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https://persist.lu/ark:70795/rtwcvm/articles/DTL36_1
|
BNL Newspapers (1841-1879)
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,866 |
Gott segne das ehrbare Handwerk!
|
None
|
German
|
Spoken
| 2,320 | 4,300 |
Gott segne das chrbare Handwerk! Herr Redakteur! Wir bitten nochmals um ein wenig Platz für un« Gesellen. Wir ,'ungen Leute des ehrsamen Handwerks sind so sehr überzeugt »on ter gütigen Nachsicht Ihrer geehrten Leser, baß wir un« unmöglich enthalten können, von Zelt zu Zeit deren geneigte Aufmerksamkeit für unsere gute Vereinssache in Anspruch zu nehmen. Und heut gerabe haben wir's Herz so voll, daß wir nur durch einen heroischen Akt »on Selbstüberwindung un« zum völligen Schweigen verurtheilen könnten. Wir sind nämlich eben erst heimgekehrt »on der großen Generalversammlung, die am 10. d. in Köln stattgefunden und über welche Sie bereit« Einiges in Ihrem geehrten Blatte mitgethcilt haben. Waren wir nun schon vorher bi« in die tiefsten Fibern unser« Herzens von der hohen Bedeutung der Kolving'fchen Stiftung durchdrungen und ganz dafür eingenommen, so sind wir's, wo möglich, noch mehr geworden bei eben diesem Verbrüberungêfefte am Grabe des Unvergeßlichen, — dort wo die Repräsentanten »on mehr denn 160,000 Gesellen und aus Gesellen gewordener Meister aus allen Stämmen deutscher Nation, von Donau und Rhein, »on Etsch und Elbe, von Oder und Weser und Mosel, „vom Fels bis zum Meer," in ächter Einigkeil um den immer lebenden Sater Kolping, seinen würdigen Nachfolger, zur besten Sache vereinigt, sich gegenseitig ermuntert unD getröstet und zum innigsten unD kräftigsten Festhalten sich einander den Handschlag gegeben; — ja, bort wo nach fo frifchem, nicht leicht vernarbendem Elend es gar nicht geheißen: Bist Du Oesteireicher ober Preuße, oder Baier ober Sachse oder neutraler Luxemburger? wo jeder wußte: Du bist vom ehrsamen Handwerk, Meister ober Geselle, Vater oDer Sohn in der großen Familie be« ehemaligen armen ©cbufiergejeUen. Von all Dem gänzlich zu schweigen, wäre doch undankbar, gliche selbst einem kleinen Verrath an so schöner Sache. Doch, erlauben Sie. Wir geben ein gut Slück auf den gelehrten Namen »on handwerksmäßig „gründlichen Leuten", unD so gilt es denn, vor jedem Bericht über die letzte Versammlung, noch eine« »orangegangenen, Ihren Lesern gänzlich unbekannt gebliebenen Festes zu gedenken, und somit eine ganz fundamentale Lücke auszufüllen: wir meinen das Fest der Einführung be« neuen Generalpräses im Gcsellenhospilium zu Köln am Montag nach dem weißen Osteisonlttage. Jenes Fest hat so viel Verwandtschaft mit der eben gehaltenen Generalversammlung, daß tiefe Feier ohne jene nicht einmal nach ihrem wahren Charakter aufgefaßt werden könnte, ja ihres eigentlichen Grundes entbehrte. Durch den Vorstand des Kölner Gcsellenhrspizes am IS. Februar >. I. ganz einstimmig zum neuen ©encralpräfe« der-130 Gesellen»ereine erkoren, ward Herr S. Schaffer, bis dahin Religionslehrer an der Realschule in Trier und Dibccfanpräfe« der Srier'|'cb.en Vereine, am 9. April letzthin in dies sein neue« Amt de« Gencralpräsirium« eingeführt — und zwar, nach dem von Kolping entworfenen und auf der General-Versammlung zu Würzburg (1864) durch alle Diöcesanvräsices gutgeheißenen Statut, mit beständigem Sitz zu Köln. Hatte nun das Fest vom 9. April feine hervorragende Wichtigkeit und Bedeutung nicht blos für den Kölner Gesellenverein. sondern auch für den atigemeinen Verband der Gesellen« Vereine überhaupt; so war doch der obwaltenden Verhältnisse, des eben an allen Enden steh zeigenden deutschen Elend« wegen, dem Feste diese eklatante, allgemeine Bedeutung noch nicht gegeben worden: diese erfolgte nun aber um !o rühmlicher am 10. Oktober. Und damit haben wir jetzt schon im Allgemeinen die letzte Versammlung ebarafteriitrt. — Nun aber zurück zum weißen Ostermontag! *) Am Vorabend des Festes kam der neuerwählte Präses in Köln an und wurde von den Mitgliedern des Vesellenvereine« am Centralbûb.nbofe mit herzlicher Begrüßung und warmem Händedruck empfangen und nach dem fest» lid) geschmückten Sere(n«baufe geleitet. In festlichem Zuge begaben fid) am andern Morgen vor 8 Uhr die Mitglieder des Gesellenverein« , denen sich Deputationen auswärtiger Vereine angeschlossen hatten, mit der pracht»eilen neuen Fahne und den übrigen Vereins« bannein au« dem Gesellenhospitium nach der Minoritenkirche; den Schluß be« unübersehbaren Zuges bildete ter Vorstand, in feiner Mitte der neue Präses. Beim eintritt in die Kirche erscholl Da« Lied: „Hoch tbut euch auf îc." unD es begann alsbald ein feierliche« Hochamt, celebrirt vom Präses, »on herrlichem Choralgesang begleitet. Nach der Communion de« Priester« gingen die Vereinsmitglieder zum Tische de« Herrn. An 600 junge Männer, in der auferbaulicbflen Haltung zum Altäre schreitenD und Denjenigen empfangend, »on dem aller Segen kommt, das war ein Anblick, der den noch guter Regungen Fähigen mit größter Rührung und Freude erfüllen mußte. Schicklicher und sicherlich ihm selbst erwünschter, al« es da gefchah, funnte die Einführung unseres Präses in sein Amt nicht stattfinden. Nach beendigtem Gottesdienste letzte sich der Zug, an dessen Spitze ein Musikchor sich befand, wieder nach dem Hospilium in Bewegung. Am Nach« mittage fand cine feierliche Complet mit Te Deum Statt. Im Laufe des Tages kamen »on allerwärts Deputationen an. Briefe und telegraphische Depeschen trafen viele ein: alle enthielten herzliche Worte der Begrüßung und lindlichen Liebe. Die persönlich erschienenen Vertreter ter Gesellenvereine beeilten sich, den Freundschaft«' bunt den sie mit dem Hingegangenen vereint hatten, auch mit dessen Nachfolger zu erneuern und zu besiegeln. Gegen 7 Uhr füllte sich der weite schöne Saal be« HospiliumS mit den Mitgliedern be« Kölner Vereins und den Deputationen. Die Büste des Unvergeßlichen, der diesen Bau gegründet, und das treffliche Oelbild desselben schmückten den ©aal, in welchem sich Se. Bischöfliche Gnaden, ter Hochw. Herr Weihbischof und Erzbisthumsverweser Dr. Baudri, der Herr Etadtcommandant, ter Herr Oberbürgermeister und sämmtliche Vorstandsmitglieder nebst den Ehrenmitgliedern und zahlreichen Vereins» freunden eingefunden hatten. Nach einem ein» leitenden Musik- und Gesangstück bestieg der bisherige Präsident te« Vorstandes te« Gesellen« Hospitiums, Herr lustizralh Wallraf, die Tribüne «nb fpracb folgendermaßen: „Hochverehrte Versammlung! Die Feier, die wir begehen, ist eine ernste •) Aus den Rhein. Vollüblättcrn. und drängt zu ernsten Rückblicken. Noch sind es kaum sechs Monate, als tiefe« Haus, eben vollendet, »on Jubel widerhallte. Mit der Vollendung biete* Hause« batte Kolping ein neue«, mächtiges ©tue! zu dem Werke hinzugefügt, da« so kühn er aufgerichtet. Als er tiefe« Werk in der Mitte ter vierziger Jahre in Elberfelv begann, fehlte ibm nicht weniger als Alles; aber er »ar eine jener provircnlicller Naturen, tic der Himmel au«fentct, um große Ziele zu emieben. Mit instinktivem durch efflene Erfahrung geschärftem Blicke für tic Schäden de» ©cfeDenrrelen«, mit gleich instinktivem ©liefe für die Mittel, sie zu heilen, verband er jene mächtige Begeisterung, die überall, wo fie erschien, die Menschen fast willenlos unterwarf. Wer konnte auch dem Strome dieser Rede widerstehen, die bald beglich zum Herzen sprach, bald in bumoristischen Geistesfunken sprühte und leuchtete, bald keulcnarlig dreinschluq, aber im» mer stärker, immer energischer, immer überzeu. genter auf den Zuhörer cindranq, ihn packte, mit sich hinweqnß! Da« Anfangs flcinc Häuflein feiner Jünger wuchs, namentlich als Kol» ping feine Fahne in Köln aufpflanzte, mit jedem Tage. Aber wie war er auch unermüdlich; Jetzt unter den Gesellen, jetzt am Schreibtische, beute mit ter Bcttelbücbfe zu Freund und Nichtfreund pilgernd, morgen als Missionar auf weiten Reisen; beute an das Cabine! de« Fürsten, morgen an die schlicble Jbürf re« Privatmanns onflopfrnb ; steh beute an ten Einzelnen, morgen sich an die Massen in großen Versammlungen wendend; — so war Kolping rastlos geschäftig, immer neue, immer mächtigere Steine zu feinem Bau zusammen zu tragen, diesen Bau weiter auszudehnen, tiefer zu fundamentiren. Was Wunder, daß tiefer Bau in immer steigenden, zuletzt fast liefl>n Proportionen wuchs und jene Höhe erreichte, »on der herab der Meister eben an jenem 17. ©eptem« der, dem Tage der Einweihung dieses Hause«, mit hoher innerer Befriedigung, aber auch mit tiefem Dankgefühl gegen Den, Der feine Wege geleitet, zurückblicken konnte. Ja. der Tag war ein Tag de« Jubels! Zahllose Freunde waren herbeigeströmt, die Deputationen »on nahe an lOj Vereinen, ihre PrästrcS an der Spitze, die Männer, denen Kolping Die eigene Begeisterung eingehaucht unD Die in ibm ihren geistigen Mittelpunkt, ihren Meister, ihren Vater sahen. Ja, der Sag war ein Tag de« Jubels Kolping getragen »on ter Veredlung, getragen Von der bewundernden Liebe »on Saufenten - c« war der Höhepunkt seines Lebens. Aber dem Menschen ist die Grenzscheide gesteckt, bis „wo> bin unD nicht weiter;" — Kolping hatte tiefe Gcenzjcheide erreicht: sein Stern begann sich abwärts zu neigen. Noch im Getümmel jenes Tages »ertraute er mir, daß er krank sei bi« in die tiefste ©rcle; — aber er durfte nicht krank sein, mindestens nicht an diesem Sage, und fein eiserner Wille hielt ihn aufrecht. Aber dieser eiserne Wille, so mächtig er war, vermochte nicht, dem innern geinte ©tanb zu balten, der schon damals bei ihm angeklopft und Der nun in immer stärkern, immer gemal' tigern Siößen das große Herz jertrümmerte. Hier in tiefem Saale, wo noch vor Wochen hundertstimmiger Jubel dem ®efeaen»ater zugejauchzt, herrschte jetzt das Schweigen des ToreS, lnieeten Hunderte in schmerzerfülltem Gebete, sahen die greunt-e zum letztenmal die geliebten, noch im Tare ehernen uno doch so geistvoll-milden 3939 roch — — requiescut in pace ! Das Leben behält feine ewigen Rechte und je gewaltiger auch ter Riß ist, den ta« Dahinscheiden eines bcrnitentrn Menschen in die Serbältni|)e »reibt, desto stärker tritt an die Lebendigen die Pflicht heran, die Lücke auszufüllen, «ach dem Statute, und dies ist das uns bestimmende Gefetz, lag dem Hospitiumüvorstande ta« Recht und die Pflicht ob, den neuen Präses zu wählen. Derselbe verhehlte sich feinen Augenblick die schwere Last dieser Aufgabe. Kolping, befragt, batte es abgelehnt, feinen Nachfolger zu bezeichnen. Wie sollte der Vorstand, ter doch der», Dingen uno Personen ferner fiant, Den Mann herausfinden, der würdig wäre, an Kolpings's Stelle zu treten? Der Vorstand hat feine Pflicht gethan; lange prüfte er, lange und gewissenhaft — tann entschied er. £rei glückliche Momente gaben dabei den Ausschlag. Da« eiste: daß dem Gewählten, Herrn Echäffer, biêber Re< ligionSlehrer und Diöcefanpräje« in Trier und Freunde Kolpings, ein auszeichnender Ruf vorherging; das zweite: daß Herr Vikar Flü'cken, der vieljährige Boatjutor Kolping«, der Mann, auf welchem die Intentionen be« Meister« ruhten, bereit war, auch dem neuen Präses helfend zur Seite zu stehen ; ta« dritte endlieb : daß ter Herr ErzbisthumS Verweser ter Wahl feine hohe Zustimmung und den Segen de? Kirche erteilte. An (Sud), ihr jungen Männer, Gesellen, Söhne dieses Hauses, ist es nun, die Wahl zu ehren; tretet dem neuen Präses mit Vertrauen entgegen, seht in ihm (Suren Leiter und Führer, seht in ihm Euren Sater Kolping. Möge ter Geist tiefe« edlen lotten ruhen auf den Vereinen, ruhen auf un« Allen! Indem ich den Präses, Herrn Schasser, der Versammlung vorzustellen mich beehre, erkläre ich, Namens de« Vorstandes denselben in fein neues Amt eingeführt." Nachdem Herr Wallraf den neuen Präses der Versammlung Vorgestellt hatte, nabot tiefer das Wort und sprach etwa folgente (bedanken au«: „Die hohe Bedeutung des gegenwärtigen Augenblicks lasse in ihm keine wohlgesetzte, styl» gerechte Rere aufkommen; die Versammlung möge ibm daher erlauben, in wenigen Worten die Gefühle, von denen er erfüllt fei, darzulegen. Als am 4. December »orfgen Jahres die Traueikunde von dem Hingang te« seligen Kol< ping aus tiefem Hause von Stadt zu Stadt, von Serein zu Serein gegangen, ta habe auch er in Kleinmuth und Wehe aufgeseufzt und mit den Vereinen, denen er vorgestanden, sich dem »ollsten und tiefsten Schmerze hingegeben. Denn der Verlust »ar ein unbeschreiblicher, unersetzlicher. Noch habe er sich »on ter Trauer um den heimgerufenen Freund und Sater und um das Schicksal des verwaisten katholischen Gesellcnvcicins nicht erholt gehabt, ta sei ibm ein noch schwereres Seelenleid bereitet worden, als er die erste Nachricht davon eibalten, daß der verehrliche Vorstand in Köln, dem die schwere Wicht obliege, dem Verewigten einen Nachfolger zu geben, feine Blicke auf den Tiöcesan» Präses in Trier zu lenken im Begriffe stehe. Diese Botschaft habe ihn im wahrsten Sinne te« Wortes niedergeschmettert, und so fchr er sich einerseits durch ta« hohe Vertrauen der Männer, in deren Händen das Wahlgeschäft lag, geehrt gefühlt, und das Bestreben derselben, der von Kolping in den Verein gelegten kirchlichen Organisation Rechnung zu tragen, intern sie einen ler Diecesanpiäsides zu wählen die Absicht hatten, ihn gefreut, so fei loch sein Entschluß der gewesen, tiefe Wahl nicht anzunehmen. Wer könnte die Kämpfe und Stürme beschreiben, die nun in ihm getobt und ihm wahre Schmcrzenstage bereitet hätten! Da sei er mit Gott dem Herrn, feinem eigenen Herzen und mit guten Freunden zu Rathe gegangen, und merkwürrigclweise sei fast <',ller Rath, namentlich auch ter seines Bischofs, ter gewesen: „Sage Ja und gebe hin!" Und »on Tag zu Tag fei ta« Bewußtsein in ibm fester und klarer hervorge,reten, daß hier der Finger Gottes, und daß es schweres Unrecht sei, Mühe und Arbeit zu scheuen, wo der Ruf einstimmig und so eindringlich an un« gerichtet werde. So habe er sich für die Annahme der Wahl ent» schieden und entschlossen nach Köln geschrieben: „Ja ich will kommen, das Erbe meines «heuern Vaters Kolping anzutreten!" Und so habe er denn ihm liebe Verhältnisse aufgegeben und enge, feste Bande gelöst und stehe nun »orber geehrten Versammlung als Nachfolger und Schüler eines Mannes, dessen Tchuhriemen aufzulösen er sich nicht würdig erachte. Mit klopfenrem Herzen trete er fein Amt an, erzitternd »or der gewaltigen Aufgabe, die ihm gestellt sei. Er befenne, daß ,r sich niemal« auch nur im Entferntesten würdig ober fähig gebal» ten habe, in eine« Kolping Fußstapfen zu treten; nun aber, da dieses Ziel ibm gesteckt sei, komme die Aufgabe ibm riefenorog vor und feine Befähigung zur Löfnng derselben winzig klein. Aber, was ibm da« Amt schwer mache, ta« hebe ihn auch wieder und begeistere ihn zu frischem freudigem Schassen. Da« sei vor Allem die hochelhadene Aufgabe des Vereines, fein gottgesegnetes Wirken hier in Köln und in allen deutschen Gauen. Es stehe Kolping's Vorbild ibm bell »et Äugen und flöße ihm, fo oft auch die Kräfte auszugehen und der Muth zu sinken drohe, immer neue Begeisterung ein; das Veifpiel des nie rastenden, te« in demüthigem, sclbstveileugnendem Wirken sich verzehrenden Manne« werde ibm immer der kräftigste Sporn zur Arbeit fein. Auch das Vertrauen, welches ihm ïcn allen Seiten entgegenkomme, die Aeußerungen ungeheucheltcr Freundschaft, wel. ehe et schon gleich nach ter Wahl zu diesem Amte sowohl von Seiten vieler Amtsbrüder und ©efellen»erein«freunte, als auch besonders Seitens te« Vorstände« empfangen, sowie die Liebe, mit welcher die Mitglieder de« Vereines, welchem vorzustehen ja feine besondere und liebste Aufgabe fein muffe, ihn begrüßt, tat Alles gebe dem bangen Gemüthe wieder Mnth und fröhliches Vertrauen.
| 9,070 |
https://github.com/TempatSampah-Laravel/tamtamcrm/blob/master/app/Rules/Order/OrderTotals.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
tamtamcrm
|
TempatSampah-Laravel
|
PHP
|
Code
| 301 | 1,037 |
<?php
namespace App\Rules\Order;
use App\Models\Promocode;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Validation\Rule;
class OrderTotals implements Rule
{
private $request;
/**
* @var array
*/
private $arrErrors = [];
private $sub_total = 0;
/**
* Create a new rule instance.
*
* @param $request
*/
public function __construct($request)
{
$this->request = $request;
}
/**
* Determine if the validation rule passes.
*
* @param string $attribute
* @param mixed $value
* @return bool
*/
public function passes($attribute, $value)
{
if (!$this->validate()) {
return false;
}
return true;
}
private function validate(): bool
{
$this->calculateSubTotal();
$this->calculateTax();
$this->calculateDiscount();
$this->calculateShipping();
$this->checkTotals();
return count($this->arrErrors) === 0;
}
private function calculateSubTotal()
{
$this->sub_total = 0;
foreach ($this->request['line_items'] as $product) {
if (is_array($product)) {
$product = (object)$product;
}
$this->sub_total += ($product->unit_price * $product->quantity);
}
return true;
}
private function calculateTax()
{
$tax_rate = (float)str_replace('%', '', $this->request['tax_rate']);
$tax = (($tax_rate / 100) * $this->sub_total);
$this->tax = round($tax, 2);
$this->sub_total += $this->tax;
return true;
}
private function calculateDiscount()
{
if (!isset($this->request['voucher_code'])) {
return true;
}
$voucher = Promocode::whereCode($this->request['voucher_code'])->first();
$voucher_amount = $voucher->reward;
$voucher_type = $voucher->amount_type;
$discount_amt = $voucher_type === 'pct' ? $this->sub_total * ($voucher_amount / 100) : $voucher_amount;
if ($discount_amt <= 0) {
return true;
}
if ($discount_amt > $this->sub_total) {
$this->arrErrors[] = trans('texts.invalid_discount_amount');
}
$this->sub_total -= $discount_amt;
return true;
}
private function calculateShipping()
{
if (empty($this->request['shipping_cost'])) {
return true;
}
$this->sub_total += (float)$this->request['shipping_cost'];
return true;
}
// private function addTransactionFee()
// {
// $transaction_fee = 0;
//
// foreach ($this->request['products'] as $request_product) {
// $product = Product::whereId($request_product['product_id'])->first();
//
// $account = $product->account;
// $transaction_fee = $account->transaction_fee;
// }
// }
private function checkTotals()
{
$total = round($this->sub_total, 2);
$match = (float)$total === (float)$this->request['total'];
if (!$match) {
$this->arrErrors[] = trans('texts.invalid_order_totals');
return false;
}
return true;
}
/**
* Get the validation error message.
*
* @return array
*/
public function message()
{
return $this->arrErrors;
}
}
| 48,887 |
https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%20%28%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%BD%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Падзілля (Барышыўскі раён)
|
https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Падзілля (Барышыўскі раён)&action=history
|
Belarusian
|
Spoken
| 20 | 78 |
Падзілля () — вёска ў Барышыўскім раёне Кіеўскай вобласці Украіны. Уваходзіць у склад Барышыўскай пасялковай абшчыны.
Населеныя пункты Барышыўскага раёна
| 7,393 |
sn87065462_1905-09-06_1_2_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,905 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,903 | 5,456 |
GATHERED Vim "In time of war, prepare for lasting peace," is the Japanese motto. Anyhow, it will take Russia several years to recover her nerve sufficiently to try to re-steal Manchuria. Addicts are defendant in assault before the New York Supreme Court on a charge of fraud. Same Addicks. Though the photographer may make a specialty of negatives, he seldom fails when asked to take something. Probably the Japanese population are under the impression that Secretary Taft is one of America's most distinguished wrestlers. The laxative effect of Chamberlain's Stomach and Liver Tablets is so agreeable and so natural you can hardly realize that it is produced by a medicine. These tablets also cure indigestion. For sale by all dealers. Annarently, the peace envoys we give "plenipotentiary" authority to "hifn dandruff" and await the result. Citizen: What possible excuse did you fellows have for acquitting that murderer? Juryman Insanity. Citizen: Gee! The whole twelve of you? It begins to look as if Governor Loch's chances of becoming his own successor will hinge on the solution of the burning problem whether or not old John Brown ever owned a spring. "Concealment does not feed on Governor La Follette's damask cheek," says the Milwaukee Sentinel. Concealment doesn't want to take any reckless chances with its teeth. As a dressing for sores, bruises, and other skin conditions, the governor has been asked to take a look at the situation. Burns Chamberlain's Salve is all that can be desired. It is soothing and healing in its effect. It allays the pain of a burn almost instantly. This salve is also a certain cure for chapped hands and diseases of the skin. Price 25 cents. For sale by all dealers. "Would I like to live my life over?" said the sober-faced man. "No, sir; it's bad enough to think it over. While Japan is about it, she would better make Russia give bond to stick to the terms of the peace treaty. About the only thing left for President Roosevelt is to go up in an airship. He has done about everything else sensational. The Washington Post has an article on "What the Democracy Needs." The Country knows every four years what it needs, and gives it to it. Secretary Wilson says there are rascals in other departments as well as in his own. What is the secretary picking about? Does he want a monopoly? WAS A VERY SICK BOY, But Cured by Chamberlain's Colic, Cholera and Diarrhoea Remedy. "When my boy was two years old he had a very severe attack of bowel complaint, but by the use of Chamberlain's Colic, Cholera and Diarrhoea Remedy we brought him out all right," says Maggie Hickox, of Midland, Mich. This remedy can be depended upon in the most severe cases. Even cholera Infantum is cured by it. Follow the plain printed directions and a cure is certain. For sale by all dealers. The czar is now free to devote his time to making a treaty of peace with the Russian people. The Japanese have floated three Russian vessels, but if anyone has a loan he wants to float he can do business by calling up Peterhof. "Have our women no backbone?" asks a female lecturer. As viewed through the peekaboo shirt waist we should un hesitatingly answer in the affirmative. Governor Folk takes his whisky straight. Sure. A man has to have some of the commoner virtues along with the spectacular ones to be elected governor of Missouri. Pain from a Burn Promptly Relieved by Chamberlain's Pain Balm. A little child of Michael Strauss, of Vernon, Conn., was recently in great pain from a burn on the hand, and as cold applications only increased the inflammation. Mr. Strauss came to Mr. James N. Nichols, a local merchant, for something to stop the pain. Mr. Nichols says: "I advised him to use Chamberlain's Pain Balm, and the first application drew out the inflammation and gave immediate relief. I have used this liniment myself and recommend it very often for cuts, burns, strains, and lame back, and have never known it to disappoint." For sale by all dealers. A Chicago husband and wife are seeking a divorce because they both want to occupy the same chair. They probably got into the habit of doing it during their courtship. A Pennsylvania senator has been Moused (?) with six pairs of twins. This may seem like a joke to newspaper paragraphers, but it is safe to say that the father fails to see any humor in the situation. Chamberlain's Cough Remedy Acts on Nature's Plan. The most successful medicines are those that aid nature. Chamberlain's Cough Remedy acts on this plan. Take it when you have a cold and it will allay the cough, relieve the lungs, aid the chest, and effect a cure. In the operation, open the secretions and aid nature in restoring the system to a healthy condition. Thousands have testified to its superior excellence. It counteracts any tendency of a cold to result in pneumonia. Price, 25 cents. Last size, 50 cents. For sale by all dealers. Vegetation this paper was too widely known - C-sMTi has placed orders in Europe for -Vr0t,000 worth of boats, run along with which to -' t tie And by and by I t '' i f :; tbe Yankees" to come in. H GEMS. The temperature at present is not so "mean" as it might be. Treating in the roof of "boose." Wonder who invented treating any how? More men are said to have perished seriously for gold than glory. Who kept the record? The men of old were not wiser than we are today. The obituary writers were only kinder to them that's all. Indigestion Cured. John Dithway, of Brownsville, Tenn., says: "I have been a victim to bad digestion for 25 years. About one month ago I began using Liquo Peps, and am glad to state it has cured me completely and my digestion is perfect. It pave me a fine appetite and otherwise tended to fit the body to health. In my judgment it is the best stomach remedy ever we people. For by all druggists. The Bible says. Wisdom makes folly, indeed There are other things that have a similar effect. A Denver railroad station agent named Jesse James foiled a band of robbers and saved the company's cash, What's in a name? Seventy-five years ago the first regular news boat to intercept packet ships for foreign Intelligence was put in commission in New York. Since Henry Watson returned from Europe he has not had a word to say against the American smart set. Must have decided that, in comparison with European society, it is pretty decent after all. Like Finding: Money Finding health is like finding money so think those who are sick. When you have a cough, cold, sore throat, or chest irritation, better act promptly like W. C. Baiber, of Sandy Level, Va. He says: "I had a terrible chest trouble when I could not sleep by smoke and coal dust on my lungs; but, after finding no relief in other remedies, I was cured by Dr. King's New Discovery for Consumption, Coughs and Colds." Greatest sale of any cough or lung medicine in the world. At all druggists: 50c and $1; guaranteed. Trial bottle free. Mr. Rockefeller is taking the Eneipp cure. While he is going through we are willing to be in his shoes. It is said that people should marry their opposites. After the first month or two they usually think they have. An Illinois man has been fined $5 for kissing a strange girl. It would seem that in Illinois it is best to be first properly introduced. Anyway, a clause at the newspapers will show that our birth rate is still ahead of the deaths. We are not yet contributing to the race suicide theory. Are You Engaged? Engaged people should remember, that, after marriage, many quarrels can be avoided by keeping their digestion in good condition with Electric Bitters. S. A. Brown, of Bennettsville, S. C. says: "For years, my wife suffered intensely from dyspepsia, complicated with a torpid liver, until she lost her strength and vigor." Or, and Decame a mere wreck of her former self. Then she tried Electric Bitters, which helped her at once, and finally made her entirely well. She is now strong and healthy. All druggists sell and guarantee them at 50c a bottle. The sweet girl graduate who can speak in four languages is all right, but what the world needs is one who can half sole the time of her husband's pants. Senator Tillman says he got all for his constituents that he could honestly or dishonestly. Judging from the senator's personal appearance, we think he is right. Somebody has discovered that our American warships are inferior to the floating forts of Europe, but most of us are like Missourians. A loan agent at Louisville has gone out of business and quit in disgust. He says all the farmers in that section have money to loan and none of them want to borrow. For Infants and Children. The Kind You Have Always Used Bears the Signature of Lattice The Providence Journal suggests that "those persistent critics who insist that little or nothing is being done by our official representatives in Panama should observe that a coat-of-arms, for the canal zone has just been adopted." She was a widow for the third time. "Which of your husbands do you intend to associate with when you go to heaven?" asked the inquisitive splinter. "On the level," answered the widow, "I don't expect to find any of them there." General Miles is traveling in Europe. That is doubtless what makes them so warlike at present over there. They have seen the General in his uniform and know that Sherman was wrong. War, they are persuaded, is a circus parade. The dime novels that we read in our youth have gone out of existence. said the man with the iron-gray hair. "Yes," I answered the man with the bald spot, "If you want that kind of reading now you've got to go to a regular book store and pay a dollar and a half for it." The State of Georgia is to be celebrated on the "adjournment of its Legislature." The Constitution makes it necessary to add eight counties to the "1917 that previously existed, as the whole number to 145. Georgia is a large city, but so is Georgia's population. Its population is about 1,000, but it is not uncommon for a child to be born afflicted with weak kidneys. If the child urinates too often, if the urine scalds the flesh or when the child reaches an age when it should be able to control the passage, it is yet afflicted with bed-wetting, depend upon it, the cause of the difficulty is kidney trouble, and the first step should be towards the treatment of these important organs. This unpleasant trouble is due to a diseased condition of the kidneys and bladder and not to a habit as most people suppose. Women as well as men are made miserable with kidney and bladder trouble, and both need the same great remedy. The mild and the immediate effect of Swamp-Root is soon realized. It is sold by druggists, in fifty-cent and one dollar sizes. You may have a sample bottle by mail free, also pamphlet telling about it, including many of the thousands of testimonial letters received from sufferers cured. In writing Dr. Kilmer & Co., Binghamton, N.Y., be sure and mention this paper. Don't make any mistake, but remember the name, Swamp-Root, Dr. Kilmer's Swamp-Root, and the address, Binghamton, New York, on every bottle. Word and Works Magazine, Rev. Irl R. Hicks, the noted weather forecaster of St. Louis, Mo., has for 18 years past edited a monthly Journal of national reputation, Word and Works. We have received Word and Works at this office and can testify to its value as a family monthly. Prof. Hicks has just decided to change his family monthly to magazine form and with the October number the monthly will be a beautiful magazine profusely illustrated with half-tone engravings. One of the early fall numbers of this magazine will contain Prof. Hicks' weather forecasts for the first six months of 1906. The January, 1900, number will contain the weather forecasts for the second six months of 1906. These two numbers of the magazine will take the place of the Hicks Almanac, which will be discontinued. The matter that has heretofore been published in the Hicks Almanac each year will now be found in the magazine and much more. The price of the Word and Works Magazine is 10 cents per copy or $1.00 per year. Send 10 cents for a copy of the October number, which gives you full particulars of how the Hicks weather forecasts for a year in advance will now be given to the public. Word and Works Publishing Co., 2201 Locust St., St. Louis, Mo. A Wintry girl recently sent 50 cents to a Chicago advertiser for a recipe to whiten and keep the hands sort. She received the following reply: "Soak them three times a day in dish-water while your mother rests." Attacked by a Mob and beaten, in a labor riot, until covered with sores, a Chicago streetcar conductor applied Bucklen's Arnica Salve and was soon found and well. "I use it in my family," writes G. J. Welch, of Tekonsha, Mich., "and find it perfect." Simply great for cuts and burns. Only 25c at all druggists. The Afanvprv that, the hullabaloo in some of the newest British warships are defective in resisting sea water pressure was made in a recent inspection of the channel fleet. Special Rates Via the Queen and Crescent Route. To points in Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, and the Territories on the following days: August 1 and 15, September 5 and 18, October 3 and 17, November 7 and 21, and December 5 and 19, with limit to return 21 days from date of sale. Stopovers in both directions. Special summer excursion fares to Hot Springs, Ark., Eureka Springs, Ark., and Eldorado Springs, Mo., at one fare plus $2.00 for the round trip. Dates of sale from June 1 to September 30. Mississippi Chautauqua assembly, Crystal Springs, Miss., at one fare plus 25c for the round trip. Dates of sale June 1 to September 30. Special summer excursion rates to Hot Springs, Ark., at rate of one fare plus 12.00 for the round trip. Sold daily June 1 to September 30. For further information address Jno. W. Good, Trav. Pass. Agt., Meridian, Miss. A positive guarantee cure for the stomach, stomach, and bowel trouble. It is the greatest remedy for the stomach, liver, and kidneys. It is the greatest remedy for the liver, and kidneys. It is the greatest remedy for the kidneys. If you want to try it, more can be found at the Atlantic Independent, a negro paper published in Atlanta, giving the negro side of the Booker-Wanna-maker "Bunt" and presents this negro's views about the Wanna-maker-Washington dining, and it is not devoid of common sense: "The actions of Messrs. Wanna-maker and Washington will not be understood by the race as license to demand social equality. The social question is one which will not be understood by the race as license to demand social equality. The social question is one which will take care of itself. It is a personal affair, and if Miss Wanna-maker wanted to walk with Mr. Washington it is her own affair. The negro cares much less about the incident than the whites. We wish the white press would make as much ado about every white man caught in a negro woman's company as has been made in this case. There are "a few fools among the negroes who would like to enjoy social equality, but they are about as scarce as that class of white men." Who are willing to be seen publicly with a negro woman. God made the races separate, and we believe they ought to remain so. Prehistoric peoples were wanderers and travelers. They evidently wanted to go somewhere and perfected the use of paths and began the use of roads. They caught and trained all the beasts of burden, they clearly knew something of bridge building, they understood in a crude way the art of steering by the aid of the stars, and how to use the wind to fill their sails and to use an oar to steer their boats. They invented in their narrow language all the terms used in the transportation of their time. They made paths and the paths made them. Travel widened their ideas, gave them new outlooks on life, stimulated trade, invention and discovery, brought distant tribes and peoples together, and made for peace. Paths, the river, and the Sea were the great teachers of the early men, and transportation laid the foundation stones of civilization. Got Off Cheap. He may well think he has got off cheap, who, after having contracted constipation or indigestion, is still able to perfectly restore his health. Nothing will do this but Dr. King's New Life Pills. A quick, pleasant and certain cure for headache, constipation, etc. 25c at all druggists; guaranteed. That Taft boom is very strong in the Philippines. Through Sleeping Cars East and West. Write E. Sutcliffe, C.P.A.M. N. C. O. P. Memphis, Tenn. Uon. Latetve Ur. Dawtffl. I Vj.isme, Loea of Appetite and 'aTeoirpleta Cure for ralkin known to mo'i-ra timt. It ts t" 9 t 1 1 wanna It e!Tict3 a cors-; '. a cure. It m: kea C-t a l. e tI.y, it : ii 1'C'I' j- a J t. PAULTEQIODS The Case of Miss Irene Crosby is One of Thousands of Cures Had by Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound. How many women realize that men's agony is the balance wheel of a woman's life, and while no woman is entirely free from periodical suffering, it is not the plan of nature that women should suffer so severely. Alfred Irene Crosby Thousands of American women, however, have found relief from all monthly suffering by taking Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, as it is the most thorough female regulator known to medical science. It cures the condition which causes so much discomfort and robs menstruation of its terrors. Miss Irene Crosby, of 313 Charlton Street East Savannah, Ga., writes: "Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound is a true friend to woman. It has been of great benefit to me, curing me of irregular and painful menstruation when everything else had failed, and I gladly recommend it to other suffering women." Women who are troubled with painful or irregular menstruation, backache, bloating (or flatulence), leucorrhea, falling, inflammation or ulceration of the uterus, ovarian troubles, that "bearing-down" feeling, dizziness, faintness, indigestion; nervous prostration or the blues, should take immediate action to ward off the serious consequences, and be restored to health." Efect health and strength by taking Lydia B. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, and then write to Mrs. Pinkham, Lynn, Mass., for further free advice. Thousands have been cured by so doing. Why, John,'exclaimed Mrs. New kid as she came Into the room, "what in the world makes the baby cry so?" "I don't know, my dear,'' answered Newkid, as he banded the Infant over to its mother, "but I imagine he is thinkinar of wht the governor of North Carolina once said to the gov ernor of South Carolina.'' e 60 YEARS' V V EXPERIENCE Tradc Mark j 't(itO CopvftiaHT Ac Anyone sending a sketch and daaertBtlon my Quickly aioertnln our opinion free whether an AiTentlon ii probably patentable, toramunlo tlonsBtrlctly confidential. HANDBOOK on Patent ent free. Oldest ayenoy for securliiKpatenta. Patent taken dhrouuh Munn A Co. reoelrfl tptcial notice, witnout charge. In tbe smtiunc imericane A handsomely Illustrated weekly, .unrest cir culation of any seientlflo Journal. flernis, 3a. year : four months, SI. Bold by all newsdealers, f M 0Kn.36IBroadwa7, New York Inmon, D. C. III Win w wwii iwiiii v we " w Branch Offloe. 626 F St, Washington. Jj i-.J LJi CT t-' t t a. - j i. . , y snnn-tM as n i 1 . . 1 t f t IT " i I a j . l - i t ns "'!. T vt ' ('-rf-sJar.1 i ri' ' .t wult iveynu i p .i ct ri i. it will rot F' '. i ilrea. f - i ihclivorj ,tr i.t, t fTi , n 1 t fl i t -r 4 t I v I cm i v i. '-;! i t i . i . a. . t a I' r. t v , r v .. A, iiTf 'if . 4 5T.LGV13 to I 5 lAi I0!i CAIRO ( v'i-.vi MONTOMERY, Jacksonville Through Pullman Sleepers "'. ICTWCCN St. Louis and Mobile St. Louis and New Orleans Take for tickets via M. & O. R. B. No 8 Nol I Lv Ar No a No a No a 9:26 p 1:31 p 2:35 p 2:02 a 2:43 a 4:27 a 4:39 a t:48 a 8:02 a 2:27 a 8:00 a 10:07 a St. Louis Sparta Hurphysboro Tammany Carlo Union City Bives Humboldt Jacksonville Corinth TUPELO OKOLONA West Point Montgomery Mondays Mobile 6:52 p 8:62 p 2:46 p 12:89 p 10:65 a 8:46 a 6:20 a 4:68 a 8:20 a 11:21 a 12:47 p 1:86 p 8:88 p 12:45 a 12:88 a 11:22 a 11:65 9:12 p 7:42 p 7:07 p 6:65 p 10:16 p 2:40 p Gansn :4 d 11:47 5 6:00 p 7:55 p 9:55 p 10:43 p 11:40 p 9:37 a 9:02 a 7:20 a 6:56 a 6:24 a 4:26 a 1:25 a 8:36 p 9:55 a 11:38 a 7:45 p 8:05 a 7:00 p 7:10 a V. Taylor, jno. m. beall, General Passenger, General Passenger Agent, ST. LOUIS. FRISCO SYSTEM. TRAINS WEST FROM TUPELO: Southeastern Limited daily. 4:45 p m Memphis and New York Limited.... 4:46 a m Memphis and Tupelo Accommodation daily,....6:36 a m TRAINS EAST FROM TUPELO Southeastern Limited daily.. 11:10 a m New York Limited, through sleeper daily 12:30 a m Memphis & Tupelo Accommodation daily, arrives Tupelo 9:00 p m Okolona Professional & Business Men. PROCESSIONAL W. D. FRANCIS ATTORNEY AT LAW Office on stairs over post office, Okolona, Miss. Will practice in all the courts of Miss., Federal and State. T.J. BUCHANAN. ATTORNEY AT LAW, Office next door to the Okolona Bank Company, Okolona, Miss. Practices in Federal and State courts. DAY GOODS AND CLOTHING. E. S. ELLIOTT & SON - DRUG GOODS, Clothing, Boots and Shoes, Hats, etc. Our prices, quality of goods considered, are the lowest in the city. By fair dealing and honest business methods, we always rely on holding a customer when he has once more to offer us with our trade. A visit to our store will convince you. F. W. CHANDLER, FURNISHING and Undertaking. Stock large than in any neighboring town, and kept fully up-to-date. Fine line of wall paper and decoration supplies. Undertaking and Embalming with modern equipment. GIVE US A TRIAL. Is what we are paying special attention to now, though we are still pressing. Cleaning and Dyeing. i.,i.tt.,.. -f. H I Km J HOBIU (CJ NEW ORLEANS. V J iol.
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Meridian Methodist Church Notes Rev. W. J. Luecombe, Pastor Sunday Services 10:00 a.m. Sunday school. 11:00 a.m. Preaching. 6:30 p.m. Epworth League. 7:30 p.m. special musical evening by the choir under the leadership of Mr. Clyde Oakes. Another year draws to a close it seems fitting that on the last Sabbath of this old year we spend a part of the day in God's house there to acknowledge His goodness to us and ours. We appreciate the work of those who have helped in the program given Christmas eve at the church, also to the friends who have helped in providing a treat for the Sunday school. The treat this year contains an orange for every member of the school given by Mr. George Parkin. Meridian Church of Christ News Rev. Joel Brown, Pastor 10:00 a.m. Sunday School. 11:00 a.m. Preaching and communion service. 6:30 p.m. Christian Endeavor prayer meeting. 7:30 p.m. Preaching. Mid-week meeting on Thursday nights at 7:30. Choir practice every Wednesday night at 8:00. Christmas Holiday Excursions Via the Oregon Short Line, between local points, sale December 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, and 31, 1914 and January 1, 1915, limit January 4th. See agents for rates and further particulars. In first said. NOTICE OF SHERIFF'S SALE Under Writ of Execution. In the District Court of the Seventh Judicial District of the State of Idaho, in and for Canyon County. E. Smallwood, as Receiver of the Bank of Nampa, Limited, a corporation, Plaintiff; vs C. E. Lore, Defendant, Under and by virtue of a Writ issued out of the above named Court, on a Judgment recovered in said Court, on the 17th day of June, 1914, in the above entitled action, in favor of the above named Plaintiff, and against the above named Defendant, for the sum of Three Thousand Four Hundred Thirty Six and 42-100 ($3,436.42), Dollars, together with Interest thereon till paid, together with Thirty Seven and 70-100 ($37.70), Dollars Costs and disbursement at the date of said Judgment and also accruing costs, and Whereas a transcript of such Judgment was filed in the Recorder's Office of the County of Ada, State of Idaho, on the 14th day of October, 1914, said Writ to the Sheriff of Ada County directed, and to me as such Sheriff delivered for Execution, that I have levied upon all of the following described Real Property belonging to the defendant H. Amad in said Writ, standing in the name of C. E. Lore, Trustee, for C. E. Lore, J. R. Hill, and W. O. Pierce, to-wit: Lots Three (3), Four (4), Five (5), Ten (10), Eleven (11), Twelve (12), Thirteen (13), Fourteen (14), Fifteen (15), Sixteen (16), and Seventeen (18), of Kuna Home Tracts. said Land being a part of the North one-half [NJ], of the North-west quarter [NW], of Section Twenty-six, Township Two North [T. 2. N.], of Range One west [R 1 w.J of Boise Meridian, Ada County, Idaho. Notice is hereby given that on the 19th day of December, 1914, at the hour of three o'clock in the afternoon of that day, in front of the County Court House, in Boise City, Ada County, Idaho, I will attend, and offer, and sell at Public Auction all or so much of said above described Real Property belonging to the Defendant named in said Writ, standing on the Records of Ada County, Idaho, in the name of C. E. Lore, trustee, for C. E. Lore, J. R. Hill, and W. O. Pierce, as may be necessary to pay the Judgment as set out in said Writ, together with interest thereon, also costs and disbursements, and expense of sale, and commission thereon to the highest bidder therefor in Cash Lawful Money. Dated this the 27th day of November, 1914. James M. Roberts, Sheriff of Ada County, Idaho. NOTICE TO CREDITORS Estate of Annie M. Hulstrom, Deceased. Notice is hereby given by the undersigned John A. Hulstrom, Administrator of the Estate of Annie M. Hulstrom, deceased, to the creditors of and all persons having claims against the said deceased, to exhibit them with the necessary vouchers, within four months after the first publication of this notice, to the said Administrator's office of R. M. McCracken in the Sonna Bldg., in Boise, Ada County, State of Idaho. Dated Nov. 21, 1914. John A. Hulstrom, Administrator Of the Estate of Annie M. Hulstrom, Deceased. R. M. McCracken, Attorney Administrator. & for 41 W. H. TYER —Attorney at Law— 533-634 Empire Bldg. Boise, Idaho Removed from Gem Building Best Cough Medicine for Children "Three years ago when I was living in Pittsburgh one of my children had a hard cold and coughed dreadfully. Upon the advice of a druggist I purchased a bottle of Chamberlain's Cough Remedy and it benefited him at once. I find it the best cough medicine for children because it is pleasant to take. They do not object to taking it." writes Mrs. Lafayette Tuck, Homer City, Pa. This remedy contains no opium or other narcotic, and may be given to a child as confidently as to an adult. Sold by all dealers. The Trey of Hearts. Sweet cupid and grim dearth in the form of a rose and a playing card, play tag around Alan Law, hero of Louis Vance's new combination motion picture novel, the greatest modern problem play of the age in the pictured version, by the Universal Film Co., the story on alone, by Louis Vance (Author of the Brass Corol, The Black Bag, and others) of The Trey of Hearts cost the manufacturers a small sum, $15,000.00. There... Unusual situation, a human interest element, a curious, unexpected twist and thrill to every line of the story and every foot of the story and every foot of the picture. There have been other strong novels. There have been other good moving pictures, but this—well, let's have your opinion when you see the pictures. The fine story is now running as a serial in the Meridian Times. and the picture shown the following: If you want good health, a clear complexion and freedom from dizziness, constipation, biliousness, headaches and indigestion, take Dr. King's New Life Pills. They drive out fermenting and undigested foods, clear the blood and cure constipation. Only 25c at your druggist. Thursday evening at the Idle Hour theatre. An Active Over Mearn Health. NOTICE TO CREDITORS. In the Probate Court of Ada County, Idaho. In the Matter of the Estate of Josephine Lambrix, Deceased. Notice is hereby given by the undersigned Administrator of the estate of Josephine Lambrix, deceased, to the creditors of and all persons having claims against the said deceased, to exhibit them with the vouchers, within ten months after the first publication of this notice, to the said Administrator at the office of T. Risser, 203-27 Mode Building, Boise, County of Ada, State of Idaho. Dated this 18th day of November, 1914. NOTICE TO CREDITORS In the Estate of Folson E. Nott, Deceased. Notice is hereby given by the undersigned, administratrix of the estate of Folson E. Nott, deceased, to the creditors of and persons having claims against the said deceased, to exhibit them with the necessary vouchers, within ten months after the first publication of this notice, to the said administratrix at the office of T. Risser, 203-27 Mode Building, Boise, Idaho. NOTICE TO CREDITORS In the Estate of Folson E. Nott, Deceased. Notice is hereby given by the undersigned, administratrix of the estate of Folson E. Nott, deceased, to the creditors of and persons having claims against the said deceased, to exhibit them with the necessary vouchers, within ten months after the first publication of this notice, to the said administratrix at the office of T. Risser, 203-27 Mode Building, Boise, Idaho. This notice, to the said Administratrix, at the office of S. E. Blaine, 524 Idaho Bldg., Boise, County of Ada, State of Idaho. Dated Nov. 7, 1914. Margaret M. Nott, Administratrix of the Estate of Holston E. Nott, Deceased. S. E. Blaine, Attorney for Administratrix Residence, Boise, Idaho. 27-4 Dated at the Antiseptic Barber Shop, Idaho St, Meridian, Idaho. R. B. Gore, Proprietor, Agency for Boise City Oye Works, Largest in the State. Cleaners of curtains, and fancy gents' suits dry or steam gowns. Cleaned. Agency Troy Laundry. Sent Wednesday and returned Saturday. Do You Want to Know YOU ARE SICK or YOU ARE WELL? Read The HYGIENIST A monthly magazine devoted to the science of health and its application to everyday life. THE HYGIENIST, How disease may be, how health is, no fads or fantasies, quack common sense, edited by OR R. R. DANIELS. $1.00 a year. At your news dealer's or write THE HYGIENIST PUBLISHING CO., Majestic building, Denver. Mention the particular subject in which you are interested. WHY for $1.00 a copy. FOR SALE—Terms to suit purchaser. Three improved Mer room house; 15 room house and 1 3 house, with grounds and outbuildings. Will take one-half the purchase of these horses, cattle or cattle. 6 percent interest on deferred payments. Owner, Hashbarger, Meridian, manager. Indian properties. One seven-room house, of either or properties in the sheep. T. M. Idaho. Wanted—I will pay cash for some good milch cows. Durhams preferred. Phone 612. R. P. Gregory. It Really Does Relieve Rheumatism. Everybody who is afflicted with Rheumatism, should try it. Heumatism in any form should by all means keep a bottle of Sloan's Liniment on hand. The minute you feel pain or soreness in a joint or muscle, bathe it with Sloan's Liniment. Do not rub it. Sloan's penetrates almost immediately right to the seat of pain, relieving the "SS" bottle of Sloan's Liniment for 25 cents. Any druggist and have it in the house against colds, sore and swollen joints, rheumatism, neuralgia, sciatica and like ailments. Your money back if not satisfied, but it does give almost instant relief. Go to JOHN OSBORN For overhauling Autos, Motorcycles and gasoline Engines, cleaning and adjusting, guaranteed References given request. In Burns' building, west of post National Bank, Meridian. NEWS STAND, All work on Phone 246. J. c. MclNTOSH, Proprietor Cigars, Tobacco, Candles, Writing Tablets, and STATIONERY of all kinds of Dr. Miles' Anti-Pain Pills will help you. They have helped others. Good for all kinds of pain. Used to relieve Neuralgia, Headache, Nervousness, Rheumatism, Sciatica, Kidney Pains, Lumbago, Locomotor Ataxia, Backache, Stomachache, Carsickness, Irritability and for pain in any part of the body. "I have used Dr. Miles' Anti-Pain Pills, when troubled with headache, and find that one pill in all cases." Probably affects relief in a very short time. I am considerably affected with neuralgia in the head at times, and find that Anti-Pain Pills of much benefit. The Dr. Miles' Remedies are beyond comparison and I recommend them to all my friends." GEORGE COLGA. At Oakland St., San Antonio, Texas. At druggists, $1.00 a dose. MILE MEDICAL CO., Elkhart, Ind. El POPULAR 800 LES 300 ILLUSTRA äJ\ TIONS J Popular Mechanics Magazine A GREAT Coatiaued Story of th. Ws A Progress which you may beging at anv time, and which will Interest forever. You are lhruj* «> f r, of the most wonderful aj ibtlessthe greatest: world in resident oi Majst would K*. of what is the universe, gladly pay— $LQQ0 KK to this order to keep informed of Our nfrimrcyi in Engineering and Mechanics. yoa reading it ? Two millions of your jSighbon are. and it is the favorite magSK sine in thousands of the best America homes. It appeals to all classes—^, sod young—raen. apd women. Votes " Deportme** rart:t6 tto tjMfcgs—l üeeful artic-lés tor aud shop, repair«, etc. Ajaattoai ■Vokeihii M (10 pages ) tells howto moke Mission furniture, wireless ou tôt*. 1-oat», •ngtaes, magic, and all the things a boy loves. (»0 pages) The "Shop how to ni.,Se SUM pea YEAR, single conies is cents WHITE EON n»ES »AMPLE CONY TODAY POPULAR MECHANICS CO. SU W. WaHitogroa 9c, CHICAGO To sell the most remarkable bargain in the magazine world this year. Regular Price Men 1 BOTH $1.50 Everybody's Delineator $2 1.50 and i $3.00 T.OneSw.0. Total A monthly salary and a liberal commission on each order. Salaries run up to *250 per month, depending on the number of orders. This work can be done in your spare time, and need not conflict with your present duties. No investment or previous experience necessary. We furnisb full equipment tree. Write for particulars to THE R1DGWAY COMPANY Spring and Macdougal Sts. Women I Wanted New York ELMER SHARP HARNESS AND SADDLES Harness and Shoe Repairing a Specialty I wiU treat you right. Shop on IDAHO STREET. MERIDIAN Call and see me. ! 15 pr ct off Ada Tailoring Co. 15 pr ct off Nourte Building, Meridian I. L. Brugman, Prop. We wish to announce to Meridian's good dress both ladies and gentlemen, that we are making ers, suits, coats, etc., to your individual measure, of 1st class guaranteed woolens, make your selection now and have your measure taken on or before Thurs., Dec. 10th, if you wish your new suit or overcoat on Xmas day. Also take advantage of our 15 per ct discount for cash in full with order during the balance of 1915. Holiday rush is on; Cleaning and Pressing. Repairs and Alterations. I. L BRUGMAN, Tailor and Renovator N ourse Bldg, Broadway, Meridian, Idaho. - 4 S— Ligh t — Power Our electric current is always available day or night at the turn of a switch. J Idaho Power & Light Co. i JEWELRY DIAMONDS WATCHES Jewelry Manufacturing To Order The "WATCH DOCTOR" Mainsprings *L1K> Watches Cleaned Sl.M to * 2.00 Official Time Inspector Idaho Traction Co Boise, Idaho. R H. WILKINSON 1002 MAIN STREET Official Time Card Idaho Traction Company (Southern Division.) In Effect Dec. 14. 1913. Leave Boise for Nampa and Caldwell, via Murid 6.80 am, 7.30 am. 9.00 am, 10.30 am, 12.00 », El ian* I. 30 pm, 2.30 pm, 3.30 pin, 4.30 pm,—-(to Meridian and McDermott) 5.00 pm, 6.30 pm, 8.00 pm, 9 30 pm„ II. 00 pm —to "Nampa only. Cars pass Meridian for Boise: 6.40 am, 8.10 am, 9.10 am, 10,10 am. 11.40 am, 1.10 pin. *2.10 pm, 3 10 pm, 4.10 pm, 5.10 p m, 6.10 pm, 7.40 pm, 9.10 pm, 11.10 pm. Cara pass Meridian for Nampa and Caldwell: 8.10 am, 9.36 am, 11.06 am, 12.36 pm, 2.06 pm, 7.06 pm, 8.36 pm, 10.06 7.06 am, 3.06 pm, 4.06 pm, 5.36 pm, pm, 11.36 pm. McDermott Stub: Leave Onwiler for McDermott: 7.02 am, 8.15 am, 11.02 am, 5.32 pm, and arrive at McDermott at 7.28 am, 8.40 am, 11.20 am, 5.55 pm. Leave McDermott far Onwiler: 7.30 am, 8.45 am, 11.20 am, 5.55 pm, and arrive at Onwiler at 8.00 am. 9.10 am, 11.44 am, 6.14 pm. On weiter at 9.10 am will go to Meridian; leave Meridian at 10.50 am for Onwiler. is of sod etc. Car due to arrive at * Starts from Meridian. Subject to Change Without Notice. T. S. RISSER, General Law Practice, 203, 203, 207, 207, Mode Building, Boise, Idaho. Every Woman Needs Today's Magazine Because Today's is helping, inspiring and entertaining over 800,000 home-making and home-loving women as no magazine has ever done before. Every number of Today's you miss is a genuine loss to you. Price only 50 cents a year including any May Manton Pattern free. Subscribe now. A Big Bargain McCall's Magazine ( Any McCall Pattern) Woman's World Today's Magazine Many May Manton Patterns) Three times a day for only 75c You save 60 cents Today's will give $100 to your Church Send a postal asking for particulars. Today's Magazine Dept. N. S. P. New York 461 Fourth Ave. SPECIAL OFFER - For only 5 cents we will send you postpaid the two latest numbers of Today This is so you can see for yourself that for Latest Styles, Newest Fancy work, Fascination Stones, Best Recipes, Household Labor and Money-Savers, Recreation and Good Cheer, today's is superior to any magazine you ever heard. Send 5 cents now. 60 YEARS EXPERIENCE Patents, Designs, Copyrights, etc. Anyone sending a sketch and description may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentable. Communications strictly confidential. HANDBOOK on sent free. Oldest agency for securing patents. Patents taken through Mono & Co. receive special notice, without charge, in the Scientific American. A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest circulation. MUNN & Co., 36, B "^Ne*$Qrfc "Branch Office, F BL. Washington, D.C. BUY IT TODAY *Fu *3 KSii R MECHANICS MAGAZINE For Father and Son AND ALL THE FAMILY Two and a half million readers find it of absorbing interest. Everything in it is Written So You Can Understand It. We sell 400,000 copies every month without giving premiums and have no solicitors. Any newsdealer will show you a copy; or write the publisher for a free sample — a postal will do. $1.50 A YEAR Popular Mechanics Magazin S Ho. Michigan Law., CHICAGO Bad breath. Use Dr. Miles' Laxative Tablets, they are excellent for a sluggish liver. [Advertisement.]
| 29,507 |
<urn:uuid:18a9a978-02cf-400b-a50d-e53bf1b98dc9>
|
French Open Data
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Open Government
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Various open data
| null |
https://www.francenum.gouv.fr/activateurs/arboresys-conseil
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francenum.gouv.fr
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French
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Spoken
| 498 | 763 |
ARBORESYS CONSEIL
Fondé en 2007, nous offrons une gamme complète de services, du développement web à la réalisation d'applications métier sur mesure. Nous sommes les créateurs de solutions dédiées telles que Librial et e-redak, et nous réalisons, hébergeons et maintenons des sites web (CMS, e-commerce, sur mesure...). Nous adaptons nos services en fonction de vos besoins et budgets, et nous engageons et assurons une coopération construite sur la durée avec nos clients.
Créée en 2007, Arboresys-Conseil s’est spécialisé dans le développement d’applications web à destination des entreprises et associations. Nos différentes solutions ont été réalisées en étroite collaboration avec les utilisateurs, en associant performance et qualité.
Nous pouvons proposer :
- des audits sur vos systèmes et solutions existantes ;
- des solutions web et/ou applicatives adaptées au métier, aux règles et contraintes des utilisateurs ;
- des architectures techniques solides et pérennes ;
- des formations spécifiques
Pour cela nous assumons une veille constante autour des technologies prometteuses et solutions Open Source et nous engageons sur la durée avec nos clients.
Nous sommes éditeurs des solutions dédiées Librial et E-redak (SaaS) ainsi que d'applications dédiées (ex. application de saisie d'évaluations, d'interventions techniques, de suivi telco, de plannings d'approvisionnements ...)
N'hésitez-pas à nous contacter pour discuter ensemble de vos projets !
FNPS - Fédération Nationale de la Presse d'information Spécialisée
FNPS - Gestion éditeurs / CRM et appels de cotisations
Nous avons développé avec les utilisateurs de la fédération une application dédiée à leur métier, leur permettant un suivi fin des évolutions réglementaires, des contacts et RP, le calcul des cotisations,.
Les données se synchronisent avec des sites web et outils comptables.
MEA - Maison Européenne de l'Architecture
Site Maison Européenne de l'Architecture
Nous sommes partenaires et accompagnons la MEA sur toutes leurs problématiques web (application mobile, sites web). Le site de la M-EA a notamment été refondu en 2022.
Agence le cercle noir
Le cercle noir - site web
Nous avons conçu le site de l'agence Le cercle Noir avec les utilisateurs, selon leurs envies et recommandations afin de promouvoir leur activité de manière très visuelle.
EBRA PRESSE - Crédit-mutuel
Librial - Gestion commerciale - maison d'éditions
L'application Librial a été conçue avec les équipes d'une des maisons d'éditions du Crédit Mutuel, et a ensuite été retenue pour l'entité regroupant les éditeurs du groupe EBRA. Nous accompagnons notre client sur les différentes évolutions techniques, réglementaires.
Est-Agricole / Paysan du Haut Rhin
Salle de rédaction virtuelle
Nous avons initialement développé pour les besoins de deux journaux agricoles alsacien une application web de salle de rédaction virtuelle "e-redak" afin de fluidifier et d'optimiser leur process fabrication.
Ingénieur diplômé en informatique (CNAM), j'ai plus de 20 ans d'expériences sur le développement informatique et la gestion de projets. Adoptant les méthodologies agiles depuis nos origines, nous proposons des sites web et applications métier que nous construisons en collaboration avec les utilisateurs. Nous maintenons et faisons évoluer nos solutions avec nos clients sur le long terme.
10 Rue de l’Etrier,
Hœrdt -
| 46,743 |
US-78899D-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 293 | 447 |
smith
A. D. SMITH, OF GRAFTON, OHIO.
Letters Patent N'o. 78,899, (lated June I6, 1868.
IMPROVEMENT IN LOUK-NUTS.
@tige tlgehule refcmh'it in these teitcrsatmt mit mating pmt nf ttc same.
IO ALL 'WI-IOM IT MAY CONCERN:
Be it known that I, A. D. SMITH, of Grafton, county of Lorain, in the State of Ohio, have invented a new and improved Mode of Securing Nuts from Turning; and I do hereby declare that the following is a full and exact description thereof, reference being -had to the accompanying drawings, and tothe letters of reference markedthereom The nature of my improvement consists Ain setting in a small part of the inner diameter ofthe nut into the concave or at sides ofthe screw, provided for that purpose, and thus securing the-nut at any point, and retaining it there until removed by force. v
' The following is a. description of its construction, arrangement, and operation.
I make the screw, A, with one or more of its sides, B B, a little'concave or flat, and about once and a half the depth ofthe screw-thread into the diameter of the screw A. The nut C and screw A may then be screwed together, to any desired'point, when a small part of the nut C, at its inner diameter, may be set in against the conealvepr flat sides BB of the screw A, as shown at D, and thus prevent either the screw A or nut C from becoming loose or separated from the other without extra force.
`What I claim as my invention, and desire to secure byLetters Patent, is-
The mode herein -shown and described of securing nuts. from turning, substantially asand for the purpose set forth.
A. D. SMITH.
Witnesses:
G. F. PECKHAM, L. L. McCLINTocK.
| 38,073 |
https://github.com/eruntechsoftware/ESLibrary/blob/master/ESLibraryFramework/ESLibraryFramework/ESLibrary/Core/Protocol/IControlSearcherHandler.h
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,019 |
ESLibrary
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eruntechsoftware
|
Objective-C
|
Code
| 48 | 221 |
//
// IControlSearcherHandler.h
// Eruntech
//
// Created by 杜明悦 on 12-10-22.
// Copyright 2012年 __MyCompanyName__. All rights reserved.
//
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@protocol IControlSearcherHandler <NSObject>
/**
循环基类实现接口，循环接口调用此接口实现方法
@param obj 收集接口对象
*/
@required
-(void) handle:(id) obj;
/**
循环基类实现接口，调用此方法实现，以决定是否继续执行
@param obj 匹配对象
@return 是否继续执行
*/
@required
-(BOOL) isPicked:(id) obj;
@end
| 4,414 |
https://github.com/robertschuck/reformcloud/blob/master/reformcloud-global/reformcloud-api/reformcloud-api-spigot/src/main/java/systems/reformcloud/mobsaddon/packet/in/PacketInCreateMob.java
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
reformcloud
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robertschuck
|
Java
|
Code
| 62 | 230 |
/*
Copyright © 2019 Pasqual K. | All rights reserved
*/
package systems.reformcloud.mobsaddon.packet.in;
import com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken;
import systems.reformcloud.configurations.Configuration;
import systems.reformcloud.mobs.SelectorMob;
import systems.reformcloud.mobsaddon.MobSelector;
import systems.reformcloud.network.interfaces.NetworkInboundHandler;
import java.io.Serializable;
/**
* @author _Klaro | Pasqual K. / created on 21.04.2019
*/
public final class PacketInCreateMob implements Serializable, NetworkInboundHandler {
@Override
public void handle(Configuration configuration) {
SelectorMob selectorMob = configuration.getValue("mob", new TypeToken<SelectorMob>() {
});
MobSelector.getInstance().handleCreateMob(selectorMob);
}
}
| 17,241 |
http://data.theeuropeanlibrary.org/BibliographicResource/3000100361087 http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-2/image/NLE/Maa_Hääl/1936/11/23/19361123_1-0001.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-2/image/NLE/Maa_Hääl/1936/11/23/19361123_1-0002.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-2/image/NLE/Maa_Hääl/1936/11/23/19361123_1-0003.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-2/image/NLE/Maa_Hääl/1936/11/23/19361123_1-0004.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-2/image/NLE/Maa_Hääl/1936/11/23/19361123_1-0005.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-2/image/NLE/Maa_Hääl/1936/11/23/19361123_1-0006.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-2/image/NLE/Maa_Hääl/1936/11/23/19361123_1-0007.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://port2.theeuropeanlibrary.org/fcgi-bin/iipsrv2.fcgi?FIF=node-2/image/NLE/Maa_Hääl/1936/11/23/19361123_1-0008.jp2&wid=200&cvt=jpg http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000100361087 http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000100361087_3
|
Europeana
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,936 |
Maa Hääl
|
None
|
Estonian
|
Spoken
| 1,971 | 4,978 |
„Tead mis?" ütles Leida teel. „Kuuldes saan eile, et täna õhtu siin lähedal kuskil küünis peetav simanimani. Lähme meie gii sinna saab ehk korra kuidas saab ehk kuidas w'eidi tantsida." Sanglepale kogunesid teistgi noori asuniku poegi naabrusest ja üheskoos tehti otsus tõesti simanile minna. Ka Hilda tahtis minna ja nõutasid minugi kaasa, kuigi algul see simaani ei meeldinud. Õhtu mõjus soojalt ja vaikselt, teedel liikusid inimesed. Kajas laulu ja rõõm sai naerupuhanguid, hämaruses vilkusid tüdrukute heledad suwekleidid. Asusid ju lähedal pikk rida uustalusid, kus elas palju noori inimesi, ka naabrikülade teenid jarahvad tuli siia kokku. Peaosakalt kostis juba kaugele tugev häälitsemine. Meile lähenes jalgrattal keegi noormees ja sosistas: «Kaela ette siin läheb täna löömaks!» Küünarid kogunesid jõuk inimesi, kelle keskpunktiks osutus pikakasvuline noor mees, kes parajasti virutas taskunoaga uksepiida sisse. „Noh mis see nüüd tähendab? Kes need niisugused on?“ küsis Hilda. „Need on kamp.sulaseid," seletas keegi, „kewadel tulid Võrumaalt. Seal on suur Puha kanged kaklejad ja mis nad siis siinägi muud... harrastama? Ka oma kodumaa «sporti». Kui neile aga vastuseid leidub." „Parem lähme tagasi“, soovitasin ja Hildaga nõustus sellega. Kuid Leida haaras kõlast! muu varrest: „Ärge, oota ära meie lähme tahaksin nii meeleldi!“ - „Kui nad siin kaklemad lähemad, siis ei ole ju tantsimisest juttugi.“ „Ei, aga mis sellest, ma ma ei ole meeldi iial näinud kaklust, tahaksin... tahaksin seda kord meeleldi näha!“ Pidin tahtmata naerma. Ka mina pole nüüd näinud kaklust, kui jätta arvestada ainult kord lapsepõlves nähtud abielu tüli, kus oma seisukoha selgituseks mastaspoolele - võeti abiks ka rusikad. Asjata püüdsin Leidat üleenda seisu korra hädaohtlikkuses. „Tule nüüd, narr, mis sa kardad?“ ütles ta mind kättpidi küünar tõmmates. Ka teised järgnesid meile. Kaskedega kaunistatud ruumi keskkoha olid okupeerinud osa kaklemise himulist võrumaalast, kaaberdades seal ringi ja pekstes jämedate keppidega vastu põrandat. Mõned julgemad katsusid tantsidaagi, kuid pidid sellest kohe loo buma, sest rahurikkujad seadsid neile jala ette, ilmselt otsides põhjust tülinori inimeks. Tegin viimase katse Leidat kosumine kui meelitada, kuid ta rippus mu käsi vahel ja painas: „Ära mine, ära mina need varsti nad lähemad tõesti lööma ja siis saab nalja." Tal õnnestus haarata ta üht tuttavat noormeest ja seda hoidis nüüd teise käega, et kakluse alates meid kaitseks üks mees hing. Küünis teises otsas hakkas tekkima väike eelrümelus ja Leial trügis sinnapoole meid järele vedada. „Tulge rutu, siit me ei näe ju midagi!" hädaldas ta. Ent samas tuli lõpp rümelusele. Jõugust ruttas välja üks kaitseliitlasi ja käsutas: „Nad silmapilgu käest, siis võite üksteist mõelda kas võib hommikuni". Ja riiukuked ulatas sidki nii palju, et need päris rahulikult tollele kaitseliitlasele. Leial tõmbus päris nutunägu ette. „Nad vist ei läheb enam faksest," istis ta. Head nõu lugejale. Vastus lugejale nr. 75 022. I. Nähtavasti on Teie näo alaline puneris põhjuseks „rosacea", väikeste, pindlikke värvisooneid laienemine. See võib tulla väga mitmest põhjusest. Naiste juures on see tingitud sageli suguorganite haigusest, zuuruste häiretest. Ka mõjumad sellele närviilikus ja hingelised mõjutused. Väliselt soodustavad rosacea't ilmastikust olevad nahaähritud, nagu kuumus, õhu, tuul, vihm jne., eriti halvasti mõjub järsud temperatuurivahemused, nagu perenaiset ja teenijat juures, kes maha lõpetavad kuuma pliidi eest välja külma kätte. Rosacea põhjuseks on sageli seedimisrikken. Kas teil on sageli kõht kinni? Siis hoolitsege selle eest, et seedimine oleks korras. Kõhulahtistajana tarvitge glauberisooli (10 gr. klaasi leigeks veega peale), mis tuleb hommikuti tühja kõhhu peale juua. Ööseks määrige näole järgmist salmi: tsinkoksüüdi 15 gr., sadestatud maaüli 10 gr. ja bensoerasma 75 gr. Nägu peske enne soojaks, meega puhtaks. Hommikul pühkige salmist abil kliimaks ära ja niisutage seejärele nahka 2-pvots. ressortsimpiriitusega. Ütge hommikuti peske nägu harva ja siis ainult soojaks, pehme meega ja väävelseebiga. Sama arstimist võtke ette kätega. Peale pesemist hõõrge käed alal ti oleliivõliga või mõne teise pehme õliga fissi. 2. Tartu naisühingu käsitöökoole aadress on Kaluri t. 12, Tartu. Sealt saate kõik vajalikud andmed. Wastus lugejale nr. 77.502, Margikorjajate liit „Estonia" aadress on Tallinn, Pikk t. 28. Kirjutage sinna ja paluge omale täitmiseks saata üks sisseasvmise sooviavaldus plakett. Liikmemaks on 2 krooni aastas. Toimetusele tulevatelt kirjadelt ei ole võimalik marke teile saata. Miks margialbumid nii kallid on, seda meie ei tea. Arvatavasti oleneb see trüki kuludest. Wastus lugejale nr. 39.02. Võimatu on meie lehe piiratud ruumi juures avaldada lintsae kui ka kreissae raami ehituse ja puurimise oja kirjeldust. Soovitame Teile pöörduda ajakirja „Tehnika Põllumajanduses" toimetaja poole aadressil S. Karja 13—20 Tallinnas. Vastus lugejale nr. 42187. 1. Teie poolt soovitatu raamatutest on Praegu müügil E. Samm: „Naisrõivaste lõiked" hind 2 krooni. Raamat on müüd „Rahvaülikooli" raamatukaupluses, Tallinn, Harju tänav 18 . 2. Suitsutada välkvalgust saab suitsutada magneesiumiga Tetenal Fonal'iga, mida on igal pool müügil. 100 grammi maksab 5 kr. ja selle hulgaga saab teha 25—30 mõtteid. Mingisugust reisepte ise valmistamiseks teada ei ole, sest see on Vabriku saladus. 3. Magneesiumi süüdata elektri abil on võimalik. Kuid mingisugust malmis seadet dist selleks müüa ei ole. Peate laskma vastava seadeldise teha elektritehnikul. Vastus lugejale nr. 24.895. Võõrasteleegionile vastuvõtmist toimetab Prantsuse saatkond Eestis. Sealt saate kõik vajalikud andmed. Prantsuse saatkonna aadress on Tallinn, Alexandri tänav nr. 3. Vastus lugejale nr. 14.310. Politseikooli kordnikkude kursusele või taks 6-klassilise algkooli haridusega. Palju vega tuleb pöörduda politseikooli direktori poole. Tänaval aga kordnikkude kursus õppetööd ei alusta. Ei ole ka kindel, et tuleb aasta lõpul mainitud klass tegevust alustada. Enne teatatakse sellest kuulutusega ajalehtedes. Vastus lugejale nr. 75.442. Tööoskusameti tegevust ei keela. Kui ainult Deie oma rajooni konstaabel takistusi ei tee. Arvatavasti seda aga ei juhtu. Vastus lugejale nr. 4.563. Soovivad avaldusega tuleb pöörduda Riigi tööstuskooli juhataja poolele aadressil Tehnika tänav 16-a, Tallinn. Ahju tuhka puhastades. on soovitatav talitada nii, kuidas näitab meie joonis. Mängimise panga, millesse tõstetakse tuhk, pannakse peale märgi põranda laual. Niisuguse talituse juures ei ole karta, et kõik ahjukesine ja õhk oleks täis peent tuhka ja tolmu, mida pärast on tüli kas puhastada. Koduarst Vanaduse tagajärgel hoolealuu. Vastuseks lugejale A. T. Hagudi., Olete 65 aastat vana ja kaebate, et teil käimas nõrkus, mis eriti tunduvalt annab vadi "peanärvides". Meile paistab, et kõik ges selles on palju süüdi vanadus. Ka vere resonavat lubjanemist on teil juba tunduvalt. Kõrvade lohisemine on vist küll peamiselt vere resonate lubjanemisest tingitud. Teie vanaduses pole süda enam kuigi jõuline. Selle pärast tunnete iga liigutuse juures, et "lööb pähe". Vanemad inimesed armastavad vadi ikka sooja, see pole mingi haiguslik nähe, vaid paratamatus neis aastades. Vanema inimese veri pole enam küllalt tugev, samuti ei löögi ka süda nii jõuliselt, et veri suudab kõiki kehaosi hästi soendada. Lubjaned nõudvere sooned on selleks omalt poolt ta kistuseks. Põletamisest praktsess kehas võib piltlikult öeldes "kehakütmine" sünnib vanemate inimeste juures hulga nõrgemalt kui nooremate juures, samuti kui kõik teised eluavaldamised. Liigsest soojast peate küll hoiduma, sest soojus mõjul hakkab süda kiiremini töötama ning võib tekkida südame koormatus. On ju teada, et vanemad ja nõrga südamega inimesed ei kannata saunaleilise viibimist ega muud kuumust, ülemise kehaosa väriseva hooga on nõrkusest või jälle mõnes närvides veast tingitud. Teie vanadus on ju aeg, millal igasugused veed võivad üksteise järel ilmuda või varitseda, et viimati näha kamale tulla. Ega vanadus pole ju elus mingi "hiilgeaeg". Ilmas valitseb juba särane kord. Ka lilled, vili põllul, igasugused muud taimed tärkavad kevadel, sirgub siis innukalt, et täiskasvanud saada ning kolletavad juba sügisel ja varisevad. Olete ju tähele pannud, et kollustamahakanud kõrs, kui teda maha tallatakse, ei suuda ennast enam püsata ajada, hiljuti aga küll. Loodus ehitab, laseb valmida, nii hakkab siis maha kiskuma. Meie arvatust võiks see, mis on suure tähelepanuga ja vaevaga ehitatud, viimati kord malmis saades igavesti seista. Nii see aga pole. Ka tugevad kivid ja kõmad kiivivad pudeneva, sest maailmas ei püsi midagi igavesti. Igal olemusel tuleb kord kurb ma naduseaegu kätte. Sellepärast on see ainult pettekujutus, et teie võiksite meelt saada noorusesel aastal. Vaevalt küll on loota teie soovi täitumist. Tuleb leppida kõigega, kui paratamatusega, kuigi selle teadmine on kurb. Väljenduse lubjanemise nähted pehmendamiseks, võite soodne tarvitada (kas harilik juhtumis – B tilka iga päev peale lõuna õhtu nähtu nahk peal). Võib kaalujõud 3-prots. lahus supilusikaga 3 —4 korda päevaga. Vahel aitab ka toore sibulad või küüslaug või söömine. Loomaarst Loomaarst dr. wet. Ä. Arras mõtles Maa Hääle lugejatele. Kanal liigeste umb põletik podagra. Vastuseks „Maa Hääle" lugejale nr. 6616. Kana liigeste umbpõletik podagra on täisealiste lindude sõnadestu häire, mis väljutub liigeste piirkonna kudedes paistetusega ja pehmenemisega. Ta põhjusel on kusehappe ja kusehappesoolade ülirohkus mereves, kust need soolad sadestuvad madu liigestesse ja tekitavad haigust. Haiguse põhjusel on pikemaajaline kanade toitmine vaikaisi neterikka toiduga, eriti teravilja- ja lihatoiduga (lihajäänused, liha-, kala- ja veerijahu). Haiguse ilmsikulisest tulenemisest soodustab ka ühekülgne toitmine, kitsas ruumi pidamine, vähe liikumisvõimalusega ja siis Meel mängib tähtsust osa pärimuses selle haiguse eetetulemuse suhtes. Ka neerude ja lihasveru haiguste järele tuleb tihti ette kanade liigeste umbpõletikku. Haiguse tunnused avalduvad alguses liigeste valudes, raskus käimisel, lonkamisel, pärastpoolt liigeste paistetamises ja valus. Kõige tiivimini tuleb kanadel ette seda haigust kannaliigese piirkonnas, varvaste all, mis paistetavamad üles, on tulisemad, lähemad paksuks ja on väga valusad. Paistetuse piirkonnas tekivad aegamööda hernatera suurused ja suuremad kõmad mügarikud. Haiged liiguvad suure maevaga, lõõnates ühele jalale. Rawimine on kaunis raske. Kõigepealt tuleks võtta ette toidu muutmine, üldiselt tuleks sööta mäge, liha ja terawilja tuleks hoopis ära jätta. Tuleks anda palju rohelisest toitust peeneks raieutud värsket rohust, salatit, nõugu seit, kapsasid, võid peedilehti. Sisse võiks anda sooda või Karlsbadi soola mett 10 grammi ühele litrile meele joogi veeena, võiks anda ka saltsyklit 0,1 —0,3 gr. mitu korda päevaga. Liigeste umbpõletiku korral annab üsna häid tagajärgi lõikusega haiguse pesade avamine ja nende puhastamine mehaanilisel teel teravat lusikaga ja selle järgnema haiguse pesade tamponeerimine segaga joodtinktuuriga ja sidemega. Opereerimisel rawimine on üldiselt raske ja harilikult pikaajaline, siis tuleb alati pidada silmas, et nii suure kana lihakstapmine on tihtipeal kõige parem. Juriidiline nõuanne. Advokaat Helmut Maa andis teadlikke nõuandeid „Maa Hääle" lugejatele. Aadress: Tallinn, Pärnu mnt. 10—15, Lugeja nr. 38.704. Isiklik kohustus tagasinnõudmisega, mida ei ole enam midagi teha. Kui teie pole nõus valvalitsuse otsusega, siis tuleb teil esitada kahe nädala jooksul, avaldamis otsuse teadaandmise päevast, kaebust esitada - Ministeriumi kohtus korras. Kui teie pole seda teinud selle aja jooksul, ja veel enam, kui teie olete juba selle maksu tasunud, siis arv tõestatakse sellega, et teie olete nõustunud otsusega ja ei soovi kaebust esitada. Kaitseväkke minemisest vaadataks järele valvalitsuse seinalehelt, teie aastane kaitseväekohustuslik on juba kutsumatu teenistusse. Lugeja nr. 12.871. Puud, mis kasvavad, loetakse maa omaniku omanduseks, ükskõik kelle poolt need on istutatud, kui ei ole vastsid kindlat kokkulepet. Maaomanik ja üldse omanik võib nõuda tasu oma tervis eest tema poolt määratud suuruses. Ostjatel on vaba tooli otsustada, kas nemad tahavad astuda ostuvahetusse või mitte. See õigus ei tuge neile mitte mõnele vana aegsele seadusele, mida harilikult praegu maksmale seadusele. Meie leiame, et praegu on tegemist harilikuga, müügiga, mille põhjal pooled peavad oma vohes kokku leppima müügi sumusid ja tingimused. Kui teie osta ei taha, koegi teid selleks sundida ei saa, l'uid müüja võib seada tingimuseks, et müük teostub ühes tükis, mitte osade kaupa. Lugeja nr. 23.431. Kui teie poolest on talust eraldatud sellekohase seaduse ja komisjoni poolt, siis olete teie õigustatud nõudma koha piiride puutumatust. Talu omanik ei saa muuta ilma teie nõusolekuta teie piire ega piiri kaitsjad ümber asetada. Viimane on seadusevastane tegu ja teie võite teda vastutusele võtta seaduslikus korras. Praegusi piire võib muuta ainult teie omavaheline sellekohane kokkulepe. Lugeja A. K. Metsa materjali osto asjus tuleb teil pöörata kohaliku metsaülema poole ja järele kuulata kohapeal, millal teostuvad metsa materjali müügid. Lugeja nr. 29.262. Teile täpseks vastus on vaja ka täpseid andmeid, üldiselt peab ütlemad, et seadus võimaldab lahutust, kui üks abikaas teotab teise au või tema elukohta on põhjuseks lahutust. Soovitame teile pöörata kohaliku advokaadi poole täpse asjaloo kirjeldamiseks ja seisukoha võtmiseks. „Maa HSIle" toimetab toimetaja Corda Ueda. Kuulutusi võetakse maja Pikk tänav 10, (Ulemsitenumbr 1, juures), telefon 449-87. Kuulutuste hind on ühele küljel 5 senti, teisele küljel 7 senti, esimesel küljel 1 senti, tekstis 2 senti ja tekstiga teksti kirjaga 1 senti. Ühel aastal. Vastutav toimetaja Tõnis Tomp. Ojaühisus "Vaba Maa" kirjastab trükikojas "Estonia".
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"^ Vecino de Almagro; bachiller en leyes, alcalde de la Hermandad, alcalde de
la Mesta (1544), repartidor de alcabalas, alcalde de cofradías religiosas en
Almagro y arrendador de los diezmos del maestrazgo de Calatrava.
^ Vecino del Viso del Marqués; alcalde de la Hermandad del Viso, alcalde de
la cofradía de San Sebastián (1546), alcalde de Nuestra Señora de la Visitación
(1549), regidor del concejo y rentero: «vive de su labrança y tiene un poco de
ganado».
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5e/59:2 (1999)
SOCIOLOGÍA CONVERSA EN LOS SIGLOS XV Y XVI
413
2. Gonzalo de Pisa (a. 1500 - d. 1549) ^
3. Andrés de Pisa (a. 1500 - d. 1549) io
E. Hijos de Manuel de Pisa (A.5 supra):
1. Juan Rodríguez de Pisa (a. 1500 - d. 1549) ii
2. Garda de Pisa (a. 1500 - d. 1549) ^^
F. Hijos de Men Rodríguez (A.6 supra):
1. Pedro de Pisa
2. Gonzalo de Pisa
G. Hijos de Miguel de Pisa (A.7 supra):
1. Bernardo de Pisa (a. 1500 - d. 1549) i^
2. Juan Rodríguez de Pisa
3. Diego Rodríguez de Pisa (a. 1500 - d. 1549) ^^ = Maria de
Horozco 1^
4. García de Pisa
5. Francisco de Pisa (a. 1500 - d. 1549) ^^
6. Julián de Pisa (a. 1500 - d. 1549) ^'
7. Antonio de Pisa (a. 1500 - d. 1549) i^
H. Hijos de de Gonzalo de Pisa (A.8 supra):
1. Juan Rodríguez de Pisa = ? (vid. L infra)
I. Hijos de Martin Rodríguez de Pisa (A.9 supra):
1. Pedro Gonzalo de Pisa
^ Bachiller en leyes y regidor en Almagro.
1° Bachiller en leyes y regidor en Almagro.
11 Vecino de Cuenca en 1549; regidor, guarda mayor y procurador.
12 Vecino de Cuenca; regidor de Huete.
1^ Vecino de Almagro; elector de oficios de alcaldes y regidores, arrendador de
rentas y mercader.
1"^ Vecino de Almagro; licenciado en leyes por la Universidad de Salamanca,
abogado, juez trayendo vara por el Campo de Calatrava (causas civiles y
criminales), teniente de gobernador, juez ejecutor de lo debido a su majestad de
alcabalas y asesor de jueces.
1^ Natural de Toledo; hija de Fernando de Horozco, alguacil de la Inquisición.
1^ Vecino de Almagro; licenciado en leyes, abogado en corte, teniente de
gobernador en el Campo de Calatrava, juez de residencia y asesor de alcaldes
ordinarios.
1^ Abogado en Huete.
1^ Vecino de Granada; licenciado en leyes y abogado.
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VINCENT PARELLO
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J. Hijos de J u a n de Pisa (B.4 s u p r a ):
1. A l o n s o de Pisa (d. 1500 - d. 1549) i^
2. A n d r é s de Pisa (d. 1500 - d. 1549) ^o
3. J u a n de Pisa (d. 1500 - d. 1549) ^i
4. G a r d a de Pisa (d. 1500 - d. 1549) ^2
5. Marcos de Pisa (d. 1500 - d. 1549) ^3
K. Hijos de A l o n s o de Pisa (C.3 supra):
1. J u a n R o d r í g u e z (d. 1500 - d. 1549) ^4
2. H e r n a n d o de Pisa
L. Hijos de J u a n R o d r í g u e z de Pisa ( H . l s u p r a ) :
1. G o n z a l o de Pisa (d. 1500 - d. 1549) ^5
2. A l o n s o de Pisa (d. 1500 - d. 1549) ^6
3. Bachiller de Pisa (d. 1520 - d. 1549) ^^
^^ Vecino de Almagro; clérigo y beneficiado.
20 Vecino de Almagro; clérigo.
2^ Vecino de Almagro; arrendador de rentas.
22 Vecino de Almagro; clérigo.
23 Vecino de Almagro; arrendador de rentas, notario y escribano de la judicatura del Campo de Calatrava.
24 Vecino de Almagro; bachiller en leyes y abogado.
25 Vecino de Almagro; arrendador de rentas.
26 Arrendador de rentas en Almagro.
2^ Bachiller en leyes y abogado.
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5e/59:2 (1999)
SOCIOLOGÍA CONVERSA EN LOS SIGLOS XV Y XVI
A P É N D I C E 6: FAMILIA
415
VILLARREAL
A. Hijos de Hernán García de Piedrabuena y de ? (a. 1460 - a. 1500) ^:
1. Rodrigo de Villarreai
2. Francisco de Piedrabuena
3. García de Piedrabuena
4. Diego de Villarreai ^ = Juana González (vid. B infra)
B. Hijos de Diego de Villarreai y de Juana González (A.4 supra):
1. Juana García (? - d. 1573) = Gómez de Moya ^
2. Catalina de Villarreai (? - a. 1573) = Diego de los Olivos ^
3. Antón de Villarreai (? - a. 1573) ^ = ? (vid. C infra)
4. Alonso de Villarreai = ? (vid. D infra)
5. Lope Sánchez (? - a. 1573) ^
6. Juan de Villarreai (? - a. 1573) ^ = 1) ?; 2) Leonor de Villanueva ^ (vid. E infra)
7. Francisco de Villarreai (1500 ? - d. 1573) ^ = Catalina de Pisa
(vid. F infra)
8. Hernán García de Villarreai
9. Teresa de Villarreai (1500 ? - a. 1573) = Antonio de Molina ^^
10. Álvaro de Villarreai (1500 ? - a. 1573) " = ? (vid. G infra)
11. Pedro de Villarreai
12. Gonzalo de Villarreai
^ Vecino de Ciudad Real, relajado por la Inquisición.
2 Regidor de Almagro, relajado por la Inquisición a finales del siglo XV.
3 Escribano de La Calzada.
"^ Mercader y arrendador de rentas en Almagro.
^ Mercader en Almagro.
^ Vecino de Almagro; bachiller en leyes y abogado.
^ Mercader en Almagro.
^ Hija del caballero del Toboso y hermana de María de Villanueva.
^ Vecino de Almagro; «haze paños en su casa», obligado de las carnicerías de
Almagro y de El Moral por mandamiento de don Juan Lorenzo, prior de Santa
Cruz, encargado del ganado de Gaspar Rótulo (20.000 ovinos) y del bachiller
Aranda (2.000 reses): «tenía cuidado de visitar los ganados y de llevarlos a la
sierra y de arrendar las dehesas», recaudador del diezmo del pan de la mesa
maestral en lugar de Gaspar Rótulo, tesorero de algunos particulares que tenían
compañías de trato de carnicerías y otras mercadurías, mercader de lana y de
ganado, «vive de su hazienda» (1548).
^° «Tratante que va e viene a Sevilla».
^1 Vecino de Almagro; licenciado en medicina (Universidades de Salamanca y
Valladolid), médico y físico.
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VINCENT PARELLO
Sef 592 (1999)
13. Isabel d e Villarreal
14. F u l a n a d e Villarreal (1500 ? - ?) = Bachiller de Pisa 12
C. Hijos de A n t ó n de Villarreal (B.3 supra):
1. D i e g o Sánchez de Villarreal (d. 1500 - d. 1573) i^
2. F u l a n a = Bachiller de Santa Cruz ^"^
3. J u a n d e Villarreal (d. 1500 - ?) i^ = hjja del caballero del T o b o s o
D . Hijos de A l o n s o de Villarreal (B.4 supra):
1. D i e g o Sánchez de Villarreal (d. 1500 - ?) i^
2. A n t o n i o d e Villarreal (1500 ? - d. 1565) i'^
3. F u l a n a d e Villarreal = P e d r o R a m í r e z
E. Hijos de J u a n de Villarreal (B.6 supra):
1. A n t o n i o Sánchez de Villarreal (1503 ? - d. 1573) i« = M a r i Diaz
2. G o n z a l o Sánchez de Pisa (d. 1500 - a. 1548) i^
3. D i e g o Sánchez
4. H e r n a n d o de Villarreal
^2 Bachiller en leyes de Almagro.
^3 Vecino de Almagro; regidor en 1543, procurador del común y del concejo de
la villa, arrendador de la alcabala de la Hermandad (1541) y arrendador de rentas
diversas.
^"^ Bachiller en medicina, médico en Almagro.
^^ Mercader en Almagro.
^^ Regidor en Almagro.
^^ Vecino de Almagro; arrendador de rentas (tercias de la mesa maestral de Calatrava, tercias del vino de Almagro, etc.), obligado de las carnicerías de Almagro,
elector de oficios reales, escribano de la Hermandad de Almagro, repartidor de
alcabalas, escribano del Concejo, regidor en Almagro, vive de sus rentas (ganado
+ heredades), teniente de gobernador en La Calzada (justicia civil y criminal),
alcalde de la cofradía de Nuestra Señora de la Concepción y diputado de la cofradía de la Madre de Dios.
1^ Vecino de Almagro; posee un privilegio de la Chancillería de Granada «en
que le hazen gracia y merced de que no le empadronen en el padrón de los
pecheros durante el tiempo que este declarante sirvió a su majestad en las guerras
de Italia», mayordomo de la cofradía de la Santísima Trinidad en Almagro,
mayordomo de San Antón, mayordomo de Nuestra Señora de San Juan (1557) y
juez de la cofradía de Nuestra Señora de los Llanos (1572).
^^ Vecino de Almagro; señor de ganado.
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417
5. Alonso Sánchez de Villarreal (1508 ? - a. 1573) 20
6. Mari Díaz (? - a. 1549) = Hernando de Horozco ^i
7. Catalina de Villarreal = Hernán García
F. Hijos de Francisco de Villarreal y de Catalina de Pisa (B.7 supra):
1. Juan Rodríguez (d. 1520 - d. 1573) 22
2. Antonio de Villarreal
3.Juana
4. María
G. Hijos de Álvaro de Villarreal (B.IO supra):
1. Francisco de Villarreal
2. Antonio de Villarreal
3. Alonso de Villarreal
4. Jerónimo de Villarreal
5. Agustín de Villarreal
6. Juana de Villarreal
20 Vecino de Almagro; hombre de armas en Itaha (1520-1525), escribano de la
cofradía de San Pedro, escribano de las cofradías de San Pablo y de San Antón,
alcalde de la cofradía de San Pedro, mayordomo de la cofradía de San Pablo, «vive
de su hazienda» (1548).
21 Alguacil del Santo Oficio de Toledo.
22 Vecino de Almagro; clérigo presbítero.
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VINCENT PARELLO
Se/SQ^ (1999)
RESUMEN
A mediados del siglo XV los descendientes de los judeoconversos condenados por la Inquisición toledana diversificaron sus actividades socioprofesionales e imitaron los valores que imperaban en la socieda4 dominante. Así se
introdujeron en las actividades agrícolas, ingresaron en el clero y adquirieron
cargos honoríficos, de manera que pudieron integrarse en la dinámica social
de la mayoría. Pero no por eso abandonaron el comercio, base exclusiva de su
riqueza, como a veces se ha dicho un tanto apresuradamente. Esa mezcla de
actividades «marcadas» y no «marcadas» tiende a demostrar que el proceso de
integración no resultaba incompatible con el mantenimiento de servicios
específicos.
