was left of his life, and Jennie admitted that she would. Mary did not return for Jennie's wedding, nor did she make any preparations for her own; and when she had lived quietly with her mother for a number of months, doubts as sailed, Jim concerning the truth of his wife's story of her engagement. During the ten years of Jim's married life, Mary went in and out of his home. And his children took their griefs to her more readily than to their mother. But Jim had seldom seen her, and for several years he had not crossed the threshold of the Andress home. As he looked over the fields green with sprouting grain and saw the apple on hard at the homestead in bloom, he imagined that he could see Mary herself walking among the trees in the sun that had just come out and was coaxing the earth to bloom and laughter. He knew that her brown head would be bared in the breeze and her eyes filled with a love for all growing and blooming things. He recalled the last time he had walked along the orchard path, when, after Mother Andrews' death, he had gone to Mary in an impure of sympathy, but had unfortunately missed to convey some expression of his long repressed love. Then did Mary's brown eyes flash and her gentle mouth stiffen to rebuke Jim Bomar, never let me bear such words from you. There can be nothing between you and me after what has passed. And I cannot bear the sight of your deceitful face. Jim, sorely wounded, was roused to reply in anger. "Very well, Mary." I will never enter your door until you send for the.” While Jim was dreaming in the harness room, Mamie and Grace, disponing in their attic finery, had grown tired of admiring themselves alone. "Let’s go over to Aunt Mary’s." Mamie was adventurous. "Let’s wear them over," I don’t believe father’d want us to.” objected Grace. "Oh, father’s in the harness room, and it’s no harm if he didn’t tell us not to. Decides, he don’t care very much what we do, so long as we don’t bother him." reassured Mamie. By the girls trailed up the rued and curtained Aunt Mary in the orchard, "telling secrets to the trees," as Mamie called it. Ten or twelve years ago, the silk gown which Grace wore had been familiar to Mary, for Jennie had worn it that fatal summer when she won Jim’s love. Even now, with the gray in her hair, Mary felt the old pain fresh at the sight of the hated ram. Jennie had worn that very dress the night she delivered Mary’s note asking Jim to meet her at the foot of the orchard under their particular tree, where Jim had constructed a bench and where they often sat on summer evenings. On that summer evening, Mary had gone to the trysting place and waited with her heart full of love and joy. But Jim did not come, and when, deeply hurt, Mary returned to the House, he was leaning over the front gate talking earnestly to Jennie. Later, Jennie told her that Jim had sent her a message saying that he had decided he had nothing particular to say to her. “See, Aunt Mary, isn’t my dress full? It’s lots wider than Grace's." “Maybe, ’tis, but my dress has got a pocket." rejoined Grace, “a real deep one. You can’t get to the bottom. Auntie, you feel and see if it has a bottom." Absently Mary put her hand into the pocket of Jennie’s dress. Her fingers touched something that resisted, and she reached again to draw out two letters —Jennie's love letters, no doubt. But no. She clutched them wildly. One was Jim’s note to her asking for a meeting. She remembered she had hunted in vain for it after the evening in the orchard. But the other letter was her answer, and that answer had never been opened. Jim had not received it. Suddenly a hundred little incidents crowded to her mind that made it clear what part Jennie had taken in her life and Jim’s. Then a rush of gladness came over her. How she had misjudged Jim! Mary could have laughed aloud as she thought of Jim and how she could make up to him for his years of puzzled wonder. Then she looked at the little girls staring at her abstraction and began to unfold a plan that delighted them. When Jim had come home from his afternoon's work he could hardly believe the evidence of his senses. An immaculate kitchen gave forth the odor of such a supper as only a good housewife could prepare. In a wept and garnished living room, his two girls were dancing about a prettily laid supper table. And beside the table stood Mary, his sweetheart, the woman he had always loved; Mary with a smile on her face and a light in her eyes as she stretched a hand to Jim and said: "I came over to stay to supper. Jim. Am I welcome?" The light in Jim’s face was answer to that question even before his tongue stammered out eagerly to welcome in words. In the late twilight, he went with Mary over the path that only the children’s feet had pressed for so long a time and his eloquent eyes told the story. Silently they took their way along the fragrant path until Jim touched Mary softly on the arm and said: "Mary, this is our tree. See, it is all in glorious bloom. Won't you sit down?" And the apple blossoms wasted their fragrance and their petals on two unheeding figures while the years of misunderstanding and pain were swept away to make room for the love that was to illumine all the future. MEDICAL SCIENCE IN NINE YEARS Prescriptions of Times of Sarsaparilla, 650 B.C. — Faith Healing Practiced. The patient work of the archaelo was enabled to form a very fair idea of medical science as it existed in Nineveh 650 years before the birth of Christ. Of the 20,000 tablets taken from the library of Asurbanpal, the great king of Assyria, who conquered Egypt and Babylonia and established his subjects in the deserted cities of Samaria, hundreds deal exclusively with roedicine and contain numerous prescriptions: If a man has colic, make him stand up and pour over him a decoction of hypertrophy and he will recover. Or make him crouch down on his heels and pour cold water over his head. Faith healing seems to be indicated in a prescription which runs, “If he is in a weak state, make him bend down, then raise his legs, and say, ‘May you get quite well.’ Strike him also on the head 14 times with your thumb." Many prescriptions deal with the cure of a disorder which was very common at Nineveh, and which seems to have been due to overindulgence in food and drink. “When a man is bilious, rub him with an onion, and let him drink nothing but water and abstain from food altogether." Among the medicines used by the physicians at Nineveh were sesame, olive oil, castor oil, syrup of dates, honey and salt, Fasting and massage were frequently ordered.—New York Sun. Mrs. Harriman Economist. Mrs. Mary Harriman, widow of K.H. Harriman, railroad financier, used to boast when her husband was alive she saved several hundred dollars a month out of the housekeeping allowance made to her. She is a shrewd, economical housekeeper, and has ample means to be followed. Other wealthy women. Mining Application So. 014499. NOTICE OF APPLICATION FOR UNITED STATES PATENT. United States Land Office, Pueblo, Colorado, Jan. 9, 1912. Notice is hereby given, that The Diamond Fire Brick Company, a corporation, by E. C. Hiatt, its attorney in fact, whose post office address is Canon City, Colorado, has made application for United States Patent for the following described placer mining claims, located by legal subdivisions in the Unknown Mining District, Fremont County, Colorado, viz: Joe Keen Placer, SE¼ NE¼ SE¼, Sec. 15, T. 18 S., R. 71 W., 20 acres. Frank Davis Placer, SE¼ SE¼, Sec. 19, T. 18 S., R. 71 W., 20 acres. Sam Brown Placer, SW¼ SW¼, Sec. 20, T. 18 S., R. 71 W., 20 acres. Total area applied for 60 acres, by legal subdivisions. There are no exclusions from this application. Adjoining claims: Tom Reed and Haynes No. 2 Placers; all others unknown. J. W. HAWLEY, Register. First pub. Jan. 11, 1912. Last pub. March 14, 1912. ADMINISTRATOR'S NOTICE. Estate of Charles T. Helm, Deceased. The undersigned, having been appointed Administrator of the estate of Charles T. Helm, late of the County of Fremont, in the State of Colorado, deceased, hereby notice that he will appear before the County Court of said Fremont County, at the Courthouse in Canon City in said County, at the March Term, 1912, on the last Monday in March next, at which time all persons having claims against said estate are notified and requested to attend for the purposes. of having the same adjusted. All persons indebted to said estate are requested to make immediate payment to the undersigned. Dated at Delta, Colorado, this 10th day of February, A. D. 1912. F. W. TRECHTER. Administrator. First Pub. Feb. 22, 1912. Last Pub. March 21, 1912. FORECLOSURE SALE. Under and in accordance with a judgment of the District Court of the Eleventh Judicial District of the State of Colorado within and for the County of Fremont on February 27th, 1912, in favor of A. C. Ridgway, plaintiff, and against John Ritzman and Minnie I. Hodkinson, defendants, and in accordance with an Order of Sale issued out of the office of the Clerk of said Court by virtue of said Judgment, and to me directed: NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN THAT on Friday, the 22nd day of March, 1912, at the hour of ten o’clock in the forenoon of said day and at the front door of the courthouse in Canon City in said Fremont County, I will offer for sale, and will sell, at public auction to the highest and best bidder for cash in hand, all of Blocks 1, 2 and 3 in Ritzman's Addition to the City of Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado, according to the recorded plat of said Addition, excepting and reserving therefrom lots 1, 2 and 3 in the afore said Block 1, or so much thereof as shall be necessary to make the sum of $13708.06, with interest thereon at the legal rate of eight percent per annum from said February 27th, 1912, with costs of suit and costs and expenses of advertisement and sale, adjudged in favor of said plaintiff in and by said judgment. Dated Canon City, Colorado, February 29th, A. D. 1912. JOSEPH ESSER. Sheriff Of Fremont County - First Pub. Feb. 29, 1912 Last Pub. March 21, 1912 ADMINISTRATOR'S NOTICE. Estate of Ignac Hoiak, Deceased. The undersigned having been appointed administrator of the estate of Ignac Hoiak, late of the County of Fremont, in the State of Colorado, deceased, hereby gives notice that he will appear before the County Court of said Fremont County, at the Court House in Canon City, in said County, at the March term, 1912, on March 30, 1912, at 2 p.m. at which time all persons having claims against said estate are notified and requested to attend for the purpose of having the same adjusted. All persons indebted to said estate are requested to make immediate payment to the undersigned. Dated at Canon City, Colo, this 27th day of February, A.D. 1912. JOSEPH VEZZETTI. Administrator. First pub. Feb. MaolMUrv MUNfUCo. U6iCioj*h»*T. fjgyy Yq} £ <>mr— <PV V et. W•••*!••»•«. U C.
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A L'ASSEMBLÉE DES DÉPUTÉS 13e LEGISLATURE SESSION ORDINAIRE DE 1926 — COMPTE RENDU IN EXTENSO 80e SÉANCE Séance du Vendredi 28 Mai 1920. SOMMAIRE 1. Procès-verbal. 2. Excuses et congés. 3. Décret désignant un commissaire du Gouvernement. 4. — Discussion d'une interpellation sur la non-réintégration des cheminots révoqués au cours des grèves de 1920, malgré les promesses faites par les compagnies de chemins de fer : MM. Rognon, Victor Jean, Camille Chautemps, Gadaud, Maurice Gautier, Ferdinand Morin, Desoblin, Gerboud, Louis de Monzie, ministre des travaux publics ; Ernest Lafont. — Clôture. Ordre du jour motivé de M. Etienne Rognon et un grand nombre de ses collègues. Sur l'ordre du jour : M. Albert Paulin. Adoption de cet ordre du jour accepté par le Gouvernement. 5. — Demande de discussion immédiate d'une motion de M. Adolphe Girod, relative à l'armée du Maroc. Lecture, par M. Humbert Ricol, du rapport fait au nom de la commission de l'Armée. Discussion immédiate. Discussion générale: MM. André Berthon, Philibert Painlevé, ministre de la guerre. Adoption, au scrutin, de la motion de M. Adolphe Girod. 6. Présentation de candidatures. 7. — Demande d'interpellation de M. Margaine sur l'application du plan Dawes. — Jonction Aux Interpellations ayant même objet. 8. Rappel d'une demande d'interpellation de M. Albert Milhaud relative au traité germano-russe. Sur la date: MM. Léon Meyer, Pierre Laval, Sarde des sceaux, ministre de la justice. — Fixation de la discussion avant la clôture de la session ordinaire. 9. — Inscription d'une affaire, sous réserve qu'il n'y ait pas débat. 10. — Règlement de l'ordre du jour. 11. — Dépôt d'un projet de loi. 12. — Dépôt de rapports. 13. — Dépôt d'un avis. 14. — Dépôt d'une proposition de résolution. PRÉSIDENCE DE M. FRÉDÉRIC BRUNET VICE-PRÉSIDENT La séance est ouverte à quinze heures. 1. — PROCÈS-VERBAL M. Charles Caffort, l'un des secrétaires, donne lecture du procès-verbal de la séance d'hier. Le procès-verbal est adopté. 2. — EXCUSE ET CONGÉ M. le président. M. Bussat s'excuse de ne pouvoir assister à la séance de ce jour. M. Pierre-Etienne Flandin s'excuse de ne pouvoir assister à la séance de ce jour et demande un congé. Il n'y a pas d'opposition ? Le congé est accordé. 3. — DÉCRET DÉSIGNANT UN COMMISSAIRE DU GOUVERNEMENT M. le président. J'ai reçu de M. le ministre des travaux publics le décret suivant : « Le Président de la République française, « Vu. l'article 6, paragraphe 2, de la loi constitutionnelle du 5 juillet 1875 sur les rapports des pouvoirs publics, portant que les ministres pourront se faire assister, dans les deux Chambres, par des commissaires désignés pour la discussion d'un projet de loi déterminé ; « Sur le rapport du ministre des travaux publics, des ports et de la marine marchande, « Décrète: « Art. 1er. — Est désigné, en qualité de commissaire du Gouvernement, pour assister le ministre des travaux publics, devant la Chambre des députés, dans la discussion de l'interpellation de MM. Etienne, Vigny, Rognon, Ferdinand Morin, Gerboud, Gadaud, Barbin, Barabant, Auffrav et Gautier, sur la non-réintégration des cheminots révoqués au cours des grèves de 1920, malgré les promesses faites par les compagnies de chemins de fer: « M. Schwoh, conseiller d'Etat, directeur général des chemins de fer. « Art. 2. — Le ministre des travaux publics est chargé de l'exécution du présent décret. « Fait à Paris, le 28 mai 1926. « GASTON DOUMERCUE. Par le Président de la République: Le ministre des travaux publics, DE MONZIE. Acte est donné de la communication dont la Chambre vient d'entendre la lecture. Le décret sera inséré au procès-verbal de la séance de ce jour et déposé aux archives. DISCUSSION D'UNE INTERPELLATION L'ordre du jour appelle la discussion de l'interpellation de MM. Etienne Rognon, Ferdinand Morin, Gerboud, Gadaud, Barbin, Barabant, Auffray et Gautier, sur la non-réintégration des cheminots révoqués au cours des grèves de 1920, malgré les promesses faites par les compagnies de chemins de fer. La parole est à M. Rognon, pour développer son interpellation. M. Rognon. En plusieurs circonstances, au cours des dernières années, la Chambre a manifesté sa sympathie aux cheminots. Lors des événements tragiques qui se sont déroulés dans notre pays, on a reconnu — nous croyons entendre encore les paroles prononcées dans cette Chambre à ce sujet — que c'était grâce au concours admirable des travailleurs du rail et à leur empressement à répondre au rappel du pays que la mobilisation avait pu s'effectuer d'une façon parfaite. On s'est plu à reconnaître l'effort accompli par eux pendant toute la durée de la guerre, de 1914 à 1918. Depuis, vous vous rappelez les événements qui se sont produits. En vertu du droit qui appartient à tout travailleur de demander à son employeur un salaire qui lui permette de vivre; en vertu des lois fondamentales de ce pays, qui font qu'un travailleur n'est pas un paria et peut cesser son travail quand il croit devoir le faire, il s'est produit, en 1920, un arrêt du travail sur les chemins de fer. À la suite de cette grève, des travailleurs, des membres de la famille cheminot ont été frappés, révoqués. Depuis ce moment, nous n'avons cessé, les uns et les autres, du haut de cette tribune, de demander réparation et justice pour eux: nous attendons encore. La Chambre, à différentes reprises, a voté des lois d'amnistie, a accordé même à des étuents de droit commun la réhabilitation. Des ouvriers, qui ont recouru à un moyen légal appartenant à tout travailleur, attendent encore le bénéfice accordé aux détenus de droit commun pour être réintégrés dans leur emploi. Nous n'avons cessé de demander au Parlement que justice soit faite et que la concorde règne enfin dans le pays. Malgré nos interventions, malgré nos interpellations répétées, malgré les démarches multiples faites par une organisation régulière de la Chambre, formant un groupe de plus de 160 députés, qui s'est adressé aux gouvernements successifs, nous n'avons pu encore obtenir la réintégration des cheminots, la réparation des dommages subis par des travailleurs qui n'avaient fait qu'exercer un droit reconnu par la loi. M. René Boudet. On n'a pu l'obtenir, malgré les promesses du Gouvernement. M. Guérin. Du cartel! (Bruit à l'extrême droite.) M. Bovier-Lapierre. Ce sont vos amis qui ont frappé ces travailleurs. Nous essayons de réparer le mal que vous leur avez fait. M. Guérin. Le cartel a fait des promesses et ne les a pas tenues. M. Biré. Il n'y a plus que les saboteurs qui ne soient pas réintégrés. M. Barbin. Citez donc un seul fait de sabotage commis par les cheminots révoqués! M. le président: Messieurs, veuillez garder le silence et écouter M. Rogaon dans le calme. M. Rognon. Mais la situation n'est pas entière : nous devons reconnaître qu'un effort a été accompli depuis 1921. Des réparations ont été effectuées dans le domaine où le Gouvernement avait la possibilité immédiate d'agir. En ce qui concerne le réseau de l'Etat, depuis 1924, la situation n'est plus la même que sur les réseaux du Nord, du Midi, du Paris-Orléans, du Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée ; nous sommes déjà en face d'une réalisation. Je dis cela pour répondre à vos interruptions, messieurs, et pour démontrer que, tout de même, un effort a été réalisé. La preuve en est que la presque totalité, on peut dire la totalité des révoqués du réseau de l'Etat sont réintégrés aujourd'hui et ont repris leur place au milieu de leurs camarades de travail. Mais la situation n'est pas la même sur l'ensemble des réseaux, et ainsi qu'on l'a indiqué tout à l'heure, malgré les promesses faites par les ministres successifs, par les présidents du conseil, nous sommes toujours en face d'une résistance qu'il faudra bien vaincre un jour et que nous espérons vaincre ici ce soir. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche et sur divers bancs à gauche.) M. Barabant. N'en déplaise à M. Guérin! M. Rognon. Il s'agira de savoir si ce que l'Etat a pu réaliser sur son réseau, le Gouvernement actuel le réalisera sur les réseaux privés. Messieurs, dès le début des interpellations qui ont précédé celle-ci, alors que notre regretté ami Lobet (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche et à gauche), du haut de cette tribune, signalait là misère et la gabegie des compagnies, nous avions obtenu la promesse que le Gouvernement s'efforcerait d'obtenir des compagnies la réintégration des révoqués. Depuis notre dernière interpellation, nous n'avons cessé de demander au Gouvernement d'intervenir. Hélas ! nous sommes toujours dans la même situation, et les révoqués attendent toujours. Certes, quelques réintégrations ont été effectuées : 67 en trois mois ! Mais, est-ce là bien ce que le Parlement avait désiré ? La nation tout entière se penche, elle aussi, sur les misères des travailleurs et elle ne peut pas comprendre que l'on réintègre dans sa situation un détenu de droit commun, quand on refuse au travailleur la réparation à laquelle il a droit. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche.) A ce moment les compagnies ont pu prétendre qu'elles étaient maîtresses chez elles, qu'étant employeurs, elles avaient le droit d'embaucher et de débaucher sans que personne intervint. Elles ont prétendu qu'elles avaient le droit de tenir ce langage. Nous examinerons tout à l'heure si les compagnies ne sont pas tributaires de l'Etat et si la nation ne contribue pas à la richesse des compagnies, ou tout au moins à l'équilibre de leur budget. Elles avaient le droit, en tant qu'employeurs égoïstes, de tenir ce raisonnement et de dire : Nous ne réintégrerons pas l'ouvrier qui a rompu le contrat de travail. Mais à l'heure présente, la situation n'est plus la même, car le jour où les compagnies ont consenti à reprendre un seul révoqué, elles ont abandonné leur intransigeance, leur position irréductible en face de l'ouvrier révoqué ; elles ont consenti à entrebâiller la porte et à permettre ainsi au révoqué d'hier de devenir le travailleur de demain, dans l'ensemble du réseau. Par conséquent, la question n'est plus posée de la même façon aujourd'hui. Quelques centaines de révoqués de 1920 ont été réintégrés, et les compagnies ne peuvent plus invoquer leur égoïsme, ne peuvent plus agir en tyrans irréductibles, frappant sans merci le travailleur de la veille. Ayant repris des révoqués, elles ont ainsi ouvert le droit de réintégration à la totalité des cheminots licenciés, et il n'est pas possible d'admettre — personne ne le comprendrait, dans ce pays où l'on s'est tant battu pour le droit et la justice en des heures tragiques — qu'une partie des travailleurs soit réintégrée et qu'une autre fraction ne le soit pas, du fait de l'ostentation des compagnies. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche et sur divers bancs à gauche.) Donc, monsieur le ministre, vous êtes aujourd'hui, pour discuter, dans une situation plus favorable que vos prédécesseurs. Vous pouvez dire aux compagnies : « Puisque vous avez commencé à faire des réintégrations, pourquoi vous arrêter, en si bon chemin ? Pourquoi n'accomplissez-vous pas ce geste généreux d'équité, quand de tous côtés, à travers l'Europe, l'amnistie totale a été réalisée ? » M. Jean Laporte : Oui, partout sauf en France. M. Rognon. Pourquoi frappez-vous d'une façon tout à fait injuste des travailleurs? Pourquoi avez-vous fait des classifications, réintégré quelques-uns et laissé d'autres révoqués en dehors du droit et en dehors de la réparation? Je crois que M. le ministre peut, d'ailleurs, invoquer un autre argument. Nous avons pu, les uns et les autres, apprécier de quelle façon les réintégrations ont été faites. Pour mon compte personnel, je crois que le refus des réintégrations tient bien plus aux décisions des chefs de service qu'à l'opinion ou à la pensée des directions. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche et sur divers bancs à gauche.) M. Antériou. C'est exact. M. Rognon. J'en ai pour preuve plusieurs exemples, mais je n'en citerai qu'un qui illustrera d'une façon précise l'attitude des chefs de service. Dans la ville que je représente, et où l'on a compté des révocations nombreuses, je connais certains services où les ouvriers ayant fait la grève ont été réintégrés en totalité. Par contre, dans d'autres services, aucun n'a été repris. Je suis bien obligé de conclure que ce n'est pas la direction qui s'est opposée à la réintégration, que c'est le chef de service qui a donné à la direction des renseignements de nature à amener le refus formel de réintégration. (-Très bien! très bien! à l'extrême gauche et à gauche.) Eh bien, il n'est pas admissible que, dans la même compagnie, dans le même secteur, un ingénieur reprenne la totalité de ses employés de la veille et qu'à côté, dans tel autre service, aucun employé ne puisse rentrer. Il apparaît que les chefs de service ont été pour la plupart hostiles à la réintégration. Il appartient au Parlement de dire s'il entend que se perpétue cette cantate d'injustice. Il appartient à la Chambre de faire comprendre aux puissances du Tand qu'elles ont à respecter la volonté de la nation. La Chambre s'est exprimée, à différentes reprises, en faveur de la réintégration des cheminots. Après une décision qui date de six années, qui a exclu des campsides les ouvriers consciencieux, les cheminots, d'hord intransigeants, qui ont elles-mêmes violé le principe sur lequel elles s'appuyaient, entendent-elles poursuivre à frapper d'une condamnation qui serait jusqu'à la mort des ouvriers qui se sont bornés à recourir à un droit qui a par droit à l'organisation ouvrière, le droit de grève pour réparer des injustices ? (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche et sur divers bancs à gauche.) Tout a été dit sur la réintégration des cheminots, la liberté d'association, le droit de grève, la réparation du dommage causé, l'ostracisme des compagnies et leur égoïsme. Mais, puisque les compagnies ne veulent pas accomplir le geste humanitaire qui les aurait grandement enhancés dans l'estime de tous, j'ai cherché si le Gouvernement n'avait pas les moyens de le leur imposer. Pour savoir si le Gouvernement avait assez d'autorité sur les compagnies, pour obtenir de leur égoïsme le droit à réparation, je n'ai eu qu'à relire attentivement le rapport d'un homme que l'on ne peut pas qualifier d'extrémiste, de M. Jeannelley, sénateur de la Haute-Saône. On y trouve un véritable réquisitoire sur la gestion des compagnies de chemins de fer. Et d'abord, la condamnation des conventions de 1921 sur lesquelles il faudra bien un jour s'expliquer, parce qu'elles ont livré sans défense la nation aux compagnies. Elles ont eu pour conséquence, notamment, d'éteindre une dette de 13 milliards. Retenez bien le chiffre, messieurs. Il n'est pas d'un socialiste, mais d'un modéré. Il doit avoir d'autant plus de force pour ceux qui, dans cette Chambre, sont portés à croire que nous exagérons. N'a-t-il pas là comme une participation de la nation et pour vous, monsieur le ministre des travaux publics, un argument puissant pour faire entendre votre voix ? Si la nation consent de tels sacrifices, les compagnies peuvent en consentir d'inégalités. Il ne s'agit pas de porter atteinte à leur crédit, ni de compromettre leur budget. Il faut réparer une injustice, rendre tous leurs droits aux travailleurs qui, pendant la guerre, ont rendu de tels services à la défense nationale que le pays tout entier en a reconnu l'importance. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche.) Par le jeu des conventions, par le système des primes, les compagnies ont vu passer, contrairement aux provisions officielles des conventions de 1921, de 31 à 171 millions les primes annuelles. La situation générale des compagnies s'améliore chaque fois que la Chambre consent un relèvement des tarifs, dont l'usager supporte tout le poids. Pourquoi donc, monsieur le ministre, quand vous demandez au Parlement et au pays des augmentations de tarifs, n'exigez-vous pas de ces compagnies le geste humanitaire et généreux de la réintégration ? Pourquoi, si elles vous opposent des difficultés budgétaires, ne leur demandez-vous pas de réduire leur bureaucratie ? Le rapport de M. Jeanneney contient des renseignements qui illustrent notre protestation. En rapportant tous ses calculs au kilomètre de ligne, M. Jeanneney a établi le pourcentage des dépenses correspondant au personnel supérieur des administrations centrales. Il est arrivé aux chiffres suivants : 8,5 %. 100 à la compagnie d'Orléans ; 9 p. 100 sur le réseau de l'Etat; 15,4 p. 100 sur le réseau de l'Est; 17,4 p. 100 sur le réseau d'Alsace-Lorraine ; 21,1 p. 100 sur le réseau du Nord. Il indique également qu'il n'a pas pu obtenir des compagnies, depuis 1922, les enseignements qui devaient lui servir à dresser le tableau comparatif des emplois et traitements du personnel supérieur des administrations centrales et des bureaux centraux. Ces chiffres illustrent notre protestation et donnent au ministre des travaux publics le droit de soumettre la gestion des compagnies à un contrôle sévère. Si elles se refusent à faire spontanément le geste que tout homme accomplirait, à condition de ne pas être profondément indifférent et égoïste, il peut les y obliger par un contrôle sévère des primes et des subventions de l'Etat. Les conventions de 1921 lui donnent le moyen d'obliger les compagnies à se conformer à la justice. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche.) M. Barabant. Si elles ne veulent pas, plus de décorations pour leurs directeurs ! M. Rognon. La réintégration des cheminots est liée à d'autres questions extrêmement intéressantes. Un certain nombre de cheminots révoqués à la suite de la grève de 1920 se trouvent en retraite différée. Cette position est bien connue de M. le ministre des travaux publics ainsi que de ceux qui s'occupent de la défense des travailleurs du rail. Révoqués alors qu'ils ne comptaient pas tout à fait trente années de services, ces cheminots ne bénéficient pas de la retraite intégrale servie à leurs camarades ayant la même ancienneté de service, mais qui n'ont pas été révoqués ou qui même ont été réintégrés pendant quelques jours seulement. Nous avons saisi de la question M. le ministre des travaux publics qui, je le reconnais, est intervenu auprès des compagnies. Celles-ci ont répondu qu'elles étaient prêtes à accorder un secours aux cheminots placés en retraite différée, mais qu'elles ne pouvaient pas aller jusqu'à donner la totalité de la retraite aux cheminots révoqués à qui il ne manque que quelques jours pour parvenir au temps de service requis par les règlements sur les retraites. Mais aujourd'hui, la situation s'est aggravée du fait que, contrairement à ce que vous disiez il y a un instant, le réseau de l'État, continuant l'œuvre de réparation, réalisant les espoirs et les vœux de la Chambre actuelle, a, en même temps qu'il procédait aux réintégrations, accordé des réparations à ceux qui avaient une retraite déjà constituée. M. Biré. Pour ce que ça lui coûte! M. Rognon. Aujourd'hui, sur le réseau de l'État, il n'y a plus de différence entre les travailleurs révoqués d'hier et ceux qui ont continué leur service à la compagnie. L'État a consenti à verser 15 p. 100 en demandant aux cheminots révoqués de faire un versement de 5 p. 100. La Réparation est totale. Sur les autres réseaux français, l'injustice règne et le ministre est impuissant. Monsieur le ministre, vous avez pourtant un moyen, mais il s'agit là peut-être d'une question de crédit. Vous avez, il y a quelque temps, amélioré la situation des retraites des chemins de fer et réparé une partie des erreurs commises en les plaçant tous sous un régime commun et dans une situation égale à celle des travailleurs de l'État. C'est entendu ! Cette réforme vous offre peut-être la possibilité de demander aux compagnies de participer à l'effort nécessaire à la solution du problème des retraites différées, puisqu'elles n'ont pas eu à effectuer la totalité des versements qu'elles envisageaient en faveur des vieux cheminots retraités. Je vous ai indiqué dernièrement, monsieur le ministre, que si vous parvenez à assurer aux cheminots révoqués la retraite intégrale, vous aurez résolu une partie du problème des réintégrations. En effet, les retraites différées intéressent surtout ceux qui ont atteint ou qui sont près d'atteindre le nombre d'années nécessaires pour donner droit à la retraite, la plupart de ceux qui bénéficieraient de la retraite intégrale ne seraient plus alors des postulants à la réintégration. C'est une question d'argent, vous pouvez le demander aux compagnies, puisqu'elles n'ont pas eu à fournir l'effort financier que l'on escomptait en ce qui concerne les retraites. Très bien ! Très bien ! à l'extrême gauche, M. de Monzie, ministre des travaux publics. Nous sommes d'accord sur ce point, en ce sens que je suis en pourparlers pour compléter cet effort dans le sens de votre propre intervention. M. Rognon. Mon intervention n'aura pas été inutile si elle a ce résultat de résoudre le problème des retraites différées. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche.) M. le ministre des travaux publics. Je vous parle, d'une façon générale, des retraités. Votre affirmation est exacte, la dépense a été moindre que celle qui était prévue, mais je suis en pourparlers pour de nouveaux ajustements, notamment afin d'établir les calculs non plus sur les six, meilleures années, mais sur les trois dernières. Il y aura, de ce fait, une dépense supplémentaire. C'est l'objet de mes négociations. M. Rognon. J'appelle néanmoins votre attention sur les retraites différées, et là encore il s'agit d'une question de crédits. Vous pourriez, en raison des primes et des avantages consentis aux compagnies, exiger d'elles qu'elles fassent un effort financier pour rétablir l'équilibre de la situation de ces retraités qui ont été frappés par la grève. Monsieur le ministre, il y a également un point sur lequel j'appelle votre attention. Vous me répondrez peut-être qu'il n'a aucun rapport avec les réintégrations mais cette interpellation doit nous permettre de dire certaines choses intéressantes sur la position prise par les compagnies vis-à-vis de leur personnel. Je me permets de vous rappeler que la loi d'amnistie doit tout de même jouer pour les travailleurs de chemins de fer, non pas en ce qui concerne les réintégrations — c'est là que l'erreur a pu être commise mais en ce qui concerne la situation des réintégrés. Nous savons que les compagnies ont commis les fiches concernant leur personnel réintégré, et les travailleurs des chemins de fer n'ont pas été replacés dans la situation à laquelle ils avaient droit. La loi d'amnistie devait s'appliquer à tous. Pourquoi n'a-t-elle pas été appliquée aux travailleurs des chemins de fer ? Monsieur le ministre, je vous demande d'usurper de votre autorité pour obtenir que la loi soit appliquée aussi bien sur les réseaux que dans les parquets. Si on exige des parquets l'ouverture des dossiers concernant certains individus condamnés, il est inadmissible que les travailleurs des chemins de fer soient frappés d'ostracisme par les compagnies qui ne consentent pas à ouvrir leurs dossiers. Abordant un autre ordre d'idées, je vous signale la gabegie des compagnies. Alors que les compagnies de chemins de fer français demandent toujours des augmentations de tarifs, comment se fait-il, monsieur le ministre, qu'elles vendent leurs "traverses aux réseaux belges ? Comment pouvez-vous admettre que ces compagnies, vivant des largesses de la nation, négligent l'emploi d'un matériel qui rend, par la simple adaptation de tirefonds spéciaux, tant de services aux chemins de fer belges ? M. Biré. Demandez-le surtout aux Belges. M. Rognon. Ce sont là des faits qui sont à retenir. Le ministre des travaux publics sait parfaitement que je ne suis pas le premier à avoir signalé cet état de choses. Un a apporté ces faits par ailleurs; jamais ils n'ont été démentis. Vous savez aussi, monsieur le ministre, que les compagnies, par des procédés habiles, ont constitué des filiales : filiales de transports de marchandises, filiales industrielles, filiales de fournitures. Quand on examine la composition des conseils d'administration de ces filiales, on est frappé d'y retrouver la plupart des dirigeants des grands réseaux de l'Etat français. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche.) Vous avez donc là des moyens d'agir vigoureusement sur les compagnies pour les obliger à replacer dans leur situation normale les travailleurs de ces exploitations. Vous dirai-je un mot, monsieur le ministre, du recrutement du personnel ? On en a tant parlé déjà ! Vous rappellerai-je les circulaires de la compagnie du Nord violant le contrat passé entre l'État et les compagnies, contrat exigeant de ceux qui désirent entrer dans les réseaux la production d'un casier judiciaire vierge et leur demandant également de savoir lire et écrire ? La compagnie du Nord, en présence des difficultés qu'elle éprouve, comme d'ailleurs toutes les autres compagnies, à recruter son personnel, a fait paraître une circulaire dont voici la substance : « Devant les difficultés que nous éprouvons à recruter du personnel ayant un casier judiciaire vierge et possédant des connaissances suffisantes en lecture et en écriture, nous consentirons à demander simplement l'empreinte digitale. » On l'a déjà dit du haut de cette tribune : Voilà comment s'opère le recrutement du personnel des chemins de fer ! Alors qu'il y a quelques milliers de travailleurs qui ont, pendant des années, accompli dans les réseaux un travail consciencieux, les compagnies en sont arrivées là à recruter leur personnel parmi les habitués de la correctionnelle dans nos divers départements. Et nous ne savons pas encore si les compagnies consentiront à rendre leur ancien personnel qui assurait le fonctionnement régulier des services. Ne pensez-vous pas que les accidents qui se sont produits parfois sont la conséquence du mauvais recrutement des travailleurs des compagnies ? Faut-il vous rappeler l'accident qui s'est produit, il y a quelque temps, aux environs de Paris ? Il a été prouvé que l'homme qui était chargé de la surveillance de l'aiguille était un employé occasionnel qui avait d'abord refusé de prendre ce service. Autrefois, les compagnies ne mettaient qu'après une longue préparation un employé à un poste d'aiguillage. Aujourd'hui, on y place n'importe qui. On fait comme on peut, parce qu'on recrute mal et qu'on ne veut pas reprendre les révoqués. Un de mes collègues vous rappellera que, dans un accident où il y a eu des morts et des blessés, et qui remonte à trois ans déjà, le mécanicien fut inquiété pendant deux ou trois jours. Heureusement pour lui, l'affaire a été classée, parce que le responsable était un de ses supérieurs. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche et sur divers bancs à gauche.) Mais la justice attend encore. Si la preuve avait pu être faite que le mécanicien était l'auteur de l'accident, il est probable que la cour d'assises l'aurait déjà jugé depuis longtemps; mais comme l'erreur a été commise par un haut fonctionnaire de la compagnie, il n'y a encore eu aucune solution. Monsieur le ministre, je ne vous demande plus des déclarations comme celles que vous avez faites antérieurement ou comme celles que vos prédécesseurs ont faites. Vous avez le pouvoir de réaliser les réintégrations par le contrôle des finances des compagnies. Les conventions de 1921 coûtent assez cher à la nation. Vous pouvez exiger que le droit soit enfin rétabli et que la justice soit reconnue. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche et sur divers bancs à gauche.) Au nom du groupe de défense des travailleurs des chemins de fer, j'ai l'honneur de déposer l'ordre du jour suivant : La Chambre, tenant compte du temps écoulé après la grève des cheminots de 1920 et aussi de l'attitude des employés révoqués et réintégrés, soit sur l'Etat, soit sur les réseaux concédés, qui après comme avant, a été celle d'employés consciencieux et sérieux, invite instamment le Gouvernement à obtenir la réintégration intégrale des cheminots révoqués, sans tenir compte des conceptions syndicales ou politiques et sans que soit imposé aux anciens agents des ateliers le fait qu'ils appartenaient à des services aujourd'hui concédés à l'industrie privée. Demande que ces réintégrations soient faites sans exiger, au préalable, la visite médicale. Que l'amnistie administrative soit totalement appliquée aux réintégrés. Que les cheminots révoqués réintégrés, ou atteints par la limite d'âge puissent, par les moyens qui conviendront, bénéficier de la retraite intégrale afin qu'ils ne soient pas victimes d'un ajournement trop long de leur réintégration. Passe à l'ordre du jour. Cet ordre du jour a pour but d'empêcher que des employés à qui on a refusé la visite médicale perdent le bénéfice de la réintégration. Nous voulons aussi qu'on ne perde pas de vue qu'il ne s'agit pas seulement aujourd'hui de la réintégration des agents des réseaux, mais aussi des travailleurs des ateliers. Cet ordre du jour vous demande en outre d'agir vite parce que, tous les jours, dans les rangs des cheminots comme dans les rangs des autres citoyens, la mort fait son œuvre, et qu'en tardant davantage trop de ces malheureux seraient privés des réparations auxquelles ils ont droit. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche et à gauche.) M. le président. La parole est à M. Victor Jean. M. Victor Jean. Messieurs, il est profondément regrettable que nous soyons obligés, six ans après les grèves et les révocations de 1920, d'interpeller le Gouvernement pour obtenir que le geste d'oubli et d'amnistie que la Chambre d'aujourd'hui et la Chambre précédente ont déjà fait au profit de gens qui avaient commis des délits et même des crimes contre la patrie. M. Paul Constans. Très bien ! M. Victor Jean. Soit accompli aujourd'hui pour de braves gens qui n'ont commis aucun délit et qui n'ont fait qu'user d'un droit inscrit dans la loi française. (Applaudissements à gauche et à l'extrême gauche.) Mieux encore, pour obtenir que la volonté populaire clairement et loyalement manifestée soit enfin exécutée. (Très bien! très bien!) Car monsieur le ministre, la réintégration des cheminots révoqués pour faits de grève est essentiellement une question de politique générale. Elle a été posée, au cours de la précédente législature, à plusieurs reprises, notamment par les membres du groupe républicain de défense des cheminots. Socialistes et radicaux, nous savions que nous serions battus. Mais, cette fois, question, nous l'avons cependant posée plusieurs fois, et, dans ce livre, nous l'avons posée devant le pays. Je me plais à rappeler que tous les élus du cartel ont inscrit dans leur programme, comme un des articles de premier plan, la réintégration des cheminots. Interruptions à droite. M. Biré. Vous avez promis cela aussi! Alors la faillite est complète ! (Rires.) M. Victor Jean. Je rappelle que nous remplissons ici un devoir. M. Bedouce. Aviez-vous promis le contrat, monsieur Biré ? M. Biré. Je n'ai pas fait de promesses que je n'ai pas tenues. M. Bedouce. Alors, pourquoi protestez-vous ? M. Biré. Vous avez tout promis et vous avez violé toutes vos promesses ! M. Victor Jean. Il n'y a pas, pour un homme public, de devoir plus impérieux que de rester fidèle à la promesse faite. (Applaudissements à gauche.) Nous avons donc tous ici, membres de la majorité de cette Assemblée, inscrit dans notre programme la réintégration des cheminots révoqués pour faits de grève, et, lorsque nous sommes arrivés ici, au lendemain de notre victoire, le premier Gouvernement issu du cartel, celui de M. Herriot, a inscrit dans sa déclaration ministérielle la réintégration des cheminots révoqués. M. Camille Chautemps. Et il s'est empêché de la réaliser. M. Blachez. Pourquoi ne l'a-t-il pas fait voter ? M. Victor Jean. Je me plais à rendre hommage au zèle suivi, plein de conviction. action, de cœur et d'émotion par moments, avec lequel M. Herriot a tout fait pour obtenir des compagnies qu'elles reviennent sur leur opposition. Il a obtenu, en effet, que les compagnies ne s'opposent plus par principe à la réintégration des cheminots, qu'elles consentent au contraire au principe même de la réintégration. Il a, en octobre 1924, obtenu des compagnies une attitude inverse de celle qu'elles avaient prise jusque-là. Sur la pression énergique de nos amis, le président Herriot et le ministre des travaux publics du moment, M. Victor Peyral, les compagnies ont accepté de réintégrer une certaine proportion des révoqués, se réservant d'examiner les dossiers individuellement, ne consentant pas à la réintégration intégrale que nous avions demandée. Nous avons appuyé de nos vœux et de notre action l'intervention de M. Peyral et de M. Herriot, et je rappelle, qu'en votant l'ordre du jour que je veux relire, la Chambre a clairement manifesté, comme elle va le faire tout à l'heure, sa volonté bien arrêtée de voir réintégrer intégralement les cheminots révoqués. Vous n'étiez pas à ce moment-là au ministère des travaux publics, monsieur le ministre. C'est pourquoi je me permets de rappeler ce texte, conforme, d'ailleurs, dans son esprit sinon dans sa lettre, à celui que nous allons proposer et que nous allons voter. C'est notre doctrine. Ce doit être la vôtre: il n'y a pas de doute. À la date du 30 janvier 1925, la Chambre a voté l'ordre du jour suivant : « La Chambre, constatant que les représentants des compagnies de chemins de fer n'exécutent pas les réintégrations dans l'esprit de conciliation qu'a inspiré la résolution communiquée le 30 octobre dernier, à la suite de leur entrevue avec M. le président du conseil et M. le ministre des travaux publics. » La Chambre visait précisément le document qui avait porté à la connaissance des intéressés l'intervention dont je parlerai tout à l'heure, qui fut pleine d'émotion, de la part de M. le président du conseil et qui a modifié l'attitude prise jusque-là par les représentants des compagnies. Heureusement, le grand cœur et la générosité de M. Herriot l'emportèrent sur les résistances de ces derniers et aboutirent finalement à une formule qui nous aurait donné satisfaction, si les compagnies avaient consenti à exécuter cet accord intervenu entre elles et le président du conseil, dans l'esprit où celui-ci a cru le leur avoir fait accepter. Il n'y a pas de doute sur ce point. Ce que je dis est la vérité. Vous en avez eu tous la sensation, ceux du moins qui ont suivi de près les faits que je rappelle. (Applaudissements à gauche.) Je reviens à la lecture de l'ordre du jour voté par la Chambre en janvier 1925. « La Chambre ne pouvant admettre que la volonté plusieurs fois exprimée par la représentation nationale soit constamment tenue en échec, « Prend acte des résultats obtenus et « demande au Gouvernement de provoquer, dans le plus bref délai possible, le vote des textes destinés à mieux armer l'Etat et à affirmer ses droits souverains. « Confiante en lui pour assurer la réintégration dans tous les réseaux, dans les mêmes conditions que sur le réseau de l'Etat, passe à l'ordre du jour. » Donc, la Chambre des députés a nettement manifesté sa volonté. Ne pouvant pas, juridiquement, contraindre par la force de la loi, à raison des conventions qui nous lient avec des compagnies autonomes, conventions contre lesquelles nos amis ont formulé bien des critiques et des réserves, mais qui sont aujourd'hui l'accord des parties, donc la loi commune, ne pouvant, dis-je, contraindre par la force de la loi les compagnies à réintégrer les cheminots révoqués, nous avons cependant, à plusieurs reprises, manifesté notre volonté par nos votes, que la question des réintégrations fût résolue dans l'esprit où nous avions voté les lois (l'amnistie); que l'oubli et le pardon intervinssent; que les malheureuses victimes d'une bataille sociale, aujourd'hui lointaine, qui y avaient engagé leur situation matérielle, en raison du devoir de solidarité les liant aux syndicats qui avaient prononcé la grève, qui ont obéi au devoir de solidarité ouvrière, qui ont eu le sentiment d'accomplir un devoir — rappelez-vous, messieurs, les applaudissements presque unanimes par lesquels cette Chambre soulignait un jour les paroles de M. Henriot nous prenons peu en l'honneur uuvieillir et proclamant que le plus souvent c'étaient les ouvriers qui avaient le plus de cœur, qui se dépensaient le plus dans les organisations syndicales et qui s'inclinaient devant les décisions prises par elles (Applaudissements à gauche et à l'extrême gauche) que les victimes du mouvement social de mai 1920 méritaient d'être enfin replacées dans la plénitude des droits dont elles avaient été privées. Oui, ce serait justice. Le sentiment d'humanité le commande. (Applaudissements à gauche.) Voilà comment se présente la question. En droit, sans doute, en droit strict, nous sommes désarmés vis-à-vis des compagnies. Mouvements divers. Je pense comme vous que sur d'autres terrains, les conventions elles-mêmes donnent au ministre des travaux publics, au Gouvernement, ne serait-ce que par le renforcement du contrôle, par une observation plus soutenue, plus régulière des règlements, le droit de tenir les compagnies et d'obtenir d'elles des concessions touchant le contrat du travail. Mais la loi actuelle, je le déplore, ne nous donne pas le droit d'imposer juridiquement la réintégration des cheminots. Et je proposerai, dans un instant, une modification à apporter à notre législation. La volonté de la Chambre s'est clairement manifestée, et, exprimant la volonté populaire, elle a demandé, à plusieurs reprises, la réintégration intégrale. La manifestation de la volonté soutenue de cette Assemblée dicte au Gouvernement son devoir. Il y a, je viens de le dire, une lacune dans la loi française. Je la signale à l'attention de la Chambre. La loi civile ne protège pas assez les travailleurs pour faits "de grève contre leurs patrons. La jurisprudence de la cour de cassation a décidé, en l'état de notre législation, que la cessation concertée du travail, l'exercice du droit de coalition, cependant inscrit dans la loi, l'exercice du droit de grève constituait juridiquement la rupture du contrat de travail. Sans doute, il y a une jurisprudence divergente. Mais, encore une fois, la cour de cassation s'est prononcée dans le sens que je viens de dire. Il y a divergence aussi dans la doctrine. Je demande à la Chambre la permission de lire une page très instructive — elle le fut pour moi et j'espère qu'elle le sera pour beaucoup de mes collègues — de deux auteurs à tendances assez modernes, MM. Colin et Capitant, qui, posant, dans leur cours de droit civil, la question de savoir si l'exercice du droit de grève rompt le contrat de travail, écrivent les lignes suivantes, et vous allez voir apparaître, pour les éléments de gauche surtout, le devoir d'apporter une réforme à la loi. Le Gouvernement s'honorerait en proposant un projet de cette nature. S'il ne le fait pas, c'est nous, socialistes et radicaux-socialistes, qui devons le faire et nous le ferons. Nous devons déposer une proposition de loi édictant qu'à l'avenir l'exercice d'un droit à la fois légal et social ne peut pas interrompre le contrat de travail. (Appelisations à gauche et à l'extrême gauche.) Voici ce qu'écrivent MM. Colin et Capitant: « La grève met fin au contrat de travail ou n'en est-elle qu'une suspension momentanée ? Cette question a été vivement discutée dans le cours de ces dernières années. Elle a été soulevée tantôt par les patrons qui réclamaient des dommages-intérêts aux grévistes pour inobservation du délai-congé, tantôt par les ouvriers que le patron refusait de reprendre après la grève et qui soutenaient que le contrat continuait, tant qu'il n'avait pas été expressément résilié. La cour de cassation a décidé que la grève résilie le contrat. Les ouvriers, en quittant le travail, manifestent, en effet, estime-t-elle, l'intention de rompre le contrat. Et de là la cour a conclu: 1° que le chef d'entreprise peut réclamer des dommages-intérêts aux grévistes pour violation du délai congé, ou même pour abus du droit de résiliation. Voilà une jurisprudence que nous avons le devoir de détruire. « Que les ouvriers non repris par l'employeur, après la cessation de la grève, ne peuvent pas lui demander une indemnité pour rupture sans préavis du contrat. » « C'est pourquoi les ouvriers révoqués pour faits de grève, en 1920, ont intenté, notamment contre la compagnie P.