SUMMARY
In the mid-fifteenth century, the descendants of the Jewish converts condemned by the Toledo Inquisition diversified their economic and profesional
activities by imitating the ruling classes. They became actively involved in
agriculture, entered religious orders, and acquired honorary titles, to such
degree that they were readily able to integrate into mainstream society. That
notwithstanding, they did not at the same time abandon their commercial
interests, which provided them with an economic mainstay. Integration into
the mainstream of Spanish society was not incompatible with maintaining
prior specific commercial interests.
(C) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento (CC-BY) 4.0 Internacional
http://sefarad.revistas.csic.es.
| 340 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphanoptera
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Diaphanoptera
|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diaphanoptera&action=history
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 19 | 55 |
Diaphanoptera är ett släkte av nejlikväxter. Diaphanoptera ingår i familjen nejlikväxter.
Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life:
Källor
Nejlikväxter
Diaphanoptera
| 39,465 |
https://github.com/ahtung/parasut_rails/blob/master/features/support/aruba.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
parasut_rails
|
ahtung
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 13 | 48 |
require 'aruba/cucumber'
Aruba.configure do |config|
config.exit_timeout = Integer ENV.fetch("ARUBA_TIMEOUT") { 120 }
end
| 43,781 |
F100aQAAQs8_1
|
Youtube-Commons
|
Open Web
|
CC-By
| null |
Cummings OUTRAGEOUS Pay Rise While Public Sector Pay Frozen
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,740 | 3,455 |
Dominic Cummings, Boris Johnson's former chief advisor, was given at least a 40% pay increase this past year. So he saw his salary rise from 95K to 100K, so 95,000 to 100,000 pound pay bracket to the 140,000 to 145,000 pay bracket. This is how pay is reported in government. Now, this is according to the annual report on pay transparency by the Cabinet Office. This year's pay rise will have made Cummings the joint highest earning political aid along with Lee Cain in Downing Street, with his pay being between 140K and 145K. He's earning almost as much as the Prime Minister, who is on 150,000 pounds. Now, controversially, this comes after a pay freeze for public sector workers such as police and firefighters. The housing secretary, Robert Jenrick, was on sky this morning. Here's how he defended that pay rise. Another of your colleagues, Dominic Cummings, once again in the headlines today, reported that he has had a 40% pay rise. What on earth is going on in government that someone hired on 100 grand can get an extra 40,000 pounds in their pay packet? Well, Dominic Cummings obviously left the government now, but I understand that he was given a pay rise to bring his salary broadly in line with those of his predecessors, other people who'd been the chief of staff to former Prime Ministers. This is a significant amount of money, obviously, but it's in line with, say, the chief executive of a medium-sized local council. And the amount of money that we spend on political advisers within government, both this government and its predecessors, is very small by international standards. It's a very small portion of the amount of money we spend on the broader civil service. And I think they do do a good job for us. 40% pay rise. It's an important function. A 40% pay rise. We are delivering on our promises at general elections and it ensures the political impartiality of the civil service. So I think special advisers play an important role in our political process. But I completely understand that ensuring pay restraint amongst politicians and the public sector is going to be very important in a time when other people in the private sector are finding their way to squeeze. So that was Robert Jenrick. As you might expect, Downing Street took a similar line. They had the same defence of Cummings pay rise. This is Johnson's Press Secretary Allegra Stratton. She said it's the correct level of salary for the role that Dominic Cummings performed. Not everyone, though, in the Conservative Party is willing to defend the pay rise. The Financial Times had some interesting quotes from other government aides and ministers. So they wrote, several government aides said they were told that pay had been all but frozen because of COVID-19. Dom lecture does pretty much weekly that in the people's government pay was not the object, said one adviser. Under Dom and Lee's dynasty, you wouldn't have dared ask for a pay rise. It would have been basically asking to be sacked. Another government aide described it as classic Dom, adding he talks a good game but is actually a massive disappointment. Ministers said Mr Cummings pay rise looked very bad for the government. Dominic Cummings has done more than anyone else to retoxify the Conservative Party's image. First Barnard Castle, now this. Voters will look at this and say it's one rule for us and another for them and they would be right, a member of the government said. We're going to give you some analysis of this story in one moment. First of all, if you're enjoying what you're seeing, do make sure you hit that subscribe button. As you know, we go live every Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 7pm and we have videos going out every day on the Navarra Media YouTube channel. Now, I want to focus on those defences that Jenrick and Stratton gave for a moment. So they say, look, he's getting paid the normal amount for the job he is doing. He is, he clearly was. Well, he's not anymore, but he was a very senior adviser to Boris Johnson, the most senior in fact. And he was at the top of the pay scale for government advisers. You might think that makes sense. And on one level, it does. There are a couple of problems though. One, as those quotes from those civil servants suggest or from those other advisers, those junior advisers, he wasn't supposed to be just any other government adviser. He was supposed to be, you know, part of the people's government, an anti-establishment figure. He was supposed to accept that, you know, people are, you know, the median wage in this country is about 21K. So why should I be on 140K? Then he got into government. I mean, that's actually why his pay was lower to begin with, I think, because he went in there. He said, you know, I'm a different kind of adviser than after a few months. You know what? I want the whole thing. I want the whole thing. The bigger problem, though, is the year that this happened, right? So the argument they're making is that it's normal for someone in Cummings's job to be earning 145,000 pounds. So that's what he should earn. But this wasn't a normal year. It's also normal for doctors and nurses to work a 40-hour week and not risk their lives when they go into hospitals because there is an adequate PPE. That didn't happen this year. There'll be lots of doctors and nurses saying it's never normal for us to work 40 hours a week. But it should be. It should be. I'm pretty sure that's what was in the contract. You can say the same about teachers, right? It's normal that teachers shouldn't have to go into their workplace and risk catching a deadly virus from their students. That didn't happen this year. This year, teachers have been forced and told to go back into school, even though there is a clear risk of catching a virus from their students, which presents a great risk of death for people who are within certain categories in terms of age or prior vulnerabilities. Aaron, I want to bring you in. This clearly isn't the worst thing that Cummings has done this year, giving himself this pay rise. But it still doesn't look good, does it? What do you make of this? Well, Michael, I have an alternative. Rather than him get a 40% pay increase, what would have been far better and I'm sure Dominic Cummings would have infinitely preferred it was for us to stall to collapse. If we just clapped for Dominic Cummings, that would have been obviously more than adequate. After all, it's good enough for the NHS, surely it's good enough for Dominic Cummings. I mean, it is absurd and I think the argument you make there is incredibly acute. It's not a normal year. It's not a normal year to be locked inside your home for months and then it's not a normal year for children and teachers to be risking their safety by simply going to school. And in that context, where you do have a chancellor, Rishi Sunak, saying that we're going to have effectively austerity, he hasn't used that word because it's a bottom word in British politics now, but they would call it pay restraint. You know, we had the public sector pay freeze, for instance, except the NHS going forward for this year into next year. And yet his pay is going up 40%. So, no, I think you're right and I do think it's a big story. But what I think really bugs me the most is that, for instance, Allegra Stratton is saying, well, this is just a normal amount of money for a guy to get earning working in number 10 Downing Street. First of all, it shouldn't be. And this isn't like socialist, you know, prudish nurse and me being absurd and he's got bills to pay. The guy has a house in central London. What does he need the money for? Right? He doesn't need the money for a deposit to buy a place. What does he need it for? You tell me what he needs it for. He doesn't need it for clothes. The guy dresses like a clown. We know that. What does he need it for? Kid's school fees, expensive holidays. I mean, he can't spend that money quickly enough. He obviously enjoys working. So I think, you know, he doesn't need the money. It just seems a really strange thing for him to have gone after. But the response from Allegra Stratton is normal. Just shows for me anyway, that for these people effectively, these huge extraordinary sums of money are effectively chicken feed. Right? There seems to be actually no gratitude about the fact that they're incredibly privileged to be earning that kind of money. We can have the debate and some people will say they deserve it. Others will say they don't deserve it. Some say they work really hard. They don't work hard enough. And then that's fine. But at least if the public purse is giving you six times the median wage, you could at least be grateful for it. You know, it reminds me of Boris Johnson when he was commenting on his income for writing the Daily Telegraph just sort of saying that chicken feed. The guy was being paid hundreds of thousands of pounds to write a column. And I think that really does speak to the fact of where these people are coming from and their economic and political and social backgrounds. You know, we know Dominic Cummings background, his wife's background, Allegra Stratton's background, Boris Johnson's background. They all come from incredibly privileged parts of society. And it's almost like the money is an afterthought, you know. And to say, oh, well, somebody in local government gets this much money. Well, it's too much money. They shouldn't be getting that much money. I don't think anybody in government should be getting more than the Prime Minister. Sorry. And so, and also the thing with Robert Jenrick, when he said, he, I mean, maybe you can correct me here, Michael. Maybe I wasn't paying attention. He said, Dominic Cummings getting a 40% pay rise in one year proves that the government was delivering on its agenda. I mean, how does that make any sense whatsoever? So no, they should be rightly torn to shreds on this, particularly because Dominic Cummings has always tried to articulate himself. As a tribute of the people, somebody who was there for the left behind. Well, we know that pay in this country is effectively stagnated for 12 years. And in one year, his pay went up almost 50%. You know, this is a man who couldn't be a bigger hypocrite. And the fact that he hasn't lasted there, I don't think should subtract from the story one bit. You know, he really is a supreme, a supreme charlatan in more ways than one, not just intellectually, but I also think in terms of his political commitments, a supreme charlatan. And you can be damn sure if this was the Labour Party and the boot was in the other foot, this would be a huge national story for weeks, for weeks, heads would roll. This would be different because the Tories play by different rules. I know I have a sort of similar tendency to sometimes switch off when Robert Jenrick speaking. I think the argument he was making is not so much that the 40% pay increase was proof that the government were doing a good job. But rather what Boris Johnson always does with regard to sort of test and trace in the NHS, where any criticism that comes, he says, ah, to criticise me is to criticise the NHS. Robert Jenrick was saying, ah, to criticise us would be to criticise the whole civil service because many people with top jobs in local government and the civil service are also 140k. So to criticise Dominic Cummings is to criticise the rest of the civil service. How dare you in the middle of a pandemic? The problem there being that the government are addicted to briefing against the civil service every time there is something that goes wrong. So they say, ah, the reason we locked down like the reason testing wasn't working very well initially was because our civil servants are so complacent and they can't do their jobs properly. That was their justification for giving all of these contracts and all of these roles to people or their mates essentially in the private sector, who then basically screwed things up and handed out millions and millions and millions of pounds to their chums. So it's an argument where you say, ah, the civil servant, local government officials, brilliant when that's to deflect criticisms of Dominic Cummings pay package. And then when you have a fuck up in terms of government policy implementation, they say, ah, it's the terrible overpaid civil servants. So again, it's the complete opportunistic handpicking of whichever argument best serves the defence against the questioning you're being faced with, even if they're completely inconsistent with one another. I just want to go to you for one more point on this, Aaron, because I think, you know, there seems to almost be consensus now that what Dominic Cummings is going to be remembered as is a fraud. He was someone who has written long blog posts about how he's going to transform the civil service and make it more effective. Ultimately, he went in there obsessively briefed against various people, didn't really achieve anything at all and sort of walked out with his tail in between his legs. He had written as if he could do this job better than anyone possibly could. Everyone else was an idiot except for him. Then he found himself with that responsibility and he, you know, he was crap. He was really, really bad at that job. And there's sort of a second point which comes out of this, which what you're seeing from sort of lots of political journalists now is they're saying that now Dominic Cummings has gone. Boris Johnson can assert himself as a new consensual leader. People were suggesting that we've seen that today with him potentially. I'm not quite sure what the compromises are supposed to be, but they say he's taken a more consensual approach to shifting the advice on Christmas and that he's more willing to bring people around the table now than under Dominic Cummings. I don't know if you think that's, is that sort of silly Westminster lobby gossip or do you think there could be something to that? No, I think that's correct. I think Dominic Cummings is clearly somebody who's quite good with his back to the wall and where he's the underdog and the older against him. You know, we saw it with Brexit. You know, I think Johnson winning the majority he did, you know, in June 2019 looked very unlikely. It was possible, but it looked very unlikely, even getting a deal looked unlikely. So he's clearly good at that, but it's a very different mindset to be in government with a mandate and then to deliver on things and to project management to lead. Clearly, he's not very good at that. And I think you're right. You know, I think he will be remembered as a bit of a charlatan, as somebody who just wasn't very good at his job. And again, it boils down to a certain understanding of how good things get done. You know, how did big projects happen? As a socialist, I'm going to say it's cooperation, but it's true. You know, that's one of the great insights that Marx had about capitalism. He said, yes, you have private enterprise, but actually the more complex capitalism becomes, the greater it draws upon the innate cooperative capacities of human beings. A great example is the modern firm. You know, the modern firm is often incredibly centralized, huge division of labor, and there's a great deal of cooperation.
| 50,821 |
https://github.com/QKmeans0902/Two_stage_prediction_pipeline/blob/master/Model.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
Two_stage_prediction_pipeline
|
QKmeans0902
|
Python
|
Code
| 169 | 776 |
import torch
from torch import nn
class AutoEncoderLayer(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, input_dim, output_dim, training=True, xavier_init=True):
super(AutoEncoderLayer, self).__init__()
self.in_features = input_dim
self.out_features = output_dim
self.is_training = training
self.encoder = nn.Linear(self.in_features, self.out_features, bias=True)
self.decoder = nn.Linear(self.out_features, self.in_features, bias=True)
if xavier_init:
self.initialize_param()
def forward(self, x):
output = torch.sigmoid(self.encoder(x))
if self.is_training:
return torch.sigmoid(self.decoder(output))
else:
return output
def initialize_param(self):
nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.encoder.weight, gain=nn.init.calculate_gain('sigmoid'))
nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.decoder.weight, gain=nn.init.calculate_gain('sigmoid'))
nn.init.constant_(self.encoder.bias, 0)
nn.init.constant_(self.decoder.bias, 0)
def get_hidden_output(self, x):
self.is_training = False
return self(x)
class FeatureReduction(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, in_dim, h_units, m_weights, m_biases, training=True):
super(FeatureReduction, self).__init__()
self.model = nn.ModuleList()
self.is_training = training
for n in range(len(h_units)):
if n == 0:
fc = nn.Linear(in_dim, h_units[n], bias=True)
else:
fc = nn.Linear(h_units[n - 1], h_units[n], bias=True)
fc.weight = nn.Parameter(m_weights[n], requires_grad=True)
fc.bias = nn.Parameter(m_biases[n], requires_grad=True)
self.model.append(fc)
def forward(self, x):
model_for_ldc = self.model[:-1]
last_layer = self.model[-1]
for fc in model_for_ldc:
x = torch.sigmoid(fc(x))
if self.is_training:
return last_layer(x)
else:
return x
def get_ldc_output(self, x):
if not torch.is_tensor(x):
x = torch.tensor(x, dtype=torch.float32)
self.is_training = False
return self(x)
def get_nn_weights(self):
nn_weights = []
for fc in self.model:
weight = fc.weight.detach().numpy()
nn_weights.append(weight)
return nn_weights
| 7,531 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44139475
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,017 |
Stack Exchange
|
English
|
Spoken
| 178 | 302 |
How to take a string with some specific length in java
I am new in java and working on some example of string. I am taking a number of String I need and then for each string I am specified some length which also a input from user. Once i get length integer I am trying to get same length of String. If it is exceed or less then I am throwing error. But I stuck how to get this.
In few places I am getting java.util.InputMismatchException
My Code :
package Test;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class TestInputString {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
int Num = sc.nextInt();
for(int i=0; i<Num; i++){
int length = sc.nextInt();
String str1 = sc.next();
}
}
}
My Output should be like this.
Ouput :
No. of String - 3
Length : 4
String : ABCD
Length : 5
String : ABCDE
Length : 6
String : ABCDF
Instead of : String str = sc.nextLine();
Use this : String str = sc.next();
| 45,156 |
|
bpt6k97568312_56
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Journal officiel de la République française. Débats parlementaires. Chambre des députés : compte rendu in-extenso
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,859 | 10,133 |
M. Balsan. Eh bien ! elle est bonne ! M. Jules Guesde.... c'est-à-dire que directement la distribution se fera entre la société productrice et la même société consommatrice (Exclamations au centre), comme cela a existé aux époques patriarcales, à l'époque familiale, lorsque tout le travail était enfermé dans la famille. (Inte,'ruptions au centre et à gauche.) Je n'ai pas la prétention de parler pour vous ; j'ai la prétention de parler pour moi et pour le parti auquel j'appartiens. (Bl'uit.) {M. Henry Cochin prononce quelques paroles qui ne parviennent oas jusqu'au bu"eau. ) M. Jaurès. Que M. Cochin vienne exposer ses idées à la tribune ! M. le président. M. Cochin est inscrit. M. Henry Cochin. Je demande la parole. M. le président. Vous êtes inscrit, monsieur Cochin. M. Jules Guesde. Que cette formol en core une fois, vous paraisse prématurée, que vous ne soyez pas encore mûrs pour la comprendre, c'est possible [Réclamations à gauche et au centre), et pourtant de même que M. Jourdain faisait de la prose sans s'en douter, vous êtes en train, sans vous en apercevoir, d'introduire vousmêmes ce nouveau mode de distribution et ce dans le milieu actuel. Il y a eu une époque où on vendait du grec, du latin, de la géographie, de l'histoire, contre argent et moyennant profit ; où on s'efforçait de réaliser le plus grand bénéfice possible au détriment de ceux à qui était délivrée l'instruction. Aujourd'hui, avec vos écoles publiques, c'est directement et gratuitement, sans que l'idée du gain s'y mêle, que vous distribuez ce produit auguste par excellence qui est la science, affranchie de tout caractère mercantile, soustraite à l'antagonisme que représentait la forme commerciale. Pour nous l'amendement Jaurès est un pas en avant dans ce nouveau mode de distribution qui caractérisera la société de demain, basée non pas sur la guerre mais sur la paix, non pas sur l'antagonisme et le choc des intérêts, mais sur la solidarité et sur l'harmonie. (Réclamations sur un grand nombre de bancs.) C'est là, quoi qu'on en dise, ce que j'ai toujours exposé dans ma propagande ouvrière. M. Rouzaud. Nous sommes obligés de constater que, suivant les circonstances, vous tenez des langages bien différents. Ici, vous parlez volontiers de solidarité humaine et de fraternité; dans vos réunions publiques et vos journaux, vous ne prêchez, au contraire, que la guerre de classe et vous ameutez les pauvres contre les riches. M. Jules Guesde. Je n'ai pas tenu, je le répète, un autre langage que celui que je tiens en ce moment, et partout, dans tous les milieux industriels, prolétariens, là où on m'a accusé d'avoir été prêcher la révolte et la guerre contre le patron, dénoncé individuellement comme l'ennemi, j'ai toujours dit, comme j'ai toujours écrit, que pas plus le patron ou l'employeur que le commerçant de tout à l'heure n'était responsable de sa situation privilégiée; j'ai expliqué que le mal était dans l'institution même du patronat, qu'il fallait faire disparaître, dont étaient victimes à la fois, quoique différemment, et les ouvriers et les patrons. Par conséquent, ne refaisons pas l'histoire de ma propagande socialiste ad llsum dell)hini : elle a été la même d'un bout à l'autre du pays. Depuis vingtquatre ans que j'ai commencé à lutter sur ce terrain, la même parole, la même doctrine, les mêmes conclusions ont été portées par moi, avec la proclamation de l'irresponsabilité — vous l'entendez — dès hommes mêmes que nous combattons. Ce ne sont pas des hommes, ce sont des catégories, des institutions sociales que nous entendons éliminer, et non pas parce qu'elles ne cadrent point avec la direction de notre cerveau, mais parce qu'elles sont condamnées comme vieillies, hors d'usage, par l'évolution de la société à laquelle elles barrent aujourd'hui la route. Du reste, nous retrouverons cette question quand vous voudrez; mais ce n'est pas à l'occasion de mon intervention inopinée dans ce débat que je puis songer à développer tout le programme, toute la thèse de notre parti. l'ious aurons d'autres occasions de nous retrouver, et je ne suis pas homme à manquer au rendez-vous, soyez-en sûrs. Sur divers bancs. Parlez-nous un peu du blé! M. Jules Guesde. Ce qu'il me reste à faire remarquer, c'est que la conception de l'Etat donnée par les libre-échangistes, d'un côté, et par les protectionnistes, de l'autre, n'a rien à faire avec la nôtre, à nous socialistes. Les libre-échangistes conséquents, logiques avec eux-mêmes jusqu'au bout, comme M. Molinari, voudraient le réduire au rôle d'un simple veilleur de nuit ; et encore M. Molinari n'est-il pas bien sûr que la police ne pourrait pas être aussi bien faite par une société ou compagnie anonyme qui traiterait avec les citoyens comme la compagnie du gaz ou la compagnie des eaux. On prendrait un abonnement de sécurité, comme on prend un abonnement de lumière et d'eau. Voilà du vrai libre-échangisme, de l'économie politique libertaire. Je ne sais pas si M. Molinari a été jusqu'à organiser ainsi la justice, mais je ne vois pas pourquoi il ne proposeraitpas pour cette autre fonction sociale une solution semblable. Dans tous les cas, cette conception de l'Etat consacre l'écrasement des pauvres par les riches, des prolétaires par les capitalistes, qu'il laisse se débrouiller entro eux. A cette lutte inégale, l'Etat assiste impassible, sous prétexte de laisser fonctionner les lois naturelles. Les lois naturelles ! En entendant M. Léon Say en parler tout à l'heure, je me suis demandé s'il n'y avait pas une erreur de personne et si, au lieu d'un des députés contre lesquels a été, au moins collectivement, projetée une bombe il y a quelques semaines, ce n'était pas le lanceur de la bombe lui-même, ressuscité, qui occupait cette tribune. (Bruit.) Comment! des lois de nature dans une société ? Mais les lois sociales n'ont qu'une raison d'être, c'est de rectifier, de supprimer dans la mesure du possible toutes les lois de nature. Les anarchistes se réclament de .l'état de nature; ils demandent qu'il n'y ait plus de lois, qu'il n'y ait plus rien et que L'homme se trouve placé en face de l'homme comme un loup se trouve placé en face d'un autre loup dans une forêt, comme un brochet se trouve placé dans l'eau en face d'un autre brochet. Et vous venez, vous aussi, parler de lois de nature! Non, l'état de société s'est développé contre l'état de nature, ses lois ont été une constante réaction — peut-être pas toujours heureuse — mais une réaction contre les inégalités et les antagonismes naturels. Là où il n'y avait que des forces aux prises dans leur expression la plus brutale, la société a essayé de substituer des conventions, des rapports de justice et de solidarité. Et ce n'est que dans la mesure où elle a supprimé la nature que la société a pu se constituer et progresser ; se réclamer de l'état de nature ou des lois naturelles, comme l'anarchie et l'économie politique, c'est vouloir nous ramener dans les forêts primitives, refaire l'homme préhistorique, contemporain de l'ours des cavernes. Quant aux protectionnistes, ils représentent différemment l'Etat. L'Etat, pour eux, a un rôle de justice ; il doit remédier aux inégalités ou iniquités économiques. Son intervention s'impose. M. Méline l'a exposé très clairement et très brillamment, il n'y a que quelques instants encore. L'Etat a une œuvre à accomplir, il a une mission. Il est réellement, comme je le disais au début, providence. Seulement, il ne doit être la providence que de la classe dirigeante et possédante. Et quand M. Méline soutient cette thèse— s'il ne la soutient pas en parole, il la soutient en fait — il est d'accord du reste avec l'histoire de l'Etat, depuis que l'Etat a existé. L'Etat a toujours été chargé de pourvoir aux besoins de la classe maîtresse. Lorsque c'était le roi de la noblesse et du clergé, avant 1789, qui constituait l'Etat, cet Etat a été logiquement et nécessairement la providence des nobles et des nrê tres. Il payait les dettes do jeu, il dotait les filles, etc., sans que ceux qui étaient l'objet de ces subsides se sentissent humiliés de ce qui représentait pour eux, non une aumône, mais un droit. Pourquoi? Parce que l'Etat conquis par leur classe, aux mains de leur classe, ne faisait, en remplissant leurs mains ou leur poche, que remplir son devoir envers leur classe. Depuis 1789, nous avons assisté à un changement. Ç'a été la bourgeoisie capitaliste et c'est de plus en plus la bourgeoisie capitaliste qui a mis la main sur l'Etat, et elle se sert de l'Etat comme s'en servaient les deux ordres privilégiés du bon vieux temps, pour elle-même, à son bénéfice exclusif. (Protestations au centre et à gauche.) C'est pour cela que vous avez raison, monsieur Méline, quand vous nous dites : Nous, capitalistes, nous avons droit aux largesses de l'Etat; et vous, travailleurs, vous n'y avez pas droit. M. Jules Méline. Je n'ai jamais dit cela! M. Jules Guesde. Les travailleurs n'y auront droit que le jour où ils auront mis la main sur le gouvernement, sur l'Etat, lorsqu'ils seront devenus la République ; alors ils agiront comme vous, ils se serviront de l'Etat pour eux-mêmes. (Bruit.) M. Fougeirol. Vous réfutez un discours qui n'a pas été fait à cette tribune. M. Millerand. L'orateur combat ceux qui ont voté le tarif des douanes. M. Louis Barthou. Il y a de vos amis qui l'ont voté, monsieur Millerand. M. Jules Guesde. Il ne s'agit pas de savoir si vous avez bien ou mal fait de voter des tarifs; je n'ai pas à faire votre examen de conscience, à me demander quels ont été les motifs qui ont déterminé vos votes et qui vous les feront répéter peut-être tout à l'heure en les aggravant. Tout ceci est hors de mon sujet. Après avoir indiqué comment le parti socialiste ne pouvait se ranger ni du côté de la protection ni du côté du libre échange, j'ai été conduit à expliquer comment le parti socialiste se faisait une autre idée de l'Etat que les protectionnistes et les libre-échangistes. Pour nous, l'Etat, représentant la légalité existante, a des devoirs, parce qu'il est le point de départ des inégalités sociales; c'est à l'abri et avec l'appui de ses lois que s'est constituée la propriété des uns et que les autres se sont trouvés dépossédés par ce que vous appelez le libre jeu de la concurrence. L'Etat a, selon votre propre expression, « laissé faire, laissé passer », quand il n'a pas fourni les armes pour cette bataille inégale ; il est donc responsable; responsable, par exemple, de ce que personne ne saurait contester : l'inégalité des berceaux. Lorsqu'il naît deux petits, deux fils de l'homme, l'un ne trouve même pas dans son berceau le lait de sa mère, qui lui est pris au bénéfice de l'enfant du millionnaire (Ti,ès bien 1 très bien / à l'extrême gauche), et l'autre, au contraire, y trouve je ne sais combien de rentes d'usines, de mines, de chemins de fer. Eh bien ! cette inégalité a une origine sociale, une origine légale, et, par conséquent, il faut que l'Etat, il faut que la loi, comme la lance d'Achille, guérisse les blessures qu'ellé a faites. C'est pourquoi nous avons le droit, nous socialistes, de réclamer cette intervention de l'Etat, non pas, comme nos adversaires, au profit de ceux que l'Etat a déjà favorisés de toutes manières, mais au profit exclusif de ceux que ses lois ont déshérités ; au profit de ceux qui par leur travail sont réellement les seuls producteurs, créateurs de toute richesse, ceux qui nourrissent la société, qui l'habillent, la logent, l'instruisent; au profit de tous ces prolétaires, depuis le graisseur rie roues iusqu'à un Claude Bernard et un Pasteur qui sont à la discrétion du capital de plus en plus monopolisé par un ou pin. sieurs Rotschild, détenteurs de plus en plus de tous les grands moyens de pro. duction, non seulement agricole, mais in. dustrielle et bientôt scientifique. C'est en faveur des victimes par millions qu'il y a. mission, pour l'Etat, devoir d'intervention. Mais si nous réclamons et devons réclamer cette intervention, nous ne sommes pas pour cela des étatistes. L'Etat est actuellement le seul organisme, l'unique outillage qui peut, au sein de la société, rétablir la balance faussée par lui et remettre à sa vraie place le travailleur relégué aujourd'hui au dernier rang et de plus en plus écrasé ; nous faisons appel à cette force ; nous essayons même de nous en emparer, pour la diriger nous-mêmes vers ce but. Cela veut-il dire que nous allons condam. ner la société à tramer éternellement après elle le boulet d'un Etat dominateur et inquisitorial, réglementant tout ? Qui donc a dit cela? Ceux qui ne connaissent le socialisme que par une presse ignorante et qui a trop souvent intérêt à l'être. Loin de vouloir la société en puissance d'Etat, nous savons que l'Etat est appelé à disparaître. Quand l'Etat surgit-il dans la société ? Quand les classes y ont fait elles> mêmes leur apparition. Dans les premières tribus collectives, alors que l'humanité n'est pas encore divisée en catégories sociales, il n'y a pas d'Etat. Il ne s'établit qu'avec la. division des hommes et leur subordination les uns aux autres. Lorsque l'esclavage s'organise, lorsque la servage continue l'esclavage, il n'y a qu'un moyen de maintenir l'ordre dans les sociétés humaines ; cet ordre artificiel, c'est l'Etat qui le crée. C'est lui, qui impose aux classes sacrifiées la soumission sous prétexte d'ordre. C'est là le rôle de l'Etat qui, né avec les classes, mourra avec elles. Dans la société de demain, les classes disparues dans l'égalité sociale, il n'y aura plus place pour un Etat. (Interruptions sur un grand nombre de bancs.) Plusieurs membres. Ce sera l'anarchie, alors ! M. Jules Guesde. Le gouvernement des hommes fera place à l'administration des choses. Messieurs, il existe aujourd'hui de grandes administrations : celles des chemins de fer, des mines et autres. Ce sont là des administrations ; ce ne sont pas des gouvernements. L'Etat de demain ne sera que l'administration générale du pays. (Interruptions et mouvements divans.) J'ai lieu de m'étonner, messieurs, de l'émotion soulevée par mes paroles. Je croyais de mon devoir de vous donner les explications que j'ai apportées à cette tribune et que je ne vous ai fournies que dans le cadre qui m'avait été pour ainsi dirr imposé par ceux de mes collègues auxquels je réponds. Si j'ai parlé de l'Etat, c'est parce que M. Léon Say et M. Méline avaient abordé cet ordre d'idées. Je n'ai donc, encore une fois, fait que suivre la voie qui m'avait été tracée. Je ne suis pas venu ici avec des hors-d'œuvre, avec des discours préparés, comme on l'a dit, pour faire une conférence quelconque. (Interruptions.) Un membre à gauche. C'est toujours la même conférence. Plusieurs membres. Laissez parler 1 M. Jules Guesde. Tout à l'heure, on me reprochait d'avoir deux langages : un dans les réunions publiques et un autre à la Chambre; maintenant, un autre collègue m'interrompt pour me dire : C'est toujours la même conférence que vous faites! Mettez-vous d'accord entre vous,, messieurs mes contradicteurs 1 Ut & membre. Vous parlez de la société fuilire.M. Jules Guesde. Je n'ai eu garde de parler de la société future. Quand vous voudrez instituer un débat sur ce sujet, je suis à vos ordres. Je ne me suis jamais dérobé à aucune explication, et je ne commencerai pas ici, devant des collègues aussi courtois, qui ont d'autant plus le de voir réciproque de s'écouter, que chacun de nous remplit à cette tribune un mandat en y apportant la pensée commune de ses électeurs. Ce n'est pas dans cette Chambre que j'aurais une raison quelconque pour refuser un débat à fond. Mais pour l'instant je voulais simplement ne pas laisser mes collègues sous cette impression que le socialisme était étatiste. Le socialisme doit se servir do l'Etat tel qu'il existe aujourd'hui; mais le socialisme poursuit un ordre de choses, une organisation sociale nouvelle, dans laquelle, je le répète, l'Etat ne représentera pas le gouvernement des hommes. Vous n'avez qu'à prendre votre budget, et vous verrez combien le gouvernement des hommes vous coûte plus que l'administration des choses; défalquez la somme des dépenses vraiment administratives dans votre budget de 3 milliards et demi ou 4 milliards ; voyez ce qui appartient au gouvernement de l'homme sur l'homme, tout ce qui rentre dans les services répressifs, préventifs, défensifs, etc. ; additionnez tout cela, et vous constaterez qu'aujourd'hui vous gouvernez mais que vous n'administrez pas. Dans la société de demain, la paix faite, l'ordre établi naturellement par l'égale satisfaction des intérêts de tous, ce sera le contraire qui existera. (AplJlaudissmnents à l'extrême gauche.) Un membre à gauche. Plus de voleurs, plus d'assassins 1 M. Paul Deschanel. La patrie sera supprimée! M. Marcel-Habert. Vous voulez la tyrannie dans les lois et l'anarchie dans le Gouvernement ! M. Jules Guesde. Cette société-là, ce n'est pas moi qui vais la définir ; c'est un homme à qui M. Léon Say, il y a quelque temps, rendait justice à cette tribune : c'est Stuart Mill qui réclamait comme nous — écoutez bien ses paroles — « une organisation sociale qui concilie la plus grande liberté de l'individu avec une appropriation commune des matières premières fournies par le globe et une participation égale de tous dans les bénéfices du travail commun. » C'est là le but du socialisme, et ce but, le socialisme l'atteindra. M. Léon Say disait tout à l'heure : Vous ne trouverez pas une majorité dans cette Chambre. Nous n'avons pas la prétention de chercher une majorité dans cette enceinte. Nous sommes trop respectueux du mandat que vous tenez de vos électeurs pour songer seulement, messieurs, à vous rendre traîtres à ce mandat. Ce n'est pas vous, les élus, les mandataires, les représentants, c'est le pays lui-même qu'il s agit de convertir, et nous le convertissons tous les jours. (Applaudissements à l'extrônie gauche.) Les élections d'hier en sont une preuve nouvelle. Elles nous ont donné dans trois collèges 5,600 voix de plus qu'au mois d'août de l'année dernière, et cela malgré les deux bombes que vous savez et l exploitation de ces deux bombes. (Nouveaux applaudissements sur les mêmes bancs.) Et il s'agissait de circonscriptions rurales. (Interruptions.) Le socialiste monte : c'est une marée que rien ne pourra arrêter, ni vos mesures de réaction, ni le nouveau pacte de famine vous invite à voter. Ji. u Léon Say vous rappelait tout à l'heure ce qui a été non pas la raison, mais l'accompagnement de la Révolution de 1789, ce que j'appellerai, moi, son orchestration. Ce qui orchestrait la révolution d'alors, c'est le cri : « A bas le pacte de famine ! » C'était la préoccupation de manger, l'insécurité du pain du lendemain et même du jour. Vous êtes en train de nous préparer un orchestre de ce genre. M. Jules Méline. M. Jaurès aussi! M. Jules Guesde. Nous ne pouvons que vous en remercier Faites le nouveau pacte de famine, messieurs! nous nous chargeons, nous, de faire le nouveau 89. (Applaudissements à Vextrême gauche. — Bruit.) M. le président. La parole est à M. Jules Roche. Divers membres. Nous demandons une suspension de séance. M. le président. Quelques-uns de nos collègues demandent une suspension de séance de quelques instants. Je consulte la Chambre. (La Chambre, consultée, décide que la séance sera suspendue. — La séance, suspendue à cinq heures, est reprise à cinq heures un quart.) M. le président La parole est à M. Jules Roche. M. Jules Roche. Messieurs, au point de la discussion où nous sommes arrivés, neus nous trouvons en définitive, et pour examiner les choses à grands traits, en présence de deux questions principales. L'une est la question de fait, relative à la réglementation du commerce du blé, à la fixation légale de sa valeur, aux moyens à prendre pour obtenir ces résultats et, en particulier, à l'établissement du monopole de l'achat, du blé par l'Etat. L'autre, à mon avis beaucoup plus importante — non pas peut-être au point de vue du résultat immédiat du vote, mais au point de vue général — est une question de principe, de doctrine tout à fait supérieure. Il s'agit en effet — et puisque cette question est posée, il convient de la discuter comme elle le mérite — de savoir quel doit être et quel peut être le rôle de l'Etat non seulement en matière économique, mais dans tout le domaine de l'action publique. Car la doctrine que l'on vous a exposée à l'occasion du droit de douane qui est en discussion n'est rien moins qu'une doctrine générale tendant à détruire jusque dans ses principes essentiels l'organisation sociale actuelle, pour lui en substituer une autre. (Très bien! très bien 1) Ce qu'ont successivement développé à cette tribune mon honorable ami M.Jaurès, avec tout l'éclat de son talent, de son savoir et de sa rare culture intellectuelle, et après lui M. Jules Guesde, c'est cette conception qu'ils nous présentent comme nouvelle alors qu'elle est aussi vieille que les erreurs dans ce n-ionde(li,ès bien! très bien!), et qui consiste, après avoir recherché les causes du mal, à en accuser la société, qui consiste à dire que l'Etat peut et doit procurer le bonheur, créer la richesse, modifier dans sa constitution essentielle la société humaine considérée comme une sorte de substance plastique que l'art et la volonté des hommes peuvent façonner à leur gré ; tandis que la société est au contraire un corps vivant, organique, qui se développe à travers les siècles par le travail et par la liberté, suivant des lois naturelles qu'il n'appartient à personne, sous peine des plus graves périls, surtout s'il est législateur, de méconnaître un seul instant. (Applaudissements.) Enfin nous avons entendu émettre cette affirmation que la société actuelle est responsable des maux et des souffrances des individus, et que par conséquent c'est à elle, au Gouvernement, à l'Etat, qu'il appartient de créer le bonheur individuel. Messieurs, je vous demande la permission . d'examiner d'abord très rapidement la question de fait dont j'ai parlé tout à l'heure. J'en parlerai avec d'autant plus de liberté d'esprit que j'ai le malheur, que je confesse en toute humilité, de ne professer en ma.. tière économique aucune religion. (Très bien!) Je suis un hérétique risquant les ana.. thèmes, bienveillants d'ailleurs, de ceux qui se réclament, avec beaucoup plus de certitude d'esprit que je no puis le faire, de principes absolus et permanents en ces matières. M. Méline ne pourra pas m'accuser d'être un anarchiste, étant libre-échangiste, car je ne suis point libre-échangiste; et, d'un autre côté, on ne pourra pas m'accuser non plus d'être un collectiviste et un communiste, étant protectionniste, car je ne suis point davantage protectionniste. (Rires et applaudissements.) Je considère qu'au point de vue économique, — et j'ai eu déjà l'occasion de le constater,— si l'on recherche avec bonne foi, avec clairvoyance, la série des événements, on * est forcé de reconnaître que ce n'est que dans une mesure très déterminée, et dans des circonstances qui ne se présentent pas tous les jours, que la volonté de l'homme peut modifier le cours des choses ; ce qui ne veut pas dire qu'il ne faille pas faire tous les efforts possibles pour exercer sur les événements l'action qui nous paraît utile dans l'intérêt de la justice et du progrès, mais ce qui doit inspirer à chacun quelque réserve et quelque modestie lorsqu'on veut exercer cette action. Pour ma part, j'ai pensé, et j'ai eu occasion plus d'une fois de le dire dans la Chambre précédente, que dans les questions économiques il faut procéder avec la plus grande prudence et non en vertu do principes absolus, en tenant compte de ce qui se passe dans d'autres pays que lo nôtre, car nous ne sommes pas isolés dans le monde, nous ne formons pas à nous seuls un peuple indépendant, naviguant à. travers l'espace, sur une planète dont nous sommes seuls possesseurs ; nous sommes en relation constante et nécessaire avec d'autres organismes nationaux, avec d'autres organismes sociaux, dominés par des conceptions souvent différentes des nôtres et avec lesquels nous sommes obligés de compter. (Très bien! très bien!) Si bien qu'aujourd'hui, examinant très rapidement le projet qui vous est soumis, je me permets de dire à la commission des douanes qu'elle dépasse à mon sens, dans des proportions dangereuses, la limite de l'action qu'elle peut exercer sur le cours des faits économiques. Il suffit, pour s'en convaincre, de réfléchir un instant aux résultats obtenus depuis que les nouveaux tarifs ont été mis en vigueur. Ces tarifs à propos desquels j'ai quelquefois obtenu dos Chambres les décisions que je lui demandais, mais à propos desquels plus d'une fois aussi j'ai vu mes propositions repoussées, nous donnent aujourd'hui, par l'examen même de leurs résultats, une intéressante leçon de choses. On a dit à cette tribune que notre commerce extérieur avait diminué, mais que c'était un fait qui s'était produit dans le monde entier, et on a cité en particulier l'exemple de l'Angleterre. Je ne conteste pas que le commerce extérieur de l'Angleterre ait diminué, mais les proportions dans lesquelles le nôtre a diminué sont singulièrement plus ' importantes. Si vous considérez, en effet, la différence accusée sur l'ensemble de notre commerce extérieur entre l'année qui a précédé le régime nouveau, c'est-à-dire 1891. et aujourd'hui, vous constatez que, sur l'ensemble de notre commerce extérieur spécial, nous avons subi une perte de 1,191 mil.lions, et que nos exportations, en particulier, ont diminué de 360 millions... M. Jules Méline. Sur 1891, n'est-ce pas ? M. Jules Roche. Oui. M. Jules Méline. C'était une année exceptionnelle. La. comparaison est trop facile. M. Jules Roche. Attendez, je vous prie. ...et, en particulier, en 1893 par rapport à 1892, d'une somme de 251 millions. Pendant ce temps, en Angleterre, pendant la même année, en 1893, l'exportation des produits anglais — car je distingue la réexportai ion des produits étrangers et des produits coloniaux, — l'exportation directe a baissé seulement de 217 millions. Seulement, ce qu'il importe de constater, c'est que, chez nous, ces 251 millions se rapportent à un total de 3,460 millions, tandis qu'en Angleterre... M. Jules Méline. En Angleterre, les exportations ont baissé de 1 milliard depuis quatre ans. M. Jules Roche.... ces 217 millions viennent en diminution sur un total de 5 milliards et demi. (Très bien! très bien! sur divers bancs.) J'ajoute que ce serait une singulière erreur de considérer que l'Angleterre s'est trouvée dans des circonstances normales, ou tout au moins semblables à celles dans lesquelles nous nous trouvions nous-mêmes. Il ne faut pas oublier, en effet, qu'au cours de l'année 1893, l'Angleterre a été ravagée, pendant quatre longs mois, par la grève la plus formidable qu'on ait vue depuis de longues années, la grève des charbonnages, qui a réduit le travail et la production de cette industrie de plus des deux tiers et causé des pertes dont les effets se sont répercutés sur l'ensemble de l'industrie anglaise dans de telles proportions qu'un grand nombre d'usines importantes ont dû fermer leurs portes et éteindre leurs feux. De là, vous le comprenez, alors que des phénomènes semblables étaient bien loin de se produire chez nous, quelles qu'aient été les agitations industrielles que nous ayons eu à regretter, de là, dis-je, une différence de situation qui ne permet pas d'établir une comparaison absolue entre ce qui s'est passé en Angleterre et ce qui s'est passé chez nous. Mais ce que vous oubliez de dire et ce qu'il importe qu'on sache, c'est que, tandis que nous subissions cette perte, parmi bien d'autres pays, le plus redoutable de tous pour nous au point de vue économique, celui qui est notre concurrent le plus ardent, le plus laborieux, le plus persévérant, le plus puissant, l'Allemagne, augmentait son commerce extérieur et son exportation. L'Allemagne, pendant cette même période où nous subissions une perte de 251 millions, voyait, de 1892 à 1893, son commerce extérieur s'accroître de 167 millions. Si bien que c'est elle qui a bénéficié de la plus grande partie de nos pertes. Si vous voulez apercevoir d'une"façon frappante encore le phénomène dont je parle, voyez ce qui s'est passé en Suisse, à la suite du rejet du traité que le Gouvernement vous avait présenté et que je m'honore d'avoir soutenu à cette tribune. M. Jules Méline. C'était la ruine du système même auquel vous aviez collaboré. M. Adolphe Turrel. Ce n'est pas nous qui avons fait le tarif minimum; c'est vous. M. Jules Roche. Les résultats que j'avais indiqués à la Chambre, il y a un an, se sont produits. Rappelez-vous le débat. Vous me disiez, pour faire reoousser les conclusions alie je soutenais : La convention qui est présentée sera faite au bénéfice de la triple alliance, parce que les abaissements de tarifs consentis à la Suisse profiteront, par suite de la clause de la nation la plus favorisée, à la triple alliance,— excepté l'Italie, bien entendu, qui ne jouit pas de la clause de la nation la plus favorisée, — et en particulier à l'Allemagne. C'est la thèse principale qui a été développée à la tribune. Je répondais : Vous vous trompez ; ce qui profitera à la triple alliance, et en particulier à l'Allemagne, c'est le rejet du traité, parce que le marché suisse nous sera fermé, et que les 228 millions qui représentaient nos exportations en Suisse disparaîtront, ou du moins le chiffre en sera beaucoup moins considérable; et ceux qui nous remplaceront, qui prendront notre clientèle non seulement pour la fourniture des objets manufacturés, mais pour celle des produits agricoles, du bétail, du vin, du sucre, ce seront les industriels, les fabricants,les agriculteurs de la triple alliance, et notamment l'Allemagne. Les événements ont justifié mes prévisions. Regardez les tableaux de douane des échanges entre la France et la Suisse, en 1893, et vous y constaterez que nous avons perdu, en chiffres ronds, 78 à 80 millions, dont la moitié à peu près a été accaparée par la triple alliance, et en particulier, pour la part la plus importante, par l'Allemagne. Pendant que ces transformations économiques s'accomplissaient chez nous, l'Allemagne, qui a changé sa stratégie économique au moment où nous commencions nous-mêmes notre mouvement, de même qu'elle a changé depuis un certain nombre d'années son organisation militaire pour adopter un système nouveau propre il lui assurer une rapidité et une cohésion qu'elle n'avait point avec l'ancien, l'Allemagne, disje, qui joint l'exécution rapide de ses décisions à la prévoyance et à la méthode, est entrée dans une voie toute différente de celle dans laquelle nous nous engagions, trop loin, à mon avis. Aumomentoù vous refusiez des conventions commerciales à si brève échéance, qui engageaient pour si peu de temps la liberté de vos décisions, l'Allemagne a conclu des conventions commerciales à longue portée : elle a fait des traités à douze ans d'échéance. Elle vient d'en conclure un avec la Russie; ce traité, signé par les deux gouvernements, est actuellement soumis aux délibérations du Reichstag, et nous connaissons assez la procédure parlementaire de nos voisins d'outre-Rhin pour savoir, étant donné la volonté de celui qui préside au gouvernement de l'Allemagne, que le Parlement ratifiera, à un moment ou à un autre, les actes qu'il a accomplis. Alors que nous faisions, nous, tardivement, une convention commerciale à brève échéance avec 1(1 Russie, révocable, comme vous le savez, d'année en année, pour la première fois la Russie, qui jamais, avec aucun pays, en aucun temps, n'avait engagé sa liberté économique pour une longue période d'années, qui n'avait jamais consenti d'autre convention commerciale que l'échange de la clause de la nation la plus favorisée, ou à peu près, pour la première fois, dis-je, la Russie a signé avec l'Allemagne un traité commercial à dix ans d'échéance; et le nombre des articles inscrits dans la nouvelle tarification conventionnelle ne s'élève pas à moins de 144. D'autre part, aujourd'hui, la commission des douanes nous propose sur les droits des céréales des modifications dont vous connaissez l'importance. Or, les comptes rendus du ministère des finances montrent que le peuple auquel nous achetons la plus grande quantité de blé est précisément la Russie. Le dernier chiffre, celui de 1893, accuse une importation totale de i5,350,000 quintaux métriques de blé en France : Sur ce chiffre, les Etats-Unis nous envoient 2,761,000 quintaux; les Indes anglaises. 1,093,000; la République Argentine, 1 million 18,000, et enfin la Russie, 5,777,000, c'est-à-dire plus du tiers de l'importation totale de la France. Je n'insiste pas davantage. Je me borne, sur ce point, à soumettre à votre examen les faits matériels, et je vous laisse le soin de méditer sur les conséquences générales que vous devez en tirer. Ce n'est pas — et l'honorable M. Méline le sait mieux que personne — que je méconnaisse la nécessité d'intervenir dans une mesure que les circonstances indiquent en faveur de l'agriculture. Je considère — je le dis très haut et très librement, parce que je le pense et que je l'ai toujours dit — que dans ce pays les classes agricoles, pour employer une expression archaïque, constituent une des forces essentielles de la nation. Je 'ne connais pas dans le monde de nation où les classes agricoles aient joué un rôle plus considérable et plus noble que dans le nôtre; leur histoire depuis des s siècles, depuis la conquêto romaine et ^ l'époque gallo-romaine, le récit de leurs efforts pour féconder le sol de la vieille Gaule, de leurs luttes pour conquérir la liberté, pour s'approprier l'instrument de leur travail et s'affranchir de la servitude et s'emparer du sol, sous le pesant joug féodal et les lois de l'ancien régime, sont étroitement liés à l'histoire de nos progrès politiques et à la constitution de notre société nouvelle ; si bien qu'on peut mesurer parallèlement les progrès de l'idée nationale, de l'idée de la liberté, aux progrès mêmes accomplis par les classes agricoles pour leur affranchissement. (Applaudisse1 ments.) Donc, malgré ce qu'on écrit dans vos journaux, et je ne vous le reproche pas, je vous le dis sans mauvaise humeur... M. Jules Méline. Je ne vous reproche pas les vôtres. M. Jules Roche. Je n'en ai point, vous le savez bien. Malgré cela, vous voyez ce que je pense des classes agricoles et de l'agriculture. Vous ne pouvez donc pas m'accuser d'en être l'adversaire. Seulement je vous dis : Prenez garde ! vous n'êtes pas seuls dans le monde, et les intérêts de l'agriculture, même au point de vue économique, ne sont pas les seuls que vous ayez à examiner dans ce pays. Quelle que soit leur importance, vous ne pouvez pas les séparer des autres ; ils n'ont pas une vie à part, ils sont un organe important, le premier, le plus puissant, je le veux bien, du corps social; mais ils ne le sont pas tout entier: il y a d'autres organes vitaux auxquels on ne peut toucher, pas plus qu'à celui-là, sans frapper de mort le corps social tout entier, do même que dans l'organisme humain il y a plus d'un point sensible où réside la vie tout entière. (Très bien! très bien 1) Ehbicn ! prenez garde ! Vous tenez compte — et sur ce point nous sommes tous du même avis — vous tenez compte du rôle historique de la France ; vous n'en faites pas bon marché, vous voulez qu'elle demeure au rang qu'elle a occupé pour la gloire et le bonheur de l'humanité pendant tant de siècles. (Applaudissements.) Mais il ne faut pas oublier que les choses ont changé autour de nous; la situation absolue et relative de la France, dans cette partie occidentale de la planète civilisée qu'on appelle l'Europe et qui est le centre du monde, n'est plus, hélas! ce qu'elle fut autrefois, ce qu'elle a été pendant toute notre histoire, ce qu'elle était encore au seuil de ce siècle. A cette époque, la Franco, à elle seule, -représentait le quart de l'Europe par sa population; si bien que son action extérieure, dans quelque domaine qu'elle s'exerçât, économique ou politique, était prédominante : elle avait l'hégémonie militaire, financière, économique, politique, artistique. Vous savez les changements qui se sont accomplis : nous ne sommes plus 24 à 25 millions sur 100 millions, nous sommes ÏO raillions surplus de 300. Des nationalités puissantes se sont constituées qui sont plus nombreuses que nous, — je ne parle pas de nos amis de l'empire de Russie qui, ,l eux seuls, sont plus de 100 millions; — l'empire allemand qui compte 50 millions d'habitants, 10 millions de plus que nous, le quart de notre population; — d'autres pays, jadis loin derrière nous, nous ont atteints quand ils ne nous ont pas dépassés : l'Autriche, l'Ang'Ieterre, l'Italie elle-même. Dans ces circonstances, ceux qui, comme vous tous, ont le souci des destinées historiques de la France, qui veulent qu'elle conserve son rang dans le monde, doivent songer sans cesse à la répercussion de nos actes au dehors. (Très bien! très MM/) Ils doivent songer que si nous ne pouvons plus réclamer comme autrefois ia supériorité matérielle et précieuse du nombre et de la force armée, quelle que soit la qualité et la force de ceux qui défendent nos frontières, si nous n'avons plus cette ancienne supériorité matérielle qui faisait dire à un puissant monarque : « Si j'étais roi de France, je ne voudrais pas qu'il se tirât un coup do canon en Europe sans ma permission », il nous reste un rôle considérable pour lequel nous pouvons et nous devons conserver notre supériorité, notre hégémonie; c'est le rôle que nous avons à jouer dans le domaine des idées, dans le domaine industriel, dans celui de l'art, des sciences qui sont devenues des forces sociales, certainement égales et bientôt supérieures à la force sociale, qui pendant de si longs siècles a été seule à dominer l'humanité, la puissance militaire. (. pplalldissemcn ts.) Eh bien! pour conserver ce rôle, nous devons ménager nos relations extérieures, en tenir compte; je ne dis point : tout subordonner à telle ou telle considération extérieure. C'est une question do mesure, de conduite, comme tout dans la vio et dans la politique. (Très bien! très bien!) ^e sont là des problèmes compliqués. Ce n est point une ligne droite que nous avons a considérer en disant simplement : C'est le chemin le plus court d'un point à un autre. Non! ce sont des polygones à un nombre infini de côtés, et il faut les mesurer tous et réfléchir sur tous avant de prendre les décisions définitives qui peuvent engager les destinées de ce pays. (Applaudlssemen [s. ) Voilà la seule observation que je voulais présenter sur le premier point et la réponse •lue Je tenais à faire à l'honorable président ae la commission des douanes. Je pourrais ajouter bien des considéra10ns que je néglige. J'ai entendu, par temple, apporter à cette tribune une série ll'mations qui ont heurté de la façon la complète mon esprit, parce qu'elles P** contraires à la réalité des faits. J entends dire, par exemple, que la France supporte do beaucoup les plus i • charges publiques. Je ne méMnn connais certes pas l'importance de ces charges a s publiques que moi-même vingt faut tribune j'ai signalée, et dont faut dési rer' dans toute la mesure du possible, ' l'allégement; mais n'est pas possible non plus méconnaître que l'Allemagne, notre rivale industrielle et commercial ale, notre rivale dans l'ordre scientifique, qui fait tant d'efforts pour prendre la tête des peuples civilisés, supporte des charges publiques dont l'ensemble est formidable. Il ne faut pas, en effet, vous arrêter à ce budget voté par le Reichstag et qui est le budget de l'Empire, dont les écritures ne se peuvent comparer aux nôtres, car elles ne sont point conformes au système que nous employons : elles ne font apparaître que des différences là où il y a d'un côté des recettes et de l'autre côté des dépenses, tandis que dans notre budget nous inscrivons la totalité des opérations financières. (Très bien! très bien! au centre.) Si vous voulez vous rendre compte des charges financières de l'Allemagne, il ne faut pas regarder seulement le budget de l'Empire, qui s'élève à 2 milliards 16 ou 20 millions ; il faut y ajouter tous les autres budgets des vingt-cinq Etats qui composent l'Empire allemand — bien entendu, je parle de leurs budgets publics ou d'Etat, et non point des budgets locaux — et alors on arrive à un chiffre étroitement comparable à celui du budget total de la France, toute déduction faite des dépenses des contributions matriculaires pour éviter un double emploi, à un chiffre qui dépasse 5 milliards 100 millions. Messieurs, je n'insiste pas sur ce point, bien qu'on doive tirer do ces faits des conclusions économiques qui n'échappent à aucun de vous. J'en arrive au point que je considère, ainsi que je l'ai dit, comme le plus important, au point de vue moral et politique, dans la discussion actuelle, quel que soit d'ailleurs l'intérêt immédiat du vote à émettre sur la proposition de la commission des douanes, en ce qui concerne les tarifs d'entrée sur les céréales. L'honorable M. Jaurès et l'honorable M. Jules Guesde ont apporté ici une série do critiques. Mais, tout d'abord, avant d'examiner ces critiques, je discuterai la proposition ferme présentée par l'honorable M. Jaurès.
| 2,255 |
https://github.com/piotrpodolski/kw-app/blob/master/app/components/scrappers/weather.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
kw-app
|
piotrpodolski
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 98 | 413 |
require 'dry-types'
require 'dry-struct'
Dry::Types.load_extensions(:maybe)
module Types
include Dry::Types.module
end
module Scrappers
class Weather < Dry::Struct
transform_keys(&:to_sym)
attribute :place, Types::Strict::String
attribute :temp, Types::Coercible::Float.optional
attribute :all_snow, Types::Coercible::Float.optional
attribute :daily_snow, Types::Coercible::Float.optional
attribute :snow_type, Types::Coercible::Float.optional
attribute :wind_value, Types::Coercible::Integer.optional
attribute :wind_direction, Types::Coercible::Integer.optional
attribute :cloud_url, Types::Coercible::String.optional
attribute :snow_surface, Types::Coercible::String.optional
attribute :snow_type_text, Types::Coercible::String.optional
def to_attributes
{
place: place,
temp: (temp == 'b.d.' ? nil : temp),
all_snow: (all_snow == 'b.d.' ? nil : all_snow),
daily_snow: (daily_snow == 'b.d.' ? nil : daily_snow),
snow_type: (snow_type == 'b.d.' ? nil : snow_type),
wind_value: wind_value,
wind_direction: wind_direction,
cloud_url: cloud_url,
snow_type_text: snow_type,
snow_surface: all_snow
}
end
end
end
| 39,291 |
https://github.com/SaivarunBandari/RockPaperScissors/blob/master/RockPaperScissors/RockPaperScissors/obj/Debug/MainWindow.g.i.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
RockPaperScissors
|
SaivarunBandari
|
C#
|
Code
| 463 | 2,498 |
#pragma checksum "..\..\MainWindow.xaml" "{8829d00f-11b8-4213-878b-770e8597ac16}" "86D8E77A1E8E6D34CE6F7B22F941A911CD05279FEA144A05DDB30C881246EFA4"
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// <auto-generated>
// This code was generated by a tool.
// Runtime Version:4.0.30319.42000
//
// Changes to this file may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if
// the code is regenerated.
// </auto-generated>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
using RockPaperScissors;
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Automation;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Controls.Primitives;
using System.Windows.Data;
using System.Windows.Documents;
using System.Windows.Ink;
using System.Windows.Input;
using System.Windows.Markup;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Animation;
using System.Windows.Media.Effects;
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
using System.Windows.Media.Media3D;
using System.Windows.Media.TextFormatting;
using System.Windows.Navigation;
using System.Windows.Shapes;
using System.Windows.Shell;
namespace RockPaperScissors {
/// <summary>
/// MainWindow
/// </summary>
public partial class MainWindow : System.Windows.Window, System.Windows.Markup.IComponentConnector {
#line 69 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Label LblHeading;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 70 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Label LblHeaderYou;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 71 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Label LblHeaderComputer;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 72 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Label LblYourScoreHeader;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 73 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Label LblComputerScoreHeader;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 75 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Label LblYourScore;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 76 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Label LblComputerScore;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 79 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Image ImgYourChoice;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 82 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Image ImgComputerChoice;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 85 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Label LblScoreDifference;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 87 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Button BtnRock;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 88 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Button BtnPaper;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 89 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Button BtnScissors;
#line default
#line hidden
#line 90 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1823:AvoidUnusedPrivateFields")]
internal System.Windows.Controls.Button BtnReset;
#line default
#line hidden
private bool _contentLoaded;
/// <summary>
/// InitializeComponent
/// </summary>
[System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCodeAttribute("PresentationBuildTasks", "4.0.0.0")]
public void InitializeComponent() {
if (_contentLoaded) {
return;
}
_contentLoaded = true;
System.Uri resourceLocater = new System.Uri("/RockPaperScissors;component/mainwindow.xaml", System.UriKind.Relative);
#line 1 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
System.Windows.Application.LoadComponent(this, resourceLocater);
#line default
#line hidden
}
[System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[System.CodeDom.Compiler.GeneratedCodeAttribute("PresentationBuildTasks", "4.0.0.0")]
[System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableAttribute(System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Design", "CA1033:InterfaceMethodsShouldBeCallableByChildTypes")]
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Maintainability", "CA1502:AvoidExcessiveComplexity")]
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessageAttribute("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1800:DoNotCastUnnecessarily")]
void System.Windows.Markup.IComponentConnector.Connect(int connectionId, object target) {
switch (connectionId)
{
case 1:
this.LblHeading = ((System.Windows.Controls.Label)(target));
return;
case 2:
this.LblHeaderYou = ((System.Windows.Controls.Label)(target));
return;
case 3:
this.LblHeaderComputer = ((System.Windows.Controls.Label)(target));
return;
case 4:
this.LblYourScoreHeader = ((System.Windows.Controls.Label)(target));
return;
case 5:
this.LblComputerScoreHeader = ((System.Windows.Controls.Label)(target));
return;
case 6:
this.LblYourScore = ((System.Windows.Controls.Label)(target));
return;
case 7:
this.LblComputerScore = ((System.Windows.Controls.Label)(target));
return;
case 8:
this.ImgYourChoice = ((System.Windows.Controls.Image)(target));
return;
case 9:
this.ImgComputerChoice = ((System.Windows.Controls.Image)(target));
return;
case 10:
this.LblScoreDifference = ((System.Windows.Controls.Label)(target));
return;
case 11:
this.BtnRock = ((System.Windows.Controls.Button)(target));
#line 87 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
this.BtnRock.Click += new System.Windows.RoutedEventHandler(this.BtnRock_Click);
#line default
#line hidden
return;
case 12:
this.BtnPaper = ((System.Windows.Controls.Button)(target));
#line 88 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
this.BtnPaper.Click += new System.Windows.RoutedEventHandler(this.BtnPaper_Click);
#line default
#line hidden
return;
case 13:
this.BtnScissors = ((System.Windows.Controls.Button)(target));
#line 89 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
this.BtnScissors.Click += new System.Windows.RoutedEventHandler(this.BtnScissors_Click);
#line default
#line hidden
return;
case 14:
this.BtnReset = ((System.Windows.Controls.Button)(target));
#line 90 "..\..\MainWindow.xaml"
this.BtnReset.Click += new System.Windows.RoutedEventHandler(this.BtnReset_Click);
#line default
#line hidden
return;
}
this._contentLoaded = true;
}
}
}
| 31,508 |
https://github.com/KhaldMansour/E-Learning/blob/master/app/Models/Question.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
E-Learning
|
KhaldMansour
|
PHP
|
Code
| 40 | 152 |
<?php
namespace App\Models;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Question extends Model
{
use HasFactory;
protected $guarded = [];
public function quiz()
{
return $this->belongsTo(Quiz::class);
}
public function question_options()
{
return $this->hasMany(QuestionOption::class);
}
public function model_answer()
{
return $this->hasOne(ModelAnswer::class);
}
}
| 26,768 |
persianadventur05frasgoog_4
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,830 |
The Persian adventurer : being the sequel of "The Kuzzilbash" ;
|
Fraser, James Baillie, 1783-1856
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,688 | 10,330 |
.If you dare to trust me, sir, I should hope to per- form this duty to your satisfaction." "I believe your advice to be good," replied I, '^ and would make no hesitation in confiding to your zeal ; but on such occasions it is always my VOL. II. K * 98 XHB PERSIAN custom to play the scout myself. I will accom-^ pany you, and judge of what must be done." — " My lord, were it not for the risk your person may run, there is no companion I could be so well pleased with : if it please you then we shall move on." The troops were accordingly directed to lie down in hollows, and after concerting the necessary signals, we took a pathway which wound down- wards through rocks and irregular wood. Our only attendants were five picked men ; and we all carefully muffled our arms to avoid such a dis-* covery as had so materially benefited us, and dis- Before we had proceeded more than a mile, the path led us into a more open glen ; but diverging from it at this point, we kept the side of the declivity, and turning after a while an angle of the mountain, we were brought at once in full sight of the valley, which lay close beneath us, with its rapid stream bordered with terraced cultivation, its rich pasture-clothed mountains^ and heavy forests, and the dark castellated pro- montory of "The Falcon's Nest," jutting fitf into the glen and washed by the roaring torrent. It was a fair, but yet an anxious sieht ; for the fro^ng massy wdls and narrow appi^^ch be- tokened us a task of much hazard as well as of difficulty ; and it was obvious, that should we fail iu a coup de main, we might reckon on much ADVENTURER. 99 delay and heavy loss in the reduction of so strong a fetstness, defended by a desperate man, and probably well supplied with men and provisions. While yet we gazed upon the scene, it became evident that the castle itself was the theatre of some important proceeding. A number of men could be distinguished in active movement within its walls ; and small parties, of from half a dozen to a score in number, were observed in various parts of the gl^i and on the sides of its surround- ing hills ; all bending their course towards the same point. '^ The alarm is thoroughly spread," observed Poyundeh, with an anxious air ; ** see how they are gathering to garrison the place ; we fifaall have enough to do." — ^^ Not if a plan which has just occurred to me can be carried into eflfect,'' replied I after a pause, during which I had taken a rapid but accurate survey of the whole ground about the fortress. '^ The gar- rison cannot be aware how near we are ; nor do they expect an attack from this quarter. I will send a detachment in small parties, such as these, who will be taken by those within the walls for friends ; they may easily join behind yon hillock to the left there, and they may conceal themselves among the brushwood which you see until other preparations shall be completed. That shoulder of the mountain from which the promontory springs is flomewhat too distant from the {dace to 100 THE PERSIAN command it, indeed ; but it must do : four hundred men shall occupy the flattish space at its extreme point." ^^ They will not be suffered to remain there/' replied the Saafee quickly; ^'distant as it is, their fire would perplex the garrison." — " Let them dislodge my people if they can," replie4 I ' ^^ nay^ as soon as the rest of the troops shall I^^e taken up their assigned positions, these shall even be directed to challenge an attack. Fouje Beg Khan with six hundred mtxki guided ADVENTURER. 101 by the Saafee, were instantly despatched to the said hollow, which was not above five hundred yards distant from the entrance to the place ; five hundred more were ordered to follow as a reserve, but not to leave the ravine until a signal to that effect should be made. So soon as the first party had reached their destination five hundred men, under command of Baba Allee Beg, were sent boldly forward to occupy the shoulder which com- manded the fort, as well as the neck by which it was approached, while I myself remained with the rest, to watch the effect of my various ma- noeuvres. The moment Baba Allee Beg and his party ap- proached within some hundred yards of their des- tination, they raised a shout and rushed forwards toward the height; and so completely occupied it seemed were the garrison in their preparations, that this was the first intimation they had of an eaemy's near approach. Probably they did not conceive the difficult and dangerous route we had taken through the mountains to be practicable for an invading army. No sooner, however, was their attention attracted by the shouting of our people, than we could discern an increased ferment within the walls of the fort ; the white smoke of several wall-pieces or jinjaels, and one or two small can- non, glanced firom the parapets, and the whistling of the balls might be heard even by those in am- 102 THE PERSIAN bush. In a few mmutes more the gates opened; and a dark colmnn of armed men issuing fortb, passed rapidly along t!)xe neck of the promontory, and began to ascend^ in order to oppose the in- yaders on the shoulder. Baba AUee on his part slackened not his speed until the whole of his party had reached the level pointy where he drew them up upon Ae vei^, with a skill and coolness which did him honour. By the time his arrangements were complete the sall3ring party from the garrison, which considera- bly outnumbered his, had advanced up the ac- cUvity with all the agiUty of practised mountaineers, tin within an hundred yards of their opponents, when, somewhat outbreathed by their exertions, and disconcerted perhaps by the steady counte-^ nance of their enemies, they slackened their pace, as if preparing for a desperate charge. At that critical moment a fire from two^thirds of oui* line opened upon them with murderous effect. A yell of fury mingled with the cries of their wounded and the irregular discharge of their matchlocks, as they paused in momentary irresolution ; but the voices of their chiefe and leaders were heard above the uproar, calling upon them to charge before! their opponents could load again. And on they came, thirsting for revenge, in spite of the con- tinued fire from the reserved portion of our troops, which increased the havoc in their ranks. ADVENTURER. 103 The object of my arranganeatswaa iasome mea* sure attained. I expected that an attempt would be made to dislodge Baba Allee Beg, which would weaken the garpson, and throw the saUyii^ party into my power, by means of the troops concealed behind the hillock. And I was just about to give the signal for these to come forward and cut off the retreat of Baba Allee Beg's opponents, when the gates of the fort again opened and poured forth a fresh party, who in their turn were joined by others who made their appearance from the bed of the river below the castle. *^ Better and better/' exclaimed I^ with increased deUght, tp Noor Mahomed, who stood beside me : ^' they flock like deer to the snare ; every man of them is our own : the more they drain the castle the better ; it will be the surer of falling." The first assailants, encouraged by the shouts of their advancing friends, now pressed hard upon Baba Allee, who had thus become opposed to a force of not less than fifteen hundred men. It was time to give the signal; and while Fouje Beg Khan, issuing from behind the hillock, bore down to the neck of the promontory, the party which I had retained with me started up, and rushed for- ward to the support of Baba Allee. The yell of despair which arose from the few remaining troops, and the women and children in the fort, 104 THB PERSIAH at this unexpected sights conveyed to their fight- ing fiiends, who were too much occupied to look about them^ the first notice of their danger : but the effect was instantaneous and conclusive. As- sailed at once in front and rear, they were terror- struck, and turned to fly. But flight was no lon- ger in the power of many. A few, profiting of their superior knowledge of the ground, escaped by favour of its irr^ularities ; but the greater numb^ fell without ' mercy under our unsparing swords* Among the very few prisoners that were made was Waled Meer Abbas himself; who, in his eagerness to repel the danger which threatened his stronghold, had headed the second sortie, and thus fell into a snare of the same sort as that which he had laid for us only the day before^ The capture of the chief terminated our enter- prise ; for the few remaining soldiers, seeii^ the total rout of their master and his bravest follow- ers, thought only of their own safety, and endea- voured to quit the fortress before the conquering party could reach it. But their intentions were firustrated by the acuteness of our guide, the Saafee Poyundeh ; who, fearful lest his prey should escape, and observing the consternation of the garrison, made a rush to the gates unobserved with fifty or sixty men ; took possession of them, and prevented all egress until troops arrived to ADVENTUR£K» 105 his assistance. Thus v^hen the business upon the hill was at an end we had but to descend and occupy the place unresisted., The scene which we now encountered, although of a character too common in a soldier's Ufe, was more than usually painful. The women an\l children, taught to believe all Kuzzilbashes as Kttle better than the devil^s children, when they saw the defeat and massacre of their husbands and sons, were distracted between terrpr and despair ; and their shrieks of wqey mingl^^ with appeals for mercy, too often fatally disregarded by the fierce and ruthless soldiery^ pierced my, vQry soul : for never did the shriek of a woman assail my ear that the mild image of my own Shiran did not rise in my mind, and plfiad the sufFerfr's cause. , , As soon as it was prapticabjle I stopped the slaughter and the rapine : bnt the obligations ,of duty were imperious: the.Mfom^ of the Mcgr, including his sister ^nd two wives, were secured according to the ro^al cpjiunand, to be dealt with as might seem fitting to his , paajesty ; the T^if miserable objects, and in wretched plight, w/^e permitted to go where they pieced. As for the castle itself, when we came to ex<- amine its strength and the mighty stores it con- tained, the favour of Allah became apparent in the even£^ which had so easily and speedily deU- vered it into our hands ; and we heartily con-^ gratulated ourselves upon our success ; for great must have been our loss, and very uncertain the issue, vdthout such providential assistance: but the star of Nadir's destmy shed its influence upon us his faithful servants, and confounded the de- vices of his enemies. So far as we had the means in our power, the fortifications were demolished, wi& the ammuniti(Hi and tools found within the walls ; and " The Falcon's Nest," which when vte reached it vras a stronghold t>f great extent and almost im|NreglEiable strength, garrisoned by a vidiant army, and affording protection to a multi- tude of women and children, we left a smoking empty ruin, smeared with blood, and blackened with the fires <6f destruction, a den of misery and ADVENTUHER. 107 despair, and the grave of ito brave though rebel- lious defenders. The chief himself, wounded in body and broken in spirit, was brought before me, as the com* mander of the party, — ^the humble oigan of his majesty's pleasure. Well did he know that for him there was no mercy. When I reminded him of his crimes, upbraided him with his mad obstinacy, and declared his doom, the pale, gloomy counte* nance of the AfFghaun lighted up with a gleam of indignant fire: — "What I have done, is done," said he. — " I have lived your master's foe, and hid foe I will die. What good cause has die given me to love him ?'* demanded he, throwing a dark- ening glance on the ruin around him ; the energy of his mind rose superior to his situation, and I began to be moved with admiration of his con* stancy, and compassion for his fate, when the Saafee at that moment stepped forward like a messenger of evil : — " Tyrant !" said he, in a hoarse unnatural voice, " the day of reckoning is come at last. — Remember Ibrahim Mullich ! — Such as the house of Ibrahim was rendered by the arm of Waled Abbas, such is the house of Waled Abbas this day, smitten through the might of the Omnipotent, by the hand of his servant Poyun- deh ! — My lord, the murderer of my father stands before m^ i — I demand the price of blood — I 108 THE PERSIAN claim this man as my due — the reward of my promised aid." In a moment the prottd flush left the cheek of the Meer as he heard the address of Poyundeh. His eye quailed beneath the withering frown of the young Saafee. But his hardihood at length revived, and he returned his haughty gaze with equal scorn. ** Thy aid, thou coward traitor ! and darest thou boast that to thee the AiFghaun power owes this last blow? Base fool ! treacherous vironn ! thou art beneath my curses. Had Allah not seen fitting to pour out his wrath upon this people, where then had been thy pitiful revenge ? Chief of the troops of Nadir ! I am thy prisoner; and as such I claim to be conducted to the foot of that throne of which thou art the servant." " Prisoner," replied I, " the orders of my master are these : that wheresoever Waled Abbas may be taken, on that spot shall he meet his doom. The youth before thee claims of thee the price of blood. He hath, moreover, named that just revenge as the only reward of his services ; and my word is passed that into his hand thou shalt be delivered. Such is our sacred law, the injunctions of our holy faith; and fiir be it from Ismael to break his oath, or contravene these venerable mandates, even had his prisoner merited another fate. Young Saafee, behold thy victim ! ADVE;NTUftBS. 109 take and deal with him ^ as it seepieth good to thee. But his head must be laid at the feet of the king of kings^ in ][»xx)f that his behests have been obeyed.'^ "Hdy Prophet ! is this thy justice V exclaimed the imfortunate Meer, who^. fearless of death itself, was ^et appalled at the thpught of being thus tamely delivered into the hands of one, who con-- science, told him, had too much cause to be his mortal foe. " Can a warrior, and a bold one, de- nounce a doom like this upon a brave man, who has only asserted his own freedom, and repelled the enemies of his country with all his might? Once more I appeal to thy honour as a soldier. See, I am ready ! — let me but die by the stroke of the scimitar, as a soldier should meet his death. I seek not to live. Why should I? My family and my tribe are gone— destroyed — cut off. What have I left to Uve for? But let me not fall bound, by the horrid knife of a mean, cowardly assassin!" The poignant energy of his appeal penetrated my very soul. I looked at the young Saafee; but the expression of his countenance was dark and impenetrable. Still I hesitated : he saw the workings of my soul, and doubtless dreaded the consequences* '* My lord," said he, " I claim your promisCr The blood of my father and my brothers — ^the spirits of my kindred cry out from 110 THE PERSIAN their graves upon their kinsman ; — my soul has no peace/' I saw that all was vain, and contended no further. May Allah be my help ! as I strove to do my duty, as I acted according to my belief of what that duty was ; but the pale and noble coun- tenance of the lAffghaun chief as he stood help- less before me — ^his tongue now mute— but his deep-set eyes fixed upon mine with a stem up* braiding look — ^that look I never can foi^et. Long after did it haunt my imagination with a force which, though my conscience denied^ my heart was forced to acknowledge. But the worst was spared both to himself and me. The interview I have described took place in a court of the Meer's own dwelling, in front of the building which had been his own dewankhaneh. Of this court, one side was formed by the exter- nal wall of the fort, which, rising to a considerable height above the giddy precipice, terminated in a terrace and parapet accessible from the court by a flight of steps^ The whole of this little court, which had been laid out with some attention to comfort ^and neatness, was now thickly strewed with ghastly mangled bodies, and the buildings were smeared with blood and blackened with. smoke. In one comer of this scene of carnage a hcHTse-cloth had been hastily spread for me, and upon it I was seated when the prisoner was brought before me. Sickening with an indescribable feeling k ADTENtURER. Ill of emotion at the conviction of what was about to ensue, but unable any longer to prevent or retard the catastrophe, I made the signal to the guards who held the Meer, that they should deliver him into the possession of the claimant : and they ac- co^,Z.S>n^ ihe A.W1 by which h»L. were bound into the hands of the young Saafee ; while I, hating the sight, turned away my eyes. But they were speedily recalled. I heard the voice of Waled Abbas exclaim: " Is it indeed thus ?—* then have I but one resource !*' — and watching his opportunity, before the Saafee had rightly secured his hold, he sprung finom between the guards, and, wounded as he was, rushed with the rapidity of light up the steps of the parapet. Every arm was paralysed, and the beating .of each heart was ar-* rested for a moment as the lofty figure of the Meer appeared standing on the giddy vei^. ^' Tyrants and fools !" exclaimed he in tones of ineffable scorn, *^ I despise — I spit at ye!. I am beyond your power*'* With these words he bounded into the air, and such was the awful silence which prevailed, that the crash of his falling body was heard distinctly ascending from the abyss below. When we awoke from our sudden stupor of surprise, every man rushed forward to the fatal parapet. But what remained for us to see ? — ^A mangled quivering carcass, senseless as the hun- dreds strewed around us, was no longer an object 112 THE P'BBSIAN of vengeance or of punishment. With drooping heady and in fixed and moody silence, did the Saafee gaze upon the remains of his deadly foe ; and it was with difficulty that we dn^ged him from the spot where it lay. The sight seemed to have blasted all his faculties. In sullen apathy he accompanied us back tothetsamp, and received in common with the officers of our party a dress of honour, and the warm applauses of his majesty. Even such distinguished honours failed to rouse him from his moral stupor. He continued, it is true, to perform his duty mil, and. few exerted themselves more bravfely in actioB ; but the. efaiH? ii^ gloom of his mann^ remained imtil the day of his death, which' occurred joot long after, in a skirmish near Peshawur. liV3iQn mortally wounded> it was said that his eye regained for a moment its wcmted fire, and he was heard to exclaim with fervor : " It is enough !-^it is enough !-^Fathei? 1 brothers ! — ^now I shall be at peace 1" • t ADVEKTtJirSff. 113 CHAPTER VIL ARRANGEMENTS AND TRAITS OF A CONQUEROR. The severe example made of the fortress and garrison of " The Falcon's Nest" had the full an- ticipated effect of awing into submission the tur<* bulent mountain chiefs of the Kohistan, Lugnaun^ and the Suffeed-koh, who, neglected and ill paid by the court of Dehlee, no longer felt themselves bound by their former compact to defend the passes of their country ; but listened readily to the overtures of a prince, possessed, as they had seen, of power either to reward or to punish ; and the youth of their clans, particularly the Saafees and the Eussufzehees, dazzled by the prospect of plunder, offered themselves in great numbers as recruits, anH were graciously received by orders of his majesty. At Peishore, which was taken after a gallant attempt to defend it on the part of Nasser*khan its governor, his majesty remained for near a ^J 114 THE PERSIAN month to recruit his troops, and organise the mighty armament with which he was resolved to attempt the conquest of Hindostan. Never did conqueror lead forth a more gallant force ; in number it amounted to full an hundred and fifty thousand fighting men : of these, thirty thousand were Koords, Affshars, Jelloyers, and Beyauts, from the northern border districts of Khorasan ; ten thousand more were furnished by the^Toor- koman tribes of the Attock and Karacoum. The tribes of the Lac and Buchtiaree mountains sent fifteen thousand hardy highlanders. Georgia^ Daghestan, and Karabang contributed a troop nearly similar in number and in quality. His royal highness prince Reza Koolee Meerza, re- turning from his conquest of Balkh, and his defeat of Abool-Feize Khan, the monarch of Bockhara, brought along with him fifteen thousand soldiers of these countries. His father, sympathising per- haps with fallen royalty, but as some, wrongfully no doubt, insinuated, jealous of his son's risihg fame, laid his commands upon him to desist from further hostilities, to restore the humbled king of Bockhara, and to return to Persia, there to busy himself with the afiairs of state left to his super- vision in the absence of his majesty: but of the Balkh soldiers he retained twelve thousand hardy fellows to increase his own power, while diminish- ing that of his late opponent. Of' the Affghaun ADVENTURER. 115 tribes, and chiefly mountaineers, Ghiljees; Ab- dallees, Saafees, and Eussufzehees, full five and twenty thousand picked young men had been en* listed. Besides these several distinct qational troops, there were the guards in immediate at- tendance on his majesty, completed to their fullest numbers, and equipped in the most perfect and splendid style; his faithM gholaums and nas" sakchees of themselves, including their especial servants, amounting to five thousand men ; — ^the royal hadjee-bashees, jeloodars, and chaooshes, each a corps of a thousand strong, together with a great number of shatirs, furoshes, peishkhid-< muts, and grooms, all bound to shed the last drop of their blood in defence of the king of kings. The remainder was formed of individuals firom every part of the royal dominions, who were di- vided into regiments commanded by a mimbashee, and the customary compliment of inferior officers. And there was besides a great number of horse^ keepers, muleteers, camel drivers, and even shop«^ keepers and suttlers, who followed the camp for the convenience of the troops, but every one of whom was armed and mounted upon a good horse or a stout yaboo; and all were accustomed to take their places in the field and perform the duty of good soldiers in the hour of action. Even the women, who were permitted to follow the camp to the number of six or seven thousand, some of \ 116 THE PERSIAN them being slaves taken in war, and others, wived voluntarily following their husbands and sharing their toils, were all mounted and armed like the men ; and clad in their scarlet barounies girt about their waists, and wearing shawls wound like turbans round their heads, appeared in the eyes of their enemies like a band of heroes, ready to sa- crifice their lives for victory : nor did their conduct bely their appearance, for they were often found upon the field of battle performing the duty of the bravest soldiers. Throughout this mighty host there was scarce a heart which did not beat in unison with that -of its mighty leader, and burned to take a share in the briUiant enterprise he had set before them. In truth, if such did exist,~^d among so great a multitude, who could say that there was not one craven? — ^that among so many true-bred fidcone there did not lurk a single carrion-kite? — ^if such there were, they had discretion sufficient to keep their disgrace to themselves; for the master whom they served was not the man to suffer base metal to mingle with the true steel of his well-tried warriors. In fact, while organising his forces, and preparing for new and distant conquests, so far was he from relaxing the reins of discipline, that he saw fit on the contrary to tighten them; and while on the one hand he evinced less tolerance than ever for the coward who shrinks from bia ADVENTURER- 117 duty, he visited with increased severity the smallest infraction of his established miUtary regulations* In these views his majesty found himself vigcH rously and effectually seconded by his officers^ who, chosen as they were by himself, not for birth nor irom favour, but for their courage, their steadiness, and military talents, had learned to value qualities to which they owed their own ex^ altation; and sought to implant and cherish them in every one under their command. Cruel, rapa** cious, dissipated, and reckless, some of them might be, and doubtless such men there were among them ; but for the slightest taint of cow* ardice, insubordination; or treachery, you would have searched in vain. Thus the spirit of their chief was infused throughout all mnks of his fol* lowers ; and so perfect was the system of vigilance he had established, and so strict the nature of Ae reports he exacted from his^ officers, that few of* fenders could escape die rewaird of their misdeeds; and terrible, even cruel, were the punishments* he inflicted. The following instance^ one of niaiiy that could be adduced, ms^y sdrve' as a specimen of the unrelenting rigour with which any breaieh of discipline was always vitited« As his majesty desired rather to conciliate than to revolt the Affghaun tribes wfail^ traversing their country, the troops were strictly prdUbited frdm ijajuring any of those who should comply wi1& 118 THE PERSIAN the teqttisitioiis made for the serrice* Plundeiing and insult of every description were forbidden under severe penalties. Resistance, it is true, was rendered vain by the presence of this imposing force ; but it could not silence the tongue of its imprudent mulUck, who, exasperated at what he deemed the extortion of his unwelcome visitors, was foolish enough to launch out into invective against themselves and their master. The Koords bore it for a while ; but getting impatient at his continued insolence, began first to return the abuse and then to ill-4reat him. His ryots took part with their master, aod ADVENTURER. 119 a scufEe ensued, in which a few on both sides were hurt ; and the soldiers, enn^ed beyond all bounds, in spite of the remcHistrances of their officers, rushed fiercely on the peasants, drove them back into the vills^e, and set it on fire. The greater number, recalled to their senses at sight of the flames, retreatied and stood viewing their progress in silence, and probably in some alarm for the consequences of their rashness; but a few, more hardened and reckless than the rest, followed up their unsoldierlike violence by plun- dering some of the houses ; and seizing the women who ran distractedly about, made them the victims of their brutahty under the very eyes of their comrades and of their officers, who made no effec- tual effort at least to restrain them. The con- duct of these men was strongly contrasted by that of some fifteen or twenty of the party, who not only took no part in the outrage, but from the first remonstrated with their companions on their outrageous behaviour,' and .did all they could to check their criminal excesses. They succeeded in rescuing the wife anc[ daughter of the mulUck, with others of the women of the village; and af- terwards protected that person from the fury of their comrades, who, alarmed at the consequences of their outrages, were strongly disposed to pre- vent all complaint by putting them to death. 120 THE PERSIAN So flagrant a breach of discipline could hardly have failed of reaching the watchful ear of his majesty ; had it even been possible to prevent the surviving sufferers from preferring their com- plaint against the culprits. But the shah's love of justice and strict subordination, was too well known to render such concealment possible. Al* most as soon as the return of the party was re-" ported to his majesty, the injured muUick ap- peared at the durkhaneh, solicited an audience, and related his tale, supporting it by undeniable evidence. That very evening the whole troop was ordered to muster, and repair'to the presence ; where Nadir appeared seated on his throne, and wearing on his brow the terrible frown which indicated to all who knew him that displeasure was in his soul, and that blood would surely fiow« The deepest silence reigned among the multitude around, and not a sound broke the awful stillness, until at length the muUick and his people being brought forward, he ordered the culprits to his presence. "Where," demanded he, "are these va- liant heroes, who, despising aUke the anger of their master and the laws of his service, turn against helpless women and white-bearded men the arms which they should wield only at his command ?" — " Kibleh Allum ! centre of the 'universe !" repUed the airuz-beggee, vdth an humble obeisance; " be-^ ADVENTURER. 121 hold the men !" «ad he pointed to risaleh, which^, now fully accoutred and led by their officers^ marched into the presence. Another pauseof awful stillness prevailed, until the spell was broken by the deep voice of the king, ia tones so distinct and cl^ar, that though scarcely ele- vated above the pitch of common conversation, they were heard in the remotest parts of the assembly. " The monarch who shuts his ears to the cry of his people, and deals out stinted justice, even should his own son be its victim, does not deserve to reign. Miscreants ! ye have done well, have ye not, thus to blacken the face of your king in the eyes of ignorant ryots, — ^half civilised peasants, by a conduct which would disgrace the savage les- ghees of Daghestan, or the Kaffers of yonder inaccessible mountains ? Who are ye then, dogs ! that, making yourselves drunk with the cup of in- solence,, have thus dared to fling from your neck the yoke of lawful subordination, and to stretch forth the arm of pillage and violence, when the king has said *• refrain V — But ye shall learn, and the whole host shall learn, that Nadir's com- mands are the decrees of fate ; and woe be to those who. shall neglect or disobey them ! '^ Sudeval ! to thee was committed the charge of these daring wretches by thy superior officer, who confided, unguardedly as it appears, in thy conduct and discretion : — ^hast thou ought to say VOL. II. F 122 THE FEKSIAN for thyself? — Nadir condemns not unheard — ^the shah awaits thy reply." — " Shadow of the uni- verse ! — ^protector of the destitute !'* hesitated the young man^ trembling and confused beneath the frown of his king, '^ what shall thy slave reply ? He strove to maintain order and discipline, but his etforts were in vain ; had he given his life to stay the fury of these turbulent men, it would not have availed — "— " Thy life, sayest thou ? A mighty sacrifice! — Silence, shameless! if thou hast nought more to the purpose to say. — Of what value then is thy paltry life but to be spent in discharge of thy duty ? But it seems thou tbinkest otherwise ; and it is fit thou and others should be taught their duty. Attend ! Through thy cowardice, thy neglect, or wilful insubordination, the shah's commands have been broken, and the shah's in- terest has suffered. When the dense white cloud of smoke had dispersed, no trace of the luckless young Sudeval remained, except some scattered rags and two scorched and blackened arms, which hung qui* vering from either side the instrument of death. No sooner was the execution of their officer at an end than the men of the risaleh were stripped of their accoutrements by the hands of the fu- roshes, and one after another being held, were ripped open by the executioner's kn^, until the whole of them, to the number of eighty wretches, lay writhing in their blood, and dying at the feet of their stem judge. Should it be asked whether these bloody scenes and frequent cruelties did not tend to disgust the 124 THE PERSIAN soldiers land wean them from their loyedty to their king and leader^ I can reply with confidence that such was far from being the case. Nadir, deeply skilled in the heart of man, well knew the stuff he had to deal with. Inured from their youth to bloodshed and slaughter, the duty he^ve them to perform had by no means tended to soften their hearts or unnerve the minds of his soldiers ; and it was only by the use of the promptest and most rigorous measures that he could hope to overawe and control their lawless and turbulent spirits. On men for ever employed in acts of violence the sight of a comrade mangled by the knife of the executioner, produce^ scarce so powerful an effect as the milder punishments of more lenient govern- ments, on the minds of persons less accustomed to blood. Besides, the whole army knew by expe- rience, that if Nadir could punish severely, she could reward nobly ; — his justice was unimpeacn- able, and merit was as certain of countenance and protection, as guilt was of retributive punishment. Such was the case in the instance in which I have just related'; for immediately after the evildoers had met their doom, those few who, notwith- standing the taunts and abuse of their comrades, had exerted themselves to allay the tumult and to ' save their victims, were commanded to stand forth ; and after due commendation from the lips of the shah himself^ such among them as were qualified. ADVENTURER. 125 received immediate promotion^ and the rest were nobly rewarded with money or arms^ or other appropriate indulgences. Such were the means by which Nadir maintained that rigid discipline which was the soul of his military strength, and the chief source of his mighty power. But the operations of his majesty at this time Were not confined to the organization of his mili- tary establishment : the ceremonial of his durbar^ and t|^e arrangements of his domestic economy ,' which had hitherto been, remarkable rather for their simplicity than for their pomp, underwent aii important change. There can be little doubt that these measures had their origin in policy ; — ^that aware of the importance of producing striking and favourable impressions upon a strange people ac- customed to great splendour and magnificence, he deemed it expedient to make his first appearance •among them in the style fitting to a monarch, who, having subdued great part of Asia, resolved now to attempt another and still richer conquest. And well in truth did Nadir know how to blend in his own person the attributes of a stem conqueror with the gracious aspect of a powerful and magni- ficent sovereign. His public audiences, which, as usual, were given every morning and evening, were now dis- tinguished by more than common pomp. Seated upon a throne of rich design the domed canopy 126 THE PERSIAN of which was covered with pure gold^ and arrayed in the glittering and luxurious dress of an Indian prince^ he listened to the petitions of his people and transacted the public business. On either side the throne, his ministers and officers of state, dressed in gorgeous robes, stood silent and mo- tionless, awaiting, with downcast eyes and arms crossed before them, the august orders of their monarch: while the airuz-beggee, or principal lord in waiting, stood forward ready to receive and prefer petitions and to publish the awards of justice. Five hundred young slaves, selected for their surpassing beauty, and richly attired, were disposed in front in two companies, glowing like beds of flowers in spring ; and a thousand youths whose cheeks still blushed under the soft down of approaching manhood, clad in uniforms of scarlet and gold, and bearing banners of crimson silk upon lances of which the points, the tassels, and the fringes were of solid silver, formed a lane through which this brilliant spectacle greeted the eye. The chosen guards of the royal person in splendid armour were drawn up around to keep treason and danger at a distance from the throne. The whole array was dazzling as the court of Solomon the Magnificent, or the fairy palaces of Ginestan. But as the judgment-seat of Allah is girt with the terrors as well as the splendors of Omnipo- tence, so the throne of his yicegerentupon earth was furnished with its symbols of punishment and its instruments of wrath ; for at a further distance^ in their appointed places on either side, might be seen the nassakchees and fiiroshes, ministers of his justice, all clad in their appropriate uniform, armed with the terrible weapons of their oj£ce, still and motionless in the august presence, but ready at the slightest signal to start forward and execute its will. A like degree of pomp was assumed upon the march and in the field ; but although the ceremo- nial obsenred on these occasions was in some measure formed upon the Indian model, a greater contrast cannot be imagined than that which ex- isted between the clamorous, glittering, inej£- ciency of an Indian army, and the combination of splendour and of power which characterised the mi- litary array of Persia. A thousand chaooshes in the royal uniform and splendidly armed, preceded the monarch's person on the march ; publishing to the world his mighty name and titles, shouting out pray- ers for his prosperity, and proclaiming that ''victory, and honour, and glory, attend the steps of the king of kings." An equal number of jeloodars clothed in vests of scarlet cloth girt round their waists with diawls of Casamere, alighted by troops in turns and ran on foot on either side his person ; and a chosen body of his most trusty gholaums, glittering 128 THE PERSIAI^ in their chain or plate armour, and mounted upon horises of the blood of Arabia or Toorkestaun, were disposed in corps around his person, and both in front and rear of his household. His harem — the sacred and unapproachable — was guarded by troops of armed eunuchs and furoshes, supported at proper distances by other parties of gholaums, who were enjoined to shoot without mercy any unhappy wretch who might wander near the garden of inexhaustible delights, belonging to the Shadow of the Universe. The vici- nity of this forbidden ground was easily to be recognised, even at a great distance, by the num- ber of crimson kajawahs and tuchterowans,^ with their multitude of little flags and glitterii^ points, as well QB from the voices of the female minstrels, which often might be heard as they sang and played on their instruments, to soothe the spirits and cheer the mood of his majesty, when, as was frequently his pleasure, he marched in koork,— that is ^^ prohibition ;" at which times no one dared to approach the royal presence. The adoption of a style so novel, and a ceremo- nial so assuming, could scarce be effected without increasing, in a more or less degree, the distance between the shah and his old faithful servants, and * Kajawahs are a sort of covered basket, two of which are hung across the back of a camel for the conveniiiice of traTellers. — Taciiterowan ia a litter carried by mules. ADVENTURER. 129 consequently occasioning a corresponding pro- portion of disappointment and disgust. And doubt- less many did feel the change, although few, if any, had the courage to declare it; but so well did these dignities sit upon the monarch, and so perfectly did he understand how to sweeten the unpalatable draught of decreased famiUarity, — ^to some with occasional well-timed sprinklings of condescension and flattery, — ^to others by proofs of real kindness and sincere friendship, — ^thatupon the whole the new fashion wore well; and what with the bustling and active life which every ser- vant of his majesty led in the course of duty, and which forced them frequently into familiar contact with his person; the daily varieties of service; the glittering pageants which amused the eye; the high state of excitement in which men's minds were for ever maintained ; and the valuable pre- sents that were judiciously distributed, discontent, if it existed, found little opportunity of making its appearance. Injustice to the shah, however, it must be ad- mitted that to old frielids whom he valued, and trusty servants whom he esteemed, his manner never altered. In all the pomp he assumed, and even in the height of his prosperity, to them he was always kind, frank, and affable ; nay, even fa- miliar. Dost Allee Beg Tymoonee was a petty chief residing near Serukhs, who in the early 130 THE PERSIAN period of Nadir's life had more than once befriended him^ and on one occasion in particular, when pur- sued by a Toorkoman Sooltaun, whose anger he had incurred, Dost Allee had given him a horse, and lent him ten armed riders as a protection to see him to Dereguz. This chieftfiin, when the shah after his coronation received the oaths of allegiance firom his subjects at Mushed, then an old man with a failing memory, came with others to kiss the dust at the foot of the throne ; and forgetting entirely an event so common to these stormy days, he ap- peared in the presence with the humblest de« meanor, and preferred no claim to notice. But the monarch's memorywas more perfect: immediately recollecting his old benefactor, he ordered the airuz-beggee to conduct him to the spot where the principal officers of state were standing, nearest his person : — " Father," said he, ^* you are very welcome to your son Nadir : he has not forgotten your kindness to a hot-headed youth, and hopes you will enable the king to pay the debt of Nadir Koblee : — say, what favour can he bestow upon you V* — "May God increase your majesty's pros- perity I*' stammered the old man, in some amaze- ment as well as confusion ; " your servant is aged and requires no favour but protection. But, your majesty — Nadir Koolee? — ah! he was a wild young fellow, but a brave lad for all that ; — I know not what has become of him." The gravity of ADVENTUBER. 131 Nadir was alooost overcome, and even his officers could scarce preserve a steady countenance at the old chiefs confusicm : '' Ay, my .lords, ye may look and ye may smile ; but had it not been for this old man, periiaps neither shah nor omrahs might have been here this day. He was dismissed with presents to his district, in the government of which he was confirmed ; and for the short remainder of his life he enjoyed the unceasing influence of the royal favour. Even the meanest of his early friends were nei- ther forgotten nor neglected by his majesty; indeed the faculty of fixing the name and charac- ter, as well as the person of individuals whom he. once had seen, upon his memory, was one of the most striking of the king's pecuharities. Of this faculty as well as of his gratefiil acknowledgement of benefits once received, the following anecdote may serve as an instance. — In the course of those struggles and fluctuations of fortune which marked the opening of Nadir's eventful career, while en- deavouring to make head with a small party of Affshars against a marauding party of Koords, who had attempted to carry ofi* the cattle of the village^ the future monarch of Persia was not only worsted.
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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenprie%C3%9Fnitz
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Frauenprießnitz
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https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frauenprießnitz&action=history
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Spanish
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Spoken
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Frauenprießnitz es un municipio situado en el distrito de Saale-Holzland, en el estado federado de Turingia (Alemania), a una altitud de . Su población a finales de 2016 era de unos y su densidad poblacional, .
Se encuentra ubicado a poca distancia al sur de la frontera con el estado de Sajonia-Anhalt, y cerca de la ciudad de Jena.
Referencias
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Página web oficial del distrito de Saale-Holzland
Localidades del distrito de Saale-Holzland
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THE WEATHER IN WIN THE DAILY INDEPENDENT 'Fair London St. It::, cIZJb. VOL. XXXVII. NO. 81. MISSOURI, MONTANA, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 1, 1892. THE FIVE CENTS AWFUL STORY OF CRIME TOLD YOUNG MAN DECLARES STEP. MOTHER INDUCED HIM TO MURDER HIS FATHER. ADMITS TERRIBLE END Acoused Relates to Court How Step Parent Awakened Him at Midnight and Told Him it Was "Time to Kill Father"-Describes Burying of Remains-Fire Fed by Wife All Night. Ullrtic lle. I otila.. I.o. 4..-M ly shit.p brother W. sany tempter to such an extent that I thought I loved her, and, so I killed my father with an axe when she ordered to kill him, Peter Brown, on trial here charged with murdering his father, made this remarkable admission of it- witness stand in court today. He told his story without emotion. T. H. Brown, the supposed father who, the young man says, helped him in the crime, listened to his story with calm ness and almost indifference. When young Brown told how they dragged his father's Body out and burned, a woman in the courtroom shrank and fainted. Other women believed ill and had to be assisted in reaching the outside. "My stepmother aroused me at midnight," said Brown, "and told me it was time to kill father. As we had agreed to do and we approached to where father slept and struck him a fearful blow on the head. Then I watched him quiver until he died." "After my stepmother had taken all the things out of his pockets (he was sleeping on a couch and was dressed) she ordered me to help her carry the body out. We gathered a lot of wood and put it on the body and set fire to it. My stepmother stayed up till the rest of the night feeding the fire with wood and in the morning the body had been consumed. We cooked breakfast on another fire built about 10 feet from where my father's body had been burned." Mrs. Brownfield is in jail charged with complicity in the crime. Her lawyers informed the court they would prove that the young man alone was responsible for the deed. FORFEIT THEIR LIVES TO SETTLE A DEBT Cleveland, Feb. -Joulh Janowski and his bride, found murdered in their beds today, died in satisfaction of a debt of $60. This is the story, the police say, was told them by George Ludocardo, 29 years old, arrested for their murder, according to the police. He said he had lent the money to Mrs. Janowaki to secure her love, but found himself unable to raise the money. Sunday night he demanded the money, and, failing to get it, killed the woman with a section of gas pipe. Ludocardo succeeded in getting it to the house, while Ludocardo continued his employment at a foundry. FIL ES A CHARTER. Cheynell, Feb. e.-The Lehigh, Laramie & Northwestern railroad today filed a charter with the secretary of state. It is reported that the new company will take over the holdings of the Denver, Laramie & Northwest railroad, increasing the capital of the company from five to thirty million dollars. It is said that the company is planning extensive development in Wyoming with 200 miles of construction work promised for this valley. TEN CADETS RESIGN. Annapolis, Md., Feb. 9.-The resignation of 10 cadets at the naval academy, who proved unsatisfactory in studies at the recent semi-annual examinations, were accepted today. A LIQUOR MONOPOLY. Stockholm, Sweden, Feb. 9.-A liquor monopoly for the exclusive manufacture in Sweden of spirits was organized today with a capital approximating $4,000,000. SUFFERERS EXPOSED TO DEADLY DISEASE Cherry, Ill., Feb. 9.-With not a death for any untimely in town, every widow and orphan of the St. Paul mine is exposed to death through the professional nurses that are caring for the sick. Shortly after dealing out free milk to nearly 200 women and children last night, Miss Frances Wheeler of Chicago, one of MAY TESTIFY CONCERNING DEAL. J. P. MORGAN MAY VOLUNTEER TO TELL OF TELEPHONE TRANSACTION. A MER GER IS SCENED Protesting Minority Stockholders Are Gathering Evidence to Fight Conflict. summation of Purchase on Ground That Morgan Really Repreesnts the Bell Interests and a Monopoly. f mlae volunltatrly t*t{if3 Ia Ne a York In a lfei days co ni t'l' he'll ree(' I' tl aIulithue by hi firm it culltl .llllg intere· t in Itie t'itted St.ates Telephone cumiupanly of 'k'rv'elandl ianl (aCuyalh, ga 'Tellepho .r, tillon .ti o.,' f al ' P'rotestlng minority stocklholders of the companle tare in Ntew York taking deposiltlion to be used In the Ohio courts in suits to check consummnutl'l tt or the purchase. mainntaning that J. P. Morgun & Co. ao'ted for the A111".: I'an Telephone & Telegraph counpalny (the Bell Interests) In acquirilng ix in dependent cU;a.atnles in Ohio and In diana and that. ia comnpetition has ceaedl in thalt territory, the traplasar titn is Ilalgatl. Morgan & tCo.. havet held all alolng that ally hpurchlaas they mnade were simply an an Investment of the firm. HI. B. McOraw of Cleveland and Sam uel B. Jeffries of St. Louis, Jrlntly representing -'he minority stockholders aild this afternoon that Mr. Morgan had volunteered as a witness and that he would be called, probably In a day or tw'lo. The hearing Is bling Iehl Ieelr be fore a notary deputized Iby the Ohio supremlle court. Whetr the original suit was brought. The Aierican Tel ephonel & Telegraph company con tends that the deal never went through and that It does not know who owns the independent company. It further asserts that competitlton In that territory Is as strong us ever. Evidence taken today showed that the American Telephone & Telegraph company negotiated with it. L. Day & Co., bankers, to acquire the controlling interest in the Ohio and Indiana company on the understanding that the American company would take these holdings if it found it could do so legally. It. L. Day & Co., acquired the holdings and later disposed of them, but the American company asserts that it was not the purchaser. The American company admitted today that it loaned Day & Co., more than $7,000,000 to acquire the majority holdings but that when Day & Co., were released from their contract, the loan was paid. DR. MERCER IS DEAD. Chicago, Feb. 9.--Frederick Wentworth Mercer, who reached the rank of surgeon major during the civil war, died today. He was born at St. John, N.B., in 1858. Dr. Mercer was a member of many medical societies in the country and abroad. WILL CUT MELON. Philadelphia, Feb. 9.--The shareholders of the United Gas Improvement company, at a special meeting here today, voted to cut a $9,000,000 "melon." They agreed to a 10 percent dividend, payable in stock. MAY PRESENT KAISER WITH FINE STATUE Washington, Feb. 9.-The house today introduced in the house today providing that a replica of the statue of the revolution. In the ordinary her, General Von Steuben, to be erected in Washington, be presented to the emperor of Germany. The gift is to be in return for the statue of Frederick the Great, which the kaiser presented to the people of the United States. Representative Bartholdt of Missouri, author of the measure, expressed confidence that the senate would act promptly upon it, so that the statue would be ready by May, when it is hoped that the presentation may be made by former President Roosevelt on his visit to Germany. In the four hours in Cherry, was struck with diphtheria in the nurse's home. The other nurses made their regular calls today and measured out the free milk at the railroad station. It is feared that nearly everyone in Cherry has been exposed. The streets are alive with panicky rumors of an epidemic, but the nurses say there is no danger. GLACIER NATIONAL PARK MEASURE IS PASSED BY THE UPPER HOUSE The park is filled with people, including the nurses, who are expected to arrive early today. The park is filled with people, including the nurses, who are expected to arrive early today. The park is filled with people, including the nurses, who are expected to arrive early today. The park is filled with people, including the nurses, who are expected to arrive early today. The park is filled with people, including the nurses, who are expected to arrive early today. The park is filled with people, including the nurses, who are expected to arrive early today. . St*lit lt . lnd C a ·lii nI itt-Mi -1 :I' tittrlti Iii lb'~ Iuiurk butt\ uitl~.liliir ;totnb 'i ll* buauirt.lltalair I l th Ii uI'iuulurai htlI i. tutu' ii a' it ftlut it' i' ii" ' cit i ligrutu IN i if i'itii vglulcltl. 1;n t.' d e I' it t Iuenra '\il '1rigyt hi t '. tr ChI" ·iju i 1iii' i'u'iie lio n 1uir gal Iwo t 'll . Iii Ii, nt. II it li in reitaid. nIt, M. iuu ' aui ii - iJttlull Iaddition 1i, eiii' l ,uits hltont itht M',aitiua m~u ntu t.su FATAL DOSE GIVEN BY HYDE, JURY SAYS Coroner's Panel Finds That Colonel Swope Came To His Death From Dose of Strychnine Administered by Doctor. Kaaulss City, ehb. Ui.-ColOnel Thomas H. Hwole culm, to his deaith by reason of strychnine administered In a c.psule by Dr. I1. C. Hyde. hus band of the millionaire's niece, ac cording to the verdict of the enron.r's jury in Independence. Mo.. today. Whether the drug was administered with felonious Intent, the jury said in Its verdict, it was unable to determine. Tile jury was out little more than an hour. The greater part of this time was devoted to disussing th1. case. Only one ballot was nectnssary. Although there were numerous iand hurried consultittions bIetween att.r neys for the state and Dr. Hyde and Ills legal advisers, and lthollugh ru murs regarding irobable prosecution were plentiful tonight, the case stands Just us It did wleen the corner s jury returned Its verdict. Prosecutor Virgil C(onkling refused to discuss his plans. He said positively, however, that he would confer with his associates in the prosecutor's office before he took any action. He and Henry L. Jost. first asslstant circuit attorney, who has done the major portion of iv\'estl gating for the state in the Swope Inys tery. will confer tomorrow. It Il said tonight that Corolnr B. H. lewart will begin l n inquest over CHANGES POSITION ONLY VASQUEZ FINDS HIMSELF BE. TWEEN TWO FO1RCE3 OF IN. SURGENT FIGHTERS. Washlllgtonl. J'Fe. P. - ucth Iletilli 'of the battle of ioata as have been a ble to get through to Washinglton. Ildi cute to Lathit-Amertian diplomaltts her that Chamnorro. by what was reported as his flight, has i vmply ctlanttgd I.o sitlons with thie Miadriz comllmlander, Vastquez. who nlow flllds himself he tween two insurgent forces, C(h2lllorro in front and Generall Mutia inl the reaur, The strategists tta(i the deduction that when Chamorro broke throughl the iltes of Vasquez he lhastenelld otl toward Granada .And is now within ] mtiles of the city whllere the C:halnorrt family Is all powerful. "This victory of Ma.driz trools I'tr minds me Ie on? e of Mark 'rtwin's ,Le scriptions of a fight," dlec! red a r ep resentative of thte Iestradtlau atiol, "wlhen he sald. 'I ilserted illy nose between his teeth and pinned him firmly to the ground.' CIhtalmorrl bIrorke through the Vasquez forces and fled, but he iled ill tle direction of Ma. nagu.l ." PREPARING FOR WORK. WVaslhillgtoll, LD. .. I'etb, :. (.P. I ull.)-.-thginteer Satvage of the redl nation service Is here to prepare for active work on the various reclamation projects on the Flathead reservtation during the present year. State Senator Edwards of Forsyth arrived here today. SI HOOTS A QUEST. Helena, Feb. 9.-A special to the Record from Culbertson says that fol lowing a dance at his tanch home, J. Hatfield shot and probably fatally wounded J. Bauers. Hatfield surren dered. Bauers will die it is thought. 6 'i U1 SCý. SCENE IN THE PROPOSED GLACIER NATIONAL P#RK. C(Jrl-ai lia dl . aw\.'Ila' I I.dyV aila sla aills tll( ' ,rffiall report .of the. i[phyi~'· inim whlio are. xallaininlg tlhe stainllaI' ;aild liver N I' rec lved. J. 0:. 'rrogd n,. o,l'lllr' aattorney. woulld niiot co'nl lla Iil.nself ailI this rumor. Dr. Hyde and his at torniey; Johlln M. Cltary nd Frak P. WValsh,. spent tIIh, vent li tagether ait the pihysiclian' hoime. 'ltey tandet Ilo rtutentent. .M1rN. Hyde is erlinsly ill and the Ilya.ii'un is dlevoting all his spare t t iito h'er TI'hla suit that I)r. Ilhyde lais IaplingaI a,.aiisxt A l ,rn ll John . l'axtl ai, imdr. la'Iesse.) a ',l' dlsitionsi Inl t i' ase noa,. It Is Sail, tonigiht. pt is sail the ideposition contest which wageiI s.a fliercely last wetek, will begin oanew inow that lh. a'oraner's inquetaa il iovsae. If Dr. Hyde I rufftld bIy thae verdletl. hie is conce-illlag hi feellings. lh. wa'i present whIana thae verdict was Ir'ttlurnaail. After heailrilg It readt, hl turnedtl to Ills attaorney. Jiohni .aa . Cl'tory. aaill iisked: "\\What ilaaes It nean"? Mlr. ('lear"y a 'xpluainllie thi' v rdicll t. "1 we'." hp, ' lnplIy saidl 'rlThen he alklid his al'e, tao go to ludaallt, n a tlt himn. . lilllinlalt later tlihey left the bauildling. SWITCHMEN DESIRE A GENERAL STRIKE 4I hg.. I.,.). fly ,, r,"p.IlrtetJ 4) III.' I~l~lrllll9, rhsl or aiii %i I3fIJ(r'tnm, ..r 1x l'II(ag.. iailrrgjnj. (i ".'141d In t'aiv a4 f: ,'t1114.. Th, 4~1e wa8' iii IiIJU 44.99 toda14y A~t it 4994t 41 l' raiIroads, an Inrem JaIUs4 reIuM ,I 'MI'I. alruIi' 111111 'anvI9.tiIImo III I4IIIkIul BOSTON ABATTOIR DAMA6D BY FIRE Itoeir clI~trurlr. t Ieb. .--Ifn,.rnl H I,1' 1III pIl wt.'(ii1r/n· ti"t cojrIj,'a)Ih Ih Hr whielh destroiyr' aI hIIuxiu.i(1k $l,(Omi, worth ot prio'etty tit tin, I1"igI'tao NtKck ya rda eat lv lil~y 'I'he" fit'l is thought tI, haie ot'iigtiat Iuughmnu tene ttu ltuig l ii3p.it y's build lug, h 'l' IJUZ M)t'1(trt an u tuu~tuiwll for &t flune to wijue out thu ('Stir~ uitittatt'l ulatit. W111l.1 I o r~r (Ilu M a' l~y 2 Ity tat]d a 'it tIe iruoli ui IItnc iN'ltI In colfiullg the lltume to the llldItuig of the retnderintg tolullui, ar II the C attie shled MAY GRANT EASEMENT. 1fl5Clti , Feb. . 'it tijuI It' I ill (ttUry fr'omi the littard of hurlcor1 tftelu netirs, Atitorutey tuuti ul Gatuuu toulay held that thui late imny grant an ea(sementtt o~ver i ii le i, IMal for county tuats buM. (al tutlit sell the right of watI to aul ((iwiy list Ma 1(1 lurnd isi pUt uiji at 3uilrt ut1 tltiont. MILLIONS OF ACRES WILL BE RESTORED Much Land Is to lic Stripped From Forest Reserves and Thrown Open to Settlement by Seekers of Homcs. W amiilliigtoii, 1.,0)l . 10 -Mon- lit 111I 1. 1ltltl,)I Ill acres of lund will h ti I*Inlilpeed fl IzIithe. flirest reserves EII tile I jl'ted1 Sttat·n n sill and roltolrc d t o tII· pui,llt Thsis I i initiat resuilt or Pra1sident 'I'111411 r11r, Ii llllil llo It wan tintlul I hats u ll IIsun 1111.1 'ii i ll liliil 'rI iii rt"-tt latsifi 'uII lit ..i' Ih lri") i, la nds. rr for it et lurlitt .lhil iM ll . iiuiiiit ili I .Ijll. jilftiittilt Mtt it iii ii l t t i nt;." a 1til 11t10 toth i l "i.11;I itl t1 t !." I l ·lil·\·il' I] .. I Ilat I .Ilt'n li111n l \\111 tmmt It 4;ttll· 1t If, stale l it ltts 1111.' tt h ,1 tt th1lt't1 .1I will heP Ina(. front ll fill public· landsll for forest purposes lit act'o rtlatiitl' withI1 till I- Iti I, M ill lit, relll4"11 h%' 111.11 IIII1II1I· Intl that thorn tsII· I~rll llt" lIll s11, It , I TheP ll ItI1 - IIIII tiIII II"I the 1111.11 tt ll strke l ro la )v illI t" Il.I ulnr ser llllc~ ',rlltt um I lit. iii t 1. I1"li llrll I .1I ti ('n iinle(·rt Io (,In) oinsi' ui 'jl 111' I'1" 1.1' the labor it have witl.(' lri jn~il " I III `it 'II NO MONEY TO10 PAY REINSTATED MEN IIlrlr ;l, I''I ) ;,.1E Itu ll . I ll II . 111 ir Ilivilli pol ilcl',n ..'a h1 ' w e ir A li-H hliv ,al from1 th11 flr y .b 11 tyor'1 d" , 1arI, .I IoI<- | , tlwo }I i t" , %11 'h'a , %i both I u, rvintaltd Jlppoarl.d"l l' ' sl ut} tort; 'l'h , +. ' ,r * tI bll bl y 'Ih111 1 ' 1 "11 1 n "r III'l"s M, ill go Il l 's I (11k, butI 111' ;11, IIll - SI' ,i. l tlhe ml thll n 1 I \ . r,,r' E+d ,airdrl+ 1. -1, l hitll t( I l ',,y thl in+ (h11 ) i, nll l i"'1 drtt 111, liy i1,1 ;1 is tI1 h 1r,1 ' \ ias 11 1 I' srloId lItioi I'-or thir Jll y8r1,I. 'T'tt ln dfiol 1n+l in ,icuate, what 1h1 .i' l1,.1t be. woubt b., . >Imply l olling th,. chitf' they would report for ,u.ty to mrl rro"o :rt ! '(ln ",k A GAME PRESERVE. rl)- nt ) ms |)ihi, stIrt,'+| ]ir , t+ h +, thl, "1ort Itutlxx+.l mlilitt 'ry linin omt ,'; reserve, ellblritall+ martl' lhatn ;1 lint drol s utare miles of K m+li- 1' 1ltait n+ 1,11 8 country, <totk'I 11' a Mga,.l e serve. "The pltnl I to have tho Nlit'ir r'esev+er t ell l anld to in.ta ll th(11 '0, .tol. It' | b-+J le burt I - T ltl,. I."I*III. 'li 1 4" tlI u1'. I .t i I t 1 it ii ii nit l '.1tit t i . ' y . 1tul1 I, 1Irtid ritt tln'uugh I.11 l1 11 r44 '1.'1 1 ' 1'.11 .14 In . th.II interoll~r ofIii' 1I. rlurr·clst . ltand t114" M it . IIitt t'4 I'i r r ' ii r.il , err llab" IIhit-i. I1tltt gr ti"1, ) II- it I s t.itItill 1.41:1141 11'."4 It 1 h1 1· 11.·1· 111I1, ll()l Sunu" land , fnl iiti .!i1t i-lit 41ii ." fur .11p lii- t\ i itii t i-lil lit i lii' l il part ILi jgiila.t I11 t-il "I'-ilk-- ll hl , ll r t h." grow tng ul 1111 11'4"""4, 1111) 11.u·1 h." 11'1;11'4.11 Is i1 lll-llr ' its.. till thl. ii 4)1 I) jig Yllills' 1. itl' 1n 1 1111 1111 f, l'l4 II! 1)11nt."1!. 1. 1 1 1 1111h 1 t is r 1. .111 1 14 t 1111rln, h. 11.111id I 1h "' N "t"i 11 4 PUTS COLD WATER ON IDEA HARDIE DECLARES LABORITES SHOULD NOT BLINDLY FOL. LOW GOVERNMENT. l h l , ?I, tI i i , l l : i . I - Ia.i ,t I!a, ,I'I , ij n l IIl , Inr I, alty ma. 1 inlmm lr ', I'>1 -t1 l* III .l, I m , |' Iu l l l , tiII,", 1. m, , I m -npr :l II1 ,- iii ,,m,,tlrm l -a tlh~lr I w "+ l I,rl. 1'J , - ini t;I ,_ !",,lh 111111g.!+ I",+ l l[ ,l:rli III + },'+ll ,I ]+ l,' t ;,f; I+1}1,*,% t'+. atl I)1, ,' *i -ma' I l,"n III - i, an I li ll - II I mIt :tII III 1,'I ~ t , - ,, l - I. "t . I i ~ +n'. t + * it l , '+ f , I l,lnm ,- l lS m l, - nl i,I .. , I I , f , I lll ,,r, +i]. ,I 1 1 1, I > , I - I , , , ,i , , I ll t " 1 l * I mm, mn-ni F m l In ii.--o t i , I'II In1 tit. tn ii nI ' i" nit. "t ýl III I1I i+'+ "i'ht,J 1 'r ,II III, Ii! .I I,'tr ,1 +,l i t I il Filnn-at mlllmai t In n ý, t , l- .lI Ih Il ,lil r ,a ll t i , l r I ii l I, ) r~ I 1 , ..t -+ ,,,-, :.- Ili I 1 i1 , 1i , " ,I , lli ll,+'lllllý ' I'';II l'+ll-l ,I .. I'i,"P' l~lr ll II~ "II 'II . rl ', I.il',",I hi ., + Ir~I- f i lll l ' I ll'l i " .t ~ \! " 11,1 ' r hr I ,r l I- 11111 d d " I 1 ! I nPm it r"+ l~i h I .i " .I . , 1i I1I - III ih t t ier, , ,I' Cl 1 , I. n . t. r I m tm III,. t I iI .g '.l ;r111"1 tll++f i',"I. I . w 11, 1x" I ll ' m.I I nll, IIl -- I, I- Ii,+ 11i i mll. r -i ll In' - I. ,, .m,-' I ;I lit+ Il" ri ialn inia- I -alnn m nnm lm w IIn-h inaj tin 1 man-b ban n Tim.. im 0 Ini m st an utiit mn flMIn n mm l,, n ? n- Hin.. an n-mi am litm. AGED ABDUL HAMID ATTEMPTS SUICIDE IIinn 1, tlu" I ' t1 .I III A I I . 'fur. ) ý,i- ntl a l ýrllll il ll li ,t Iu 'I x11~n. AN AGREEMENT IS FINALLY REACHEO THERE WILL NOW OE NO WALK. OUT OF RAILROAD EMPLOYES IN MEXICO. IROUBLE IS AT AN END Terms That Are Perfectly Sptit.,.tory to Both Sides Are ArriveL at and Signed by Representat~ives of the Companies and the Men-Dettl' of Settlement Are Secret. .\iI, xitllirigi., l" iii *i.+ tth nii \ ,l iJa+ 'Igi t \itlit 2.3iI, I ik illLJl'+ II l tllly it tit.r .II1. I .lll-' N It thi it, There ,1 i it " nh nIII ;lk a of . lne·rb ll engnve ,rnlr i it .lt· r I; toss ii muiltr o i Itt*t N iti, nIl l i ii rl ri-it i . 1I+ ,' i, ,, t ,iflllt,1iim ia t hit. ml n litiiL t m aIti y .greeI+ p+' n tll i n [{ oIII ,f artilt i tl+I.lt ofe th..Ir d i tff iire .s iT tgri *i nen t ts. -)iltr at 2.30 iL tirit wit k t,,,hyp til, tthe ilult s. ,Imi. N l rtt t nIt Ir ohlynt of the, IIll·r i ,lr l. .\tr |;I'+)r\+I .heInel"+ thq i u)llm nt als th e' t'prl ..el t tillv +" the rlilrll ntl ild thie ithlr illrittnl. milln Iniuttelrl oif tngnll r sl n.Rltl lt+ I im i|a t tril th e mitend The en ut, l olL ~rsl allnl tellinillerp ;re lill wlt tigsll l'c h tati tht ' iltlt y ir t mi r ilrtud u rtrtia ntly t init itsd wilt ittt rritti. Lut . tNtHrsw .ut tlt tij it llr.winh statLm.tetnt I iiitii ti e htien "A'l'|il llsa !tis ll Ihr , adj lllin , lly htll b hen c mi'm tteP ofl tile eni nheerls anld i'<tl .lulttojr , thi, selthlieme t leingl il Ilune wlith tht , tliuh ety forth Iti I.h. rit liitiiiti itt the, i ttit ditt it Lrs, whiih wsli puhhthed sunntit, lime ago. The iLetthemtttntt Ii iuuttsiemr i.itatialy it. slita itiry. 'TIhItdaii mitt'ii itil oi f Ih+ Itrdtr of lImllroa(tuiti ut tr o Amlr.lin. i, nd l I;ri iind .(hiehf (' trlr itti of the Ilrm'thlirtw.mi of i ott nIit'eilmtt s, I ntt ers.ra, uiithiorlit, d the followiwng; A *wmnt gined. ".% tisaLet'4i tory' ti.ut·.ti.-m t it lt'e dir. I','irt.',, bItwe'eno (Ith tondulcitor'i and i'ttg l ti'r iirtt an ll t ntageratllt of the Niitliini, Iltllwiytt ofr MixNuto 'ttu ef Irl'own ii today and the . gryt·c'lltclt wass ciglitl IbIS istatrlnoo.. Tr·it cllllllitee rplirtli ttI g th' "oInttirs :unt ilto io Iucttrs ii a rt bitt d siatlpranory us sllIeta hi polIcy oft ha' t,'oard of It'eLitr wIll Ii' cvarritdl mill by (ho sabortll[nate i offltialrl*.' lUInt lee I nltl[ ed tli m an the rlrund otd (ilsi reiu' tool dvllay ut iijut ~tbih'tl. lFL t!tlO~iI~i'a tind Its contnltsri extt t I i l the list itvil - Thb fiLa that tlhe town 'iiltl' almosimt solidly hto rsiig nrotI tIhIe seice In the are of he Ltittl l lit' tiheir. iet Iaa) ls lie ith ri i rioii i lttiltlagm eienl t, flats tit lllllilll e sell Rj\· "Pit lull lull! ill,- tnI siti ye thelii liiie Ilillit tile sine,- tililt - rionbl i'ir, st .1t'gllll 'l'ilt, (ll :hIIIII\1 or directors recently we~l~ll ll Ill, ear A Re oluteon. satil t with thu iit ur nIIe ul ii.iii ll t tha t it it iii * tlide M , .t i ti - Iilo *,tln e mu tit igt th~t h I' r ir "l ii it t s i ires,""I 11 1i ii tIh :1.1IW -!iug It Ifh Ii ulop o ii by thu A Resolution. 11 1.1 1 (ist rut limns Ill- gl II:. tl t" ilell Ill.- peer, l that, b) or 1.' - ·I, w ar.I Inll."ut-..1 m ber isr as h. ut' the lit. Iiihlv liI-,X i, i t IUt i t., % tti ii tht sueti. 1 1 iili I - u - i'..n, "II- I\*., '1\\: I 11.. 11i" t. i- iiiti ,,,I,,IP~ tl ;, it,) 1,111. It 1: 111y lit ..I *1'1 ý I y,111i1 It 1'. ;.rl I I I'.I11 (jIA iiot'%Ih it il. itj'I ikt r I II~' %% as lrevenllell ( from c':ilicll itlttr 1 Ii'l~h I L it. ji' ViI ult illtti t'i i g *iuet~illi Ilva.iiiil nit strulltu Wi luk b~t.
| 8,236 |
https://github.com/artembashlak/share-youtube-to-mail/blob/master/tests/conftest.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
share-youtube-to-mail
|
artembashlak
|
Python
|
Code
| 29 | 173 |
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
def browser():
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument('ignore-certificate-errors')
options.add_argument("--headless")
options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
options.add_argument('start-maximized')
options.add_argument('disable-infobars')
options.add_argument("--disable-extensions")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(ChromeDriverManager().install(), options=options)
yield driver
driver.quit()
| 20,430 |
https://github.com/processone/ejabberd-contrib/blob/master/mod_pottymouth/src/normalize_leet_gen_server.erl
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
ejabberd-contrib
|
processone
|
Erlang
|
Code
| 105 | 519 |
-module(normalize_leet_gen_server).
-behaviour(gen_server).
-include("logger.hrl").
-import(normailize_leet, [normalize/2]).
-export([normalize/1]).
%% gen_server callbacks
-export([start/1, stop/1, init/1, handle_call/3, handle_cast/2, handle_info/2,
terminate/2, code_change/3]).
serverName(Lang) ->
list_to_atom(lists:flatten([atom_to_list(?MODULE), "_", atom_to_list(Lang)])).
normalize({Lang, Word} = _MessageToken) ->
try gen_server:call(serverName(Lang), {normalize, Word})
catch
exit:{noproc, _Reason} -> Word
end.
start({Lang, CharMapFile} = _Opts) ->
gen_server:start_link({local, serverName(Lang)}, ?MODULE, [CharMapFile], []).
stop({Lang, _CharMapFile} = _Opts) ->
gen_server:stop(serverName(Lang)).
init([CharMapFile]) ->
?INFO_MSG("NormalizeLeet Loading: ~p~n", [CharMapFile]),
{ok, loadCharMapConfig(file:consult(CharMapFile))}.
loadCharMapConfig({ok, [CharMapConfig]}) ->
maps:from_list(CharMapConfig);
loadCharMapConfig({error, Reason}) ->
?INFO_MSG("NormalizeLeet Error: ~p~n", [Reason]),
maps:new().
handle_call({normalize, Word}, _From, CharMap) ->
Reply = normalize_leet:normalize(CharMap, Word),
{reply, Reply, CharMap}.
handle_cast(_Msg, State) -> {noreply, State}.
handle_info(_Info, State) -> {noreply, State}.
terminate(_Reason, _State) -> ok.
code_change(_OldVsn, State, _Extra) -> {ok, State}.
| 45,918 |
https://vi.stackexchange.com/questions/16082
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,018 |
Stack Exchange
|
Sebastian Müller, https://vi.stackexchange.com/users/15083
|
English
|
Spoken
| 448 | 722 |
How to quickly edit vim variable content?
In vim I sometimes want to quickly change the content of a variable using its current content as template using vim editing capabilities.
For example I want to append the word "bar" to the existing variable myvar.
let myvar="foo"
A possible workflow could be a ex-command (say Edit) editing myvar in a new buffer with "foo" as its contend and upon saving the buffer it would overwrite the new content (i.e. "foo bar") to the variable:
:Edit myvar
I feel there must be an elegant solution, possibly even another workflow than the one outlined above.
You've picked an unfortunate example, as it's more easily achieved with:
let myvar .= 'bar'
Still, for more complicated edits, you could use the following commands:
Insert the variable into the buffer:
o<C-R>=myvar<CR>
N.B. In the above, <C-R> denotes a press of Ctrl-R, and <CR> is a press of Return.
Perform your edits.
Reassign the contents of the line to the variable and delete the line:
:let myvar = getline('.') | d
Steps 1 & 3 can be converted into mappings:
:nnoremap <expr> <leader>ev "o\<C-R>=" . input('Variable: ', 'myvar', 'var') . "\<CR>"
:nnoremap <expr> <leader>av ':let ' . input('Variable: ', 'myvar', 'var') . " = getline('.') <bar> d\<CR>"
These prompt the user for which variable they want to edit/assign to, offering a default of myvar, and using variable completion so you don't have to type out the whole variable name.
If you always want to edit myvar, you can just replace the call to input() with myvar. If you only want to be asked in the first mapping, then you could save the name of the variable selected in a variable and use that in the second mapping: at that point you'd probably be better off using a mapping that calls a function instead of attempting to cram it into a one-liner.
Creating a more polished, complete solution as described in the question is left as an exercise to the reader. You'd probably want to set up a function to create the new buffer and insert the contents of the variable, and a BufWriteCmd autocommand to intercept the saving of that buffer (and only that buffer) and instead reassign to the variable.
Further reading:
:help i_CTRL-R_=
:help getline()
:help :d
:help :map-expr
:help input()
:help :command-completion
:help :function
:help autocommand
:help Cmd-event
I've accepted this solutions since extensively elaborated, adaptable and doesn't require a plugin (which I prefer). I agree, the example was somewhat unfortunate.
The plugin editvar does this. Just use :Editvar myvar, where myvar is a variable. This opens a window with the variable's contents. You can type :w to update the variable value.
| 11,797 |
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alconeura%20splendida
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Alconeura splendida
|
https://war.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alconeura splendida&action=history
|
Waray
|
Spoken
| 39 | 72 |
An Alconeura splendida in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Knull hadton 1951. An Alconeura splendida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Alconeura, ngan familia nga Cicadellidae.
Mabibilngan ini ha California. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.
Mga kasarigan
Alconeura
| 12,232 |
https://openalex.org/W4304775603
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,022 |
Combined Effects of Scarification, Phytohormones, Stratification, and Soil Type on the Germination and/or Seedling Performance of Three Tamaulipan Thornscrub Forest Species
|
Paula Luera
|
English
|
Spoken
| 21,156 | 37,357 |
Combined Effects of Scarification, Phytohormones, Stratification,
Combined Effects of Scarification, Phytohormones, Stratification,
and Soil Type on the Germination and/or Seedling Performance of
and Soil Type on the Germination and/or Seedling Performance of
Three Tamaulipan Thornscrub Forest Species
Three Tamaulipan Thornscrub Forest Species Paula Luera
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Christopher A. Gabler
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/eems_fac Part of the Earth Sciences Commons, Environmental Sciences Commons, and the Marine Biology
Commons Part of the Earth Sciences Commons, Environmental Sciences Commons, and the Marine Biology
Commons University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
ScholarWorks @ UTRGV
ScholarWorks @ UTRGV
School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine
Sciences Faculty Publications and
Presentations
College of Sciences
10-12-2022
Combined Effects of Scarification, Phytohormones, Stratification,
Combined Effects of Scarification, Phytohormones, Stratification,
and Soil Type on the Germination and/or Seedling Performance of
and Soil Type on the Germination and/or Seedling Performance of
Three Tamaulipan Thornscrub Forest Species
Three Tamaulipan Thornscrub Forest Species
Paula Luera
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
Christopher A. Gabler
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
ScholarWorks @ UTRGV
ScholarWorks @ UTRGV School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine
Sciences Faculty Publications and
Presentations College of Sciences College of Sciences Citation: Luera, P.; Gabler, C.A. Combined Effects of Scarification,
Phytohormones, Stratification, and
Soil Type on the Germination and/or
Seedling Performance of Three
Tamaulipan Thornscrub Forest
Species. Plants 2022, 11, 2687. https://doi.org/10.3390/
plants11202687 Academic Editors: Milan S. Stankovic
and Andrzej Bajguz Received: 12 August 2022
Accepted: 7 October 2022
Published: 12 October 2022 Keywords: reforestation; germination; propagation; phytohormones; scarification; gibberellic acid;
indole-3-butyric acid; Fabaceae; Boraginaceae; Rutaceae Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affil-
iations. Paula Luera 1 and Christopher A. Gabler 1,2,* 1
School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley,
1 W University Blvd, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
2
Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Dr,
Edinburg, TX 78539, USA 1
School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley,
1 W University Blvd, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
2
Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Dr, y
2
Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 W University Dr,
Edinburg, TX 78539, USA g
*
Correspondence: christopher.gabler@utrgv.edu Abstract: Tamaulipan thornforests in south Texas and northeast Mexico are a conservation hotspot. Shortages of native seedlings limit regional restoration and are largely driven by knowledge gaps
regarding propagation of the 75+ thornforest species planted during restorations. We previously
investigated three thornforest species with low or inconsistent germination or seedling survival:
Ebenopsis ebano (Fabaceae), Cordia boissieri (Boraginaceae), and Zanthoxylum fagara (Rutaceae), and
identified the types and dosages of chemical seed treatments that maximized germination. However,
chemical treatments were performed in isolation and combinational treatments may be required to
break dormancy or maximize germination. This study builds on prior work by investigating the
effects of all possible combinations of sulfuric acid (SA), gibberellic acid (GA), and indole-3-butyric
acid (IBA) treatments on germination of the same focal species, and further quantified the combined
effects of five chemical treatments, three stratification treatments, and six soil mixture types on the
germination and seedling performance of the focal species. Ebenopsis ebano germination peaked with
SA and was not improved with additional chemical treatments. Cordia boissieri germination was
highest with GA only in our indoor experiment but peaked with GA + IBA + SA in our outdoor
experiment. Zanthoxylum fagara germination was near zero in all treatments. Stratification treatments
marginally reduced E. ebano germination and reduced C. boissieri seedling height. Soil type had
significant impacts on E. ebano germination and leaf abundance (residual differences up to 40%
or 4 leaves, respectively) and influenced some of the effects of chemical treatments. These results
enhance our understanding of thornforest seed ecology and best practices for nursery propagation of
seedlings. Article
Combined Effects of Scarification, Phytohormones, Stratification,
and Soil Type on the Germination and/or Seedling Performance
of Three Tamaulipan Thornscrub Forest Species Paula Luera 1 and Christopher A. Gabler 1,2,* plants plants Recommended Citation
Recommended Citation Luera, P.; Gabler, C.A. Combined Effects of Scarification, Phytohormones, Stratification, and Soil Type on
the Germination and/or Seedling Performance of Three Tamaulipan Thornscrub Forest Species. Plants
2022, 11, 2687. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11202687 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Sciences at ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. It has
been accepted for inclusion in School of Earth, Environmental, and Marine Sciences Faculty Publications and
Presentations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. For more information, please contact
justin.white@utrgv.edu, william.flores01@utrgv.edu. plants plants 1. Introduction Current best practices for forest restoration in the Rio
Grande Valley (RGV) of south Texas require the planting of seedlings, rather than seeds,
and for all seedlings to be grown from locally collected seed to increase genetic diversity
in these habitats while promoting locally adapted genotypes [16]. However, native seed
availability is also a limiting factor. Native seed is only commercially available in small
quantities and for a few of the 75+ species regularly planted for restoration, and wild
collection and processing of native seed is both labor-intensive and requires significant
expertise and local knowledge. Similarly, propagation of these 75+ native species from seed
is also labor- and knowledge-intensive, and germination and/or seedling survival are often
low or inconsistent, partly because many knowledge gaps remain about best practices for
nursery propagation [15]. Consequently, nursery production of thornforest seedlings is
high risk and difficult for commercial growers, which limits the number of qualified grow-
ers producing seedlings and creates a major bottleneck in reforestation capacity. Greater
understanding of the horticultural techniques required to break seed dormancy, enhance
germination, and maximize post-germination and post-transplant survival for Tamaulipan
thornforest species is urgently needed [15]. Multiple mechanisms underlie seed dormancy and the requirements to break dor-
mancy can vary widely among species within the same region [17]. Baskin and Baskin [18]
identified five classes of seed dormancy: physical, physiological, morphological, morpho-
physiological, and combinational. Generally, seeds experience a combination of natural
processes that can act to break dormancy, including daily and seasonal temperature fluctua-
tions, weathering by wind and water, gut passage, and desiccation [17,19]. In the RGV, the
climate is semiarid and borderline tropical-subtropical [5], which promotes considerable
variation among thornforest plant species in both the timing of flowering, fruiting, and
germination, and in the nature of phenological cues, with rainfall pulses and seasonal
shifts in temperature or day length hypothesized to be most common, but the exact nature
of phenological and germination triggers are poorly understood for most species [20,21]. Our understanding of the role temperature plays in the seed and seedling behavior of
Tamaulipan thornforest species is underdeveloped [21–23]. Long-established horticulture
practices, such as cold stratification, mimic the seasonal temperature conditions that govern
dormancy in many species [24], for example, by exposing seeds to an identified number of
cold hours at 4–10 ◦C via refrigeration [17]. 1. Introduction Deforestation continues and the net annual change in global forest cover remains neg-
ative, despite growing reforestation efforts and widespread recognition of the importance
of forests for human wellbeing, biodiversity, and overall biosphere health [1,2]. Forests
provide a multitude of ecosystem functions and services, including biodiversity support
(wildlife habitat), carbon storage, climate regulation, and provisioning of air, water, and
food [1–3]. However, resources and human support for the protection of intact forest habi-
tats and restoration of lost or degraded habitats are finite, so it has been recommended that
we prioritize forests that most effectively mitigate climate change and provide important
local socio-ecological functions, e.g., providing food in areas with high food insecurity or
wildlife habitat in areas with high biodiversity or conservation value [3]. Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article
distributed
under
the
terms
and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/). https://www.mdpi.com/journal/plants Plants 2022, 11, 2687. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11202687 Plants 2022, 11, 2687 2 of 23 In the Lower Rio Grande Valley (RGV) of southern Texas and in northeastern Mex-
ico, less than 2% of the historic Tamaulipan (or Mezquital) thornscrub forests (or thorn-
forests) remain [4]. These forests exhibit high biodiversity, with hundreds of plant species
supporting an array of migratory and resident birds, insects (especially bees and but-
terflies), mammals, and reptiles, including many species endemic to the region and
threatened at the state or national level [5,6], such as the federally endangered ocelot
(Leopardus pardalis) [7–10]. Tamaulipan thornforests also support a critical ecotourism in-
dustry valued at 59–300 million USD per year in a region with high poverty and food
insecurity [11]. Nevertheless, thornforests are threatened by rapid urbanization and are
already heavily fragmented due to over a century of agricultural modification, which has
reduced biodiversity and forest cover across the region [5,12,13]. Given its high biodiversity
and ecological importance paired with its high risk from human impacts, the Tamaulipan
ecoregion has been identified as a conservation hotspot [14]. As a result, restoration of
Tamaulipan thornforests are a high priority for various governmental, conservation, and
commercial organizations who operate in the region and collaborate to produce and plant
native thornforest species on both public and private lands [4,14]. p
p
p
Native plant seedling availability is currently the greatest limiting factor for Tamauli-
pan thornforest restoration [15]. 1. Introduction Alternatively, ovens or driers can be used to
affect other environmental triggers, such as after ripening, seed desiccation, and exposure
to high temperatures [25,26]. Although these methods are not new, their applications to
thornscrub species are largely untested, despite demonstrated utility for some species [23]. Understanding thermal triggers of germination will help us better understand thornscrub Plants 2022, 11, 2687 3 of 23 ecology and community dynamics and would be of significant practical use in breaking
seed dormancy for propagation. In our previous study, Luera et al. [15] performed a series of scarification and phyto-
hormone trials to investigate the factors governing seed dormancy in three focal thornforest
species: Ebenopsis ebano (Berl.) Barneby & Grimes (Texas ebony), Cordia boissieri A. DC. (Mexican olive), and Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. (colima). Seed scarification with sulfuric
acid increased E. ebano germination, suggesting physical dormancy, whereas seed treat-
ment with the phytohormone gibberellic acid increased C. boissieri germination, suggesting
physiological dormancy [15]. However, scarification and phytohormone treatments were
tested in isolation, so we could not rule out combinational (physical plus physiological) dor-
mancy, and, although we investigated the effects of temperature and soil type on seedling
growth and root morphology, we did not study their effects on germination. This study
builds on our prior work in three important ways. (1) We included seed treatments that
combined scarification and different phytohormones. (2) We investigated the effects of
temperature and soil type—in conjunction with scarification and phytohormones—on
germination. (3) We tested germination outdoors in soil, which better reflects the realities
of thornforest seedling production. This study focused on the same three focal Tamaulipan thornforest species as Luera
et al. [15] and employed two factorial experiments for each species. The first experiment
quantified the effects of the optimal dosages of sulfuric, gibberellic, and indole-3-butyric
acids identified by Luera et al. [15] on germination when applied to seeds alone and in
all possible combinations. The second experiment quantified the effects of a subset of five
chemical seed treatments, six soil mixture types, and three stratification treatments on
the germination of our three focal species and on the seedling performance of E. ebano,
using a full factorial design. Many knowledge gaps remain regarding the propagation of
Tamaulipan thornforest plant species, which, when filled, should reduce risk and increase
profitability for commercial growers seeking to produce native thornforest species [15]. 1. Introduction In
turn, commercial viability of thornforest seedling production should promote increased
availability of thornforest seedlings, which currently limits restoration in the region. This
study increased our understanding of thornforest seed dormancy and further elucidated
best practices for enhancing germination and seedling performance in a nursery setting. Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared test statistic; p, p-value; ***, p < 0.001. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Consistent with prior results [15], treatment of E. ebano seeds with sulfuric acid (SA)
was required for germination. SA significantly increased the likelihood of germination
from 1.0% to 72.9% overall (Table 1, Figure 1a). However, no other chemical treatments or
interactions among treatments significantly influenced germination likelihood (Table 1), and
post-hoc tests showed that there were no significant differences in germination likelihood
among the treatment combinations that included SA, namely SA, GA + SA, IBA + SA, and
GA + IBA + SA, which ranged from 70.8% to 75.0% germination (Figure 1b). Table 1. ANODEV results examining the effects of sulfuric acid, gibberellic acid, indole-3-butyric
acid, and all interactions thereof on the germination likelihood of Ebenopsis ebano seeds. Table 1. ANODEV results examining the effects of sulfuric acid, gibberellic acid, indole-3-butyric
acid, and all interactions thereof on the germination likelihood of Ebenopsis ebano seeds. Factor
d.f. χ2
p
Sulfuric acid (SA)
1
129.73
<0.0001
***
Gibberellic acid (GA)
1
0.45
0.5014
Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)
1
0.05
0.8224
SA × GA
1
1.16
0.2823
SA × IBA
1
1.36
0.2440
GA × IBA
1
0.00
1.0000
SA × GA × IBA
1
0.00
1.0000
Model
11
106.92
<0.0001
***
Legend: d f degrees of freedom; χ2 chi squared test statistic; p p value; *** p < 0 001 Model Plants 2022, 11, 2687 4 of 23
*** Figure 1. Average germination likelihood of Ebenopsis ebano seeds with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) whether sulfuric acid (SA) scarification was included as part of the seed pre-
treatment (to show the main effect of SA; red dot = SA not included, blue dot = SA included); and
(b) pretreatments imposed on Ebenopsis ebano seeds, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-
3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof. Capital letters denote the re-
sults of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not signif-
icantly different. Figure 1. Average germination likelihood of Ebenopsis ebano seeds with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) whether sulfuric acid (SA) scarification was included as part of the seed pre-
treatment (to show the main effect of SA; red dot = SA not included, blue dot = SA included); and
(b) pretreatments imposed on Ebenopsis ebano seeds, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-
3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Capital letters denote the
results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not
significantly different. y
p
p
reatment (to show the main effect of SA; red dot = SA not included, blue dot = SA included); and
b) pretreatments imposed on Ebenopsis ebano seeds, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-
3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof. Capital letters denote the re-
ults of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not signif-
cantly different. treatment (to show the main effect of SA; red dot = SA not included, blue dot = SA included); and
(b) pretreatments imposed on Ebenopsis ebano seeds, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-
3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof. Capital letters denote the
results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not
significantly different. Time to germination averaged 8.4 ± 2.8 days across all treatments (Figure 2a) and was
significantly influenced by IBA and the GA × IBA interaction only (Table 2). Germination
was 1.3 days faster with IBA treatment overall (7.8 vs. 9.1 days) (Figure 2b), but the effect
of IBA appears to be dependent on the GA treatment. Without GA, IBA treatment reduced
germination time from 10.1 to 7.2 days, but germination time with GA was similar with
or without IBA (8.3 days for GA + IBA, 8.2 days for GA) (Figure 2c). Since over 98% of
germinated E. ebano seeds were treated with SA, it is most appropriate to interpret the
effects of GA and IBA on germination timing as being those observed in conjunction with
SA. Time to germination averaged 8.4 ± 2.8 days across all treatments (Figure 2a) and was
significantly influenced by IBA and the GA × IBA interaction only (Table 2). Germination
was 1.3 days faster with IBA treatment overall (7.8 vs. 9.1 days) (Figure 2b), but the effect
of IBA appears to be dependent on the GA treatment. Without GA, IBA treatment reduced
germination time from 10.1 to 7.2 days, but germination time with GA was similar with
or without IBA (8.3 days for GA + IBA, 8.2 days for GA) (Figure 2c). Since over 98%
of germinated E. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Capital letters denote the
results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not
significantly different. Figure 1. Average germination likelihood of Ebenopsis ebano seeds with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) whether sulfuric acid (SA) scarification was included as part of the seed pre-
treatment (to show the main effect of SA; red dot = SA not included, blue dot = SA included); and
(b) pretreatments imposed on Ebenopsis ebano seeds, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-
3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof. Capital letters denote the re-
sults of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not signif-
icantly different. Figure 1. Average germination likelihood of Ebenopsis ebano seeds with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) whether sulfuric acid (SA) scarification was included as part of the seed pre-
treatment (to show the main effect of SA; red dot = SA not included, blue dot = SA included); and
(b) pretreatments imposed on Ebenopsis ebano seeds, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-
3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof. Capital letters denote the
results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not
significantly different. Figure 1. Average germination likelihood of Ebenopsis ebano seeds with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) whether sulfuric acid (SA) scarification was included as part of the seed pre-
treatment (to show the main effect of SA; red dot = SA not included, blue dot = SA included); and
(b) pretreatments imposed on Ebenopsis ebano seeds, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-
3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof. Capital letters denote the re-
sults of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not signif-
icantly different. Figure 1. Average germination likelihood of Ebenopsis ebano seeds with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) whether sulfuric acid (SA) scarification was included as part of the seed pre-
treatment (to show the main effect of SA; red dot = SA not included, blue dot = SA included); and
(b) pretreatments imposed on Ebenopsis ebano seeds, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-
3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment ebano seeds were treated with SA, it is most appropriate to interpret
the effects of GA and IBA on germination timing as being those observed in conjunction
with SA. W
5 of 24
Model
4
2.61
0.0430
*
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F4,66, F test statistic; p, p-value; *, p < 0.05. Table 2. ANOVA results examining the effects of sulfuric acid, gibberellic acid, indole-3-butyric
acid, and the GA × IBA interaction on time to germination of Ebenopsis ebano seeds. Factor
d.f. F4,66
p
Sulfuric acid (SA)
1
0.01
0.9287
Gibberellic acid (GA)
1
0.58
0.4507
Indole 3-butyric acid (IBA)
1
4.84
0.0312
*
GA × IBA
1
5.03
0.0289
*
Figure 2. Average time to germination of Ebenopsis ebano seeds with 95% confidence intervals broken
down by (a) all pretreatments imposed, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof; (b) whether IBA was included in the seed
pretreatment (to show the main effect of IBA; blue dot = IBA not included, red dot = IBA included);
and (c) GA and IBA treatments (to show the GA × IBA interactive effect; red dots = GA not included,
blue dots = GA included). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests;
groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Figure 2. Average time to germination of Ebenopsis ebano seeds with 95% confidence intervals broken
down by (a) all pretreatments imposed, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof; (b) whether IBA was included in the seed
pretreatment (to show the main effect of IBA; blue dot = IBA not included, red dot = IBA included);
and (c) GA and IBA treatments (to show the GA × IBA interactive effect; red dots = GA not included,
blue dots = GA included). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests;
groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. ults examining the effects of sulfu
A interaction on time to germinatio
tor
d.f. acid (SA)
1
acid (GA)
1
ric acid (IBA)
1
IBA
1 uric acid, gibberellic acid, indole-3-bu
on of Ebenopsis ebano seeds. F4,66
p
0.01
0.9287
0.58
0.4507
4.84
0.0312
5.03
0.0289 Figure 2. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Average time to germination of Ebenopsis ebano seeds with 95% confidence intervals broken
down by (a) all pretreatments imposed, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof; (b) whether IBA was included in the seed
pretreatment (to show the main effect of IBA; blue dot = IBA not included, red dot = IBA included);
and (c) GA and IBA treatments (to show the GA × IBA interactive effect; red dots = GA not included,
blue dots = GA included). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests;
groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Figure 2. Average time to germination of Ebenopsis ebano seeds with 95% confidence intervals broken
down by (a) all pretreatments imposed, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof; (b) whether IBA was included in the seed
pretreatment (to show the main effect of IBA; blue dot = IBA not included, red dot = IBA included);
and (c) GA and IBA treatments (to show the GA × IBA interactive effect; red dots = GA not included,
blue dots = GA included). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests;
groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Figure 2. Average time to germination of Ebenopsis ebano seeds with 95% confidence intervals broken
down by (a) all pretreatments imposed, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof; (b) whether IBA was included in the seed
pretreatment (to show the main effect of IBA; blue dot = IBA not included, red dot = IBA included);
and (c) GA and IBA treatments (to show the GA × IBA interactive effect; red dots = GA not included,
blue dots = GA included). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests;
groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Figure 2. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Average time to germination of Ebenopsis ebano seeds with 95% confidence intervals broken
down by (a) all pretreatments imposed, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof; (b) whether IBA was included in the seed
pretreatment (to show the main effect of IBA; blue dot = IBA not included, red dot = IBA included);
and (c) GA and IBA treatments (to show the GA × IBA interactive effect; red dots = GA not included,
blue dots = GA included). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests;
groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Plants 2022, 11, 2687 5 of 23 Table 2. ANOVA results examining the effects of sulfuric acid, gibberellic acid, indole-3-butyric acid,
and the GA × IBA interaction on time to germination of Ebenopsis ebano seeds. Factor
d.f. F4,66
p
Sulfuric acid (SA)
1
0.01
0.9287
Gibberellic acid (GA)
1
0.58
0.4507
Indole 3-butyric acid (IBA)
1
4.84
0.0312
*
GA × IBA
1
5.03
0.0289
*
Model
4
2.61
0.0430
*
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F4,66, F test statistic; p, p-value; *, p < 0.05. Table 2. ANOVA results examining the effects of sulfuric acid, gibberellic acid, indole-3-butyric acid,
and the GA × IBA interaction on time to germination of Ebenopsis ebano seeds. Table 2. ANOVA results examining the effects of sulfuric acid, gibberellic acid, indole-3-butyric acid
and the GA × IBA interaction on time to germination of Ebenopsis ebano seeds. 2.2. Ebenopsis Ebano Large Factorial Experiment 2.2. Ebenopsis Ebano Large Factorial Experiment 2.2. Ebenopsis Ebano Large Factorial Experiment Across all treatments, 36.7% of E. ebano seeds germinated and emerged from the soil
surface. Chemical seed pretreatment, soil mixture type, and the interaction of chemical
pretreatment and stratification significantly influenced the likelihood of seedling emer-
gence (Table 3). Again, emergence was highest among pretreatments that included SA
(SA = 80.6%, GA + IBA + SA = 87.5%) and dramatically lower without SA (GA = 4.2%,
IBA = 4.2%, control = 6.9%) (Figure 3a). The highest emergence occurred in soil type
D (45%), which was significantly higher than in soils C (30%) and E (30%) (Figure 3b). 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Average likelihoods of Ebenopsis ebano seedling emergence with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) chemical seed pretreatment, which included controls, gibberellic acid (GA),
indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and GA + IBA + SA; (b) soil mixture type; and (c)
stratification treatment (blue dot = cold, black dot = control, red dot = warm). Panels (b,c) show the
residual values and their 95% confidence intervals for emergence likelihoods. Capital letters denote
the results of least squares means post hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not
significantly different. Figure 3. Average likelihoods of Ebenopsis ebano seedling emergence with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) chemical seed pretreatment, which included controls, gibberellic acid (GA), indole-
3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and GA + IBA + SA; (b) soil mixture type; and (c) stratification
treatment (blue dot = cold, black dot = control, red dot = warm). Panels (b,c) show the residual
values and their 95% confidence intervals for emergence likelihoods. Capital letters denote the
results of least squares means post hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not
significantly different. Figure 3. Average likelihoods of Ebenopsis ebano seedling emergence with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) chemical seed pretreatment, which included controls, gibberellic acid (GA),
indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and GA + IBA + SA; (b) soil mixture type; and (c)
stratification treatment (blue dot = cold, black dot = control, red dot = warm). Panels (b,c) show the
residual values and their 95% confidence intervals for emergence likelihoods. Capital letters denote
the results of least squares means post hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not
significantly different. Figure 3. Average likelihoods of Ebenopsis ebano seedling emergence with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) chemical seed pretreatment, which included controls, gibberellic acid (GA), indole-
3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and GA + IBA + SA; (b) soil mixture type; and (c) stratification
treatment (blue dot = cold, black dot = control, red dot = warm). Panels (b,c) show the residual
values and their 95% confidence intervals for emergence likelihoods. Capital letters denote the
results of least squares means post hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not
significantly different. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Stratification had a marginal effect on emergence (Table 3), but post-hoc tests suggested that
emergence was higher in the control (41.7%) than in either the warm or cold stratification
treatments, which both averaged 34.2% emergence (Figure 3c). The significant pretreatment
× stratification interaction (Table 3) arose because the observed pretreatment effects varied
among the stratification treatments. Specifically, emergence was low among the non-SA
pretreatments (GA, IBA, and control) in the warm and control stratification treatments
(4.2–12.5%) but was zero for these three pretreatments in the cold stratification treatment. Table 3. ANODEV results examining the effects of chemical seed pretreatment, soil mixture type,
stratification, and all interactions thereof on Ebenopsis ebano emergence likelihood. Table 3. ANODEV results examining the effects of chemical seed pretreatment, soil mixture type,
stratification, and all interactions thereof on Ebenopsis ebano emergence likelihood. Factor
d.f. χ2
p
Pretreatment
4
261.76
<0.0001
***
Soil type
5
13.12
0.0223
*
Stratification
2
5.92
0.0517
. Pretreatment × Soil
20
28.29
0.1026
Pretreatment × Strat
8
15.82
0.0449
*
Soil × Strat
10
9.92
0.4471
Pretreatment × Soil × Strat
40
12.97
0.9999
Model
89
347.82
<0.0001
***
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared test statistic; p, p-value; ., 0.1 > p ≥0. 05; *, 0.05 > p ≥0.01;
***, p < 0.001. Several response variables could only be quantified if emergence occurred, namely
time to emergence, seedling survival, height, and leaf count. For these variables, the
overwhelming majority of emergence occurred in categories that included SA, so we
excluded any pretreatment categories that lacked SA from our analyses (i.e., we kept
only SA and GA + IBA + SA). Including all pretreatment categories resulted in strongly
unbalanced sample sizes and structural zeroes for some treatment combinations and,
practically, SA treatment has now been established as a standard practice for E. ebano
propagation from seed. Thus, for this group of response variables, it is both statistically and
practically appropriate to perform analyses that include only the SA and GA + IBA + SA
pretreatments. Plants 2022, 11, 2687 6 of 23
0.05 > p Figure 3. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Several response variables could only be quantified if emergence occurred, namely
time to emergence, seedling survival, height, and leaf count. For these variables, the over-
whelming majority of emergence occurred in categories that included SA, so we excluded
any pretreatment categories that lacked SA from our analyses (i.e., we kept only SA and
GA + IBA + SA). Including all pretreatment categories resulted in strongly unbalanced
sample sizes and structural zeroes for some treatment combinations and, practically, SA
treatment has now been established as a standard practice for E. ebano propagation from
seed. Thus, for this group of response variables, it is both statistically and practically ap-
propriate to perform analyses that include only the SA and GA + IBA + SA pretreatments. Time to emergence averaged 15.2 ± 4.4 days and was significantly influenced by pre-
treatment and the interactions of pretreatment × soil, pretreatment × stratification, and soil
× stratification (Table 4). Emergence time was 14.6 days with SA only and 15.7 days when
SA was combined with GA and IBA. However, the effect of pretreatment also depended
il
(
il i
i
)
d
ifi
i
(
ifi
Time to emergence averaged 15.2 ± 4.4 days and was significantly influenced by pre-
treatment and the interactions of pretreatment × soil, pretreatment × stratification, and soil
× stratification (Table 4). Emergence time was 14.6 days with SA only and 15.7 days when
SA was combined with GA and IBA. However, the effect of pretreatment also depended on
soil type (pretreatment × soil interaction) and stratification (pretreatment × stratification
interaction). In the SA treatment compared to the GA + IBA + SA treatment, emergence
was faster in soils A (12.7 vs. 19.6 days) and C (13.0 vs. 18.8 days) but slower in soil D
(16.9 vs. 14.1 days) (Figure 4a), and emergence was faster with warm stratification (13.1 vs. 18.9 days) but slower in controls with no stratification (16.1 vs. 13.5 days) (Figure 4b). The
effect of stratification on emergence time also depended on soil type (soil × stratification
interaction); most treatments averaged 15 or fewer days to emergence, except controls in
soil D (18.1 days) and warm stratification in soils A (23.3 days) and C (20.0 days), which
were significantly slower than most other treatment combinations (not shown). tion interaction). 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Average time to Ebenopsis ebano seedling emergence with 95% confidence intervals broken
down by (a) soil mixture type and the two chemical pretreatments that included SA (dot colors
correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve readability); and (b) stratification
and pretreatment (blue dots = cold, black dots = control, red dots = warm). Capital letters denote
the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were
not significantly different. Values shown include observations only from pretreatment groups that
included SA. Survival of E. ebano seedlings was 91.7% across all treatments. None of the factors
tested significantly influenced survival, but soil had a marginal effect on survival (Table
5). Survival was highest in soils C, D, and F (100%, 95.2%, and 100%, respectively) and
lowest in soils A, B, and E (85.0%, 87.5%, and 83.3%, respectively), but both our post-hoc
tests and GLM suggested that none of these differences were significant (not shown). Survival of E. ebano seedlings was 91.7% across all treatments. None of the factors
tested significantly influenced survival, but soil had a marginal effect on survival (Table 5). Survival was highest in soils C, D, and F (100%, 95.2%, and 100%, respectively) and lowest
in soils A, B, and E (85.0%, 87.5%, and 83.3%, respectively), but both our post-hoc tests and
GLM suggested that none of these differences were significant (not shown). Table 5. ANODEV results examining the effects of chemical seed pretreatment, soil mixture type,
stratification, and all second-order interactions on Ebenopsis ebano seedling survival. Pretreatments
that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. Table 5. ANODEV results examining the effects of chemical seed pretreatment, soil mixture type,
stratification, and all second-order interactions on Ebenopsis ebano seedling survival. Pretreatments
that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. Table 5. ANODEV results examining the effects of chemical seed pretreatment, soil mixture type,
stratification, and all second-order interactions on Ebenopsis ebano seedling survival. Pretreatments
that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. Table 5. ANODEV results examining the effects of chemical seed pretreatment, soil mixture type,
stratification, and all second-order interactions on Ebenopsis ebano seedling survival. Pretreatments
that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. Factor
d.f. F35,83
p
Pretreatment
1
1.45
0.2289
Soil type
5
9.96
0.0764
. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Average time to Ebenopsis ebano seedling emergence with 95% confidence intervals broken
down by (a) soil mixture type and the two chemical pretreatments that included SA (dot colors
correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve readability); and (b) stratifica-
tion and pretreatment (blue dots = cold, black dots = control, red dots = warm). Capital letters denote
the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not
significantly different. Values shown include observations only from pretreatment groups that in-
cluded SA. Figure 4. Average time to Ebenopsis ebano seedling emergence with 95% confidence intervals broken
down by (a) soil mixture type and the two chemical pretreatments that included SA (dot colors
correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve readability); and (b) stratification
and pretreatment (blue dots = cold, black dots = control, red dots = warm). Capital letters denote
the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were
not significantly different. Values shown include observations only from pretreatment groups that
included SA. Figure 4. Average time to Ebenopsis ebano seedling emergence with 95% confidence intervals broken
down by (a) soil mixture type and the two chemical pretreatments that included SA (dot colors
correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve readability); and (b) stratifica-
Figure 4. Average time to Ebenopsis ebano seedling emergence with 95% confidence intervals broken
down by (a) soil mixture type and the two chemical pretreatments that included SA (dot colors
correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve readability); and (b) stratification Figure 4. Average time to Ebenopsis ebano seedling emergence with 95% confidence intervals broken
down by (a) soil mixture type and the two chemical pretreatments that included SA (dot colors
correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve readability); and (b) stratifica-
tion and pretreatment (blue dots = cold, black dots = control, red dots = warm). Capital letters denote
the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not
significantly different. Values shown include observations only from pretreatment groups that in-
cluded SA. Figure 4. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment In the SA treatment compared to the GA + IBA + SA treatment, emer-
gence was faster in soils A (12.7 vs. 19.6 days) and C (13.0 vs. 18.8 days) but slower in soil
D (16.9 vs. 14.1 days) (Figure 4a), and emergence was faster with warm stratification (13.1
Table 4. Permutational ANOVA results examining the effects of chemical seed pretreatment, soil
mixture type, stratification, and all interactions thereof on time to Ebenopsis ebano seedling emergence. Pretreatments that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. tion interaction). In the SA treatment compared to the GA + IBA + SA treatment, emer-
gence was faster in soils A (12.7 vs. 19.6 days) and C (13.0 vs. 18.8 days) but slower in soil
D (16.9 vs. 14.1 days) (Figure 4a), and emergence was faster with warm stratification (13.1
Table 4. Permutational ANOVA results examining the effects of chemical seed pretreatment, soil
mixture type, stratification, and all interactions thereof on time to Ebenopsis ebano seedling emergence. Pretreatments that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. vs. 18.9 days) but slower in controls with no stratification (16.1 vs. 13.5 days) (Figure 4b). The effect of stratification on emergence time also depended on soil type (soil × stratifica-
tion interaction); most treatments averaged 15 or fewer days to emergence, except controls
in soil D (18.1 days) and warm stratification in soils A (23.3 days) and C (20.0 days), which
were significantly slower than most other treatment combinations (not shown). Table 4. Permutational ANOVA results examining the effects of chemical seed pretreatment, soil
mixture type, stratification, and all interactions thereof on time to Ebenopsis ebano seedling emer-
gence. Pretreatments that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. Factor
d.f. F35,83
p
Pretreatment
1
4 88
0 0299
*
Factor
d.f. F35,83
p
Pretreatment
1
4.88
0.0299
*
Soil type
5
1.85
0.1123
Stratification
2
1.49
0.2316
Pretreatment × Soil
5
7.44
<0.0001
***
Pretreatment × Strat
2
13.66
<0.0001
***
Soil × Strat
10
2.22
0.0243
*
Pretreatment × Soil × Strat
10
0.72
0.7009
Model
35
6.20
<0.0001
***
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F35,83, F test statistic; p, p-value; *, 0.05 > p ≥0.01; ***, p < 0.001. 7 of 23
*** Plants 2022, 11, 2687 Figure 4. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment g g
atment
1
1.21
0.1615
type
5
1.38
1.0000 Table 6. Permutational ANCOVA results examining the effects of seedling age, chemical pretreatment,
soil mixture type, stratification, and all second-order interactions on Ebenopsis ebano seedling height. Pretreatments that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. g g
atment
1
1.21
0.1615
type
5
1.38
1.0000 Factor
d.f. F34,74
p
Seedling age
1
10.68
<0.0001
***
Pretreatment
1
1.21
0.1615
Soil type
5
1.38
1.0000
Stratification
2
2.20
0.4024
Age × Pretreat
1
1.12
0.3004
Age × Soil
5
1.42
0.2554
Age × Strat
2
2.49
0.0877
. Pretreatment × Soil
5
3.51
0.0172
*
Pretreatment × Strat
2
0.01
1.0000
Soil × Strat
10
1.93
0.0644
. Model
34
1.96
0.0083
**
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F34,74, F test statistic; p, p-value; ., 0.1 > p ≥0.05; *, 0.05 > p ≥0.01; **, 0.01 > p ≥
0.001; ***, p < 0.001. Stratification
2
2.20
0.4024
Age × Pretreat
1
1.12
0.3004
Age × Soil
5
1.42
0.2554
Age × Strat
2
2.49
0.0877
. Pretreatment × Soil
5
3.51
0.0172
*
Pretreatment × Strat
2
0.01
1.0000
Soil × Strat
10
1.93
0.0644
. Model
34
1.96
0.0083
**
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F34,74, F test statistic; p, p-value; ., 0.1 > p ≥ 0.05; *, 0.05 > p ≥ 0.01; **,
0.01 > p ≥ 0.001; ***, p < 0.001. Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
ebano seedling age and plant height; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average residual plant height
with 95% confidence intervals broken down by soil mixture type and the two pretreatments that
included SA (dot colors correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve read-
ability). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; all groups without
labels are in the ‘ABCD’ post-hoc group (labels omitted for clarity); groups within a panel that share
Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
ebano seedling age and plant height; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average residual plant
height with 95% confidence intervals broken down by soil mixture type and the two pretreatments
that included SA (dot colors correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve
readability). 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; all groups without
labels are in the ‘ABCD’ post-hoc group (labels omitted for clarity); groups within a panel that share
a letter were not significantly different. Values shown include observations only from pretreatment
groups that included SA. ot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
plant height; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average residual plant height
ntervals broken down by soil mixture type and the two pretreatments that
rs correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve read-
denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; all groups without
D’ post-hoc group (labels omitted for clarity); groups within a panel that share
Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
ebano seedling age and plant height; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average residual plant
height with 95% confidence intervals broken down by soil mixture type and the two pretreatments
that included SA (dot colors correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve
readability). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; all groups without
labels are in the ‘ABCD’ post-hoc group (labels omitted for clarity); groups within a panel that share
a letter were not significantly different. Values shown include observations only from pretreatment
groups that included SA. ot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
d plant height; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average residual plant height
intervals broken down by soil mixture type and the two pretreatments that
rs correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve read-
s denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; all groups without
D’ post-hoc group (labels omitted for clarity); groups within a panel that share
Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
ebano seedling age and plant height; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average residual plant
height with 95% confidence intervals broken down by soil mixture type and the two pretreatments
that included SA (dot colors correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve
readability). 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Stratification
2
1.72
0.4238
Pretreatment × Soil
5
0.94
0.9670
Pretreatment × Strat
2
2.00
0.3687
Soil × Strat
10
9.83
0.4558
Model
25
34.53
0.4420
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F35,83, F test statistic; p, p-value; ., 0.1 > p ≥ 0.05. Factor
d.f. F35,83
p
Pretreatment
1
1.45
0.2289
Soil type
5
9.96
0.0764
. Stratification
2
1.72
0.4238
Pretreatment × Soil
5
0.94
0.9670
Pretreatment × Strat
2
2.00
0.3687
Soil × Strat
10
9.83
0.4558
Model
25
34.53
0.4420
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F35,83, F test statistic; p, p-value; ., 0.1 > p ≥0.05. We considered seedling age in our analyses of E. ebano seedling height and leaf abun-
dance because seedlings emerged at different times and age influences size. Seedling
height averaged 79.5 ± 26.5 mm overall and was significantly influenced by seedling age
and the interaction of pretreatment and soil (Table 6). The age × stratification and soil ×
We considered seedling age in our analyses of E. ebano seedling height and leaf
abundance because seedlings emerged at different times and age influences size. Seedling
height averaged 79.5 ± 26.5 mm overall and was significantly influenced by seedling
age and the interaction of pretreatment and soil (Table 6). The age × stratification and
soil × stratification interactions also had marginal effects on height. Height increased
by 3.18 mm per day (Figure 5a). As before, the effect of pretreatment depended on soil
type (pretreatment × soil interaction); residual seedling heights were 25.3 mm greater for
soil C and 23.6 mm lower for soil E in the GA + IBA + SA treatment than in the SA only
treatment, but height was not significantly different between treatments for other soil types
(Figure 5b). Similarly, the effect of stratification varied among soil types (stratification × soil
interaction), with residual heights 25.4 and 24.8 mm greater in cold than in warm treatments
for soils C and E, respectively, and 23.3 mm greater in warm than in control treatments for
soil B; however, these differences were marginal in our ANCOVA and only the differences Plants 2022, 11, 2687
8 of 23
for soils B and C were significant in our post-hoc tests. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment The relationship between seedling
age and height was weaker in the control stratification treatment (m = 0.005) than in the
cold (m = 0.293) or warm (m = 0.279) treatments (age × stratification interaction), but these
differences were only marginal in our ANCOVA (Table 6). Table 6. Permutational ANCOVA results examining the effects of seedling age, chemical pretreatment,
soil mixture type, stratification, and all second-order interactions on Ebenopsis ebano seedling height. Pretreatments that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. Factor
d.f. F34,74
p
Seedling age
1
10.68
<0.0001
***
Pretreatment
1
1.21
0.1615
Soil type
5
1.38
1.0000
Stratification
2
2.20
0.4024
Age × Pretreat
1
1.12
0.3004
Age × Soil
5
1.42
0.2554
Age × Strat
2
2.49
0.0877
. Pretreatment × Soil
5
3.51
0.0172
*
Pretreatment × Strat
2
0.01
1.0000
Soil × Strat
10
1.93
0.0644
. Model
34
1.96
0.0083
**
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F34,74, F test statistic; p, p-value; ., 0.1 > p ≥0.05; *, 0.05 > p ≥0.01; **, 0.01 > p ≥
0.001; ***, p < 0.001. seedling age and height was weaker in the control stratification treatment (m = 0.005) than
in the cold (m = 0.293) or warm (m = 0.279) treatments (age × stratification interaction), but
these differences were only marginal in our ANCOVA (Table 6). Table 6. Permutational ANCOVA results examining the effects of seedling age, chemical pretreat-
ment, soil mixture type, stratification, and all second-order interactions on Ebenopsis ebano seedling
height. Pretreatments that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. Factor
d.f. F34,74
p
Seedling age
1
10.68
<0.0001
***
Pretreatment
1
1.21
0.1615
Soil type
5
1.38
1.0000
Stratification
2
2.20
0.4024
Age × Pretreat
1
1.12
0.3004
Age × Soil
5
1.42
0.2554
Age × Strat
2
2.49
0.0877
. Pretreatment × Soil
5
3.51
0.0172
*
Pretreatment × Strat
2
0.01
1.0000
Soil × Strat
10
1.93
0.0644
. Model
34
1.96
0.0083
**
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F34,74, F test statistic; p, p-value; ., 0.1 > p ≥ 0.05; *, 0.05 > p ≥ 0.01; **,
0.01 > p ≥ 0.001; ***, p < 0.001. Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
ebano seedling age and plant height; each dot represents one plant. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment (b) Average residual plant height
with 95% confidence intervals broken down by soil mixture type and the two pretreatments that
included SA (dot colors correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve read-
ability). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; all groups without
labels are in the ‘ABCD’ post-hoc group (labels omitted for clarity); groups within a panel that share
Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
ebano seedling age and plant height; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average residual plant
height with 95% confidence intervals broken down by soil mixture type and the two pretreatments
that included SA (dot colors correspond to the six soil mixture types and are included to improve
readability). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; all groups without
labels are in the ‘ABCD’ post-hoc group (labels omitted for clarity); groups within a panel that share
a letter were not significantly different. Values shown include observations only from pretreatment
groups that included SA. Plants 2022, 11, 2687 8 of 23 8 of 23 for soils B and C were significant in our post-hoc tests. The relationship between seedling
age and height was weaker in the control stratification treatment (m = 0.005) than in the
cold (m = 0.293) or warm (m = 0.279) treatments (age × stratification interaction), but these
differences were only marginal in our ANCOVA (Table 6). e, stratification, and all second-order interactions on Ebenopsis ebano seedling
that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. tor
d.f. F34,74
p
1
10 68
<0 0001
*** for soils B and C were significant in our post-hoc tests. The relationship between seedling
age and height was weaker in the control stratification treatment (m = 0.005) than in the
cold (m = 0.293) or warm (m = 0.279) treatments (age × stratification interaction), but these
differences were only marginal in our ANCOVA (Table 6). e, stratification, and all second order interactions on Ebenopsis ebano seedling
that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. tor
d.f. F34,74
p
1
10 68
<0 0001
*** Table 6. Permutational ANCOVA results examining the effects of seedling age, chemical pretreatment,
soil mixture type, stratification, and all second-order interactions on Ebenopsis ebano seedling height. Pretreatments that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; all groups without
labels are in the ‘ABCD’ post-hoc group (labels omitted for clarity); groups within a panel that share
a letter were not significantly different. Values shown include observations only from pretreatment
groups that included SA. Ebenopsis ebano leaf abundance averaged 14.6 ± 5.5 leaves and was influenced by
seedling age and soil type (Table 7). Seedlings gained 0.61 leaves per day of growth
(Figure 6a) and had significantly more leaves when grown in soil types A or C (15.5 Plants 2022, 11, 2687 9 of 23
seed-
Figure or 16.3 leaves, respectively) than in soil F (13.4 leaves), while soils B, D, and E produce
intermediate leaf counts (Figure 6b). respectively) than in soil F (13.4 leaves), while soils B, D, and E produce intermediate leaf
counts (Figure 6b). or 16.3 leaves, respectively) than in soil F (13.4 leaves), while soils B, D, and E produce
intermediate leaf counts (Figure 6b). respectively) than in soil F (13.4 leaves), while soils B, D, and E produce intermediate leaf
counts (Figure 6b). Table 7. ANCOVA results examining the effects of seedling age, chemical pretreatment, soil mix-
ture type, stratification, and the interactions of pretreatment × soil, pretreatment × stratification,
soil × stratification, and pretreatment × soil × stratification on Ebenopsis ebano seedling leaf abun-
dance. We initially included interaction terms with seedling age but pruned the model to increase
statistical power. Pretreatments that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. Table 7. ANCOVA results examining the effects of seedling age, chemical pretreatment, soil mixture
type, stratification, and the interactions of pretreatment × soil, pretreatment × stratification, soil ×
stratification, and pretreatment × soil × stratification on Ebenopsis ebano seedling leaf abundance. We
initially included interaction terms with seedling age but pruned the model to increase statistical
power. Pretreatments that lacked SA were excluded from analysis. Factor
d f
F36 72
p Factor
d.f. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment (b) Average residual leaf
abundance with 95% confidence intervals broken down by soil type (dot colors correspond to the six
soil mixture types as above to aid comparisons). Capital letters denote the results of least squares
means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Values
shown include observations only from pretreatment groups that included SA. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment Val-
ues shown include observations only from pretreatment groups that included SA. Figure 6. (a) Scatterplot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
ebano seedling age and leaf abundance; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average residual leaf
abundance with 95% confidence intervals broken down by soil type (dot colors correspond to the six
soil mixture types as above to aid comparisons). Capital letters denote the results of least squares
means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Values
shown include observations only from pretreatment groups that included SA. Figure 6. (a) Scatterplot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
ebano seedling age and leaf abundance; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average residual leaf
abundance with 95% confidence intervals broken down by soil type (dot colors correspond to the
six soil mixture types as above to aid comparisons). Capital letters denote the results of least squares
means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Val-
ues shown include observations only from pretreatment groups that included SA. Figure 6. (a) Scatterplot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
ebano seedling age and leaf abundance; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average residual leaf
abundance with 95% confidence intervals broken down by soil type (dot colors correspond to the six
soil mixture types as above to aid comparisons). Capital letters denote the results of least squares
means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Values
shown include observations only from pretreatment groups that included SA. Figure 6. (a) Scatterplot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
ebano seedling age and leaf abundance; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average residual leaf
abundance with 95% confidence intervals broken down by soil type (dot colors correspond to the
six soil mixture types as above to aid comparisons). Capital letters denote the results of least squares
means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Val-
ues shown include observations only from pretreatment groups that included SA. Figure 6. (a) Scatterplot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
ebano seedling age and leaf abundance; each dot represents one plant. 2.1. Ebenopsis Ebano Small Factorial Experiment F36,72
p
Seedling age
1
13.80
0.0004
***
Pretreatment
1
0.017
0.8983
Soil type
5
2.35
0.0492
*
Stratification
2
0.23
0.7927
Pretreatment × Soil
5
0.37
0.8649
Pretreatment × Strat
2
0.57
0.5663
Soil × Strat
10
1.56
0.1353
Pretreatment × Soil × Strat
10
1.60
0.1228
Model
36
1.98
0.0070
**
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F36,72, F test statistic; p, p-value; *, 0.05 > p ≥0.01; **, 0.01 > p ≥0.001;
***, p < 0.001. ,
p
Seedling age
1
13.80
0.0004
***
Pretreatment
1
0.017
0.8983
Soil type
5
2.35
0.0492
*
Stratification
2
0.23
0.7927
Pretreatment × Soil
5
0.37
0.8649
Pretreatment × Strat
2
0.57
0.5663
Soil × Strat
10
1.56
0.1353
Pretreatment × Soil × Strat
10
1.60
0.1228
Model
36
1.98
0.0070
**
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F36,72, F test statistic; p, p-value; *, 0.05 > p ≥ 0.01; **, 0.01 > p ≥ 0.001;
***, p < 0.001. Factor
d.f. F36,72
p
Seedling age
1
13.80
0.0004
***
Pretreatment
1
0.017
0.8983
Soil type
5
2.35
0.0492
*
Stratification
2
0.23
0.7927
Pretreatment × Soil
5
0.37
0.8649
Pretreatment × Strat
2
0.57
0.5663
Soil × Strat
10
1.56
0.1353
Pretreatment × Soil × Strat
10
1.60
0.1228
Model
36
1.98
0.0070
**
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F36,72, F test statistic; p, p-value; *, 0.05 > p ≥0.01; **, 0.01 > p ≥0.001;
***, p < 0.001. p
Seedling age
1
13.80
0.0004
***
Pretreatment
1
0.017
0.8983
Soil type
5
2.35
0.0492
*
Stratification
2
0.23
0.7927
Pretreatment × Soil
5
0.37
0.8649
Pretreatment × Strat
2
0.57
0.5663
Soil × Strat
10
1.56
0.1353
Pretreatment × Soil × Strat
10
1.60
0.1228
Model
36
1.98
0.0070
**
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F36,72, F test statistic; p, p-value; *, 0.05 > p ≥ 0.01; **, 0.01 > p ≥ 0.001;
***, p < 0.001. Figure 6. (a) Scatterplot with trendline showing the positive linear relationships between Ebenopsis
ebano seedling age and leaf abundance; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average residual leaf
abundance with 95% confidence intervals broken down by soil type (dot colors correspond to the
six soil mixture types as above to aid comparisons). Capital letters denote the results of least squares
means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. 2.3. Cordia Boissieri Small Factorial Experiment
2.3. Cordia Boissieri Small Factorial Experiment ANODEV results examining the effects of sulfuric acid, gibberellic acid, indole-3-butyric
acid, and all interactions thereof on the germination likelihood of Cordia boissieri seeds. Factor
d f
χ2
p Table 8. ANODEV results examining the effects of sulfuric acid, gibberellic acid, indole-3-butyric
acid, and all interactions thereof on the germination likelihood of Cordia boissieri seeds. Factor
d.f. χ2
p
Sulfuric acid (SA)
1
0.16
0.6908
Gibberellic acid (GA)
1
17.04
<0.0001
***
Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)
1
8.73
0.0031
**
SA × GA
1
0.56
0.4551
SA × IBA
1
14.17
0.0002
***
GA × IBA
1
3.26
0.0710
. SA × GA × IBA
1
0.00
1.0000
Model
7
43.92
<0.0001
***
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared test statistic; p, p-value; ., 0.1 > p ≥0.05; **, 0.01 > p ≥0.001;
***, p < 0.001. Table 8. ANODEV results examining the effects of sulfuric acid, gibberellic acid, indole-3-butyric
acid, and all interactions thereof on the germination likelihood of Cordia boissieri seeds. Factor
d.f. χ2
p
Sulfuric acid (SA)
1
0.16
0.6908
Gibberellic acid (GA)
1
17.04
<0.0001
***
Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)
1
8.73
0.0031
**
SA × GA
1
0.56
0.4551
SA × IBA
1
14.17
0.0002
***
GA × IBA
1
3.26
0.0710
. SA × GA × IBA
1
0.00
1.0000
Model
7
43.92
<0.0001
***
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared test statistic; p, p-value; ., 0.1 > p ≥ 0.05; **, 0.01 > p
≥ 0.001; ***, p < 0.001. Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared test statistic; p, p-value; ., 0.1 > p ≥0.05; **, 0.01 > p ≥0.001;
***, p < 0.001. Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared test statistic; p, p-value; ., 0.1 > p ≥ 0.05; **, 0.01 > p
≥ 0.001; ***, p < 0.001. Figure 7. Average germination likelihood of Cordia boissieri seeds with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) seed pretreatments, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof; (b) IBA and SA treatments (red dots = SA not
included, blue dots = SA included); and (c) GA and IBA treatments (red dots = GA not included,
blue dots = GA included). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests;
groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Figure 7. 2.3. Cordia Boissieri Small Factorial Experiment
2.3. Cordia Boissieri Small Factorial Experiment Average germination likelihood of Cordia boissieri seeds with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) seed pretreatments, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof; (b) IBA and SA treatments (red dots = SA not
included, blue dots = SA included); and (c) GA and IBA treatments (red dots = GA not included, blue
dots = GA included). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups
within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Figure 7. Average germination likelihood of Cordia boissieri seeds with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) seed pretreatments, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof; (b) IBA and SA treatments (red dots = SA not
included, blue dots = SA included); and (c) GA and IBA treatments (red dots = GA not included,
blue dots = GA included). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests;
groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Figure 7. Average germination likelihood of Cordia boissieri seeds with 95% confidence intervals
broken down by (a) seed pretreatments, which included gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid
(IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and all combinations thereof; (b) IBA and SA treatments (red dots = SA not
included, blue dots = SA included); and (c) GA and IBA treatments (red dots = GA not included, blue
dots = GA included). Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups
within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Time to germination for C. boissieri averaged 10.0 ± 3.7 days and was significantly
affected by SA treatment only (one-way ANOVA, F1,28 = 5.16, p = 0.0310). Germination time
was 2.9 days slower for seeds treated with SA (11.3 days) compared to those without SA
(8.4 days). More complex models with terms for GA, IBA, SA, and their interactions also
suggested that only SA was significant, but the overall models were not significant, and
Time to germination for C. boissieri averaged 10.0 ± 3.7 days and was significantly
affected by SA treatment only (one-way ANOVA, F1,28 = 5.16, p = 0.0310). Germination
time was 2.9 days slower for seeds treated with SA (11.3 days) compared to those without
SA (8.4 days). 2.3. Cordia Boissieri Small Factorial Experiment
2.3. Cordia Boissieri Small Factorial Experiment Overall, 15.6% of C. boissieri seeds germinated in the smaller factorial experiment. Gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and the interaction of IBA and sulfuric
acid (SA) had significant effects on germination likelihood, while the GA × IBA interaction
had a marginal effect (Table 8). Figure 7a illustrates germination likelihood across all seed
Overall, 15.6% of C. boissieri seeds germinated in the smaller factorial experiment. Gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and the interaction of IBA and sulfuric
acid (SA) had significant effects on germination likelihood, while the GA × IBA interaction
had a marginal effect (Table 8). Figure 7a illustrates germination likelihood across all
seed pretreatment combinations. Overall, treatment with GA increased germination by
over 20%, a five-fold increase (26.0% with GA vs. 5.2% without GA), but IBA treatment
decreased germination by about 15% (8.3% with IBA vs. 22.9% without IBA), a nearly
threefold decrease. However, SA treatment appears to partially negate the effect of IBA
(IBA × SA interaction). With SA, germination was identical with or without IBA (16.7%),
but, without SA, zero seeds germinated when treated with IBA (0%) and 29.2% germinated
without IBA (Figure 7b). The marginal GA × IBA interaction suggests combining GA and Plants 2022, 11, 2687 10 of 23
minated
GA and 10 of 23
minated
GA and IBA may have had a non-additive effect; specifically, germination in GA treatments without
IBA (39.6%) was 27.1% higher than in GA treatments with IBA (12.5%), which was a greater
difference than the 15% increase expected based on the main effect of IBA (Figure 7c). out IBA (39.6%) was 27.1% higher than in GA treatments with IBA (12.5%), which was a
greater difference than the 15% increase expected based on the main effect of IBA (Figure
7c). IBA may have had a non-additive effect; specifically, germination in GA treatments without
IBA (39.6%) was 27.1% higher than in GA treatments with IBA (12.5%), which was a greater
difference than the 15% increase expected based on the main effect of IBA (Figure 7c). out IBA (39.6%) was 27.1% higher than in GA treatments with IBA (12.5%), which was a
greater difference than the 15% increase expected based on the main effect of IBA (Figure