-L.-M., des procès qu'ils ont perdus et n'ont pas pu, sur le terrain du droit civil réglant les contrats entre particuliers, contraindre les compagnies, soit à leur réintégration, soit à leur verser des dommages-intérêts. Ce système a été combattu par quelques auteurs, qui ont soutenu que la grève laisse subsister le lien contractuel, mais en en suspendant provisoirement le fait dans ce sens, tribunal civil de Lille, 27 février 1907 — jugement cassé, bien entendu, par la cour de cassation. Les ouvriers qui se mettent en grève, dit-on dans ce système, ne veulent pas rompre le contrat, quitter définitivement le patron. Celui-ci, de son côté, ne considère pas non plus comme brisés les rapports qui l'unissent à son personnel. Dans la pensée des uns et des autres, la grève est une crise passagère. Qui sera suivie de la reprise du travail. La preuve en est que les parties restent en contact, échangent des propositions, cherchent un terrain d'entente. Dans certains métiers même, on convient que les travaux urgents concernant l'entretien de la mine, des machines, des matières périssables seront exécutés malgré l'arrêt du travail. Tout cela prouve que les parties se considèrent comme demeurant engagées. Au surplus, les lois du 18 juillet 1901, sur les périodes des réservistes et des territoriaux, et du 27 novembre 1909, sur le repos des femmes en couches, ne prouvent-elles pas que le contrat peut subsister bien que le travail soit arrêté ? De là on conclut que la simple suspension du travail, avec intention de le reprendre, n'est pas soumise à l'observation d'un délai de préavis, car ce délai ne se rattache qu'à une résiliation proprement dite, et que, d'autre part, le chef d'entreprise doit congédier, en se conformant à l'usage, ceux des grévistes qu'il ne veut pas reprendre. On voit combien il est difficile de prendre parti dans cette question. Vous voyez, messieurs, avec quelle impartialité ces auteurs exposent la question même si on admet le système de la jurisprudence, il faut y introduire, nous semble-t-il, une distinction nécessaire entre les ouvriers qui font grève volontairement et ceux qui n'abandonnent le travail que contraints et forcés, car, pour ces derniers, la volonté de résilier fait certainement défaut. (En ce sens, tribunal civil de Montbéliard.) Cet arrêt a également été cassé par la cour de cassation. La vérité, c'est qu'il est irrationnel d'appliquer à ces conflits collectifs, que sont les grèves, des dispositions écrites pour des rapports d'individu à individu. Voilà, pour moi, l'opinion fondamentale que nous devons retenir, et qui doit nous déterminer à réformer la loi sur ce point. C'est là qu'est l'injustice. Les conditions qui règlent le contrat de travail sont des conditions arrêtées d'individu à individu, d'ouvrier à patron, de particulier à particulier. Il n'est point légitime d'aller chercher dans ces contrats d'un ordre particulier, conclus d'homme à homme, des dispositions, des règles, des conditions impérieuses, qui viendront modifier, rompre le contrat de travail, en matière de conflits collectifs, de conflits sociaux. C'est là l'injustice fondamentale, et notre devoir est de la corriger. Les auteurs continuent : « La vraie solution — mais elle serait très difficile à organiser — consisterait, croyons-nous, à réglementer l'exercice du droit de grève, en imposant aux parties l'obligation de recourir à une tentative de conciliation avant d'en arriver à la cessation du travail. » M. Sizaire. La juridiction prud'homale, qui est une juridiction de sagesse, a rendu de nombreuses décisions en faveur du droit de grève. M. Victor Jean. En effet, cette doctrine, qui est la mienne et je crois pouvoir dire la nôtre, est consacrée par l'unanimité, ou presque, des décisions de la juridiction prud'homale, par plusieurs décisions de tribunaux civils, même, je crois, par une décision de cour d'appel. Malheureusement, toutes ces décisions sont brisées comme verre par la juridiction suprême de la cour de cassation. Cette importante question de la réintégration des cheminots révoqués soulève donc de hautes questions d'ordre politique, social et juridique. Oui, d'ordre politique, d'abord, à raison de la situation politique de notre pays, à raison des engagements électoraux pris, à raison des courants populaires qui nous ont entraînés, que nous avons en partie créés nous-mêmes, qui nous sont sympathiques, que nous avons le devoir pressant, monsieur le ministre, de favoriser par tous les moyens. Il appartient au Gouvernement d'agir sur les compagnies qui ont des conceptions différentes des nôtres sous ce rapport, pour que leur volonté plie, et qu'elle s'harmonise, si je puis dire, avec la volonté populaire. Vous avez dans l'arsenal des règlements et des lois et dans les dispositions des conventions des armes suffisantes pour y parvenir. Il suffit que vous vouliez en user. Oui, il faut que le Gouvernement le veuille pour y parvenir. Si le Gouvernement le veut loyalement, sincèrement, il peut trouver dans ses relations quotidiennes avec les directeurs des compagnies, dans les satisfactions qui lui sont demandées et qu'il accorde, dans le contrôle qu'il peut exercer sur les compagnes, le moyen de vaincre leur résistance. J'en suis convaincu. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche et sur divers bancs à gauche.) Cette question soulève aussi un grave problème social. Ce sont les résistances patronales qui auront provoqué la réforme de la loi dans un sens contraire à leurs désirs; tant il est vrai que le progrès social est engendré par les résistances qu'il rencontre sur sa route. (Applaudissements à l'extrême gauche et sur divers bancs à gauche.) Il est le résultat de la lutte. M. Biré. Le progrès social consiste-t-il dans le fait que les trains ne marchent pas ? M. Victor Jean. Les résistances que nous avons rencontrées de la part des compagnies en ce qui touche la réintégration des cheminots nous auront amenés à envisager une réforme de notre législation, réforme qui, dans l'avenir, nous évitera de rencontrer de pareilles difficultés.
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Catastrofes naturales, respuesta a la falta de solidaridad de la especie
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ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN
41
Innovaciencia 2015; 3 (1): 41 - 45
CATASTROFES NATURALES, RESPUESTA A LA FALTA
DE SOLIDARIDAD DE LA ESPECIE
NATURAL DISASTERS, RESPONSE TO THE LACK OF SOLIDARITY OF THE SPECIES
SERGIO DANIEL QUIROGA FLÓREZ 1
Cómo citar este artículo: Quiroga Flórez,, S. D. Catastrofes naturales, respuesta a la falta de solidaridad de la
especie. Innovaciencia facultad cienc. exactas fis. naturales. 2015; 3(1): 41 - 45
Artículo recibido el 22 de julio de 2015 y aceptado para publicación el 10 noviembre de 2015
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/2346075X.376
RESUMEN
El presente artículo pretende dar una mirada de alerta a la ausencia de solidaridad entre las especies por la coexistencia
a partir de la física cuántica y la química orgánica.
Todos miramos un mundo desde perspectivas muy distintas: Cultura, raza, familia, género entre otros, pero en
definitiva la visión de preservación de las especies debe ser uno desde la lógica natural y es allí donde cobra sentido
la presente reflexión sobre la vida y algunas variables.
Así mismo encontrará unas declaratorias que permitirán tomar partido y decisiones en favor de nuestra supervivencia:
Una transformación de la cosmovisión actual creacionista por una cosmovisión sostenible basada en juicios de valor;
una declaratoria por el valor de la cooperación y finalmente lo que implica vivir en paz con lo otro.
Palabras clave: Caos, supervivencia, coexistencia, cosmovisión, sustentable, especies, gaya, mecanicista, otredad.
ABSTRACT
This article aims to give a look of warning the lack of solidarity among coexisting species from quantum physics and
organic chemistry. We all looked a world from very different perspectives: culture, race, family, genus and others, but
ultimately the vision of preservation of the species should be one from the natural logic and makes sense where this
reflection on life and some variables.
Also you will find some declarations that will take sides and decisions in favor of our survival: A transformation of
the current creationist worldview for sustainable worldview based on value judgments; declaratory by the value of
cooperation and finally the implications of living in peace with the other.
Keywords: Chaos, survival, coexistence, worldview, sustainable, species, gaya, mechanistic, otherness.
1. Licenciado en Filosofía y Pensamiento Político y Económico – USTA. Magister en Pedagogía – UIS/ Colombia. Candidato a Doctor en Educación con énfasis en
Mediaciones Pedagógicas La Salle/ Costa Rica. Docente Universidad Autónoma de Bucarmanaga - UNAB. Correo: squiroga634@unab.edu.co
42 ARTÍCULO DE REVISÓN
INTRODUCCIÓN
Desde el contexto de la visión holística y ecológica en
la que el ser humano proyecta su existencia se propone
el siguiente escrito, el cual pretende desarrollar la idea:
Nunca antes como en la realidad actual se ha evidenciado
tanta ausencia de solidaridad de la especie humana ante
el mundo en el que habita. De ahí, que los cambios del
1. La gripe española (entre 50 y 100 millones de
muertes en todo el mundo).
2. La peste negra (75 millones de muertes).
3. La 1ª guerra mundial (10 millones de muertes).
4. La 2ª guerra mundial (60 millones de muertes).
mundo disponen una crisis planetaria para la especie
“dominante”, en medio de efectos naturales causados
por el acelerado e indiscriminado uso de los recursos.