7c). Table 8. ANODEV results examining the effects of sulfuric acid, gibberellic acid, indole-3-butyric
acid, and all interactions thereof on the germination likelihood of Cordia boissieri seeds. Table 8. 2.3. Cordia Boissieri Small Factorial Experiment
2.3. Cordia Boissieri Small Factorial Experiment More complex models with terms for GA, IBA, SA, and their interactions
also suggested that only SA was significant, but the overall models were not significant,
and stepwise model building and pruning functions in R both returned models with SA as
the sole term. 2.4. Cordia Boissieri Large Factorial Experiment Similar to the smaller experiment, seedling emergence was observed for 17.0% of
the C. boissieri seeds planted, overall. Chemical seed pretreatment and the interaction
of pretreatment and soil type significantly influenced emergence likelihood (Table 9). However, unlike the smaller experiment, emergence did not peak with GA treatment alone
(9.7%) and was instead enhanced and maximized when pretreatments were combined
(55.6% in the GA + IBA + SA treatment) (Figure 8a). Emergence in different soil treatments Plants 2022, 11, 2687 11 of 23
e ts
stically 11 of 23
e
stically ranged from 41.7 to 66.7% within the GA + IBA + SA treatment, but none were statistically
different; the pretreatment × soil interaction arose from variability within soil types across
the control, GA, IBA, and SA chemical treatments, which ranged from zero (0%) to 25.0%
without any apparent pattern (not shown). control, GA, IBA, and SA chemical treatments, which ranged from zero (0%) to
without any apparent pattern (not shown). Table 9. ANODEV results examining the effects of chemical pretreatment, soil mixture type,
fication, and all interactions thereof on Cordia boissieri emergence likelihood. Table 9. ANODEV results examining the effects of chemical pretreatment, soil mixture type, stratifi-
cation, and all interactions thereof on Cordia boissieri emergence likelihood. Factor
d.f. χ2
p
Pretreatment
4
80.99
<0.0001
***
Soil type
5
3.27
0.6589
Stratification
2
2.81
0.2451
Pretreatment × Soil
20
31.62
0.0476
*
Pretreatment × Strat
8
11.19
0.1913
Soil × Strat
10
13.05
0.2208
Pretreatment × Soil × Strat
40
25.76
0.9605
Model
89
168.68
<0.0001
***
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared statistic; p, p-value; *, 0.05 > p ≥0.01; ***, p < 0.001. Factor
d.f. χ2
p
Pretreatment
4
80.99
<0.0001
Soil type
5
3.27
0.6589
Stratification
2
2.81
0.2451
Pretreatment × Soil
20
31.62
0.0476
Pretreatment × Strat
8
11.19
0.1913
Soil × Strat
10
13.05
0.2208
Pretreatment × Soil × Strat
40
25.76
0.9605
Model
89
168.68
<0.0001
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared statistic; p, p-value; *, 0.05 > p ≥ 0.01; ***, p <
Figure 8. (a) Average likelihood of seedling emergence and (b) average time to emergence for
boissieri seeds with 95% confidence intervals broken down by seed pretreatment, which in
controls, gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and GA + IBA
treatments. 2.4. Cordia Boissieri Large Factorial Experiment Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups w
panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Figure 8. (a) Average likelihood of seedling emergence and (b) average time to emergence for Cordia
boissieri seeds with 95% confidence intervals broken down by seed pretreatment, which included
controls, gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and GA + IBA + SA
treatments. Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a
panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Table 9. ANODEV results examining the effects of chemical pretreatment, soil mixture type, stratifi-
cation, and all interactions thereof on Cordia boissieri emergence likelihood. Factor
d.f. χ2
p
Pretreatment
4
80.99
<0.0001
***
Soil type
5
3.27
0.6589
Stratification
2
2.81
0.2451
Pretreatment × Soil
20
31.62
0.0476
*
Pretreatment × Strat
8
11.19
0.1913
Soil × Strat
10
13.05
0.2208
Pretreatment × Soil × Strat
40
25.76
0.9605
Model
89
168.68
<0.0001
***
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared statistic; p, p-value; *, 0.05 > p ≥0.01; ***, p < 0.001. Factor
d.f. χ2
p
Pretreatment
4
80.99
<0.0001
Soil type
5
3.27
0.6589
Stratification
2
2.81
0.2451
Pretreatment × Soil
20
31.62
0.0476
Pretreatment × Strat
8
11.19
0.1913
Soil × Strat
10
13.05
0.2208
Pretreatment × Soil × Strat
40
25.76
0.9605
Model
89
168.68
<0.0001
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared statistic; p, p-value; *, 0.05 > p ≥ 0.01; ***, p < Table 9. ANODEV results examining the effects of chemical pretreatment, soil mixture type, stratifi-
cation, and all interactions thereof on Cordia boissieri emergence likelihood. Factor
d.f. χ2
p
Pretreatment
4
80 99
<0 0001 Figure 8. (a) Average likelihood of seedling emergence and (b) average time to emergence for
boissieri seeds with 95% confidence intervals broken down by seed pretreatment, which in
controls, gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and GA + IBA
treatments. Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups w
panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Figure 8. (a) Average likelihood of seedling emergence and (b) average time to emergence for Cordia
boissieri seeds with 95% confidence intervals broken down by seed pretreatment, which included
controls, gibberellic acid (GA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), sulfuric acid (SA), and GA + IBA + SA
treatments. 2.4. Cordia Boissieri Large Factorial Experiment Capital letters denote the results of least squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a
panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Time to emergence averaged 33.1 ± 7.5 days, which was slightly more than d
the germination time observed in the smaller factorial experiment. Pretreatment w
only factor to influence emergence time (Table 10). GA and GA + IBA + SA had the sh
emergence times (30.0 and 31.6 days, respectively), which were significantly faste
Time to emergence averaged 33.1 ± 7.5 days, which was slightly more than double
the germination time observed in the smaller factorial experiment. Pretreatment was the
only factor to influence emergence time (Table 10). GA and GA + IBA + SA had the shortest
emergence times (30.0 and 31.6 days, respectively), which were significantly faster than the
IBA and control treatments (37.4 and 45.0 days, respectively), whereas SA was intermediate
(36.0 days) and highly variable (Figure 8b). Cordia boissieri seedling survival averaged 93.4% across all treatments but was not
significantly influenced by any of our experimental treatments (Table 11). Cordia boissieri seedling height averaged 25.9 ± 15.1 mm and depended upon seedling
age and stratification, while pretreatment had a marginal effect (Table 12). Seedling
height increased by 1.23 mm per day of growth (Figure 9a). Residual seedling height
was ca. 5.5 mm higher in controls (3.67 mm) than in either cold (−1.84 mm) or warm
(−1.94 mm) stratification treatments, but post-hoc tests did not detect any significant differ-
ences between stratification treatments (Figure 9b). Residual height values were highest
in the control (1.75 mm) and GA treatments (2.25 mm), near zero for IBA (0.22 mm) and Plants 2022, 11, 2687 12 of 23 12 of 23 GA + IBA + SA (−0.09 mm), and lowest in SA (−5.17 mm), but post-hoc tests detected no
significant differences between pretreatment groups. GA + IBA + SA (−0.09 mm), and lowest in SA (−5.17 mm), but post-hoc tests detected no
significant differences between pretreatment groups. Table 10. ANOVA results examining the effects of chemical pretreatment, soil mixture type, and
stratification on Cordia boissieri time to emergence. Interaction terms were initially considered but
pruned from the model to increase statistical power. Table 10. ANOVA results examining the effects of chemical pretreatment, soil mixture type, and
stratification on Cordia boissieri time to emergence. Interaction terms were initially considered but
pruned from the model to increase statistical power. 2.4. Cordia Boissieri Large Factorial Experiment Table 10. ANOVA results examining the effects of chemical pretreatment, soil mixture type, and
stratification on Cordia boissieri time to emergence. Interaction terms were initially considered but
pruned from the model to increase statistical power. Factor
d.f. F11,47
p
Pretreatment
4
4.28
0.0049
**
Soil type
5
1.71
0.1510
Stratification
2
1.07
0.3511
Model
11
2.53
0.0136
*
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F11,47, F test statistic; p, p-value; *, 0.05 > p ≥0.01; **, 0.01 > p ≥0.001. Table 11. ANODEV results examining the effects of chemical pretreatment, soil mixture type, and
stratification on Cordia boissieri seedling survival. Interaction terms were initially considered but
pruned from the model to increase statistical power. Factor
d.f. χ2
p
Pretreatment
4
26.12
0.4922
Soil type
5
19.66
0.2642
Stratification
2
19.23
0.8056
Model
11
10.30
0.5039
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; χ2, chi-squared test statistic; p, p-value. Table 12. Permutational ANCOVA results examining the effects of seedling age, chemical seed
pretreatment, soil mixture type, stratification, and the interactions of pretreatment × soil type, pre-
treatment × stratification, and soil type × stratification on Cordia boissieri seedling height. Additional
interaction terms were initially considered but pruned from the model to increase statistical power. Factor
d.f. F31,21
p
Seedling age
1
12.74
0.0031
**
Pretreatment
4
2.95
0.0685
. Soil type
5
1.35
0.2687
Stratification
2
5.16
0.0300
*
Pretreatment × Soil
6
2.25
0.1013
Pretreatment × Strat
4
1.92
0.1932
Soil × Strat
9
1.90
0.1756
Model
31
2.69
0.0104
*
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F31,21, F test statistic; p, p-value; ., 0.1 > p ≥0.05; *, 0.05 > p ≥0.01;
**, 0.01 > p ≥0.001. Finally, leaf abundance averaged 3.65 ± 2.24 leaves and was significantly influenced
by seedling age only (Table 13). Cordia boissieri seedlings gained 0.22 leaves per day of
growth (Figure 9c). 2.5. Zanthoxylum Fagara Small and Large Factorial Experiments Zanthoxylum fagara exhibited zero germination across all treatments in both factorial
experiments. This was likely due to extremely low viability of the seeds tested, but we
did not test viability separately via alternative means. The implications of this result are
discussed below. Plants 2022, 11, 2687
Plants 2022, 11, x FOR 13 of 23
13 of 24 Figure 9. Scatterplots with trendlines showing the positive linear relationships between Cordia bois-
sieri seedling age and (a) plant height and (c) leaf abundance; each dot represents one plant. 2.4. Cordia Boissieri Large Factorial Experiment Finally, leaf abundance averaged 3.65 ± 2.24 leaves and was significantly influenced
by seedling age only (Table 13). Cordia boissieri seedlings gained 0.22 leaves per day of
growth (Figure 9c). Table 13. Permutational ANCOVA results examining the effects of seedling age, chemical seed pre-
Table 13. Permutational ANCOVA results examining the effects of seedling age, chemical seed
pretreatment, soil mixture type, stratification, and the interactions of pretreatment × soil type,
pretreatment × stratification, and soil type × stratification on Cordia boissieri seedling leaf abun-
dance. Additional interaction terms were initially considered but pruned from the model to increase
statistical power. treatment, soil mixture type, stratification, and the interactions of pretreatment × soil type, pretreat-
ment × stratification, and soil type × stratification on Cordia boissieri seedling leaf abundance. Addi-
tional interaction terms were initially considered but pruned from the model to increase statistical
power. Factor
d.f. F31,21
p
Seedling age
1
17.94
0.0013
**
Pretreatment
4
0.48
0.6729
Soil type
5
0.37
0.7404
Stratification
2
0.48
0.9608
Pretreatment × Soil
6
0.35
0.8013
Factor
d.f. F31,21
p
Seedling age
1
17.94
0.0013
**
Pretreatment
4
0.48
0.6729
Soil type
5
0.37
0.7404
Stratification
2
0.48
0.9608
Pretreatment × Soil
6
0.35
0.8013
Pretreatment × Strat
4
1.09
0.4620
Soil × Strat
9
0.43
0.9146
Model
31
2.42
0.0191
*
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F31,21, F test statistic; p, p-value; *, 0.05 > p ≥0.01; **, 0.01 > p ≥0.001. 2.4. Cordia Boissieri Large Factorial Experiment (b)
Average residual plant height with 95% confidence intervals broken down by stratification treat-
ment (blue dot = cold, black dot = control, red dot = warm). Capital letters denote the results of least
squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly differ-
ent. Figure 9. Scatterplots with trendlines showing the positive linear relationships between Cordia boissieri
seedling age and (a) plant height and (c) leaf abundance; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average
residual plant height with 95% confidence intervals broken down by stratification treatment (blue
dot = cold, black dot = control, red dot = warm). Capital letters denote the results of least squares
means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Figure 9. Scatterplots with trendlines showing the positive linear relationships between Cordia bois-
sieri seedling age and (a) plant height and (c) leaf abundance; each dot represents one plant. (b)
Average residual plant height with 95% confidence intervals broken down by stratification treat-
ment (blue dot = cold, black dot = control, red dot = warm). Capital letters denote the results of least
squares means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly differ-
ent
Figure 9. Scatterplots with trendlines showing the positive linear relationships between Cordia boissieri
seedling age and (a) plant height and (c) leaf abundance; each dot represents one plant. (b) Average
residual plant height with 95% confidence intervals broken down by stratification treatment (blue
dot = cold, black dot = control, red dot = warm). Capital letters denote the results of least squares
means post-hoc tests; groups within a panel that share a letter were not significantly different. Finally, leaf abundance averaged 3.65 ± 2.24 leaves and was significantly influenced
by seedling age only (Table 13). Cordia boissieri seedlings gained 0.22 leaves per day of
growth (Figure 9c). Table 13. Permutational ANCOVA results examining the effects of seedling age, chemical seed pre-
Table 13. Permutational ANCOVA results examining the effects of seedling age, chemical seed
pretreatment, soil mixture type, stratification, and the interactions of pretreatment × soil type,
pretreatment × stratification, and soil type × stratification on Cordia boissieri seedling leaf abun-
dance. Additional interaction terms were initially considered but pruned from the model to increase
statistical power. Pret
3. Discussion Soil × Strat
9
0.43
0.9146
Model
31
2.42
0.0191
*
Legend: d.f., degrees of freedom; F31,21, F test statistic; p, p-value; *, 0.05 > p ≥ 0.01; **, 0.01 > p ≥ 0.001. 2.5. Zanthoxylum Fagara Small and Large Factorial Experiments
Zanthoxylum fagara exhibited zero germination across all treatments in both factorial
experiments. This was likely due to extremely low viability of the seeds tested, but we did
not test viability separately via alternative means. The implications of this result are dis-
cussed below. 3. Discussion
Large-scale reforestation requires large-scale seedling production in many regions,
including the Tamaulipan biotic province, where seedling availability is the principal lim-
iting factor [15,27]. Enhanced production of native plant seedlings in south Texas could
both increase the acreage of thornforests restored each year and promote regional eco-
Large-scale reforestation requires large-scale seedling production in many regions,
including the Tamaulipan biotic province, where seedling availability is the principal
limiting factor [15,27]. Enhanced production of native plant seedlings in south Texas
could both increase the acreage of thornforests restored each year and promote regional
economic growth if the best practices for successful nursery propagation are identified
and made readily accessible to current and future growers. Luera et al. [15] previously
studied the effects of single-chemical seed treatments on the germination and early growth
of Tamaulipan thornforest tree species. They tested different dosages of GA, IBA, and SA
but did not test combinational treatments, which were a key focus of the current study and
may be required for species that exhibit combinational dormancy. We used the optimal
dosages for single-chemical treatments identified by Luera at al. [15] as the basis for our
combinational treatments and included the same single-chemical treatments in the current
study to permit direct comparisons. Our results both corroborate prior results and provide
new findings that enable additional refinement of current best practices for Tamaulipan
thornforest species propagation. Plants 2022, 11, 2687 14 of 23 14 of 23 First, this study confirmed that treatment of E. ebano seeds with SA for 50 min effec-
tively triggered germination and demonstrated for the first time that neither preliminary
stratification treatments nor subsequent treatment of SA-treated seeds with GA and/or IBA
further increased germination likelihood beyond the effect of SA (Figure 1). However, sub-
sequent GA and/or IBA treatment did reduce time to germination by ca. 2–3 days (Figure 2),
and germination likelihood was ca. Pret
3. Discussion 4% higher (not statistically significant) (Figures 1 and 3)
with subsequent GA treatment in both our small and large E. ebano experiments. These
impacts are probably too minor to justify the use (and cost) of GA in practice, and the use
of IBA in powder form is even less justified, but this modest increase suggests that E. ebano
may also exhibit some weak physiological dormancy mechanisms that are relatively easily
overcome. Though not directly tested previously, some level of physiological dormancy
is suggested by prior thornforest studies that found environmental impacts on E. ebano
germination [21–23]. Although combinational chemical treatments did not significantly
enhance germination beyond the previously identified optimal methods [15], there is value
in ruling out unnecessary treatments and materials. Fortunately, the best practice identified
herein of treating E. ebano seeds with SA only is both cost- and labor-efficient at large
scales, especially compared to more labor-intensive scarification methods like nicking [28]. Treatment with GA remains worth considering for hard-to-germinate E. ebano seeds, and
the weak effects of IBA may be related to our use of its powder form, which could be
inherently less effective when treating seeds; both merit further evaluation. Prior studies showed that soil mixture composition had weak but significant effects
on E. ebano seedling survival and somewhat stronger effects on seedling growth, especially
belowground [15]. In our large factorial experiments, we tested germination (i.e., emer-
gence) when seeds were planted outdoors in soil, which is much closer to normal nursery
conditions than prior germination tests using incubated petri dishes, and we found that
soil impacted germination likelihood (Table 3, Figure 3b) more strongly than it influenced
seedling survival or performance (Tables 5 and 7, Figure 5). Other studies involving E. ebano and other thornforest species recognize the importance of edaphic properties to
germination and early seedling growth and survival but did not manipulate soil types or
soil properties as was done in this study [22,23]. p
p
y
Ebenopsis ebano seeds were 15% more likely to germinate and emerge in soil type D
than in soils C or E, and residuals analysis suggests even greater variation in emergence
(ca. 40%) between these groups that is attributable explicitly to soil type (Figure 3b). We
observed only a marginal effect of soil on survival (p = 0.076), but the differences between
soil types was greater (83–100%) than in Luera et al. [15] (92–100% in unheated treatments). Pret
3. Discussion In both studies, the same soil types were used and soil types A, B, and E tended to have
lower survival overall than soils C, D, and F. All soil mixture types tested had a low bulk
density (0.48–0.89 g/cm3 dry weight) [15], which appears unrelated to survival in this
study, partly because C and F have the highest and lowest bulk densities, respectively, yet
both exhibited 100% seedling survival. This is somewhat surprising because bulk density
impacts plant performance and distributions, but all soil types tested had densities below
levels associated with suppression of root growth [29]. Survival likelihoods appear to
correlate more with water-holding capacity, which we estimated to be highest in soils D
and F and lowest in B. This finding agrees with the many studies that have shown drought
stress and soil water holding capacity are critical to plant recruitment and regeneration in
thornforests and other dryland ecosystems [23,30,31]. Soil had only weak and marginally significant main effects on seedling height in both
this study and its predecessor (Table 6), yet, in both, soil type F produced the shortest
seedlings while soils B, C, and D produced the tallest [15]. This is somewhat surprising,
given the importance of water availability for all plant growth and that the soil mixtures
tested varied in their water holding capacity, but these studies were performed in a nursery
context with watering regimes designed to keep plants well-watered. Notably, the effect
of treating E. ebano seeds with GA and IBA after SA treatment depended on soil type
(pretreatment × soil interaction, p = 0.0172). There was no effect for most soil types, but, in Plants 2022, 11, 2687 15 of 23 15 of 23 soils C and E, the residual height difference was ca. 2 cm, which is considerable given the
average seedling was only 8.0 cm (Figure 5b). The mechanism underlying this interactive
effect is unclear, but this pattern may suggest that the powder form of IBA had an impact,
but its ability to persist and take effect is governed by soil properties. Leaf abundance was significantly influenced by soil type in this study and its precursor
(Table 6), but which soil types had the most leaves differed between studies [15]. Pret
3. Discussion Previously,
in unheated controls, soils E and F had the most leaves and soils A and C had the fewest,
whereas the opposite was true in this study (Figure 6b). Given that watering and shade
protocols were the same and climatic conditions were comparable in this experiment and
in Luera et al. [15], these differences in leaf abundance most likely reflect age-related
differences in plant growth (and growth strategies) and the fact that seedlings of different
ages were more evenly distributed among soil treatments in the prior study. Previously,
seedlings were assigned to soil treatments upon germination in petri dishes, but here, seeds
were planted and allowed to germinate in assigned soil treatments, which differed in their
germination timing in interaction with other factors (Table 4). This resulted in differences
in seedling ages between treatment groups, and age was the strongest predictor of leaf
abundance in both studies. The current results are more applicable in a practical nursery
context, where differences in germination times could overshadow differences in growth
rates between soils (depending on the magnitudes of differences and the duration of the
growth period). g
p
Prior examination of E. ebano performance within these soil types suggested that
soil microbial communities may play an important role in seedling growth. This is
broadly true across plant communities and may be particularly important in stressful
environments [32–34]. Soil types D (50% peat moss, 25% perlite, and 25% vermiculite) and
E (50% peat moss, 25% perlite, 25% sand) contained no live topsoil, and D is a standard
substrate utilized in many commercial nurseries, yet the presence of topsoil was not associ-
ated with any clear trends in seedling survival or performance. Ebenopsis ebano, like other
members of the Fabaceae, are capable of fixing nitrogen through soil microbial interactions,
so the use of fertilizer in this study may have masked some microbial impacts on E. ebano
growth that are more important outside of a nursery context (i.e., post-transplantation). Future studies of microbial impacts on seedling performance and post-transplant estab-
lishment are merited across thornforest species, in part because inclusion of topsoil or soil
inoculants may have strong effects for some species [34]. Stratification was not tested in the prior study [15], but here it had a marginal main
effect on E. Pret
3. Discussion ebano emergence likelihood, and it had interactive effects on emergence likeli-
hood (Table 3) and timing (Table 4) and marginally on seedling height (Table 6). However,
there was no evidence to warrant cold or warm stratification treatment when propagating
E. ebano from seed; rather, stratification generally had subtle negative effects that varied in
intensity among soil and chemical treatments. These findings agree with prior studies that
found little effect of temperature on E. ebano germination and early growth [22]. However,
these findings have larger implications for seed storage, which is an important practical
consideration. The lack of significant negative effects of cold stratification on germination
likelihood validates the use of cold storage, which can buffer against seed shortages in years
with low seed production. However, our cold stratification treatment was only 30 days
and not as cold as most cold storage facilities, so due caution is merited when storing E. ebano seeds, but our results agree with years of observations by United States Fish and
Wildlife Service (USFWS) personnel, who have been using cold storage for E. ebano for
years and observed no obvious negative effects of the practice [35]. Seed longevity (viability
over time) for different thornforest species merits future evaluation, as it has scarcely been
quantified, as do tests of whether different storage regimes (e.g., cold vs. dry) can improve
longevity. g
y
Our lab tests (small factorial experiment) with C. boissieri confirmed prior findings
by Luera et al. [15] that the main effects of GA treatment had a strong positive effect
and SA had no effect on germination likelihood (Table 8, Figure 6). However, the prior Plants 2022, 11, 2687 16 of 23 16 of 23 study found IBA had no effect, but we found that the main effect of IBA significantly
decreased germination likelihood. The positive effects of GA on germination are well-
established for many species [36–38], whereas evidence for germination benefits from
IBA treatment are much more limited [39], but a negative effect of IBA was unexpected. Unlike E. ebano, interactions among chemical treatments had clear and relatively strong
effects on germination likelihood. The positive effect of GA appears to be mediated by IBA
(Figure 6a), and the negative effect of IBA appears to be mediated by SA (Figure 6b). Pret
3. Discussion There
was not a significant GA × SA interaction, but germination was significantly (13%) lower
with GA + SA treatment than GA alone, suggesting that sulfuric acid may have damaged
the embryo, or that residual SA in the pericarp reduced the efficacy of gibberellic acid. Importantly, our outdoor tests (large factorial experiment) disagreed with the current
and prior lab tests [15] in a critical way: under realistic nursery conditions, treatment
with GA alone did not significantly increase germination likelihood relative to other single
chemical treatments or controls (Table 9, Figure 7a). However, the combined GA + IBA + SA
treatment increased germination likelihood over five-fold relative to single-chemical seed
treatments and the control. The exact mechanisms underlying these differing results
are uncertain, but we hypothesize that both endocarp permeability and the leaching of
phytohormones out of containers are important factors. In lab tests, seeds were in closed
petri dishes and only ever rinsed according to surface sterilization protocols to minimize
molding, as described in Luera et al. [15], whereas, in nursery tests, seeds were in well-
drained containers that were watered regularly and exposed to rain. Thus, any residual GA,
IBA, or SA on or in the porous endocarp of C. boissieri likely leached away much faster in
nursery tests compared to lab tests, thereby reducing the total amount of aqueous GA able
to penetrate the endocarp and diffuse into embryonic tissue. Meanwhile, the scarifying
effect of SA treatment should render the endocarp more permeable to GA, more porous
overall (which would increase the endocarp surface area and allow it to absorb and hold
more aqueous GA), or both, thereby potentially offsetting the reduction in GA reaching the
C. boissieri embryo due to increased leaching. Therefore, in nursery conditions, GA would
only be effective if seeds were first treated with SA. There is evidence to support this hypothesized mechanism, yet additional tests to
explain the discrepancy in the effects of GA on C. boissieri germination between nursery and
lab experiments are merited. First, although SA had no effect on C. boissieri germination in
this lab experiment or prior studies, Luera et al. [15] showed that physically cracking C. boissieri seeds increased germination likelihood from 9% to 40%. Together, these findings
suggest that the permeability of the C. boissieri endocarp influences germination, but that SA
does not effectively render the endocarp permeable to water. Rather, heating and drying of
C. Pret
3. Discussion If residual SA degraded IBA entering the
seed, it could have had a similar effect on GA, and this may explain why germination was
lower in the GA + SA treatment compared to the GA only treatment in the lab experiment
with less leaching (Figure 6a) but higher in the GA + IBA + SA treatment compared to GA
only in the outdoor experiment with more leaching (Figure 7a). Future studies could investigate the hypothesized mechanisms for our current obser-
vations or investigate additional approaches to enhancing propagation of these thornforest
species. For example, ethylene is another natural occurring hormone produced during
rapid cell division and fruit ripening [41]. Ethylene is the only major plant hormone that
occurs as a gas and is a very small molecule [42], so it may more easily penetrate the
endocarp and reach the seed embryo in C. boissieri. Cordia boissieri fruits are relatively
large fleshy drupes that often fall from the parent tree shortly after ripening. The ripening
process releases ethylene, which can induce seed maturation and fruit ripening in nearby
immature fruits [42]. Collection of fruits from trees prior to full maturation may explain
the low germination rates frequently observed for C. boissieri, but this could potentially be
countered with ethylene treatment, or even just storage practices that promote ethylene
accumulation around harvested seeds or fruits. Fewer comparisons with prior studies are possible for C. boissieri because soil mixture
types and the effects of chemical seed treatments on seedling survival and performance
have not previously been tested for C. boissieri. Unlike E. ebano, soil mixture treatments
had only an interactive effect on C. boissieri emergence likelihood (pretreatment × soil,
discussed above) (Table 9), and no effect on time to emergence or on seedling survival,
height, or leaf abundance (Tables 10–13). Nevertheless, soil B appears to have exhibited
the highest emergence (23.3%) but the lowest seedling growth (16.5 mm height, 2.5 leaves),
whereas soils C and F had the highest seedling growth (33.8 and 31.4 mm height, 4.8 and
5.8 leaves, respectively) but moderate emergence (16.7% and 15.0%), and soil C had the
lowest seedling survival (80%). The effects of different soil types on C. boissieri germination
and seedling performance merit additional study and, given the large proportion of C. boissieri seeds that experience mammalian gut passage, so do the nature and impacts of
certain soil microbial associations. Pret
3. Discussion boissieri seeds resulted in the fissuring of the endocarp, which is far more likely to occur
outdoors where temperatures and soil moisture levels fluctuate much more frequently
and strongly than in an incubator. This would also explain why seeds treated with GA
after being treated with SA were not any more likely to germinate than seeds treated with
only GA in the current laboratory experiment (Figure 6a), but they were more likely to
germinate in the outdoor experiment (Figure 7a). SA treatment likely both increases the
porosity of C. boissieri endocarps and facilitates thermal/desiccative cracking. A prior study
found that warm stratification increased C. boissieri germination [40], which concurs with
this notion of heating to induce fissuring of the endocarp, but more directly disagrees with
our finding that warm stratification had a negative effect on C. boissieri germination. The same leaching effect may also explain why IBA significantly reduced C. boissieri
germination likelihood in our indoor experiment (Table 8, Figure 6) but had no effect in
our outdoor experiment (Table 9, Figure 7). IBA did not reduce germination in a previous
indoor experiment with C. boissieri, but its germination was so low overall that such an
effect was likely undetectable, and the same study found that IBA increased the rate of seed
molding, likely due to the anti-caking agent present in the powder form of IBA utilized [15]. If IBA presence was deleterious, then the higher leaching rates in the outdoor experiment
could have reduced IBA concentrations and its overall effect. Alternatively, if IBA reduced Plants 2022, 11, 2687 17 of 23 17 of 23 germination by promoting molding, the regular cycle of soils drying out between watering
in the outdoor experiment may have mitigated the negative effects of mold proliferation. germination by promoting molding, the regular cycle of soils drying out between watering
in the outdoor experiment may have mitigated the negative effects of mold proliferation. The mechanism behind the mediating effect of SA on the negative effect of IBA
(Figure 6b) is unknown. It is conceivable that residual SA left in the endocarp after
scarification created a high-pH barrier that acted to degrade IBA diffusing toward the
embryo, impeded mold penetration, or both. Pret
3. Discussion Stratification also had fewer effects on germination and performance for C. boissieri
than it did for E. ebano. However, like E. ebano, the effects stratification had were weakly
negative, and there is no justification for either including stratification treatments in propa-
gation protocols or avoiding cold storage for the sake of seed banking. As aforementioned,
this finding contradicts a prior study on C. boissieri germination by Schuch et al. [40], who
found warm stratification significantly increased germination. Schuch et al. [40] also found
that C. boissieri seed longevity was relatively limited and called for further study of different
storage methods, which we agree merit investigation. Zanthoxylum fagara propagation remains a major challenge and an unresolved mystery. Zanthoxylum fagara germination was effectively zero, just as in a prior study using similar
methods [15]. The likely causes for this paucity of germination were discussed at length
previously [15], and the same factors likely applied in this study. Most importantly, we
suspect that the low germination rates in this study were due to near-zero viability of the
seeds tested. Unfortunately, this means we cannot even conclude that the current treatments
were ineffective or unimportant, as they could have had strong effects on seed with higher
viability. Use of fresh seed is now standard procedure for Z. fagara propagation at the
regional USFWS nursery, but Z. fagara germination remains low and highly variable [35]. The current suite of factors tested remain worth investigating in the future, but perhaps Plants 2022, 11, 2687 18 of 23 18 of 23 more urgent are tests of Z. fagara seed longevity and evaluations of different seed harvesting
and processing methods. Ebenopsis ebano, C. boissieri, and Z. fagara are only three of the 75+ plant species that
regularly make up Tamaulipan thornscrub forest communities, and many common hor-
ticulture techniques that could increase their propagation remain untested. Filling these
knowledge gaps and developing a quantitative foundation to provide better, evidence-
based propagation guidelines for thornforest species can directly and immediately increase
not only seedling production, but also restored acreage and, by extension, regional biodi-
versity and other ecosystem services. Urbanization and human land use change continue to
increase in the Lower Rio Grande Valley as its human population continues to grow rapidly. Pret
3. Discussion Now, more than ever, major advances in thornforest habitat restoration are needed if we
are to return Tamaulipan thornforests to a regular part of the regional landscape, rather
than a few scattered jewels with enemies at their gates. 4. Materials and Methods Following logically from our previous study on (a) the individual effects of different
levels of scarification and two phytohormone treatments (seed pretreatments) on germi-
nation and (b) the effects of soil type and soil warming on seedling performance of three
focal thornforest species [15], our current approach was to examine the combined effects of
scarification, phytohormones, soil type, and stratification on both germination and seedling
growth. This study included two experiments for each focal species. The first was a smaller
factorial experiment investigating the effects of combinations of different chemical seed
treatments on germination. The second was a larger factorial experiment investigating the
combined effects of chemical seed treatments, stratification treatments, and soil mixture
type on both germination and, for E. ebano, seedling performance. 4.2. Chemical Seed Treatment Combination Experiments 4.2. Chemical Seed Treatment Combination Experiments Seeds of each focal species were subjected to three chemical treatments in a factorial
design using either the optimal dose identified by Luera et al. [15] (described below) or a
corresponding control for sulfuric acid (SA), gibberellic acid 3 (GA), and indole-3-butyric
acid (IBA). Thus, this experiment employed a full factorial design with 8 total treatment
combinations: SA, GA, IBA, SA + GA, SA + IBA, GA + IBA, SA + GA + IBA, and control. SA treatments were always performed first, followed by GA treatments, and then IBA
treatments. This order was necessary because the scarifying effect of SA would denature
both GA and IBA, and because IBA was applied as a powder coating that would have been
washed away during the GA solution soak. y
g
All seed pretreatments were performed from 15–17 January 2021. All seeds were
then placed into 100 mm × 15 mm petri dishes on precut moistened paper towels on
17 January 2021 and monitored daily for germination or molding until 20 March 2021. Each
dish received either 12 C. boissieri seeds, 20 E. ebano seeds, or 20 Z. fagara seeds from a
single treatment combination. Seeds were considered germinated once radical emergence
was apparent and distinct. Molded seeds were gently squeezed to assess embryo death
and discarded if dead. The surface sterilization protocol described in Luera et al. [15] was
performed weekly. p
y
Optimal dosages for the different chemical treatments were determined based on
preliminary results from the Luera et al. [15] study. Thus, soaking times in 95% sulfuric
acid (SA) (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA) were 120 min for C. boissieri, 50 min for
E. ebano, and 2 min for Z. fagara. Seeds subject to the SA control treatment were soaked in
water for the designated time interval. Seeds subject to SA treatment were coated with SA
and left undisturbed (without stirring) for the designated time before being neutralized
in an agricultural lime bath, washed, and dried, as described in Luera et al. [15]. Optimal
gibberellic acid (GA) dosages entailed soaking for 24 h in 100 mg/L aqueous gibberellic
acid (gibberellin A3) solution (GoldBio, St. Louis, MO, USA) for both C. boissieri and E. ebano, and the same dosage was used for Z. fagara even though it did not respond to GA
previously [15]. 4.2. Chemical Seed Treatment Combination Experiments Seeds were soaked in GA solution at room temperatures for 24 h and stirred
twice during that period before being drained and dried. Seeds subject to the control IBA
treatment were then placed into petri dishes without any additional manipulation, whereas
seeds subject to the optimal IBA treatment were coated with 3% (by mass) powdered
indole-3-butyric acid (Hormex #30; Maia Products, Inc., Westlake Village, CA, USA) using
the protocol described in Luera et al. [15] before being placed in petri dishes. 4.1. Study Site The seed treatments and the smaller factorial experiments were performed in a labo-
ratory at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) in Brownville, Texas, USA. The larger factorial experiments were performed outdoors at the Brownsville Research
and Community Garden (BRCG) located on the same UTRGV campus in Brownville
(25◦53′44.5” N, 97◦28′54.3” W) from 21 January 2020 to 30 May 2020. During this period,
based on weather data collected at the Brownsville-South Padre Island International Airport
(station ID USW00012919) located 6.1 km from the study site, the average temperature was
24.4 ◦C, and average daily high and low temperatures were 30.0 ◦C and 20.1 ◦C, respectively. Temperatures reached as high as 39.4 ◦C and as low as 4.4 ◦C. Rainfall in the same period
was 5.4 cm and there was no snowfall. Rainfall was supplemented with regular manual
watering every 2 days using a standard hose with shower nozzle attachment utilizing
municipal water. Average wind speed was 11.40 km/h with a maximum 2-min wind speed
of 23 km/h and a maximum 5-s wind speed of 29.4 km/h. No shade or other environmental
manipulations were imposed on the experimental seedlings. Seeds were wild collected at various locations within Cameron and Hidalgo Coun-
ties in the summer and fall of 2019. Ebenopsis ebano and Z. fagara seeds were primarily
collected, with permission, from private residential properties, whereas C. boissieri seeds
were primarily collected, with permission, from the UTRGV Brownsville and Edinburg
campuses. Care was taken to ensure seeds were only collected from trees known to have
recruited in place naturally. All trees were located within the geographic range required
for federal thornforest restoration projects [16]. The protocols utilized for processing seeds
prior to experimental treatments are described in Luera et al. [15]. Seeds of the same species
from different source trees were combined and thoroughly mixed prior to treatments and
experimentation. All seeds were stored at room temperature (20–22 ◦C) in a laboratory on
the UTRGV Brownsville campus prior to experimental treatments. Detailed descriptions of the three focal species may be found in Luera et al. [15]. Plants 2022, 11, 2687 19 of 23 19 of 23 4.4. Statistical Analyses For binary response variables (seed germination or emergence and seedling survival),
we fit generalized linear models (GLMs) for each species using the ‘glm’ function in R
version 4.1.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) with a binomial
distribution family and model terms for applicable treatments and interactions. For each
GLM, we performed an analysis of deviance (ANODEV) to examine differences among
experimental treatments, followed by least squares means post-hoc tests (‘lsmeans’ function
in R), where applicable, to identify significant differences between treatment levels. For
continuous response variables (time to germination, seedling height, and seedling leaf
count), we fit linear models using the ‘lm’ function in R with model terms for applicable
treatments. We then used analysis of variance (ANOVA), or, if a model included seedling
age, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to evaluate the effects of experimental treatments
with least squares means post-hoc tests to compare treatment levels. We performed Shapiro–Wilk tests of normality (‘shapiro.test’ function in R) on model
residuals and Breusch–Pagan tests for homoscedasticity (‘bptest’ function in R) for each
linear model to assess whether our models met the assumptions of ANOVA. We calcu-
lated variance inflation factors (‘vif’ function in R) for all models to confirm they did not
violate assumptions of multicollinearity. Accordingly, we square root transformed the
time to germination for E. ebano in the small factorial experiment to meet the assumptions
of ANOVA. However, emergence time and height for the E. ebano large factorial experi-
ment and height and leaf count for the C. boissieri large factorial experiment could not be
transformed to achieve normality, nor did the observations for these variables match any
probability distribution functions that would permit successful modeling using GLMs, so
we fit permutational linear models for these variables using the ‘lmp’ function in R. This
function used a non-parametric randomization procedure with 10,000 iterations to generate
bootstrapped F and p values. pp
p
The full models for days to germination in the E. ebano small factorial experiment and
in both C. boissieri experiments had low statistical power, so we performed stepwise model
pruning using the ‘step’ function in R to increase our statistical power by removing terms
that were not significant and explained the least observed variance. We used Tukey adjust-
ments in our least squares means post-hoc tests when comparing more than 12 treatment
levels, otherwise our post-hoc tests were unadjusted. 4.3. Chemical Pretreatment, Stratification, and Soil Type Experiments For the second, larger factorial experiment, seeds were subjected to a subset of five of
the prior chemical pretreatments (GA, IBA, SA, GA + IBA + SA, and control); three stratifi-
cation treatments (cold, ambient control, or warm); and six soil mixture type treatments
(described below). The chemical pretreatments were imposed using the same protocols
described above. Prior to chemical pretreatment, stratification treatments were imposed
by placing dry seeds into paper envelopes (to mimic the dry conditions the focal species
typically experience in their arid native habitats) and subjecting them to one of three tem-
perature regimes for 30 days: ambient control (room temperatures of ca. 21–23 ◦C), cold
(ca. 4 ◦C in a refrigerator), or warm (ca. 38 ◦C in a drying oven). Stratifying seeds were
observed weekly for notable changes and stored at room temperature for 7 days after tem-
perature manipulation prior to chemical treatments. After seeds received their designated
stratification and chemical treatments, one seed from each treatment combination was
sown into a biodegradable paper container (3.8 cm wide × 3.8 cm long x 20.3 cm tall) filled
with one the six designated soil mixture types. Soils were mixed by volume as recommended by Wahl-Villareal [16] using the pro-
tocols described by Luera et al. [15]. Slow release Osmocote Pro 19-5-9 granular fertilizer
(ICL Fertilizers, Dublin, OH) were utilized at the recommended rates [16] and mixed until
homogenized. The proportions of different soil media components in the experimental Plants 2022, 11, 2687 20 of 23 20 of 23 soil mixture types were as follows: (A) 50% vermiculite, 50% topsoil; (B) 50% topsoil, 25%
perlite, 25% vermiculite; (C) 50% peat moss, 25% sand, 25% topsoil; (D) 50% peat moss,
25% sand, 25% vermiculite; (E) 50% peat moss, 25% sand, 25% perlite; and (F) 50% peat
moss, 20% vermiculite, 20% topsoil, 10% perlite. Tap water was added to soil mixtures 24 h
prior to planting to allow peat moss and other substrates to become hydrated. Planted
containers were thoroughly watered immediately after planting to ensure all soil mixtures
began at field capacity, and all containers were then maintained outdoors in full sun at the
UTRGV Brownsville campus. Each of the 90 treatment combinations (5 × 3 × 6 full factorial design) was replicated
four times, yielding 360 total seeds for each of the three focal species and with each seed
in an independent container. 4.4. Statistical Analyses A probability value of p < 0.05 was
used to determine significance. 4.3. Chemical Pretreatment, Stratification, and Soil Type Experiments We could not assess germination of seeds sown in soil by
observing radicle emergence, as we did for the smaller factorial experiment, so we assessed
germination based on whether and when seedlings successfully emerged from the soil
surface. Germination in the smaller experiments and emergence in the larger experiments
were recorded daily. 5. Conclusions Sulfuric acid (SA) scarification was required for E. ebano germination and was the
only chemical pretreatment to influence germination likelihood, even in combination with
SA. This study does not support the suggestion by Luera et al. [15] that treating E. ebano Plants 2022, 11, 2687 21 of 23 seeds with phytohormones after scarification might further enhance germination. Seed
treatments with gibberellic acid (GA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) reduced E. ebano time
to germination, but only by ca. 2–3 days, which provides little benefit and would not justify
the cost or effort in most circumstances. Cold and warm stratification reduced germination
compared to controls and should be avoided, but cold storage is still a viable long-term
storage option. Soil type was important but came with tradeoffs. After accounting for all
other factors (residual analysis), E. ebano germination was ca. 15–40% higher in soil type D
(50% peat moss, 25% sand, 25% vermiculite) than in other soil types and lowest in types
C and E; however, soil C (50% peat moss, 25% sand, 25% topsoil) produced some of the
tallest and most foliose seedlings. Seedling survival was ca. 10–17% higher in soils C, D,
and F compared to others. We are reluctant, however, to unreservedly promote use of
substrates high in peat moss for four reasons. First, Luera et al. [15] documented many
benefits among soil mixtures higher in native topsoil, especially under adverse conditions
and warming scenarios. Second, practitioners have observed elevated mortality rates
immediately following field transplantation among seedlings grown in peat moss-based
substrates [43]. Third is the cost of peat moss relative to topsoil. Fourth, peat moss raises
more concerns about environmental impacts and sustainability than local topsoil, though
this depends on how these substrates are sourced, harvested, and processed. Cordia boissieri seeds germinated best with GA treatment and benefitted from combin-
ing SA and IBA treatments with GA in a realistic nursery context. IBA reduced germination
of C. boissieri germination in vitro, but likely did so by promoting mold growth in ways not
likely to occur in a nursery context. We currently recommend treating C. boissieri seeds with
GA + IBA + SA and using an aqueous IBA solution rather than its common powder form. However, additional nursery trials comparing GA + IBA, GA + SA, and GA + IBA + SA
are merited. Seed pretreatments had weak marginal effects on plant height. 5. Conclusions Seedlings
treated with GA only were slightly taller than GA + IBA + SA treatments, but survival
was equivalent and the increase in germination seen with GA + IBA + SA would be more
important than this difference in height in most contexts. Zanthoxylum fagara germination was near zero across all treatments in both experi-
ments; thus, Z. fagara propagation remains poorly understood and a challenge for practi-
tioners. Current best practices are to use fresh seed in order to maximize viability [35,43]. The factors tested in this study remain worth investigating, but studies of Z. fagara seed
longevity and comparisons of different seed harvesting and processing methods are more
urgent and likely to provide greater immediate benefits. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, C.A.G. and P.L.; experimental design and methodology,
C.A.G. and P.L.; experimental setup, P.L.; experimental operation and maintenance, P.L. and C.A.G.;
data collection, P.L.; data curation, C.A.G.; formal data analysis, C.A.G. and P.L.; data interpretation
and visualization, C.A.G. and P.L.; writing—original draft preparation, P.L. and C.A.G.; writing—
review and editing, C.A.G. and P.L.; supervision, C.A.G.; funding acquisition, C.A.G. and P.L. All
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by the UTRGV College of Sciences through the Gabler Lab
for Plant Ecology and Sustainability and by the Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems B.S. Program at UTRGV. P.L. was supported by a President’s Graduate Research Assistantship from the
Division of Research, Graduate Studies, and New Program Development at UTRGV and by award
#NA14OAR4170102 to C.A.G. from the NOAA Texas Sea Grant Program. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The data generated by this experiment and used for the analyses
reported herein are available upon request from the corresponding author. Plants 2022, 11, 2687 22 of 23 22 of 23 Acknowledgments: We thank Abeny Trevino, Jennifer Baez, Itohan Edokpolo, Andrew Corder,
James Stilley, Jerald Garrett, C. Austin Justis, and Marco Garza for their contributions to experimental
setup, operation, and/or data collection. We thank Maxwell Pons and Kimberly Wahl-Villareal for
information regarding propagation of thornforest species. We thank USFWS personnel of the South
Texas National Wildlife Refuge Complex and their Habitat Restoration Nursery for information
regarding propagation of thornforest species and related knowledge gaps. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 5. Conclusions The funders had no role in the design
of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or
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9. Lombardi, J.V.; Tewes, M.E.; Perotto-Baldivieso, H.L.; Mata, J.M.; Campbell, T.A. Spatial Structure of Woody Cover Affects Habitat
Use Patterns of Ocelots in Texas. Mammal Res. 2020, 65, 555–563. [CrossRef] 10. Lombardi, J.V.; Perotto-Baldivieso, H.L.; Sergeyev, M.; Veals, A.M.; Schofield, L.; Young, J.H.; Tewes, M.E. Landscape Structure of
Woody Cover Patches for Endangered Ocelots in Southern Texas. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4001. [CrossRef] 10. Lombardi, J.V.; Perotto-Baldivieso, H.L.; Sergeyev, M.; Veals, A.M.; Schofield, L.; Young, J.H.; Tewes, M.E. Landscape Structure of 10. Lombardi, J.V.; Perotto Baldivieso, H.L.; Sergeyev, M.; Veals, A.M.; Schofield, L.; Young, J.H.; Tewes, M. Woody Cover Patches for Endangered Ocelots in Southern Texas. Remote Sens. References Davis, T.D.; George, S.W.; Upadhyaya, A.; Persons, J. Improvement of Seedling Emergence of Lupinus Texensis Hook. Following
Seed Scarification Treatments. J. Environ. Hortic. 1991, 9, 17–21. [CrossRef] Test Kit Guide; Soil Quality Institute, Agricultural Research Service & Natural Resources Conservation Service
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30. Alexander, H.D.; Moczygemba, J.; Dick, K. Growth and Survival of Thornscrub Forest Seedlings in Response to Restoration
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31. Mohsin, F.; Arias, M.; Albrecht, C.; Wahl, K.; Fierro-Cabo, A.; Christoffersen, B. Species-Specific Responses to Restoration
Interventions in a Tamaulipan Thornforest. For. Ecol. Manag. 2021, 491, 119154. [CrossRef] 32. Requena, N.; Perez-Solis, E.; Azcón-Aguilar, C.; Jeffries, P.; Barea, J.-M. Management of Indigenous Plant-Microbe Symbioses
Aids Restoration of Desertified Ecosystems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001, 67, 495–498. [CrossRef] [PubMed] y
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33. Classen, A.T.; Sundqvist, M.K.; Henning, J.A.; Newman, G.S.; Moore, J.A.M.; Cregger, M.A.; Moorhead, L.C.; Patterson, C.M. Direct and Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Soil Microbial and Soil Microbial-Plant Interactions: What Lies Ahead? Ecosphere
2015, 6, art130. [CrossRef] 34. Francioli, D.; Schulz, E.; Buscot, F.; Reitz, T. Dynamics of Soil Bacterial Communities Over a Vegetation Season Relate to Both Soil
Nutrient Status and Plant Growth Phenology. Microb. Ecol. 2018, 75, 216–227. [CrossRef] [PubMed] ioli, D.; Schulz, E.; Buscot, F.; Reitz, T. Dynamics of Soil Bacterial Communities Over a Vegetation Season Rela 34. Francioli, D.; Schulz, E.; Buscot, F.; Reitz, T. Dynamics of Soil Bacterial Communities Over a Vegetation Season Relate to Both Soil
Nutrient Status and Plant Growth Phenology. Microb. Ecol. 2018, 75, 216–227. [CrossRef] [PubMed] utrient Status and Plant Growth Phenology. Microb. Ecol. 2018, 75, 216–227. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 35. Wahl-Villareal, K.; United States Fish and Wildlife Service, South Texas Refuge Complex, Alamo, TX, USA. Personal communica-
tion, 2020. 36. Marth, P.C.; Audia, W.V.; Mitchell, J.W. Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Growth and Development of Plan
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Netherlands, 1998; ISBN 978-0-12-080260-9. askin, J.M.; Baskin, C.C. A Classification System for Seed Dormancy. Seed Sci. Res. 2004, 14, 1–16. [CrossRef] y
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Mexico. J. Arid. Environ. 2000, 46, 413–424. [CrossRef] Germination and Early Growth Traits of 14 Plant Species Native to Northern Mexico. Southw. Natural. 1998 22. Flores, J.; Jurado, E. Germination and Early Growth Traits of 14 Plant Species Native to Northern Mexi
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26. Nokes, J. How to Grow Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest; University of Texas Press:
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ISBN 978-0-292-75574-1. 27. Fargione, J.; Haase, D.L.; Burney, O.T.; Kildisheva, O.A.; Edge, G.; Cook-Patton, S.C.; Chapman, T.; Rempel, A.; Hurteau, M.D.;
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Davis, K.T.; et al. Challenges to the Reforestation Pipeline in the United States. Front. For. Glob. Change 2021, 4, 629198. [CrossRef] 28. References Seed Germination Theory and Practice, 2nd ed.; USDA: Washington, DC, USA, 1993. 38. Hedden, P.; Sponsel, V. A Century of Gibberellin Research. J. Plant Growth Regul. 2015, 34, 740–760 39. Elhindi, K.M.; Dewir, Y.H.; Asrar, A.-W.; Abdel-Salam, E.; El-Din, A.S.; Ali, M. Improvement of Seed Germination in Three
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40. Schuch, U.K.; Davison, E.; Kelly, J. Seed Propagation of Cordia boissieri and Cordia parvifolia; Turfgrass and Ornamental Research
Report; University of Arizona, College of Agriculture: Tucson, AZ, USA, 2001; p. 6. 41. Vanstraelen, M.; Benková, E. Hormonal Interactions in the Regulation of Plant Development. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2012, 28,
463–487. [CrossRef] 42. Miransari, M.; Smith, D.L. Plant Hormones and Seed Germination. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2014, 99, 110–121. [CrossRef]
43. Verderber, E.; United States Fish and Wildlife Service, South Texas Refuge Complex, Alamo, TX, USA. Personal communication, 2022. p
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43. Verderber, E.; United States Fish and Wildlife Service, South Texas Refuge Complex, Alamo, TX, USA. Personal communication, 2022.
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— Quatre girafes, en moins de quinze mois, ont tuccombô au Jardin zoologique de Marseille. Envoyées au Muséum d'histoire naturelle de cette iUc, elles ont été disséquées et préparées. Il résulte de l'examen a.uque: on s'est livré, dit le Fait Marseillais, que cei animaux ont succombé après absorption d'une substance toxique assnz violenie qu'on a reconnue être de la strychnino. Ce poison détermine en iffet ces convulsions tétaniques avec roideuriniermittente. Leî convulsions causées par la strychnine se distinguent de celles dt l'acide cyanhydiique en ce que ces dernières sont continues. Malgré la plus active surveilla ice, il a é:é impossible de découvrir le main criminelle qui a donté le poison à cet inoffensifs ruminants. — Le président de la République, d'après les vœux émis par le conseil général d j dé. partemient d'Alger et l'avis du ministre de la guerre, a rendu les deux décrets suivants : Le village de Souk-el-Tléta, sur le lei riloirf de la tribu de Meclulallah (ccrmrmne mixte d< Beni-Manspur, département d'Alger) portera il l'avenir le nom de Maillet, pour perpétuer !• souvenir des tervices rendus à la cobnisation par le docteur Maillo!, ancien médecin inspecteur des armées. Le village de Ben-N'Aria, nouvellement crédans le Houar des Heumis (cûmwuno mixt de Tenès. département d'Alger), portera à IV tenir le no n de Flatters,pour perpétuer iesor venir du lieutenant-col nel flattera, mort v lime de son dévouement en remplissant une , mission scientifique dans le Sahara, — Mme D., concierge, avait été obligée de chasser de chez elle son fils Victor, âgé de dix-huit ans, dont la conduite était des plus déplorables. Victor était parti en jurant de se venger. Hier soir, à dix heures et demie, il pénétra furtivement dans l'allée de la maison habitée par sa n ère, ouvrit le guichet de la loge et déchargea sur sa mère un coup de revolver. Mme D. ne fut pas atteinte. La balle alla le loger dans, la cloison. v Victor prit aussitôt la fuite. Les voisins trouvèrent la pauvre femme évanouie de peur dans sa loge. Le service de la sûreté s'est mis en campagne pour retrouver le parricide. — En quittant les côtes de la Provence, l'aviso de l'Etat le Travailleur s'était rendu dans les eaux portugaises pour opérer des dragages avant de regagner Rocherort, son port d'attache. Après avoir essuyé d'assez forts coups de vent dans les parages de Sétubal, les savants restés à bord du Travailleur ont rencontré, au nord du cap Ortégal, des fonds d'une richesse merveilleuse. M. Milne-Edwards a fait parvenir, au laboratoire de zoologie de Marseille, une certaine quantité de polypires, d'échinodermes et de crustacés. Il a été ramené du fond des eaux une magnifique bris nga entière. C'est le bijou de la mer; rien n'est plus beau, plus riche de couleur que cette grande étoile. Entre le cap Pénas et Rochefort, les naturalistes du Travailleur ont dragué à 5,100 mètres et ramené de la vase à faraminifèies. C'est le dragage le plus profond qui ait été effectué dans les mers d'Europe. — Des malfaiteurs ont dévalisé, il y a quelques jours, un châlfau des environs d'Orléans; Us ont emporté pour environ 100,000 fr. de valeurs, bijoux, argenterie. Deux personnes, soupçonnées d'être les au teurs du vol, habitaient Paris et devaient t'ê re rendues à Orléans tout exprès pour commettre leur crime. Le parquet d'Orléans a aussitôt adressé une commission rogatoire au parquet de la Seine, à l'effet de rechercher les personnes soupçonnées. M. Clément, commissaire aux délégations, a pratiqué chez elles une perquisition qui n'a donné aucun résultat. Différents objets dont ces personnes n'ont pu donner la provenance exacte, ont été provisoirement sa:sis. — La ville de Paris a institué pour les divers degrés des diplômes spéciaux pour l'enseignement du dessin dans les écoles municipales. Un jury spécial, présidé par M. Eugène Guillaume, membre de l'Académie des beauxarts, a procédé pendant huit jours au épreuves pratiques et théoriques des divers examens. Hier, il a terminé, à l'Ecole des beaux-arts, ses opérations à onze heures. Le certificat d'aptitude à, l'enseignement du dessin au degré supérieur a été décerné, sur vingt-cinq concurrents, à treize candidats dont voici les noms : 1° M. Mossa; 2° M. David; So M. Munier : 4° M. Schaeblé; 5° M. Malherbe; 6° M. Ilénault ; 7° M. Bilhaut; 8° M. Costard; 9° M, Masson ; 10° M. Robert; 11° M. Digcon; 12° M. Ravaut; 13° Mlle Wuternau. — Plusieurs orages fint éclaté sur le Chalonnais, la Bresse chalonnaise el la Côte-d'Or dans la soiréa de mardi, Le plus formidable de ces orages s'est déchaîné sur Chalon. En un instant cette ville, dit le Journal de Saôneet-Loirc, a été littéralement bombardée: les grêlons atteignaient une grosseur inusitée. On en a trouvé qui pesaient jusque vingt grammes. -. Les récoltes ont été ravagées. A la Chapelîe-sous-Brancion, un homme a été presque assommé par les gréions. — Le; travaux de maçonnerie du nouvel hôtel des Postes sont poussés avec une grande activité. Sur la nouvelle rue Etienne-Marcel, les constructions ont déjà atteint la hauteur du premier étage; cette façade, longue de 140 mètres, se compose de dix-sept grandes travées à plein cintres, flanquées de pavillons. La façade donnant sur la rue du Louvre prolongée n'a que neuf travées, également à plein cintre. Pour édifier cette immensfe carcasse de pierres, les assises sont amenées à pied-d'ceuvre toutes préparées et enlevées aussitôt au moen d'une puissante machine à vapeur, de telle sorto que leur mise en place ne demande que peu de temps. Du cô!é de la rue du Louvre, les travaux en soue-sol seront terminés bientôt; toute la maçonnerie en est faite, et en ce moment l'on pose le solivage en t'ér que le plancher du rez-de-chaussée doit recouvrir. Dans la partie de l'édifice en bordure de la rue Etienne-Marcel, on est moins avancé ; du côté de la rue Jean-Jacques-Rousseau, le travail de maçonnerie n'est pas encore commencé. Vers la fin du mois d'octobre, les bâtiments du futur hôtel des Postes seront hors de terre dans toute leur étendue. 120 ouvriers y travaillent journellement, sans compter 200 ouvriers occupés à extraire la pieire et à la tailler sur place. — Au mois de juin dernier, un nommé Emile Ledieu, âgé de trente-cinq ans, a tué d'un coup de hache sur une place publique, dans un faubourg de Charbroi, une fille Victorine Andresse, avec laquelle il avait vécu maritalement pendant quelque temps. Plus de trI is cents personnes se trouvaient sur la place au moment du meurtre, mais l'assassin réussit à prendre la fuite. SJ" signalement fut aussitôt télégraphié à la police de Paris, car on supposait qu'il y viendrait pour travailler de son état de verrier. Les agents de la sûreté, munis de ce signalement, ont exploré les environs de la capitale où existent des verreries. Ces jours derniers, ils apprenaient qu'un Belge répondant au nom de Darsenne était arrivé à pied de son pays presque mourant de faim et de fatigue, et qu'après un repos de vingt-quatre heures à Aubervilliers il était rentré dans Paris. Le signalement de cet individu concordait avec celui de l'assassin; ils ont fait des recherches dans divers quartiers, et hier ils l'ont découvert chez un fabricant de coffresforts de la rue Curial, où il travaillait comme homme de peine. Cet individu a d'abord voulu soutenir qu'il se nommait bien Darsenne, mais, mis en demeure d'en donner des preuves par des papiers, il s'est troublé et a dit qu'il était bien Ledieu. Il a avoué son crime et reconnu qu'il l'avait prémédité, mais il a allégué comme excuse que la jalousie lui avait fait perdre la tête. Cet individu a déjà été condamné, il y a cinq ans, à Douai, en quatre ans de prison, pour tentative de viol sur une enfant âgée de quatorze ans, & sa libération il avait été expulsé de France. Avant la construction du canal de l'Ourcq, les Parisiens dirigeaient les eaux pluviales et ménnagères dans la Seine au moyen de rigoles. Le volume d'eau que donnaient quelques aqueducs suffisait à peine aux premières nécessités de la rie ; en ne pouvait utiliser cette eau peur le nettoiement des rues et des égouts; l'eau de la Seine, quoique légèrement purgative, n'en était pas moins achetée très cher par le peuple. En 1374, Hugues Aubriot, prévôt des marchands, construisit le premier égout voûté conduisant les eaux du quartier Montmartre vers le ruisseau de Ménilmontant. Jusqu'en 1830, les égouts contribuèrent à infecter la ville au lieu de l'assainir. En 1610, Marie de Médicis, craignant que la stagnation des immondices dans les égouts ne produisît des maladies contagieuses, chargea un trésorier de France de veiller à leur propreté et à leur entretien. Sous Louis XIII, un impôt de dix sols par muid de vin fut affecté à ce travail ; mais le roi s'empara de l'argent, et les égouts furent totalement engorgés. • En 1667, Colbert demandait d'établir un réservoir de 15 muids d'eau, près de chaque fontaine publique, pour faciliter le nettoyage des égouts. C'est la première fois qu'on proposa les eaux publiques pour cet usage ; mais cela ne fut pas réalisable, les fontaines manquant d'eau. Vers le dix-huitième siècle, Turgot fil murailler le ruisseau de Ménilmontant, qui recevait tous les égouts de la rive droite et répandait l'infection sur son passage. Cet égout ainsi voûté devint le grand égout de ceinture et porta longtemps ce nom ; il existe encore : il part de la rue des Filles-duCalvaire, pour se jeter dans l'égout collecteur, au carrefour du boulevard Malesherbes et da la rue Lavoisier. Sa longueur est de 6.321m52, sa largeur 2m, sa hauteur varie de 2m75 à 3m. Pour compléter son œuvre, Turgot fit construire, en tête de cet égout, un réservoir de 22,000 muids d'eau (6,028 mètres cubes), pour en opérer le lavage ; il réalisa ainsi l'idée de Colbert. On n'a jamais fait grand usage de ce réservoir, qui n'existe plus. En 1800, l'administration améliora un peu l'entretien des égouts, mais le grand obstacle était toujours l'absence de l'eau. Ce n'est qu'en 1830, lors de la distribuiion des eaux du canal de l'Ourcq, que l'éiat de* rues de Paris commence à s'améliorer. Avant cette époque, elles possédaient un ruisseau unique placé au milieu dj la chaussée, qui recevait toutes les eaux ménagères des maisons; jamais ni balayé, ni lavé que par la pluie, ce ruisseau formait pendant l'été des cloaques nauséabonds. En temps de pluie, c'était un véritable torrent, se dirigeant vers les quartiers bas de la ville. • « Je ne citerai pas à ce sujet les vers de Boileau, que tout le monde connaît, dit Mercier, dans son Tableau de Paris en 1782 : un large ruisseau coupe quelquefois une rue en deux, de manière à interrompre la communication des deux côtes des maisons; à la moindre averse, il faut dresser des ponts tremblants; rien ne doit plus divertir un étranger que de voir un Parisien traverser ou sauter un ruisseau fangeux, avec une perruque à trois marteaux, des bas blancs et un habit galonné, courir dans de vilaines rues sur la pointe des pieds, recevoir le Il cuve des gouttières sur un parasol de taffetas. Quelles gambades ne fait pas celui qui a entrepris d'aller du faubourg Saint-Jacques dîner au faubourg Saint-Honoré, en se défendant de la crotte et des toits qui dégouttent, des tas de boue, d'un pavé glissant, des essieux gras! Que d'écueils à éviter ! Il aborde néanmoins: à chaque coin .de rue il a appelé un décrotteur, il en est quitte pour quelques mouches à ses bas. » Par quel miracle a-t-il traversé la ville du rronde la plus 'Sale" comment marcher dans dans la fange en conservant ses escarpins? Oh! cVst un secret particulier des Parisiens, et je ne conseille pas à d'autres de vouloir les imiter. » La ville de Paris adopta bientôt les chaussées bombées avec deux ruisseaux placés de chaque côté. On agrandit le ré eau des égouts et à tout point bas qui entourait chaque Ilot de maisons on plaça une bouche d'égout dissimulée sous la bordure des trottoirs. Cela n'était pas suffisant; car, dans les coutumes de Paris, les eaux 'ménagères s'écoulant sur la voie publique, il fallait les empêcher d'y croupir, de s'y corrompre et de répandre l'infection. On y parvint en créant des points hauts où fat établie une borne-fontaine ou une bouche sous trottoirs pour entraîner toutes les déjections de chaque maison. En résumé, les égouts reçurent un volume d'eau considérable, qui fit disparaître les infections si bien décrites par Parent-Duchatelet. Sous Louis XIV, les égouts n'avaient que 2,333 mètres 65 centimètres de développement. En 1824, 35,628 mètres. 7 En 1862, plus de 200,000 mètres. Aujourd'hui ils augmentent chaque, jour à cause de leur construction dans la zone suburbaine annexée. Ce fut en 1862, au 31 décembre, que devait être complet l'arrêté préfectoral du 19 décembre 1854, qui imposait aux propriétaires l'o. bligation de construire un branchement d'égout mettant leur immeuble en communication avec les égouts publics, qui tous viennent se déverser pour la rive droite au grand égout collecteur, et pour la rive gauche à l'égout du pont de l'Aima. Le grand égout collecteur est le plus grand ouvrage de ce genre qui existe au monde; il n'a son pendant, mais en moindre étendue, qu'à Rome, la cloaca maxima; il pari de la place de la Concorde et vo, par le boulevard Malesherbes, jusqu'à la place de Laborde, et, de ce point, par un tunnel sous la barrière Monceau, il va se jeter dans la Seine, en aval du pont d'Asnières. Il a 5 ki omèires de longueur, 50 centimètres de pente par kilomètre; sa largeur est de 5 mètres 60 centimètres et sa hauteur 4 mètres 40 centimètres. ToUle l'eau de Paris ne suffit plus maintenant pour nettoyer ces égouts; aussi met-on de nouveau à l'étude la dérivation des eaux de la Loire. Cette eau, après 180 kilomètres de parcours et son séjour dans les réservoirs, nous arrivera chaude et marécageuse en été; elle ne pourra remplacer ni l'eau de Seine,, ni l'eau de source, mais elle sera très utile pour nos égouts et nos grandes fontaines jaillissantes. — Le lundi 29 août s'ouvrira à Lille l'exposition internationale des beaux-arts. La cérémonie d'inauguration aura lieu le môme jour sous la présidence de M. Turquet, sous-sccrétaire d'Etat au ministère des beaux-arts. — Bordeaux, 26 août, soir. — Le général Tomasi Guardia, président de la République de Costa-Hica, est arrivé à Bordeaux avec une petite suite. Madrid, 26 août, soir. — Le cyclone, qui était annoncé, s'est produit en effet le 24 août. La frégate Sagunta, qui portait le roi, la reine et le ministre de la marine, a subi de fortes oscillations. Le ministre de la marine est tombé sur le pont et s'est légèrement blessé. — Nous avons pa lé récemment, dit le Jouriwl de Genèvc. des « consuls » nommés par le Bicycle Touriag Club. On nous commu nique des renseignements nouveaux sur celle association, qui ne compte pas m3ins de 3,000 membres répartis dans toute l'Europe, et principalement en Angleterre. Son but est de faciliter les grands voyages en vélocipède ; c'est pour cela qu'elle a institué dans chaque ville de quelque importance où se trouvent de ses adhérents, un ou plusieurs membres correspondants dits consuls, et Genève a même l'honneur d'en posséder deux. Les consuls sont chargés de donner auxclubistes en passage les informations nécessaires sur les itinéraires les plus avantageux, l'état des routes, les hôtels, etc. e Beaucoup de velocemen ont traversé Genève cette année et beaucoup d'autres sont attendus dans le courant de septembre. On espère étendre l'institution des consuls à quelques villes de la Suisse allemande. — Un violent orage s'est abattu mercredi sur le canton de Genève et a causé de grands dommages, A Ucllerive, il ne reste plus rien ; toutes les' vignes sont hachée?; à Collonge-BPllerive, les deux tiers de la récolle sont perdus ; A Corsier, Meinier, Veigy et Vésenaz, la moitié à la Capite et à Asnières, un quart environ. A deux heures el demie après midi, sur les routes, on trouvait encore des grêlons de la dimension de grosses noisettes. A Collonge, la place de l'Eglise est embellie de trois beaux platanes qui servent d'asile à de nombreux oiseaux: après la grêle, dont le passage a duré au plus deux minutes, aumoins 600 pinsons, moineaux, hirondelles, etc., gisaient sur le sol, tués ou mutilés; il en a été de même ailleurs. — Sur l'Havel et la Sprce séjournent comme sur la Tamise un assez grand nombre de cygnes qui y vivent à l'état domestique et qui sont placés sous la surveillance d'un officier de la couronne, le maître des chasses royales. Chaque été, au mois d'août, a lieu la capture de ces cygnes auxquels on enlève leur duvet pour l'usage des châteaux de Berlin et de Potsdam. Cette intéressante opération du plumage des cygnes a étj pratiquée ces jours-ci. Des pêcheurs de Tiefwerder ont été chargés de s'emparer des palmipèdes sur les deux rivières; ils les ont attachés et transportés ensuite dans leurs barques, près de la forteresse de Spandau où des femmes leur ont ôté le davel léger de dessous les ailes. Ce duvet, soigneusement déposé dans des sacs scellés, a été expédié à Berlin dans une voiture qui. depuis nombre d'années est employée à ce service. Il est utilisé pour garnir les vêtements et les robes de la famille royale et constitue une sorte de fourrure. On en 'fait usage aussi dans la literie. — On lit dans le Nouveau Tagblatt : Un homme tristement célèbre en Hongrie est arrivé à Pesth par la gare du Sud, les fers aux pieds et aux mains, et gardé par deux pandours ayant leurs fusils chargés; il a été conduit ensuite à la gare du chemin de fer de l'Etat pour être transporté à Presbourg, et de là à KJava, près de Trcnesin, où se trouve un grand établissement pénitentiaire. Cet individu est l'ancien chef de brigands Syeker-Pista, qui a effrayé pendant dix ans les comtats d'Eisembourg et de Zala, sans qu'on pût parvenir à s'emparer de lui, et qui s'est créé, tomme Sozsa Sandor et Subri Jozsi, une véritable légende, en commettant une foule de brigandages avec une audace inouïe. Il semblait avoir le don de se multiplier, car aussitôt qu'on entendait parler d'un crime commis par ui dans le comitat d'Eisembourg, il commettait un aulrj crime dans le comitat de Zala et déjouait ainsi, par la rapidité de ses mouvement?, foules les tentatives faites pour l'arrêter. Cependant le capitaine de pandours Stein manger parvint, après des efforts inouïs, à s'emparer cans ces derniers temp*, du terrible Pista et à le livrer au tribunal du comitat d'Eisembourg. Ce tribunal a condamné le chef de brigands à dix ans de cachot et a décidé qu'il serait enfermé à Klava. — Les journaux italiens publient la dépêche suivante, relative à l'enquête ouverte sur le massacre de la mission géographique du capitaine Giulietti : Le Caire, 22. Le gouvernement égyptien avait communiqué il y a plusieurs jours au consul italien le résultat sommaire de l'enquête faite à. Bailul par Ruschdi-Pacha, avec le concours du gouverneur de Mas--aouah, en présence des commandants des navires de la marine royale italiens et de la marine royale anglaise. La conclusion de cette enquête serait que les coupables du mass cre de l'expédition Giulietti doivent être recherchas parmi les tribus insoumises de l'intérieur, au-delà des limites de la juridiction égyptienne. Le consul italien, sur les instructions da gouvernement royal, a aussitôt fait les plus formelles réserves sur la procédure et les conclusions de l'enquête, en décl rant que seulement après avoir reçu les rapports du contfmissaire Branchi et du commandant Frigerio, r le gouvernement du roi sera en mesure d& se prononcer soit au sujet de l'enquête même, foit au sujet des mesures ultérieures qui seront conseillées par les circonstances. -o— L'Institut polyglotte, 106, rue de Richelieu, annonce pour le Ier septembre la reprise de ses séances de conversation. Quant aux conférences en diverses langues, elles ne reprendront que vers le 15 octobre. La Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est vient d'organiser un voyage circulaire pour visiter Belfort et les Vosges, une des contrées * les plus Pl; tore-GLies de la France. Afin de faciliter aux touristes cette intéressante excursion, des billets à prix très réduits seront délivrés à la gare de l'Est et au bureau central de la rue Basse-du-Remjîart, 50. Ils sont valables pendant 15 jours et donnent droit à s'arrêter dans toutes les stations du parcours, notamment à Châlons, Nancy" , Saint Dié, Gérardmer, Epinai, Cornimont, SaintMaurice-Bussang, Plombières, Luxeuil-lesBains, Belfort, Vesoul, Chaumont et Troyes. On peut partir indifféremment par la ligne de Paris à Nancy et revenir par celle de Belfort à Paris, ou vice versà. > FAILLITES3 M Du 25 aoit. Gaillst (Gustave-François Xavier), marchand da vius-re.-taurateu", à Bonlogae (Seine), rue du Vieux-Poit-de-Sèvre?, 126. Léouhard (Frédéric), fabricant de catsaueltes, rue de Rambuteau, £ 6. Le gérant responsable : JEAN DESTREM. Imprimerie du Rappel, JEAN DESTUEM, imprimeur, 18, rua de Valois. Caractères Virey.—Machines Marinoni. -Encres Lorilleux^ Jl Ti T0N'> en l'élude de Me PAUL RIGAULT, notaire, AB JlJOul. de Sébas'opo], 3), e 7 septembre 1881, à une limre, 3 Tjn'SjTVO DE COMMERCE BD 3 lots, de O I UrsUO DE MARCHANDS DE "H ÀÏÎCOTTÙLQQ A PAIIIS" 1 r lot, ru~ de UH-T* U DuUilIîD Turbigo, 14; 2e lot, rue du. Bac, £ 4; 3e lot, f mb. du Temple, 4: dépendant de la faillite NIVELLE et Cc, Ctiqque-fonds comprenant CLIENTÈLE, ACHALANDAGE MATÉRIEL et DUOlT AU BAIL. — Mises à pr x ponv. être baissées : 1er lo', 5,000 fr. 2= lot, 4,HO fr. 38 lot, 4,000 i'r. Marchandises à prendre 3 <nre d'experle. Loyers d'avance à remboureer. C(,n"-goHjOIl pour enchérir, 500 f,'. pour chaque 10'. -S'adreii::O. audit M' P. RIGAULT, et à Me SABAZIX, syndic, 39, rue de Rivoli. BACCALAURÉATS Vendent les vacances, cours ¥p>V,ianx pO:lf les examen* do ii.vveml>re. lin 1879 1880,132 élèves r eus. jLïJiffit3É52c £ ©EilLeS £ ïf'g©,20,r. Gay-LuiSiC,Pari e|j ggs s 5S» El fi W ïriecoloration natUrn-JE caSas S Ë.Mnstantan~o tlOw nuances. 33^-3^X3 £ 3 kc Béncvatsrsr à base de quinine ., Méd'" or ct z,. Ecbmet, 39, rusdsTrévice, Paris.FIac. Geto fr. , M.MM' ~ËU~Jt~S~J6M~NSHaN!tZ~ -~~ I MerrispiitiEelaptÈg ~a ~U& ! ~i.i¡;H,n:U~U~I !~~PllLU I 23, RUE RICHER, 23 | t1 îsdïspeasaMs aux Spéemateu!r9 | fi! INF0SME SES LECTEURS INSTANTANÉMENT: 1 11° 33e toutes les nouvelles ayant une influence | ! sur les falcurs de Bourse. 2° ESe tans ies mc-svexneù.ts de hausse en vole gH de préparation. a 3° Sa tous les synûîcaîs formés par les initiés |1 pour pousser une valeur. LA CORRESPONDANCE RAPIDE ! Contient enfin des informations sérieuses sur 1 ; lez valeurs do c^éculation jouissant de la a faveur du public ainsi que des renseignements ! j confidentiels zur la position exacte du 3 xnarelié qui ne peuvent être connus que par g les personnes en situation d'obtenir des dong nées sûres puisées aux vraies sources. w | S'adresser aa DIRECTEUR, me Richsr, 23 jjj -' POUR OBTENIr. ! LE SERVICE GRATUIT PENDANT SIX MOIS i Rémunération facultative I fi et seulement après réalisation de bénéfice. ! -' "11 ,.itiat.ll:.d -. r~ T" fLETEiPS ! ft lE 1 E w; S 1l 1 COMPAGNIE FASSURANCES SUR LA VIE | PARIS — 3, Rue Rossini — PARIS di | Capital : NEUF SSHXIONS ;,: p Asseraiices en cas deDecês, Hixtes.àTerms flie.etc. 1 RENTES VIAGÈRES I | 1 Pour 100 fr. versés, rente annuello payable par semestre: j|" 1A A 50 ans, 7 fr. 32 c. I A C0 ans, 9 fr. es c. p J A 55 ans; S fr. 75 c. A 65 ans, 1 IL. If. 01 c. fi A 70 ans, 3.3 fr. S3 c. j SELS mU¥ILL.b,|ta (Granulés) pour la Reconstitution artificielle DE TOUTES LES EAUX KiiKéRALES g 't'riacipales IVals.Boarfcotile,Vichy,HnEyadi-Jaaos.Orezza, I Uiacipales Sources nussaug, Eaux-Bonnes, Pullna. § « Reproduire instantanément une Eau ¡;¡i¡¡érale,c'e$t l'obtenir ji « ûveo les principes qui se détruisent par le séjour prolongé M « dans les b,,uteilles.» t!G pour 1tH) cl'IEec-iîomîe. T3* pro Ph,,VAUVILLÈ.42>r.M.-!e-PrinceRDnniïTTRP PCO» râhiù i>h" T^SABJ>, 28, rueuoaiholotup.yufluiuir T i ¡ ri;i':r,;T EN 3 jouns, MAUD. CONTAGKFBELLKS A TOUT INJECTION, PIERRE DWIKS, Innocuité rai faite Envoi F"c. Sfr.g~ Q, |RSH ~?' j*?~ ToalîJ p):a)'m. « Envoi P«c.5fr.^<f?k i"aÉifii I Éviter imitations, bien préciser. gS!~~SS!FS~~1.*SiWE LES ANNONCES SONT REÇUES Chez MM. Lagrange, Cerf et Ce. — 6, place de la Bourse, 6. — Paris. I-C MI m mm r' 91 1 i 1 1 1 LI œUVRES DE PAUL raEURIOE Théâtre Volumes in-lS. —2 fraass. ANTIGOKE. HAS1LET. BKNVENUTO CEF.HM.— SCIUJÏYL. -..,. PAP.IS. — L'AVOCAT DES PAUVRES. LES BEAUX MESSIEURS DR BOJS-DOIIÈ. FAXÏAN LA TtUPE. LE MAITRR I>'! £ COUÏ. — LE ROI t)!{ Bouinm, — FRANÇOIS LW, BAS-BLEUS, — Lss Dsux DIAIKÏS. — LE DRAC. — LA VIE NOUVELLE. C,m:ù. LA BRÉSILIENNE. Romans Volumes ia-18. 3 francs. lA "HIILI E AUBRY. LES TVHAN3 32 VILLAGE. — Lts Chevaliers de l'Esprit : t. CÈSAau CALMAXX LÈvy, éditeur, 3, rue Auber. g&~fs~e ~.m~e&~<s.<Mt~<<!~ f,» vÊÊwî 9 'D'~ H~JFf~p & ~f~MPJ~)~ ~& B-——— cS. pécialité pour Trousseaux J ~** S ËPARIS dEî5U?c^M3 É> ~5.'CE~t';.,~y~~ S''&~'t.y.M~t~n&~,.,~g~~°' ~mMâ~T~â&~~ïip~ ~~U~iM~ ~â ~n~~ îmmmMmmm* Guérison stire, prompte et écpnomique par les f!} tm 'y:;~ C OT 0 ES i~ ''~tfl' lh Les approuvées par l'Acad. de Médecine i 50 c.?s de succès constant a en O!lt fait le Keznède le | jj pins répété.—N. B. Sudéfier tics Co.ilrefaçonsat Imitations. | | S'accepter que la Soîte Capsulez-STomes garantie par le I „ h .Timbre es bleu de l'Stat i's.*»Eçais. — Kuvoi par poste. B Bv 63, r. J.-J.-Rousseau. PAKIS. — î)sns toutes lesPlile». >§ 1 UTS"01TÏIJ C Guérison radicale par le Sviiaç IUjiHî llrf U ckctro-midical, MARIS fririî, lUit decica-inventeurË, rue de l'Arbre-Ses, Íô, à Paris BAHDAGB VASSOL P?rrcclioao<;, avec ceinture sans rossort, allant à | tontes les ailles, sans être obligé de raceourrir la ceinture ti elle se trouva trop longue; plus da ban «lageè cassés et plus de bJeg..urAs sur la p-rsoune. Economie de cent pour cent. Approuvé des célébrités 1 radicales de France et de l'é franger. Modèl déposé i au Trih. de commerce. VASSOL, bRodagiste, liôtel de la Pharmacie centrale de France,7, r. aeJouyjParisV -W BOURSE DE PARIS — Cours du 27 Août PfrrétclséLd U. § s S EFFETS PUBLICS prem. Derc. Clôture 3 ET "'rjiRMljVS DB FER cours cours CI urc :::: (actwns) .-------- 85 85 •••••• 45 n 0/0 cpt 82 40 & 'i0 85 <2' 51 O JIe' avril. 31 20 fca 05 87 60 fj 0/0 amortiss.. cpt 8^ 7 S680 S7 2iZô 0 J. 18 avril 31 M 8b (53 85 tO 35 Q 0/0 amortie., cpt 83 "5 S5 43 :s5 ';~-. ¡il O (nouv.),i6avr. 31 22 8o lo 117 20 70 c 0/0.,. cpt H1 •• 3" ii~ k't •' 91 0 J. i6raai 31 ili 15 116 30 1 i G 50 :• •• 25 f. 1/2 0/0 cpt 11(1 50 116 :111, rs J. 22 mars 21 0 50 60 r 0/0 tTALîïN.. cpt 90 40 89 90 J)0 60 60 3 J. janvier. 31 So M ..re.. 510 •• ♦. OBLIGATIONS DOTaÛS. *• •• 433 •• J. 20 janvier. 31 •• •• 5910 •• BANQUE CE FUANCH.. •• •• î»983 •' J. janvier 31 •• 833 •• •• -7 30 BANQUE D'ESCOMPTE. 825 £ 27 S0 823 •• •• 3 J. janvier 31 820 8L3 10ij0 ..•••• 13 CpMPTOIR D'ESCOMP. Iva::.. lOb.. hcu ,. "., J. août 1880. 31 ••• ; ., 732 50 2 50 BANQUE PARISIENNE. 150.. 730 8S0 •« BANQUE FB.'ÉGYPT. 880 880 .5., J. avril 31 *^0 •• S75 : 6J;j • • BANQPîtÊTS A l.'lNO". ®2l) 6.5 515 C° FRANCC-ALGBÎilEN" ■' .ÎÎ S •• 1630 •• •• 10 CRÉDIT FONCIER 1340 I6i3 75 •• •• 13 73 J. janvier 31 *^.40 ;t;30 765 •• •• • CRÉDIT UE FflANCE. 7(53 , 777 50 • •• 2 35' CBJÈSÎTIND.ITCOlTÀî. 775 lbO ,.., J.mai. 31 ,. t'32 30 •• •• 12 50 CRÉDIT LYONNAIS. •. •• 920.. ; SiO ..-••• 10.. J. 21 mars 31 922 M 9Lo À.3 0 CBÉD1T jrOBiLiEa. !;*••• '30 732 30 1 50 J. janvier 31 J30 723 8D5 •• •• 20 , 8(0 ! ) 777 50 1 2? — (nouvelles'!. 763 .T:5. LO.. J. mai.31 ilo 'iti:i : 730 •• •• DÉPOTS ET COâiFT. C. 730 730 j. niai 31 l:. f J ! Î2ÎS •. SOCIETE GENEIULlt., 1 ! • }'P J 730 •..5 J. avril 31 •• '23 ,0 '.5 •• | 577 50 • • • • .2 50 BANQ. EUSSEetFflANC. «23 82» t 825 ., ,5 EST 820 5 J. mai 31 •• •• I7C0 •• ..20 LYON-MÉDITEEIUNÈF. •• •• 1783 ..••*• 2 J. mai 31 *'80 17G0 1260 •• MIDI i2ti0 1257 50 17 50 J. janvier 31 *233 •• 1-40 1990. 13 NORU. l!):}J.. ¡!)j;).. 19S5 j. janvier 31 ^'5 197G 1860 ., .4 J 369 1 n I33Q •» •• J. avril 31 *345 1330 1 810 •• ,3 OUEST 870 863 1 875 J. avril ai. ,. 1530 .5 CQMP. DU GAZ •• ; 1547 3 J. avril 31 13*2 30 I5i2 &l) i 485 •..5 A LA 13 AU R1IONB. 485 480 <598 75 '1 23 COMP. 'i'RANSATLANT. 898 ^00 î 597 50 .2 5c J. janvier 31 &97-501 600 1835 £ 5 CANAL DB SCEZ 1880 1850 1830 25 ,. J. janvier 31 1^53 1833 1625 2 50 DÉLÉGATIONS SUEZ.. 102U 1022 50 1P35 I. ;0 J. janvier 31 1025.«. 1277 50 •• 17 50 BANQ.PARIS ET P.-BA9 1270 1260 1210 15 3} 11263 „ 1255 VALEURS 1 Dern. Précéd. j DIVERSES cours clôture OBLIGATIONS 234 2~12 Seine 1837 234 232 i Ville 1853-G0. 510 5iu 1863 I:2l 50 b21 30 1869 403 403 1871 50 393 5873 516 518 ÎS76 518 518 ! .1 r'" ~'I' Bons de liquid. lj 3 7 Marseille 1877.. 312 50 370 Foncières : {l'r. f). 1'1" 1':16 '>" fSûO fr.) 4 "/c. 516 23 10% 4 °/o 10a 1C0 {500 fr.) 3 o/0.. 346 25 54o 23 1 oe, 3 *12 111 (300 fr.) 4 °/0 63 315 313 CojD.(300f.)3°/o 410 468 73 — (100 f.)3 °/o US" 95.. —(4COf.)3<'-?7 361 362 50 Coinuj. 3 °/o 72. j52 452 , tout payé. i'fS 458 50 Foncières °/o79 452 4oi Alais au Rhône. 301 304 Alg.4°/0,r.laOf. 140 139 5%,r.50ur. 513 o. 518 7 o Fst-AlgérieD3»/o ^33 334 Est 5 Cl3 •• 613 Est 3 »/o 389 50 388 50 Eet 3 ° o nouv. 39i 391 30 Ardennes 3 °/o* 386 386 ,. Bàle 5 o/e 1872. Nord-Est 3 «/„. 372 50 3a0 Lyon 5 °/o 12ii0 3 o/o 393 393 !2o Bougon. 3%. 3S9 388 Daup?iiuô 3'°/o.' 389 oï'J GeceÂ-e 1855 33l ,. 18(;7. , 5;)'382.. Méditcrr. 5 620 620 3 %• 393 5 ) 392 J Lyon fus. a.3 »/0 391 b?u 1 — ,. 1806 3 "/n 393 393 Victor-Em. 1862 391 391.. Médoc 3 5 233 Jlidi 3"/c. 38S 73 339 Nord 3 °/o 397 3?8.. Orléans,!842. 199 1190 — ■ 3 o/o. 391 389 50 Gd-Central 3 0 391 390 Grande-Ceinture 392 50 391 23 Ouest 3 ° 10' 359 3 0.. Ii' 1 4ln.l. ..-..)j' Fco-Algérienne. 263 263 Bône ù Guelma. 366 ,. 368 ., FONDS D'ÉTAT 1 1 Autriche 5 °/c. ;• • •V*}!, ..1 Domaniales 68. V Espagnecxt.3«/« '{h ']-'L 'l'm'c 5 0/n i i lui t j 20 Etats-Unis 18ci. 119 */liq 112 '1 Belge 4 «/c. 106 Iï 1 OttomaD 1860.. à 93 50 1863., 97.. 99 50 1865, 96.. 91 1. 1869.. Bl.. 92 75 «« 1873.. 92 25 9. VALEURS 1 Dcrn. !Précéd. DIVERSES cours clôture YAI.EPRS FRANÇ. (actious) BanqueNation1® 703 7G2 L0 Union générale. 1658 73 1643 Bône ù Guehua. 635.. 637 50 Salines de l'Est. 175 175. Soc. franeselinr# 935.. 985.. nentc Fréparise 550 560.. S-Cr desEntrep. 3i2 50 320 Eaux 2230 2290 Gaz central. 930 9io Gaz général ; ¡¡; 415 Gaz de Marseille 759 Union des Gaz.. 930 930 Malfidano..:,.. 1007 50 1000 Mokt-cl-Hadid.. 1490 1490 Usines Cail. 300 300.. Messageries. 8i2 50 818 7j Lits iiitaires.. 200.. 200 Ge des Omnibus. 1425 1413 Ce des Voitures. 770 780 Bons polie.priv. 287 SO 287 3 J (Obligations) Q o ! o n n l 5 Colonial 5 ..,.,., Colonial 6 o/o.. 595.. 5:Jl).. Ce des Eaux 3 °/* ••• •• 3s8 73 Compe du Gaz. 323 522.. Gaz central 3ÎU Gaz général. 307 iO 303 Messager. 5 325 523 Omnibus. 523 522 1 Immobilière. 130 150 Transatlantique 512 50 o 12 Lits militaires.. 533 •• 585 Suez 580 58? 3auq. krcSuède 410 30 470 cnEmNS ÉTR. Autrichiens. 7135.. "0" Lomb-Stid-Aut. 3j5 5 Nord-Espag.63. 637 '9 ^37 Romains •• 142 Portugais 665, 665., Russe 3 343 313 Saragosse 560 567 6) Andalous 3 317 o0 317 50 Lombard 3 °/o.. 289 289 50 Is!ord-Esp.lresér 350 353 2rser. 333 337 Pampelune 1873 334 • • 332 Portugais. 325 325 Saragosse. 332 75 333 Hoadul'as.,. !2 12 50 Hongrois 289 291 YALECHS BTB. Russe 1877.93 20 93 15 Hongrois 1877.. 101 30 101 4ro Foncier Russie. 38~ 30 386 -5 Fonc. d'Autrich. 830 855 GazMadrid (ac.) 705 700 Halles de Naplea 6i 64 Banque Ottom. îu5 110 1 Romains 5 °/«.. 94 ,. 9. RomaiM 3 •/«•• 311 bu 377 50 PROGRAMME DU DIMANCHE 28 AOUT FRANÇAIS — 8 b. 0/0 1 Le Mariage de Figaro c. 5 a., Beaumarchais. lecomte ; Laroche Figaro Coqueiin c, Bridolson Thiron Antonio Barré Bartliolo Garraud Pédrille Roger Bazile Viliain Grippe-Soleil de Feraudy Doublemain Tronchet Marceline mesd.Amel Chérubin Frémaux Suzanne B-irrelta Faochetle Rosainood 1 la comtesse Tholer OPÉRA — 0 h. 0/0 fè RELACHE. 1 ODÉON — 0 h. 0/0 _1 » 1 CLOTURE ( 7 OPÉRA-COMIQUE— 0 h. 0/0 e CLOTURE il 1 P0RTE ST-MART1N Oh. 0/0 I 19 l CLOTURE CHÀTEAU-D'EAU— Oh. 0/v CLOTURE TH.DES NATIONS — 8 h. 0/C ILsâraîSe ce 35 ani; ege captlvâté drame d* Mw. PiAuricourt et Acicat Roura ois Latude -Maur.Simon Da'ègre Dalbert Slalesherbeî J. Renot S ai ut-Marc Biva Lenoir Pouctal Du Quesnay Urseau Tlioiup s Jarlet Saint Lus Thomas Couibillon Jah-in Dhngon Mcrville FsiiQ'jis Mord Struff Stephen liccrietle me. d. Marie tiiilet L'i Maréchale Diudoird Mme Pompadour D'Aifort ■ Ci lier ne d'Escorval iftîar-Micrile M. Boulin 1 VARIÉTÉS — 0 h. 0/0 CLOTURE CHATELET — 7 h. 1/2 IBBîcîicî Strogoîl pièce 5 a., a tj Verne Michel Strogoff Marais îvanOgareff P. Deshayes Blumk Vivier Jolivet Joamard ! JeGrand Due Bouyer ]e Gouverneur Vialdy "Wasïile Fédor Coutombier maître de police Donato l'émir Féofar Romani général Ki3o £ f Frumenee Maria Strogoiî Marie Lauréat t Kadia Fédor Marie Augo Sangare P. Deshayw 1 GYMNASE — 7 h. 1/2 l e Duel de ï'Icri'oî !lne:c 5 a., de Gustave Haller Hu-jolphsDartèi Charpentier PtioUes Belliard Samuel Blaisot Maurice Tersant Hertry Gaury Gœrjer Roche ) le Docteur n'ondel Rodolphe Boscber Mme Poi ollcs mas><i. l!<y maon 1 Audrte C i. lîayi ara 1 Les EUffictLojïy C.7 nr!., ..{ s., 8 t. Roheitson l duny Dary ; CbartJoriti jr io!a jfurj'onaj J;dl:;¡.a Stylus i Gceury Paiol fi's Tousé Patot père Vdvasseur Bonatout Georges Brailey Roche Moyse Bos lier M ic Hnsqueba Blond!)! lady Furibound Me^d. Génat Hafietti Ch. Tîayaard Rielts petite Geniy GAITÊ 8 11. 0;0 Usa PahoJote dr. 5 act., 7 tabl., 1 prologue, A. d'Artois et Gérard Dickson Dumaine Washington Clémcnt-Just Hopwood Ti sier Dauc?n Heywird Ch. Rohdô ord Treweliyaa Romain Gilbert Phyvillon Ronval Scipion Léon Noël Griffith Licrois Bircklny ÎSaulot Jana MsJ. Largillière Editti M. Jaliien Suzannah J. Chamb'v Hebe ca E. Peii: petite Jjrie p-.tite Aumont FOLIES-DRAMAT.—8h. 0/0 Le Pârl de Chalamd -. c. 1 a. de JHenry ¡ U. unaiamel il , "i>l Pau. J rge Rcfusiignac Pauî J ,T8e Durantin Dîsmon's Girodot Marius Armand Augusie Marius Eroestioe mesd. Martine Mon? Durantin Barnoll Les 5î®KS^aciaipci au l Couvent op,.c, 3 a.,P.Pernei etJ. Prével • musique de L. Varney jBhtsac Alorlyt IBridaine lliitemana 1 Gautrun Marcelin La gouvcrn:ur Dequcray Rigobert. Paul Jorge Pbhard Desmollla ; L nglùis Armand 'bimona mesl. Toinon Riotla HIPPODROME DE PARIS. Tous les soirs, à 8 h. 1/2. Représen-ation stipplémea. laire, à 3 heures, j eudis, li. mauenes et fêtes. CIRQUE D'ÉTÉ 3 h. Représentations éq^uftre--. Ki'oîÊes-Sîcrgcre, 8 h. îj ». Tous le8 soirs. — O.verUase* nieuts. — Pantomimea. 1 Gymnastes. — Acrobates. Ctowus. — Excentricités. L. Vasseuret son orchestre. paiace-ïîiciitrc. rnt les toirs, à 8 h. 1/2. — Graaii ballets.—Spactada varié»-* Scance de patinage.. Edest-Galery,6, faubourg P, iesonnière.—Ou vertde 10 h. du matin a 4 h du soir. Prix1 fr 'TL». de BclIcvIISe. Maison du Po t iot. Diaif. ¡i't-::-ùë la ieite. Tous les sci s. &a £ ic (Ses Capncines. Tous les soirs, a 8 heures. Copféieacas scientifiques et littéraires. ï~o~CE'~ I-Iaïïîàâw. 8 1). P.-rstidi:.:il:Ü on, magie, pai* RobertHoudiu lilt. Géorama universel. Jardin <Jôogiaph!que deMont^ourie. A TRAVERS LA BOURSB La baisse a pris aujourd'hui des proportions sensibles et nous pourrions dire inattendues, et son exagération nous permet d'espérer qu'une réaelion salutaire suivra de près ce mouvement intempestif et mal justifié. Le drainage de l'or ne saurait avoir les proportions d'une crise, car, en dehors de la nouvelle, vraie ou fau se, de la maladie de l'empereur d'Allemagne, le marché n'avait aucune raison de céder à un parei! entraînement. Les vendeurs à découvert poursuivent évï< demment un but dont il doit être prudent de se défier, et nous ne serions nullement surpris de voir la Course reprendre des allures plus calmes à bref délai. En attendant, nous relevon * le 3 0t0 à 85 05 i l'amortissable ancien à 86 65; le nouveau à. 85 15, et le 5 010 à 116 7o. Il y avait longtemps qu'on avait vu les fonds publics aussi bas. Les valeurs n'ont pas été mieux partagées et, en dehors de li B nque qui trouvera profit; dans ton augmentation d'escompte, et qui » monté à 5,995 fr., tous les autres titres ont été plus ou moins frappés. Li Banque de Paris est à 1,255 fr. ; lit Comptoir a 1,043 fr. ; le Crédit foncier 1 ,63'J fr. On voit que les meilleures valeurs sont at< teintes. La Foncière de France et d'Algérie s'est te.nue à 517 fr. 50, en fermeté relative. Le Crédit lyonnais est à 912 fr. 50, le Mobi.., lier à 728 fr. 25. L? Crédit général français a assez bien résisté; il clôture à 776 fr. 25. La Banque de prêts à l'industrie est restée calme, à 625 fr. Ce titre se tient au comptant, c'est-à-dire en dehors die la spécula tion. L'Union générale est en baisse, à -1,658 fr. 75; le Suez a perdu 35 fr., à 1,850 fr.; le Gaz ;!0 fr., à 1,535 fr. Les chemins restent généralement ofler.s : t le Nord à 1,975 fr., l'Orléans à 1,355 fr., le Lvon à 1,765 fr. 'Les fonds étrangers sont lourds : la Rente Ulienne a baissé à 90 fr.; le Turc à 17 fr.05; l'Egyptienne reite à 400 fr. On est plus mauvais après bourse qu au début de la séance. Le 5 010 est à 116 fr. 65 ; le 3 oto * 3 £ £ r. 90. Ursa».
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https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%20Ball%20%28andre%20betydninger%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Dragon Ball (andre betydninger)
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https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dragon Ball (andre betydninger)&action=history
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Norwegian
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Spoken
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Dragon Ball er en japansk mediafranchise.
Manga
Dragon Ball, en japansk mangaserie.
Anime-serier
Dragon Ball (anime), en anime-serie som ble sendt 1986-1989
Dragon Ball Z, en anime-serie som ble sendt 1989-1996
Dragon Ball GT, en anime-serie som ble sendt 1996-1997
Dragon Ball Z Kai en anime-serie som ble sendt 2009-d.d.
Realfilm
Dragon Ball: Ssawora Son Goku, Igyeora Son Goku, en koreansk film fra 1990.
Dragonball Evolution, en amerikansk film fra 2009.
Spill
Dragon Ball Online, et MMORPG fra 2010.
Anime-filmer
Curse of the Blood Rubies, en animefilm fra 1986.
Sleeping Princess in Devil's Castle, en animefilm fra 1987
Mystical Adventure, en animefilm fra 1988
Dead Zone, en animefilm fra 1989
The World's Strongest, en animefilm fra 1990
The Tree of Might, en animefilm fra 1990
Lord Slug, en animefilm fra 1991
Cooler's Revenge, en animefilm fra 1991
Return of Cooler, en animefilm fra 1992
Super Android 13!, en animefilm fra 1992
Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan, en animefilm fra 1993
Bojack Unbound, en animefilm fra 1993
Broly – Second Coming, en animefilm fra 1994
Bio-Broly, en animefilm fra 1994
Fusion Reborn, en animefilm fra 1995
Wrath of the Dragon, en animefilm fra 1995
The Path to Power, en animefilm fra 1996
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US-63659703-A_2
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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English
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Spoken
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As shown in FIG. 4, at a prescribed sampling time cycle, the 4WD controller 8 executes the processing of the drive mode selection section 8K, the surplus torque computing section 8E, the target torque limiting section 8F, and the surplus torque converting section 8G in sequence based on the input signals. Together, the drive mode selection section 8K, the surplus torque computing section 8E, the target torque limiting section 8F, and the surplus torque converting section 8G constitute an output torque control section of the 4WD controller 8.
First, the processing shown in FIG. 5 is executed by the drive mode selection section 8K in step S1, mode information is received from the drive mode switch 42, while in step S3, the 4WD controller 8 determines if a four-wheel drive mode or a two-wheel drive mode has been selected. If the four-wheel drive mode has been selected, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S5. If the two-wheel drive mode has been selected the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S7.
In step S5, the 4WD controller 8 outputs a 12-volt relay ON command such that electric power is supplied to activate the clutch 12 and the 4WD controller 8 returns to the beginning of the control loop. Meanwhile, in step S7, the 4WD controller 8 outputs the 12-volt relay OFF command such that electric power is shut off to the clutch 12 and the 4WD controller 8 returns to the beginning of the control loop.
Next, the surplus torque computing section 8E will be discussed which executes the processing shown in FIG. 6. First, in step S110, the wheel speeds computed based on the signals from the wheel speed sensors 27FL, 27FR, 27RL and 27RR are used to subtract the wheel speed of the rear wheels 3L and 3R (subordinate drive wheels) from the wheel speed of the front wheels 1L and 1R (main drive wheels) and find the slippage speed ΔVF, which is the magnitude of the acceleration slippage of the front wheels 1L and 1R. Then, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S20.
The slippage speed ΔV_(F) can be calculated as follows. The average front wheel speed V_(Wf) (which is the average of the left and right wheel speeds for the front wheels 1L and 1R) and the average rear wheel speed V_(Wr) (which is the average of the left and right wheel speeds for the rear wheels 3L and 3R) are calculated using the following two Equations (1) and (2): V _(Wf)=(V _(Wf1) +V _(Wfr))/2 (1) V _(Wr)=(V _(wr1) +V _(Wrr))/2 (2).
Now, the slippage speed (acceleration slippage magnitude) ΔV_(F) of the front or main drive wheels 1L and 1R is calculated by the differential between the average front wheel speed V_(Wf) and the average rear wheel speed V_(Wr), as set forth in the following Equation (3): ΔV _(F) =V _(Wf) −V _(Wr) (3)
In step S20, the 4WD controller 8 determines whether or not the calculated slippage speed ΔV_(F) exceeds a prescribed value, such as zero. Thus, steps S10 and S20 constitute an acceleration slippage detection section that estimates if acceleration slippage is occurring in the front wheels 1L and 1R that is driven by the internal combustion engine 2. If slippage speed ΔV_(F) is determined to be zero or below, it is estimated that the front wheels 1L and 1R are not experiencing acceleration slippage and the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S30, where a target generator load torque Th is set to zero and the 4WD controller 8 returns to the beginning of the control loop.
Conversely, if in step S20 slippage speed ΔV_(F) is determined to be larger than zero, it is estimated that the front wheels 1L and 1R are experiencing acceleration slippage, and thus, control proceeds to step S40. In step S40, the absorption torque TΔV_(F) required for suppressing the acceleration slippage of the front wheels 1L and 1R is calculated using the equation below and the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S50. The absorption torque TΔV_(F) is an amount that is proportional to the acceleration slippage magnitude, as set forth in the following Equation (4):
TΔV _(F) =K 1×ΔV_(F) (4)
- - where: K1 is a gain that is found through experimentation or the like.
In step S50, a current load torque TG of the generator 7 is calculated based on the Equation (5) below, and then the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S60. $\begin{matrix} {{T\quad G} = {K\quad 2\frac{V \times I\quad a}{K\quad 3 \times N\quad h}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$
- - where: V: voltage of the generator 7, - Ia: armature current of the generator 7, - Nh: rotational speed of the generator 7, - K3: efficiency, and - K2: coefficient.
In step S60, the surplus torque, i.e., the target generator load torque Th that the generator 7 should impose, is found based on the Equation (6) stated below, and the 4WD controller 8 returns to the beginning of the control loop. Th=TG+TΔV _(F) (6)
Next, the processing executed by the target torque (control) limiting section 8F will be explained based on FIG. 7. The processing of the target generator load torque Th in the flow chart of FIG. 7 constitutes a generator control section configured to control a generation load torque of the generator 7 to substantially correspond to an acceleration slippage magnitude of the drive wheel, when the acceleration slippage detection section estimates acceleration slippage occurring in the drive wheel.
First, in step S110, the target torque limiting section 8F of the 4WD controller 8 determines whether or not the target generator load torque Th is larger than the maximum load capacity HQ of the generator 7. The 4WD controller 8 proceeds to the beginning of the control program to repeat the processing if the 4WD controller 8 determines that target generator load torque Th is less than or equal to the maximum load capacity HQ of the generator 7. Conversely, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S120 if the 4WD controller 8 determines that the target generator load torque Th is larger than the maximum load capacity HQ of the generator 7.
In step S120, the excess torque ΔTb, which is the portion of target generation load torque Th that exceeds the maximum load capacity HQ, is found according to the following Equation (7): ΔTb=Th−HQ. (7) Then, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S130.
In step S130, the current engine torque Te is computed based on the signals from the throttle sensor 19 a and the engine rotational speed sensor 21 using engine torque calculation map shown in FIG. 8. Then, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S140.
In step S140, the engine torque upper limit value TeM is calculated by subtracting the excess torque ΔTh from the engine torque Te, as set forth in the following Equation (8): TeM=Te−ΔTb. (8) After the engine torque upper limit value TeM is outputted to the engine controller 18, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S150.
In step S150, the maximum load capacity HQ is assigned as the target generation load torque Th, and then the 4WD controller 8 returns to the beginning of the control loop.
Next, the processing executed by the surplus torque converting section 8G of the 4WD controller 8 will be explained based on FIG. 9. First, in step S200, the 4WD controller 8 determines if the target generator load torque Th is larger than 0. If the target generator load torque Th is determined to be larger than 0, then the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S210 because the front wheels 1L and 1R are experiencing acceleration slippage. If the 4WD controller 8 determines that the target generator load torque Th is less than or equal to 0, then the 4WD controller 8 returns to the beginning of the control loop because the front wheels 1L and 1R are not experiencing acceleration slippage.
In step S210, the 4WD controller 8 determines if the target motor torque, i.e., the torque command value sent to the electric motor 4, is decreasing. The 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S220 if the target motor torque is decreasing and to step S230 if the target motor torque is not decreasing.
It is acceptable to determine if the target motor torque is decreasing by simply comparing the current target motor torque with the target motor torque from the previous processing cycle using Equation (9) below: Tm(n−1)−Tm(n−2)<0 (9)
In Equation (9), the subscript (n−1) indicates that the target motor torque is from one processing cycle previous and the subscript (n−2) indicates that the target motor torque is from two processing cycles previous. However, in order to suppress the effects of noise, it is also acceptable to determine if the target motor torque is decreasing based on target motor torque values from three or more previous cycles (for example, the equation shown below uses values from six processing cycles). It is also acceptable to determine that the target motor torque is decreasing when the target motor torque decreases continuously over a plurality of processing cycles using the Equation (10) below: [Tm(n−1)+Tm(n−2)+Tm(n−3)]−[Tm(n−4)+Tm(n−6)]<0 (10)
In step S220, the 4WD controller 8 determines if the target motor torque Tm(n−1) is less than or equal to a prescribed threshold torque value (T−TM1) at which the clutch 12 should be released, such as when the vehicle shifts from the four-wheel drive state or mode to the two-wheel drive state or mode. Thus, the program of step S220 constitutes a target drive torque determining section that is configured to determine whether the drive torque of the electric motor 4 is at most equal to a prescribed threshold torque by comparing the target motor torque Tm(n−1) to the prescribed threshold torque value (T−TM1). If the target motor torque Tm(n−1) is determined to be less than or equal to the prescribed threshold torque value (T−TM1), the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S240. If it is greater than the prescribed threshold torque value (T−TM1), the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S230 so as to execute normal processing.
In step S230, the rotational speed Nm of the electric motor 4 detected by motor rotational speed sensor 26 is received as input. The target motor field current Ifmt corresponding to the rotational speed Nm of the electric motor 4 is calculated and the target motor field current Ifmt is outputted to the motor control section 8C. Then, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S280.
The target motor field current Ifmt corresponding to the rotational speed Nm of the electric motor 4 is held to a fixed prescribed current value when rotational speed Nm is below a prescribed rotational speed and the field current Ifm of the electric motor 4 is reduced by a known weak magnetic field control method when the electric motor 4 is rotating above a prescribed rotational speed. In short, when the electric motor 4 rotates at a high speed the motor torque decreases due to the rise in the motor induced voltage E. Therefore, as discussed earlier, when the rotational speed Nm of the electric motor 4 reaches or exceeds a prescribed value, the current flowing to the electric motor 4 is increased and the required motor torque Tm(n) is obtained by reducing the field current Ifm of the electric motor 4 and lowering the required motor induced voltage E. As a result, even if the electric motor 4 rotates at a high speed, the required motor torque Tm(n) can be obtained because the motor induced voltage E is kept from rising and the motor torque is prevented from decreasing. Also, the price of the electronic control circuit can be reduced in comparison with continuous field current control because the motor field current Ifm is controlled in two stages: a stage for when the rotational speed is below a prescribed value and another stage for when the rotational speed is at or above a prescribed value.
It is also acceptable to provide a motor torque correcting section that continuously corrects the required motor torque Tm(n) by adjusting the field current Ifm in accordance with the rotational speed Nm of the electric motor 4. That is, instead of switching between two stages, the field current Ifm of the electric motor 4 can be adjusted in accordance with the motor rotational speed Nm. As a result, even if the electric motor 4 rotates at a high speed, the required motor torque Tm(n) can be obtained because the motor induced voltage E of the electric motor 4 is kept from rising and the motor torque is prevented from decreasing. Furthermore, since a smooth motor torque characteristic can be obtained, the vehicle can travel with better stability than in the case of two-stage control and the vehicle can always be kept in a state where the motor driving efficiency is good.
Meanwhile, if the target motor torque Tm(n−1 is determined to be less than or equal to the clutch release torque (T−TM1), the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S240. In step S240, the 4WD controller 8 determines whether the field current Ifm is larger than a prescribed (end-time) field current limit value (D-Ifm). If so, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S250. If the field current Ifm is less than or equal to the prescribed field current limit value (D-Ifm), the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S280 where it keeps the field current Ifm at the prescribed field current limit value (D-Ifm).
The prescribed field current limit value (D-Ifm) is the minimum field current value at which the electric motor 4 is capable of generating very small torque. Setting the limit value to such a small value serves to curb power consumption during two-wheel drive operation. Needless to say, it is acceptable for the prescribed field current limit value (D-Ifm) to be larger than the minimum field current value at which the electric motor 4 is capable of generating very small torque. In other words, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure that the end-time field current value D-Ifm may also be greater than the minimum field current value at which the electric motor 4 can generate a minute torque.
In step S250, the 4WD controller 8 determines if the accelerator position (ACC) or the corresponding throttle opening is less than 4% based on the signal from the accelerator sensor 29 or a corresponding throttle opening sensor. If the accelerator position or the corresponding throttle opening is less than 4%, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S260. Otherwise, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S270.
An accelerator position or the corresponding throttle opening (detected accelerator position opening degree) of less than 4% indicates that the accelerator pedal 17 is not being depressed at all or is not being depressed enough (i.e., the acceleration instruction amount is not large enough) to affect the acceleration of the vehicle. In other words, the phrase “the accelerator position opening degree is less than 4%” refers to an acceleration indicating amount sufficient to exclude the effect of the vehicle on the acceleration irrespective of whether the accelerator pedal 17 is depressed or in a state in which it is not depressed.
In step S260, the 4WD controller 8 reduces the field current by the amount of a first reduction value Dif1 and outputs the new field current Ifm to the motor control section 8C before proceeding to step S280.
Meanwhile, in step S270, the 4WD controller 8 reduces the field current by the amount of a second reduction value Dif2 and outputs the new field current Ifm to the motor control section 8C before proceeding to step S280.
The second reduction value Dif2 is set to a smaller value than the first reduction value Dif1. As a result, the decrease or change rate at which the field current value is reduced toward the prescribed field current limit value (D-Ifm) is larger when the accelerator position is less than 4% so that the prescribed field current limit value (D-Ifm) can be reached sooner.
Although in the preceding explanation, the reduction value by which the field current Ifm is reduced is set to one of two different values based on whether or not the accelerator pedal is depressed in an effectual way (i.e., whether or not there is an effectual acceleration instruction), it is also acceptable to set the reduction value of the field current Ifm to one of three or more different values or to vary the reduction value in a continuous manner in accordance with the acceleration instruction amount.
In step S280, the induced voltage E of the electric motor 4 is calculated based on the target motor field current Ifmt and the rotational speed Nm of the electric motor 4. Then, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S290.
In step S290, the 4WD controller 8 uses a map or the like to calculate the corresponding target motor torque Tm(n) based on the generator load torque Th computed by the surplus torque computing section 8E and then proceeds to step S300.
In step S300, the 4WD controller 8 executes the clutch release processing section 8H and then proceeds to step S310.
The clutch release processing section 8H constitutes a clutch releasing section. In the clutch release processing section 8H, the clutch release command is issued when it is determined that the current target motor torque Tm(n) is approximately equal to the clutch disconnection torque, i.e., when the Equation (11) below is satisfied. Tf−α≦Tm(n)≦Tf+α (11)
- - where: α is the tolerance value.
The clutch disconnection or release torque Tf is the torque of the electric motor 4 at the moment when the clutch 12 is to be released and the acceleration of the clutch input shaft 12 a and the acceleration of the clutch output shaft 12 b are approximately equal, i.e., when the torque at the clutch 12 is approximately zero. It is preferred to correct the clutch disconnection torque Tf by an appropriate amount to compensate for the response delay of the clutch operation.
The clutch disconnection torque Tf is calculated using a map and computations based on such factors as the vehicle acceleration and the friction in the torque transmission path to the rear wheels, or is a value determined experimentally, and serves as the motor torque value required to achieve zero torque at the clutch 12 in accordance with the traveling state of the vehicle. The clutch disconnection torque Tf corresponds to the sum of the torque due to friction of the electric motor 4 and the reduction gear 11 and the torque required to accelerate the electric motor 4 and the reduction gear 11 at the same acceleration rate as the rear wheels 3L and 3R, but comprises only the torque due to friction of the electric motor 4 and the reduction gear 11 when during normal travel. It is also acceptable for the clutch disconnection torque Tf to be a fixed value determined experimentally.
In step S310, the 4WD controller 8 uses the target motor torque Tm(n) of the current cycle and the target motor field current Ifmt as variables to calculate the corresponding target armature current Ia and then proceeds to step S320.
In step S320, the 4WD controller 8 computes the duty ratio C1, which serves as the generator control command value, based on the target armature current Ia and outputs the same before returning to the beginning of the control loop.
The clutch release processing section 8H will now be described with reference to FIG. 10.
The clutch release processing section 8H starts up when it is time for the vehicle to shift from the four-wheel drive state to the two-wheel drive state. In step S401, the 4WD controller 8 outputs the clutch release command and proceeds to step S402. There is a clutch response delay time that elapses between the time when the clutch release command is issued and the time when the clutch 12 is actually released, but this clutch response delay time is ascertained in advance.
In step S402, the 4WD controller 8 determines if the torque holding time counter CLH-CNT is zero. If the torque holding time counter CLH-CNT is zero, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S405 where it sets the target motor torque Tm(n) to zero so as to stop the motor torque from being held at fixed value and then returns to the beginning of the control loop.
Meanwhile, if the torque holding time counter CLH-CNT is larger than zero, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S403 where it counts down the torque holding time counter CLH-CNT. In step S404, the 4WD controller 8 sets Tm(n) equal to Tm(n−1) to assign the clutch release torque Tf as the target motor torque Tm(n) in order to hold the target motor torque Tm(n) at the fixed value of the clutch release torque Tf. The 4WD controller 8 then returns to the beginning of the control loop.
The aforementioned torque holding time counter CLH-CNT is initialized while the vehicle is in the four-wheel drive state. The torque holding time counter CLH-CNT is initialized to a value that absorbs the fluctuations in the clutch response delay and ensures that the clutch 12 is released reliably when the actual motor torque value is substantially held at the clutch release torque Tf.
The clutch release processing section 8H constitutes a clutch release section and a clutch release torque control section.
Next, the processing executed by the engine controller 18 will be described with reference to FIG. 11. In accordance with a prescribed sampling time cycle, the engine controller 18 executes the processing show in FIG. 11 based on the input signals.
In step S610, the engine controller 18 computes the target output torque TeN requested by the driver based on the detection signal from the accelerator sensor 29 and then proceeds to step S620.
In step S620, the engine controller 18 determines if the output torque upper limit TeM has been received from the 4WD controller 8. If it is determined that the output torque limit has been received, the engine controller 18 proceeds to step S630. Otherwise, the engine controller 18 proceeds to step S670.
In step S630, the engine controller 18 determines if the output torque upper limit TeM is larger than the target output torque TeN. If the output torque upper limit TeM is larger, the engine controller 18 proceeds to step S640. Meanwhile, if the output torque upper limit TeM is smaller than or equal to the target output torque TeN, the engine controller 18 proceeds to step S670.
In step S640, the engine controller 18 assigns the value of the output torque upper limit TeM to as the target output torque TeN, thereby increasing the target output torque TeN, and proceeds to step S670.
In step S670, the engine controller 18 calculates the current output torque Te based on the throttle opening, the engine speed, etc., and then proceeds to step S680.
In step S680, the engine controller 18 calculates the deviation ΔTe′ of the target output torque TeN from the current output torque Te using the Equation (12) shown below and then proceeds to step S690. ΔTe′=TeN−Te (12)
In step S690, the engine controller 18 calculates a change Δθ in the throttle opening θ in accordance with the deviation ΔTe′ and outputs a throttle opening signal corresponding to the throttle opening change amount Δθ to the stepper motor 19. Then, the engine controller 18 returns to the beginning of the control loop.
Now the operation of an apparatus constituted as described heretofore will be described. The following explanation assumes the designated drive mode is set to the four-wheel drive mode. The clutch 12 is not connected when the designated drive mode is set to the two-wheel drive mode.
When the torque transferred from the internal combustion engine 2 to the front wheels 1L and 1R is larger than the road surface reaction force limit torque, i.e., when acceleration slippage occurs in the front wheels 1L and 1R (which are the main drive wheels 1L and 1R), due to the road surface friction coefficient μ being small or the driver depressing the accelerator pedal 17 too deeply, the drive torque transferred to the front wheels 1L and 1R is controlled so as to approach the road surface reaction force limit torque of the front wheels 1L and 1R by having the generator 7 generate at a generator load torque Th corresponding to the magnitude of the acceleration slippage. As a result, acceleration slippage of the front wheels 1L and 1R (which are the main drive wheels) is suppressed.
Furthermore, the acceleration performance of the vehicle is improved because the surplus electric power generated by the generator 7 is used to drive the electric motor 4, which drives the rear wheels 3L and 3R (which are the subordinate drive wheels).
Since the electric motor 4 is driven by the surplus torque that exists in excess of the road surface reaction force limit torque of the main drive wheels 1L and 1R, the energy efficiency is improved, which leads to improved fuel consumption.
In a case where the rear wheels 3L and 3R are always driven, several energy conversions (mechanical energy→electrical energy→mechanical energy, etc.) take place and energy losses occur in accordance with the conversion efficiencies. Therefore, the acceleration performance of the vehicle declines in comparison with a case where only the front wheels 1L and 1R are driven. Consequently, it is preferred that driving of the rear wheels 3L and 3R be generally suppressed. Conversely, this embodiment takes into consideration the fact that when traveling on a slippery road surface or the like, even if all of the output torque Te of the engine 2 is transferred to the front wheels 1L and 1R, not all of the torque will be used as driving force. The driving force that cannot be utilized efficiently by the front wheels 1L and 1R is outputted to the rear wheels 3L and 3R and the acceleration performance is improved.
After the clutch 12 is connected to achieve the four-wheel drive state and the acceleration slippage is suppressed, the motor torque continues to decrease. When the target motor torque Tm(n−1) reaches or falls below the prescribed threshold torque value T−TM1, it is determined that the clutch 12 will be released, i.e., that the vehicle will shift into the two-wheel drive state, and the field current Ifm of the electric motor 4 is reduced at a prescribed reduction rate such that the field current Ifm is lowered to the prescribed field current limit value D-Ifm.
When the accelerator pedal 17 is released the engine torque declines and the electric power generation capacity limit of the generator 7 declines. Thus, the maximum torque value that the electric motor 4 can output is reduced and could possible become smaller than the target motor torque.
This first embodiment accommodates this possible scenario as follows. When it is determined that the accelerator pedal 17 is being depressed effectually and the vehicle is accelerating, the electric power generation (supply) status detecting section 8J of the 4WD controller 8 executes processing that estimates the electric power generation voltage limit of the generator 7 is greater than or equal to a prescribed value and sets the reduction value of the motor field current Ifm to the normal value Dif2. Meanwhile, when the accelerator pedal 17 is released and there is effectively no acceleration instruction, the electric power generation (supply) status detecting section 8J of the 4WD controller 8 estimates that the electric power generation voltage limit of the generator 7 will decline and the reduction value of the motor field current Ifm is set to the value Dif1, which is larger than Dif2. By increasing the reduction rate of the motor field current Ifm, the counter electromotive voltage of the motor 4 is suppressed in response to the decline of the electric power generation voltage limit of the generator 7. As a result, and effective voltage difference is secured for achieving the current necessary to obtain the target motor torque and the target motor torque can be delivered.
Thus, even if the accelerator petal 17 is released and electric power generation voltage limit of the generator 7 declines during the shift to two-wheel drive, the target motor torque can be obtained by increasing the reduction rate of the field current in advance.
As a result, even if the electric power generation voltage limit of the generator 7 declines, the actual motor torque can be prevented from declining and the occurrence of shock caused by the striking of teeth of the reduction gear 11 against the deceleration side can be prevented when the motor torque becomes smaller than the drive train friction while the clutch 12 is connected. It becomes possible to issue the clutch release command when the target motor torque Tm(n) becomes approximately equal to the clutch release torque Tf. In other words, the clutch 12 is released when the motor torque is such that the torque at the clutch 12 is approximately zero. Consequently, even if the electric power generation capacity limit of the generator 7 declines, the occurrence of shock when the clutch is released can be prevented.
The maximum torque value of the motor torque falls below the target motor torque because of the decline of the electric power generation capacity limit of the generator 7, there is the possibility that the actual motor torque will decline rapidly with respect to the target motor torque. This kind of decline not only makes it impossible to control the motor torque to the targeted value, but also makes it impossible to release the clutch 12 under conditions where the torque at the clutch 12 is approximately zero, thus causing shock to occur when the clutch 12 is released.
FIG. 12 is an example time chart. The single-dot chain line in FIG. 12 indicates an example of a case in which the electric power generation capacity limit of the generator 7 declines when the accelerator pedal 17 is released. In such a case, the motor torque is controlled to a value that accommodates the decline in the electric power generation capacity limit of the generator 7 by increasing the reduction rate (reduction value per unit time) of the field current. As a result, the motor torque is controlled appropriately.
Although in this embodiment the accelerator position is used to determine if the electric power generation capacity limit of the generator 7 is estimated to be small or about to become small, the invention is not limited to such an arrangement. For example, the electric power generation (supply) status detecting section 8J of the 4WD controller 8 can utilize other factors such as the rotational speed of the engine 2, the rotational speed of the generator 7, and shifting of the transmission 30 to a different gear to estimate if the electric power generation capacity limit of the generator 7 is small or will become small.
Although in this embodiment the main drive source 2 is an internal combustion engine, it is also acceptable for the main drive source to be an electric motor.
Also, although the system described above shifts into the four-wheel drive state in response to acceleration slippage of the front wheels, the present invention is also applicable to a system that shifts into the four-wheel drive state in response to the accelerator position or other parameter.
Second Embodiment
Referring now to FIGS. 1-8, 10, 11 and 13-17, a vehicle driving force control apparatus in accordance with a second embodiment will now be explained. In view of the similarity between the first and second embodiments, the parts or steps of the second embodiment that are identical to the parts or steps of the first embodiment will be given the same reference numerals as the parts or steps of the first embodiment. Moreover, the descriptions of the parts or steps of the second embodiment that are identical to the parts or steps of the first embodiment may be omitted for the sake of brevity.
The vehicle driving force control apparatus of this second embodiment of the present invention is installed in the four wheel drive vehicle that is diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 1. In this second embodiment of the present invention, the 4WD controller 8 is configured and arranged to adjust the field current Ifh of the generator 7. In particular, the generator 7 imposes a load on the engine 2 in accordance with the field current Ifh of the generator 7 that is adjusted by the 4WD controller 8, and thus, the generator 7 generates electric power in accordance with the load torque. Accordingly, the generator 7 is configured and arranged this embodiment of the present invention as illustrated in FIG. 2.
Also, the 4WD controller 8 for the vehicle driving force control apparatus of this second embodiment is diagrammatically illustrated as a block diagram in FIG. 3. Moreover, the 4WD controller 8 for the vehicle driving force control apparatus of this second embodiment executes the processing sequence illustrated in FIGS. 4-7 in the same manner as discussed above with reference to the first embodiment. In other words, the processing sequence executed by the 4WD controller 8 of the second embodiment is generally shown in FIG. 4 as discussed above. The processing sequence executed by the drive mode selection section 8D of the second embodiment is shown in FIG. 5 as discussed above. The processing sequence executed by the surplus torque computing section 8E of the second embodiment is shown in FIG. 6 as discussed above. The processing sequence executed by the target torque limiting section 8F of the second embodiment is shown in FIG. 7 as discussed above. However, the 4WD controller 8 for the vehicle driving force control apparatus of this second embodiment executes the processing sequence in the surplus torque converting section 8G as illustrated in FIG. 13.
The engine controller 18 for the vehicle driving force control apparatus of this second embodiment also executes the processing sequence illustrated in FIG. 11 as discussed above.
With the present invention of this second embodiment, as explained below, the field current of the electric motor 4 is corrected to a smaller value when the vehicle is in a four-wheel drive state in which the electric motor 4 is driving the subordinate wheel and it is determined that the generator 7 will enter a state of insufficient power generation based on the gear ratio of the transmission 30. As a result, the counter electromotive force produced by the electric motor 4 is reduced, the power generation insufficiency of the generator 7 is eliminated, and the required drive torque can be produced reliably. Thus, in this embodiment, the electric power generation status detecting section 8J executes processing to determine if the generator 7 will enter a state of insufficient power generation based on the gear ratio of the transmission 30.
The motor control section 8C adjusts the field current Ifm of the electric motor 4 based on the target motor field current Ifmt calculated in the surplus torque converting section 8G (discussed later) in order to adjust the torque of the electric motor 4 to the required value.
The motor control section 8C calculates a corresponding motor torque target value Tm based on the generator load torque target value Th computed by the surplus torque computing section 8E (discussed above). Then the clutch control section 8D calculates the clutch transmission torque T_(CL) of the electric clutch 12 by executing the calculation of the equation (13) shown below based on the motor torque target value Tm. Next, the clutch control section 8D converts the clutch transmission torque T_(CL) into a clutch current command value I_(CL). The clutch control section 8D then pulse-width modulates (PMW) the clutch current command value I_(CL), and calculates a clutch current control output CL having a duty ratio that corresponds to the clutch current command value I_(CL). The clutch current control output CL is delivered to the switching transistor 48. T _(CL) =Tm×K _(DEF) ×K _(TM) +T _(CL0) (13)
In the above equation, K_(DEF) is the reduction gear ratio of the differential gear 13, K_(TM) is the clutch torque margin, and T_(CL0) is the initial torque of the clutch 12.
The engine controller 18 limits the engine torque Te such that the engine torque upper limit value TeM is the upper limit value of the engine torque Te regardless of how the driver operates the accelerator pedal 17.
In step S150 of FIG. 7, the maximum load capacity HQ is assigned as the generator load torque target value Th. Then, the control loop ends and the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to the surplus torque converting section 8G.
Basically, this second embodiment uses the processing executed by the surplus torque converting section 8G of the 4WD controller 8 as seen in FIG. 13 instead of the processing sequence of the first embodiment as seen in FIG. 9. In other words, the processing sequence of this second embodiment is modified from the processing sequence of the first embodiment. Thus, in this second embodiment, the processing executed by the surplus torque converting section 8G of the 4WD controller 8 will be explained based on FIG. 13 in which the same reference numbers will be used for the steps that are common between the processing sequences of the first and second embodiments.
First, in step S201, the 4WD controller 8 determines if the slippage speed ΔV_(F) is larger than 0. If ΔV_(F) is determined to be larger than 0, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S230 because the front wheels 1L and 1R are experiencing acceleration slippage. If the controller determines that ΔV_(F) is less than or equal to 0, then the 4WD controller 8 does not proceed to step S230 because the front wheels 1L and 1R are not experiencing acceleration slippage. Instead, the 4WD controller 8 ends the control loop and returns to the surplus torque computing section 8E (FIG. 6).
In step S230, the 4WD controller 8 receives the rotational speed Nm of the electric motor 4 detected by the motor rotational speed sensor 26 and calculates the motor field current target value Ifmt based on the rotational speed Nm of the electric motor 4 using the motor field current target value calculation map shown in FIG. 13.
The target motor field current calculation map was created based on the first gear of the Drive (D) range of the automatic transmission 30, which is the gear with the highest gear ratio in that range. The motor field current target value Ifmt follows a characteristic curve that is plotted with the motor rotational speed Nm on the horizontal axis and the motor field current target value Ifmt on the vertical axis as shown in FIG. 13. In the range of motor rotational speeds Nm from 0 to the first predetermined value N1, the motor field current target value Ifmt holds at a preset maximum current value I_(MAX). If the motor rotational speed increases beyond the predetermined value N1, the motor field current target value Ifmt decreases accordingly at a comparatively large slope. Then, at rotational speeds between a second predetermined value N2 that is larger than the first predetermined value N1 and a third predetermined value N3 that is larger than the second predetermined value N2, the motor field current target value Ifmt holds at a low current value I_(L) that is smaller than the initial current value I_(IN). If the motor rotational speed Nm increases further and exceeds the first predetermined value N3, the motor field current target value Ifmt decreases at a still larger slope until it reaches 0.
Thus, the field current of the electric motor 4 is held at a fixed prescribed current value I_(MAX) in the range of rotational speeds Nm from 0 to the predetermined value N1 and reduced using a known using a known weak magnetic field control method when the electric motor 4 is rotating at a speed above the predetermined value N1 (see FIG. 13). In short, when the electric motor 4 rotates at a high speed the motor torque decreases due to the rise in the induced voltage E in the electric motor 4. Therefore, as discussed earlier, when the rotational speed Nm of the electric motor 4 reaches or exceeds the prescribed value N1, the current flowing to the electric motor 4 is increased and the required motor torque Tm is obtained by reducing the field current Ifm of the electric motor 4 and lowering the induced voltage E. As a result, even if the electric motor 4 rotates at a high speed, the required motor torque Tm can be obtained because the motor induced voltage E is kept from rising and the motor torque is prevented from decreasing. Also, the price of the electronic control circuit can be reduced in comparison with continuous field current control because the motor field current Ifm is controlled in two stages: a stage for when the rotational speed is below a prescribed value and another stage for when the rotational speed is at or above a prescribed value.
Next, in step S231, the 4WD controller 8 reads in the shift position detected by the shift position sensor 32 and determines if the shift position is in the Reverse (R) range, which has a smaller gear ratio than the first speed of the Drive (D) range and a larger gear ratio than the second speed of the Drive (D) range. If the shift position is not in the Reverse (R) range, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds directly to step S235. If the shift position is in the Reverse (R) range, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S233 where, according to Equation (14) below, it calculates a new target motor field current Ifmt by multiplying the target motor field current Ifmt calculated in step S230 by a correction coefficient K_(A) that is less than 1 (e.g., K_(A)=0.8). Then, the 4WD controller 8 proceeds to step S235. Ifmt=Ifmt×K _(A) (14)
In step S235, the 4WD controller 8 outputs the target motor field current Ifmt that was calculated in step S230 or step S233 to the motor control section 8C and then proceeds to step S280.
| 28,910 |
https://github.com/cchantep/ReactiveMongo/blob/master/driver/src/main/scala/core/ClientMetadata.scala
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
ReactiveMongo
|
cchantep
|
Scala
|
Code
| 238 | 809 |
package reactivemongo.core
import reactivemongo.api.{ SerializationPack, Version }
private[reactivemongo] final class ClientMetadata(
val application: String) extends AnyVal {
@inline override def toString = application
}
private[reactivemongo] object ClientMetadata {
case class Driver(name: String, version: String)
def serialize[P <: SerializationPack](pack: P): ClientMetadata => Option[pack.Document] = {
val maxSize = 512
val builder = pack.newBuilder
import builder.{ elementProducer => elem, document, string => str }
lazy val driver = document(Seq(
elem("name", str("ReactiveMongo")),
elem("version", str(Version.toString))))
lazy val fullOs: pack.ElementProducer = {
import sys.props
val operatingSystemName =
props.getOrElse("os.name", "unknown").toLowerCase
val osType = {
if (operatingSystemName startsWith "linux") "Linux"
else if (operatingSystemName startsWith "mac") "Darwin"
else if (operatingSystemName startsWith "windows") "Windows"
else if (operatingSystemName.startsWith("hp-ux") ||
operatingSystemName.startsWith("aix") ||
operatingSystemName.startsWith("irix") ||
operatingSystemName.startsWith("solaris") ||
operatingSystemName.startsWith("sunos")) {
"Unix"
} else {
"unknown"
}
}
elem("os", document(Seq(
elem("type", str(osType)),
elem("name", str(operatingSystemName)),
elem("architecture", str(props.getOrElse("os.arch", "unknown"))),
elem("version", str(props.getOrElse("os.version", "unknown"))))))
}
lazy val miniOs: pack.ElementProducer =
elem("os", document(Seq(elem("type", str("unknown")))))
lazy val miniMeta: Option[pack.Document] = {
val doc = document(Seq(elem("driver", driver), miniOs))
if (pack.bsonSize(doc) > maxSize) {
Option.empty[pack.Document]
} else {
Some(doc)
}
}
// ---
{ metadata =>
val base = Seq(
elem("application", document(Seq(
elem("name", str(metadata.application))))),
elem("driver", driver))
val baseDoc = document(base)
if (pack.bsonSize(baseDoc) > maxSize) {
miniMeta
} else {
val platformElms =
elem("platform", str(s"Scala ${Version.scalaBinaryVersion}")) +: base
val fullMeta = document(fullOs +: platformElms)
if (pack.bsonSize(fullMeta) < maxSize) {
Some(fullMeta)
} else {
val osMeta = document(miniOs +: platformElms)
if (pack.bsonSize(osMeta) < maxSize) Some(osMeta)
else miniMeta
}
}
}
}
}
| 38,832 |
https://github.com/cns-iu/xmacroscope/blob/master/packages/server-graphql/src/db/migrations/20180524220433-create-person.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
xmacroscope
|
cns-iu
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 92 | 336 |
module.exports = {
up: (queryInterface, Sequelize) => queryInterface.createTable('People', {
id: {
type: Sequelize.UUID,
defaultValue: Sequelize.UUIDV4,
primaryKey: true
},
icon: {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
},
age: {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
},
opponent: {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
},
shoes: {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
},
height: {
type: Sequelize.INTEGER,
},
zipCode: {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
},
latitude: {
type: Sequelize.FLOAT(9, 6),
},
longitude: {
type: Sequelize.FLOAT(9, 6),
},
state: {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
},
createdAt: {
allowNull: false,
type: Sequelize.DATE,
},
updatedAt: {
allowNull: false,
type: Sequelize.DATE,
},
deletedAt: {
allowNull: true,
type: Sequelize.DATE,
},
}),
down: queryInterface => queryInterface.dropTable('People'),
};
| 13,747 |
https://github.com/bobswiftfoot/social-network/blob/master/utils/dateFormat.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
social-network
|
bobswiftfoot
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 91 | 262 |
module.exports = (timestamp) =>
{
const dateObj = new Date(timestamp);
const month = dateObj.getMonth();
const day = dateObj.getDate();
const year = dateObj.getFullYear();
let hour;
// check for 24-hr time
if (dateObj.getHours > 12)
hour = Math.floor(dateObj.getHours() / 2);
else
hour = dateObj.getHours();
// if hour is 0 (12:00am), change it to 12
if (hour === 0)
hour = 12;
const minutes = dateObj.getMinutes();
// set `am` or `pm`
let periodOfDay;
if (dateObj.getHours() >= 12)
periodOfDay = 'pm';
else
periodOfDay = 'am';
const formattedTimeStamp = `${month}/${day}/${year} @ ${hour}:${minutes} ${periodOfDay}`;
return formattedTimeStamp;
};
| 50,389 |
edcb104ebfd7e6a7a577f584d2cbbbca
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,013 |
FCMAN090623_20130725.pdf
|
info-financiere.fr
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,932 | 8,194 |
Final Terms
BARCLAYS BANK PLC
(Incorporated with limited liability in England and Wales)
BARCLAYS CAPITAL (CAYMAN) LIMITED
(Incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands)
GLOBAL STRUCTURED SECURITIES PROGRAMME
for the issue of Securities
BARCLAYS BANK PLC
2,000,000 Open-ended Equity Linked Mini Long Certificates
under the Global Structured Securities Programme
Issue Price: EUR 0.73 per Security
This document constitutes the final terms of the Securities (the "Final Terms") described herein for the purposes
of Article 5.4 of Directive 2003/71/EC (the "Prospectus Directive") and is prepared in connection with the
Global Structured Securities Programme established by Barclays Bank PLC (the "Bank") and Barclays Capital
(Cayman) Limited ("BCCL") and is supplemental to and should be read in conjunction with the Base Prospectus
dated 14 June 2012, as supplemented and amended from time to time, which constitutes a base prospectus
(the "Base Prospectus") for the purpose of the Prospectus Directive. Full information on the Issuer and the
offer of the Securities is only available on the basis of the combination of these Final Terms and the Base
Prospectus. The Base Prospectus is available for viewing during normal business hours at the registered office
of the Issuer and the specified office of the Issue and Paying Agent for the time being in London, and copies
may be obtained from such office. Words and expressions defined in the Base Prospectus and not defined in
this document shall bear the same meanings when used herein.
The Issuer accepts responsibility for the information contained in these Final Terms. To the best of its knowledge
and belief (having taken all reasonable care to ensure that such is the case), the information contained in these
Final Terms is in accordance with the facts and does not contain anything likely to affect the import of such
information.
Investors should refer to the sections headed "Risk Factors" in the Base Prospectus for a discussion of certain
matters that should be considered when making a decision to invest in the Securities.
Barclays
Final Terms dated 30 April 2013
The distribution of this document and the offer of the Securities in certain jurisdictions may be restricted
by law. Persons into whose possession these Final Terms come are required by the Bank to inform themselves
about and to observe any such restrictions. Details of selling restrictions for various jurisdictions are set out
in "Purchase and Sale" in the Base Prospectus. In particular, the Securities have not been, and will not be,
registered under the US Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Trading in the Securities has not been approved
by the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission under the US Commodity Exchange Act of 1936, as
amended. Subject to certain exceptions, the Securities may not at any time be offered, sold or delivered in
the United States or to US persons, nor may any US persons at any time trade or maintain a position in such
Securities.
Part A
Terms and Conditions of the Securities
The Securities shall have the following terms and conditions, which shall complete, modify and/or
amend the Base Conditions and/or any applicable Relevant Annex(es) set out in the Base
Prospectus dated 14 June 2012.
Issuer:
Barclays Bank PLC
Guarantor:
N/A
Manager:
Barclays Bank PLC
Determination Agent:
Barclays Bank PLC
Issue and Paying Agent:
Barclays Bank PLC
Stabilising Manager:
N/A
Registrar:
N/A
Italian Securities Agent:
N/A
CREST Agent:
N/A
Paying Agent:
N/A
Transfer Agent:
N/A
Exchange Agent:
N/A
Additional Agents:
N/A
THE SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN AND WILL NOT BE REGISTERED UNDER THE US SECURITIES
ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE "SECURITIES ACT"). SUBJECT TO CERTAIN EXCEPTIONS, THE
SECURITIES MAY NOT BE OFFERED OR SOLD WITHIN THE UNITED STATES OR TO, OR FOR
THE ACCOUNT OR BENEFIT OF, US PERSONS (AS DEFINED IN REGULATION S UNDER THE
SECURITIES ACT ("REGULATION S")). THESE FINAL TERMS HAVE BEEN PREPARED BY THE
ISSUER FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH THE OFFER AND SALE OF THE SECURITIES OUTSIDE
THE UNITED STATES TO NON-US PERSONS IN RELIANCE ON REGULATION S AND FOR LISTING
OF THE SECURITIES ON THE RELEVANT STOCK EXCHANGE, IF ANY, AS STATED HEREIN. FOR
A DESCRIPTION OF THESE AND CERTAIN FURTHER RESTRICTIONS ON OFFERS AND SALES OF
THE SECURITIES AND DISTRIBUTION OF THESE FINAL TERMS AND THE BASE PROSPECTUS
AND THE SUPPLEMENTAL PROSPECTUS SEE "PURCHASE AND SALE" IN THE BASE PROSPECTUS.
These Securities are French Cleared Securities. Securityholders should refer to the provisions
of the French Cleared Securities Annex to the Base Prospectus which shall apply to the Securities.
These Securities are Open-ended Equity Linked Mini Long Certificates. Securityholders should
refer to paragraph 6 of the Bmarkets Product Elections in Part C of the Equity Linked Annex
which shall apply to the Securities. For ease of reference, the relevant Bmarkets Product Elections
are set out below.
For the purposes of the Bmarkets Product Elections, the Securities shall be Mini Long Certificates
and a Local Currency Issuance.
1
(i)
Series:
NX00123594
(ii)
Tranche:
1
2
Currency:
Euro ("EUR") (the "Issue Currency")
3
Notes:
N/A
4
Certificates:
Applicable
(i)
Number of Certificates:
2,000,000 Securities
(ii)
Minimum Tradable Amount:
1 Security (and 1 Security thereafter)
(iii)
Calculation Amount per Security
as at the Issue Date:
1 Security
Global / Definitive /Uncertificated
and dematerialised:
Global Bearer Securities:
(ii)
NGN Form:
N/A
(iii)
Held under the NSS:
N/A
(iv)
CGN Form:
Applicable
(v)
CDIs:
N/A
5
Form:
(i)
Permanent Global Security
6
Trade Date:
29 April 2013
7
Issue Date:
30 April 2013
8
Redemption Date:
Not applicable. The Securities are
"open-ended" and may be redeemed
pursuant to the following Terms and
Conditions:
(i) Put Option
(ii) Call Option
(iii) Specified Early Redemption Event
9
Issue Price:
EUR 0.73 per Security
10 Relevant Stock Exchange(s):
NYSE Euronext Paris
11
Equity Linked Annex
The following Relevant Annex(es) shall apply
to the Securities:
French Cleared Securities Annex
12 Interest:
N/A
13 Interest Amount:
N/A
14 Interest Rate(s):
(i)
Fixed Rate:
N/A
(ii)
Floating Rate:
N/A
(iii)
Variable Rate:
N/A
(iv)
Zero Coupon:
N/A
(v)
Bond Linked Securities - Fixed
Coupon:
N/A
(vi)
Bond Linked Securities - Pass
Through Interest:
N/A
15 Screen Rate Determination:
N/A
16 ISDA Determination:
N/A
17 Margin:
N/A
18 Minimum/Maximum Interest Rate:
N/A
19 Interest Commencement Date:
N/A
20 Interest Determination Date:
N/A
21 Interest Calculation Periods:
N/A
22 Interest Payment Dates:
N/A
23 Day Count Fraction:
N/A
24 Fallback provisions, rounding provisions,
denominator and any other terms relating to
the method of calculating interest, if different
from those set out in the Base Conditions:
N/A
25 Settlement Method:
Condition 5.1 of the Base Conditions shall
not apply to the Securities.
For the purposes of Conditions 5.2, 5.3 and
5.5 of the Base Conditions, “Cash
Settlement” shall apply to the Securities.
26 Settlement Currency:
Issue Currency
27 Settlement Number:
As defined in Condition 24 of the Base
Conditions
28 Terms relating to Cash Settled Securities:
(i)
Final Cash Settlement Amount:
N/A
(ii)
Early Cash Settlement Amount:
As defined in Condition 24 of the Base
Conditions
(iii)
Early Cash Redemption Date:
As defined in Condition 24 of the Base
Conditions
29 Terms relating to Physically Delivered
Securities:
N/A
30 Nominal Call Event:
N/A
31 Call Option:
Applicable
(i)
Cash Settled Securities:
Applicable
(a)
In respect of each Security, a cash amount
determined by the Determination Agent as
follows:
Optional Cash Settlement
Amount:
Max (0, UV - CFLV) × Security Ratio
Where:
"Security Ratio" means in respect of each
Security, 1.00.
"UV" is the Valuation Price on the relevant
Valuation Date.
"CFLV" is the Current Financing Level (as set
out in the Schedule) in respect of the
relevant Valuation Date.
"Valuation Date" and "Valuation Time" has
the meaning set out in Paragraph 36.
"Valuation Price" means in respect of a
Valuation Date and any relevant Scheduled
Trading Day, the price of the Reference
Asset at the Valuation Time on such day,
as determined by the Determination Agent.
Further definitions are set out in the
Schedule.
(b)
Optional Cash Redemption 5th Business Day following the relevant
Date:
Valuation Date
(ii)
Physically Delivered Securities:
N/A
(iii)
Issuer Option Exercise Date(s):
Any Scheduled Trading Day during the
Issuer Option Exercise Period
(iv)
Issuer Option Exercise Period:
The period from and including the Issuer
Option Exercise Commencement Date to
and including the Issuer Option Exercise
Date on which exercise occurs.
Where:
“Issuer Option Exercise Commencement
Date” means the Issue Date
(v)
Issuer Notice Period Number:
32 Put Option:
10 Business Days
Applicable
The Securityholder may redeem the
Securities, at its option, pursuant to the
following Terms and Conditions:
(i)
A Put Option
(ii) A Put Option following a Margin
Adjustment Notice
(iii) A Put Option following a Stop Loss
Premium Adjustment Notice
(i)
Cash Settled Securities:
Applicable
(a)
(i) In respect of a Put Option:
Optional Cash Settlement
Amount:
In respect of each Security, a cash amount
determined by the Determination Agent as
follows:
Max (0, UV – CFLV) × Security Ratio
Where:
"Security Ratio" means in respect of each
Security, 1.00.
"UV" is the Valuation Price on the relevant
Valuation Date.
"CFLV" is the Current Financing Level (as set
out in the Schedule) in respect of the
relevant Valuation Date.
"Valuation Date" and "Valuation Time" has
the meaning set out in Paragraph 36.
“Valuation Price” means in respect of a
Valuation Date and any relevant Scheduled
Trading Day, the price of the Reference
Asset at the Valuation Time on such day,
as determined by the Determination Agent.
Further definitions are set out in the
Schedule.
(ii) In respect of a Put Option following a
Margin Adjustment Notice:
In respect of each Security, a cash amount
determined by the Determination Agent
on the relevant Valuation Date being equal
to the Early Cash Settlement Amount (as
defined in Condition 24 of the Base
Conditions). In determining such Early Cash
Settlement Amount, the Determination
Agent shall factor in the adjusted Current
Margin (as defined in the Schedule).
(iii) In respect of a Put Option following a
Stop Loss Premium Adjustment Notice:
In respect of each Security, a cash amount
determined by the Determination Agent
on the relevant Valuation Date being equal
to the Early Cash Settlement Amount (as
defined in Condition 24 of the Base
Conditions). In determining such Early Cash
Settlement Amount, the Determination
Agent shall use the adjusted Maximum Stop
Loss Premium (as defined in the Schedule).
(b)
Optional Cash Redemption (i) In respect of a Put Option: The 5th
Date:
Business Day following the relevant
Valuation Date.
(ii) In respect of a Put Option following a
th
Margin Adjustment Notice: The 5 Business
Day following the relevant Valuation Date.
(iii) In respect of a Put Option following a
Stop Loss Premium Adjustment Notice: The
th
5 Business Day following the relevant
Valuation Date.
(ii)
Physically Delivered Securities:
N/A
(iii)
Put Option Exercise Date(s):
(i) In respect of a Put Option: 5 Business
Days prior to the last Scheduled Trading
Day of the Put Option Exercise Period
Month in each year during the Put Option
Exercise Period.
Where:
“Put Option Exercise Period Month” means
April.
(ii) In respect of a Put Option following a
Margin Adjustment Notice: Any Business
Day during the Put Option Exercise Period.
(iii) In respect of a Put Option following a
Stop Loss Premium Adjustment Notice: Any
Business Day during the Put Option
Exercise Period.
(iv)
Put Option Exercise Period:
(i) In respect of a Put Option: The period
from and including the Put Option Exercise
Period Month in the Put Option Exercise
Period Year to and including the Put Option
Exercise Date on which exercise occurs.
Where:
“Put Option Exercise Period Month” means
April.
“Put Option Exercise Period Year” means
2014.
(ii) In respect of a Put Option following a
Margin Adjustment Notice: The period from
and including the date of the Margin
th
Adjustment Notice, to and including the 5
Business Day following the date of the
Margin Adjustment Notice .
(iii) In respect of a Put Option following a
Stop Loss Premium Adjustment Notice: The
period from and including the date of the
Stop Loss Premium Adjustment Notice, to
th
and including the 5 Business Day following
the date of the Stop Loss Premium
Adjustment Notice.
(v)
Put Notice Period Number:
(i) In respect of a Put Option: 10 Business
Days.
(ii) In respect of a Put Option following a
Margin Adjustment Notice: 5 Business Days.
(iii) In respect of a Put Option following a
Stop Loss Premium Adjustment Notice: 5
Business Days.
33 Specified Early Redemption Event:
Applicable
If, at any time on any day from, and
including, the Issue Date, the Issuer
determines in its sole discretion that the
market price of the Reference Asset is equal
to, or lower than, the prevailing Current
Stop Loss Level (as defined in the Schedule)
(the date of such occurrence, the “Stop Loss
Termination Event Date”), the Issuer shall
notify the Securityholder and shall redeem
all of the Securities (in whole only) at the
Specified Early Cash Settlement Amount on
the Specified Early Cash Redemption Date.
(i)
Automatic Early Redemption:
Applicable
(ii)
Cash Settled Securities:
Applicable
(a)
In respect of each Security, a cash amount
determined by the Determination Agent
on the relevant Valuation Date as follows:
Specified Early Cash
Settlement Amount:
Max (0, SLTRP – CFLV) × Security Ratio
Where:
"Security Ratio" means in respect of each
Security, 1.00.
"SLTRP" is the Stop Loss Termination
Reference Price.
"CFLV" is the Current Financing Level (as set
out in the Schedule) in respect of the
relevant Valuation Date.
“Stop Loss Termination Reference Price”
means, in respect of the relevant Valuation
Date, a price for the Reference Asset as
determined by the Issuer with reference to
the market prices or levels on the Exchange
for the Reference Asset during a reasonable
period following the Stop Loss Termination
Event Date. Such period shall take into
consideration the potential (i) time required
for, and (ii) impact on the market of,
unwinding any associated notional hedging
trades and shall be deemed to be
reasonable if the determination of the Stop
Loss Termination Reference Price takes
place, at the Issuer's discretion, no later
than the Scheduled Trading Day
immediately following the Stop Loss
Termination Event Date.
Further definitions are set out in Schedule.
(b)
Specified Early Cash
Redemption Date(s):
th
5 Business Day following the relevant
Valuation Date
(iii)
Physically Delivered Securities:
N/A
(iv)
Specified Early Redemption Notice
Period:
The Issuer shall promptly notify the
Securityholder of the occurrence of a
Specified Early Redemption Event, provided
that a failure by the Issuer to notify the
Securityholder of the occurrence of a
Specified Early Redemption Event shall not
prejudice or invalidate the occurrence or
effect of such event.
34 Maximum and Minimum Redemption
Requirements:
N/A
35 Additional Disruption Events in addition to
those specified in Condition 24 of the Base
Conditions and any applicable Relevant Annex:
(i)
Affected Jurisdiction Hedging
Disruption:
N/A
(ii)
Affected Jurisdiction Increased Cost
of Hedging:
N/A
(iii)
Affected Jurisdiction:
N/A
(iv)
Other Additional Disruption Events:
N/A
(v)
The following shall not constitute
Additional Disruption Events:
N/A
36 Share Linked Securities:
(i)
Share(s) (each a "Reference Asset"):
Applicable
Share
PEUGEOT SA
Reference Asset
Currency
EUR
Reuters Code (for
identification
purposes only)
PEUP.PA
Bloomberg Ticker
(for identification
purposes only)
UG FP
ISIN
FR0000121501
(ii)
Exchange(s):
NYSE Euronext Paris
(iii)
Related Exchange(s):
All Exchanges
(iv)
Exchange Rate:
N/A
(v)
Weighting for each Reference Asset
comprising the Basket of Reference
Assets:
N/A
(vi)
Initial Price of each Reference Asset: N/A
(vii)
Number of Shares:
N/A
(viii)
Substitution of Shares:
N/A
(ix)
Valuation Date:
(i) In respect of a Put Option, the 5
Business Day following the Put Option
Exercise Date on which exercise occurs.
th
(ii) In respect of a Put Option following a
Margin Adjustment Notice, the day on
which the Option Exercise Notice is
received by the Issuer.
(iii) In respect of a Put Option following a
Stop Loss Premium Adjustment Notice, the
day on which the Option Exercise Notice is
received by the Issuer.
th
(iv) In respect of a Call Option, the 5
Business Day following the Issuer Option
Exercise Date on which exercise occurs.
(v) In respect of a Specified Early
Redemption Event, at the Issuer’s
discretion, either (a) the Stop Loss
Termination Event Date or (b) no later than
the Scheduled Trading Day immediately
following the Stop Loss Termination Event
Date; and
(vi) each Scheduled Trading Day.
(x)
Valuation Time:
As per the Equity Linked Annex
(xi)
Averaging:
N/A
(xii)
Additional Disruption Event
Insolvency Filing
in respect of Share Linked Securities:
(xiii)
FX Disruption Event:
(xiv)
FX Inbound Valuation Disruption Event:N/A
(xv)
Market Access Dividend and Rights
Issue Provisions:
N/A
(xvi)
Dividend Exchange Rate:
N/A
(xvii)
ODI Early Redemption Event:
N/A
(xviii)
FINI Early Redemption Event:
N/A
(xix)
Local Jurisdiction Taxes and Expenses: N/A
(xx)
Other adjustments:
N/A
N/A
37 Index Linked Securities:
N/A
38 Inflation Linked Securities:
N/A
39 FX Linked Securities:
N/A
40 Credit Linked Securities:
N/A
41 Commodity Linked Securities:
N/A
42 (a)
Barclays Commodity Index Linked N/A
Securities (Section 2 of the Barclays
Index Annex):
(b)
Barclays Equity Index Linked
Securities (Section 3 of the Barclays
Index Annex):
N/A
(c)
Barclays FX Index Linked Securities
(Section 4 of the Barclays Index
Annex):
N/A
(d)
Barclays Interest Rate Index Linked N/A
Securities (Section 5 of the Barclays
Index Annex):
(e)
Barclays Emerging Market Index N/A
Linked Securities (Section 6 of the
Barclays Index Annex):
43 Bond Linked Securities:
N/A
44 Fund Linked Securities:
N/A
45 Settlement in respect of VP Notes, APK
Registered Securities, Dutch Securities,
Swedish Registered Securities, VPS Registered
N/A
Securities or Spanish Securities:
46 Additional provisions relating to Taxes and
Settlement Expenses:
N/A
47 Business Day:
As defined in Condition 24 of the Base
Conditions
48 Additional Business Centre(s):
London and TARGET
49 Non-US Selling Restrictions:
Investors are bound by the selling
restrictions of the relevant jurisdiction(s)
in which the Securities are to be sold as set
out in the Base Prospectus.
In addition to those described in the Base
Prospectus, no action has been made or
will be taken by the Issuer that would
permit a public offering of the Securities
or possession or distribution of any offering
material in relation to the Securities in any
jurisdiction (save for France) where action
for that purpose is required. Each purchaser
or distributor of the Securities represents
and agrees that it will not purchase, offer,
sell, re-sell or deliver the Securities or, have
in its possession or distribute, the Base
Prospectus, any other offering material or
any Final Terms, in any jurisdiction except
in compliance with the applicable laws and
regulations of such jurisdiction and in a
manner that will not impose any obligation
on the Issuer or Manager (as the case may
be) and the Determination Agent.
50 Applicable TEFRA exemption:
N/A
51 Business Day Convention:
Following
52 Relevant Clearing System(s):
Euroclear France S.A.
53 If syndicated, names of Managers:
N/A
54 (a)
(b)
Details relating
Securities:
to
Partly
Paid N/A
Details relating to Instalment Notes: N/A
55 Relevant securities codes:
ISIN: FR0011486463
56 Modifications to the Master Subscription
Agreement and/or Agency Agreement:
N/A
57 Additional Conditions and/or modification to
the Conditions of the Securities:
N/A
Part B
Other Information
1
2
Listing and Admission to Trading
(i)
Listing:
NYSE Euronext Paris
(ii)
Admission to trading:
Application has been made by the Issuer
(or on its behalf ) for the Securities to be
admitted to trading on NYSE Euronext Paris
on or around the Issue Date.
(iii)
Estimate of total expenses related
to admission to trading:
Up to EUR 350 upfront and EUR 1.75 daily
Ratings
Ratings:
3
The Securities have not been individually
rated.
Notification
The Financial Services Authority of the United Kingdom has provided the competent authority
in France with a certificate of approval attesting that the Base Prospectus has been drawn
up in accordance with the Prospectus Directive.
4
Interests of Natural and Legal Persons involved in the Offer
Save as discussed in "Purchase and Sale", so far as the Issuer is aware, no person involved in
the offer of the Securities has an interest material to the offer.
5
6
Reasons for the Offer, Estimated Net Proceeds and Total Expenses
(i)
Reasons for the offer:
General Funding
(ii)
Estimated net proceeds:
EUR 1,460,000
(iii)
Estimated total expenses:
Up to EUR 350 upfront and EUR 1.75 daily
Fixed Rate Securities Only - Yield
Indication of yield:
7
N/A
Floating Rate Securities Only - Historic Interest Rates
N/A
8
Performance of Reference Asset(s) or Other Variable, Explanation of Effect on
Value of Investment and Associated Risks and Other Information Concerning the
Reference Asset(s) and/or Other Underlying
Details of the historic performance of the Reference Asset can be obtained from various
internationally recognised published or electronically available news sources, for example,
Reuters code(s): PEUP.PA, Bloomberg Ticker(s): UG FP.
Investors should note that historical performance should not be taken as an indication of
future performance of the Reference Asset. The Issuer makes no representation whatsoever,
whether expressly or impliedly, as to the future performance of the Reference Asset. The
Issuer does not intend to provide post-issuance information.
Investors should form their own views on the merits of an investment related to the Reference
Asset based on their own investigation thereof.
The description below represents a summary only of some of the features of the investment
product described in these Final Terms. It does not purport to be an exhaustive description.
The product is issued as Certificates in EUR and aims to provide exposure to the performance
of the Reference Asset. An investor’s exposure to the Reference Asset will be amplified
(leveraged) because part of the investment in the Reference Asset will effectively be financed
by the Issuer itself. Another effect of this Issuer financing is that the purchase price of the
Certificates will always be less than a corresponding direct investment in the Reference Asset.
The Issuer will charge a variable financing cost for providing the financing. This financing
cost will accrue daily and be deducted from the amount payable to investors on redemption
of the Certificates.
The Certificates will redeem automatically if the value of the Reference Asset falls to, or
below, a specified price. Otherwise, the Certificates are redeemable annually by investors
and daily from the Issue Date by the Issuer.
The amount payable on redemption of the Certificates will be determined by reference to
the value of the Reference Asset, the outstanding financed amount and the Security Ratio
and any dividends that have been paid per Share during the life of the Certificates.
The maximum loss for an investor in respect of each Certificate is limited to the purchase
price of the Certificate.
9
Performance of Rate(s) of Exchange and Explanation of Effect on Value of
Investment
N/A
10 Operational Information
Any clearing system(s) other than Euroclear
Bank S.A./N.V. and Clearstream Banking
société anonyme (together with their
addresses) and the relevant identification
number(s):
Euroclear France S.A.
Delivery:
Delivery against payment
Names and addresses of additional Paying
Agents(s) (if any):
N/A
Intended to be held in a manner which would
allow Eurosystem eligibility:
N/A
11 Offer Information
The Issuer may pay distribution fees to intermediaries. Investors who have purchased Securities
through an intermediary may request details of any payments from such intermediary.
Schedule
Optional Cash Settlement Amount Provisions for a Put Option and a Call Option
Financing Level
Currency
The Reference Asset Currency
Current Financing
Level
In respect of the Issue Date, the Initial Financing Level.
In respect of any subsequent calendar day, an amount determined by the
Issuer equal to:
(CFLR + FCC – DIVC)
Where:
"CFLR" is the Current Financing Level in respect of the immediately
preceding Reset Date.
"FCC" is the Funding Cost in respect of such calendar day.
"DIVC" is the Applicable Dividend Amount in respect of such calendar day.
The Issuer shall make reasonable efforts to publish the applicable Current
Financing Level on www.bmarkets.com.
Initial Financing
Level
EUR 5.5243
Reset Date
Each calendar day. The first Reset Date shall be the Issue Date.
Funding Cost
In respect of any calendar day, an amount determined by the Issuer in its
sole discretion equal to:
FRC × CFLR × d/365
Where:
"FRC" is the Funding Rate in respect of such calendar day.
"CFLR" is the Current Financing Level in respect of the immediately
preceding Reset Date.
"d" is the number of calendar days from, but excluding, the immediately
preceding Reset Date to, and including, such calendar day.
Funding Rate
In respect of any calendar day, an amount determined by the Issuer in its
sole discretion equal to:
(RC + CMC )
Where:
"CMC" is the Current Margin applicable in respect of the Calculation Period
in which such calendar day falls.
"RC" is the Rate in respect of such calendar day.
Current Margin
In respect of the Issue Date, the Initial Current Margin.
In respect of any subsequent calendar day, the Current Margin in respect
of any Calculation Period may be reset on each Reset Date, at the discretion
of the Issuer, subject to it not exceeding the Maximum Current Margin.
The Current Margin shall be determined by the Issuer having regard to
the Financing Level Currency, prevailing market conditions and such other
factors as the Issuer determines appropriate in its sole discretion.
Initial Current
Margin
3.00%
Maximum Current
Margin
5.00%
The Issuer has the right to adjust the Maximum Current Margin if, at any
time, it determines in its sole discretion that the market costs associated
with hedging the Securities have materially increased as compared to the
corresponding market costs as of either the Issue Date, or the date on
which the Maximum Current Margin was most recently adjusted.
In the event that the Issuer increases the Maximum Current Margin, it shall
give notice of such increase (the “Margin Adjustment Notice”) to the
Determination Agent and the Securityholders as soon as practicable
following such increase.
Rate
In respect of any Calculation Period, the Rate shall be determined by the
Issuer as the prevailing rate available to the Issuer in respect of its hedging
strategy relating to the Securities in the Financing Level Currency with a
designated maturity of either overnight or such other maturity as deemed
appropriate by the Issuer by reference to the Calculation Period, subject
to a maximum of one month.
Calculation Period
Each period from, and excluding, one Reset Date (or, in the case of the
first period, the Issue Date) to, and including, the immediately following
Reset Date.
Dividends
Applicable
Applicable Dividend In respect of any calendar day, an amount in the Financing Level Currency
Amount
determined by the Issuer with reference to any cash dividends per share
declared by the issuer of the Reference Asset to holders of record of such
share, where the date on which the shares have commenced trading
ex-dividend occurs during the relevant Calculation Period. The Applicable
Dividend Amount shall be determined as that amount which would be
received by the Issuer in respect of such share if it were a holder of such
share (net of any deductions, withholdings or other amounts required by
any applicable law or regulation, including any applicable taxes, duties or
charges of any kind whatsoever), regardless of whether the Issuer actually
holds the shares or not, multiplied by the Dividend Participation.
Dividend
Participation
100.00%
Specified Early Redemption Event Provisions
Current Stop Loss
Level
In respect of the Issue Date, the Initial Stop Loss Level.
In respect of any subsequent calendar day, the Current Stop Loss Level
shall be determined and reset by the Issuer, acting in its sole discretion,
on either (i) the first Business Day of each week, or (ii) each calendar day,
and shall be set equal to:
(CFLC + SLPC)
Where:
"CFLC" is the Current Financing Level in respect of such calendar day.
"SLPC" is the Current Stop Loss Premium in respect of such calendar day.
The Current Stop Loss Level shall be rounded in accordance with the Stop
Loss Rounding Convention.
The Issuer shall make reasonable efforts to publish the applicable Current
Stop Loss Level on www.bmarkets.com.
Initial Stop Loss
Level
EUR 5.85, determined as an amount in the Reference Asset Currency equal
to the Initial Financing Level plus the Initial Stop Loss Premium, rounded
in accordance with the Stop Loss Rounding Convention.
Current Stop Loss
Premium
In respect of the Issue Date, the Initial Stop Loss Premium.
Initial Stop Loss
Premium
Initial Stop Loss Premium Percentage × FLI
In respect of any subsequent calendar day, the Current Stop Loss Premium
shall be an amount in the Financing Level Currency selected wholly at the
discretion of the Issuer on each Reset Date, with reference to prevailing
market conditions (including, but not limited to, market volatility). For the
avoidance of doubt, the Current Stop Loss Premium shall at all times be
set at, or above, the Minimum Stop Loss Premium, and at, or below, the
Maximum Stop Loss Premium.
Where:
“Initial Stop Loss Premium Percentage” means 5.00%.
"FLI" is the Initial Financing Level.
Minimum Stop Loss
Premium
Minimum Stop Loss Premium Percentage × CFLC
Where:
“Minimum Stop Loss Premium Percentage” means 1.00%.
Maximum Stop Loss Maximum Stop Loss Premium Percentage × CFLC, provided that the Issuer
Premium
has the right, in its sole discretion, to adjust the Maximum Stop Loss
Premium from time to time.
In the event that the Issuer increases the Maximum Stop Loss Premium, it
shall give notice of such increase (the “Stop Loss Premium Adjustment
Notice”) to the Determination Agent and the Securityholders as soon as
practicable following such increase.
Where:
“Maximum Stop Loss Premium Percentage” means 10.00%.
Stop Loss Rounding
Convention
Upwards to the nearest Stop Loss Rounding Amount.
Where:
“Stop Loss Rounding Amount” means EUR 0.05.
| 5,764 |
https://github.com/project-ops/groups-service/blob/master/sb-utils/src/main/java/org.sunbird/message/IResponseMessage.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
groups-service
|
project-ops
|
Java
|
Code
| 288 | 1,035 |
package org.sunbird.message;
/** This interface will hold all the response key and message */
public interface IResponseMessage {
String INVALID_REQUESTED_DATA = "INVALID_REQUESTED_DATA";
String INVALID_OPERATION_NAME = "INVALID_OPERATION_NAME";
String INTERNAL_ERROR = "INTERNAL_ERROR";
String SERVER_ERROR = "SERVER_ERROR";
String ID_ALREADY_EXISTS = "ID_ALREADY_EXISTS";
String MISSING_MANDATORY_PARAMS = "MISSING_MANDATORY_PARAMS";
String DATA_TYPE_ERROR = "DATA_TYPE_ERROR";
String EMPTY_MANDATORY_PARAM = "EMPTY_MANDATORY_PARAM";
String INVALID_ID_PROVIDED = "INVALID_ID_PROVIDED";
String INVALID_PROVIDED_URL = "INVALID_PROVIDED_URL";
String INVALID_RELATED_TYPE = "INVALID_RELATED_TYPE";
String INVALID_RECIPIENT_TYPE = "INVALID_RECIPIENT_TYPE";
String INVALID_PROPERTY_ERROR = "INVALID_PROPERTY_ERROR";
String DB_UPDATE_FAIL = "DB_UPDATE_FAIL";
String DB_INSERTION_FAIL = "DB_INSERTION_FAIL";
String INVALID_CONFIGURATION = "INVALID_CONFIGURATION";
String RESOURCE_NOT_FOUND = "RESOURCE_NOT_FOUND";
String SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = "SERVICE UNAVAILABLE";
String INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE = "INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE";
String GROUP_NOT_FOUND = "GROUP_NOT_FOUND";
String GROUP_NOT_ACTIVE = "GROUP_NOT_ACTIVE";
interface Key {
String UNAUTHORIZED = "UNAUTHORIZED";
String KEY_CLOAK_DEFAULT_ERROR = "KEY_CLOAK_DEFAULT_ERROR";
String UNABLE_TO_COMMUNICATE_WITH_ACTOR = "UNABLE_TO_COMMUNICATE_WITH_ACTOR";
String EXCEEDED_MEMBER_MAX_LIMIT = "EXCEEDED_MEMBER_MAX_LIMIT";
String EXCEEDED_GROUP_MAX_LIMIT = "EXCEEDED_GROUP_MAX_LIMIT";
String EXCEEDED_ACTIVITY_MAX_LIMIT = "EXCEEDED_ACTIVITY_MAX_LIMIT";
String SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = "SERVICE UNAVAILABLE";
}
interface Message {
String KEY_CLOAK_DEFAULT_ERROR = "server error at sso.";
String UNABLE_TO_COMMUNICATE_WITH_ACTOR = "Unable to communicate with actor.";
String EXCEEDED_MEMBER_MAX_LIMIT = "Exceeded the member max size limit";
String EXCEEDED_ACTIVITY_MAX_LIMIT = "Exceeded the activity max size limit";
String EXCEEDED_GROUP_MAX_LIMIT = "Exceeded the group max size limit";
String INVALID_REQUESTED_DATA = "Requested data for this operation is not valid.";
String DATA_TYPE_ERROR = "Data type of {0} should be {1}.";
String GROUP_NOT_FOUND = "group does not exist with this group Id {0}.";
String GROUP_NOT_ACTIVE = "group not active with this group Id {0}.";
String INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE =
"Invalid value {0} for parameter {1}. Please provide a valid value.";
String MISSING_MANDATORY_PARAMS = "MANDATORY PARAM {0}.{1} IS MISSING";
String INVALID_PROPERTY_ERROR = "Invalid property {0}.";
String DB_INSERTION_FAIL = "DB insert operation failed.";
String DB_UPDATE_FAIL = "Db update operation failed.";
String INTERNAL_ERROR = "Process failed,please try again later.";
String SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = "SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE";
String UNAUTHORIZED = "You are not authorized.";
}
}
| 39,105 |
US-202117484641-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,021 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,178 | 8,536 |
Method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge
ABSTRACT
A method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge is disclosed. The method includes subjecting sludge to a centrifugation, a thermal baking and a redissolution in softened water in sequence to renew a solid-liquid interface in sludge, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion to increase methane production from organic matter in the sludge by anaerobic biotransformation.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit and priority of Chinese Patent Application No. 202011036185.3 filed on Sep. 27, 2020, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety as part of the present application.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure belongs to the technical field of sludge recycling, and particularly relates to a method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge.
BACKGROUND ART
With the extensive use of the activated sludge process in urban sewage treatment plants, a large amount of excess sludge has been produced. According to statistics, the annual output of sewage sludge has already exceeded 65 million tons (calculated according to a moisture content of 80%), and has been increasing at 10% per year. Sludge is rich in perishable organic matter and hazardous and noxious substances, and if not treated properly, would cause severe secondary pollution. By anaerobic digestion, the environmental pollution caused by the sludge is reduced and meanwhile an energy source such as methane-rich biogas (the proportion of methane being about 65%) can be recovered from sludge. Thus, anaerobic digestion has become a highly favored sludge treatment technique all around the world. However, anaerobic sludge digestion has a low efficiency, which has been limiting its promotion and use. For example, conventional anaerobic sludge digestion takes 30 days, and a removal rate of organic matter per unit of sludge is less than 50% (in terms of VS), and a yield of methane from organic matter per unit of sludge by anaerobic biotransformation is not more than 300 mL CH₄/g VS, which is far below a theoretical methane yield (450 to 600 mL CH₄/g VS) and that from other perishable organic wastes (e.g., kitchen wastes).
Currently, it is commonly believed that the degree of hydrolysis and the anaerobic biodegradability of organic matter in sludge are key factors limiting the efficiency of anaerobic sludge digestion. To make a breakthrough in the two key factors, a lot of sludge pretreatment methods have been proposed, such as alkaline pretreatment, hydrothermal pretreatment, microwave pretreatment, ozone pretreatment, high pressure homogeneous pretreatment, and ultrasonic pretreatment. Such treatment methods could enhance the dissolution of organic matter in sludge to a certain extent, but treatment effects are often varied among sludge and even more hardly degradable organic matter are produced. For example, the hydrothermal pretreatment at a high temperature may usually induce Maillard reaction, thereby producing a large quantity of hardly degradable organic molecules. Besides, the high temperature hydrothermal condition will induce polycondensation of micromolecular organic matter in sludge, and the resulting macromolecules may further increase the difficulty of anaerobic biodegradation. Traditional pretreatment methods generally have the disadvantages of lack of targeted treatment and unspecific basis of pretreatment. Furthermore, although the pretreatment could improve the dissolution of organic matter, it may reduce the biodegradability of the dissolved organic matter.
SUMMARY
An object of the present disclosure is to provide a method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge to solve the problem of low efficiency of sludge anaerobic digestion.
The object of the present disclosure is achieved by the following technical solutions.
Disclosed is a method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge, including
subjecting sludge to a centrifugation, a thermal baking and a redissolution in softened water in sequence to renew a solid-liquid interface in the sludge, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion to increase methane production from organic matter in the sludge by anaerobic biotransformation.
The applicant has found that the methane production potential of organic matter in sludge by anaerobic biotransformation could be realized by changing the physical structure of sludge and the spatial conformation of organic macromolecules. Therefore, in sludge pretreatment, we shall not focus only on the degree of dissolution and the degree of hydrolysis of organic matter directly resulting from the pretreatment. In contrast, the physical structure of sludge and the spatial conformation of organic macromolecules may be changed by a mild pretreatment approach to achieve spontaneous enhancement of the dissolution and hydrolysis of organic matter in sludge during the anaerobic digestion. Since the solid-liquid interface in sludge is a determinant influencing the physical structure of sludge and the spatial conformation of organic macromolecules, which are directly related to the methane production potential of organic matter in sludge by anaerobic biotransformation, the present disclosure provides a method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge.
According to the present disclosure, through a centrifugation, a thermal baking and a redissolution in softened water, the solid-liquid interface in sludge could be renewed, and the physical structure of the sludge and the spatial conformation of organic macromolecules could be changed, so that the surface energy of sludge particles is increased and the energy barrier for the transformation of organic matter in the sludge from solid to liquid is reduced, thereby enhancing the biodegradability of organic matter in the sludge.
Centrifugation and thermal baking treatment significantly change the moisture distribution in sludge, decrease the free water content, reduce extracellular electron transport resistance during biochemical reaction, and improve the electron utilization efficiency during anaerobic digestion. Moreover, the redissolution of sludge in softened water disturbs the original ionic equilibrium in the sludge, and thereby reduces ionic strength in the vicinity of the solid-liquid interface in the sludge, impairs electrostatic repulsion between sludge particles, strengthens Lewis acid-base interaction on the surface of sludge particles, and increases sites and driving force for effective binding of the surface of the sludge particles and enzyme molecules.
In some embodiments, the centrifugation is a low-speed centrifugation. The centrifugation includes centrifuging sludge at a relative centrifugal force (RCF) of 2,000 to 8,000 g for 5 to 20 minutes, and subjecting the sludge to a solid-liquid separation, and collecting residual sludge. The relative centrifugal force is further preferably 2,000 g/20 minutes, 3,000 g/15 minutes, 4,000 g/10 minutes, 5,000 g/5 minutes, 6,000 g/10 minutes, 7,000 g/5 minutes, 8,000 g/10 minutes, 8,000 g/15 minutes, 6,000 g/20 minutes, 4,000 g/20 minutes or 4,000 g/15 minutes.
In some embodiments, the thermal baking is a treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature, and the dry hot air is provided by an electricthermal blower or a combustion heating blower. In some embodiments, the thermal baking is performed at a temperature of 80 to 105° C. for 30 to 120 minutes. In some embodiments, the time and temperature for the treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature are 80° C. and 120 minutes respectively, 85° C. and 110 minutes respectively, 90° C. and 100 minutes respectively, 95° C. and 90 minutes respectively, 100° C. and 80 minutes respectively, 105° C. and 70 minutes respectively, 105° C. and 30 minutes respectively, 105° C. and 60 minutes respectively, 105° C. and 90 minutes respectively, or 105° C. and 120 minutes respectively.
In some embodiments, the redissolution in softened water includes redissolving sludge in softened water and fully mixing, and the softened water is any one selected from the group consisting of deionized water, distilled water, ultrapure water, and water after removal of calcium, magnesium, aluminum and iron ions.
In some embodiments, the redissolution in softened water is performed by a stirring at 200-400 r/min for 0.5 to 2 hours, preferably at 200 r/min for 2 hours, 300 r/min for 1 hour, 400 r/min for 0.5 hour, 200 r/min for 1 hour, 300 r/min for 2 hours, 400 r/min for 2 hours, 400 r/min for 1 hour, 300 r/min for 0.5 hour, 200 r/min for 0.5 hour, 400 r/min for 1.5 hours, 300 r/min for 1.5 hours, or 200 r/min for 1.5 hours.
In some embodiments, the anaerobic digestion includes transferring overall sludge into an anaerobic reactor, regulating a pH of the sludge to 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion at a medium temperature of 30-40° C. or a high temperature of 50-60° C. for 5-15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 to 2:1 (in terms of VS).
In some embodiments, the acid liquor is a 6.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, and the alkali liquor is a 6.0 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, and the sludge is sewage sludge with a total solids (TS) content of 0.5-2.5%.
In some embodiments, the method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge includes the following specific steps:
(1) subjecting sewage sludge to a low speed centrifugation and a solid-liquid separation, and collecting residual sludge;
(2) subjecting the residual sludge in step (1) to a treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature for a period of time;
(3) redissolving the sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature in step (2) in softened water, and fully mixing; and
(4) transferring overall sludge in step (3) into an anaerobic reactor, regulating a pH of the sludge to 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion at a medium temperature of 30 to 40° C. or a high temperature of 50 to 60° C. for 5 to 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 to 2:1 (in terms of VS).
In step (1), a low-speed centrifugation is conducted, and then a solid-liquid separation is conducted, which is mainly intended to remove part of free water and a plurality of dissociative ions in the original sludge system, and disturb the original ionic equilibrium of the solid-liquid interface in the sludge. Thereby, the surface of sludge particles is exposed.
In step (2), subjecting the residual sludge to a treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature is mainly intended to change the distribution of water molecules in sludge by removing free water from the surface of sludge, and meanwhile change the internal physical structure and surface microstructure of sludge by means of the escape of water molecules.
In step (3), the redissolution of sludge in softened water is mainly intended to reconstruct the hydrogen bond distribution on the surface of sludge particles with water having low ionic strength, and promote transfer of micromolecular organic matter in solid sludge to liquid by means of the difference in ionic strength, and meanwhile fill the internal porous structure of the sludge with free water molecules, thereby changing the physical structure of the sludge and the spatial conformation of organic macromolecules and causing more organic molecules in the sludge to expose binding sites for enzymatic reaction.
In step (4), the defined temperature, inoculation ratio, time for reaction and pH are mainly for the purposes of providing a favorable living environment for anaerobic bacteria, enhancing the synergistic effect of hydrolytic acidifying bacteria and methanogenic bacteria and improving the efficiency of anaerobic methane production from organic matter in sludge.
Compared with the prior art, technical solutions of the present disclosure has the following advantages:
The present disclosure provides a new sludge pretreatment idea, i.e., renewing the solid-liquid interface in sludge under a mild pretreatment condition, thereby reducing the energy barrier for the transformation of organic matter from solid to liquid, reducing the ionic strength in the vicinity of the solid-liquid interface in the sludge, impairing electrostatic repulsion between sludge particles, strengthening Lewis acid-base interaction on the surface of sludge particles, increasing sites and driving force for effective binding of organic matter in solid sludge and enzyme molecules, and improving the enzymatic reaction efficiency of the sludge during anaerobic digestion. The low-speed centrifugation and treatment with dry hot air in the present disclosure significantly change the moisture distribution in sludge, decrease the free water content, reduce extracellular electron transport resistance during biochemical reaction, and improve the electron utilization efficiency during the anaerobic digestion, thereby greatly promoting a significant increase (increased by 50% to 200%) in methane production from organic matter in sludge by anaerobic biotransformation and greatly enhancing anaerobic digestion efficiency of sludge.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGURE shows a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
The present disclosure will be described in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific examples. The following is detailed description of the present disclosure in conjunction with examples, and the examples are not intended to limit the present disclosure. Any similar methods to the present disclosure and similar alterations thereof shall be encompassed in the scope of the present disclosure.
FIGURE shows a flowchart of a method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. According to the present disclosure, sludge was subjected to a centrifugation, a thermal baking and a redissolution in softened water, so that the solid-liquid interface in sludge was renewed to reduce the energy barrier for the dissolution of organic matter, increase sites and driving force for effective binding of organic matter in sludge and enzyme molecules, reduce extracellular electron transport resistance during biochemical reaction and improve the electron utilization efficiency during anaerobic digestion, thereby increasing a yield of methane from organic matter per unit of sludge and enhancing the anaerobic digestion efficiency of sludge. All devices and chemicals were those commonly used.
Sludge used in examples was excess sludge (VS=51.2% to 65.7%, TS=0.8% to 2.3%) from a sewage treatment plant in Suzhou, and seeding sludge (VS=37.5% to 48.7%, TS=2.6% to 5.1%) used in anaerobic digestion was sludge discharged from a semi-batch anaerobic reactor.
Example 1
1. 1,000 mL of sewage sludge was centrifuged at a relative centrifugal force (RCF) of 2,000 g for 20 minutes and subjected to a solid-liquid separation, and residual sludge was collected.
2. The residual sludge in step 1 was put into a drying oven at 80° C. and subjected to a treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature for 120 minutes.
3. The sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at 80° C. in step 2 was redissolved in 500 mL of softened water by a stirring at 200 r/min for 2 hours.
4. Overall sludge in step 3 was transferred into an anaerobic reactor and its pH was regulated to a range of 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and the sludge was subjected to an anaerobic digestion at 37° C. for 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 (in terms of VS). Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tester of an automatic methane potential test system (AMPTS II) was used to record data automatically, and a methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was calculated. The result showed that the methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was increased by 80% after the sludge was treated by this method.
Example 2
1. 1,000 mL of sewage sludge was centrifuged at an RCF of 4,000 g for 10 minutes and subjected to a solid-liquid separation, and residual sludge was collected.
2. The residual sludge in step 1 was put into a drying oven at 105° C. and subjected to a treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature for 90 minutes.
3. The sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at 105° C. in step 2 was redissolved in 500 mL of softened water by a stirring at 300 r/min for 2 hours.
4. Overall sludge in step 3 was transferred into an anaerobic reactor and its pH was regulated to a range of 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and the sludge was subjected to an anaerobic digestion at 37° C. for 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:1 (in terms of VS). BMP tester of an AMPTS II was used to record data automatically, and a methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was calculated.
The result showed that the methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was increased by 200% after the sludge was treated by this method.
Example 3
1. 1,000 mL of sewage sludge was centrifugated at an RCF of 6,000 g for 10 minutes and subjected to a solid-liquid separation, and residual sludge was collected.
2. The residual sludge in step 1 was put into a drying oven at 95° C. and subjected to a treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature for 90 minutes.
3. The sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature in step 2 was redissolved in 500 mL of softened water by a stirring at 400 r/min for 0.5 hour.
4. Overall sludge in step 3 was transferred into an anaerobic reactor and its pH was regulated to a range of 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and the sludge was subjected to an anaerobic digestion at 37° C. for 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 (in terms of VS). BMP tester of an AMPTS II was used to record data automatically, and a methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was calculated.
The result showed that the methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was increased by 100% after the sludge was treated by this method.
Example 4
1. 1,000 mL of sewage sludge was centrifuged at an RCF of 4,000 g for 15 minutes and subjected to a solid-liquid separation, and residual sludge was collected.
2. The residual sludge in step 1 was put into a drying oven at 100° C. to and subjected to a treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature for 80 minutes.
3. The sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature in step 2 was redissolved in 500 mL of softened water by a stirring at 300 r/min for 1 hour.
4. Overall sludge in step 3 was transferred into an anaerobic reactor and its pH was regulated to a range of 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and the sludge was subjected to an anaerobic digestion at 37° C. for 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 (in terms of VS). BMP tester of an AMPTS II was used to record data automatically, and a methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was calculated.
The result showed that the methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was increased by 150% after the sludge was treated by this method.
Example 5
1. 1,000 mL of sewage sludge was centrifugated at an RCF of 8,000 g for 15 minutes and subjected to a solid-liquid separation, and residual sludge was collected.
2. The residual sludge in step 1 was put into a drying oven at 105° C. and subjected to a treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature for 60 minutes.
3. The sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature in step 2 was redissolved in 500 mL of softened water by a stirring at 300 r/min for 2 hours.
4. Overall sludge in step 3 was transferred into an anaerobic reactor and its pH was regulated to a range of 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and the sludge was subjected to an anaerobic digestion at 55° C. for 10 days with an inoculation ratio of 2:1 (in terms of VS). BMP tester of an AMPTS II was used to record data automatically, and a methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was calculated.
The result showed that the methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was increased by 160% after the sludge was treated by this method.
Example 6
1. 1,000 mL of sewage sludge was centrifuged at an RCF of 3,000 g for 15 minutes and subjected to a solid-liquid separation, and residual sludge was collected.
2. The residual sludge in step 1 was put into a drying oven at 80° C. and subjected to a treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature for 30 minutes.
3. The sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature in step 2 was redissolved in 500 mL of softened water by a stirring at 200 r/min for 0.5 hour.
4. Overall sludge in step 3 was transferred into an anaerobic reactor and its pH was regulated to a range of 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and the sludge was subjected to an anaerobic digestion at 55° C. for 5 days with an inoculation ratio of 2:1 (in terms of VS). BMP tester of an AMPTS II was used to record data automatically, and a methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was calculated.
The result showed that the methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was increased by 50% after the sludge was treated by this method.
The following comparative examples were carried out with reference to Example 6.
Comparative Example 1
This comparative example was the same as Example 6, except that the sewage sludge was not centrifugated and not subjected to a solid-liquid separation here.
1. 1,000 mL of sewage sludge was put into a drying oven at 80° C. and subjected to a treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature for 30 minutes.
2. The sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature in step 1 was redissolved in 500 mL of softened water by a stirring at 200 r/min for 0.5 hour.
3. Overall sludge in step 2 was transferred into an anaerobic reactor and its pH was regulated to a range of 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and the sludge was subjected to an anaerobic digestion at 55° C. for 5 days with an inoculation ratio of 2:1 (in terms of VS). BMP tester of an AMPTS II was used to record data automatically, and a methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was calculated.
The result showed that the methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was increased by 10% after the sludge was treated by this method.
Comparative Example 2
This comparative example was the same as Example 6 except that the sewage sludge was not subjected to a treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature here.
1. 1,000 mL of sewage sludge was centrifuged at an RCF of 3,000 g for 15 minutes and subjected to a solid-liquid separation, and residual sludge was collected.
2. The sludge obtained in step 1 was redissolved in 500 mL of softened water by a stirring at 200 r/min for 0.5 hour.
3. Overall sludge in step 2 was transferred into an anaerobic reactor and its pH was regulated to a range of 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and the sludge was subjected to an anaerobic digestion at 55° C. for 5 days with an inoculation ratio of 2:1 (in terms of VS). BMP tester of an AMPTS II was used to record data automatically, and a methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was calculated.
The result showed that the methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was only increased by 5% after the sludge was treated by this method.
Comparative Example 3
This comparative example was the same as Example 6, except that the sludge was not redissolved in softened water here.
1. 1,000 mL of sewage sludge was centrifuged at an RCF of 3,000 g for 15 minutes, and subjected to a solid-liquid separation, and residual sludge was collected.
2. The residual sludge in step 1 was put into a drying oven at 80° C., and subjected to a treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature for 30 minutes.
3. Overall sludge in step 2 was transferred into an anaerobic reactor and its pH was regulated to a range of 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and the sludge was subjected to an anaerobic digestion at 55° C. for 5 days with an inoculation ratio of 2:1 (in terms of VS). BMP tester of an AMPTS II was used to record data automatically, and a methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was calculated.
The result showed that the methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was only increased by 15% after the sludge was treated by this method.
Comparative Example 4
This comparative example was the same as Example 6, except that the sequence of centrifugation and the treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature was changed here.
1. 1,000 mL of sewage sludge was put into a drying oven at 80° C., and subjected to a treatment with dry hot air at the constant temperature for 30 minutes.
2. The sludge from step 1 was centrifuged at an RCF of 3,000 g for 15 minutes and subjected to a solid-liquid separation, and residual sludge was collected.