No es algo nuevo, es una premisa constante, desde
el momento en que las interconexiones de átomos
(naturaleza física y química de los organismos) prepararon
la oportunidad de existencia para la especie humana.
Pudo haber sido un accidente o una secuencia lógica de
la unión natural; sin embargo, hoy vive y transforma su
realidad de forma desproporcionada. Pareciera que en
ese momento de evolución, iniciara una carrera inevitable
para su extinción (transformación de la materia).
Ahora bien, es necesario entender las decisiones del
ser humano con respecto a su hábitat y los eventos que
ocasionan las mismas y que permiten entender el reclamo
de la naturaleza por un equilibrio dinámico entre la especie
y el lugar donde sobrevive. El documental: “The Rise of
Ecology, 10 disasters that changed the World” (1) (2), presenta
diferentes eventos que afectan la existencia de la especie
humana. En el año 2005 cuando el huracán Katrina golpeo
Nueva Orleans, destruyendo todo a su paso (3), América
descubrió bruscamente que el desorden climático no era
una ilusión es una catástrofe de consecuencias dramáticas
que podría causar la extinción de la especie. Inundaciones
en Mozambique en el 2000 (4), oleadas de calor en Europa
en el 2003 (5), sequía extrema en Australia en 2006 (6) y
ciclones repetidos en el Caribe (7). Los eventos anteriores
son ejemplos del poder devastador de la naturaleza como
respuesta a procesos industriales y al desarrollo de los
pueblos; en este sentido las alarmas se han disparado
frente a la magnitud de los daños, y es así como el jurado
del Premio Nobel de la Paz, envió un mensaje en el año
2007 al conceder el premio para aquellos que luchaban
por llamar la atención de la especie humana sobre el
cuidado del hábitat; los galardonados fueron el profesor
Rajendra K. Pachauri, quien demostró científicamente, la
realidad del calentamiento global (8) y Al Gore, excandidato
a la presidencia de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica,
luchador por la conservación del ambiente (9).
5. La catástrofe nuclear de Chernobyl (aún no se
conocen los muertos y contaminados totales).
SON SUFICIENTES MILLONES DE
MUERTES O FALTAN
agresivo, competitivo, expansivo y en lo que se refiere
al comportamiento humano, utilizando un pensamiento
lineal y analítico. Por el contrario, la integración en la
unidad se halla favorecida por un comportamiento yin:
sensible, cooperador, intuitivo y consciente del entorno.
Para lograr la armonía en las relaciones sociales y
ecológicas se necesita tanto el yin como el yang, tanto
la integración como la autoafirmación. Un exceso de
autoafirmación se manifiesta en forma de poder, control
La historia de la humanidad ha tenido episodios y hechos
que como cicatrices cuentan las catástrofes que alertan
y deben cambiar nuestra conciencia y la forma de ver el
mundo, a continuación se presentan algunos episodios
provocados por la cosmología de la dominación:
6. Terremoto en Tangshan, China (entre 242.000 y
655.000 muertes).
7. El terremoto de Haiti (316.000 muertes, 350.000
heridos y miles de desaparecidos).
8. El “Tsunami” del índico o terremoto en Tailandia
(275.000 muertes y millones de desaparecidos).
9. Bombardeo atómico de Hiroshima y Nakasaki
(220.000 muertes e incontables contaminados).
Cada uno de estos eventos, señala un cambio de
rumbo, distinto. Para algunos se llama devenir, para
otros cambio y los más atrevidos, evolución. Lo único
que refiere es la probabilidad de los actos exagerados
al entrar en contacto con el mundo natural. Esto
significa que siempre estará en probabilidad de ser
algo diferente, mejor o peor de lo que se tiene. Sin
embargo, en aquellos eventos que surgen fruto de las
alteraciones físicas de la especie humana, presuponen
una consecuencia, resultado de su intervención y de la
percepción natural (forma de ver el universo).
La balanza real, es que nunca podremos
estar siempre en el mismo lugar, bajo las mismas
condiciones. Tal como lo señalaba Heráclito de
Éfeso, filósofo griego: “nadie se baña dos veces
en el mismo rio”; tal afirmación, aplicada a la
reflexión del presente escrito evidencia el concepto
de incertidumbre en donde se puede predecir el
aumento de la temperatura; pero no, hasta dónde
puede llegar y que tanto puede durar con exactitud.
Variables modificadas por la “mano” del ser humano
y las cuales; cada vez, están más distantes de su
control y regulación. La tendencia es convertirse
en un ser del silencio enfrentado por decisiones de
equilibrio dinámico Yin –Yang. Este último, el Yang,
afirma Fritjof Capra “Inclina la balanza por lo exigente,
ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN
y dominación de los demás por la fuerza; de hecho este
es el modelo que predomina en la sociedad” (10).
HABLAR DE SOLIDARIDAD
Richard Rorty, señala un concepto importante al hablar
de solidaridad y que empalma perfectamente con el
argumento del presente escrito: “Hay dentro de cada
uno de nosotros algo – nuestra humanidad esencial –
que resuena ante la presencia de eso mismo en otros
seres humanos”. Claramente el autor no coincide con
este concepto tradicional de solidaridad y ello manifiesta
una deliberada vaguedad. Rorty entiende que lo que se
quiere referir con ello es una humanidad como un “yo
nuclear” (11). El termino solidaridad, tal como se presenta,
es una clara respuesta a la desafortunada acción del
ser humano con el hábitat e invita a establecer una
declaración de actos en favor del ambiente y a apostarle
a consolidar acciones que sin lugar a duda llegarán a la
esencia misma del ser humano, su “naturalidad”.
Este mundo no va a cambiar, a menos que estemos
dispuestos a cambiar nosotros mismos
Rigoberta Menchú 2014.,Conferencia)
Estas condiciones de eventos naturales, entretejidos
por las decisiones de los seres humanos entre las fuerzas
del Yin y el Yang. Invitan a iniciar un cambio de rumbo.
Pasar de lo estático, la falta de principio de conservación,
a una solidaridad de la especie frente a su hábitat.
La conferencia pronunciada por Leonardo Boff
“El tao de la liberación: explorando la ecología de la
transformación” en el marco del VI Encuentro Mundial de
Valores, llevado a cabo en Monterey – México. (2014),
señala algunos aspectos que están en completa sintonía
con el argumento presentado: Propone la presencia de
la tecnociencia, como un agente que cautiva la ciencia
y la tecnología por parte del capitalismo, tomando su
fuerza y desarrollo en las fuentes de la dinámica del
mundo actual: poder y riqueza; dicha lógica, determina
la razón analítica e instrumental del planeta en una
carrera del ser humano por poseer más bienes y
recursos de forma desproporcionada; los ricos cada vez
más ricos y los pobres cada vez más pobres, atentando
contra el equilibrio natural. Colocando en evidencia
una visión reduccionista del mundo. El fundamento de
esta visión según Capra (1982) radica en: “el aumento
del coste de la producción de alimentos en un terreno
limitado….la población aumenta con mayor rapidez
que la oferta de víveres” (10) y en ese mismo sentido,
aparece la tecnociencia; la cual, ha generado una
real idea de fracaso y eliminación de las especies a
través del desarrollo de armas químicas y nucleares,
las cuales, dan cuenta de la necesaria urgencia de la
autodestrucción semiinconsciente. Pareciera que el ser
humano juega a no darse cuenta de los efectos que
tiene cada “desarrollo” por la necesaria urgencia de
43
apoderarse del mundo. A sabiendas, que nunca le ha
pertenecido completamente.
Leonardo Boff afirmó: “…el presupuesto de que
los bienes y servicios de la tierra eran infinitos y han
llegado a su término. Ahora la situación y posición
es muy distinta. Con el tiempo; el ser humano se
ha dado cuenta, que esto no es cierto y muchos de
los bienes y recursos no son renovables”. La tierra
ya no es sostenible; un ejemplo claro, es su periodo
de regeneración ante la explotación de los bienes
y recursos. Boff continua su reflexión señalando:
“mientras las economías, la población y la demanda
de recursos naturales crecen, el planeta permanece
del mismo tamaño. Para satisfacer nuestra demanda,
la comunidad humana utiliza los recursos vivos
de la Tierra 35% más rápido de lo que ésta puede
regenerarse. Esta demanda está en continuo
crecimiento y de acuerdo a los escenarios moderados
de Naciones Unidas, se proyecta que para el año
2030 nuestro consumo va a requerir la capacidad
de dos planetas Tierra para satisfacerlo. Mientras
esta tendencia continúe sin cambiar, el espacio de
maniobra disminuirá rápidamente”.
Tú debes ser el cambio que desea ver el mundo
(Mahatma Gandhi)
Todo parece indicar, un enfrentamiento entre la
especie humana y la madre tierra Gaya, conocida como la
diosa tierra, hija del dios Caos. Estas figuras espirituales
de la esencia del hábitat sugieren una respuesta a la
protección misma que señala el ser humano en épocas
de escasez, existentes en todas las civilizaciones desde
tiempos inmemoriales. Así mismo, el reconocimiento
por la frontal guerra entre la humanidad y la deidad,
por establecer una cultura saqueadora del disfrute
desequilibrado de los bienes y servicios. Menciona Boff:
“Esto ha creado la crisis que actualmente se vive; donde
los bienes y servicios naturales están en su extrema
demanda y pocas acciones para su regeneración”. En
este sentido es urgente la reinvención del ser humano,
proponer un ser ecológico casi con la postura del
Superhombre de Nietzsche. Un ser humano armónico
con su realidad natural.