3. The residual sludge in step 2 was redissolved in 500 mL of softened water by a stirring at 200 r/min for 0.5 hour.
4. Overall sludge in step 3 was transferred into an anaerobic reactor and its pH was regulated to a range of 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and the sludge was subjected to an anaerobic digestion at 55° C. for 5 days with an inoculation ratio of 2:1 (in terms of VS). BMP tester of an AMPTS II was used to record data automatically, and a methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was calculated.
The results showed that the methane yield (mL CH₄/g VS) per unit of organic matter was only increased by 20% after the sludge was treated by this method. From Comparative Examples 1 to 4, during the treatment of sludge, if the sludge was not subjected to a centrifugation, a thermal baking and a redissolution in softened water in sequence, it was impossible to achieve a good effect and the methane yield from organic matter was at a low level. If the sequence of the treatment steps was changed (e.g., in Comparative Example 4), the effect was still unsatisfactory. The solid-liquid interface in sludge could be renewed better and the methane production from organic matter in the sludge by anaerobic biotransformation could be increased only when the sludge was subjected to a centrifugation, a thermal baking and a redissolution in softened water in sequence.
The above description of the embodiments is intended to help a person of ordinary skill in the art to understand and use the disclosure. Obviously, a person skilled in the art could easily make various modifications to these embodiments, and apply a general principle described herein to other embodiments without creative efforts. Therefore, the disclosure is not limited to the above embodiments. All improvements and modifications made by a person skilled in the art according to implication of the disclosure without departing from the spirit of the disclosure should fall within the scope of the disclosure.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge, comprising subjecting sludge to a centrifugation, a thermal baking, and a redissolution in softened water in sequence to renew a solid-liquid interface in the sludge, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion to increase methane production from organic matter in the sludge by anaerobic biotransformation.
2. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the centrifugation is a low-speed centrifugation.
3. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 2, wherein the centrifugation comprises centrifuging sludge at a relative centrifugal force of 2,000 to 8,000 g for 5 to 20 minutes, subjecting the sludge to a solid-liquid separation, and collecting residual sludge.
4. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thermal baking is a treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature.
5. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 4, wherein the dry hot air is provided by an electricthermal blower or a combustion heating blower; and the thermal baking is performed at a temperature of 80° C. to 105° C. for 30 minutes to 120 minutes.
6. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the redissolution in softened water comprises redissolving sludge in softened water and fully mixing, and the softened water is any one selected from the group consisting of deionized water, distilled water, ultrapure water, and water after removal of calcium, magnesium, aluminum and iron ions.
7. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the redissolution in softened water is performed by a stirring at a rotation rate of 200 r/min to 400 r/min for 0.5 to 2 hours.
8. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the anaerobic digestion comprises transferring overall sludge into an anaerobic reactor, regulating a pH of the sludge to 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion at a medium temperature of 30 to 40° C. or a high temperature of 50 to 60° C. for 5 to 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 to 2:1 (in terms of volatile solid, namely VS).
9. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 8, wherein the acid liquor is a 6.0 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, and the alkali liquor is a 6.0 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution, and the sludge is sewage sludge with a total solids (TS) content of 0.5 to 2.5%.
10. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 1, comprising the specific steps of (1) subjecting sewage sludge to a centrifugation and a solid-liquid separation, and collecting residual sludge; (2) subjecting the residual sludge in step (1) to a treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature for a period of time; (3) redissolving the sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature in step (2) in softened water, and fully mixing; and (4) transferring overall sludge in step (3) into an anaerobic reactor, regulating a pH of the sludge to 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion at a medium temperature of 30 to 40° C. or a high temperature of 50 to 60° C. for 5 to 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 to 2:1 (in terms of VS).
11. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 2, comprising the specific steps of (1) subjecting sewage sludge to a centrifugation and a solid-liquid separation, and collecting residual sludge; (2) subjecting the residual sludge in step (1) to a treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature for a period of time; (3) redissolving the sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature in step (2) in softened water, and fully mixing; and (4) transferring overall sludge in step (3) into an anaerobic reactor, regulating a pH of the sludge to 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion at a medium temperature of 30 to 40° C. or a high temperature of 50 to 60° C. for 5 to 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 to 2:1 (in terms of VS).
12. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 3, comprising the specific steps of (1) subjecting sewage sludge to a centrifugation and a solid-liquid separation, and collecting residual sludge; (2) subjecting the residual sludge in step (1) to a treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature for a period of time; (3) redissolving the sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature in step (2) in softened water, and fully mixing; and (4) transferring overall sludge in step (3) into an anaerobic reactor, regulating a pH of the sludge to 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion at a medium temperature of 30 to 40° C. or a high temperature of 50 to 60° C. for 5 to 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 to 2:1 (in terms of VS).
13. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 5, comprising the specific steps of (1) subjecting sewage sludge to a centrifugation and a solid-liquid separation, and collecting residual sludge; (2) subjecting the residual sludge in step (1) to a treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature for a period of time; (3) redissolving the sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature in step (2) in softened water, and fully mixing; and (4) transferring overall sludge in step (3) into an anaerobic reactor, regulating a pH of the sludge to 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion at a medium temperature of 30 to 40° C. or a high temperature of 50 to 60° C. for 5 to 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 to 2:1 (in terms of VS).
14. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 6, comprising the specific steps of (1) subjecting sewage sludge to a centrifugation and a solid-liquid separation, and collecting residual sludge; (2) subjecting the residual sludge in step (1) to a treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature for a period of time; (3) redissolving the sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature in step (2) in softened water, and fully mixing; and (4) transferring overall sludge in step (3) into an anaerobic reactor, regulating a pH of the sludge to 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion at a medium temperature of 30 to 40° C. or a high temperature of 50 to 60° C. for 5 to 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 to 2:1 (in terms of VS).
15. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 7, comprising the specific steps of (1) subjecting sewage sludge to a centrifugation and a solid-liquid separation, and collecting residual sludge; (2) subjecting the residual sludge in step (1) to a treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature for a period of time; (3) redissolving the sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature in step (2) in softened water, and fully mixing; and (4) transferring overall sludge in step (3) into an anaerobic reactor, regulating a pH of the sludge to 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion at a medium temperature of 30 to 40° C. or a high temperature of 50 to 60° C. for 5 to 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 to 2:1 (in terms of VS).
16. The method for enhancing anaerobic digestion based on solid-liquid interface renewal in sludge as claimed in claim 9, comprising the specific steps of (1) subjecting sewage sludge to a centrifugation and a solid-liquid separation, and collecting residual sludge; (2) subjecting the residual sludge in step (1) to a treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature for a period of time; (3) redissolving the sludge after the treatment with dry hot air at a constant temperature in step (2) in softened water, and fully mixing; and (4) transferring overall sludge in step (3) into an anaerobic reactor, regulating a pH of the sludge to 6.0 to 8.0 with an acid liquor or alkali liquor, and subjecting the sludge to an anaerobic digestion at a medium temperature of 30 to 40° C. or a high temperature of 50 to 60° C. for 5 to 15 days with an inoculation ratio of 1:2 to 2:1 (in terms of VS)..
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Olkhovsky
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Oljovski
páxina de dixebra de Wikimedia
Oljovski instancia de páxina de dixebra de Wikimedia
Oljovski diferente de Ol'khovskiy, criteriu utilizáu los apellíos tienen d'usar un elementu distintu del de la respeutiva páxina de dixebra
Ольховські
сторінка значень у проєкті Вікімедіа
Ольховські є одним із сторінка значень у проєкті Вікімедіа
Օլխովսկիյ
Վիքիմեդիայի նախագծի բազմիմաստության փարատման էջ
Օլխովսկիյ հասկացության մասնավոր դեպք Վիքիմեդիայի նախագծի բազմիմաստության փարատման էջ
Альхоўскі
пералік значэнняў у Вікіпедыі
Альхоўскі гэта старонка неадназначнасці ў праекце Вікімедыя
| 44,548 |
https://github.com/bpeschier/django-preflight-checks/blob/master/preflight/checks/templates.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,014 |
django-preflight-checks
|
bpeschier
|
Python
|
Code
| 41 | 136 |
from django.core.checks import register, Error
from django.conf import settings
E001 = Error(
'TEMPLATE_DEBUG is still True.',
id='preflight_templates.E001'
)
# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
@register('preflight', deploy=True)
def check_templates(app_configs, **kwargs):
errors = []
# TODO: check cache headers are set
if settings.TEMPLATE_DEBUG:
errors.append(E001)
return errors
| 19,323 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1406974
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,009 |
Stack Exchange
|
Lasse V. Karlsen, Movie Store, TMin, Vivek, d8aninja, https://stackoverflow.com/users/267, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2779228, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2779229, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2779230, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2779461, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2780360, https://stackoverflow.com/users/7418, user2779228, user2779229
|
English
|
Spoken
| 416 | 772 |
function to calculate Block Check Character(BCC) in C#
Block Check Character(BCC)
I need a function to calculate Block Check Character(BCC) in C#.
01 30 02 4D 21 20 20 03
This is the string, how do I calculate "Block Check Character" for this string.
BCC = Exclusive OR from SOH to ETX
SOH ID STX CODE ETX BCC
0x01 0x30 0x02 0x40 0x03
I need to add BCC and send data to COM.
If possible Please give me a function so that I can send "01 30 02 4D 21 20 20 03" and get the BCC.
Thanks
Do you have the data as the string "01 30 02 4D 21 20 20 03" or as the sequence of byte values new Byte[] { 0x01, 0x30, 0x02, 0x4d, 0x21, 0x20, 0x20, 0x03 }?
Sir
I have the string "01 30 02 4D 21 20 20 03"
thanks
byte stt1 =0;
string stt2 ="0130024D20212003";
byte[] arr = new System.Text.UTF8Encoding(true).GetBytes(stt2);
List<byte> byteList = new List<byte>(arr);
stt1 = clsExt.GetBCC(arr);
Here is how I am calling it...????
And I am getting 66
thanks
From what I know is that BCC is XOR of all the bytes in a given byte stream excluding the first SOH or STX till first ETX or EOT. ETX is included in the BCC. Split your byte stream after each ETX and call following function to get the BCC.
public static byte GetBCC(this byte[] inputStream)
{
byte bcc = 0;
if (inputStream != null && inputStream.Length > 0)
{
// Exclude SOH during BCC calculation
for (int i = 1; i < inputStream.Length; i++)
{
bcc ^= inputStream[i];
}
}
return bcc;
}
post a short, but complete, piece of code that gives you 66 instead of 5c.
@wenkat62 with values given above { 0x01, 0x30, 0x02, 0x4D, 0x21, 0x20, 0x20, 0x03 } I get 0x5D. When I change i=1 to i=0 the code above, the result is 0x5C. This is probably what you want. But please verify the documentation of the COM device you are programming.
Sorry... can you explain to me little bit more how did you get the 0x5D.
And in the documentation this is what they mentioned, nothing else.
"BCC = Exclusive OR from SOH to ETX"
Also if possible can you give me exact syntax how to call GetBCC function, since morning I am getting error as " GetBCC has some invalid arguments...."
thanks
byte stt1 =0;
stt1 = GetBCC("30024D20212003");
Is this correct way to call and get the value...
thanks
| 4,864 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24313362
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Finn K, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2386464, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3757605, user3757605
|
English
|
Spoken
| 169 | 281 |
cURL error: [35] Unsupported SSL protocol version
I have just made my ipn.php file for PayPal IPN and when I tested it with PayPal Sandbox IPN simulator, my errors log outputted this error:
cURL error: [35] Unsupported SSL protocol version
Is something wrong with my php file or my website host? How can I fix it?
Thanks in Advance
add a -1 to the curl command to force using TLS and see if that works.
-1, --tlsv1
(SSL) Forces curl to use TLS version 1.x when negotiating with a remote TLS server. You can use options --tlsv1.0, --tlsv1.1, and --tlsv1.2 to control the TLS version more precisely (if the SSL backend in use supports such a level of control).
http://curl.haxx.se/docs/manpage.html
I typed in the command but I did not get any response, the errors log outputted: Invalid HTTP request method.
Can you provide the full command (remove any tokens or auth materials etc). Make sure you add this right after the curl command and dont include the comma etc.
| 9,601 |
sn87057934_1903-05-28_1_2_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,903 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,093 | 4,360 |
J.F. RUSSELL Autumn, Iowa, May 28, 1890. A few days ago, we placed on sale 41 Ladies Tailor-Made Suits at Half Price. And if our customers understood what bargains they were, we would not have a single one left today. Think of it, what half price means. You could not much more than buy a skirt for the price of the whole suit. It is a big loss to us, but we are determined to reduce our suit stock. First come, we will have the most styles to choose from. Regular prices on these suits were from $9.00 to $24.00. You can buy them for $4.50 to $12.00. Our Hay Sale of Muslin Underwear, our immense assortment (over 1500 garments) and our low prices, coming just when the goods were wanted, is bringing a lot of muslin underwear customers to our store. GOWNS, CORSET COVERS, DRAWERS, SKIRTS and CHEMISES. WAISTS. Almost as cheap as the material in them would cost you. White India Linen Waists, with tucked yoke, cellars and cuffs trimmed with embroidery. White India Linen Waists, with plaited front and tucked back, top collar yoke trimmed with fine Val lace, large pearl buttons. White India Linen Waists, with 20 narrow tucks in back and 16 in front, with all over embroidery front. White Waist mace of pure linen, tuck, and hemstitched back. Mrs. Kirkwood, of Iowa City, has been here the past week, visiting with O. C. Donaldson and wife. White India Linon Waist, piaited and hemstitched front and back and cuffs, top collar, iarpepearl buttons Tcr White India Linon Waist', with 80 narrow tucks in front and 36 In back Black India Linon Wiist, made with tucks in back and CD 1 nn front qjl.OU Black Waist made of thin black goods with mercerized satin stripe, with lace stripe between, tab stock collar, trimmed with ^2 00 smoked pearl buttons Geo. Weighten is still making im- Word comes up from Atlantic that provements and changes in his livery Mrs. Henry Lowe, well known to barn that makes things more conveni- many of this county, had passed to the ent and easier to get at. great and mysterious beyond. DO YOU WEAR PANTS? Mrs. G. B. Russell expects to go to Atlantic today to remain sometime taking treatment and visiting friends If you do, you want them to tit. The same may be said of the whole suit. You are doubtless looking for your Spring or Summer Suit and wondering if you will be compelled to wear a hand-me down suit. You won't have to wear that kind this year. Years of experience in Chicago has taught us what is up-to-date and a fit and we can make just what you want. Come and see our goods and let us take your measure. N. C. HANSEN, Merchant Tailor In Howald's Block. Upstairs. FARM LOANS. 5 Per Cent. Interest once a year, $100.00 optional payments with Davenport Savings Bank. BAGLEY A NELSON Mrs. L. J. Hill was quite seriously sick the first of the week. Mrs. E. E. Burns, of Gray, was down Monday visiting relatives. C. S. McLearan, D. D. S., office over Brorson's drug store, Audubon, Iowa. Simon Hanson was busy this week moving to the house he recently purchased. Miss Kate Roach came in home Monday morning from a visit with friends. Will and Anna Blakely came down from Gray Saturday evening to make a call at the county seat. Finch & Kerwin shipped some live stock to Omaha Monday night. Ed accompanied the stock there. Elmer McKarahan got home from Grinnell last Saturday, where he has been visiting Charles Burnside. Delia Finch was on the sick list last week and was unable to attend to her work at the Fred Vermilya's store. Lost—Lady's black jacket in town of Audubon. Finder leave at Russell's store or send word to Journal office. Mr. Buck, of the firm of Johnson & Buck, will move this week into the Cooley property, just vacated by Simon Hansen. Pure Blood Golden Wyandotte setting eggs for sale. 15 to a setting for $1. Enquire of Geo. E. Brown, Audubon. 3-26-Sw The Rock Island train struck a valuable animal Monday belonging to A. J. Story, south of town, injuring it so much it died. Mr. and Mrs. Dan Peterson, in the east part of town, are the parents of a son and heir that came to their home last Saturday. Representatives from Logan and Harlan were over the first of the week talking electric railroad with the promoters of this town. Rev. P. J. Vollmar visited a part of this week with his mother in the southern part of the state, and then on to Des Moines to visit his son. Get our prices on doors and windows and water tanks. and all kinds of mill work before buying, JAMES HART. Harry Watts, the hustling news dealer, got home the first of the week from Chicago, where he had been buying a big bill of goods for his store. The sisters at the Catholic church gave an ice cream supper last Tuesday night, but the extreme dampness of the evening somewhat lessened the attendance. For the best grades for the least money, see W. A. Smutney. Undertaking is our specialty. Day 'phone, No. 160. Night 'phone No. 100. Store on South Park. 4-16tf Jake Ruhs received a telegram the first of the week that his brother-in-law, Albert Jingst, who went to Illinois the past winter, died Monday, but did not give cause of death. J. D. Barhan, who recently had his collarbone broken, was up from his home in Exira township, reporting for duty as a juror. His wound is healing nicely and is improving rapidly. AUDUBON NEWS Mrs. Townsend departed last Sunday for Manhattan, Kansas, to visit her daughter, Mrs. J. O. Parks. Mr. and Mrs. Parks and the baby are getting along nicely and like their home very well. John Norris returned home Tuesday from Canada, where he has been to look at land. He believes there is plenty of room in that country for development as the vastness of the unimproved portion is appalling. Ladies are you going to keep cool this summer? If you are, you will have to have your husband get you a Reliable or an Excelsior Gasoline stove. They are reliable and safe. 4-30-tf MORRESEY & RUSSELL. A Miss Seeley, of Des Moines, was here a few days last week, seeing if she could organize a music class for the summer months. We did not learn what success she had but should think there would be plenty of good material upon which to work. Mrs. W. W. Smith entertains today at her home in honor of Mrs. Bryant. Mrs. Thayer, Dr. Athens, Mrs. Stotts and Mrs. Tabby Smith. Mrs. Smith has everything arranged for a very informal and social affair and the guests are sure to enjoy the occasion. Chas Burnside will graduate from the Grinnell college with his class on June 10. Charley is one of the young men of the town that all may feel justly proud of, as he has applied his mind strictly to his college work and has lived a blameless and exemplary life as a young man. Wren Phelps and wife went to Atlantic Tuesday, called there by the tragic death of her brother, who was killed between Avoca and Walnut by falling from the truck of a car on which he was riding. The whole train ran over him and he was mutilated and cut up so they could scarcely find him. Mrs. F. M. Leet entertained about twenty-five of her friends last Tuesday evening in their beautiful home on the hill. Mrs. Leet gave them one of the nicest dinners served in a long time by anyone, and every lady present went home praising everything set before them. Their home was very tastily decorated with simple snowballs, as there was no lavish display of elaborate floral decorations. Mr. Leet entertained the ladies while they were away. At the game by playing on the pianola for them, which was much appreciated. MOXEY TO LOAN with the German Savings Bank at 5 percent interest, optional payments. ASH, PHELPS & PHELPS Audubon, Iowa Marriage license: and Gertie Cozerie. Charles Taylor J. M. Graham was a business visitor down in Atlantic Tuesday night. Hub White, out by Hamlin, had quite a sick child the first of the week. Livery barn for sale or rent. See Mrs. Elizabeth Tharnish, Audubon, Iowa. Ed Bilharz took a day off the first of the week and visited relatives in Indiana. Will Oliver was home the first of the week, attending to business and visiting his mother. J. Kuhn went down to Atlantic last Friday and was an over Sunday visitor with friends in that city. Fred Rae, who works for Ward, was kicked by a horse the first of the week and is now unable to work. Sheldon Bates was a caller at Audubon Saturday night looking after his business and special interests there. George Hoover went to Des Moines Wednesday evening to look after business in connection with the big store. Mr. and Mrs. J. P. Bendixen of Brayton were transacting county seat business Wednesday and visiting their friends. Anna Wilson invited in about fifteen of her little friends last Friday to help her properly celebrate her thirteenth birthday. The honorable board of supervisors will meet next Monday to transact such business and act on such bills as may come before it. A. H. Edwards, of Douglas township, came home Tuesday morning from South Dakota, where he had been on a land seeing tour. Dr. Lass came In over the North Western Wednesday morning and reported severe storms in Dedham and Templeton on Tuesday. Frank Wilson and wife departed Monday for Corning for a visit with his sister, Mrs. Frank Reinimund, and Virge and Gladys, who live there. P. A. Rassmussen and family spent last Friday in Ross visiting Bertie Jensen and family, who left the next day for Denmark to visit for a time in the fatherland. Chas. McLeran, D. D. S., was busy this week moving from his father's house, where they have lived, to the property he purchased up in the east part of town. Mrs. Ed Finch is enjoying a visit from her two sisters-in-law, Mrs. L. O. Mick of Spirit Lake and Mrs. G. H. Mick of Pocohontas, they expect to stay some time. Little Georgia Cooley who has been with her grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius Gates, the past winter, departed last week for home in the south part of the county. Mrs. Alex Young, of Manning, came down the first of the week and is visiting at the home of Wm. Cloughly. She expects to remain until Friday ere she goes to her home. Jim Hunt, one of Melville township's best feeders, was on the Omaha market the first of the week with a couple of cars of cattle, a half car of which was furnished by his neighbor, Henry Sunburg. Mr. and Mrs. Joe Cann went up to Manning Monday to look at property with a view of purchasing. They were much taken with the Stegerman property, one of the finest the town affords. Morrisey & Ruhs have added a low swing to Their stock that they believe is an improvement over all others. It is built low down and of iron and has as full a swing as others while the dangers of the higher ones are entirely eliminated. A man with a stereopticon was at the M. E. church Sunday and the first of the week giving views and a lecture on a drunkard's life. It was an illustrated temperance talk until Tuesday evening, when he gave views from various parts of the world. Joe Richards, the representative of Dean & Welch marble works, came home Wednesday morning with his pockets full of orders for new monuments. He started to drive from Carson home but when he got to Atlantic finding the water so high he left his team and took the train. Arthur Krell, son of the Rev. Krell who preached in this county at one time, sent an announcement card to Prof. Hocker this week of his graduation from the Simpson college, to take place June 6. All his friends here will be pleased to hear of his success and determination to succeed. In court the Robson slander case is all that has been going on this week. It is a most disgusting affair straight through, as the proceedings of the former divorce trial are brought up and gone over. Law is a poor place to settle difficulties. The public knows enough of what is going on without bringing things into court to be aired in any case that may be brought up. James Burkey, out just north town, has been busy for some time trying to get an addition put to his house, but excessive rain has delayed work very much. He also had his windmill blown over Tuesday morning, it being one of the mills to stand the winds for years, in fact being one of the oldest towers and mills in the country. A Summary of the Taxable Property of the County. Dogs, male 1,258 Dogs, female 94 "o. polls. 2,701 value of town lots 10,282,32 Total number of acres... 2,819,70 Acres exempt for road 6,721 Net acres taxable 2,752,49 Actual value of lands with buildings 13,025,084 Average value per acre $47.33 Total taxable value of land and lots 3,513,554 Colts 1 year old, No. 014, actual value $30013. average each $39.40. Colts 2 years old, No. 904, actual value $51278. average each $5.75. Horses 3 years old or over. No. 787, value 411007 average each $55.03. Stallions, No. 43, value $12,674 average each $295. Mules, No. 446, value $31,303 average each $70.19. Heifers 1 year old, No. 570S, value $6,867S. average each $1.25. Heifers 2 years old, No. 3362, value $55856. average each $16.68. Cows, No. 13283, value $268901 A Monster June Sale of Seasonable Merchandise. While Skirts worth $1.48 per pair now each $1.00 Muslin Drawers 22c and 25c grade each $1.00 For Sale. Mrs. G. B. Russell throws her beautiful home on the market for sale. Best location in town. Muslin Drawers 42c and 39c grade each $1.00 Corset Covers all reduced at 6c, 2 2 C, 19c, 22c up to Oi** Good quality medium size tumblers, per dozen Glass syrup pitchers, sugar bowls, butterdishes, etc. 1 Or* Your choice for I wO Plain white handled tea cups and saucers, per set average each $20.25. Steers 1 year old, No. 6451, value $131,658 average each $20.40. Steers 2 years old, No. 1203, value $29448, average each $24.48. Bulls, No. 855, actual value $27573, average each $32.01. Cattle in feeding, No. 6950, value $233,614 average each $33.62. Swine over 6 months, No. 44169, value $310,738 average each $7.04. Sheep over 6 months old, No. 1774, value $7192, average each $4.05. Goats. No. 24, value $96 average each $4.60. Vehicles, No. 504, value $30372. Household furniture, etc., value $3944. Moneys and credits $61,045. Merchandise, actual value $327,409. Corporation stock and shares $61020. Capital employed in manufacturing $10,300. The season so far has not been favorable to spring trade. At this time we find ourselves loaded with goods that are usually sold earlier. This is reason enough for the slashing of prices which will take place at this store all the month of June. A solid month of bargain giving. A month in which you can almost make a dollar do the work of two, at this store. Read carefully this list of unmatched bargains. Buildings on leased land $25,256. Other personal property $44,573. Homestead exemption $31,312. Net actual value as assessed real estate $3,023,480. Actual value as equalized by county $755,870. Muslin Underwear. Nightgowns sold for 38c and... 47c, now each $0.50 Gowns sold for 50c to 67c, now each $0.47 Gowns sold for 75c, now each $0.50 Gowns sold for 88c and 98c, now each $0.50 Gowns sold for $1.00 and $1.17, now each $0.50 Gowns sold for $1.50 and 50c grade each 30c ice tea and lemonade 75c Large size heavy glass tumblers for per dozen. Glass water sets 6 tumblers and pitcher with nickel tray per set with water sets with gold band and flower decorations, tray 10c extra per set. Glass fruit dishes 7½ and 8 inches, different styles. Each $1.50 each. Ladies' dress skirts in black, blue and dark gray, would be good value at $3.50 each, our special price $2.50. 12 dress skirts in black, blue and gray. Regular price $5.00, $5.50 and $6.00. Your choice, 6 dozen Men's fancy dress shirts, worth 50c to 68c, choice. 5 dozen Men's work shirts, double back and front, each. 5 dozen Men's heavy blue overalls, worth 50c, sale. June is the month when you need Glassware, Dishes, Tinware and Kitchen Goods of all kinds. Here are some sale prices you will not pass. Plain white plates, 8 inch best quality, per set. 10 quart tin pails warranted not to leak, each. Heavy 12 quart dairy. 14 quart retinned dish pans. 9 and 12 inch bread. pans each All steel skillets with cool 30c handles each Tin wash pans each has been completely re-stocked and we are in a position to supply shoes at a bargain. For this sale: Ladies' fine shoes every pair warranted worth $1.85 only Ladies' fine shoes worth $2.00 for this sale Ladies' fine shoes worth $2.25 to $2.50. June only at $1.50 While this sale lasts we will aim to clean up our summer stock of millinery. Our styles and prices have been very satisfactory to the trade this year and we have had a large business. We do not mean to keep any of the stock until another season if we can avoid it. You will save money on your millinery at this store in June. F. VERMILYA Audubon, Iowa A p- for PO*95 Any summer corset in our stock worth 50c or over 45c. A good strong corset will give good wear for 10 dozen ladies sleeveless ribbed vests taped neck and sleeves 3 for 500 yards standard prints in seconds, per yard 100 yards turkey red table damask at per yard 6 dozen Ladies fine Shirt Waists 58, to $2.50 $ ..47c 43c 5 dozen bib overalls well made and strong "Ovi S 9c Special men's canton flannel work 5 and 1 Oc ^r ves er ... OUR SHOE DEPARTMENT I.
| 23,778 |
sn82015679_1896-05-10_1_18_2
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US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,896 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 1,598 | 2,222 |
ItttfM'ik! I UIT aaie frcn Strictly rirtLetf, mstMddf4tfclOSS t fiiiUr't ! v f t lp ;o :UrvhM the UadB4tlnuBSt:ir: til coiUf tie f!ors, etc. liter til, lb Htxf I u" n "kt tljit at iUmithitth.()ILhicifitfitklUilIIUrr. l,ritE. L'iBur I .Til 8.1 , r it ar li 1' ani 211C. seti u Aov twi pibtcr voild bm. cmud Tkirt. ! tint it la lf IIIU niijAX. tfttiti. Ya hart fall ftntrol f tB Oil U rfdoe it Ur paiBtiar. Tfctra is 19 I ler Galloq S ..?! t itri.ll j rart Wfcitt lad. loa m it at I0la fclaK. Uaismir faiata art rnra- I t j,- 4ftrTariM4tosiBfrtadyforsc. tlj J nt SJLD TFROCOn O.N'B litsroh 8IBLB DEALi.lt IN EVKKr TOWN. WK WILL. KEFUND JOET It OX &3 KF-r-K&ftrtJ tf-"i epcviu taanccmcQii in ioc S. S. RHODES, 178 West Washington St., Indianapolis Asency. 3 $ & & $ $& & $ i & & 4 INCOMPARABLE s A- LINE file 83 Why you should see our line (yllili 11 1 . . . . We arc the largest dealers in the State. 2 We represent all tho leading Carriage and 4' Vehicle factories. 4 3.. ..Our line is comprehensive and include? every J known style of modern vehicle. 4.. ..When you deal with us you have assurance of fairest treatment, backed by our business ma century ... Everything from a Common A. At TI A Guarantee with Every : THE tt T. Collide ImplementiCo 27 to 33 Capitol Avenue, North. A. a a a a a A a S iSv vi As A, 4L gold, precious stones, rare woods, fabrics and curios. To the white men on the coast who asked him with wonder where he'd come from. He remarked modestly that he'd been "doing a right smart of trading with the coons." He took his merchandise to England, sold it, filled another pack and returned to Africa. This time he took a small caravan with him and penetrated the region between the Congo and the Zambezi, where the face of a white man had not been seen since the days of Living stone. Among his wares were matches, and when he deftly and quickly swung his right hand upward past his thigh and fire was the result the natives were ready to worship him." In one district the natives had never seen or heard of firearms, and when he offered to show that he could kill a man with his private thunder and lightning the king ordered out one of his young chiefs to be experimented upon. The peddler said he could kill a cow "Just as easily, and when the animal dropped dead at his fire the king was ready to give him most of the earth for his machine. Unfortunately he could only accept what he could carry away, but he got something like $10,000 worth of ivory and other goods for the $50 rifle. It is said that a little later he did receive a gift of 70,000 square miles of land, and afterwards sold to the English a half interest in it for a round million. All this was nearly ten years ago, but the peddler continues his trading, and occasionally takes a year's holiday to return to Mississippi to see his folks. They were all impecunious until he returned from Africa poor white trash. But he has sent his brother's two daughters to a fashionable boarding school and given each of them a shopping account of $50,000. For the other members of his family, he has provided just as generously. When the Corinth people asked him if he had seen any savages, he answered, "Most all savages." "And cannibals?" "Most all cannibals, only I give 'em to know they hadn't no call to eat me." If any bright young man of Buffalo desires to make his fortune, let him do as peddler Moore has done, but let him be sure that he is prepared to let the cannibals know that they have no call to eat him. INXAN AND SEGPTICISM. He Practised It, but to Others Would Not Heeommend It. A curious instance of Renan's unwillingness to accept the responsibility for the effects of his skepticism on the younger generation is given by M. Hugues Le Roux in a recent number of Le Tisaro. He would not admit that younger men could appeal to his uncertainties in carrying out their egoism to its logical conclusion. In speaking of a young man in whom he was interested and who had been guilty of some youthful prodigiousness at which anyone else would have smiled, Renan said: "The young men of my generation had more control over themselves. They understood their duties better. They had grown up." Under a stricter discipline, he was ready to disavow everything. In the year in which the philosopher died he spent rome weeks at Rjrdlghera in a white villa embowered in flowers which M. filscborTshelzn had placed at his disposal. M. i,e Houx, walking by on the Kjnvin road. lfcdJn his bovs by the hand, saw alia rFrc auarante Guaranteed 5 years. rwijpcr Aarrrwi.nK. jjcutcmci, x.., m uttitri. StIouisMo: & 4 r & 4 4 $ S 8 3 a OF ennae before buying: . r t- Posh Cart to the Finest Victoria. 4 4 Wheel. Prices Right A, As As As As As As As As As As J A As A As seated In the open air on a balcony faclr.jr the rea with roes climbing and b!oom!r.r all about him. warming hi ft in the sun, and enjoying keenly the mildness of tho Italian spring which was fated to be his Uit. M. L Roux went up to him ani greetei him; then he said: 'It Is your fault if I hesitate to bring up these chillren as I was brought up mvBelf. What rhurt I Jo for them?" Renan raised his hand with th characteristic gesture that seemed to ap prove and give a blessing at the fame time. Then he answered: "Well, well; d- as everybody else does." Thfre ws kindness in the advice, certainly some dif.laln and. wisdom, too, is M. 'Le Roux'a comment, but. nevertheless it was the gesture which Tilita made. before the mob to free himself from responsibility, the act of cowardice which has made the diplomat more oilus than th executioners. . . , A HAUNTKD 1IOVSE. Adventure of Ttto Families With-O. Medlutnlftttc Servant. Baltimore Sun. The families of Mr. Thomas V. Neary and Mr. Julius Wolf yesterday moved from a house on Goueh street, near Broadway, because they said the house was haunted. Mr. Neary is a foreman at the Haltim & Chrome works. His wife made the following statement at her new home, No. 5 South Ann street: Two years ago I moved into the house on Gough street, renting rooms on the second and third floors, from Mr. Wolf, who was then occupying the house. We had not been there long before we began to hear strange noises in the house at all hours of the night. The noises sounded like chairs being shoved across the floor, windows being raised and then let down with a slam, crockery being disturbed and barrels being moved about in the cellar. I called my husband's attention to the sounds, but he said they were caused by rats. About two months ago Mrs. Wolf engaged a servant, who was a girl of about fifteen years. The girl was born with a caul over her face and we thought was able to resuscitate things. She had been in the house but a few days when the girl she had seen some one walk through the room at night. It is reported about the neighborhood that some years ago a woman who lived in the house had saturated her clothing with coal oil and then set it on fire. She was burned to death. It may have been her ghost, but anyhow the girl was constantly seeing strange things. Last Friday night I was sitting in the hall of the house with Mrs. Wolf and others when we heard noises like the stove in the kitchen was being hit with a stick, following which the sound of a tattoo being beaten upon a large mirror in the hall. We all got frightened. But what frightened us most and caused all of us to deter the house was the fact that we saw distinctly a flame rise from behind the ice chest in the hall. The flame got larger and larger, and presently it darted out and shot through the dining room and thence into the yard, and that was the last we saw of it. Not a single member of either family has since been in the house. I went to a relative's house, on Bank street, near Eden street, and remained there until we moved to my present home. Mr. Wolf will today move his furniture from the house on Gough street to a new home on Milton place, in northeast Baltimore. His wife told the same story as did Mrs. Neary, and said she had been living at the home of her mother, Mrs. Norris, on Caroline street, near Pratt street, since the occurrence of last Friday night. Mr. Miller, of No. 1123 North Caroline street, owner of the Gough-street house, said that until yesterday she had not heard of the strange occurrences in the house, and was at a loss to account for them. She also said she had heard told that the girl employed by Mrs. Wolf had a spiritual medium. J.
| 24,593 |
5664101_1
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Court Listener
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Open Government
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Public Domain
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None
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None
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Unknown
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Unknown
| 1,718 | 2,506 |
Opinion
LEVY, J.
Appellant, Crystal J., appeals the juvenile court’s denial of her motion to declare her aunt and uncle, Deborah and Orrie G., her de facto parents. In addition, she claims the juvenile court abused its discretion in failing to place her with Deborah and Orrie. In the published portion of this opinion we find that appellant lacks standing to appeal the court’s ruling on the de facto parent motion because she is not aggrieved. In the unpublished portion of this opinion we find that the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion.
Background
Crystal was removed from the home of Deborah and Orrie due to unsanitary living conditions. At the time of her detention, Crystal, who was 15 years old, had been living with her aunt and uncle for seven years. Crystal’s father placed Crystal with Deborah and Orrie after Crystal’s mother died. After Crystal’s detention, a Welfare and Institutions Code1 section 300 petition was filed alleging that Crystal’s father failed to protect Crystal by allowing her to live in an uninhabitable home. The juvenile court sustained the petition and set the matter for .a further hearing.
After the jurisdictional hearing, Crystal moved to have Deborah and Orrie declared her de facto parents. The motion was based upon the fact that Crystal had been living with her aunt and uncle for seven years, and that they had cared for all of her needs during that time. Relying on In re Kieshia E. (1993) 6 Cal.4th 68 [23 Cal.Rptr.2d 775, 859 P.2d 1290], the juvenile *189court denied the motion, finding that Deborah and Orrie forfeited their right to become de facto parents because they were the reason Crystal was declared a dependent of the court.
At the dispositional hearing, Crystal argued that the juvenile court should place her with her aunt and uncle. The juvenile court found that placement with Deborah and Orrie would be inappropriate and ordered her placed in foster care. The court provided that Deborah and Orrie could have two hours of supervised visitation with Crystal each week.
Discussion
I. Crystal lacks standing to challenge the denial of the de facto parent motion.
Crystal appeals the denial of her motion to declare Deborah and Orrie her de facto parents. Having requested briefing on the issue of standing, we conclude Crystal is not aggrieved by the ruling and lacks standing to challenge denial of the motion on appeal.
Section 395 provides that a “judgment in a proceeding under Section 300 may be appealed from in the same manner as any final judgment. . . .” The California Rules of Court provide that in a proceeding “under section 300, the petitioner, child, and the parent or guardian each has the right to appeal from any judgment, order, or decree specified in section 395.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 1435(b).) Appellant argues that these provisions give her standing to appeal the denial of her de facto parent motion. We disagree.
While a child normally has standing to appeal a juvenile dependency judgment, case law has established that an appellant must demonstrate error affecting his or her own interests in order to have standing to appeal. (In re Devin M. (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 1538, 1541 [68 Cal.Rptr.2d 666]; In re Daniel D. (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1823, 1835 [30 Cal.Rptr.2d 245]; In re Vanessa Z. (1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 258, 261 [28 Cal.Rptr.2d 313].) In other words, the party must be in some way aggrieved by the judgment. (In re Frank L. (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 700, 703 [97 Cal.Rptr.2d 88]; In re Carissa G. (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 731, 734 [90 Cal.Rptr.2d 561]; In re Lauren P. (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 763, 768 [52 Cal.Rptr.2d 170]; In re Gary P. (1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 875, 877 [46 Cal.Rptr.2d 929]; In re Joel H. (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 1185, 1195-1196 [23 Cal.Rptr.2d 878].) A party may not claim errors on appeal which only affect another party who did not appeal. (In re Jasmine J. (1996) 46 Cal.App.4th 1802, 1806 [54 Cal.Rptr.2d 560]; In re Gary P., supra, 40 Cal.App.4th at p. 877; In re Vanessa Z., supra, 23 *190Cal.App.4th at p. 261.) In the present case appellant has failed to show that she was aggrieved by the denial of her de facto parent motion.
A de facto parent is one who “on a day-to-day basis, assumes the role of parent, seeking to fulfill both the child’s physical needs and his psychological need for affection and care.” (In re B. G. (1974) 11 Cal.3d 679, 692, fn. 18 [114 Cal.Rptr. 444, 523 P.2d 244].) In In re B. G. the California Supreme Court recognized that a de facto parent acquires an interest in the “ ‘companionship, care, custody and management’ ” of the child and explained that the interest is one deserving of legal protection. (Id. at pp. 692-693.) Since a de facto parent has a recognizable interest in the child, the court held that the de facto parent has standing to appear in juvenile proceedings. Conferring standing to appear in such an action allows the individual to protect his or her own interest in the child. (Id. at p. 693.) Additionally, allowing a de facto parent standing to appear in the proceeding is beneficial to the court in that it provides the court with additional information regarding the best interests of the child. (Ibid.)
It is clear that an individual seeking de facto parent status has standing to appeal the denial of his or her motion. (In re Joel H. (1993) 19 Cal.App.4th 1185, 1195 [23 Cal.Rptr.2d 878].) The question presented in this case is whether someone other than the proposed de facto parent has standing to appeal the denial of the motion. In In re Vanessa Z., the court held that a father lacked standing to challenge the denial of his mother’s motion to be declared the child’s de facto parent because his interests were not affected by the denial of the motion. (In re Vanessa Z, supra, 23 Cal.App.4th at p. 261.) The court explained that a parent’s interest in a dependency proceeding is to reunify with the child, while a de facto parent’s interest is that person’s separate interest in his or her relationship with the child. The fact that the motion was denied did not preclude the father from presenting any evidence relating to the child’s best interest or his relationship with the child. (Ibid.) This reasoning was followed by In re Daniel D., in which the court held a parent had no standing to challenge another party’s de facto parent motion. (In re Daniel D., supra, 24 Cal.App.4th at pp. In In re Kieshia E., the California Supreme Court reaffirmed the notion that de facto parents have a substantial interest in maintaining the relationship they have forged with the child. (In re Kieshia E., supra, 6 Cal.4th at pp. 76-77.) The court noted that the “de facto parenthood doctrine simply recognizes that persons who have provided a child with daily parental concern, affection, and care over substantial time may develop legitimate interests and perspectives, and may also present a custodial alternative, which should not be ignored in a juvenile dependency proceeding.” (Id. at p. 77.) The court further explained that the “standing accorded de facto parents has no basis independent of these concerns.” (Id. at pp. 77-78.)
A grant of de facto parent status gives a person the right to be present at the dependency hearing, to be represented by counsel, and to present evidence. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 1412(e); In re Patricia L. (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 61, 66 [11 Cal.Rptr.2d 631].) De facto parent status does not give the de facto parent the right to have the minor placed with him or her, nor does it entitle the de facto parent a right to reunification services. (In re Kieshia E., supra, 6 Cal.4th at p. 77, fn. 7; In re Cynthia C. (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 1479, 1490-1491, & fn. 11 [69 Cal.Rptr.2d 1]; Clifford S. v. Superior Court (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 747, 752 [45 Cal.Rptr.2d 333].) “De facto parents are not equated with biological parents or guardians for purposes of dependency proceedings and standing to participate does not give them all of the rights and preferences accorded such persons.” (In re Rachael C. (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1445, 1452 [1 Cal.Rptr.2d 473], disapproved on other grounds in In re Kieshia E., supra, 6 Cal.4th 68.)
It is clear from the foregoing discussion that de facto parent status provides the de facto parent only the right to be present, to be represented and to present evidence in a dependency proceeding. While courts have described the relationship as substantial, and one deserving of protection, this discussion relates to the reason why a de facto parent is accorded standing to appear in the proceeding. The rights afforded to a de facto parent affect only such persons, not any other party. Appellant goes on to argue that she should have standing to appeal the denial of the de facto parent motion because the motion was brought on her behalf. Relying on In re Elizabeth M. (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 318 [60 Cal.Rptr.2d 557], appellant contends that she, as the moving party, has standing to appeal the denial of the motion.
In Elizabeth M., the court held that a mother had standing to challenge the denial of her section 388 petition, noting that the mother was statutorily empowered to bring such a motion and explaining that she had an interest in promoting the best interest of her child. (In re Elizabeth M., supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at p. 324.) Elizabeth M. is of no help to appellant because, as we have already explained, the juvenile court’s ruling in the present case did not affect appellant’s interests. Since appellant was not aggrieved by the denial of the motion, she lacks standing to appeal the ruling.
II. The juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s placement with her aunt and uncle*
Disposition
The juvenile court’s dispositional orders are affirmed.
Ardaiz, P. J., and Buckley, J., concurred.
Appellant’s petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied December 19, 2001. Baxter, J., did not participate therein. Kennard, J., was of the opinion that the petition should be granted.
All further references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise indicated.
See footnote, ante, page 186.
| 7,053 |
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lertha%20schmidti
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Lertha schmidti
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https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lertha schmidti&action=history
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Vietnamese
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Spoken
| 29 | 61 |
Lertha schmidti là một loài côn trùng trong họ Nemopteridae thuộc bộ Neuroptera. Loài này được H. Aspöck et al. miêu tả năm 1984.
Chú thích
Tham khảo
Lertha
| 31,394 |
https://github.com/ATrain951/01.python-com_Qproject/blob/master/hackerearth/Algorithms/K- Palindrome/solution.py
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Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| 2,021 |
01.python-com_Qproject
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ATrain951
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Python
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Code
| 133 | 271 |
"""
# Sample code to perform I/O:
name = input() # Reading input from STDIN
print('Hi, %s.' % name) # Writing output to STDOUT
# Warning: Printing unwanted or ill-formatted data to output will cause the test cases to fail
"""
# Write your code here
t = int(input())
for _ in range(t):
s = input()
k = int(input())
diff = []
ln = len(s)
if (ln % 2 == 0 and k % 2 == 1) or (ln % 2 == 1 and k % 2 == 0):
print('-1')
else:
for i in range(ln // 2):
diff.append(abs(ord(s[i]) - ord(s[ln - 1 - i])))
diff.sort()
if diff.count(0) >= k // 2:
k -= (k % 2 == 1)
c = diff.count(0) * 2 - k
c //= 2
print(c)
else:
print(sum(diff[:k // 2]))
| 3,419 |
US-3561764D-A_1
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USPTO
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Open Government
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Public Domain
| 1,968 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 3,209 | 3,806 |
Golf swing corrective mat
ABSTRACT
A panel structure for positioning on the ground in a golf tee area and defining a pair of generally straight visually ascertainable paths inclined approximately 25 to 30* relative to each other and intersecting at one pair of corresponding ends, the panel structure being operative, when a ball is teed up on a first of the paths at a point spaced therealong from the intersecting ends of the paths and the nonintersecting end portion of the first path extends in the intended tee shot direction, to provide a visual guide defined by the second path to assist the golfer in swinging ''''out and through'''' when swinging at the teed ball.
United States Patent [72] lnventor Richard A. Thomas Tallahassee, Fla. (11302 S. W. 104th Ave., Miami, Fla. 33156) [21) Appl. No. 764,691 [22] Filed Oct. 3, 1968 [45] Patented Feb. 9, 1971 [54] GOLF SWING CORRECTIVE MAT 7 Claims, 4 Drawing Figs.
[52] US. Cl 273/183, 273/195; 35/29 [51 Int. Cl A63b 69/36 [50] Field ofSearch 273/183 (A),(Cursory);273/183, 186, 187, 195,196,197, 198, 191, 192; 35/29; 73/380 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,960,787 5/1934 MacStocker 273/191(A) 2,087,334 7/1937 Rosengarten 273/195 Primary ExaminerGeorge .1. Marlo Attorneys-Clarence A. O'Brien and Harvey B. Jacobson ABSTRACT: A panel structure for positioning on the ground in a golf tee area and defining a pair of generally straight visually ascertainable paths inclined approximately 25 to 30 relative to each other and intersecting at one pair of corresponding ends, the panel structure being operative, when a ball is teed up on a first of the paths at a point spaced therealong from the intersecting ends of the paths and the nonintersecting end portion of the first path extends in the intended tee shot direction, to provide a visual guide defined by the second path to assist the golfer in swinging out and through when swinging at the teed ball.
PATENTEU FEB 9 l9?! 34561764 Fig.3 vv
Richard A. Thomas lNl IfNTOR.
GOLF SWING CORRECTIVE MAT Novice and many intermediate golfers have difficulty in correctly swinging their drivers when performing a tee shot. Most frequently a golfer having an incorrect swing will swing the club in a manner such that the head portion thereof swings across and to the inside of the intended line of flight of the ball as the club head reaches its lowermost position immediately adjacent the ground. With this type of incorrect swing the club head does not meet the ball squarely and as a result of this incorrect impact of the club head with the ball the latter has a tendency to veer horizontally outwardly of the are through which the club head is swung and the ball is caused to rotate about a generally vertical axis in a direction inherently causing the ball to veer still further in the same horizontal direction during flight of the ball. This particular type of tee shot which causes the ball to veer excessively toward the outside of the golfers swing is referred to as a slice."
In order to teach novice and intermediate golfers who have a tendency to slice" a correct swing which will not result in a slice instructors advise their students to swing out and through. Of course, this term does not have reference to the club head since outward cutting across of a club head relative to the line of intended flight of the ball would result in opposite veering of the golf ball which is termed a hook, but has reference to the hands of the golfer swinging the club inasmuch as the normal tendency of the hands of a golfer swinging during a tee shot is to swing around with the golfer as he pivots. Accordingly, in order to correct a slice" golfers are instructed to swing their hands in a manner such that their hands swing out and through which, if such instructions are carried out, results in the club head swinging directly along the intended line of flight of the ball during that portion of the swinging of the club head in which the head impacts with the teed ball.
While verbal instruction of a pupil to swing out and through" with his hands is at least partially effective in most instances, the result of such instruction does not approach 100 percent effectiveness and accordingly, it is the main object of this invention to provide means by which the swing of a golfers hands may be guided during each swing.
Another object of this invention, in accordance with the immediately preceding object, is to provide visual means which may be readily viewed by the golfer continuously during the period of swinging a club for a tee shot.
A still further object of this invention, in accordance with the immediately preceding objects, is to provide a visually ascertainable path near ground level, spaced slightly outwardly of the path through which the club head will swing and inclined forwardly and outwardly relative to the last-mentioned path.
Another object is to provide an apparatus which will, in addition to the visual swing corrective path, define a second path visible to the golfer intersecting with the first path extending in the direction of intended flight of the ball and along which the ball may be teed at a point spaced forwardly of the intersecting portions of the paths.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide a panel member having means defining the aforementioned paths with the second path generally paralleling and spaced slightly inwardly of one edge portion of the panel member in order that the panel member edge portion may be utilized as a guide for correct positioning of the golfers feet relative to the paths defined by the panel member and the location in which the ball is to be teed.
A still further object of this invention, in accordance with the immediately preceding object, is to provide a panel member which may be readily altemately produced in a first manner adapting the panel member for outdoor use and a second manner adapting the panel for indoor use.
A final object of this invention to be specifically enumerated herein is to provide a golf swing corrective apparatus in accordance with the preceding objects which will conform to conventional forms of manufacture, be of simple construction and easy to use so as to provide a device that will be economically feasible, long lasting and relatively trouble free in operation.
These together with other objects and advantages which will become subsequently apparent reside in the details of construction and operation as more fully hereinafter described and claimed, reference being had to the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout, and in which:
HO. 1 is a perspective view of a first form of the invention constructed in a manner so as to be adapted for outdoor use;
H6. 2 is an enlarged vertical sectional view taken substantially upon the plane indicated by the section line 2-2 of FIG.
FIG. 3 is a plan view of a second modified form of the invention constructed so as to be adapted for indoor use; and
H6. 4 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view on somewhat of an enlarged scale and taken substantially upon the plane indicated by the section line 4-4 of FIG. 3.
Referring now more specifically to the drawings, and to FIGS. 1 and 2 in particular the numeral 10 generally designates a first form of the invention including a generally rectangular panel member 12 constructed of any suitable flexible and resilient material such as rubber. The panel member 12 is adapted to be spiked to the ground 14 by means of suitable headed spikes l6 driven into the ground 14 through openings (not shown) formed in the four marginal edge portions of the panel member 12.
The panel member 12 has first and second elongated openings 18 and 20 formed therein which are generally straight an intersect at one pair of corresponding end portions. The opening 20 generally parallels and is spaced slightly inwardly of one edge portion 22 of the panel member an the opening 18 diverges away from the opening 20 at its forward end 24,
In use, the panel member 12 may be either loosely laid upon the ground 14 or spiked thereto by means of spikes 16 with the opening 20 extending in the path of intended flight of a tee shot. The ball 26 to be used in the tee shot is teed up on a tee 28 piercing the ground at a point generally centrally intermediate the opposite ends of the opening 20 and centered transversely of the opening 20. The golfer 30 then stands along the edge portion 22 with his feet closely adjacent the edge portion 22 and spaced equally on opposite sides of an upstanding plane passing through the ball 26 and disposed normal to the longitudinal axis of the opening 20 and the edge portion 22. Then, as the golfer 30 swings his club 32 during the tee shot, as the golfers hands 34 approach the bottom portions of the arcs through which they are swung and the golfers body begins to pivot the golfer 30 attempts to have his hands 34 swing out and through along the opening 18, as viewed by the golfer 30. In this manner, the golfer's hands, during that portion of the golfers stroke during which the head 36 of the club 32 impacts with the ball 26, will swing through a vertical plane generally paralleling the longitudinal centerline of the opening 20 with the result that the head 36 of the club 32, during that portion of its swing in which it impacts with the ball 26, moves in a vertical plane extending longitudinally of the opening 20 and in which the ball 26 is contained, thus hitting the ball 26 squarely.
While the apparatus consisting of the first form of the invention 10 does not positively guide the golfers hands 34 in the above set forth manner, the golfer is visually aware of the opening 18 inasmuch as the ground 14 is of a different color than the upper surface of the panel member 12 and therefore the golfer 30 is provided a guide along which he may readily attempt to have his hands 34 move. Of course, after the correct swing is learned by the golfer 30, repeated practice of the swing while using the apparatus 10 will strongly impress upon the golfer 30 the feeling" of a correct swing and the apparatus 10 will subsequently be no longer needed.
With attention now invited more specifically to FIGS. 3 and 4 of the drawings there may be seen a second form of the invention generally referred to by the reference numeral 40 which includes a panel member 42 similar to the panel member 12 but which is secured to a suitable panellike base 44 by threaded fasteners 46 secured through the the panel member 42 and into the base 44. The base 44 may either be placed directly on the ground or used inside and placed upon a floor surface.
Generally straight stripes or paths 48 and 50 corresponding to openings 18 and 20 are defined on the upper surface of the panel member 42 either by a distinctive color paint or distinctive color strips recessed into the upper surface area of the panel member 42 and the latter includes a slot 52 upwardly through which a resilient support member 54 projects. The support member 54 is vertically short and includes a concave upper end face 56 for cradling a golf ball 58 on the upper end of the support member 54 so as to elevate the ball 58 above the upper surface of the panel member 42 in the same manner in which the ball 26 is elevated above the ground 14. Of course, the distinctively colored paths or areas 48 and 50 serve the same purpose as the openings 18 and 20 and therefore it may be seen that the second form of the invention 40 may be used in the same manner in which the first form of the invention is used.
The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention as claimed.
lclaim:
1. Golf swing corrective apparatus comprising means for teeing a golf ball and a generally rectangular panel member disposed on a support surface on which a golfer may stand, said panel member including parallel and straight opposite inside and outside edges as well as opposite end approach and departure end edges and means defining a generally straight visually ascertainable path extending generally diagonally across said panel member from the inside and approach comer portion to the outside and departure corner portion for instructing golfers to swing their hands out and through when swinging at a ball on said teeing means said panel means being so positioned relative to said golf ball teeing means that a golfer may execute a tee shot with said inside edge disposed adjacent the golfer and extending transversely of the direction in which the golfer is facing and said path inclined relative to the intended vertical plane of flight of the tee shot with the forward end portion of the path opposite the forward foot of the golfer spaced outwardly therefrom a distance greater than the spacing of the rear end portion of the path opposite the rear foot of the golfer and with said path intersecting with said plane of flight at a point spaced rearwardly of the location said ball teeing means in said plane.
2. The combination of claim 1 wherein said panel member also includes means defining a second generally straight visually ascertainable path generally paralleling and adjacent said inside edge and intersecting with and terminating at its end adjacent said approach end in the first mentioned path with the second path positioned in said plane and having said ball teeing means disposed in said second path.
3. The combination of claim 2 wherein said paths are inclined approximately 25 to 30 relative to each other.
4. The combination of claim I wherein said panel member includes an upper surface of a given color and said means defining said path comprises distinctively colored upper surface means on said panel member rendering said path visually discernible from the adjacent portions of said upper surface.
5. The combination of claim 1 wherein said panel member also includes means defining a second generally straight visually ascertainable path intersecting with and angulated relative to the first-mentioned path and positioned in said plane with said ball teeing means disposed in said second path,
said panel member including an upper surface of a iv en color and said means defining said paths comprise istinetively colored upper surface means on said panel member rendering said paths visually discernible from the adjacent portions of said upper surface.
6. The combination of claim 1 wherein said panel member includes an upper surface of a given color and said means defining said path comprise edge portions of said panel member bounding an elongated opening formed therethrough comprising said path.
7. The combination of claim 1 wherein said panel member also includes means defining a second generally straight visually ascertainable path intersecting with and angulated relative to the first-mentioned path and positioned in said plane with said ball teeing means disposed in said second path. said panel member including an upper surface of a given color and said means defining said paths comprise edge portions of said panel bounding elongated intersecting openings formed therethrough comprising said paths.
1. Golf swing corrective apparatus comprising means for teeing a golf ball and a generally rectangular panel member disposed on a support surface on which a golfer may stand, said panel member including parallel and straight opposite inside and outside edges as well as opposite end approach and departure end edges and means defining a generally straight visually ascertainable path extending generally diagonally across said panel member from the inside and apProach corner portion to the outside and departure corner portion for instructing golfers to swing their hands out and through when swinging at a ball on said teeing means said panel means being so positioned relative to said golf ball teeing means that a golfer may execute a tee shot with said inside edge disposed adjacent the golfer and extending transversely of the direction in which the golfer is facing and said path inclined relative to the intended vertical plane of flight of the tee shot with the forward end portion of the path opposite the forward foot of the golfer spaced outwardly therefrom a distance greater than the spacing of the rear end portion of the path opposite the rear foot of the golfer and with said path intersecting with said plane of flight at a point spaced rearwardly of the location said ball teeing means in said plane.
2. The combination of claim 1 wherein said panel member also includes means defining a second generally straight visually ascertainable path generally paralleling and adjacent said inside edge and intersecting with and terminating at its end adjacent said approach end in the first mentioned path with the second path positioned in said plane and having said ball teeing means disposed in said second path.
3. The combination of claim 2 wherein said paths are inclined approximately 25 to 30* relative to each other.
4. The combination of claim 1 wherein said panel member includes an upper surface of a given color and said means defining said path comprises distinctively colored upper surface means on said panel member rendering said path visually discernible from the adjacent portions of said upper surface.
5. The combination of claim 1 wherein said panel member also includes means defining a second generally straight visually ascertainable path intersecting with and angulated relative to the first-mentioned path and positioned in said plane with said ball teeing means disposed in said second path, said panel member including an upper surface of a given color and said means defining said paths comprise distinctively colored upper surface means on said panel member rendering said paths visually discernible from the adjacent portions of said upper surface.
6. The combination of claim 1 wherein said panel member includes an upper surface of a given color and said means defining said path comprise edge portions of said panel member bounding an elongated opening formed therethrough comprising said path.
7. The combination of claim 1 wherein said panel member also includes means defining a second generally straight visually ascertainable path intersecting with and angulated relative to the first-mentioned path and positioned in said plane with said ball teeing means disposed in said second path, said panel member including an upper surface of a given color and said means defining said paths comprise edge portions of said panel bounding elongated intersecting openings formed therethrough comprising said paths..
| 34,611 |
sn84022040_1870-02-15_1_2_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,870 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,030 | 4,657 |
THE DAILY APPEAL O. i. Might:::::::::: "Editor. Two years ago, the news was widely circulated. ALUMS WALKER was widely known. The good friend and esteemed citizen, whose name appeared above, is dead. He died between the hours of 10 and 11 o'clock on Saturday last, the 12th inst. His illness (consumption) was of so long duration and his friends, including his family, were on a par with him. He was a member of the Methodist Church, and for his family, he was a member of the Methodist Church. He died in the arms of his brother, Mr. Gideon R. Richmond, who died on the approach of the Dread Destroyer. He looked upon his face as a man of calm and fear, a man of his old time course. The bravery in his heart was the last emotion that inspired. He set his house in order with wonderful precision and rare thoughts for his relatives and friends. He talked of the death and of his burial as calmly and with as little blinking as he would have arranged an ordinary incident of health. He professed no religion, conviction, saying that he could not do so honestly and honorably. He felt that it would arrive her on the 7th inst. to be near his last. moments. It is proper that we should furnish forth some outlines of our dead friend's history. It is beyond the power of our pen to do justice to the admirable traits of his character. Alasco W. Nightingale was born in Ashland county, Ohio, on the 17th of July, 1826. When a lad, he and his brother worked with their father at the painter's trade, in the pursuance of which Lance achieved in after years a much more than ordinary skill. "Lata" and "Gid" were among the pioneers who came to California across the Great Plains. The two brothers were among the pioneers of Marysville, of which city the deceased was elected Chief Engineer in 1856. The same year he was elected to the office of City Marshal. Grace upon his sickbed that he had never sought in health. If honor and frankness and clear conscience are, as we believe them to be, the underlying cardinal elements of a true Christian faith and character, our friend died a Christian. He leaves a deeply bereaved wife whom he had been but a short time married. Some burial forms were observed in the Episcopal Church here. His remains were yesterday taken torysville, where they will be buried beside those of his brother's little son who died several years since. Green grows the turf above thee, Frit-tod of my better days: None knew thee but to They were charged to be armed. Ds. Livisgstosi. Tbe New TorkTri bnne of February 3d, speaking of tbe reported death of tbis traveler, says Dr. David Livingstone is reported to have been burned in Africa as a wizard shal. Be filled both of these position for such was the character be bas Ions -.tahititr. Indeed be was fitted pore mew. wecuia in some reepeets, " . , .... I have better spared Africa than Living for inch business as aemanoeo nc.ivn. ,ton Hl, M , eourage of tbe most combined with sagacity, courage ana I exlied order, for it St-ed tbe tes'a o straightforward integrity. He never I loneliest isolation and wildest colitud .. .. .t ... j. landabsoluteseif.eiilefnim ibecompao filtered for one moment from aey dan- ..a ,h k r a ..... i - - ....... -er, never shirked any responsibility, i Wx$ , Dew Greaibeart in ibe strangest however serious. . IIis quarrels wre al l Pilgrim s Progress wbirh these latter ......... , 1 .f lhtlh.Mkll.ail HMA.MrifiRll.it .tt ilk hahair At nil TrirQQS IDQ OI r J . . . . - i eu oid living aou ui ma, 1,1 m' auu .... L. .M.ttw wnnrm than t h a m al nr. I - ' c" I lime mission which one unaided but no ity of men can claim. I inspired man undertook for tbe sake of Lance went to Frascr River in liar, I God and hit fellow. To be burnt as a I wisard was not tbe fate which saakind would have imagined for such a bene factor as Livingstone; but it crowned ritb sacred fire and recommeoded to I Heaven the life-long sacrifice of a man wbom the world will claim among its I atrttn V a hnnt that the nreaant news and he came to Sevada in the Spring l L,. pro,,M untrue as a previous report 1338, aaderweat terrible perils and hard ships wbilo there, prospecting and ez i loring. He was twice reported dead I by letters from tbat country. He return ed from there in tbe Antamn of 1859 ; I 13G0. He immediately after coming here organised a company of thirty of Livingstone's death. It does not however, reach ns in shape tbat we .. . . j , I aw now able to question. Eight mounted men under the name of The Truckee Rangers; and with this information, he participated in the Indian campaign of that year, serving at one time under the command of Col. Jack Hays, and subsequently making an expedition for into the unknown Black Rock country. He discovered Surprise Valley while on the Mississippi coast. He subsequently settled in Surprise Valley while on the Mississippi coast. He had chickens hatched that day, and that laid September 25th, that they have been having ever since. i:s anena oy terriwruu without showing any inclination to set 2 organised tbe first Republican Con. 1 1 have at present fourteen bens and pal- vention held in that county ; nJ in tbe lets ana one cock, inree oi tne pane., ,. ..tare but half grown, leaving but eleven Fall of 1864 he was nominated to lo do lhe j,.. During fhe month ot cco ot State Controller to wnicn ne December tney laid 151 eggs. Tbe most was elected for a term of two years. I they laid any day was nine on Christ r. : i. i r I mas. A number of day I got eight I The eggs, at prices received fr those I -v "3 sold would have broogut me 6 57. 1 it.9aamation of tba lungs, from the ef I have some refuse from tbe table, and be f-cts of which disorder the pulmonary fde that my whole expense for keeping. T. Ki.h ,. hi. r1th r.. l P' - "If 5 35. I live io tbe city, and tbe bens oubtedly proceeded. He was appoint-1 tafe , range of one small unoccupied lot ed. anon the death of the late T. G S ni-h. Sheriff of Ormsby county. Fail- Gsobos Tcrtt -Tne Humboldt dele-. ... ... gationof the R-publican party, we learu, iTXtealth induce! h.m to resign this wi oein3iroctedu,lirge lh. .omiu.tion o5.-e; and it was the last he ever of George Tufiy. of Carson, for State tell. I Treasurer. If be etould be elected, Lines Sighting-a was a remarkable burglars might break in and pack off the ,. I Sute funds but tbey could not pack off waswuen ne was wuooui th. gu Tr!orrr nriiber dead nor cany superiors for manly beauty, sym. I alive. We fear, however, he will get Qttry of figure, and tbe graceful ac:ivi- shucked" out of it, and loose tbe "bio r waich accompanies those excellent I J f.. He was skilled in all manly ,f.rn - ra aa flret of foot aa a deer : ,,.... I ed, he would oppose himself to any pec- c juld out-swim all his companions ; and I J"r r as one of the best field shots in thel r '. , ness of aspect tbat would be invulnerable, country. He was the most open-heart-1 r ej anj open banded of men ; and we Tsesibls stikbot dis.stir. A sad instance of the bloodthirsty villain would undoubtedly add great weight to the ticket. Moreover, if the assassin of Isaac Green would, the American who was murdered in the city of Havana, has been arrested. By consummate coolness and skill, Lane, the assassin of the American, was a sergeant of Spanish volunteers. The man, a sergeant of Spanish volunteers, was one of the most daring and daring men in the city. His actions of heroism and skill were almost countless. A narrative from the deathbed of a man to see how a man can be tried by court martial. Government has shown a bit of courage. He has the pluck and honesty to veto the Long Primer Hall Bill. Musicians, the great sensation of a new comic opera in Paris, it made by a chorus of mutes. The mutes of a Turkish seraglio are winged on the stage, expressing with their lips sounds they do not sing. At certain movements, upon a very high note given out by all the people together, the silent chorus encircles their arms with a movement said to be irresistibly laughable. Patents for Land. The following patents for land, are now in the United States Land Office at Carson City, and ready for delivery, viz: No. 13 Henry A. Young, 15 Loron A. Scott, 18 Monroe D. Garner, 2- 5 Benjamin B. Bingham, 27 Matson P. Svertevant, 28 Nicholas T. Vecder, 29 Albion K. Lamb. 30 Edwin S. Greene, 31 William J. Thomas, 32 A. H. Langton, 37 Thomas Matlett, 53 Jemima Perkins, 59 Daniel P. Elana, 61 Fountain Lawrence, 62 Hiram H Hurley, 67 Griffith P. Jones, 89 Martin V. Higgins, 93 Edwin R. Cary, 96 Richard Sides, 99 Wm. M. Dnbie, 106 Elijah M. Gregory, 146 Perry Emevich, 128 Henry H. Wywood. 134 Gardner Woodward, 136 Nicholas Ambrosia, 147 Owen Morris, 150 John Lamar, 153 Thomas S. Thompson, 154 John Kemen, 164 John Howard, 164 John C. Hill, 181 Nial U Hamilton, 179 James J. Meder, 182 Joel C. Eastman, 183 Pailo PUn.borg, 196 Rufus Walton, 199 Joseph Kirk, 205 Was. Steele, 206 Geo. Hunt, 220 Henry H. Cwster, 209 Thomas J. Knott, 210 Samuel Simmons, 223 Wm. J. Saunders, 223 Jno. K. Dollison, 220 Wm. A. Kamnbell, 225 Hubert Turentt, 226 Alex. W. Cochrane, 227 William Chubb, 236 Henry S. Savage, 237 Dennis Countryman, 242 Joseph D. Rehurn, 248 Wm. Allen, 261 James Pee, 269 Frederick Myers. All, " 272 Ranson Jones, " 275 Dallas A. Kneaas, H 276 Joseph Seger, " 278 Jas. N. Barton. " 281 Chas. H. Lane, " 281 William Henry, " 284 Maurice Strawe, " 287 Thos. H. Barrett, - 289 Jas. H. Horary, - 291 Warren Howard, - 292 Levi Geer. " 294 John Green, M 295 August Frederick Dressier, " 297 Lewis Countryman, " 298 Peter Countryman, " 299 Henry C. Crippen, " 3U3 Chas. T. Sharp, 3i6 Andrew J. Drennan, 810 David J. Jones, "311 Jno. L. Carey, " 315 Jno. Tucke, 321 Jno. S. Dickey, 322 Augustus E. Stevens, ' 323 Wm S. O'Connor. 324 Jeremiah Murphy, ', 326 Josiah C. Turk, " 328 Chas. C. Niedig. 329 Sebbens Collamore, " 330 Hesekiah P. Mason, " 331 Jno. E. Jones, 332 Geo. P. Harding, " 334 Riley Y. Brown, - 338 Robert A. Campbell, 343 James Madison, 344 Jacob S. Sellers,. 345 Jas. A. Ferguson, 346 Michael Fngarty; " 347 Robt. F. Riddle. " 348 Jeasie L. Winters, 349 Wm. Miller, 350 Sidney C. Moody, " 351 Jno. W. Gray, 3-55 Jno. Parkin, 359 J seph Kelly, " 3 Wm. E. Shimmin, " 3i6 John P. Elliot, 367 F.lizabeth A. Sesieur, 372 Francis Helling, - 373 Ed. D. Sweeney, 376 Go. M Eaton, - 382 David W alley. " 385 Jeasie R. Crookshanks, " 387 Wm- H. Snvder, " 388 Peter Johnson, " 389 Francis A. Cox, 391 Elisha Mallorv, - 392 Jasaea O. Williams, " 393 Alfred Moves, 395 James O. Gregory, 398 Charles N. Harris, - 399 William Coffey, " 403 Jerry G. Blasdett, " 404 Cbarle Wiagin, " 405 Milton J Smith, 406 Laurent Ganthier, 407 Charles W. Collins, 408 James W. Spuxgeon, 410 James Clark, 411 Manna C Kiwaey, 412 Charles C. Gates, 417 James W. BTolbrook, 418 Ferdinand Muauacr, 420 Rodney Aldnch, JohnGd 421 " 422 William Gaaong, - 423 John Munooa, - 428 George W. Mill, - 429 Juan H. Eaton, " 434 Christ Haller, 435 James Merritt, ' " 436 Augustus W. Burrill, - 437 John 8. Neel. " 438 George W. Shearer, " 439 Joan W. Shearer, " 447 Thomas Byrnes, " 447 Thomas Byrnes, " 447 Conrad Hinkey, " 449 Aaron Denio, " 454 Sylvester B. Warden, " 454 John M. Moore. Also Patents for Military Bounty Land Warrants. Act of 1855 : No. 29,907 Joseph S. Cover, " 30,024 Charles E. Smith, " 70,066 William H. Winter. " 71,732 Seth L. Carpenter, " 80,588 Joseph D. Reybam, " 100,825 Oilman N. Fulsom, " 101,321 Elijah P. Tubbs, " 101,468 Harlan P. Noyes, " 101,527 Isach W. Duncan, " 101,546 Thomas B. Howe, " 102,385 Hugo Herekedrath, " 192,390 George Shaffer, " 102,951 Seth C. Clark. Parties holding duplicate Receiver's receipts for any of the foregoing patents, can receive the same by presenting said receipts, or will receive them by mail by sending the duplicate receipts with stamps to pay postage, to the United States Land Office, at Canon City. SPECIFICATIONS. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE ERECTION OF A BUILDING AT THE NORTHERN ORDINANCE HOME, WILL BE RECEIVED AT THE OFFICE OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS, AT CANON CITY, UP TO AND INCLUDING MONDAY, FEBRUARY 21ST, 1870 Together with Estimates of the Cost of the Building, Said building to be Of all other capacity, the committee consists of thirty-four or more, and the members of the committee are not to exceed $100. Estimate to specify and in interest, Black and Wood. By order of the Howard of Fire Commissioners. THOMAS A. MELK, Secretary. Carson City, February 9, 1870. Enterprise copy and send bill to secretary. GRAND BALL! A GRAND BALL WILL BE GIVEN UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS IN CANON, February 13, 1870, to the wife of James Blinnan. PAY YOUR TAXES! HOPE BONNIE SOCIAL CLUB. ON ALL DELINQUENT TAXES. FOR THE yean 187, 1x68, and 1869, in and for Orntty I County, Nerada. not pal j on or bef the ltlth inataat, soils will tneu be commenced rosniTEXV. TUUMAS WELLd, District Attorrjey. Canon City, Febrnary 14, 1870. td PRIVATE BOARDING AND LODGING. MOORE 1 PARKER'S SEW THEATER BALL, C ARSON C1TI, DESIRABLE ACCOMMODATION'S F0K Btavden and Lodan can oa obtained at I uie nooae oa Fowrtni Street, West of Carson, Known as tbe Winnie Ilooee. Caraon, Febraaiy gib, InTO. WASHIHGTOS'S B1KTHDA7, FEBRUARY 22d. 1870. FRUITSt NUTS, FISH, THE proceeds to be applied 91 EATS, ETC. TO IBS OEOROK ZENOVICH'S I PURCHAsixa of A library MARKET I? TILL CONTINUES TO BE THE I bet place in the itai of Nerada for the sale I of every thiufr in tbe way of the dainty Proruions f inuicauNi in tne neadiiig. Caii aad exaniue C4DIE8 A0 FRIITS FOR THE CLUB. FKESH FISH EVERT DAY ! And a constant supply of Callforwla. Nevada aad Kawdwleli lalawd esetables. Carsna. tvemberl9th, !Hr9. tf TICKETS, : 83.50 ROBERT R. SHARP, DENTIST, ORMSBY HOUSE. NEXT DOOR TO FOfTOFFICE CARSON SrKtKT, CAKSO.N CITY. HAS JUST re- crived a bue lot of DENTISTS MATERIAL Direct from tbe Manufactory, Philarttlphia. and often hia flerTjcea to the pei)le uf Ibis place ard vi cinity. Good work warranted at reaauiutble price. Carson, February 7, 170. lm To be had at tbe principal Business nooses in tb City. Canon, Febrnary 7th, 1970. NOTICE 13 HEREBY GIVEN THAT IT IS ACCORDANCE with an Act entitled An Act to Provide for the Building of a State Capitol at the City of New York, approved February 11, 1871, the Board of State Capitol Building Commissioners will receive bids, Plans and Specifications for a State Capitol Building. The building is intended to accommodate the State Capitol and the building the Assembly not to exceed fifty members, and the structure twenty-five. The wall material of said building shall be furnished by the State of New York, including its quarry at the State Prison. The entire cost of said building, when completed, shall not exceed one hundred thousand dollars. Said drawings, plans and specifications will be received by said Board up to or before the 1st of May, 1870. Patterns! Most Approved Hinge and Finish! Practical Jeweler, Watchmaker, and Engraver. All the various varieties of New and Fashionable Jewelry, in the greatest abundance, and of the best quality. X Avana Gifts. CHARLES W. FIELD, Carson Street, near the County Building. Feb. 1, 1871. CHESTNUTS! 10 o'clock A.M., JULY, At which time they will be examined, and such plan adopted as will be deemed best by the said Board reserving the right to reject any or all plans furnished. The ruin of Two II a mired and Fifty Dollars $250.00 will be paid to the person or persons preventing a plan which in favorably passed upon by said Board of Commissioners All plans furnished are required to come within the provisions of the above named Act; to be directed to "The Board of Capitol, Building Commissioners, at Carson City, Nevada," and to be marked in Plans and specifications for Capitol building." J. A. HAZELT, President. F. STANTON, Secretary. Carbon City, Sept., January 21st, 1870. TO THE LATE. HAS A LARGE LOT AND FRESH FURS, Which he has just received per Pacific Railroad. He offers them for sale at the low price of 30 CENTS PER POUND! These cuts are in prime condition for starting. JOSEPH EOSENSTOCK, Carson street February 8th, 1870. DUFFY GOODS, FANCY GOODS, FOR SALE. In the three old cottonwood 9JIJ Street, at 50 Cents each, better routed and larger trees than, have been sold hereto for, for $1. Also, a large lot of FRITIT TREES, raised In this County, SO Five Year Old Flour and Praise Trees, of choice variety. These trees bore fruit last year, and every cluster of trees can testify to the quality. Rose Baskets and Grapes of choice variety for sale. STUBSBET B. UUW. Carson, February 7, 1869.
| 16,174 |
https://github.com/priyankalakhe/java-ilpv4-connector/blob/master/connector-service-impl/src/test/java/org/interledger/connector/balances/RedisBalanceTrackerPreparePacketTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
java-ilpv4-connector
|
priyankalakhe
|
Java
|
Code
| 1,077 | 3,998 |
package org.interledger.connector.balances;
import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import org.interledger.connector.accounts.AccountId;
import org.junit.ClassRule;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisTemplate;
import org.springframework.test.annotation.DirtiesContext;
import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.rules.SpringClassRule;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.rules.SpringMethodRule;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.UUID;
import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
/**
* Unit tests for {@link RedisBalanceTracker} that validates the script and balance-change functionality for handling
* Prepare packets.
*/
@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
@ContextConfiguration(classes = {AbstractRedisBalanceTrackerTest.Config.class})
@DirtiesContext(classMode = DirtiesContext.ClassMode.AFTER_CLASS)
public class RedisBalanceTrackerPreparePacketTest extends AbstractRedisBalanceTrackerTest {
@ClassRule
public static final SpringClassRule SPRING_CLASS_RULE = new SpringClassRule();
@Rule
public final SpringMethodRule springMethodRule = new SpringMethodRule();
@Autowired
RedisBalanceTracker balanceTracker;
@Autowired
RedisTemplate<String, String> redisTemplate;
private Optional<Long> minBalance;
private boolean producesError;
/**
* Required-args Constructor.
*/
public RedisBalanceTrackerPreparePacketTest(
final long existingAccountBalance,
final long existingPrepaidBalance,
final long prepareAmount,
final Optional<Long> minBalance,
final long expectedBalanceInRedis,
final long expectedPrepaidAmountInRedis,
final boolean producesError
) {
super(
existingAccountBalance, existingPrepaidBalance, prepareAmount, expectedBalanceInRedis,
expectedPrepaidAmountInRedis
);
this.minBalance = minBalance;
this.producesError = producesError;
}
@Parameterized.Parameters
public static Collection<Object[]> errorCodes() {
return ImmutableList.of(
// existing_account_balance, existing_prepaid_amount,
// prepare_amount, min_balance,
// expected_balance, expected_prepaid_amount,
// producesError
// clearingBalance = 0, prepaid_amount = 0
// --> no min.
// --> negative min
// --> positive min
// --> min = 0
new Object[]{ZERO, ZERO, PREPARE_ONE, NO_MIN_BALANCE, NEGATIVE_ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{ZERO, ZERO, PREPARE_ONE, NEG_ONE_MIN, NEGATIVE_ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{ZERO, ZERO, PREPARE_ONE, ONE_MIN, ZERO, ZERO, PRODUCES_ERROR},
new Object[]{ZERO, ZERO, PREPARE_ONE, ZERO_MIN, ZERO, ZERO, PRODUCES_ERROR},
// clearingBalance = 0, prepaid_amount > 0
// --> no min.
// --> negative min
// --> positive min
// --> min = 0
new Object[]{ZERO, ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NO_MIN_BALANCE, ZERO, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{ZERO, ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NEG_ONE_MIN, ZERO, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{ZERO, ONE, PREPARE_ONE, ONE_MIN, ZERO, ZERO, PRODUCES_ERROR},
new Object[]{ZERO, ONE, PREPARE_ONE, ZERO_MIN, ZERO, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
// clearingBalance = 0, prepaid_amount < 0
// --> no min.
// --> negative min
// --> positive min
// --> min = 0
new Object[]{ZERO, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NO_MIN_BALANCE, NEGATIVE_ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{ZERO, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NEG_ONE_MIN, ZERO, NEGATIVE_ONE, PRODUCES_ERROR},
new Object[]{ZERO, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, ONE_MIN, ZERO, NEGATIVE_ONE, PRODUCES_ERROR},
new Object[]{ZERO, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, ZERO_MIN, ZERO, NEGATIVE_ONE, PRODUCES_ERROR},
// clearingBalance > 0, prepaid_amount = 0
// --> no min.
// --> negative min
// --> positive min
// --> min = 0
new Object[]{ONE, ZERO, PREPARE_ONE, NO_MIN_BALANCE, ZERO, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{ONE, ZERO, PREPARE_ONE, NEG_ONE_MIN, ZERO, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{ONE, ZERO, PREPARE_ONE, ONE_MIN, ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_ERROR},
new Object[]{ONE, ZERO, PREPARE_ONE, ZERO_MIN, ZERO, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
// clearingBalance > 0, prepaid_amount > 0
// --> no min.
// --> negative min
// --> positive min
// --> min = 0
new Object[]{ONE, ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NO_MIN_BALANCE, ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{ONE, ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NEG_ONE_MIN, ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{ONE, ONE, PREPARE_ONE, ONE_MIN, ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{ONE, ONE, PREPARE_ONE, ZERO_MIN, ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
// clearingBalance > 0, prepaid_amount < 0
// --> no min.
// --> negative min
// --> positive min
// --> min = 0
new Object[]{ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NO_MIN_BALANCE, ZERO, NEGATIVE_ONE, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NEG_ONE_MIN, ZERO, NEGATIVE_ONE, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, ONE_MIN, ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PRODUCES_ERROR},
new Object[]{ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, ZERO_MIN, ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PRODUCES_ERROR},
// clearingBalance < 0, prepaid_amount = 0
// --> no min.
// --> negative min
// --> positive min
// --> min = 0
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, ZERO, PREPARE_ONE, NO_MIN_BALANCE, NEGATIVE_TWO, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, ZERO, PREPARE_ONE, NEG_ONE_MIN, NEGATIVE_ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_ERROR},
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, ZERO, PREPARE_ONE, ONE_MIN, NEGATIVE_ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_ERROR},
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, ZERO, PREPARE_ONE, ZERO_MIN, NEGATIVE_ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_ERROR},
// clearingBalance < 0, prepaid_amount > 0
// --> no min.
// --> negative min
// --> positive min
// --> min = 0
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NO_MIN_BALANCE, NEGATIVE_ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NEG_ONE_MIN, NEGATIVE_ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, ONE, PREPARE_ONE, ONE_MIN, NEGATIVE_ONE, ONE, PRODUCES_ERROR},
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, ONE, PREPARE_ONE, ZERO_MIN, NEGATIVE_ONE, ONE, PRODUCES_ERROR},
// clearingBalance < 0, prepaid_amount < 0
// --> no min.
// --> negative min
// --> min below prepare
// --> positive min
// --> min = 0
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NO_MIN_BALANCE, NEGATIVE_TWO, NEGATIVE_ONE,
PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NEG_ONE_MIN, NEGATIVE_ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PRODUCES_ERROR},
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, NEG_TEN_MIN, NEGATIVE_TWO, NEGATIVE_ONE, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, ONE_MIN, NEGATIVE_ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PRODUCES_ERROR},
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PREPARE_ONE, ZERO_MIN, NEGATIVE_ONE, NEGATIVE_ONE, PRODUCES_ERROR},
// Prepaid amt > from_amt
new Object[]{NEGATIVE_ONE, TEN, PREPARE_ONE, ZERO_MIN, NEGATIVE_ONE, 9L, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR},
// Prepaid_amt < from_amt, but > 0
new Object[]{TEN, ONE, TEN, ZERO_MIN, ONE, ZERO, PRODUCES_NO_ERROR}
);
}
@Override
protected RedisTemplate getRedisTemplate() {
return this.redisTemplate;
}
/////////////////
// Prepare Script (Null Checks)
/////////////////
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void updateBalanceForPrepareWithNullAccountId() {
try {
balanceTracker.updateBalanceForPrepare(null, ONE, Optional.ofNullable(ZERO));
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
assertThat(e.getMessage(), is("sourceAccountId must not be null"));
throw e;
}
}
@Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
public void updateBalanceForPrepareWithNullMinBalance() {
try {
balanceTracker.updateBalanceForPrepare(ACCOUNT_ID, ONE, null);
} catch (NullPointerException e) {
assertThat(e.getMessage(), is("minBalance must not be null"));
throw e;
}
}
/////////////////
// Prepare Script (No Account in Redis)
/////////////////
/**
* Verify the correct clearingBalance when no account exists in Redis.
*/
@Test
public void updateBalanceForPrepareWhenNoAccountInRedis() {
final AccountId accountId = AccountId.of(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
balanceTracker.updateBalanceForPrepare(
accountId, ONE, Optional.ofNullable(NEGATIVE_TEN)
);
final AccountBalance loadedBalance = balanceTracker.balance(accountId);
assertThat(loadedBalance.clearingBalance(), is(NEGATIVE_ONE));
assertThat(loadedBalance.prepaidAmount(), is(ZERO));
assertThat(loadedBalance.netBalance().longValue(), is(NEGATIVE_ONE));
}
/**
* Verify the correct clearingBalance when no account exists in Redis, but the minimum value is 0.
*/
@Test(expected = BalanceTrackerException.class)
public void updateBalanceForPrepareWhenNoAccountInRedisZeroMinBalance() {
final AccountId accountId = AccountId.of(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
try {
balanceTracker.updateBalanceForPrepare(accountId, ONE, Optional.ofNullable(ZERO));
fail("should have failed but did not!");
} catch (BalanceTrackerException e) {
assertTrue(e.getMessage().contains(
String.format("Error handling prepare with sourceAmount `%s` from accountId `%s`", ONE, accountId.value(), ZERO,
ZERO))
);
throw e;
}
}
/**
* Verify the correct clearingBalance when no account exists in Redis and the minBalance is unspecified.
*/
@Test
public void updateBalanceForPrepareWhenNoAccountInRedisAndNoMinBalance() {
final AccountId accountId = AccountId.of(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
balanceTracker.updateBalanceForPrepare(accountId, ONE, Optional.empty());
final AccountBalance loadedBalance = balanceTracker.balance(accountId);
assertThat(loadedBalance.clearingBalance(), is(NEGATIVE_ONE));
assertThat(loadedBalance.prepaidAmount(), is(ZERO));
assertThat(loadedBalance.netBalance().longValue(), is(NEGATIVE_ONE));
}
/**
* Verify the correct clearingBalance when the `min_balance` is greater than the
*/
@Test
public void updateBalanceForPrepareWithParamterizedValues() {
this.initializeAccount(ACCOUNT_ID, this.existingClearingBalance, this.existingPrepaidBalance);
if (producesError) {
try {
if (this.minBalance.isPresent()) {
balanceTracker.updateBalanceForPrepare(ACCOUNT_ID, prepareAmount, minBalance);
} else {
balanceTracker.updateBalanceForPrepare(ACCOUNT_ID, prepareAmount, Optional.empty());
}
fail(String.format("Should have produced an error, but did not. " +
"prepareAmount: `%s`, minBalance: `%s`, " +
"existingClearingBalance: `%s`, existingPrepaidBalance: `%s`, " +
"expectedClearingBalanceInRedis: `%s`, expectedPrepaidAmountInRedis: `%s`",
prepareAmount, minBalance,
this.existingClearingBalance, this.existingPrepaidBalance,
this.expectedClearingBalanceInRedis, this.expectedPrepaidAmountInRedis)
);
} catch (BalanceTrackerException e) {
assertTrue(e.getMessage().contains(
String.format("Error handling prepare with sourceAmount `%s` from accountId `%s`",
prepareAmount, ACCOUNT_ID.value(), existingClearingBalance,
minBalance.map(Object::toString).orElse(""))));
return;
}
} else {
if (this.minBalance.isPresent()) {
balanceTracker.updateBalanceForPrepare(
ACCOUNT_ID, this.prepareAmount, this.minBalance
);
} else {
balanceTracker.updateBalanceForPrepare(
ACCOUNT_ID, this.prepareAmount, Optional.empty()
);
}
final AccountBalance loadedBalance = balanceTracker.balance(ACCOUNT_ID);
assertThat(loadedBalance.clearingBalance(), is(expectedClearingBalanceInRedis));
assertThat(loadedBalance.prepaidAmount(), is(expectedPrepaidAmountInRedis));
assertThat(loadedBalance.netBalance().longValue(), is(
expectedClearingBalanceInRedis + expectedPrepaidAmountInRedis));
}
}
}
| 40,416 |
US-202217741818-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,256 | 9,250 |
Image stabilization apparatus, image stabilization control method, and computer-readable storage medium
ABSTRACT
An image stabilization apparatus comprises: a first obtaining unit that obtains orientation information of an image capturing apparatus; a determining unit that, on the basis of the orientation information, determines a reference position of an image sensor included in the image capturing apparatus; and a calculating unit that calculates a correction amount for performing image stabilization by moving a position of the image sensor from the reference position in a plane intersecting with an optical axis. The reference position is different between when the orientation information indicates that the image capturing apparatus is in a first orientation and when the orientation information indicates that the image capturing apparatus is in a second orientation.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 16/867,595,filed May 6, 2020, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporatedby reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image stabilization apparatus, animage stabilization control method, and a computer-readable storagemedium.
Description of the Related Art
Some image capturing apparatuses have image stabilization mechanisms forsuppressing image blur caused by the photographer's hand shaking or thelike. An image stabilization mechanism corrects image blur by moving animage sensor in orthogonal and rotational directions relative to anoptical axis. When there is a high amplitude of vibration, the imagesensor is moved extensively to suppress the resulting image blur.However, when there is no leeway in terms of the size of the imagecircle of the lens attached to the image capturing apparatus, or whenmanufacturing error or the like has resulted in the center of the imagecircle being shifted, moving the image sensor extensively makes itimpossible to obtain a sufficient amount of light at the corner parts ofthe image sensor. This results in vignetting, where the corner parts ofthe shot image are dark. If the image sensor is therefore moved within arange where such vignetting has little effect, the amount of movement ofthe image sensor will not be sufficient to fully correct the image blur.
Accordingly, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-027926 proposescommunicating position information of the center of the image circle ofa lens (i.e., the optical axis of the lens) to the camera and thenshifting the image sensor so that the center of the image sensorcoincides with the optical axis of the lens. Doing so makes it possibleto eliminate shifting of the lens optical axis caused by manufacturingerror or the like, which in turn ensures, to a certain degree, therequired amount of movement in the image sensor for correcting imageblur.
However, the center position, size, and so on of the image circle differdepending on the orientation of the image capturing apparatus, as wellas the state of the lens, including the focal length, the focal state,the aperture, and so on. Thus in an interchangeable lens-type imagecapturing system, the lens which is attached and used may notnecessarily have optical axis position information that corresponds tothe orientation of the image capturing apparatus, the state of the lens,and so on. Accordingly, in situations where information of the imagecircle cannot be obtained, it has been unclear how to appropriatelydetermine a target position for the center of the image sensor at whichthere will be little loss of image quality when correcting image blur.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention has been made in consideration of the abovesituation, and makes it possible to correct image blur while suppressingthe effects of vignetting in response to a variety of situations in animage capturing system.
According to the present invention, provided is an image stabilizationapparatus, comprising: a first obtaining unit that obtains orientationinformation of an image capturing apparatus; a determining unit that, onthe basis of the orientation information, determines a referenceposition of an image sensor included in the image capturing apparatus;and a calculating unit that calculates a correction amount forperforming image stabilization by moving a position of the image sensorfrom the reference position in a plane intersecting with an opticalaxis, wherein the reference position is different between when theorientation information indicates that the image capturing apparatus isin a first orientation and when the orientation information indicatesthat the image capturing apparatus is in a second orientation, andwherein each unit is implemented by at least one processor or circuitry,or combination thereof.
Further, according to the present invention, provided is an imagestabilization apparatus, comprising: a first obtaining unit thatobtains, from at least one of an image capturing apparatus and a lensunit attached to the image capturing apparatus, a state of the imagecapturing apparatus and/or the lens unit; a second obtaining unit that,when the state satisfies a predetermined condition, obtains lensinformation corresponding to the state from lens information of the lensunit corresponding to a plurality of predetermined states; a determiningunit that determines a reference position of an image sensor included inthe image capturing apparatus; and a calculating unit that calculates acorrection amount for performing image stabilization by moving aposition of the image sensor from the reference position in a planeintersecting with an optical axis, wherein when the state satisfying thepredetermined condition is not obtained by the first obtaining unit, thedetermining unit determines the reference position through a firstmethod based on information aside from the lens information, and whereineach unit is implemented by at least one processor or circuitry, orcombination thereof.
Further, according to the present invention, provided is an imagestabilization control method, comprising: obtaining orientationinformation of an image capturing apparatus; determining, on the basisof the orientation information, a reference position of an image sensorincluded in the image capturing apparatus; and calculating a correctionamount for performing image stabilization by moving a position of theimage sensor from the reference position in a plane intersecting with anoptical axis, wherein the reference position is different between whenthe orientation information indicates that the image capturing apparatusis in a first orientation and when the orientation information indicatesthat the image capturing apparatus is in a second orientation.
Further, according to the present invention, provided is an imagestabilization control method, comprising: obtaining, from at least oneof an image capturing apparatus and a lens unit attached to the imagecapturing apparatus, a state of the image capturing apparatus and/or thelens unit; obtaining, when the state satisfies a predeterminedcondition, lens information corresponding to the state from lensinformation of the lens unit corresponding to a plurality ofpredetermined states; determining a reference position of an imagesensor included in the image capturing apparatus; and calculating acorrection amount for performing image stabilization by moving aposition of the image sensor from the reference position in a planeintersecting with an optical axis, wherein when the state satisfying thepredetermined condition is not obtained, in the determining, thereference position is determined through a first method based oninformation aside from the lens information.
Further, according to the present invention, provided is acomputer-readable storage medium in which is stored a program forcausing a computer to function as the respective units in the imagestabilization apparatus comprising: a first obtaining unit that obtainsorientation information of an image capturing apparatus; a determiningunit that, on the basis of the orientation information, determines areference position of an image sensor included in the image capturingapparatus; and a calculating unit that calculates a correction amountfor performing image stabilization by moving a position of the imagesensor from the reference position in a plane intersecting with anoptical axis, wherein the reference position is different between whenthe orientation information indicates that the image capturing apparatusis in a first orientation and when the orientation information indicatesthat the image capturing apparatus is in a second orientation.
Further, according to the present invention, provided is acomputer-readable storage medium in which is stored a program forcausing a computer to function as the respective units in the imagestabilization apparatus comprising: a first obtaining unit that obtains,from at least one of an image capturing apparatus and a lens unitattached to the image capturing apparatus, a state of the imagecapturing apparatus and/or the lens unit; a second obtaining unit that,when the state satisfies a predetermined condition, obtains lensinformation corresponding to the state from lens information of the lensunit corresponding to a plurality of predetermined states; a determiningunit that determines a reference position of an image sensor included inthe image capturing apparatus; and a calculating unit that calculates acorrection amount for performing image stabilization by moving aposition of the image sensor from the reference position in a planeintersecting with an optical axis, wherein when the state satisfying thepredetermined condition is not obtained by the first obtaining unit, thedetermining unit determines the reference position through a firstmethod based on information aside from the lens information.
Further features of the present invention will become apparent from thefollowing description of exemplary embodiments (with reference to theattached drawings).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention, andtogether with the description, serve to explain the principles of theinvention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a functional configuration of animage capturing system according to embodiments of the presentinvention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of an image sensor unit accordingto embodiments.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating operations of an image capturingapparatus according to embodiments.
FIG. 4A is a schematic diagram illustrating a relationship between animage circle of a lens and an image capturing region.
FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating an example of an image captured whenshooting a solid surface having a uniform brightness after moving animage sensor to correct image blur in a situation as illustrated in FIG.4A.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a relationship between animage circle of a lens and an image capturing region according toembodiments.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a relationship between animage circle of a lens and an image capturing region according toembodiments.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating processing for moving the center ofan image sensor according to embodiments.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating operations in a first determinationmethod according to embodiments.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating operations in a second determinationmethod according to embodiments.
FIGS. 10A to 10C are diagrams illustrating examples of lens informationaccording to embodiments.
FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating operations of an image capturingapparatus according to a second embodiment.
FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating operations of an image capturingapparatus according to a third embodiment.
FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating processing for moving the center ofan image sensor according to a fourth embodiment.
DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
Hereinafter, embodiments will be described in detail with reference tothe attached drawings. Note, the following embodiments are not intendedto limit the scope of the claimed invention. Multiple features aredescribed in the embodiments, but limitation is not made an inventionthat requires all such features, and multiple such features may becombined as appropriate. Furthermore, in the attached drawings, the samereference numerals are given to the same or similar configurations, andredundant description thereof is omitted.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the functional configuration ofan image capturing system according to embodiments of the presentinvention. The image capturing system includes a camera body 100, whichis an image capturing apparatus, and a lens unit 200 which can beattached to and removed from the camera body 100.
First Embodiment
In the camera body 100, a microcomputer (“MPU” hereinafter) 101 is acontrol unit that comprehensively controls the operations of the variousconstituent elements of the image capturing system. The MPU 101 controlsa shutter driving circuit 104, an image signal processing circuit 105, aswitch sensor circuit 106, and an image stabilization driving circuit109. The MPU 101 also holds data in Electrically Erasable ProgrammableRead-Only Memory (EEPROM) 115. Furthermore, the MPU 101 loads data whichis temporarily needed in DRAM 116, and accesses that data whennecessary.
The MPU 101 communicates with a lens control circuit 202 within the lensunit 200 via a mount contact point 21. When the lens unit 200 is mountedto a mount part 120 of the camera body 100, the MPU 101 determineswhether or not it is possible to communicate with the lens controlcircuit 202 by receiving a signal through the mount contact point 21.Note that the mount part 120 is annular, and is configured so that thelens unit 200 can be mounted to and removed from the mount part 120.
The lens control circuit 202 controls the driving of a lens 201 and anaperture stop 205 in an imaging optical system via an autofocus (AF)driving circuit 203 and an aperture driving circuit 204, in response tocontrol signals received from the MPU 101. Although FIG. 1 illustratesonly a single lens 201 for the sake of simplicity, the lens 201 isactually constituted by multiple lenses, including a focus lens and thelike. Furthermore, the lens control circuit 202 reads out necessaryinformation by communicating with EEPROM 206 provided in the lens unit200. The EEPROM 206 stores lens information such as image circle centerposition information, image circle diameter information, information ofthe highest-resolution position, resolution distribution information,and the like for each individual lens unit 200.
The MPU 101 carries out focus detection computations according to aphase difference detection method on the basis of an image signalobtained by an image sensor 430 photoelectrically converting an opticalimage of a subject. Specifically, the MPU 101 calculates a defocusamount and direction using the image signal, and sends a control signalto the lens control circuit 202. The lens control circuit 202 carriesout control for moving the focus lens to an in-focus position via the AFdriving circuit 203 in accordance with the calculated defocus amount anddirection.
A shutter unit 32 is a mechanical focal plane shutter, and includesfront curtain blades and rear curtain blades. When not shooting, as wellas when shooting a moving image, the front curtain blades and the rearcurtain blades are held in an exposure position, which allows lightbeams to pass from the subject to the image sensor 430.
However, when shooting a still image, light beams for shooting an imageare allowed to pass by the front curtain blades performing exposuretravel, in which the front curtain blades move from a light-blockingposition to an exposure position. After a set exposure time (shutterspeed) has passed, the rear curtain blades perform light-blockingtravel, in which the rear curtain blades move from the exposure positionto the light-blocking position. This completes the shooting for a singleimage's worth of data. The shutter unit 32 is controlled by the shutterdriving circuit 104 in response to control commands from the MPU 101.Note that instead of front curtain blades, the exposure time may becontrolled by what is known as an “electronic front curtain”, whichresets charges in the image sensor 430.
An image sensor unit 400 includes an optical low-pass filter 410, theimage sensor 430, and an image stabilization mechanism unit. The imagesensor 430 is an image sensing device using a CMOS, a CCD, or the like,for example, and outputs an analog image signal by photoelectricallyconverting an optical image of a subject which has been formed. Althoughdetails will be given later, the image stabilization mechanism unitincludes a driving coil 460 and a position detection sensor 480. Imagestabilization operations are carried out by the image stabilizationdriving circuit 109 controlling the electrification of the driving coil460, and moving the image sensor 430, on the basis of the detectionsignal resulting from hand shake or the like.
The image signal processing circuit 105 carries out analog/digital (A/D)conversion processing on the analog image signal output from the imagesensor 430, and further executes image processing, such as noise removalprocessing, gain adjustment processing, and the like, on the obtaineddigital image data.
A color liquid crystal driving circuit 112 causes an image to bedisplayed in the screen of a color liquid crystal monitor 19, inaccordance with the image data output by the image signal processingcircuit 105. This makes it possible for a user to monitor the image heor she is about to shoot, confirm an image he or she has shot, and soon. The color liquid crystal driving circuit 112 also causes images tobe displayed in the screen of an eyepiece-based liquid crystal monitor30. The camera body 100 includes a viewfinder 33 through which thesubject can be observed, and the user can observe an image displayed inthe eyepiece-based liquid crystal monitor 30, in an optically-enlargedmanner, through an ocular lens 31 provided within the viewfinder 33.
The switch sensor circuit 106 detects a switch (SW) signal from anoperation member and outputs that signal to the MPU 101. FIG. 1illustrates a release switch (SW) 41 (41 a, 41 b), an imagestabilization setting switch (SW) 42, a power switch (SW) 43, and ashooting mode setting dial 44 as examples of operation members. Therelease SW 41 is a starting switch used when the user instructs shootingto start, and has a switch structure which is operated in steps. Forexample, a first switch SW1 (41 a) turns on with a first stroke, whenthe switch is pressed halfway or the like, and a second switch SW2 (41b) turns on with a second stroke, when the switch is fully depressed orthe like. The image stabilization setting SW 42 is a switch for settingimage stabilization processing on and off. The power SW 43 is a switchfor turning the power to the camera body 100 on and off. The shootingmode setting dial 44 is a rotational operation member used to select andset shooting modes such as still image shooting, moving image shooting,and the like.
A shake detection sensor 50 detects shake in the camera body 100 causedby the user's hand shaking, movement in the user's body, and so on. Anangular velocity sensor such as a gyrosensor or the like is used for theshake detection sensor 50. The shake detection sensor 50 detects, forexample, an angular velocity in each of a horizontal direction (an Xdirection) orthogonal to an image capturing optical axis, a verticaldirection (a Y direction) orthogonal to the image capturing opticalaxis, and a direction of rotation about the image capturing optical axis(a roll direction). A shake detection signal from the shake detectionsensor 50 is output to the MPU 101.
The position detection sensor 480 in the image sensor unit 400 includesa Hall device or the like, and detects a position of the image sensor430. The position detection sensor 480 detects displacement in the Xdirection, displacement in the Y direction, and rotational displacementin a direction about the optical axis (the roll direction), and outputsa position detection signal to the MPU 101.
An orientation detection sensor 60 detects an orientation of the camerabody 100. As the orientations of the camera, the orientation detectionsensor 60 detects an upright position, a vertical position rotated 90°to the right, a vertical position rotated 90° to the left, a state inwhich the lens is pointed downward, and a state in which the lens ispointed upward. The orientation detection sensor 60 furthermore detectsa pitched state (an intermediate state between the upright position anda state in which the lens is pointed downward or upward), a state ofrotation (an intermediate state between the upright position and thevertical position), and so on. An accelerometer is used for theorientation detection sensor 60, and an orientation detection signalexpressing the orientation detected by the orientation detection sensor60 is output to the MPU 101.
A proximity sensor 70 is disposed near a member that holds the ocularlens 31, and detects when the user's face is near the viewfinder 33. Inother words, the proximity sensor 70 detects whether or not the user islooking into the viewfinder of the camera body 100. An infrared lightprojecting/receiving sensor can be used for the proximity sensor 70. Anoutput signal from the proximity sensor 70 is output to the MPU 101.
The MPU 101 obtains a state of the lens unit 200 via the mount contactpoint 21 (here, the “state” refers to at least one of an F number, thefocal length, and the focal state), and also obtains an orientationsignal (orientation information) from the orientation detection sensor60. This information will be called the “state of the image capturingsystem” hereinafter.
The configuration of the image sensor unit 400 will be described nextwith reference to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of theimage sensor unit 400. The image capturing optical axis is defined as aZ axis, an axis in the horizontal direction orthogonal to the Z axis isdefined as an X axis, and an axis in the vertical direction orthogonalto both the Z axis and the X axis is defined as a Y axis. The positionalrelationships between the units will be described assuming that asubject side corresponds to a forward side. To correct image blur in theX direction, the Y direction, and the direction of rotation about theoptical axis (the roll direction), the image sensor unit 400 can movethe image sensor 430 in each of those directions. The optical low-passfilter 410 is a single birefringent plate, formed as a rectangle fromcrystal, and is disposed on the forward side of the image sensor 430.
A shift holder 420 is a mobile member that holds the optical low-passfilter 410 and the image sensor 430 and is capable of moving in the Xdirection, the Y direction, and the roll direction. The image sensor 430is fixed to the shift holder 420 by a fastening member (not shown), orwith an adhesive. A shift base 440 constitutes part of a base member ofthe image sensor unit 400, and is disposed on the rear side of the imagesensor 430. A front base 450 is a member which is substantially L-shapedwhen viewed from the front, and is disposed on the side of the shiftholder 420 opposite from the side on which the shift base 440 isdisposed (i.e., the forward side). The shift base 440 and the front base450 are formed from a soft magnetic material such as iron. Part of thefront base 450 is linked to the shift base 440, and is integrated withthe shift base 440. In other words, the shift base 440 and the frontbase 450 constitute the base member (fixing member) of the image sensorunit 400, and support the mobile member in a mobile state. The shiftbase 440 is fastened to a main part of the camera body 100.
As the driving coil 460 indicated in FIG. 1, an X direction driving coil460 a and Y direction driving coils 460 b and 460 c are provided. Thesecoils are soldered to a flexible board (not shown) and are affixed tothe shift holder 420 by an adhesive. The X direction driving coil 460 ais disposed on a right side of the image sensor 430 when viewed from thefront. The Y direction driving coils 460 b and 460 c are disposed on alower side of the image sensor 430, symmetrically with respect to a YZplane and with a predetermined gap between the coils in the X direction.Along with an X direction permanent magnet 470 a and Y directionpermanent magnets 470 b and 470 c, the X direction driving coil 460 aand the Y direction driving coils 460 b and 460 c constitute anelectromagnetic driving unit of the image sensor unit 400.
The X direction permanent magnet 470 a and the Y direction permanentmagnets 470 b and 470 c are affixed to the shift base 440 by anadhesive. The N pole and the S pole of the X direction permanent magnet470 a are arranged in the X direction, whereas the N pole and the S poleof the Y direction permanent magnets 470 b and 470 c are arranged in theY direction. The permanent magnets 470 a, 470 b, and 470 c are disposedopposing the driving coils 460 a, 460 b, and 460 c, respectively.Specifically, one side part of each driving coil always overlaps withthe N pole of the corresponding permanent magnet with respect to the Zdirection, and the other side of the driving coil always overlaps withthe S pole of the corresponding permanent magnet with respect to the Zdirection.
When the image stabilization driving circuit 109 electrifies the Xdirection driving coil 460 a, a magnetic flux produced by the drivingcoil 460 a and a magnetic flux produced by the X direction permanentmagnet 470 a interfere magnetically, which produces Lorentz force. Theshift holder 420 attempts to move linearly in the X direction relativeto the shift base 440, with the Lorentz force produced by theelectromagnetic driving unit acting as thrust (driving force).
On the other hand, when the image stabilization driving circuit 109electrifies the Y direction driving coils 460 b and 460 c, a magneticflux produced by the driving coils 460 b and 460 c and a magnetic fluxproduced by the Y direction permanent magnets 470 b and 470 c interferemagnetically, which produces Lorentz force. The shift holder 420attempts to move linearly in the Y direction relative to the shift base440, with the Lorentz force produced by the electromagnetic driving unitacting as thrust (driving force). Furthermore, the Y direction thrustsproduced in the driving coils 460 b and 460 c can be set to differentvalues by individually adjusting the magnitude of the currents in the Ydirection driving coils 460 b and 460 c. As a result, the shift holder420 can be rotated relative to the shift base 440.
A position detection sensor 480 a and position detection sensors 480 band 480 c are provided as the position detection sensor 480 illustratedin FIG. 1. The position detection sensor 480 a is a Hall device,disposed near the X direction driving coil 460 a, that detects Xdirection displacement of the mobile member, including the shift holder420. On the other hand, the position detection sensors 480 b and 480 care Hall devices, disposed near respective ones of the Y directiondriving coils 460 b and 460 c, that detect Y direction displacement ofthe mobile member, including the shift holder 420. Each of the positiondetection sensors 480 a, 480 b, and 480 c is disposed near themagnetization boundary of the corresponding opposing permanent magnet,is soldered to a flexible board or the like (not shown), and is affixedto the shift holder 420 by an adhesive. Each of the position detectionsensors 480 a, 480 b, and 480 c outputs an electrical signalcorresponding to a change in the magnetic flux produced from thecorresponding opposing permanent magnet.
A plurality of balls 490 are rolling members held between the shiftholder 420 and the shift base 440, and in the example illustrated inFIG. 2, three balls are used. Each of the balls 490 contacts holdingparts (not shown) formed in the shift holder 420 and the shift base 440,and are capable of rolling as the shift holder 420 moves relative to theshift base 440. The shift holder 420 is biased toward the shift base 440by a magnetic attraction member or an elastic member. Accordingly, eachof the balls 490 can be held between the shift holder 420 and the shiftbase 440 in a compressed state.
Image stabilization operations by the image sensor unit 400 having theaforementioned configuration will be described next. When the camerabody 100 is shaken due to the user's hand shaking or the like, angularshake and rotational shake arise with respect to the optical axis of theimaging optical system. As such, the image stabilization operationscancel out image shake by moving the image sensor 430 in the directionopposite from the direction in which the image shake is occurring.
When image stabilization operations are turned on using the imagestabilization setting SW 42, and hand shake has arisen in the camerabody 100 in at least one of the X direction, the Y direction, and theroll direction, the outputs of the shake detection sensor 50 in each ofthe directions are integrated, and an angular shake amount is calculatedfor each of the directions. The angular shake amount calculated for eachdirection is sent to the MPU 101.
The MPU 101 then calculates target values for controlling the movementof the image sensor 430, which is required to correct the image blur, onthe basis of the angular shake amounts from the shake detection sensor50. These target values correspond to target positions in the Xdirection, the Y direction, and the roll direction. The MPU 101calculates a shake correction amount for moving the image sensor 430 tothe position corresponding to the calculated target values, and outputsthat shake correction amount to the image stabilization driving circuit109. In accordance with the shake correction amount from the MPU 101,the image stabilization driving circuit 109 controls the electrificationof the X direction driving coil 460 a and the Y direction driving coils460 b and 460 c in order to move the image sensor 430 to the targetposition.
The position detection sensor 480 calculates a position of the mobilemember including the image sensor 430. In other words, detection signalsfor the X direction displacement, the Y direction displacement, and theroll direction rotational displacement of the image sensor 430 are sentto the MPU 101. The MPU 101 compares the target position correspondingto the target values for the X direction, the Y direction, and the rolldirection with a detected position of the image sensor 430 detected bythe position detection sensor 480. The MPU 101 outputs a control signalto the image stabilization driving circuit 109 so as to reduce adifference between the target position and the detection position. As aresult of this feedback control, the image sensor 430 moves toward thetarget position, which suppresses image blur.
Note that the image stabilization in the rotation direction (the rolldirection) may be carried out using a known technique. For example, afirst angular shake amount is calculated through a process which addsthe angular shake amount in the Y direction to the angular shake amountin the roll direction. A second angular shake amount is calculatedthrough a process which subtracts the angular shake amount in the rolldirection from the angular shake amount in the Y direction. Feedbackcontrol is carried out for the driving coil 460 b so as to eliminate adifference between the first angular shake amount obtained in thismanner and the position detected by the position detection sensor 480 b.Furthermore, feedback control is carried out for the driving coil 460 cso as to eliminate a difference between the second angular shake amountand the position detected by the position detection sensor 480 c.
Operations carried out by the camera body 100 according to the presentembodiment when image stabilization is on will be described next withreference to the flowchart in FIG. 3. First, in step S101, the MPU 101determines whether or not an operation for turning the power SW 43 onhas been made. The determination process of step S101 is repeated untilan operation for turning the power SW 43 has been made. Once the userhas made an operation for turning the power SW 43 on, and the power isturned on, the process moves to step S102.
In step S102, the MPU 101 executes a process for starting up the imagecapturing system (system on operations). Specifically, power is suppliedto the various circuits, and initial system settings, system operationsfor enabling shooting operations, and the like are carried out. Also instep S102, communication is carried out with the lens control circuit202 to obtain the lens information unique to the lens unit, i.e., theimage circle center position information, the image circle diameterinformation, the information of the highest-resolution position, and theresolution distribution information, which is recorded in the EEPROM206. The obtained information is stored in the DRAM 116.
In step S103, the MPU 101 obtains the state of the image capturingsystem, and using the lens information obtained in step S102, calculatesa position to serve as a reference during stabilization control of theimage sensor 430 (a reference position) on the basis of the obtainedstate of the image capturing system. Then, in response to a controlsignal from the MPU 101, the image stabilization driving circuit 109controls the electrification of the X direction driving coil 460 a andthe Y direction driving coils 460 b and 460 c, and moves the imagesensor 430 so that a center position of the image sensor 430 coincideswith the reference position.
The concepts of the state of the image capturing system and the movementof the center position of the image sensor 430 will be described herewith reference to FIGS. 4A, 4B, 5, and 6. The “state of the imagecapturing system” is information obtained by the MPU 101, such as thecamera orientation, the F number, the focal length, the focal state, andthe like. Here, however, only the camera orientation will be describedas an example, for the sake of simplicity.
FIGS. 4A, 5, and 6 are schematic diagrams illustrating examples of apositional relationship between the image circle of the lens unit 200and an image capturing region of the image sensor 430. The position andsize of the image circle can be obtained from the image circle centerposition information and the image circle diameter information includedin the lens information, and differ depending on the lens unit.Accordingly, the positional relationship described below is merely anexample, and differs depending on the lens unit 200.
In FIG. 4A, 300 indicates the image circle of the lens unit 200 when theorientation of the camera body 100 corresponds to the upright position.As one example, the center of an image capturing region 500 of the imagesensor 430 (i.e., the center of the image sensor 430) is assumed tocoincide with a center 300 a of the image circle 300 (i.e., the opticalaxis of the lens 201 when in the upright position).
Here, when the orientation of the camera body 100 is changed from theupright position to a vertical position rotated 90° to the right, theimage circle moves to the position indicated by 310. The image circlemoves because the lens 201 in the imaging optical system moves dependingon the camera orientation, due to manufacturing error, looseness, and soon in the lens. However, the image capturing region 500 does not move,and thus a corner part D of the image capturing region 500 will approachan outer edge part of the image circle 310. This reduces the leewayavailable for moving the image sensor 430 in order to correct imageblur. In this state, if, when viewed from the front, the image sensor430 is moved to the right in order to correct image blur, the cornerpart D will exit the image circle 310. FIG. 4B illustrates an example ofa shot image obtained when shooting a solid surface having a uniformbrightness at this time. As illustrated in FIG. 4B, a sufficient amountof light cannot be obtained at the corner part D, and thus the part ofthe shot image corresponding to the corner part D appears dark. Althoughthis problem can be solved by making the image circle larger, doing sohas the disadvantage of increasing the size of the interchangeable lensunit.
Accordingly, in the present embodiment, when the image circle moves asdescribed above in response to changes in the orientation, the imagecapturing region 500 is moved to an image capturing region 510 on thebasis of lens information based on orientation detection signals fromthe orientation detection sensor 60, as illustrated in FIG. 5. As aresult, the center of the image capturing region 510 (i.e., the centerof the image sensor 430) is caused to approach, and coincide with, acenter 310 a of the image circle 310 (i.e., the optical axis of the lens201 when in the vertical position rotated 90° to the right). Doing soprovides leeway in terms of the distance from the image capturing region510 to the outer edge part of the image circle 310 at the corner part Dof the image capturing region 510. In this state, even if, when viewedfrom the front, the image sensor 430 is moved to the right in order tocorrect image blur, the corner part D will not exit the image circle310. This makes it possible to obtain a favorable image without darknessat the corner part D of the shot image.
Although the foregoing describes causing the center of the imagecapturing region to coincide with the optical axis of the lens 201, itis not absolutely necessary to do so. The center of the image capturingregion need not coincide with the optical axis of the lens 201, as longas the image capturing region is within the range of the image circleand there is leeway in terms of the movement range of the image sensorfor the purpose of correcting image blur. For example, the center of theimage capturing region can be caused to coincide with a point, in theimage circle, having the highest resolution in a variety oforientations.
Accordingly, when information corresponding to the state of the imagecapturing system is included in the lens information obtained from thelens unit 200, that lens information can be used to reduce vignetting,improve the definition, and so on when correcting image blur.
However, the camera orientations include not only the upright positionand vertical positions, but a variety of other orientations, such as astate where the lens is pointed downward, a pitched state, anintermediate position between the upright position and a verticalposition, and so on. It is not realistic to hold lens information forall of those orientations. This is because while the lens information isobtained during the manufacturing process, it takes an extremely largenumber of steps to obtain lens information for a variety oforientations, and that number exceeds a defined number of steps.
Thus when it is determined, on the basis of the orientation detectionsignal from the orientation detection sensor 60, that the cameraorientation corresponds to a vertical position, and informationsatisfying a set condition cannot be obtained while in that orientation,the image capturing region 500 is moved to a predetermined imagecapturing region 520 in the present embodiment, as illustrated in FIG.6. Although details will be given later, in the present embodiment, aplurality of positions are prepared in advance as image capturing regionpositions, and one of those positions is selected in accordance with avariety of conditions. Not being able to obtain information satisfying aset condition, mentioned above, refers to a situation where there is nolens information for the orientation in question, a situation where itis not appropriate to estimate information corresponding to thatorientation through a method such as interpolation or extrapolation fromexisting information, or the like. This state will be called a “statenot satisfying a set condition” hereinafter, and conversely, a statewhere lens information based on that orientation can be obtained fromthe lens information will be called a “state satisfying a setcondition”.
The center of the image capturing region 520 (i.e., the center of theimage sensor 430) at this time is determined using information asidefrom the lens information obtained from the lens unit 200. For example,the center of the image capturing region 520 is caused to coincide witha center 320 of the mount part 120 of the camera body 100. Doing soprovides leeway between the outer edge part of the image circle 310 andthe image capturing region 520 at the corner part D of the imagecapturing region 520. In this state, even if, when viewed from thefront, the image sensor 430 is moved to the right in order to correctimage blur, the corner part D will not immediately exit the image circle310. The mount part 120 serves as a reference for adjusting the positionof the image sensor 430. Thus when orientation has changed, moving theimage capturing region to the image capturing region 520 produces moreleeway in the range over which the image sensor 430 can be moved for thepurpose of correcting image blur than keeping the image capturing regionat the image capturing region 500 in the upright position.
The center of the opening in the shutter unit 32 is conceivable as anexample aside from the center of the mount part 120, when there is noleeway with respect to the opening in the shutter unit 32 (the openingthrough which light beams pass from the lens 201 toward the image sensor430), for example. Additionally, when exposure control is carried outusing an electronic front curtain and rear curtain of the shutter unit32, at a high shutter speed (an exposure time of less than or equal to1/1000 sec), a position at which a curve of the electronic front curtainis adjusted is conceivable as well. In a moving image mode, the centerof a movement range defined by the driving coil 460 and the permanentmagnet 470 corresponds to the center of the image capturing region 520at which the stabilization range can be increased the most, and thus theimage capturing region is moved to that position. Using the center ofthe movement range defined by the driving coil 460 and the permanentmagnet 470 as the reference position makes it possible to set themovement range of the image sensor 430 for the purpose of correctingimage blur to a broader range. Even when not in a moving image mode, itis favorable to use the center of the movement range as the referenceposition when using settings which prioritize a stabilization function(i.e., when using settings that can handle large degrees of blur). Notethat an example of circumstances under which the center of the imagesensor 430 is moved to these positions will be described later withreference to FIG. 9.
The process for moving the center of the image sensor 430, carried outin step S103 of FIG. 3, will be described next with reference to theflowchart in FIG. 7. In step S121, the MPU 101 obtains the orientationdetection signal from the orientation detection sensor 60, as well asthe state of the image capturing system, which includes the F number,the focal length, the focal state, and so on of the lens unit 200, viathe mount contact point 21.
In step S122, it is determined whether or not the lens information inthe detected state of the image capturing system corresponds to thestate satisfying a set condition. Specifically, the lens informationloaded into the DRAM 116 in step S102 of FIG. 3 is referred to, and itis determined whether or not lens information based on the state of theimage capturing system can be obtained as appropriate. The process movesto step S123 if the state is determined to be a state satisfying a setcondition, and to step S124 if not. Note that even if the state of theimage capturing system itself cannot be obtained in step S121, theprocess nevertheless moves to step S124 under the assumption that thestate satisfying a set condition could not be obtained.
In step S123, the reference position for moving the center of the imagesensor 430 is determined in accordance with the first determinationmethod. Specifically, a position to which the center of the image sensor430 is to be moved is obtained on the basis of the lens informationobtained from the lens unit 200, as described with reference to FIG. 5.These operations will be described later in detail with reference toFIG. 8.
On the other hand, in step S124, the reference position for moving thecenter of the image sensor 430 is determined in accordance with thesecond determination method. Specifically, the reference position isdetermined using information aside from the lens information obtainedfrom the lens unit 200, as described with reference to FIG. 6. Theseoperations will be described later in detail with reference to FIG. 9.
In step S125, the center of the image sensor 430 is moved to thereference position determined in accordance with the first determinationmethod or the second determination method, after which the processreturns to FIG. 3.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating processing according to the firstdetermination method carried out in step S123 of FIG. 7. First, in stepS131, it is determined whether or not there is leeway in terms of thesize of the image circle, and whether or not the vignetting problem willarise if the image sensor 430 is subjected to stabilization driving,using the center position of the image sensor 430 while in the uprightposition as the reference position, for the purpose of correcting imageblur. In other words, if the movement range of the image sensor does notfall outside of the image circle, the process moves to step S132,whereas if even part of the movement range falls outside of the imagecircle, the process moves to step S133. In step S132, the referenceposition is set to the point where the resolution is the highest. On theother hand, in step S133, the center of the image circle is set as thereference position. The process returns to FIG. 7 after the referenceposition is set in step S132 or step S133.
| 40,368 |
https://github.com/algolia/algoliasearch-helper-js/blob/master/test/spec/algoliasearch.helper/derive/detach.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
algoliasearch-helper-js
|
algolia
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 80 | 283 |
'use strict';
var algoliasearchHelper = require('../../../../');
test('[derived helper] detach a derived helper', function (done) {
var client = {
search: searchTest,
};
var helper = algoliasearchHelper(client, 'indexName');
var derivedHelper = helper.derive(function (s) {
return s;
});
derivedHelper.on('result', function () {});
helper.search();
derivedHelper.detach();
helper.search();
var nbRequest;
function searchTest(requests) {
nbRequest = nbRequest || 0;
if (nbRequest === 0) {
expect(requests.length).toBe(2);
expect(requests[0]).toEqual(requests[1]);
expect(derivedHelper.listeners('result').length).toBe(1);
nbRequest++;
} else if (nbRequest === 1) {
expect(requests.length).toBe(1);
expect(derivedHelper.listeners('result').length).toBe(0);
done();
}
return new Promise(function () {});
}
});
| 35,292 |
https://github.com/pnevyk/reen/blob/master/.htaccess
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,014 |
reen
|
pnevyk
|
ApacheConf
|
Code
| 13 | 30 |
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
# Devise how to redirect file requests to public folder
</IfModule>
| 294 |
https://github.com/yb0101/tp5/blob/master/tp5/application/home/controller/Activity.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,017 |
tp5
|
yb0101
|
PHP
|
Code
| 74 | 481 |
<?php
namespace app\home\controller;
use app\home\model\Active;
use think\Db;
class Activity extends Home {
//遍历列表
public function index(){
$list=Db::name('document')->where(['category_id'=>44])->select();
//var_dump($list);exit;
$this->assign('list',$list);
return $this->fetch('index');
}
//查看详情功能
public function show($id){
//var_dump($id);
$list =Db::name('Document')->where(['id'=>$id])->select();
// if($list->view){
// $list->view=1;
// }else{
// ++{$list['view']};
// }
$llist=Db::name('document_article')->find(['id'=>$id]);
//var_dump($llist);exit;
$this->assign('llist',$llist);
$this->assign('list', $list);
return $this->fetch();
}
//活动
public function active($id){
//判断是否登录
if(is_login()){
//已登录,获取用户信息
$relation=new Active();
//根据id查询是否已经报名过了
$result=Active::get(['uid'=>is_login(),'aid'=>$id]);
if($result){
//该活动已经报过名
echo json_encode(['msg'=>'已报名']);die;
}else{
$relation->save(['uid'=>is_login(),'aid'=>$id]);
echo json_encode(['msg'=>'报名成功']);
}
}else{
//没有登录返回请登录
echo json_encode(['msg'=>'请登录']);
}
}
}
| 23,896 |
https://github.com/spainisnotequal/sicp/blob/master/chapter1/exercise1.7.scm
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
sicp
|
spainisnotequal
|
Scheme
|
Code
| 390 | 616 |
;; ====================== ;;
;; Exercises of Chapter 1 ;;
;; ====================== ;;
;; ------------ ;;
;; Exercise 1.7 ;;
;; ------------ ;;
;; For very small numbers, it is not possible to find any square root that is smaller than the tolerance, because in that case the difference between tha last guess and the new one would always be smaller so the "good-enough?" will return #t (true) and the guess won't be improved anymore.
;; For example: when computing the square root of 0.00000001 (which real solution is 0.0001), the last two guesses that the program is able to compute are 0.001954831361974762 and 0.0009799734463768973, so the solution would be 0.001954831361974762, which is wrong by an order of magnitude.
;; Due to the limited precision of numbers, we won't be able to represent very large numbers with enough decimals (the fractional o decimal part of a real number, as opposed to its integer part), so the difference between the old guess and the new one will never be smaller than the tolerance, and the program will be trap in an infinite loop, because the "good-enough?" procedure will return #f (false) but, at the same time, won't be able to produce new guesses with enough precision in the fractional o decimal part of the value of these new guesses.
;; For example: when computing the square root of 987654321098765432 (which real solution is 993807990055808.2) the programs enters in the infinite loop mentioned before.
;; The solution I propose contemplates two modifications in the "good-enough?" procedure:
;; 1) compute the change between guesses, so we can stop the procedure when the change is smaller than a tolerance; and
;; 2) define the tolerance as a percentange of the guess, not as an absolute value.
;; This improves the solution for very small numbers but no so for very large ones...
;; So the modified version of the square roots by Newton's method would be:
(define (sqrt-iter guess x)
(if (good-enough? guess x)
guess
(sqrt-iter (improve guess x) x)))
(define (improve guess x)
(average guess (/ x guess)))
(define (average x y)
(/ (+ x y) 2))
(define (good-enough? guess x)
(< (abs (- guess (improve guess x)))
(* 0.001 guess))) ;; stop the algorithm when the change between guesses is less than 0.1% of the last guess.
(define (sqrt x)
(sqrt-iter 1.0 x))
| 10,964 |
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E3%82%8A
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
アルバート通り
|
https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=アルバート通り&action=history
|
Japanese
|
Spoken
| 17 | 608 |
アルバート通り（アルバート通り、）はロシア・モスクワ中央区のアルバート広場（ブリヴァールノエ環状道路）から南西へ1.2km、スモレンスカヤ広場（サドーヴォエ環状道路）までの繁華街で、歩行者天国になっている。
概要
アルバート通りは少なくとも15世紀からあった記録があり、モスクワでも最も古い通りのひとつで、交易路であったため、多くの商売人が居住していた。
18世紀になると貴族たちが好んで邸宅を構える通りになった。1812年にはナポレオンのモスクワ侵攻（祖国戦争）の際の火災により街は灰燼に帰したが、その後すぐに復興された。19世紀末から20世紀初頭にかけてはプチ・ブルジョワ、芸術家、学者がよく出入りするところとなった。ソビエト時代には、高級官僚が住んでいた。
1957年から1963年にかけては、アルバート通りのすぐ北に「ノーヴイ・アルバート通り」が建設された。1980年代には、ソビエト連邦で初めての歩行者天国となった。ペレストロイカの時には若者たちが好んで集まる場所となり、ハードロックカフェなどもできた。
「アルバート」の名称のいわれは諸説あり、はっきりと分かっていない。
地下鉄駅
地下鉄駅としては、フィリョーフスカヤ線およびアルバーツコ＝ポクローフスカヤ線のアルバーツカヤ駅、スモレンスカヤ駅がある。
脚注
参照項目
トゥヴェルスカヤ通り
レーニンスキー大通り (モスクワ)
モスクワの道路
外部リンク
アルバート通り520周年記念（ロシアNOW）
モスクワの道路
| 22,118 |
https://openalex.org/W2027885323
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,013 |
Long Lasting Protein Synthesis- and Activity-Dependent Spine Shrinkage and Elimination after Synaptic Depression
|
Yazmín Ramiro-Cortés
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,088 | 13,476 |
Introduction Changes in synaptic weight have been proposed to serve as the
physiological basis for learning and memory [1], and the
production of new proteins has been shown to be critical for such
long lasting processes [2,3]. These modifications can result in
either potentiated or depressed synaptic transmission at individual
synapses. The induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) corre-
sponds with growth of new spines, the sites where the majority of
excitatory synapses are located on neuronal dendrites, indicating
that activity may physically alter neuronal connectivity [4,5]. When an individual spine is potentiated through glutamate
uncaging, such activity promotes an increase both in the current
amplitude and the volume of that stimulated spine [6,7]. Interestingly, when new protein synthesis is triggered, activity
can lead to the facilitation of plasticity at other locations, allowing
for the integration of information [8–10]. Similarly, synaptic and
structural plasticity induced at the level of individual inputs may
influence the expression of plasticity at neighboring spines [9,11]. Specifically, activity that leads to new protein synthesis can
facilitate the expression of plasticity at other sites for up to 1.5
hours and as far as 70 mm away [9]. This cooperation between
individual sites demonstrates a prolonged period over which
dendritic integration of information can occur when new proteins
are available. Alternatively, such potentiation can also lead to
competition for the expression of plasticity when simultaneously
induced at multiple sites, resulting in bidirectional changes in the While the structural correlates of LTP have begun to be
elucidated, those occurring in response to long lasting synaptic
depression are less understood. Long-term depression (LTD) can
lead to the production of new proteins, although relatively little is
known about the structural modifications resulting from these
changes in efficacy. Synaptic depression can be induced either
through activation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) or through
metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) [1,12–14]. However,
these forms of LTD have different biochemical mechanisms of
induction and expression, and in particular, NMDAR-mediated
LTD does not require new protein synthesis [1,13–17]. This
difference has a potentially significant impact on the structural
correlates of synaptic depression. While NMDA mediated LTD
results in the shrinkage of spines [18–21], it is unclear whether
these changes are long lasting or widespread. Abstract Neuronal circuits modify their response to synaptic inputs in an experience-dependent fashion. Increases in synaptic
weights are accompanied by structural modifications, and activity dependent, long lasting growth of dendritic spines
requires new protein synthesis. When multiple spines are potentiated within a dendritic domain, they show dynamic
structural plasticity changes, indicating that spines can undergo bidirectional physical modifications. However, it is unclear
whether protein synthesis dependent synaptic depression leads to long lasting structural changes. Here, we investigate the
structural correlates of protein synthesis dependent long-term depression (LTD) mediated by metabotropic glutamate
receptors (mGluRs) through two-photon imaging of dendritic spines on hippocampal pyramidal neurons. We find that
induction of mGluR-LTD leads to robust and long lasting spine shrinkage and elimination that lasts for up to 24 hours. These
effects depend on signaling through group I mGluRs, require protein synthesis, and activity. These data reveal a mechanism
for long lasting remodeling of synaptic inputs, and offer potential insights into mental retardation. Citation: Ramiro-Corte´s Y, Israely I (2013) Long Lasting Protein Synthesis- and Activity-Dependent Spine Shrinkage and Elimination after Synaptic
Depression. PLoS ONE 8(8): e71155. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071155 Citation: Ramiro-Corte´s Y, Israely I (2013) Long Lasting Protein Synthesis- and Activity-Dependent Spine Shrinkage and Elimination after Synaptic
Depression. PLoS ONE 8(8): e71155. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071155
Editor: Domingos Henrique, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Portugal Received May 29, 2013; Accepted July 2, 2013; Published August 9, 2013 opyright: 2013 Ramiro-Corte´s, Israely. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
restricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was supported by the Champalimaud Foundation, Gulbenkian Foundation, Bial Foundation, Fundac¸a˜o para Cieˆncia e Tecnologia, and
CONACyT. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: inbal.israely@neuro.fchampalimaud.org volumes of those spines [9]. These observations indicate that
mechanisms exist not only for the regulation of spine growth, but
also for spine shrinkage. Yazmı´n Ramiro-Corte´s1,2, Inbal Israely1,2* Yazmın Ramiro-Cortes
, Inbal Israely
1 Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme at Instituto Gulbenkian de Cieˆncia, Oeiras, Portugal, 2 Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for
the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme at Instituto Gulbenkian de Cieˆncia, Oeiras, Portugal, 2 Champalimaud Neuroscience Progra
he Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal Long Lasting Protein Synthesis- and Activity-Dependent
Spine Shrinkage and Elimination after Synaptic
Depression Yazmı´n Ramiro-Corte´s1,2, Inbal Israely1,2*
1 Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme at Instituto Gulbenkian de Cieˆncia, Oeiras, Portugal, 2 Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for
the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal Yazmı´n Ramiro-Corte´s1,2, Inbal Israely1,2* Yazmı´n Ramiro-Corte´s1,2, Inbal Israely1,2* mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination changes at various inputs. mGluR dependent LTD leads to robust
induction of, and is dependent upon, new protein synthesis
[22,23]. Although this form of LTD has been studied at individual
spines (Holbro et al., 2009), the structural correlates of such long
lasting plasticity are unknown. Interestingly, impairments in
mGluR mediated plasticity have been implicated in the mental
retardation syndrome Fragile X [24], which is associated with
increases in spine density [25,26]. These structural alterations have
also been observed in mice lacking mGluR5 [27]. Therefore,
understanding how long lasting, protein synthesis dependent
synaptic depression affects dendritic spines may provide insights as
to the causes of cognitive dysfunction. (equilibrated with O2 95%/CO2 5%) at room temperature at a
rate of 1.5 ml/min. Imaging was started 45 min to 1 h after slice
incubation began. Secondary or tertiary dendrites of CA1
neurons, located approximately 100 mm away from the soma,
were imaged using a water immersion objective (606, 1.0 NA,
Olympus LUMPlan FLN) with a digital zoom of 106. Image
stacks (0.3 mm per section, 15 mm total thickness, ,3 min in
duration) were collected once every 5 min for up to 4 hours at a
resolution of 102461024 pixels, resulting in a field of view
approximately 20 mm 6 20 mm. In some experiments, such as
those lasting 12–24 hours, images were collected once every
30 min for 12 h. Z-stacks were used to quantify spine volumes in
all experimental conditions, and all images within an experiment
were acquired under the same imaging conditions maintaining
equal laser power and PMT gain settings. Here, we investigate the structural correlates of mGluR
mediated LTD using live two- photon imaging of dendritic spines
in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. We find that global induction
of LTD, through a brief application of the mGluR1/5 agonist
DHPG, leads to the robust shrinkage and elimination of spines. These changes are long lasting, and could be observed for up to 24
hours. Interestingly, this occurs irrespectively of initial spine size. Furthermore, spine shrinkage and elimination require new protein
synthesis as well as synaptic activity, and is independent of NMDA
receptors. Elucidating this mechanism contributes to our under-
standing of the learning rules governing bidirectional changes in
synaptic plasticity and structure, which may play a critical role in
shaping the organization of inputs within the dendritic tree. One dendritic segment was analyzed per neuron per experi-
ment. mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination For each experiment, all spines with a discernible head
within the field of view were included in the analysis, with the
exception of spines that were obstructed by other structures,
resulting in an average of 9 spines scored per experiment. All
experiments included a baseline imaging period of 20 min. Spines
that were stable during the baseline, but ceased to be visible
sometime after experimental treatments were scored as ‘eliminat-
ed’. Spine volume measurements were carried out using FWHM,
as previously described [9], as it is a measure that is independent of
fluorescence intensity [29]. Briefly, the full width at half maximum
(FWHM) of the spine head was measured and used to calculate the
volume, based on the volume of a sphere, using FWHM as the
diameter. Measures were carried out in ImageJ (NIH) with a
custom written plugin that performed image registration, and a
best fit analysis of the FWHM for each time point. All
normalization was performed on a per spine basis as a percent
of the average baseline value for that spine. Results are presented
as mean 6 SEM using one-way ANOVA. Post hoc tests were
conducted using Tukey test for means comparisons. A value of
p,0.001 was accepted to indicate a statistically significant
difference. Mouse Hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures Mouse Hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures
Cultured hippocampal slices were prepared from postnatal day
7–10 C57BL/6J mice [28]. Briefly, 350 mm thick slices were made
with a chopper in ice-cold ACSF containing 2.5 mM KCl, 26 mM
NaHCO3, 1.15 mM NaH2PO4, 11 mM D-glucose, 24 mM
sucrose, 1 mM CaCl2 and 5 mM MgCl2, and cultured on
membranes (Millipore). The slices were maintained in an interface
configuration with the following media: 16 MEM (Invitrogen),
20% horse serum (Invitrogen), GlutaMAX 1 mM (Invitrogen),
27 mM D-glucose, 30 mM HEPES, 6 mM NaHCO3, 1 M CaCl2,
1 M MgSO4, 1.2% ascorbic acid, 1 mg/ml insulin. The pH was
adjusted to 7.3, and osmolarity adjusted to 300–310 mOsm. All
chemicals were from Sigma unless otherwise indicated. LTD Induction Synaptic depression was induced by bath application of (RS)-
3,5-dihydroxypheylglycine (DHPG, 50 mM) for 5 min [22]. Some
experiments with DHPG were performed in the presence of
Tetrodotoxin Citrate (TTX, 0.5 mM) or D(-)-2-Amino-5-phospho-
nopentatonic acid (D-AP5, 50 mM). DMSO (0.05%) was added to
the ACSF to control for trace vehicle present in the Anisomycin
(Aniso, 50 mM) conditions. For protein synthesis inhibition
experiments, slices were pre-incubated in Anisomycin or Cyclo-
heximide (CHX, 60 mM) for 20 min, and DHPG was added at the
end of each pre-incubation period for the stimulation time as
previously described. Some experiments were performed in the
presence of the group I mGluRs antagonists: LY367385 (100 mM)
and 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP,
10 mM). Antagonists were applied together for 20 min, and
DHPG was added in order to induce stimulation [30] as
previously described. DHPG, TTX, Anisomycin, Cycloheximide,
LY367385 and MPEP were from Tocris. Two-photon Imaging and Spine Volume Determination Two-photon Imaging and Spine Volume Determination
Two-photon imaging was performed using a galvanometer-
based scanning system (Prairie Technologies) on a BX61WI
Olympus microscope, using a Ti:sapphire laser (910 nm for
imaging Dendra-2C; Coherent) controlled by PrairieView soft-
ware. Slices were perfused with oxygenated ACSF containing
127 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl, 25 mM NaHCO3, 1.25 mM
NaH2PO4, 25 mM D-glucose, 2 mM CaCl2 y 1 mM MgCl2 Introduction In the case of
synaptic potentiation for example, protein synthesis independent
plasticity occurs preferentially at smaller spines [6], and leads to
short term structural modifications (,1.5 h), while long lasting,
protein synthesis dependent stimuli lead to correspondingly longer
lasting structural changes (.4 h) on spines of various sizes [9]. Indeed, it seems that NMDAR-LTD preferentially shrinks smaller
spines [20]. Given the importance of protein synthesis for long
lasting changes in synaptic weights, we wanted to determine if this
form of long lasting plasticity would lead to long lasting structural August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 1 August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org Transfection Hippocampal neurons from organotypic slice cultures were
transfected using a Helios gene gun (Bio-Rad) after 6–7 days
in vitro (DIV). Gold beads (10 mg, 1.6 mm diameter, Bio-Rad) were
coated with 100 mg Dendra-2C plasmid DNA (Evrogen) according
to the manufacturer’s protocol and delivered biolistically into the
slices at 180 psi. Experiments were performed 2–4 days post-
transfection. Ethics Statement All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with
European Union regulations on animal care and use, and with the
approval of the Portuguese Veterinary Authority (DGV). mGluR-mediated LTD Promotes Long Lasting Spine
Shrinkage and Elimination g
In order to determine whether protein synthesis dependent
synaptic depression leads to structural changes at dendritic spines,
we induced a robust form of mGluR mediated LTD through the
brief bath application of the group I mGluR agonist DHPG in
mouse hippocampal slice cultures [22]. We visualized spine
morphology in dendrites using two-photon microscopy of CA1
pyramidal neurons biolistically labeled with Dendra2-C. Following
the global induction of mGluR-LTD, we observed a dramatic and
significant shrinkage of spines (58.861.5% of initial volume,
n = 48 spines, 7 cells) compared to controls (100.862.0% of initial
volume, n = 70 spines, 10 cells) (Fig. 1 A, B, C). Interestingly, the
population of spines that showed a decrease in volume distributed
into two groups: one that shrank in size and a second that was
eliminated (the latter corresponding to 18.6% of all spines that
became smaller) (Fig. 1 E). Therefore, across all of the LTD
experiments conducted (n = 161 spines, 17 cells), we found that the
majority of spines quantified decreased in volume (138 decreased,
8 grew, 15 showed no change, corresponding to 86%, 5%, and 9%
of the total, respectively) (Fig. 1 F, total spine shrinkage is shown in
the hatched bar, and the grey shaded area within represents
eliminated spines), unlike control conditions in which the majority
of spines remained stable (9 decreased, 14 grew, 47 showed no
change, corresponding to 13%, 20%, and 67% of the total). The
stability of the spine volumes observed in the control group for the
duration of the experimental period indicated that the hippocam-
pal slice cultures were viable and healthy. We wanted to determine whether activity is also required for the
expression of spine shrinkage following mGluR-LTD. Therefore,
we induced DHPG-LTD in the presence of Tetrodotoxin (TTX,
0.5 mM), a sodium channel blocker, in order to eliminate the
propagation of action potentials. Interestingly, we found that there
was no shrinkage of spines when activity was blocked (98.660.8%
of initial volume, n = 38 spines, 6 cells), compared to the large
reduction in spine volume induced by DHPG without TTX
(58.762.6% of initial volume, n = 49 spines, 6 cells) (Fig. 2 C). Therefore, we wanted to verify that NMDAR activity was not
somehow being recruited by the application of DHPG. Patch Clamp Electrophysiology Hippocampal slice cultures were pre-incubated for 45 min to
1 h at room temperature and perfused continuously with ACSF. Whole cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed in CA1
pyramidal neurons, using 7–8 MV electrodes filled with internal
solution
containing:
136.5 mM
K-gluconate,
9 mM
NaCl,
17.5 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 0.2 mM EGTA, pH adjusted August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 2 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination mediated LTD leads to robust shrinkage of spines following the
onset of synaptic plasticity. to 7.2 with KOH, and 284 mOsm. Cells were voltage clamped at
265 mV. Cellular recordings in which series resistance was higher
than 25 MV were discarded, and stability was assessed throughout
the experiment (620%). EPSC responses were evoked by
stimulation of CA3 Schaffer collateral afferents with a bipolar
platinum/iridium stimulating electrode (FHC, Bowdoin, ME). Responses were collected every 30 s using a stimulation intensity
(0.1–2 mA) yielding 50–60% of the maximal response. Signals
were acquired using a Multiclamp 700B amplifier (Molecular
Devices), data was digitized with a Digidata 1440 at 3 kHz. EPSC
amplitudes were analyzed using custom software written in
Matlab. mGluR-mediated LTD Promotes Long Lasting Spine
Shrinkage and Elimination To
confirm that the spine shrinkage induced by DHPG did not
involve NMDAR function, we performed some experiments in the
presence of the competitive NMDAR antagonist D-AP5. As
expected, spine shrinkage was induced by DHPG despite NMDA
blockade (67.362.0% of initial volume, n = 33 spines, 3 cells)
(Fig. 2 A, C). Therefore, although the mechanism for mGluR
mediated spine shrinkage requires activity, it does not function via
NMDA receptors. Overall, these data demonstrate that the
expression of structural plasticity mediated by mGluRs is reliant
on new protein synthesis and synaptic activity, and does not
require NMDAR dependent signaling. To verify that the observed spine shrinkage was indeed
mediated by mGluRs, we induced LTD in the presence of the
group I mGluRs antagonists LY367385 (mGluR1) and MPEP
(mGluR5). Under these conditions, spines did not show a
significant change in volume from their original size (96.760.7%
of initial volume, n = 53 spines, 5 cells) (Fig. 1 A, B, C). We wanted
to confirm that the spine shrinkage observed following DHPG
correlated with the induction of synaptic depression in our slice
cultures, and thus we performed whole-cell patch electrophysiol-
ogy (voltage-clamp) recordings. We induced LTD as in the above
experiments (DHPG, 50 mM, 5 min) and recorded Excitatory Post
Synaptic Currents (EPSCs) from CA1 pyramidal neurons. As
previously reported [22,31,32], DHPG induced robust long-term
depression in CA1 neurons (62.862.5%, n = 8 cells) (Fig. 1 D, 2
D). These data indicate that the induction of long lasting, mGluR- Spine Shrinkage Mediated by mGluR-LTD Requires
Protein Synthesis and Activity, but does not Require
NMDARs Spine Shrinkage Mediated by mGluR-LTD Requires
Protein Synthesis and Activity, but does not Require
NMDARs The expression of mGluR-LTD requires protein synthesis [22]. Therefore, we tested whether the spine shrinkage we observed in
response to mGluR-LTD also requires protein synthesis. We
induced LTD in the presence of one of either two different protein
synthesis inhibitors, Anisomycin (Aniso, a peptidyl transferase
inhibitor) or Cyclohexamide (CHX, a blocker of elongation), in
order to reduce any potential drug artifacts (Fig. 2 A). As expected,
we did not detect spine shrinkage upon mGluR-LTD induction in
the presence of either Aniso (101.561.9% of initial volume, n = 31
spines, 4 cells, 50 mM, 30 min) or Cycloheximide (10060.8% of
initial volume, n = 30 spines, 3 cells, 60 mM, 30 min), whereas
DHPG
stimulation
again
led
to
robust
spine
shrinkage
(55.560.7% of initial volume, n = 48 spines, 4 cells) (Fig. 2 B). In accordance with previous data [22], whole cell recordings
performed in the presence of Anisomycin confirmed that protein
synthesis is necessary for the induction of DHPG mediated LTD
(103.363.8%
9
cells,
with
DHPG+Aniso,
compared
to
62.862.5%, n = 8 cells, with DHPG alone) (Fig. 2 D, E), while
acute, short term depression was unaffected (38.263.3%) (Fig. 2
D). Statistical Analysis Results are presented as mean 6 SEM. using one-way
ANOVA. Post hoc test were conducted using Tukey test for means
comparisons. A value of p,0.001 was accepted to indicate a
statistically significant difference. August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 Spine Structural Changes following mGluR-LTD Last for
24 Hours We showed that spine shrinkage or elimination induced by
mGluR-LTD lasts for 3 hours. As information can be stored for
days or years [33], we wanted to test whether synaptic depression
mediated structural changes in spines could also be very long
lasting. Therefore, we induced mGluR LTD as before, but now
followed spines continually for 12 hours, and acquired images
once every 30 minutes. In some experiments, hippocampal slices
were then returned to the incubator, and the same dendritic region
was imaged 24 hours post-induction of plasticity. The images
collected at 24 h showed an increased fluorescence intensity
relative to earlier time points, likely due to their extended
incubation time which allowed new fluorophores to accumulate
without further photobleaching. We found that both at 12 h or
24 h following mGluR mediated synaptic depression, spines
showed a significant reduction in volume (59.864.5% of initial
spine volume at 12 h, n = 53 spines, 4 cells; 55.061.3% of initial
spine volume at 24 h) (Fig. 4 A, B). Similarly to our previous
findings, the majority of spines shrunk 12 hours after the induction
of synaptic depression (72% of all spines decreased in volume), a
proportion of which were also eliminated (24% of the spines which
shrank), and as before, a few spines either grew or showed no
change (13% grew, 15% did not change) (Fig. 4 D). It is unlikely
that this spine loss following LTD is due to photo-damage, as we
find that a proportion of spines either grows or does not change
following the induction of plasticity. In accordance with our
previous findings (Fig. 3 A), spine shrinkage and elimination
remained independent of initial size when examined at longer time
intervals of 12 h and 24 h (Fig. 4 C). These data show that the
structural plasticity mediated by mGluR-LTD, namely the
shrinkage and elimination of spines, can last at least 24 hours. In order to alter dendritic connections, structural modifications
should be able to occur at all inputs, suggesting that both large and
small spines would potentially be affected. However, not all forms
of synaptic plasticity are capable of inducing structural changes. For example, synaptic potentiation that does not require new
protein synthesis is easier to induce at smaller spines [6], and
likewise, smaller spines are more likely to shrink following NMDA
mediated synaptic depression [20]. p
Size Structural plasticity resulting from the induction of LTP had
been reported to preferentially occur at smaller spines [6]. Subsequently, it has been demonstrated that long lasting forms
of synaptic potentiation, which rely on new protein synthesis, can
lead to growth of spines of various sizes [9]. Thus, we wanted to
determine whether the structural changes following protein
synthesis dependent synaptic depression are biased towards
occurring at spines of a particular size. We found that irrespective
of initial size, both large and small spines were capable of reducing
in volume upon mGluR-mediated LTD, either when the initial
and final diameter of the spine head was compared (Fig. 3 A, F) or
when the change in volume per spine was compared (Fig. S1 A, B). 3 August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 3 mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org
4
August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination Figure 1. mGluR-LTD leads to spine shrinkage and elimination. A) Representative two-photon images (maximum-intensity z-stack
projections) of secondary dendrites from CA1 neurons transfected with Dendra-2C before and after LTD induction (DHPG), in presence of mGluR
antagonists (LY36735 and MPEP) and control condition (vehicle). B) Additional images on the right show representative spines for each condition, the
number in the left corner indicate the spine that correspond on panel A. Z-stacks projections were collected once every 5 min for 210 min. C) Spine
shrinkage was observed for over three hours following LTD induction (black line), but not following LTD in the presence of mGluR antagonists
LY367385/MPEP (red line), or in control ACSF (vehicle) conditions (green line). Normalization was performed as a percent of the average baseline
volume of each spine. Significant, long lasting shrinkage of spines was observed following LTD induction compared to control conditions (pooled
data from 17 cells). No significant shrinkage was induced in the presence of mGluR antagonists (data from 5 cells) or in control conditions with ACSF
alone (data from 10 cells). *, p,0.001. Error bars indicate mean 6 SEM. D) LTD was induced in CA1 hippocampal slice cultures with DHPG. p
Size EPSC
amplitudes were recorded for 2 h in CA1 pyramidal neurons evoked by field stimulation in CA3 before and after induction of LTD. Representative
traces during the baseline (a) and 60 min after DHPG application (b). Normalization performed as percentage of average baseline values for each
experiment. E) Histogram representing spine shrinkage distributions from across all LTD experiments performed (161 spines, 17 cells). Spines
distributed into two peaks, representing a group that reduced in volume and a group that were eliminated. F) Quantification of spines that shrink,
grow, or do not change after mGluR-LTD induction from pooled data of 161 spines/17 cells. The shaded area within the shrinkage bar corresponds to
the percentage of spines which are eliminated. *p,0.001. Error bars indicate means 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071155.g001 Discussion This result also proved to be consistent within the group of spines
that was eliminated, as there did not appear to be a trend towards
the elimination of small spines in particular (Fig. 3 A). Also, spines
did not seem to be eliminated at specific times following the
induction of LTD (Fig. S1 C). Not surprisingly, in control
conditions conducted either in ACSF alone (n = 70 spines, 10
cells), in the presence of mGluR antagonists (n = 53 spines, 5 cells),
in the absence of protein synthesis (n = 85 spines, 7 cells), or while
activity was blocked (n = 52 spines, 6 cells), there was minimal
variability between the initial and final size of spines (Fig. 3 B, C,
D, E). These data demonstrate that the majority of spines are
potentially capable of reducing or increasing their volume in
response to synaptic activity. Depending on the type of activity, dendritic inputs can undergo
bidirectional modifications of synaptic weights [21,34,35]. There-
fore, in order to understand how neural circuits are shaped and
maintained, it is important to understand how synaptic plasticity
and structural connectivity are related. In the present study, we
investigate the structural correlates of protein synthesis dependent
long lasting synaptic depression. Using two-photon imaging of
dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons, we find that the global
induction of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) mediated
LTD
leads
to
significant
and
long
lasting
shrinkage
and
elimination of spines, for at least 24 hours. Similarly to mGluR
mediated synaptic depression, we show that this form of structural
plasticity also requires the production of new proteins. Further-
more, we determine that synaptic activity is necessary for the
observed spine shrinkage, and we verify that this is not due to the
indirect recruitment of NMDA receptor activation. Importantly,
we find that both large and small spines can undergo such
structural changes. Spine Structural Changes following mGluR-LTD Last for
24 Hours August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 Spine Structural Changes following mGluR-LTD Last for
24 Hours Time course of spine volume changes during LTD in the presence or absence of TTX or D-AP5. Bar graph quantifies the spine
volume changes observed during LTD with or without TTX or D-AP5. Normalization performed as percentage of average baseline values for each
spine. *p,0.001. Error bars indicate means 6 SEM. D) LTD induction in the presence of protein synthesis blockade results in short lasting synaptic
depression in hippocampal slice cultures. EPSC amplitudes recorded in CA1 pyramidal neurons evoked by field stimulation in CA3 before and after
induction of LTD by DHPG application in presence or absence of Aniso (50 mM/30 min). Representative traces during the baseline (a,c) and 60 min
after DHPG application alone (b) or in the presence of Aniso (d). E) Protein synthesis blockade during LTD induction in hippocampal slice cultures
occludes long-term depression. Group data from LTD induced with or without protein synthesis blockade (9 cells per condition). *p,0.001. Error bars
indicate means 6 SEM. doi:10 1371/journal pone 0071155 g002 promoted by mGluR-LTD is NMDA independent, requires protein synthesis and activity. A) Spine shrinkag igure 2. Spine shrinkage promoted by mGluR-LTD is NMDA independent, requires protein synthesis and Figure 2. Spine shrinkage promoted by mGluR-LTD is NMDA independent, requires protein synthesis and activity. A) Spine shrinkage
is only observed when LTD is induced under conditions of normal protein synthesis and activity. Time-lapse two-photon images (z-stack maximum-
intensity projections) of representative dendritic spines before and after LTD induction, in the presence Anisomycin, TTX or D-AP5. B) No spine
shrinkage was observed when LTD was induced in the presence of protein synthesis blockade with either Aniso (blue line) or CHX (green line). Spine
volumes were analyzed once every 5 min for over 3 h. Bar graph on the right quantifies the spine volume changes during LTD, compared to LTD
induced in the presence of protein synthesis blockade (Aniso in blue or CHX in green). *p,0.001. Error bars indicate means 6 SEM. C) No spine
shrinkage was observed when activity was blocked during LTD induction with TTX (pink line), whereas shrinkage was observed in presence of
NMDAR blockade. Time course of spine volume changes during LTD in the presence or absence of TTX or D-AP5. Bar graph quantifies the spine
volume changes observed during LTD with or without TTX or D-AP5. Normalization performed as percentage of average baseline values for each
spine. *p,0.001. Error bars indicate means 6 SEM. Spine Structural Changes following mGluR-LTD Last for
24 Hours Conversely, strong potentiation
leads to growth of spines of various sizes when new proteins are
made [9]. Therefore, our findings demonstrating that both large
and small spines can undergo shrinkage and also elimination
following mGluR dependent LTD, highlights protein synthesis
dependent synaptic plasticity as a potential mechanism by which
to carry out synaptic remodeling. When synapses are strengthened, the longevity of structural
changes correlates with the longevity of the induced plasticity [9]. These varied kinetics may lead to significantly different plasticity
outcomes, if for example, protein availability extends the window
of time during which synapses may become bound together. Structural changes may also be more likely to occur in conjunction
with this form of plasticity. However, it is unclear to what extent
structural changes are associated with different forms of synaptic
depression. The majority of studies have focused on NMDA
receptor mediated LTD, which is not necessarily dependent on
new protein synthesis [18–20]. We have begun to elucidate this
relationship by demonstrating that the global induction of group I
mGluR mediated LTD leads to robust shrinkage and elimination
of spines. This brief, one-time induction of protein synthesis
dependent plasticity leads to long lasting structural modifications, August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 5 mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination Figure 2. Spine shrinkage promoted by mGluR-LTD is NMDA independent, requires protein synthesis and activity. A) Spine shrinkage
is only observed when LTD is induced under conditions of normal protein synthesis and activity. Time-lapse two-photon images (z-stack maximum-
intensity projections) of representative dendritic spines before and after LTD induction, in the presence Anisomycin, TTX or D-AP5. B) No spine
shrinkage was observed when LTD was induced in the presence of protein synthesis blockade with either Aniso (blue line) or CHX (green line). Spine
volumes were analyzed once every 5 min for over 3 h. Bar graph on the right quantifies the spine volume changes during LTD, compared to LTD
induced in the presence of protein synthesis blockade (Aniso in blue or CHX in green). *p,0.001. Error bars indicate means 6 SEM. C) No spine
shrinkage was observed when activity was blocked during LTD induction with TTX (pink line), whereas shrinkage was observed in presence of
NMDAR blockade. Spine Structural Changes following mGluR-LTD Last for
24 Hours D) LTD induction in the presence of protein synthesis blockade results in short lasting synaptic
depression in hippocampal slice cultures. EPSC amplitudes recorded in CA1 pyramidal neurons evoked by field stimulation in CA3 before and after
induction of LTD by DHPG application in presence or absence of Aniso (50 mM/30 min). Representative traces during the baseline (a,c) and 60 min
after DHPG application alone (b) or in the presence of Aniso (d). E) Protein synthesis blockade during LTD induction in hippocampal slice cultures
occludes long-term depression. Group data from LTD induced with or without protein synthesis blockade (9 cells per condition). *p,0.001. Error bars
indicate means 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071155.g002 Since activation of group I mGluRs has been shown to increase
neuronal excitability, and thus lead to depolarization and action
potential discharge [38,39], we investigated whether synaptic
activity was necessary for mGluR mediated structural plasticity. Indeed, we find that activity is necessary for mGluR-LTD
mediated spine shrinkage, as evidenced by the blockade of these
changes in the presence of the sodium channel inhibitor TTX. Interestingly, L-type voltage dependent calcium channels (L-
VDCCs) have been shown to interact with, and be facilitated by,
mGluR5 [40]. Therefore, the TTX mediated blockade of action which we are able to follow for up to 24 hours. This finding was
not expected, as the previously reported single application of the
mGluR group I/II agonist resulted in synaptic depression, but no
structural modifications [36]. Additionally, mGluR LTD at
individual inputs leads to physiological depression at certain
spines, but with no structural consequences reported [37]. It could
be that in this latter case, the plasticity which resulted was not
sufficient to activate local protein synthesis, and therefore no
structural modifications were induced. which we are able to follow for up to 24 hours. This finding was
not expected, as the previously reported single application of the
mGluR group I/II agonist resulted in synaptic depression, but no
structural modifications [36]. Additionally, mGluR LTD at
individual inputs leads to physiological depression at certain
spines, but with no structural consequences reported [37]. It could
be that in this latter case, the plasticity which resulted was not
sufficient to activate local protein synthesis, and therefore no
structural modifications were induced. Spine Structural Changes following mGluR-LTD Last for
24 Hours PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 6 mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination 7 August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 7 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination Figure 3. Spine shrinkage and elimination are independent of initial spine size. Two-dimensional plot of initial versus final spine head
diameter (mm) (15 min before and 2 h after LTD). Spines which fall along the horizontal line, do not show a change in size. A, F) Spines of varying
initial sizes shrink following mGluR-LTD in absence or presence of D-AP5. B–E) Spine sizes remain the same throughout control experimental
conditions indicated for each graph. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071155.g003 that mGluR plasticity has a structural output, although the direct
nature of the regulation is still unclear. Our finding that mGluR-
mediated LTD induces shrinkage and elimination of dendritic
spines through a protein synthesis dependent mechanism, supports
the idea that improper signaling through these receptors may lead
to the abnormal spine pruning seen in mental retardation
disorders. potentials, which trigger depolarization, will prevent mGluR
facilitation of L-type VDCCs. Thus, interfering with a functional
output of mGluRs, albeit indirectly, may inhibit the induction of
plasticity and consequent structural changes. Misregulation of mGluR plasticity has been implicated in
mental retardation disorders, such as Fragile X syndrome [24]. Interestingly, this disorder has also been associated with altered
spine density [41], and upregulated protein translation [42]. In
accordance with this data, deletion of mGluR5 in mice leads to
increased spine density in the cortex [27]. This points to the idea Rewiring of neuronal contacts, via the clustering of synapses on
a dendrite, would increase the storage capacity of a circuit, and
provide a stable mechanism for effecting long-lasting changes [43]. Figure 4. Spine shrinkage and elimination mediated by mGluR-LTD is long lasting. A) Representative two-photon images (maximum-
intensity z-stack projections) of secondary dendrites from CA1 neurons transfected with Dendra-2C before and after LTD induction (DHPG). Z-stacks
projections were collected once every 30 min for 12 h. Empty arrowheads indicate spines that shrink or eliminate and filled arrowheads indicate
spines that do not change or grow 12 h and 24 h after LTD induction. Spine Structural Changes following mGluR-LTD Last for
24 Hours B) Spine shrinkage was observed for over 24 hours following LTD induction. Normalization was performed as a percent of the average baseline volume of each spine (pooled data from 4 cells). C) Long lasting spine shrinkage
and elimination are independent of initial spine size. Two-dimensional plot of initial versus final spine head diameter (mm) (15 min before and 12 h or
24 h after LTD). Spines which fall along the horizontal line do not show a change in volume. D) Quantification of spines that shrink, grow, or do not
change after 12 h of mGluR-LTD induction from pooled data of 53 spines/4 cells. The shaded area within the shrinkage bar corresponds to the
percentage of spines which are eliminated. *p,0.001. Error bars indicate means 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071155.g004 Figure 4. Spine shrinkage and elimination mediated by mGluR-LTD is long lasting. A) Representative two-photon images (maximum-
intensity z-stack projections) of secondary dendrites from CA1 neurons transfected with Dendra-2C before and after LTD induction (DHPG). Z-stacks
projections were collected once every 30 min for 12 h. Empty arrowheads indicate spines that shrink or eliminate and filled arrowheads indicate Figure 4. Spine shrinkage and elimination mediated by mGluR-LTD is long lasting. A) Representative Figure 4. Spine shrinkage and elimination mediated by mGluR-LTD is long lasting. A) Representative two-photon images (maximum-
intensity z-stack projections) of secondary dendrites from CA1 neurons transfected with Dendra-2C before and after LTD induction (DHPG). Z-stacks
projections were collected once every 30 min for 12 h. Empty arrowheads indicate spines that shrink or eliminate and filled arrowheads indicate
spines that do not change or grow 12 h and 24 h after LTD induction. B) Spine shrinkage was observed for over 24 hours following LTD induction. Normalization was performed as a percent of the average baseline volume of each spine (pooled data from 4 cells). C) Long lasting spine shrinkage
and elimination are independent of initial spine size. Two-dimensional plot of initial versus final spine head diameter (mm) (15 min before and 12 h or
24 h after LTD). Spines which fall along the horizontal line do not show a change in volume. D) Quantification of spines that shrink, grow, or do not
change after 12 h of mGluR-LTD induction from pooled data of 53 spines/4 cells. The shaded area within the shrinkage bar corresponds to the
percentage of spines which are eliminated. *p,0.001. Error bars indicate means 6 SEM. Spine Structural Changes following mGluR-LTD Last for
24 Hours doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071155.g004 Figure 4. Spine shrinkage and elimination mediated by mGluR-LTD is long lasting. A) Representative two-photon images (maximum-
intensity z-stack projections) of secondary dendrites from CA1 neurons transfected with Dendra-2C before and after LTD induction (DHPG). Z-stacks
projections were collected once every 30 min for 12 h. Empty arrowheads indicate spines that shrink or eliminate and filled arrowheads indicate
spines that do not change or grow 12 h and 24 h after LTD induction. B) Spine shrinkage was observed for over 24 hours following LTD induction. Normalization was performed as a percent of the average baseline volume of each spine (pooled data from 4 cells). C) Long lasting spine shrinkage
and elimination are independent of initial spine size. Two-dimensional plot of initial versus final spine head diameter (mm) (15 min before and 12 h or
24 h after LTD). Spines which fall along the horizontal line do not show a change in volume. D) Quantification of spines that shrink, grow, or do not
change after 12 h of mGluR-LTD induction from pooled data of 53 spines/4 cells. The shaded area within the shrinkage bar corresponds to the
percentage of spines which are eliminated. *p,0.001. Error bars indicate means 6 SEM. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071155.g004 August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 8 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination In order for such remodeling to occur, certain inputs within a
dendritic branch would be selectively potentiated and strength-
ened, while others would be selectively reduced or eliminated. Evidence indeed demonstrates that a subset of coactive inputs may
be selectively strengthened following synaptic potentiation [9],
although the counterpart of such plasticity during synaptic
depression is unknown. Here we demonstrate the structural
correlates of a protein synthesis dependent form of long-term
depression (LTD) mediated by group I metabotropic glutamate
receptors (mGluRs). Using two-photon imaging of dendritic spines
in hippocampal neurons, we have shown that the global induction
of mGluR-LTD leads to a significant and long lasting shrinkage
and elimination of spines. We further determine that this form of
structural plasticity requires the production of new proteins as well
as synaptic activity. These findings demonstrate that indeed,
bidirectional forms of plasticity correlate with bidirectional
structural changes. References 20. Oh WC, Hill TC, Zito K (2012) Synapse-specific and size-dependent
mechanisms of spine structural plasticity accompanying synaptic weakening. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1. Malenka RC, Bear MF (2004) LTP and LTD: an embarrassment of riches. Neuron 44: 5–21. 2. Davis HP, Squire LR (1984) Protein synthesis and memory: a review. Psychol
Bull 96: 518–559. 21. Abbott LF, Nelson SB (2000) Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast. Nat Neurosci
3 Suppl: 1178–1183. 3. Frey U, Krug M, Reymann KG, Matthies H (1988) Anisomycin, an inhibitor of
protein synthesis, blocks late phases of LTP phenomena in the hippocampal
CA1 region in vitro. Brain Res 452: 57–65. 22. Huber KM, Kayser MS, Bear MF (2000) Role for rapid dendritic protein
synthesis in hippocampal mGluR-dependent long-term depression. Science 288:
1254–1257. 4. Maletic-Savatic M, Malinow R, Svoboda K (1999) Rapid dendritic morpho-
genesis in CA1 hippocampal dendrites induced by synaptic activity. Science 283:
1923–1927. 23. Nosyreva ED, Huber KM (2005) Developmental switch in synaptic mechanisms
of hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depres-
sion. J Neurosci 25: 2992–3001. 5. Engert F, Bonhoeffer T (1999) Dendritic spine changes associated with
hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity. Nature 399: 66–70. J
24. Bear MF, Huber KM, Warren ST (2004) The mGluR theory of fragile X mental
retardation. Trends Neurosci 27: 370–377. 6. Matsuzaki M, Honkura N, Ellis-Davies GC, Kasai H (2004) Structural basis of
long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines. Nature 429: 761–766. 25. Kaufmann WE, Moser HW (2000) Dendritic anomalies in disorders associated
with mental retardation. Cereb Cortex 10: 981–991. long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines. Nature 429: 76 7. Smith MA, Ellis-Davies GC, Magee JC (2003) Mechanism of the distance-
dependent scaling of Schaffer collateral synapses in rat CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Physiol 548: 245–258. 26. McKinney BC, Grossman AW, Elisseou NM, Greenough WT (2005) Dendritic
spine abnormalities in the occipital cortex of C57BL/6 Fmr1 knockout mice. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 136B: 98–102. 8. Fonseca R, Nagerl UV, Morris RG, Bonhoeffer T (2004) Competing for
memory: hippocampal LTP under regimes of reduced protein synthesis. Neuron
44: 1011–1020. 27. Chen CC, Lu HC, Brumberg JC (2012) mGluR5 knockout mice display
increased dendritic spine densities. Neurosci Lett 524: 65–68. 28. Stoppini L, Buchs PA, Muller D (1991) A simple method for organotypic
cultures of nervous tissue. J Neurosci Methods 37: 173–182. 9. Supporting Information Figure S1
Spine shrinkage and elimination are inde-
pendent of initial spine volume. A) Representative images of
spines of various sizes that were quantified, from smaller at the
bottom to larger at the top. B) Two-dimensional plot of initial
versus final spine volumes per spine (mm3) (15 min before and 2 h
after LTD). Spines which fall along the horizontal line do not
change in volume during the experiment. C) Spine volume
distribution for the group of spines that were eliminated following
DHPG LTD. The graph shows that different sized spines were
subject to elimination, and that they could be eliminated at various
times following LTD stimulation. Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr. F. Tecuapetla for his help with data analysis, and to
Dr. R. Costa for discussions and critical reading of the manuscript. Spine Structural Changes following mGluR-LTD Last for
24 Hours Taken together, they provide a key mechanism
by which to cluster synapses, allowing the pruning of specific
inputs, based on the nature of the activity, and not necessarily
depending on the initial size of the spines. These data also point to
the dysregulation of mGluR signaling as a potential cause of the
altered spine morphology seen in mental retardation disorders. References Govindarajan A, Israely I, Huang SY, Tonegawa S (2011) The dendritic branch
is the preferred integrative unit for protein synthesis-dependent LTP. Neuron
69: 132–146. J
29. Bloodgood BL, Sabatini BL (2005) Neuronal activity regulates diffusion across
the neck of dendritic spines. Science 310: 866–869. 10. Frey U, Morris RG (1998) Weak before strong: dissociating synaptic tagging and
plasticity-factor accounts of late-LTP. Neuropharmacology 37: 545–552. 30. Volk LJ, Daly CA, Huber KM (2006) Differential roles for group 1 mGluR
subtypes in induction and expression of chemically induced hippocampal long-
term depression. Journal of Neurophysiology 95: 2427–2438. 11. Harvey CD, Svoboda K (2007) Locally dynamic synaptic learning rules in
pyramidal neuron dendrites. Nature 450: 1195–1200. 31. Huber KM, Roder JC, Bear MF (2001) Chemical induction of mGluR5- and
protein synthesis–dependent long-term depression in hippocampal area CA1. J Neurophysiol 86: 321–325. 12. Collingridge GL, Peineau S, Howland JG, Wang YT (2010) Long-term
depression in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 11: 459–473. 13. Oliet SH, Malenka RC, Nicoll RA (1997) Two distinct forms of long-term
depression coexist in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells. Neuron 18: 969–982. 32. Snyder EM, Philpot BD, Huber KM, Dong X, Fallon JR, et al. (2001)
Internalization of ionotropic glutamate receptors in response to mGluR
activation. Nature Neuroscience 4: 1079–1085. 14. Nicoll RA, Oliet SH, Malenka RC (1998) NMDA receptor-dependent and
metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent forms of long-term depression
coexist in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells. Neurobiol Learn Mem 70: 62–72. 33. Mayford M, Siegelbaum SA, Kandel ER (2012) Synapses and memory storage. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4. 15. Gladding CM, Fitzjohn SM, Molnar E (2009) Metabotropic glutamate receptor-
mediated long-term depression: molecular mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 61:
395–412. 34. Turrigiano GG (1999) Homeostatic plasticity in neuronal networks: the more
things change, the more they stay the same. Trends Neurosci 22: 221–227. 35. Wang Z, Xu NL, Wu CP, Duan S, Poo MM (2003) Bidirectional changes in
spatial dendritic integration accompanying long-term synaptic modifications. Neuron 37: 463–472. 16. Lujan R, Nusser Z, Roberts JD, Shigemoto R, Somogyi P (1996) Perisynaptic
location of metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1 and mGluR5 on
dendrites and dendritic spines in the rat hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 8:
1488–1500. 36. Shinoda Y, Kamikubo Y, Egashira Y, Tominaga-Yoshino K, Ogura A (2005)
Repetition of mGluR-dependent LTD causes slowly developing persistent
reduction in synaptic strength accompanied by synapse elimination. Brain Res
1042: 99–107. 17. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: YRC II. Performed the
experiments: YRC. Analyzed the data: YRC II. Contributed reagents/
materials/analysis tools: YRC II. Wrote the paper: YRC II. Conceived and designed the experiments: YRC II. Performed the
experiments: YRC. Analyzed the data: YRC II. Contributed reagents/
materials/analysis tools: YRC II. Wrote the paper: YRC II. 42. Brown V, Jin P, Ceman S, Darnell JC, O’Donnell WT, et al. (2001) Microarray
identification of FMRP-associated brain mRNAs and altered mRNA transla-
tional profiles in fragile X syndrome. Cell 107: 477–487. patients with fragile-X syndrome: a quantitative examination. Am J Med Genet
98: 161–167. 39. Gereau RWt, Conn PJ (1995) Roles of specific metabotropic glutamate receptor
subtypes in regulation of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell excitability.
J Neurophysiol 74: 122–129. py
J
y
41. Irwin SA, Patel B, Idupulapati M, Harris JB, Crisostomo RA, et al. (2001)
Abnormal dendritic spine characteristics in the temporal and visual cortices of 43. Govindarajan A, Kelleher RJ, Tonegawa S (2006) A clustered plasticity model of
long-term memory engrams. Nat Rev Neurosci 7: 575–583. 40. Kato HK, Kassai H, Watabe AM, Aiba A, Manabe T (2012) Functional
coupling of the metabotropic glutamate receptor, InsP3 receptor and L-type
Ca2+ channel in mouse CA1 pyramidal cells. J Physiol 590: 3019–3034. patients with fragile-X syndrome: a quantitative examination. Am J Med Genet
98: 161–167. References Petralia RS, Sans N, Wang YX, Wenthold RJ (2005) Ontogeny of postsynaptic
density proteins at glutamatergic synapses. Mol Cell Neurosci 29: 436–452. 37. Holbro N, Grunditz A, Oertner TG (2009) Differential distribution of
endoplasmic reticulum controls metabotropic signaling and plasticity at
hippocampal synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 15055–15060. 18. Zhou Q, Homma KJ, Poo MM (2004) Shrinkage of dendritic spines associated
with long-term depression of hippocampal synapses. Neuron 44: 749–757. 19. Nagerl UV, Eberhorn N, Cambridge SB, Bonhoeffer T (2004) Bidirectional
activity-dependent morphological plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Neuron 44:
759–767. 38. Brager DH, Johnston D (2007) Plasticity of intrinsic excitability during long-term
depression is mediated through mGluR-dependent changes in I(h) in
hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 27: 13926–13937. PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 9 August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination mGluR Mediated Spine Shrinkage and Elimination August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8 | e71155 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 10
| 32,371 |
https://github.com/luochen52/legendables/blob/master/index.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
legendables
|
luochen52
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 6 | 16 |
export {default as Legend} from "./src/legend"
| 44,717 |
https://craftcms.stackexchange.com/questions/16419
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,016 |
Stack Exchange
|
Brad Bell, Terry Upton, https://craftcms.stackexchange.com/users/5418, https://craftcms.stackexchange.com/users/57
|
English
|
Spoken
| 153 | 250 |
Categories not adding trailing slash
In my general config I have enabled URLS to have trailing slashes.
'addTrailingSlashesToUrls' => true,
This is working for products and entries. But it is not working on Categories. Category links are not adding trailing slashes.
Is there some additional config I need to add/setup or is this a bug?
Can you share the code you're using to generate the links? Have you made any modifications to the stock public .htaccess file (assuming you're running Apache)?
Whoops! Sorry Brad. As I went to check the code I realised, I was using {{ category.uri }} instead of {{ category.url }}.
Incidentally what exactly is uri?
Ahh... would you mind adding that as an answer? There's a good venn diagram here on URI vs. URL vs. URN: https://danielmiessler.com/study/url-uri/
Whoops! Sorry. As I went to check the code I realised, I was using {{ category.uri }} instead of {{ category.url }}.
| 2,084 |
https://github.com/huning-tech/flexible-uid/blob/master/flexible-uid-core/src/main/java/com/langdashu/flexible/uid/core/model/UidConfiguration.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,021 |
flexible-uid
|
huning-tech
|
Java
|
Code
| 113 | 438 |
package com.langdashu.flexible.uid.core.model;
/**
* uid配置信息
*
* <p>更多内容参看<a href="https://langdashu.com"><b>浪大叔</b></a>
* @author 浪大叔
*/
public class UidConfiguration {
private Long snowflakeStartTimeMillis;
private String zookeeperAddress;
private UidEnvVariable envVariable;
private UidStartupArg startupArg;
private String redisAddress;
public Long getSnowflakeStartTimeMillis() {
return snowflakeStartTimeMillis;
}
public void setSnowflakeStartTimeMillis(Long snowflakeStartTimeMillis) {
this.snowflakeStartTimeMillis = snowflakeStartTimeMillis;
}
public String getZookeeperAddress() {
return zookeeperAddress;
}
public void setZookeeperAddress(String zookeeperAddress) {
this.zookeeperAddress = zookeeperAddress;
}
public UidEnvVariable getEnvVariable() {
return envVariable;
}
public void setEnvVariable(UidEnvVariable envVariable) {
this.envVariable = envVariable;
}
public UidStartupArg getStartupArg() {
return startupArg;
}
public void setStartupArg(UidStartupArg startupArg) {
this.startupArg = startupArg;
}
public String getRedisAddress() {
return redisAddress;
}
public void setRedisAddress(String redisAddress) {
this.redisAddress = redisAddress;
}
}
| 11,374 |
https://github.com/TaranBarber/check-api/blob/master/config/initializers/field_searches.rb
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
check-api
|
TaranBarber
|
Ruby
|
Code
| 251 | 858 |
Dynamic.class_eval do
# How a field should be RENDERED ON A SEARCH FORM of a given team
def self.field_search_json_schema_type_language(team = nil)
joins = "INNER JOIN annotations a ON a.id = dynamic_annotation_fields.annotation_id INNER JOIN project_medias pm ON a.annotated_type = 'ProjectMedia' AND pm.id = a.annotated_id INNER JOIN projects p ON pm.project_id = p.id"
values = DynamicAnnotation::Field.group('dynamic_annotation_fields.value').where(annotation_type: 'language').joins(joins).where('p.team_id' => team.id).count.keys
keys = []
labels = []
values.each do |yaml_code|
code = YAML.load(yaml_code)
keys << code
labels << CheckCldr.language_code_to_name(code)
end
{ type: 'array', title: I18n.t(:annotation_type_language_label), items: { type: 'string', enum: keys, enumNames: labels } }
end
def self.field_sort_json_schema_type_verification_status(team = nil)
{ id: :deadline, label: I18n.t(:verification_status_deadline), asc_label: I18n.t(:verification_status_deadline_asc), desc_label: I18n.t(:verification_status_deadline_desc) } unless team.get_status_target_turnaround.blank?
end
# How a field should be INDEXED BY ELASTICSEARCH
def get_elasticsearch_options_dynamic_annotation_verification_status
deadline = self.get_field_value(:deadline).to_i
data = { deadline: deadline, indexable: deadline }
{ keys: [:deadline, :indexable], data: data }
end
def get_elasticsearch_options_dynamic_annotation_language
code = self.get_field_value(:language)
data = { language: code, indexable: code }
{ keys: [:language, :indexable], data: data }
end
def get_elasticsearch_options_dynamic_annotation_task_response_geolocation
return {} if self.get_field(:response_geolocation).nil?
location = {}
geojson = JSON.parse(self.get_field_value(:response_geolocation))
coordinates = geojson['geometry']['coordinates']
indexable = geojson['properties']['name']
if coordinates[0] != 0 || coordinates[1] != 0
# re-compute long value before sending to Elasticsearch
location = {
lat: coordinates[0],
lon: ((coordinates[1].to_f + 180) % 360) - 180
}
end
data = {
location: location,
indexable: indexable
}
{ keys: [:location, :indexable], data: data }
end
def get_elasticsearch_options_dynamic_annotation_task_response_datetime
return {} if self.get_field(:response_datetime).nil?
datetime = DateTime.parse(self.get_field_value(:response_datetime))
data = { datetime: datetime.to_i, indexable: datetime.to_s }
{ keys: [:datetime, :indexable], data: data }
end
end
| 34,245 |
https://github.com/kids-first/kf-api-study-creator/blob/master/tests/referral_tokens/test_new_referral_token.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
kf-api-study-creator
|
kids-first
|
Python
|
Code
| 561 | 2,101 |
import pytest
import uuid
from datetime import timedelta
from graphql_relay import to_global_id
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from django.contrib.auth.models import Group
from creator.studies.factories import StudyFactory
from creator.referral_tokens.models import ReferralToken
User = get_user_model()
CREATE_REFERRALTOKEN = """
mutation newReferralToken($input: ReferralTokenInput!) {
createReferralToken(input: $input) {
referralToken {
uuid
email
claimed
isValid
groups {
edges {
node {
id
}
}
}
organization {
id
}
studies {
edges {
node {
id
}
}
}
}
}
}
"""
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"user_group,allowed",
[
("Administrators", True),
("Services", False),
("Developers", False),
("Investigators", False),
("Bioinformatics", False),
(None, False),
],
)
def test_create_referral_token_mutation(db, clients, user_group, allowed):
"""
Test that correct users may create referral token
"""
client = clients.get(user_group)
user = User.objects.filter(groups__name="Administrators").first()
study = StudyFactory(kf_id="SD_00000000")
study.organization.members.add(user)
study_id = to_global_id("StudyNode", "SD_00000000")
organization_id = to_global_id("OrganizationNode", study.organization.id)
group = Group.objects.first()
group_id = to_global_id("GroupNode", group.id)
email = "test@email.com"
variables = {
"input": {
"email": email,
"studies": [study_id],
"groups": [group_id],
"organization": organization_id,
}
}
resp = client.post(
"/graphql",
content_type="application/json",
data={"query": CREATE_REFERRALTOKEN, "variables": variables},
)
if allowed:
resp_body = resp.json()["data"]["createReferralToken"]["referralToken"]
assert resp_body["email"] == email
assert resp_body["isValid"] is True
assert resp_body["groups"]["edges"][0]["node"]["id"] == group_id
assert resp_body["studies"]["edges"][0]["node"]["id"] == study_id
assert resp_body["organization"]["id"] == organization_id
assert ReferralToken.objects.count() == 1
assert ReferralToken.objects.first().claimed is False
else:
assert ReferralToken.objects.count() == 0
assert resp.json()["errors"][0]["message"] == "Not allowed"
def test_create_referral_token_mutation_existing(db, clients):
"""
Test that Admin cannot create a new referral token when there is an
existing a valid referral token
"""
client = clients.get("Administrators")
user = User.objects.filter(groups__name="Administrators").first()
study = StudyFactory(kf_id="SD_00000000")
study.organization.members.add(user)
study_id = to_global_id("StudyNode", "SD_00000000")
organization_id = to_global_id("OrganizationNode", study.organization.id)
group = Group.objects.first()
group_id = to_global_id("GroupNode", group.id)
email = "test@email.com"
variables = {
"input": {
"email": email,
"studies": [study_id],
"groups": [group_id],
"organization": organization_id,
}
}
resp_create = client.post(
"/graphql",
content_type="application/json",
data={"query": CREATE_REFERRALTOKEN, "variables": variables},
)
assert ReferralToken.objects.count() == 1
resp_existing = client.post(
"/graphql",
content_type="application/json",
data={"query": CREATE_REFERRALTOKEN, "variables": variables},
)
assert (
resp_existing.json()["errors"][0]["message"]
== "Invite already sent, awaiting user response"
)
assert ReferralToken.objects.count() == 1
def test_create_referral_token_mutation_expired(db, clients, settings):
"""
Test that a referral token may be 'resent' for the same user/email after
the old token has expired.
"""
client = clients.get("Administrators")
user = User.objects.filter(groups__name="Administrators").first()
study = StudyFactory(kf_id="SD_00000000")
study.organization.members.add(user)
study_id = to_global_id("StudyNode", "SD_00000000")
organization_id = to_global_id("OrganizationNode", study.organization.id)
group = Group.objects.first()
group_id = to_global_id("GroupNode", group.id)
email = "test@email.com"
variables = {
"input": {
"email": email,
"studies": [study_id],
"groups": [group_id],
"organization": organization_id,
}
}
resp_create = client.post(
"/graphql",
content_type="application/json",
data={"query": CREATE_REFERRALTOKEN, "variables": variables},
)
assert ReferralToken.objects.count() == 1
# Now retrieve the token and roll back the created_at time so that it
# will appear to have expired
token = ReferralToken.objects.first()
token.created_at = token.created_at - timedelta(
days=(settings.REFERRAL_TOKEN_EXPIRATION_DAYS + 1)
)
token.save()
# Should be able to create another, identical token now that it is expired
resp = client.post(
"/graphql",
content_type="application/json",
data={"query": CREATE_REFERRALTOKEN, "variables": variables},
)
assert "errors" not in resp.json()
resp_body = resp.json()["data"]["createReferralToken"]["referralToken"]
assert resp_body["email"] == email
assert resp_body["isValid"] is True
assert resp_body["groups"]["edges"][0]["node"]["id"] == group_id
assert resp_body["studies"]["edges"][0]["node"]["id"] == study_id
assert resp_body["organization"]["id"] == organization_id
assert ReferralToken.objects.count() == 2
def test_create_referral_token_mutation_organization_does_not_exist(
db, clients
):
"""
Test that an organization must exist to create a referral token for it.
"""
client = clients.get("Administrators")
study = StudyFactory(kf_id="SD_00000000")
study_id = to_global_id("StudyNode", "SD_00000000")
organization_id = to_global_id("OrganizationNode", uuid.uuid4())
group = Group.objects.first()
group_id = to_global_id("GroupNode", group.id)
email = "test@email.com"
variables = {
"input": {
"email": email,
"studies": [study_id],
"groups": [group_id],
"organization": organization_id,
}
}
resp = client.post(
"/graphql",
content_type="application/json",
data={"query": CREATE_REFERRALTOKEN, "variables": variables},
)
assert ReferralToken.objects.count() == 0
assert "errors" in resp.json()
assert "does not exist" in resp.json()["errors"][0]["message"]
| 8,479 |
https://github.com/LaughingLeader-DOS2-Mods/LeaderLib/blob/master/Mods/LeaderLib_543d653f-446c-43d8-8916-54670ce24dd9/Story/RawFiles/Lua/Shared/Settings/LeaderLibGameSettings.lua
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
LeaderLib
|
LaughingLeader-DOS2-Mods
|
Lua
|
Code
| 841 | 2,911 |
---@class LeaderLibDefaultSettings
local DefaultSettings = {
StarterTierSkillOverrides = false,
LowerMemorizationRequirements = false,
APSettings = {
Player = {
Enabled = false,
Max = 8,
Start = -1,
Recovery = -1,
},
NPC = {
Enabled = false,
Max = 8,
Start = -1,
Recovery = -1,
}
},
BackstabSettings = {
AllowTwoHandedWeapons = false,
MeleeSpellBackstabMaxDistance = 2.5,
Player = {
Enabled = false,
TalentRequired = true,
MeleeOnly = true,
SpellsCanBackstab = false,
},
NPC = {
Enabled = true,
TalentRequired = true,
MeleeOnly = true,
SpellsCanBackstab = false,
},
},
SurfaceSettings = {
PoisonDoesNotIgnite = false,
},
SkipTutorial = {
Enabled = false,
Destination = "FJ_FortJoy_Main",
AddRecipes = false,
StartingCharacterLevel = {
Enabled = true,
FJ_FortJoy_Main = 2,
LV_HoE_Main = 8,
RC_Main = 8,
CoS_Main = 16,
ARX_Main = 18
},
StartingGold = {
Enabled = true,
FJ_FortJoy_Main = 200,
LV_HoE_Main = 2000,
RC_Main = 2000,
CoS_Main = 4000,
ARX_Main = 10000
}
},
Client = {
StatusOptions = {
HideAll = false,
---A list of statuses to hide if HideAll is false.