Algunos ejemplos claros son los señalados por la
Comunidad Andina de Naciones sobre los efectos de las
acciones actuales del ser humano y que han provocado
una reacción natural como el calentamiento son:
"Los vehículos son responsables del 20% de la emisión
de gases de efecto invernadero, pero indirectamente
son responsables de las emisiones provenientes de la
fabricación del acero, caucho, plomo, asfalto y cemento
para la construcción de caminos. Existen 800 millones
de automóviles en el mundo, estos vehículos necesitan
una inversión permanente en nuevos caminos y otras
superficies duras e impermeables que típicamente se
desplazan sobre áreas bioproductivas.
44 ARTÍCULO DE REVISÓN
En el esfuerzo por expandir la frontera agrícola, 80
millones de hectáreas de la cuenca Amazónica se han
vuelto improductivas y han perdido su fertilidad. Los
bosques tropicales almacenan entre 120 y 400 toneladas
de dióxido de carbono por hectárea, la FAO estima que
7.300 millones de toneladas de dióxido de carbono,
entre 18% y 25% de gases efecto invernadero globales,
provienen anualmente de la deforestación. Afirmaciones
de Bertrand Russell, filósofo norteamericano en la
declaratoria de la comunidad Andina en el año 2012".
Se demuestra con estos ejemplos, la realidad de la
situación en la que se vive. Ya está bien establecido
por la comunidad científica que el fenómeno del
calentamiento puede llegar a aumentar la temperatura
hasta en 5 y 6 grados Celsius, y allí, ninguna forma de
vida podría subsistir. Acudamos a las palabras de la
carta de la tierra, en donde nos invita a lo siguiente:
“La humanidad es parte de un vasto universo
evolutivo. La Tierra, nuestro hogar, está viva con una
comunidad singular de vida. Las fuerzas de la naturaleza
promueven a que la existencia sea una aventura exigente
e incierta, pero la Tierra ha brindado las condiciones
esenciales para la evolución de la vida. La capacidad de
recuperación de la comunidad de vida y el bienestar de la
humanidad dependen de la preservación de una biosfera
saludable, con todos sus sistemas ecológicos, una rica
variedad de plantas y animales, tierras fértiles, aguas
puras y aire limpio. El medio ambiente global, con sus
recursos finitos, es una preocupación común para todos
los pueblos. La protección de la vitalidad, la diversidad y
la belleza de la Tierra es un deber sagrado” (12).
Ahora bien las formas de ver el mundo, sugieren pasar
de una cosmología de dominación, caracterizada por un
ser mecanicista, utilitarista, atomística, determinista y
reduccionista a un ser humano basado en una cosmología
de la transformación responsable y en el conocimiento
de los límites ecológicos del planeta, donde se imprime
el rescate de la razón sensible, analítica y en especial
del corazón; la cual, tiene más ancestralidad que la
razón de la intelectualidad. De esta manera se invita
al rescate de la razón sensible y cordial para que se
establezca nuevamente el contrato natural:
1. Cosmología de la transformación: esencia del ser
humano y la lógica del universo: sostenibilidad.
2. Unidad: gesto amoroso hacia la naturaliza.
3. Cooperación: en palabras del Papa Francisco
“nuestra cultura ha perdido la sensibilidad por el
dolor humano” ahora bien como no extrapolarlo a la
sensibilidad por el dolor de la naturaleza.
4. Paz: relaciones adecuadas en el término de la
otredad. Entendida como una conexión profunda
con la esencia misma del universo.
A MANERA DE CONCLUSIÓN
Finalmente es necesario referir los acuerdos fruto de
las preocupaciones de la humanidad sentidas a través
de los líderes mundiales en la última cumbre sobre el
cambio climático realizada en Paris en 2015 (13). Sin
embargo un acuerdo es un primer paso para suplir
las demandas de la supervivencia. En este acuerdo
climático global señala aspectos tales como:
1. Reducir en 2°C el incremento de la temperatura
global
debido al efecto invernadero como
consecuencia de la emisión de gases.
2. Aumentar la tecnología y ciencia disponible para
poder reducir el incremento de la temperatura.
3. Implementar el principio de responsabilidades
comunes, especialmente entre los países que
mayor impacto de contaminación en la historia le
han ocasionado al planeta.
4. Disponer de financiación con megaproyectos que
ayuden a alcanzar esta iniciativa.
5. Se creara un comité de creación de capacidades
para apoyar a los países en vía de desarrollo en
temas de concientización en la población en temas
de cambio climático.
Estos acuerdos en las palabras de Leonardo Boff
permiten concluir que “… la decisión más segura a una
crisis planetaria actual, es la de formar a un ser humano
apasionado y amante de la vida, que le permita proyectar
su existencia y la de sus generaciones futuras”. La catedra
de la vida debe ser un tratado vinculado a la formación de la
primera infancia, impartida por la familia, con consecuencia
de la falta de respeto con el contrato natural.
Bibliografía
1. Linhart, Virginie. The Rise of Ecology, 10 disasters
that changed the world. Francs 2, Elzevir Films, 2009.
2. 10 desastres que cambiaron el mundo:. Canal
Odisea. [Online] 2015. [Cited: Marzo 17, 2015.]
http://www.documentalesgratis.es/10-desastrescambiaron-mundo-documentales-naturaleza/.
3. López Morales, Tatiana. El huracán y la ciudad rota.
El País. [Online] Agosto 25, 2015. [Cited: Diciembre
13, 2014.] http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/08/24/
opinion/1440433140_219143.html.
4. Rodríguez, Natalia. Las inundaciones de Mozambique
crecen y se convierten en una catástrofe regional. El
País. [Online] Febrero 29, 2000. [Cited: Diciembre
ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN
14, 2015.] http://elpais.com/diario/2000/02/29/
internacional/951778801_850215.html.
5.
Corral, Miguel G. and Fresneda, Carlos. El calor aprieta
a Europa. El mundo. [Online] Septiembre 3, 2015.
[Cited: Septiembre 15, 2015.] http://www.elmundo.es/
ciencia/2015/07/03/55958bd2ca47411e548b45a8.html.
6. Fayanñas Escuer, Edmundo. Australia, el
extremismo hídrico. Nuevatribuna.es. [Online] abril
21, 2011. [Cited: Diciembre 12, 2015.] http://www.
nuevatribuna.es/articulo/medio-ambiente/australiael-extremismo-hdrico/20110421133253053631.html.
7. EL Universal. Aviso de tormenta tropical en el Caribe
ante avance de ciclón Danny. El Universal. [Online]
Domingo 23, 2015. [Cited: Sepetiembre 15, 2015.]
http://www.eluniversal.com/internacional/150823/
aviso-de-tormenta-tropical-en-el-caribe-anteavance-de-ciclon-danny.
8. Nobelprize.org. Rajendra Pachauri. Panellist,
Nobel Week Dialogue 2013. [Online] [Cited: Aug 14,
2015.] http://www.nobelprize.org/events/nobel-weekdialogue/2013/panellists/rajendra-pachauri.html.
9. —. Al Gore - Facts. An Inconvenient Truth. [Online]
[Cited: Aug 14, 2015.] http://www.nobelprize.org/
nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/gore-facts.html.
10. Capra, Frank. El punto Crucial. 4. Buenos Aires :
Troquel, 1992.
11. Rortry, Richard. Contingencia, ironía y Solidaridad.
Barcelona : Padios, 1996. p. 2.
12. Gorbachov, Mijail. Carta a la tierra. Barcelona : Del
broce, 2003.
13. Abengoa. La energía del cambio. Los retos de la
Cumbre de París de 2015. [Online] Octubre09
2015. [Cited: Diciembre 11, 2015.] http://www.
laenergiadelcambio.com/los-retos-de-la-cumbrede-paris-de-2015.
45.
| 10,958 |
https://github.com/eneskarpuzoglu/Android-Fast-Dialog/blob/master/fastdialog/src/main/java/karpuzoglu/enes/com/fastdialog/FolderAdapter.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
Android-Fast-Dialog
|
eneskarpuzoglu
|
Java
|
Code
| 149 | 613 |
package karpuzoglu.enes.com.fastdialog;
import android.content.Context;
import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class FolderAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<FolderAdapter.ViewHolder> {
private Context context;
private boolean isTablet;
private List<FolderButton> activeButtons;
private CustomItemClickListener clickListener;
public class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder{
ImageView itemIcon;
public ViewHolder(View itemView) {
super(itemView);
itemIcon = itemView.findViewById(R.id.item_icon);
}
}
public FolderAdapter(Context context, boolean isTablet) {
this.activeButtons = new ArrayList<>();
this.context = context;
this.isTablet = isTablet;
}
public void setClickListener(CustomItemClickListener listener){
clickListener = listener;
}
public void setActiveButtons(List<FolderButton> buttonList){
for (int i=0;i<buttonList.size();i++){
if (buttonList.get(i).isActive()){
activeButtons.add(buttonList.get(i));
}
}
}
@NonNull
@Override
public ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(@NonNull ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
View itemView = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext())
.inflate(R.layout.item_folder, parent, false);
return new ViewHolder(itemView);
}
@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(@NonNull ViewHolder holder, final int position) {
FolderButton footerButton = activeButtons.get(position);
holder.itemIcon.setImageResource(footerButton.getDrawableId());
holder.itemIcon.setTag(footerButton.getId());
holder.itemIcon.setOnClickListener(v -> {
if (clickListener != null)
clickListener.onItemClick(v,position);
});
}
@Override
public int getItemCount() {
return activeButtons.size();
}
}
| 42,064 |
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia%20Dramatica
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Encyclopædia Dramatica
|
https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopædia Dramatica&action=history
|
Slovak
|
Spoken
| 41 | 99 |
Encyclopædia Dramatica (tiež Encyclopedia Dramatica lebo ED) je internetový wiki projekt, ktorý vznikol v roku 2004. Encyclopædia Dramatica sa snaží informovať o "internetovej dráme" a internetových mémoch vulgárnym spôsobom.
Referencie
Externé odkazy
Encyclopedia Dramatica
Encyclopædia Dramatica na Conservapédii
World Wide Web
| 23,841 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.