---@type table<string,boolean>
Blacklist = {},
---A list of statuses to show if HideAll is true.
---@type table<string,boolean>
Whitelist = {},
AffectHealthbar = false,
},
AlwaysDisplayWeaponScalingText = true,
DivineTalentsEnabled = false,
AlwaysExpandTooltips = false,
},
EnableDeveloperTests = false,
Version = Ext.GetModInfo("7e737d2f-31d2-4751-963f-be6ccc59cd0c").Version
}
local function cloneTable(orig)
local orig_type = type(orig)
local copy
if orig_type == 'table' then
copy = {}
for orig_key, orig_value in pairs(orig) do
copy[orig_key] = orig_value
end
else -- number, string, boolean, etc
copy = orig
end
return copy
end
---@class LeaderLibGameSettings
local LeaderLibGameSettings = {
---@type LeaderLibDefaultSettings
Settings = cloneTable(DefaultSettings),
Default = cloneTable(DefaultSettings),
Loaded = false
}
LeaderLibGameSettings.__index = LeaderLibGameSettings
---Seralizes GameSettings to string, which only includes the Settings table.
---@return string
function LeaderLibGameSettings:ToString()
local copy = {
Settings = self.Settings
}
return Ext.JsonStringify(copy)
end
---@return LeaderLibGameSettings
function LeaderLibGameSettings:Create()
local this =
{
Settings = DefaultSettings
}
setmetatable(this, self)
return this
end
---@param tbl LeaderLibDefaultSettings
function LeaderLibGameSettings:MigrateSettings(tbl)
if tbl.MaxAP ~= nil then
if tbl.MaxAPGroup == "Player" or tbl.MaxAPGroup == "All" then
self.Settings.APSettings.Player.Max = tbl.MaxAP
end
if tbl.MaxAPGroup == "NPC" or tbl.MaxAPGroup == "All" then
self.Settings.APSettings.NPC.Max = tbl.MaxAP
end
end
if tbl.MaxAPGroup ~= nil then
if tbl.MaxAPGroup == "All" then
self.Settings.APSettings.Player.Enabled = true
self.Settings.APSettings.NPC.Enabled = true
elseif tbl.MaxAPGroup == "Player" then
self.Settings.APSettings.Player.Enabled = true
elseif tbl.MaxAPGroup == "NPC" then
self.Settings.APSettings.NPC.Enabled = true
end
end
if tbl.Client and tbl.Client.HideStatuses == true then
self.Settings.Client.StatusOptions.HideAll = true
end
end
local function ParseTableValue(settings, k, v)
if type(v) == "table" then
if settings[k] == nil then
settings[k] = v
--PrintDebug("[LeaderLibGameSettings] Set null ",k," to table")
else
for k2,v2 in pairs(v) do
ParseTableValue(settings[k], k2, v2)
end
end
else
settings[k] = v
--PrintDebug("[LeaderLibGameSettings] Set ",k," to ",v)
end
end
---@param source table
---@return boolean
function LeaderLibGameSettings:LoadTable(tbl)
local b,result = xpcall(function()
if tbl ~= nil then
if tbl.Settings ~= nil and type(tbl.Settings) == "table" then
pcall(self.MigrateSettings, self, tbl)
for k,v in pairs(tbl.Settings) do
ParseTableValue(self.Settings, k, v)
end
elseif tbl.Version == nil then
for k,v in pairs(tbl) do
ParseTableValue(self.Settings, k, v)
end
end
end
return true
end, function(err)
Ext.PrintError("[LeaderLibGameSettings:LoadTable] Error parsing table:\n" .. tostring(err))
end, self, tbl)
if b then
self:Apply()
return result
end
return false
end
---Converts a string to a table and applies its properties.
---@param str string
---@return boolean
function LeaderLibGameSettings:LoadString(str)
local b,result = xpcall(function()
local tbl = Common.JsonParse(str)
if tbl ~= nil then
if tbl.Settings ~= nil and type(tbl.Settings) == "table" then
for k,v in pairs(tbl.Settings) do
ParseTableValue(self.Settings, k, v)
end
end
end
if tbl.Version ~= nil then
self.Settings.Version = tbl.Verion
end
return true
end, debug.traceback)
if b then
self:Apply()
return result
else
Ext.PrintError("[LeaderLibGameSettings:CreateFromString] Error parsing string as table:\n" .. tostring(result))
end
return false
end
function LeaderLibGameSettings:ApplyAPChanges()
local characters = {}
if Ext.IsServer() then
for i,v in pairs(Osi.DB_IsPlayer:Get(nil)) do
characters[#characters+1] = StringHelpers.GetUUID(v[1])
end
else
for mc in StatusHider.PlayerInfo:GetCharacterMovieClips(true) do
characters[#characters+1] = Ext.DoubleToHandle(mc.characterHandle)
end
end
local settings = self.Settings.APSettings.Player
for _,v in pairs(characters) do
local character = Ext.GetCharacter(v)
if character then
local stats = {}
local baseStat = Ext.GetStat(character.Stats.Name)
if settings.Enabled then
if settings.Start > 0 then
stats.APStart = settings.Start
else
stats.APStart = baseStat.APStart
end
if settings.Max > 0 then
stats.APMaximum = settings.Max
else
stats.APMaximum = baseStat.APMaximum
end
if settings.Recovery > 0 then
stats.APRecovery = settings.Recovery
else
stats.APRecovery = baseStat.APRecovery
end
else
stats.APStart = baseStat.APStart
stats.APMaximum = baseStat.APMaximum
stats.APRecovery = baseStat.APRecovery
end
character.Stats.DynamicStats[1].APMaximum = stats.APMaximum
character.Stats.DynamicStats[1].APRecovery = stats.APRecovery
character.Stats.DynamicStats[1].APStart = stats.APStart
baseStat.APStart = stats.APStart
baseStat.APMaximum = stats.APMaximum
baseStat.APRecovery = stats.APRecovery
if Ext.IsServer() then
Ext.SyncStat(baseStat.Name, false)
end
end
end
end
function LeaderLibGameSettings:Sync(userId)
end
function LeaderLibGameSettings:Apply()
if self.Settings.BackstabSettings.Player.Enabled or self.Settings.BackstabSettings.NPC.Enabled then
EnableFeature("BackstabCalculation")
end
if Ext.IsClient() then
StatusHider.RefreshStatusVisibility()
if Mods.CharacterExpansionLib then
Mods.CharacterExpansionLib.SheetManager.Talents.ToggleDivineTalents(self.Settings.Client.DivineTalentsEnabled)
end
end
self:ApplyAPChanges()
end
Classes.LeaderLibGameSettings = LeaderLibGameSettings
GameSettings = LeaderLibGameSettings:Create()
local isClient = Ext.IsClient()
Ext.RegisterNetListener("LeaderLib_SyncGameSettings", function(cmd, payload)
fprint(LOGLEVEL.DEFAULT, "[LeaderLib_SyncGameSettings:%s] Loading settings.", Ext.IsClient() and "CLIENT" or "SERVER")
if isClient then
local clientSettings = {}
if GameSettings and GameSettings.Settings and GameSettings.Settings.Client then
for k,v in pairs(GameSettings.Settings.Client) do
clientSettings[k] = v
end
end
GameSettings:LoadString(payload)
if not GameSettings.Settings.Client then
GameSettings.Settings.Client = clientSettings
else
for k,v in pairs(clientSettings) do
GameSettings.Settings.Client[k] = v
end
end
else
GameSettings:LoadString(payload)
end
GameSettings:Apply()
GameSettings.Loaded = true
GameSettingsManager.Save()
if isClient then
SyncStatOverrides(GameSettings, false)
end
end)
| 38,383 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32724931
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
APH, Juan Carlos Oropeza, Olivier Jacot-Descombes, Sean Lange, blackpluribus, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3470178, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3813116, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4755863, https://stackoverflow.com/users/5070060, https://stackoverflow.com/users/880990
|
English
|
Spoken
| 464 | 722 |
Looping through a table SQL
Okay so I have this temp table. It has all the orders which a company needs to ship out. I need to somehow loop through the table and insert the information into 3+ tables.
@TempTable Table
(
OrderID Int
)
Declare @value int = (select count(orderID) from @temptable)
Declare @i int = 1
WHILE @i < @value BEGIN
Declare @orderid= (select first(orderid) from @temptable)
INSERT INTO shipment (orderid, Price, Date, DateDue)
VALUES (@orderid, @Price, @Date, @DateDue);
Set @i += 1
Delete top(1) from @temptable
END
Is there a better way of doing this?
Adding a little more to my issue
I'm taking in 3 values from VB.Net that as an example is @Price, @Date, and @DateDue.Because of this I wasn't able just to do a select statement cause the values are mixed with this passed values.
You could do that in a single query.
possible duplicate of SQL Insert into ... values ( SELECT ... FROM ... )
Not only is it inefficient it is also potentially inaccurate. You have a delete top 1 but you don't have an order by. You also are using first but the function in sql server is first_value.
@blackpluribus After your add some info this become more difficult to understand what you want. I suggest you read How to ask
And How to create a Minimal, Complete, and Verifiable example.
Looping is not efficient. Always try to avoid it. You will need two queries: one for selection and inserting and one for deletion
INSERT INTO shipment (orderid, Price, Date, DateDue)
SELECT orderid, @Price, @Date, @DateDue FROM @temptable;
DELETE FROM @temptable;
Note also that the @temptable has a limited lifetime. Therefore - depending on the situation - deleting it might not be necessary at all.
Normally I would agree with you but my issue is the other values aren't from the temptable so I can't just select from the temptable.
Well, if those other values are pararamters, then use parameters. I changed the query accordingly.
Do it in a single query
INSERT INTO (orderid, -some other value-)
SELECT orderid, -some other value-
FROM @temptable
How the fastest plus 1 i ever got
Does this work if the other values are passed from code?
Probably yes. But need see a more detail description of what you mean.
Example :
INSERT INTO (orderid, price)
SELECT orderid, @price
FROM #temptable
That will insert same price to all temptable rows. is that what you want?
I was trying to just pull out the OrderIDs each time to pass it along with 3 other values from outside the table into another preexisting table.
Yes, that lose me :( I suggest you rewrite the question and explain all the issues regarding the problem. Include some sample date and desire output.
| 22,017 |
https://openalex.org/W4205648740
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,021 |
Characterisation of glue behaviour under thermal and mechanical stress conditions
|
Gianluca Caposciutti
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,222 | 8,269 |
ACTA IMEKO
ISSN: 2221-870X
December 2021, Volume 10, Number 4, 162 - 168 ACTA IMEKO
ISSN: 2221-870X
December 2021, Volume 10, Number 4, 162 - 168 ISSN: 2221-870X
December 2021, Volume 10, Number 4, 162 - 168 ISSN: 2221-870X
December 2021, Volume 10, Number 4, 162 - 168 December 2021, Volume 10, Number 4, 162 - 168 Section: RESEARCH PAPER Keywords: Temperature cycles; glue bonding; mechanical stress; thermal stabilization Keywords: Temperature cycles; glue bonding; mechanical stress; thermal stabilization Citation: Gianluca Caposciutti, Bernardo Tellini, Alfredo Cigada, Stefano Manzoni, Characterization of glue behaviour under therm
conditions, Acta IMEKO, vol. 10, no. 4, article 23, December 2021, identifier: IMEKO-ACTA-10 (2021)-04-23 Section Editor: Roberto Montanini, Università di Messina and Alfredo Cigada, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Received July 29, 2021; In final form November 30, 2021; Published December 2021 Copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Corresponding author: Gianluca Caposciutti, e-mail: gianluca.caposciutti@ing.unipi.it The presence of these interfaces can generate significant
consequences on the measurements, especially when MEMS
clinometers and accelerometers are taken into consideration. Indeed, their working principle is based on the estimation of the
angle between the sensing axis and the gravity vector. Being the
sensor glued to the enclosing box, when temperature changes
(e.g., due to usual environmental thermal shifts), the glue can
change its behaviour and geometrical layout. Regarding the latter
aspect, this implies that a significant systematic error can affect
the readout e.g., by introducing a temperature dependant offset,
while this effect must be avoided at best to preserve the quality
of the measurement. Such a goal can be achieved by properly
choosing the type of glue through a study of its thermo-
mechanical behaviour. In this paper, this is accomplished by
capacitive measurements on tailored set-ups, as outlined below. ABSTRACT New low-cost measuring devices require that the box housing and electronics have the cost aligned with the sensing system. Nowadays,
metallic clips and/or glue are commonly used to fix the electronics to the box, thus providing the same motion of the structure to the
sensing element. However, these systems may undergo daily or seasonal thermal cycles, and the combined effect of thermal and
mechanical stress can determine significant uncertainties in the measurand evaluation. To study these effects, we prepared some
parallel plates capacitors by using glue as a dielectric material. We used different types of fixing and sample assembly to separate the
effects of glue softening on the capacitor active area and plates distance. Therefore, we assessed the sample modification by measuring
the capacitance variation during controlled temperature cycles. We explored possible non-linear behaviour of the capacitance vs. temperature, and possible effects of thermal cycles on the glue geometry. Further work is still needed to properly assess the nature of
this phenomenon and to study the effect of mechanical stress on the sample’s capacitance. Gianluca Caposciutti1, Bernardo Tellini1, Alfredo Cigada2, Stefano Manzoni2 1 Dip. di Ingegneria dell’Energia, dei Sistemi, del Territorio e delle Costruzioni, Università di Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56125 Pisa, Italy
2 Dip. di Meccanica., Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 1, 20156 Milano, Italy December 2021 | Volume 10 | Number 4 | 162 2. MODELLING As a consequence, we assume for our analysis the following
capacitance model: 𝐶(𝜀, 𝑆, 𝑑, 𝑓, 𝑇) = 𝜀(𝑓, 𝑇) 𝑆(𝑇)
𝑑(𝑇) ,
(2) (2) for which we refer to capacitors made of two parallel metal disks,
filled by a glue substance as interposed dielectric material and
capacitance C. In equation (2), we made explicit for the
capacitance parameters the dependence on the frequency f and
the temperature T. For instance, temperature, and mechanical stress generally
play an important role and should be properly taken into account
for a valid description [5], [6]. Regarding the temperature, the
number of polarizable ions per unit of volume is a direct
consequence of volume expansion, the ions polarizability
depends itself on their thermal energy, which also influences the
number of defects and disorder in the material, and the effective
relaxation time. The total stress on dielectric material also affects
its physical properties [2], [7], for which three different
contributions are identified: mechanical stress, Maxwell stress,
and electrostriction component. In more detail, in absence of
electric field, the material (assumed in an elastic regime) finally
obeys to Hooke’s law [8]. Moreover, it is shown that the Maxwell
stress in solid dielectrics, such as many polymers, directly affects
the material stress status, and causes molecular deformation, thus
modifying the dielectric and electrical properties of the material
[9]. Thus, as mentioned in the Introduction, ε generally presents
frequency dispersion and depends on the temperature. The
frequency dispersion represents a variation of ε vs. frequency
and, following a classical approach, it is described by spring-mass
models. For a review on such a topic, Clausius-Mossotti’s,
Debye’s expressions, and their novel modified versions are
recognized models of such a phenomenon. The temperature
dependence of the dielectric properties finds a general
description for relatively rarefied media, such as the description
of the orientation polarization based on Maxwell-Boltzmann
statistics. On the other hand, such a relationship can significantly
vary depending on the temperature range, structure, and physical
status of the material. The main purpose of the current work is to characterize the
effect of the glue bonding between a sensor or its housing, and
the target surface. Particular attention is given to the glue thermal
behaviour, which may significantly affect the sensor readout due
to bonding deformation, e.g., in the case of a tilt or strain-
sensitive element. 2. MODELLING displacement sensors are those exhibiting the highest sensitivity
(up to hundreds of Volt per millimetre), so it has been decided
to use the glue as a dielectric interposed between two metallic
plates: even the smallest change in the plate distance due to
temperature can therefore be easily detected. Let us assume a capacitor having parallel plane electrodes with
surface S, separation distance d, and dielectric medium with
constant permittivity ε. According to the theory, for slowly-
varying and uniform electric field distribution between the two
electrodes, the capacitance C between them reads as: Capacitance measurements have therefore been carried out
during varying temperature cycles, trying to split any change in
the glue/dielectric features out of a real change of the plate
distance: the latter is the main concern for SHM issues. 𝐶= 𝜀𝑆
𝑑
(1) 𝐶= 𝜀𝑆
𝑑 (1) According to the theory, the capacitance between two
conductors is defined as the ratio between the charge on one
conductor and the potential difference between them. Such a
parameter depends on the geometry of the conductors, on their
relative distances, and on the characteristic of the interposed
dielectric medium. Apart from simple geometries and ideal
dielectric medium, an accurate calculation and measurement of
the capacitance is a difficult task. It is worth to point out that for finite electrodes, the surface
charge distribution is indeed not uniform [10], and an accurate
estimation of the field distribution is not straightforward due to
the fringing field effect and possible divergent field values at the
electrode edges. Metrological institutes commonly adopt guard
rings as a method for the mitigation of such an effect [11], [12]. An accurate characterization of the dielectric material bases on a
high control of the electric field distribution, and, in analogy with
the characterization of magnetic properties of a material, we can
more properly refer to characterizing the capacitance of the
sample [13]. For slowly varying fields, the electric permittivity ε is a
macroscopic
constitutive
parameter
which
relates
the
macroscopic fields electric flux density 𝐷⃗⃗ and electric field 𝐸⃗ [2],
[3]. A comprehensive discussion of the physics of frequency
dispersion and of the effective time constants in dielectric media
remains a complex issue, as well as a clear operative meaning of
the measurement of ε in static conditions [4]. More in general,
the properties of the dielectric material can vary as a function of
several other parameters. 1. INTRODUCTION Attention about Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
systems, to monitor any possible infrastructure damage, is
growing a lot these days [1]: unfortunately, the same attention is
not being gained by metrology issues, dealing with the quality of
measurements and their reliability. New low-cost measurement
nodes, monitoring the structure motion, also require that the box
housing the electronics and the elements fixing the boxes to the
structure have costs aligned with those sensing nodes. The most common solution today is the use of plastic boxes,
granting the required IP protection grade; these are fixed to the
concrete structure by means of dowels and/or glue. Also, the
boards hosting sensors, microcontrollers and the needed
electronics, today designed with a flat bottom to grant the same
motion of the box and the sensor, preventing from the dynamic
behaviour of the board to affect measurements, are connected to
the enclosing box by means of metallic clips or glue. Thus, there
is a chain between the structure surface and the sensing element
with many interfaces, influencing the metrological performances
of the whole system. Sensors fixed to a structure for monitoring purposes, for
instance on a bridge, can undergo important temperature
changes, very high during summer and very low during winter. In order to better define the glue behaviour, a reference to
capacitive displacement sensors has been adopted for a thorough
understanding of the temperature related phenomena. Capacitive December 2021 | Volume 10 | Number 4 | 162 ACTA IMEKO | www.imeko.org 2. MODELLING Indeed, the temperature variation can lead to
the deformation of the glue, possibly altering the relative distance
between the plates and affecting the reference position of a
sensor with respect to the base surface. To this aim, the
mechanical and thermal variation of the glue is studied by using
an electrical model of the system. In a first approximation, the
bonding between the sensor or its housing and the target surface
can be modelled as a flat plates capacitor, where the glue plays
the role of the dielectric medium. A conceptual scheme of the modelled configuration is shown
in Figure 1. The values of d and S are constant in the ideal configuration. However, these parameters vary with possible material
contraction and dilatation because of the temperature variation. Furthermore, glue softening can modify the material structure,
influencing its dielectric and mechanical properties (e.g., viscosity
reduction when temperature increase). Thus, as made explicit in
equation (2), the geometry of the system and the capacitance C
are expected to vary with the temperature. As a consequence of
such behaviours, the capacitor plates can get closer one each
other under the effect of their weight and the electrostatic forces,
thus reducing their relative distance. Moreover, a viscosity
reduction of the glue can let it slide over the plates, thus varying
the geometry of the sample. These two main phenomena,
together with the proper dielectric material temperature
characteristic, generate a complex behaviour of the sample
capacitance as a function of the temperature. The paper is structured as follows. Section 2 shows the model
used in this study, and Section 3 reports the experimental analysis
performed. Moreover, Section 4 shows the results obtained with
the devices described in Section 3, and finally, some conclusions
are drawn in Section 5. December 2021 | Volume 10 | Number 4 | 163 ACTA IMEKO | www.imeko.org a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Figure 2. Spacers used for glue deposition (a) and final spacers for glue
hardening (b). Internal glue disk area (c), final capacitor assembly (d) and its
main scheme (e). Figure 1. Scheme of the modelled configuration. a) b) Figure 1. Scheme of the modelled configuration. a) b) As an example for raising the temperature, the glue softening
might reduce d, determining an increase of C according to
equation (2). Moreover, the possibility of glue sliding also
contributes to the variation of the C at high temperatures. 2. MODELLING Moreover, the upper circular plate has 60 mm diameter and The second type of capacitor, namely C4, is built with a
distance d of 1.4 mm, kept by a 7 glass spacer with 0.2 mm
thickness each, placed as the previous device. However, in this
case, the glue is placed to fill all the plates and their borders. Moreover, the upper circular plate has 60 mm diameter and a)
b)
Figure 3. Capacitor sample C4 with glue covering the plate border (a) and its
scheme (b). a) 2. MODELLING After
the heating process, the values of d and S can be eventually
stabilized and, in a cooling stage, the behaviour of C(T) might
follow a different curve, thus showing a hysteresis behaviour
with the temperature. This complex phenomenon is expected to
be more evident at high temperatures and it may exhibit some
relaxation toward a stable condition after a few thermal cycles. d) c) d) c) y
To carry out a consistent characterization of C, we built
several capacitor samples with specific features to distinguish the
above-mentioned effects. Firstly, the overall characteristic C(T)
is evaluated by using a parallel face capacitor with circular
electrodes. The geometry of the device is left free to evolve as a
function of the temperature. The dielectric glue is positioned in
the centre of the plates, far from the edges of electrodes, thus
reducing the fringing field effect at the electrode’s edge. A second
sample is built as the first one, but keeping fixed d to a minimum
value by using ad-hoc glass spacers. The use of glass spacers with
a low thermal dilatation coefficient allows for neglecting the
electrode distance variation as a function of the temperature. However, for such a configuration, the glue can still possibly slide
through the inter-electrode region, and finally affect the
geometry and the active volume of the dielectric medium of the
capacitor. A third sample is made with glass spacers, and by
covering the border of the electrodes with dielectric glue. In this
last case, the glue geometrical variation is expected not to
significantly affect the material within the plates, thus further
reducing the possible effective variation of both S(T) and d(T). Therefore, temperature cycles are applied to the different
samples and the behaviour of their capacitance is assessed at
different operating frequencies. e) e) e) Figure 2. Spacers used for glue deposition (a) and final spacers for glue
hardening (b). Internal glue disk area (c), final capacitor assembly (d) and its
main scheme (e). The second type of capacitor, namely C4, is built with a
distance d of 1.4 mm, kept by a 7 glass spacer with 0.2 mm
thickness each, placed as the previous device. However, in this
case, the glue is placed to fill all the plates and their borders. December 2021 | Volume 10 | Number 4 | 164 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP Different capacitor samples are built with plain faces
configuration, by adopting circular plates with 60 mm diameter
and 3 mm thickness made by aluminium. A layer of glue is placed
at the centre of the capacitor as the dielectric. Particularly, the
glue is placed in a 40 mm internal disk using proper PLA spacers,
which also kept the plates at the desired distance d of 1 mm, 1.4
mm, and 2.8 mm, respectively. The central glue positioning
allows reduction as much as possible of the edge effect due to
the electrode's borders. The distance d of the obtained samples
can be further fixed to a minimum extent utilizing some 0.2 mm
thickness glass spacers, placed at about 120° angular distance
around the capacitor. The spacer's material is chosen to present
a negligible thermal dilatation coefficient value with respect to
the aluminium of the electrodes. The capacitor forming process
and a final sample are shown in Figure 2. a) b) b) The capacitors made as described, with d = 1 mm, d =
1.4 mm, and d = 2.8 mm, are namely C1, C2, and C3, respectively. Figure 3. Capacitor sample C4 with glue covering the plate border (a) and its
scheme (b). December 2021 | Volume 10 | Number 4 | 164 ACTA IMEKO | www.imeko.org a)
b)
Figure 5. Capacitance C (a) and Conductance G (b) as a function of the analysis
frequency for C1. Uncertainties are given with 95% confidence interval. a) Figure 4. Scheme of the experimental setup. Figure 4. Scheme of the experimental setup. 3 mm thickness, while the bottom plate is 180 mm diameter and
1 mm thickness. The sample C4 is shown in Figure 3. b) To evaluate the sample's capacitance variation as a function
of the temperature, the devices undergo to thermal cycling
between -70 °C to +70 °C. The samples are placed in a Genviro
060LC climate chamber and cycled with a maximum heating rate
of 7 °C/h. Such a low value is necessary to ensure thermal
homogeneity of the sample, and to provide symmetric cycles
during heating and cooling, thus limiting the influence of the
thermal dynamic on the capacitance of the sample. The
temperature is monitored on the top plate and on the climate
chamber environment by using 2 RTD 1/10 DIN Pt100 sensors,
which signals are acquired through a NI9219 board mounted on
a NI9178 chassis. 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The capacitance C and the conductance G of
the samples are measured using an LRC meter E4980A in the 20
Hz – 2 MHz range. Proper compensation of the connecting wire
is made before each test. The model used for calculating C and
G is a parallel between the capacitance C and a resistance, which
value is equal to the reciprocal of G. Instruments management
and data acquisition are performed through a Labview software
made on purpose. b) Figure 5. Capacitance C (a) and Conductance G (b) as a function of the analysis
frequency for C1. Uncertainties are given with 95% confidence interval. In Figure 7, we show C1 vs. T at 10 kHz frequency, with no
glass spacers used. The scheme of the experimental setup is shown in Figure 4. The C1 device (d = 1 mm) undergoes a quick cooling to -
70 °C, where for 10 hours a steady-state temperature is
maintained. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The initial thermal settlement is used to make uniform the
temperature between the environment and the sample, and to
reduce thermal gradients within the dielectric material. The first
cooling branch in Figure 7b shows that, when the temperature is The frequency response of the sample is reported at the
temperature of (24.0 ± 0.9) °C in Figure 5 for the sample C1. Figure 5 shows that the capacitance C decreases with the
frequency, while G increases with it. C and G are in the order of
100 pF and 100 to 300 nS, respectively. Data of G above 20 kHz
are not reported due to high uncertainty in their value. In
particular, a significant reduction of the capacitance occurs at
around 20 Hz. In liquids, low excitation frequencies, typically in
the order of some tenth of hertz, can cause ionic transport and
layering phenomena, thus producing a double layer capacitance
which largely increases the value of C. Besides, the C and G
isothermal curves are consistent with the recent literature
regarding polymers and amorphous materials for the studied
frequency range [14]. Figure 6. Capacity ratio at around 30 °C for C1, C2 and C3 capacitors as a
function of the frequency. The capacitance values obtained by C1, C2 and C3 at (27.2 ±
0.6) °C are reported with respect to the value of C3 in Figure 6. Therefore, Figure 6 shows that the capacitance values vary as
a function of 1/d. Indeed, C1/C3 and C2/C3 agree with d3/d1 and
d3/d2 according to the model shown in equations (1) and (2). However, for frequencies in the order of a tenth of hertz, the
capacitance results in a different behaviour as discussed in
relation to Figure 5a. Figure 6. Capacity ratio at around 30 °C for C1, C2 and C3 capacitors as a
function of the frequency. December 2021 | Volume 10 | Number 4 | 165 ACTA IMEKO | www.imeko.org a) C1 (d = 1 mm)
b) C2 (d = 1.4 mm)
c) C3 (d = 2.8 mm)
Figure 8. Behaviour of C1 (a), C2 (b) and C3 (c) capacity as a function of the
temperature during thermal cycling with fixed minimum plate distance and
stabilization at -70 °C. Uncertainties are given with 95% confidence interva
through the coloured strips. a) Temperature profile
b) Capacitance behaviour
Figure 7. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Measured temperature profile (a) and behaviour of C1 sample (d =
1 mm) (b) with no fixing to the geometric sample parameters. Uncertainties
are given with 95% confidence interval through the coloured strips. a) C1 (d = 1 mm)
b) C2 (d = 1.4 mm) a) C1 (d = 1 mm) a) Temperature profile a) C1 (d = 1 mm) a) Temperature profile b) C2 (d = 1.4 mm) b) Capacitance behaviour c) C3 (d = 2.8 mm) Figure 7. Measured temperature profile (a) and behaviour of C1 sample (d =
1 mm) (b) with no fixing to the geometric sample parameters. Uncertainties
are given with 95% confidence interval through the coloured strips. constant, the capacitance slightly varies by increasing its value by
around 3 % (i.e., 66 pF to 68 pF). This variation can be attributed
to some stabilization phenomena. The next cycles clearly show a hysteresis on the C-T plot on
the high-temperature side. In the present case, the hysteresis
could be generated by the effect of the mechanical instability of
the sample, as the combination of the effect of the glue softening,
collapsing, and sliding, together with the characteristic
permittivity evolution as a function of the temperature, proper
of the dielectric material. However, at this study stage, hysteresis
can also derive from more complex phenomena involving the
physical characteristics of the dielectric material and depending
on the permittivity behaviour vs. T [15], [16]. Figure 8. Behaviour of C1 (a), C2 (b) and C3 (c) capacity as a function of the
temperature during thermal cycling with fixed minimum plate distance and
stabilization at -70 °C. Uncertainties are given with 95% confidence interval
through the coloured strips. Figure 8 shows the capacitance behaviour of C1, C2 and C3
samples with fixed minimum distance d under the thermal cycles
shown by Figure 7a. Results are provided for 10 kHz frequency
value. According to these observations, the test is repeated on the case
C3 by stabilizing the sample at + 70 °C for 20 hours. The
temperature profile over the time and the results in terms of
capacitance at 10 kHz vs. temperature are shown in Figure 9. According to these observations, the test is repeated on the case
C3 by stabilizing the sample at + 70 °C for 20 hours. The
temperature profile over the time and the results in terms of
capacitance at 10 kHz vs. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION temperature are shown in Figure 9. Figure 8 shows that hysteretic behaviour occurs in all the
different samples with no significant difference concerning the
case without spacers, shown in Figure 7. Furthermore, the
samples C2 and C3 present a significant instability in the measure
of C above 40 °C. This effect can be attributed to a major impact
of the glue softening on the capacitor effective geometry. Moreover, in the cases shown by Figures 8b and 8c, second
cycles (i.e. the second cooling and heating branches) present a
shifted and lower value of C, indicating possible glue settlements. In Figure 9, the hysteretic behaviour is significantly reduced
and barely observable, while the measurement instability
disappeared. This evidence highlights that the observed
phenomena are determined by thermo-mechanical effects on the
sample geometry. Moreover, the high-temperature treatment December 2021 | Volume 10 | Number 4 | 166 ACTA IMEKO | www.imeko.org a) Temperature profile
b) Capacitance behaviour
Figure 10. Measured temperature profile (a) and behaviour of C4 sample (d
= 1.4 mm) (b) with fixed minimum plate distance and stabilization at +70 °C. Uncertainties are given with 95 % confidence interval through the coloured
strips. a) Temperature profile
b) Capacitance behaviour
Figure 9. Measured temperature profile (a) and behaviour of C3 sample (d =
2.8 mm) (b) with fixed minimum plate distance and stabilization at +70 °C. Uncertainties are given with 95 % confidence interval through the coloured
strips. a) Temperature profile
b) Capacitance behaviour
Figure 9. Measured temperature profile (a) and behaviour of C3 sample (d =
2.8 mm) (b) with fixed minimum plate distance and stabilization at +70 °C. Uncertainties are given with 95 % confidence interval through the coloured
strips. a) Temperature profile
b) Capacitance behaviour
Figure 10. Measured temperature profile (a) and behaviour of C4 sample (d
= 1.4 mm) (b) with fixed minimum plate distance and stabilization at +70 °C
Uncertainties are given with 95 % confidence interval through the coloured
strips. a) Temperature profile a) Temperature profile a) Temperature profile a) Temperature profile b) Capacitance behaviour b) Capacitance behaviour Figure 9. Measured temperature profile (a) and behaviour of C3 sample (d =
2.8 mm) (b) with fixed minimum plate distance and stabilization at +70 °C. Uncertainties are given with 95 % confidence interval through the coloured
strips. Figure 10. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Measured temperature profile (a) and behaviour of C4 sample (d
= 1.4 mm) (b) with fixed minimum plate distance and stabilization at +70 °C. Uncertainties are given with 95 % confidence interval through the coloured
strips. process (red path in Figure 9) contributes to significantly mitigate
these effects. hysteretic behaviour of the capacitance. Further experiments are
in progress aimed at investigating such behaviour. As discussed
in the previous Section, it is worth highlighting that Figure 11
reports the behaviour of C(T) of the C4 sample for which the
geometry variation can be practically neglected as a function of
the temperature. Therefore, the results in Figure 11 can represent
the behaviour of the permittivity ε(T) according to equation (2). The last test is carried out on sample C4, where the dielectric
glue is placed over the electrodes and their borders, thus reducing
the glue softening on the active region in between the electrodes. Thus, a 20 hours stabilization is performed at +70 °C and several
cycles are provided between + 70 °C and -70 °C to further
observe the capacitance behaviour. The results are shown in
Figure 10, together with the performed temperature cycles. Moreover, Figure 11 shows the capacitance behaviour at 10 kHz
as a function of the temperature for the 7th cycle (i.e. the last
performed cycle) and different operating frequencies. December 2021 | Volume 10 | Number 4 | 167 pp
DOI: 10.1063/1.322234 pp
DOI: 10.1063/1.322234 [12] S. Dado, Capacitive Sensors with Pre-calculable Capacitance, in:
Transactions On Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, 2013. [13] Fausto Fiorillo, Characterization and Measurement of Magnetic
Materials, Academic Press, 2005. [14] J.D. Menczel, R.B. Prime, Thermal analysis of polymers:
fundamentals and applications, 2009. December 2021 | Volume 10 | Number 4 | 168 5. CONCLUSIONS The accurate positioning and referencing of sensors, such as
strain or tilt sensors, is crucial for the proper measurand
evaluation. In many cases, the sensor and the measuring body are
glue bonded together, ensuring a solid and cheap fixing. On the
other hand, the time stability of the bonding may be an issue
especially when temperature cycles and the forces into play can
affect the glue's physical and geometrical features. Therefore,
thermal and mechanical analysis of a glue bonding is made via
electrical measurement technique, by studying the behaviour of
the capacitance in a device using glue as the dielectric material. Several types of fixing and pre-processing are used to separate
the effects of the temperature cycles over the glue geometry
variation. To assess such a behaviour, sample capacitance was
analysed as a function of the electric field frequency and the
environment temperature. It turned out that when no
geometrical fixing is used, temperature cycles cause hysteretic Figure 10 shows that the first 3 cycles exhibit an
accommodation
behaviour. However,
the
capacitance-
temperature curve does not present any significant difference
among the cycles after the 4th thermal cycle. Moreover, the
capacitance hysteresis practically disappeared at this level of
approximation, as also supported by Figure 11, for all the
frequencies studied, and the C-T curve appears mainly monotone
in the studied temperature range. The growth of C with the
temperature is consistent with the recent literature regarding
polymers and amorphous materials [14]. According to the presented results, the hysteresis shown in
Figure 7, Figure 8, and Figure 9 is significantly reduced adopting
thermal treatment and the C4 configuration. Possible thermal-
dynamic and thermo-mechanic phenomena still could affect the ACTA IMEKO | www.imeko.org [5]
M. R. Mahboob, Z. H. Zargar, T. Islam, A sensitive and highly
linear capacitive thin film sensor for trace moisture measurement
in gases, Sensors Actuators B Chem. 228 (2016), pp. 658–664. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.01.088 Figure 11. Behaviour of C4 sample (d = 1.4 mm) at different temperature and
excitation frequencies [6]
A. G. Cockbain, P. J. Harrop, The temperature coefficient of
capacitance, J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 1 (1968), pp. 1109–1115. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/1/9/302 [7]
H. Y. Lee, Y. Peng, Y. M. Shkel, Strain-dielectric response of
dielectrics as foundation for electrostriction stresses, J. Appl. Phys. 98 (2005) 74104. DOI: 10.1063/1.2073977 [8]
Y. M. Shkel, N.J. Ferrier, Electrostriction enhancement of solid-
state capacitance sensing, IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatronics. 8
(2003), pp. 318–325. DOI: 10.1109/TMECH.2003.816805 pp
DOI: 10.1109/TMECH.2003.816805 [9]
J.-. Crine, Influence of electro-mechanical stress on electrical
properties of dielectric polymers, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 12 (2005), pp. 791–800. DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2005.1511104 Figure 11. Behaviour of C4 sample (d = 1.4 mm) at different temperature and
excitation frequencies [10] M. Dhamodaran, R. Dhanasekaran, S. Ammal, Evaluation of the
Capacitance and Charge Distribution of Metallic Objects by
Electrostatic Analysis, in: Journal of Scientific & Industrial
Research, Vol. 75, 2016, pp. 552-556. behaviour of measured capacitance. When the capacitor
geometry is fixed independently of the temperature, and after
thermal stabilization of the dielectric, the hysteresis disappeared,
and only a monotone behaviour C-T remains for all the tested
frequencies. Therefore, we shown that the glue deformation is
possibly responsible for the capacitance hysteretic behaviour. Despite this could be kept under control by e.g. proper thermal
stabilization of the glue, an underestimation of this occurrence
can lead to significant systematic errors in the evaluation of
measurands through glue-fixed sensors. [11] W. C. Heerens, F.C. Vermeulen, Capacitance of Kelvin guard‐ring
capacitors with modified edge geometry, J. Appl. Phys. 46 (1975),
pp. 2486–2490. REFERENCES [15] A. Bousseksou, G. Molnár, P. Demont, J. Menegotto, Observation
of a thermal hysteresis loop in the dielectric constant of spin
crossover complexes: towards molecular memory devices, J. Mater. Chem. 13 (2003), pp. 2069–2071. DOI: 10.1039/B306638J [1]
D. W. Ha, H. S. Park, S. W. Choi, Y. Kim, A Wireless MEMS-
Based Inclinometer Sensor Node for Structural Health
Monitoring, Sensors . 13 (2013). DOI: 10.3390/s131216090 [16] S. Saadaoui, O. Fathallah, H. Maaref, Fermi level pinning,
capacitance hysteresis, tunnel effect, and deep level in
AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor, Superlattices
Microstruct. 156 (2021), 106959. DOI: 10.1016/j.spmi.2021.106959 [ ]
y
[3]
J. D. Jackson , Classical electrodynamics, Third edition. New
York : Wiley, 1999. Online [Accessed 15 December 2021]
https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999849741702121 p
y
g
[4]
M. Bologna, B. Tellini, Remarks on the Measurement of Static
Permittivity through a Classical Description, Prog. Electromagn. Res. C. 33 (2012), pp. 95–108. ACTA IMEKO | www.imeko.org
| 13,034 |
https://github.com/icmzn/tridiagonal/blob/master/.gitignore
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
LicenseRef-scancode-unknown-license-reference, BSD-3-Clause
| 2,013 |
tridiagonal
|
icmzn
|
Ignore List
|
Code
| 14 | 56 |
*.aux
*.log
*.fls
*.pdf
*.bbl
*.blg
*.out
*.pyc
*.cpt
.sconsign.dblite
build
SConstruct
config.py
setup.cfg
| 22,650 |
5612911_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 380 | 488 |
Luke, J.,
dissenting. I do not agree with the conclusion reached in this case. There are apparently some conflicts in the decisions, and perhaps if I looked no further than''the letter of some of the decisions quoted to sustain the majority view, I might agree with it, but a careful consideration of these cases differentiates them from the case under consideration.1 The majority opinion in this case, in effect, sustains a general demurrer, which demurrer is upon the ground that the'plaintiff can not maintain an action at all upon this policy, because it has no legal- title-. Indeed, the majority opinion holds that the legal title to the policy remained in the insured, and as long as this was true the Jefferson Life Insurance Company '(the mortgagee) could not maintain an action at law thereon in its own name, or for the use of, or for the benefit of, or aS the appointee of- the insured. It will be seen from this that they base their' opinion' upon the fact that the mortgagee had no legal title. Perhaps so, but I can *248not agree that the mortgagee has no right to maintain the action; for the Supreme Court, in Trust Company of Georgia v. Scottish Union & National Insurance Co., 119 Ga. 672 (46 S. E. 855), held that where a mortgagee’s debt equals or exceeds the value of the insurance, the mortgagee can sue in his own name; and in that' case the mortgagee acquired its rights under a loss-payable clause, just as did the mortgagee in the instant case, and it had no more legal title than the mortgagee in the instant case, there being no assignment of the policy in either case. If suit may be maintained at all by the mortgagee, with the consent of the mortgagor, it may be maintained for the full face value of the policy. The plaintiff amended its petition and alleged that “the Jefferson Standard Life Insurance Company herein brings this suit in behalf of the said Mrs. Mary E. Thornton (the insured), and for her use,. with the consent of the said Mrs. Mary E. Thornton, the Jefferson Standard Life Insurance Company herein being the appointee of the said Mrs. Mary E. The judgment should, in my opinion, be affirmed.
| 3,533 |
https://github.com/dtheetla/ember-cli-grid/blob/master/tests/dummy/node_modules/ember-bootstrap/addon/components/bs-modal-dialog.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
ember-cli-grid
|
dtheetla
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 452 | 1,027 |
import Ember from 'ember';
const { computed } = Ember;
/**
Internal component for modal's markup and event handling. Should not be used directly.
@class ModalDialog
@namespace Components
@extends Ember.Component
@private
*/
export default Ember.Component.extend({
classNames: ['modal'],
classNameBindings: ['fade', 'in'],
attributeBindings: ['tabindex'],
ariaRole: 'dialog',
tabindex: '-1',
/**
* The title of the modal, visible in the modal header. Is ignored if `header` is false.
*
* @property title
* @type string
* @public
*/
title: null,
/**
* Display a close button (x icon) in the corner of the modal header.
*
* @property closeButton
* @type boolean
* @default true
* @public
*/
closeButton: true,
/**
* Set to false to disable fade animations.
*
* @property fade
* @type boolean
* @default true
* @public
*/
fade: true,
/**
* Used to apply Bootstrap's "in" class
*
* @property in
* @type boolean
* @default false
* @private
*/
'in': false,
/**
* Closes the modal when escape key is pressed.
*
* @property keyboard
* @type boolean
* @default true
* @public
*/
keyboard: true,
/**
* Generate a modal header component automatically. Set to false to disable. In this case you would want to include an
* instance of [Components.ModalHeader](Components.ModalHeader.html) in the components block template
*
* @property header
* @type boolean
* @default true
* @public
*/
header: true,
/**
* Generate a modal body component automatically. Set to false to disable. In this case you would want to include an
* instance of [Components.ModalBody](Components.ModalBody.html) in the components block template.
*
* Always set this to false if `header` and/or `footer` is false!
*
* @property body
* @type boolean
* @default true
* @public
*/
body: true,
/**
* Generate a modal footer component automatically. Set to false to disable. In this case you would want to include an
* instance of [Components.ModalFooter](Components.ModalFooter.html) in the components block template
*
* @property footer
* @type boolean
* @default true
* @public
*/
footer: true,
/**
* Property for size styling, set to null (default), 'lg' or 'sm'
*
* Also see the [Bootstrap docs](http://getbootstrap.com/javascript/#modals-sizes)
*
* @property size
* @type String
* @public
*/
size: null,
/**
* If true clicking on the backdrop will close the modal.
*
* @property backdropClose
* @type boolean
* @default true
* @public
*/
backdropClose: true,
/**
* Name of the size class
*
* @property sizeClass
* @type string
* @private
*/
sizeClass: computed('size', function() {
let size = this.get('size');
return Ember.isBlank(size) ? null : `modal-${size}`;
}),
keyDown(e) {
let code = e.keyCode || e.which;
if (code === 27 && this.get('keyboard')) {
this.sendAction('close');
}
},
click(e) {
if (e.target !== e.currentTarget || !this.get('backdropClose')) {
return;
}
this.sendAction('close');
}
});
| 43,512 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21719591
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Zvijezda (tumoy sa bukid sa Bosnia ug Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24)
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 227 | 618 |
Zvijezda (tumoy sa bukid sa Bosnia ug Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24)
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24)
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24) Geonames-ID 3240228
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24) instans av berg
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24) land Bosnien och Hercegovina
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24) geografiska koordinater
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24) GNS-ID 247599
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24) inom det administrativa området Serbiska republiken
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24)
berg in Bosnië en Herzegovina
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24) GeoNames-identificatiecode 3240228
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24) is een berg
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24) land Bosnië en Herzegovina
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24) geografische locatie
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24) GNS Unique Feature-identificatiecode 247599
Zvijezda (bergstopp i Bosnien och Hercegovina, Republika Srpska, lat 44,12, long 19,24) gelegen in bestuurlijke eenheid Servische Republiek
| 8,601 |
https://github.com/maxuewei2/BPR_TransR/blob/master/outputs_and_plots/plot_dim.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
BPR_TransR
|
maxuewei2
|
Python
|
Code
| 87 | 489 |
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
def remove_(sts):
nst=[]
for s in sts:
if s==' 'or s=='\t' or s=='\n'or s=='':
continue
#print s
nst.append(s)
return nst
def get_mean(xx):
if not xx:
return 0.0
xxx=0.0
for x in xx:
xxx+=x
return xxx/len(xx)
f=open('final.txt','r')
temp=[]
stas=[]
for line in f:
strs=line.split(' ')
strs=remove_(strs)
#print len(strs)
if len(strs)==4:
temp.append(float(strs[3]))
else:
stas.append(get_mean(temp))
temp=[]
stas.append(get_mean(temp))
temp=[]
stas=stas[1:]
sta1=stas[:len(stas)/2]
sta2=stas[len(stas)/2:]
print len(sta1)
xs=[20+i*20 for i in range(len(sta1))]
xs=np.array(xs)
sta1=np.array(sta1)
sta2=np.array(sta2)
plt.figure(figsize=(6,4))
plt.plot(xs,sta2,label='BPR+TransR+SDAE',linestyle="-",marker='o')
plt.plot(xs,sta1,label='MFBPR',linestyle="-",marker='^')
plt.ylim(0.042, 0.049)#sta1.min()*1.1,sta2.max()*1.1
plt.xticks(xs,xs)
plt.xlabel('K')
plt.ylabel('MAP@K')
plt.legend(frameon=False)
plt.show()
f.close()
| 17,450 |
congressionalrec99funit_205
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,954 | 11,020 |
Oenturles ago tbs proudest boast any man could make was to say, **I am a Roman eltlaen." Today American citizenship bear* almost as much prestige and even more re- sponsibility. UnUke the Romans we have not sotig^ world empire. Our deepest desire has been to stay at home In this spacious land, so fortunately endowed with most of the re- sources men need. Much against our In- clination we now find ourselves the center of a coalition of peoples struggling to prevent the return of the dark ages. aUJANCS HI DAMCZB This coalition, this alUance of the peoples stlU free. Is having Its difficulties. In some quarters. In facl^ the fear to cspressed that ths alliance may b« falling apart. The recent speeches on both sides of the Atlantic do not trouble me. No alllanae based on a gsnulns eommunlfcy of Interest can be broken up by words alone. To the oootrary. thess spsschas ooold prove of con- slderaUs value If w« ses them as a warning of something seriously wrong vrtth how we and our allies have been conducting our- selves. Allied solidarity will not be restored by aseklng to gloss over quite real problems through flne-aoundlng resolutions of "unity." What Is nssdcd at this time is calm self- examlaatkm of ourselves and our allies, by ourselves and by oxu allies, to face up to just what Imperils allied unity. AXXBICA TAXIS m BTUn la the Idea of NATO soundly conceived? That is the first question to ask In this selT- •zamlnation. Early In 1948, when the Marshall plan was being considered by Congress, many con- tended that economic aid was all Europe needed. While supporting the Marshall plan. I warned that defense and economic Improve- ment had to move along together or we would I pean resisti deft be stood t^posed than that the Weatem Euro- nations show their determination to aggression by banding together In a union and. If they did, that the States pledge Itself to go to war tf i^atlons in this imlon was attacfcsd. main oosasldsrstlons inspired this First, to prevent war, the United had to make its position clear In ad- of any aggression. No aggressor should teknpted by uncertainty ow where w* Unltctd ths Tw* propoial. Stotai Sec and. , the nations of Western Europe had at thAlr command a more powerful combina- tion if resources and manpower than the SovleL Union. While each ot thess nations eouM be broksn easily as long as tt remained separ ite, all could acquire an unbreakable streng^ If bundled together. I KOT MKOXJCn Thii basic concept of NATO — that we commit ourselves to an alliance of mu- lefense provided Western Europe did could to make its own frontlsrs de- is valid. Our dlScuItles have revolted around the slowness with which ths given life, fault. In other wonta. has lain not irhat w sst out to do but in not doing WOUl< I tvial an tt f ensi] ^»— stm treat:' was Th I with It. At that algnliig deter made tual the Soviet after adopted Th(( Mtor with ahro^l outs. V ere hrouf bt Toifay the tion even foroei szlst9ice If "Herf Th^ ance doing were, ule Ndrl Uian a on fall othen. to hl>ek SoTops's racov- flrst there was a tendency to believe words alone would suffice. The mere of the treaty was thought enough to aggression. At least no attempt was to press ths strengthening of our mu- . I lef enaes called for by the treaty. Evsa a uuiuneement of an atomic explosion in Russia failed to spxir action. Only the aggression in Korea was a program to make NATO a reality. rearming then set was a limited one. these limited goals pushed through urgency. Both In thto country and sllppagea were followed by stretch- The NATO eonferenoe thto spring a further letup. WATOlB SPtTAPR nearly 5 years after the signing of Nb^TO treaty, there stin is a serious ques- 1 rhether the European army treaty will be ratified and whether the defensive so vital to peace will be brought Into In time. HATO does die. Its epitaph wlU be. lies a victim of stretchouts." who thought the problems of alll- irould be eased by slowing down and less are learning how mistaken they Each letdown in the rearming sched- brought a further letdown In allied relations, which In turn, has dragged lower the di if ense effort — a tragic cycle of weakness begot by weakness. BASOUHO MUSfT SIf» Is this surprising. A treaty Is more i promise of friendship akme. It Is bln^ng contract In which each side takes definite obligatlona. For one partner to his obligations invites default by his la Diflirences of views must be expected amon^ allies. These dlfferenoes may require by all. But ones the under- la set, bargaining and haggling should Bach nation should set about carrying end of the common undertaking. oompiomises taktoi end. outlti pariHiTK ao/Lta mccDxo Tbd recent decisions on NATO's future bulldx p were much too indefinite. True, one cannot decide in advance what the year of maxin lum peril will he. But this makes it all the IE ore Important to fix specific goals — of how o luch is to be done by what time — both for ou "selves and our allies. Tou cannot have good 1 alth among allies luxless the rommlt- ments each undertakes are spelled out be- yond goubt. What should be dons now Is to make elear •saetly what we fsel oursslvss bound to do and ^Huit we feel our alllas committed to do. Hard and fast goals of performance shotUd be set for both ourselves and our allies and held to without stretchouts or excuses. May I emphasise, that we as well ss th* Boropeans have fallen down on the goals sal in the past. xuaon Dseaivas rrsa&r Some Europeans sssm to have slipped toto the attitude of feeling that there U UtUe that they themselves can ot nssd to do. They reason that It Is American power which de- ters Russia from going to war and that as long as we are committed to set against ag^ greaslon, nothing mors to nssdsd and Mvaopm doss not have to press Its own rearming. Those Europeans who eliag to such a mla- gulded notion should realise that in effect, they are asking the United States to go It ak>ns. Mind you. thto ooxuitry does not want to go It alone. We have taken our stand. The question to whether Europe will force us to stand alone by falling to make its promised contrUmtlon to the commoa defense. BOVBT sBTTUiaant Thto simple fact to worth restating to our alliee — NATO committed us to Europe's de- fense but only on condition that Burope rebuild an effective defenas for Itself. These two obligations hang together. The need for completing NATOt rearm- ing has not been lessened; nor would It b« made unnecessary, even if there were a settlement with the Soviets. Two facts which confront ua wUl not Changs in the foreseeaUe future. Fact one to the extent of readied military power the Soviets already have, both la Russia and in satellite lands. Rict two to that any settlement which to arrived at — if any be possible— can only be a giiarded one in relation to thto «»»«-*««g Soviet military power. aSUHlTlWO CSaMAKT In short, evan a settlement would re- quire military forces of considerable size and particularly in Europe. As long as Ger- many remains divided we must guard against an attempt to unite It by armed aggression from the Bast European satel- lites. If Germany to reunited by agree- ment, the same danger of civil war or satel- lite invasion will hang over us. The forces to forestall such a move must be in being, on the soil of Europe, capable of being thrust Into Instant lue. They cannot be oa paper — promised for the future. As General Bidgway pointed out In hta most recent report. Western European forces still number fewer than the satelp lite divisions alone. BTis TO smitnu Whether NATO wUl be carried through win depend largely on what to done at Bermuda, later this month. Thto allied conference comes at a fateful moment. It to almost *a if some master playwright had set the stage for a mighty drama In which the char- acter of nations to put to test. Already, before a truce in Korea seemed likely, pressures for tax reductions and arms cuts were buUdtng up. Seme government leaders here and abroad had begun to talk of national economy being more important than national security. These preesures wiU be swelled by any truce in Korea. Can they be restoted? The answer depends largely on the leadership shown at Bermuda. Who will represent France we do not know. It to to the gxiid- ance of President Elsenhower and Winston Churchin that we must look. THS CBOICS BSrOBK VB WUl they lead us down the path which promises immediate ease but to really that CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX A3563 of scuttle-«nd-run. even as after the close of World War II? Or will they lead us down the seemingly rougher but safer road of holding our strength together until peace to made sure? Vowing to stand on guard will not suffice, if the words are not backed by actions which give them reality. We already have had one example of much talk of national security contradicted by actions which expose us to any enemy. I refer to the failure to enact a stand-by mobilization law in readiness against another emergency. A SaAMZrUI. BLUMOCB This Inaction means that in any future emergency, priceless time will be lost, in- flation will be certain, the national debt heaped higher, our casualties made heavier, and our ability to retaliate against enemy attack weakened — needlessly. Thto failure to pass a stand-by mobilization law — for which a fearful price will have to be paid — la all the more shameful because it was so largely a sacrlflce of the national interest to those who seek undue profit in wartime. Rich and powerful as this Nation to, we cannot afford such selfish disregard of what readiness against the threat of atomic war involves. While standing guard I would not shut out the possibility of negoUation. We should be prepared to disciiss our problems with any nation, including Soviet Russia. Be- fore doing so, however, we should know just what the peacemaking requires of us, where concessions can be made to achieve a settle- ment, and where we must hold firm. TKnnC THUfOS TBaOUOB An enduring structure of peace cannot be built by hasty impro^slng or upon the shift- ing sands of either panic or complacency, anger or wtohful thinking. We must build upon the solid rock of understanding of those basic interrelationships, connecting up all our problems and which must always be kept in balance if peace to to be secure. We would do better to be studying these largely Impersonal Interrelationshipe, piec- ing them into a unified whole, than to be guessing what may lie behind the latest Soviet maneuvers. These interrelatloiuhlps cannot all be dto- cussed here. Let me cite several parUcu- larly Important for allied relations: DISABMAICXMT FOB AU. 1. We mvtot prees ahead with our own re- arming to reduce the present disparity with the BovleU, unless and until the Soviets agree to effective dtoarmament. I am ttx disarmament, but only If all disarm together In a balanced way. Aocsnssioif a. We shoxild do nothing to weaken the principle of unswerving resistance to any and all acts of aggression. rmAcaruL tsadb omlt S. We must make certain that any trade with China, the SovleU or their satellites, contributes to peace and to llfUng the Uving standards of their people, not to strengthen- ing their destructive power for war. Com- muntot theory holds that the Western na- tions ars bound to be split apart by rivalry for markets and desire for trade. We and our allies vrlU betray all that we have fought for since the wsr's end if we fall to arrive at common disciplines to make certain that what to traded cannot be used to kill ouz children and grandchildren. HAHO AMB FAffr 0OAX.S 4. Whatever the course adopted, we must demonstrate o\ir determination not by tough speechea. but by carrying out the con- crete goato we and our allies set for ourselves. TSAOC. NOT Am 6. Although we should work for gradual tariff cuts among all nations, let us not de- ceive ourselves into believing that tariff re- ductions will solve all our economic problems or that they can take the place of the stem measures needed to set a nation's economic house in order. Certainly we would be happy to lift from our baclts the burden of aiding others. Euro- peans would feel happier to be freed of the necessity of receiving aid. But we do the allied cause a cruel disservice if we read too much into thto "trade, not aid" slogan, as some have. MOTX8 AND BKABCS Every nation — not Just thto country — has its trade restrictions, tariffs, quotas, depreci- ated currencies, and other devices. Some have been adopted for reasons of national security. Others have seemed necessary to support high wages and improving living leveto. We miist take account of these motes in the eyes of others as well as of the beam in our own eyes. Hiunan beings must constantly choose be- tween expediency and principle. That Is no less true In the relations of nations. Thto choice between expediency and principle has been a major irritant in Korea. Many of us have felt that those who criticized the Amer- ican position did not understand it. By far the heaviest bxirden of the Korean war was borne by the United States and the Republic of South Korea. We suffered more than 135.000 casualties, of which more than 40,000 are dead or missing. We hsd to pay billions in additional taxes which meant hardship and deprivation for many of our citizens. VmAT WX rOTTOHT FOB For what? We sought no territory In Ko- rea, no outlets for Investment, or trade, oe profit — or anything material. We fought to uphold a principle — that ag- gression should not be allowed to go tm- checked. We had no prior plans for going into Ko- rea. We did not even stop to calcuUte what It would cost us. Tet some soiight to depict our role In Korea as discreditable and even sintoter. DON'T ADMIT XD CHINA When we think of aU the blood and treas- tire that has been spilled, not only in Korea but in the last two world wars, to estabUsh thto principle that aggression shall not go unchecked, we cannot understand how we can be expected to agree that a government engaged in aggression, as to that of Red China, should be admitted to an organiza- tion like the United Nations, which was set up to prevent aggression. Many critics of American policy in Korea atoo urged the slowing of Western Europe's rearming. They Ignored the fact that In working to seep Europe militarily weak they helped prblong the bloody stalemate In the Far East. leal and economic difficulties. AU of tu can surmount them. We want to continue with the NATO aUl- ance. Indeed we have been endeavoring at ccmsiderable cost — more than $40 biUions since the war's end — to make it work. But let no one think that we have become so de- pendent upon others that we would sacrlflce our principles or that those allied with us can Ignore the obligations they voluntarUy assiuned. In the past. Western Eurc^M's complaint was that we came only after war started. Now we are there in advance of any conflict. Burope loves Uberty no less than we do. There to not a single country in Europe which cannot c(»npare its acccxnpllshments with those of the Soviet Union and in that con>- parison find J\istified confidence for the fu- t\ire. Hie challenge we face to not that we lack the strength for the task ahead or that the values we hold are not worth the effort. Our problem to essentiaUy one of organizing the strength at our command and of accept- ing the disciplines needed to preserve these values. The road down which we must go to long and thorny. But worth traveling. For at the end lies the peace mankind has yearned for over the centuries. We ask for nothing but the peace which Woodrow Witoon, Frank- lin Roosevelt, and Harry Trximan sought and which Dwight Elsenhower now seelLS — noth- ing but a peace which the whole world can share. The struggle for peace to Indeed a global <me. Weakness in Europe becomes a source of weakness In Asia and vice versa. If the Far East to to be stabilized effectively, we miist grow stronger not only In the Orient but in Europe — simultaneously. Those who assailed America as a war- monger, or who cried that a prepared West would provoke Soviet aggression or that a rearmed America would forsake diplomacy for war have been proven wrong. It to time we naUed fast the truth that there can be no security in weakness. Security can rest only on strength. CAN SAVS AIXIANCB In condisrton, may I stress that I beUe»e that wise leadership can aave the Western aUlance. It can be saved by a fxiU. frank examination of ovir mutual problems and by laying down firm goato which we and our alUes. both, Uve vv to. AU of us have poUt- Hoose Jeiiit ResoIntioB 240 EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. CRAIG HOSMER or CAUrosNiA IN THE HOUSE OF BEPBESENTATIVEB Thursday, June 18. 1953 Mr. HOSMER. Mr. Speaker. House Joint Resolution 240 seeks the closing of the Mexican border to unescorted mi- nors. Some of you have probably heard an objection to It to the effect that such legislation would be an affront to our sister Republic of Mexico. To my mind that objection is entirely without merit. for I do not believe the Mexican Oovem- ment is any more desirous of having our teenagers come into their country and participate in illegal acts than we are to have them do so. Although House Joint Resolution 240 is designed primuily to cut off a supply of illegal narcotics to our youngsters, it will serve as well to shield them from other vices prevalent in Mexican border towns. Lest there be any doubt that the situation in these towns is critical, I in- sert an article by Grant Macdonald, staff wrltCT for the Los Angeles Mirror, en- titled "Sin for Sale." appearing in that paper on May 19. 1953. I hope the facts presented below will shock this House into action on House Joint Resolution 240. Bm roe Sau (By Grant Macdonald) (EoiTOB's Note.— Below the International boundary, as accessible as any California suburb. Ues Tljxiana. Once a dusty border town, it has become a bustling "sin city" few sensation seekers craving wine, women, song, or dope. For United States teenagers. Ti- juana looms wide open, like a gaudy trap. San Diego authorities fear It so m\ich they 1 kl l(, « ■'; -' m V ■ ' A3564 CONGR] SSICWAL RECC»D — APPENDIX w»nt tlM border cloaed tc unaacorted Jurv- nllea. Governor Warren's crime eommtMkm Isst week blasted Tljoana's teenage lure and promptly was assailed hf Mexico's Los Angeles consul fenerml, Salrador Dohart M^ tor erroneous reports. Beeaose of this sur- prising town's emergence as a postwar center of controyersy. and mindful that these artlrtas may be challenged In some quarters, the Ifirror today starts publication of a first- hand stirrtj by staff writer-photographer Grant Macdonald. Before either the crime C( mmlsslon's charges or the consul's counter- charges appeared Be spent dangerotis days and nights in Tijuana digging out the facts. Toull find them soberly llltunlnat- tog. And urgent reading for California ^parents. Macdonald's first two articles pre- •ent the seamy side of Tijuana. His last two will deal with legitimate tourist at- tractions.) TtnnuTA. lanco. — On the table beside my typewriters Is a "bindle" of Mexican heroin — sinister "H" in the Ungo of the drug addict. Its source was a Tijuana cab drlrer. It cost •5. The reason I got an assignment here for the Mirror to find out what the real Tijuana la like, was to impress our readers with the fact that this sleepy Mexican border town now is truly an erll place. American kids, teenagers, can buy similar btndles of narcotics here with little dlfll- eulty. Many do. And that's not all they can buy in Tijuana. This series of articles should prore to you. Mr. and Mrs. CallXornia Parent, that Tijuana is not the place to allow your youngstexs to visit uneseorted by adults. The Crime Commission's final report to Goyemor Warren, rrteaaed last week, puts It bluntly: "Authorities In San Diego face • • • a difflcult situation witii the number of boys and girls who are crossing the border Into Mexico to get narcotics and harmful entertainment." The commission Is so right. San nego lAw enforcement olDcials ap- pealed in desperation to the secretary of •tat* "conoernlng the proMnn of unes- corted Juveniles going into Mexico." But they rtceived no reply. Tou CAM ran rr I talked with District Attorney James Don Keller of San Diego County before I croased into this border sinvUle. Here's what he told me: •If you're looking for It you can find It to Tijuana." Lawman Keller la so right, toe. I came bare looking for It and found the full treatment. Not only the dope but wide-open prosti- tution and everything alse that cooMe under the heading of "sin." All operating openly behind the conven- iently turned derrleres of the local cops. According to United States Navy Medical Department records there are 2,000 known prostitutes happily "working" here. Right here in Tijuana where the population Is figured at 75.000. There are r^ular houses of Ul-fame open 24 hours a day.. But prosUtution techni- cally is against the law here — as elsewhere in Mexico. juTrxDra APLnrrr Murder — quick and brutal — Is not uncom- mon in Tijuana. Most are rub-outs of Bfexl- cans who Inform on border smugglers. In- formers receive high pay from American border customs agents. But they can't buy life Insurance. Here, prominently displayed on the counter of Old Paris Book Store you or yoiu* son or daughter can buy some of the world's filthi- est pornography. For 50 cenU to $3.85. The mayor of Tijuana — Sierra ¥«» — cut loose a blast at our CailfomU CrloM Com- vuM erage. tea iind isna- lut Av4 nlda otfan* yo« the belU They /nd mliMon. He Insisted that dope peddlers are pro nptly arrested, on detection. Ctmld be. But maybe the mayor's boys ami the local gendarmes catch a different trei tment up and down the E.ialn drag than do pt visiting newspapennan or hundreds of American kids In lYJtiana for "some llvln'." this place used to be called Tla Ju^a — which means "Aunt Jane." come with me down the main stem — Ri!Voluclon — as nearly a mllll3n Tankecs do every month. Mostly '11 see only the gay souvenir shops. Smell tacos and little enchiladas and the leather and sandals, smell good. the sidewalk peddlers with their trays of ^llver buckles. Very nice. But don't try to I »hotograph one of them. I did and three of Ixem ganged up on me and threatened to tak ! the camera away. Because I didn't offer mopey. TKS TANKSX SOtXAB llow It's true that Americans have made TIJ lana what it is. Americans and our won- der rul money. Tijuana loves American mooey. > nd that monthly million Yankees leave mere than $150 million here every year. Thsy leave this fortune In the three- hu idred-odd shops and fifty -odd skid row tyi r night clubs strung along the main stem. < H course there are some good things here, lile the Jal Alal games in Fronton Palace. An 1 the beautiful Caliente race track, where boi h horses and dogs run at the same facil- ity i ind many Americans (not this one) enjoy th( bvillfights every Simday through the suiuner. But these are the Innocenta. wxraovT viatua iust one block off the main street Is a dirty iltl le shack, unpainted and unpretty. Thou- •ai ds of servicemen — and Juveniles from San Dii go and Los Angeles — know that Inside thi I dingy dive are ladies of not only easy vir iue. but almost no virtue at all. i i few blocks out of town, on the road to Cal iente. Is a big motel. Inside are 20 "ladles of the evening," who are available in the da] time too. In another such establishment the sign saj s "Hotel." Sure, you can get a room thete fori sleeping. But you're a sleepy man, r, if you get past the perfumed parties in ^he lobby. the comer of Avenlda Revolucion and Street Is a Itne-up of Innocent look- yellow taxlcabs. The drivers of these can and win take you to or get for anything from marijuana to heroin, raw , or their moat plentiful product — >t Se<ond Ins ha( lu opi Lnn, fto-s. <« every comer In lljuana men without , and many very young men too, get nudged arm, the plucked sleeve, the "You want some fun, scnor?" Or soriiethlng much more to the point. I listrlct Attorney Keller, who doesn't have ■rorry about votes from Mexicans on this of the border, says "Tijuana is a victim circumstance. Tijuana Is a 'sin town' built on Amerl- doUars." he says. agree. And I sympathize with hU de- mahds to close the border to unescorted uu- der ige American kids. woi nen, th« wh spared to ald^ of can ^ he venereal disease rate ot United States serylcemen visiting here Is extremely low. there is a GI prophylactic station 50 yafils inside the American line. 1 1 San Diego a reliable source told me ths t the VD rate in hlghachools. because of Tijiana. Is "absolutely shocking." t ecently customs and Immlgraticm men ,h» border stopped returning teen-agera who were not accompanied by adults, quea* tloned them as to their reasons for visiting Tijuana. Most answered frankly: "Oirls." Some answered with a little urglngt "Marijuana." A few answered after considerable urging: ••Heroin." Fortunately — so far — despite the fact nar- cotics can be easily bought here, records show most of the buyers are known dope ad- dicts and not thrill-seeking youngsters. As I wind up this piece my watch saya 4:50 p. m. In t> minutea I have a rendes- vous with a plainclothes United States cus- toms agent. I'm going with him to see for myself some of the things TlJ\iana has to offer on the side streets — after dark. Wky Cu*! CMutnKtiM af Tallic Crack Dm$ Be Stopped? EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. HOWARD S. MHIER or KANSAS IN THE ROUS! OP RXPRESOTTATIVZS Thursdap. June 18, 1953 Mr. MILLER of Kansas. Mr. Speak- er, under leave to extend my remarks in the Rscots. I Include the f<rflowlnc let- ten HoLTON, KAJn., June 12. 19S3. Bon. HowAiD S. Muxaa, Member of Congress, Washington. D. C. Dkab Ma. Mnjju: I am wondering if Con- gress is f uUy informed oX the work on TutUa Creek Dam. Until lately they have been running tliree ahlfts and at the present time have a dam 15 feet high seemingly three-fourths way across the valley with a very limited space left for flood waters of a 4- or 5-inch rain ttiat so frequently falls in Kansas and Ne- braska. Such a flood occurring now would put farms and homes under water for miles up the valley. Most of these farms are in crops and many of them not purchased by the Government and a lot not even ap- praised- They have bought only • small acreage and are using the $5 million apfH-oprlated on the dam. in hopes of getting It so far along that later approfHrlatlons will be made to comi^lete the dam. My question is: Under the etrcumstanoes isn't the Government liable for crops, homes, loss of stock. Inimdated cemeteries, etc. I know of no graves moved at this time and no move to do so. Why has this condition been allowed to exist? We an know of the danger of floods and they can occur any- time. Our legislatiire pasMd a resolution to have work on the dam stopped several months ago. All Kansas is against the dam. Why isn't Kansas recognised? Kansas City is back of the progress of the dam. They have encroached on the river and are trying to funnel flood waters through the dty. They spent (10 million of the people's Red Cross money to reestabliah In- dustries and homes right back into the dan- ger spot again Instead of moving to higher ground. So we see the injustice tlwy are working on Kansas and people everywhere. Missouri has been working for several years to dam streams in Kansas to save their land, and removing from the tax list the most fertile land In the State of Kansas. This is a very unfriendly act on the part of Missouri. Pibr- do:i my hasty note. BespectfullTk A. W. B» CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX' A3565 Tlic Voice of Ae People EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. MARGUERITE STITT CHURCH or ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday. June 18, 1953 Mrs. CHURCH. Bilr. Speaker, under leave to extend my remarks in the Ap- pendix of the Record and to include extraneous matter, I am inserting today an open letter from Mr. John M. Riordan which was published recently in the Chi- cago Tribune. You will note that Mr. Riordan has asked police cooperation in stopping the importation of bootleg fireworks into Illinois and has been told that nothing can be done to help on the local level. Mr. Riordan 's case points again to the strong need of prompt adoption of H. R. 116. the bill which I am sponsoring pro- hibiting the shipment of fireworks into any State which prohibits their sale or use. The bill has been ordered reported favorably by the House Judiciary Com- mittee. I have high hope that the report will be filed today. May I reiterate my strong hope that the Members of this body will join with me in supporting this important and es- sential legislation. The letter follows: Voicx or TBK PxoPLS — A Jo* roa CoNoaxss Chicago, Jvme 8. — My 13-year-old son asked for permission to send for what we thought were harmless fireworks, beautifully illustrated in an advertising pamphlet. In- stead, he ordered and received a gross of very dangerous dynamite capped "bombe." I confiscated these bombs after paying him the purchase price and took them to the Gresham police station. The police were very cooperative. They explained that these fireworks are shipped by express and that nothing can be done to stop them. Cant we legislate against these greedy characters who operate this business? JouM M. BioaBAir. H. R.4023 EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. LEE METCALF or itoirrAKA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday. June 18. 1953 Mr. METCALF. Mr. Speaker, the following statement made before the subcommittee of the Interior and In- sular Affairs Committee considering H. R. 4023 indicates the atUtude of stockmen, operating small spreads, to- ward this legislation. Mr. Roland E. Marshall is a typical small operator with grazing rights in the national forest, and his testimony is representative of that received from dozens of other similarly situated stockmen in Montana. Mr. Marshall's statement follows: I am Ronald B. Marshall, of Lolo, Mont., I am president of the Lolo Stock Associa- tion, and I have a grazing permit for 110 head of cattle on the Lolo National Forest. I have traveled the long distance from west- cm Montana to express my opposition to H. S. 4023 and the opposition of the several organizations who have autborlaed me to represent them here today. I speak for myself and on behalf of the 17 members of the Lolo Stock Association, who run from 50 to 100 head each on the national forest: 3,600 members of the western Mon- tana Fish and Game Association; 430 mem- bers of Ravalli County Fish and WUdllfe As- sociation; 42S membeis of the Poison Out- door's, Inc.: and the entire State member- ship of the Montana WUdllfe Federation. Tills bill Is not In the interest of the small and medium-sized stockmen and it is cer- tainly not in the Interest of the American public who own the land that would be af- fected by this bill. Unfortunately, very few of the small and medium-sized stockmen fully understand how this bill wUl affect them In the long run. Those who do are op- posed to this bUl. It is no secret that the Intent of the spon- sors and supporters of this bill is to provide by law for administration of the national for- est grazing lands on the same basis as now applies to the Taylor grazing lands. Prior to coming to Montana in 1946 I lived in Chains. Idaho, where I had permits to Taylor grazing lands. The Federal man in charge of these lands was responsible for such a large area that It was impossible for him to get around to see the condition of the range or check on trespass. Control of the grazing was definitely in the hands of the stockmen who used the range. There had been no range improvements since the days of the CCC and there is no question that the land was overgrazed and in poor condition. In our own self interest, neither I nor the members of the organizations I represent here today want to see any relaxation of the strict administration of the national forest grazing lands under the existing rules and regulations of the Department of Agricul- ture which have been developed over the years in cooperation with stockmen. These rules and regulations are fair and from my experience, they are administered Justly. They give full consideration to the needs of the grazing permit holder and at the same time take Into consideration other uses of the land, particularly from the stand- point of watershed protection, recreation, hunting, and fishing. Neither I nor others known to me, who graze on national forest land have any fear of losing oiiT permits or being regulated out of business. We work cooperatively and in close harmony with the Forest Service ofll- clals. Last year I constructed four water- holes on my permit area and this year the Ptorest Service has funds to construct addi- tional improvements on the area. Working together, we are increasing the nimiber of stock that can be put on the range. We know that only the availability of grass will give us security and that cannot be pro- vided by laws. I know of many stockmen who would be happy If there was no competition for the grass from big game animala. Hunting and fishing is a national heritage of Americans, and public lands should be administered to provide a reasonable balance between use by livestock and wild game. The national forests are administered on this basis. In the area in which I live, almost half as many deer and elk are harvested each year as there are livestock. This bill states that nothing in It U to interfere with the right to hunt and fish on the lands affected, but these are only nice words if livestock con- sumes all the grass and browse, and erosion spoils the streams so that there is no game to ahoot or fish to catch. The extent to which this bUl freezes graz- ing permits in the possession of present permit holders is unjust and unnecessary. Permits should not be subject to being bought and sold by the holder of the permit or passed on to heirs by right of law. Neither should the penult holder have the rl^t to sublease • part of his permit tad thereby de- rive profit from the difference between the low graiOng fee charged for the permit and the established rate for privately owned grazing land. Furthermore, the permit hold- er should be required to own his base prop- erty and the stock which use the permitted range. Upper limits as provided for on national forest grazing land is a good policy which this bUl would eliminate. The establish- ment of upper limits prevents any poaeibUity of monopoly and It provides a fair way to distribute the relatively cheap but limited grazing areas on the national forests. Tbese upper limits are established to give the per- mit holder only his fair share of the public range which is in great demand. It favors the local community building rancher and contributes to the stability of the local live- stock industry by dlscotiraglng the specula- tors. There Is no Justification for the provision In this bill which makes it possible to bring court action to settle matters that are of an administrative natxu-e. A fair and adeqiiate system already exlste for appealing the deci- sions of local national forest administrator* to higher authorities, un to the Secretary of Agriculture's Board of Appeals. Granting permit holders have the same righte as aU citizens to seek protection of the courts in event of breach of contract, damage result- ing from negligence, etc. There is no Justi- fication for subjecting the decisions of pub- lic land administrators to court decisions. Well financed permit holders could drag their cases through the cotirts for years while the public resources continued to deteriorate. The permit holder with limited finances would not be able to carry the financial bur- den of prolonged court action. Neither I nor the members of the organi- zations I represent feel that there is any need to change the present system of rules and regulations under which national forest graz- ing is administered. Any laws that are passed in tills connection should provide for a level of administration equal to or better than that now provided by Depart- ment of Agriculture rules and regulations. We do not believe H. R. 4023 would do this, and consequently we urge that the bUl b« kiUed. Other Editors Say Tatfle Creek It m Uanecessary Dam EXTENSION OF REMARKS or HON. HOWARD S. MILLER or KANSAS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday. June 18. 1953 Mr. MILLER of Kansas. Mr. Speak' er. under leave to extend my remarks in the Record, I include the following edi- torial from the New York Times; Othxb EniToas Sat Tuiilc CakSK Is ah Unnbcessabt Dam At a recent press conference President Eisenhower again stressed his belief in the impcMrtance of local Influence, authority, and direction when it comes to deciding about the construction of dams and the uses to which they should be put. If there ever waa a case where this principle should apply. It Is the case of the proposed Tuttle Creek Dam. in the Blue River VaUey in Kansas. There is grave doubt that this t88 mllUon project wlU accomplish nearly enough in the way of flood control to warrant the flooding of 55,000 acres of some of America's most fer- tile farmland, the displacement of 4.000 peo- ple, and the obUteration of • towns. Many XCIX — App.' -224 \m li .1 ^^. R t « IJ^ A3566 CONGRE 5SIONAL RECORD — APPENDIX people of the Blue Blrer Valley are emphatl- eally oppcned to the whole scheme — and they proved their feeUnge last faU by defeating the Incumbent Congresaman, who favored the dam, and elected hla opponent, who ran on a platform for Its abandonment. A spe- cial commission of Independent engineers appointed by the Governor of Kansas has held that the dam Is xmnecessary, and the Missouri Basin Survey Commission has ques< tioned the efficacy of Tuttle Creek and re- lated projects in forestalling large-scale floods. Yet the Army Corps of Engineers continues to argue that funds tor this dam. which have been eliminated from the revised 1954 budget now under consideration, should be restored. Large dams are not the only means — and sometimes are clearly not the best means — of preventing floods. Upstream watershed management Ir a constructive method of flood prevention by making the best use of land Instead of a destructive method of flood control by flooding land. The recent House action In voting $5 million in the Agriculture Department appropriation bill for watershed protection Is a small but encouraging sign of congressional Interest In this form of flood prevention through reforestation, soil con- servation, building of small check dams, and the like. In many areas It Is far preferable to multimillion-dollar flood-control work downstream, especially when the latter Is opposed by the inhabitants of the region most Inunediately affected. This seems clear- ly to be the case in the Blue River Valley of Kansas. CoaameBioratiBf tkc 700tb ABaivenary of Lithnania EIXTENSION OF RElrfARKS OF HON. RICHARD W. HOFFMAN or nxiMois IN THE HOnSB OP REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, June 18. 1953 Mr. HOFFMAN of Illinois. Mr. Speak- er, an eminent committee of Americans, headed by Vice President Nixon and Lt. Gen. Albert C. Wedemeyer, is gathering in Washington this weekend for the festival of Lithuanian art and music. This festival, commemorating the 700th anniversary of Lithuania and its contributions to the culture and free- dom of America, is an opportunity for us all to pause briefly in the rush of daily living and consider America's proud heritage. Americans of Lithuanian descent number only about 1 million, less than three-fourths of 1 percent of our popu- lation. Yet — and herein lies America's greatness — these sons and daughters of Lithuania have contributed their share of color and strength to the American tapestry. Since their first King — King Min- daugas — was crowned in A. D. 1253, the Lithuanians have been a race of cul- tured, freedom -seeking people. That search for freedom led many of them to our shores. It led to the for- mation of the Republic of Lithuania, a government modeled after our own, in 1918. Today Lithuania Is in the hands of the Russians — an act of aggression which our country and the Western Powers have not recognized. Bbt free Lithuania lives in the hearts of ti er oppressed people and In the hopes of f ree men everywhere. would like to take this opportunity to I congratulate our citizens of Lithu- anian descent for their great contribu- tiom to our society. HI Weather SUtion at Elko, Nev. H)N EXTENSION OP REMARKS or . CUFTON (CUFF) YOUNG or NXVAOA THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES Thursday. June 18. 1953 Mr. YOUNG. Mr. Speaker, during re- cen ; weeks, and while those of us in the Hoiise have been engaged in a diligent effc rt to leave no stone unturned in our que St f< r justified measures of econ<Hny. I hi ive noted a recurrent and widespread sup port of our efforts in the State of N3iada. both by individuals and news- paj er editors. I believe that my col- leai :ues will be interested in and encour- age ci by an example of this forthright thi ildng and responsible attitude toward oui budgetary problems. C f the many examples from the people of 'Jevada which have come to my at- tention. I should like to read one from the Elko Daily Free Press, at Elko. Nev.. on the subject of the proposed closing of a l nited States Weather Bureau station at^lko. It exemplifies the honest seek- inaof an honest answer. ' "he editor, without passing upon the gu< stion as to whether or not the station she uld be continued, proposes a pattern of thinking which is especially stimu- lat ng. In brief, it puts the problem of economy squarely before this commu- nit ^ And if this approach is duplicated in other communities throughout the cotntry, we will find that the task of geting our financial housekeeping in orqer will be of short duration. / Federal expenditure of $18,000, wh ch I understand is the annual cost of this weather station at Elko, Nev.. dw ndles to insignificance among the milion- and billion-dollar items we con- sidi ir in these Chambers. But this rela- tive ly small sum represents benefits to the community which are visibly greater in proportion to the sum. although at the same time the value is diminished by the invisible tax taken from each IXMKet to provide Federal revenue. I ; is the long-range viewpoint on Fed- era economy and resulting benefits in red jced taxes that the editor of the EHko Dafly Free Press brings to light in his iiist ussion. I et me read to you this fine example of ncisive thinking. I believe you will un< erstand why I feel honored to repre- sen ; the people of Nevada. I quote from the May 29. 1953. Issue of the Elko Daily Free Press, published at iako, Nev.: SpovLO Ws PiGHT THc Closikg or On* WKATHXa Bttkkau? •rtie Elko Chamber of Commerce was told yest erday that the United States weather- bureau station In this city la to be closed on June 30. We were asked by a representative of this governmental department not to reg- ister a protest. In what position do we find ourselves? As a chamber-of-conunerce organization, we are continuously asking for reductions In taxa- tion. But as a chamber of commerce, we are also doing everything to Improve our com- munity, to bring things here which will add to our payroll. The city wUl lose approxi- mately $1,500 a month in payroll when and If the weather station Is closed. Actually we should be » ble to argue this question on its merits before we take a stand one way or another, although we would seri- ously regret seeing the Government move this weather-bureau station from Elko for a nimiber of reasons. Newspaper people recog- nize that weather stories are among the moat interesting. This newspaper keeps con- stantly in touch with the weather bureau, during seasons of unusual weather and we carry weather summaries In our paper daily. To offset this, we were told that the weather reports will still be available to us and what is more important, we feel, to the fliers who use our airport, through the CAA. The Government contends there is a dupli- cation of service here, and if we are going to cut taxation we are going to have to cut ex- penses. We fought to get the weather sU- tion here because we felt It was Important. Are we going to let them take It away from us now without an additional fight? First, we would suggest that a chamber- of -commerce committee should start an Im- medtate investigation of the weather bu- reau's activities here and And out just what they have meant to the community gen- erally. We could be a witness at such • hearing, giving the committee members o\ir impression of the Importance of weather stories to the public. If the CAA could duplicate the material from which we build these stories, as a public service, we might not have much of a point for arguing for continuation of the weather bureau. If It was determined that our information would be meager. It might well be that this would be a point in contlntiln^ the weather bureau here.
| 5,833 |
https://github.com/antonmedv/year/blob/master/packages/1974/11/10/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
year
|
antonmedv
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 6 | 15 |
module.exports = new Date(1974, 10, 10)
| 10,331 |
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providentissimus%20Deus
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Providentissimus Deus
|
https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Providentissimus Deus&action=history
|
Indonesian
|
Spoken
| 257 | 614 |
Providentissimus Deus (Mengenai Penelitian Kitab Suci) adalah sebuah ensiklik yang diterbitkan atas perintah Paus Leo XIII pada tanggal 16 November 1893. Di dalamnya ia membahas kembali sejarah penelitian kitab suci dari masa Bapa-bapa Gereja hingga saat itu, berbicara melawan kesalahan-kesalahan kaum Rasionalis dan kaum "pengritik kelas tinggi" (para penganalisis asal usul sebuah teks), dan menjabarkan prinsip-prinsip dari penelitian Kitab Suci dan pedoman bagaiman Kitab Suci itu harus diajarkan di seminari-seminari. Ia juga membahas masalah-masalah kontradiksi yang terlihat jelas antara Kitab Suci dan ilmu pengetahuan yang bersifat fisik, atau antara satu bagian Kitab Suci dengan yang lainnya, dan bagaimana kontradiksi tersebut bisa diselesaikan.
Providentissimus Deus menjawab dua tantangan terhadap kekuasaan Kitab Suci, dimana keduanya tumbuh berkembang selama abad ke-19. Ilmu-ilmu pengetahuan fisik, terutama teori evolusi dan teori geologi mengenai usia bumi, memberikan tantangan terhadap posisi tradisional Kitab Suci mengenai penciptaan dunia yang dianggap terjadi 6.000 tahun yang lalu. Paus Leo XIII menulis bahwa ilmu pengetahuan yang benar tidak bisa mengkontradiksi Kitab Suci ketika sesuatu hal dijelaskan secara tepat, bahwa kesalahan-kesalahan yang dibuat oleh Bapa-bapa Gereja tidak membuktikan kesalahan di dalam Kitab Suci, dan bahwa sesuatu yang kelihatannya berhasil dibuktikan oleh ilmu pengetahuan ternyata dapat menjadi sesuatu yang salah. Metode historis-kritis untuk meneliti Kitab Suci mempertanyakan kehandalan Kitab Suci itu sendiri. Paus Leo XIII mengakui adanya kemungkinan kesalahan yang dibuat oleh para penulisnya namun melarang adanya interpretasi bahwa hanya sebagian Kitab Suci yang sama sekali tidak ada salahnya, sementara beberapa unsur lainnya bisa memiliki kesalahan.
Pranala luar
Text of Providentissimus Deus
Dokumen Katolik
Gereja Katolik Roma dan ilmu pengetahuan
| 31,632 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Вантхонг
|
https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Вантхонг&action=history
|
Russian
|
Spoken
| 527 | 1,544 |
Вантхонг — река в Таиланде, левый приток реки Нан.
Этимология
Второе название реки, Кхек, является более старым. Кхек — это другое название народности, более широко известной как Хакка. Река получила своё современное название Вантхонг благодаря тому, что протекает через район Вантхонг. Первая часть слова «ванг» означает «дворец». Вторая часть «тхонг» означает «золото». Это тайское слово для обозначения золота было заимствовано из тамильского языка Шри-Ланки. Название можно перевести как «Река золотого дворца».
Описание
Её исток лежит в горах Пхетчабун в районе Кхао Хо, Таиланд. Она протекает через национальный парк Тунг Саланг Луанг и образует водопады Намток Си Дит и Намток Каенг Сопха в районе Вантхонг, провинция Пхитсанулок. И, наконец, течёт через район Банг Кратхум, проходя через Бан Сам Руен и на границы провинций Пхитсанулок и Пхичит, где впадает в реку Нан. Река Вантхонг является частью бассейна Нан и Чаупхрая.
Буенг Рачанок — болото вдоль реки Вантхонг в районе Вантхонг, провинция Пхитсанулок. Болото было восстановлено в 1994 году организацией администрации провинции Пхитсанулок и в настоящее время является популярной достопримечательностью.
Каенг-Банг-Рачан в истоках Вантхонга является естественной средой обитания пресноводной медузы (Craspedacusta sowerbii), которая в настоящее время встречается только в США, России, Великобритании, Японии и Таиланде. Кроме того, это естественная среда обитания для редких видов бабочек, таких как Troides helena и Euploea.
На инженерном факультете Университета Наресуан было проведено исследование, в ходе которого рассмотрены практические возможности использования 18-метрового спуска в национальном парке Саланг Луанг для получения гидроэнергетики.
История
Ранние общины Бан-Ванг-Тхонг и Бан-Сафан в значительной степени полагались на реку Вантхонг. До строительства автомагистралей основным средством передвижения в Пхичит и Накхонсаван были лодки.
24 февраля 1981 года король Рама IX посетил реку Вантхонг, чтобы проверить проект развития бассейна реки в районе Лом-Сак, провинция Пхетчабан. Инспекция касалась ирригационных проектов.
Лодочная гонка Братские деревни
Река Вантхонг исторически была местом лодочных гонок между жителями Бан-Ванг-Тхонг и Бан-Сапхан. Гонка проходила ежегодно в ноябре после сезона дождей. Традиционные лодочные гонки лодки прекратились ещё до 1940-х годов. В 1982 году с целью содействия единству сообщества был разработан план по возобновлению гонки Братских деревень, в обсуждении приняли участие ведущие местные чиновники, торговцы районного рынка, фермерские организации и аббат храма Уот-Банг-Сапхан. Вместо того, чтобы одна деревня соревновалась с другой, как раньше, новая гонка на лодках предполагала соревнование между местными фермерами и сельскими организациями. Первая гонка в новом формате была открыта районным чиновником Нааджем Ампхо. Нынешний формат гонки не настолько богат ритуальными действами, как традиционный вариант.
Фестиваль рафтинга реки Кхек
Туристы приезжают на реку Вантхонг, чтобы увидеть водопады вдоль её русла и заняться рафтингом. У реки очень много порогов, особенно в Национальном парке Тунг-Саланг-Луанг. Некоторые части реки Вантхонг имеют 5-й уровень рафтинговой классификации. Этот уровень является максимальным в рафтинге, то есть река бурная, с быстрым течением и трудными, крутыми порогами. Уровень трудности прохода зависит от объёма стока. В сезон дождей река становится более быстрой. В июне 2005 года провинция Пхитсанулок начала кампанию под названием «Сербни кофе на Каенг Сонг, повеслуй вдоль порогов Нам Кхек» и провела первый фестиваль рафтинга на реке. Следующий фестиваль рафтинга на реке прошёл с 7 июля по конец октября 2006 года, а затем с 1 июля по 31 октября 2007 года под названием «Kaeng Song Cafe — Khek river rafting festival».
Примечания
Ссылки
Бассейн Чаупхраи
Реки Таиланда
| 26,898 |
https://github.com/messmerd/pt2-clone/blob/master/pt_pal_editor/src/gui.h
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
BSD-3-Clause
| 2,022 |
pt2-clone
|
messmerd
|
C
|
Code
| 183 | 639 |
#pragma once
#define SCREEN_W 437
#define SCREEN_H 273
#define TRACKER_X 3
#define TRACKER_Y 15
#define COLORPICKER1_X 326
#define COLORPICKER1_Y 15
#define COLORPICKER2_X 326
#define COLORPICKER2_Y 103
#define LOADINI_X 326
#define LOADINI_Y 194
#define LOADPT_X 326
#define LOADPT_Y 208
#define SAVE_X 326
#define SAVE_Y 222
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <SDL2/SDL.h>
typedef struct keyb_t
{
bool leftShiftKeyDown, leftCtrlKeyDown, leftAltKeyDown;
} keyb_t;
typedef struct mouse_t
{
bool leftButtonPressed, rightButtonPressed;
int32_t x, y;
float fMouseXMul, fMouseYMul;
} mouse_t;
void charOut(int32_t xPos, int32_t yPos, uint32_t color, char chr);
void textOut(int32_t xPos, int32_t yPos, uint32_t color, const char *text);
void textOutShadow(int32_t xPos, int32_t yPos, uint32_t fgColor, uint32_t bgColor, const char *text);
void hLine(int32_t x, int32_t y, int32_t w, uint32_t color);
void vLine(int32_t x, int32_t y, int32_t h, uint32_t color);
void showErrorMsgBox(const char *fmt, ...); // main.c
void mouseButtonUpHandler(void);
void mouseButtonDownHandler(void);
void keyDownHandler(SDL_Keycode keyEntry);
void drawTracker(void);
void setupGUI(void);
void drawColorPicker2(void);
void drawColorPicker1(void);
void handleSlidersHeldDown(void);
void handleRainbowHeldDown(void);
void handleRainbowUpDownButtons(void);
// gui.c
extern bool topScreenShown, bottomScreenShown, analyzerShown;
extern uint8_t currColor, rainbowPos, colorsMax;
extern uint16_t *theRightColors;
// main.c
extern volatile bool programRunning, redrawScreen;
extern uint32_t *frameBuffer;
extern keyb_t keyb;
extern mouse_t mouse;
| 27,466 |
https://github.com/nilslice/crates.io/blob/master/src/tests/git.rs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, MIT
| 2,021 |
crates.io
|
nilslice
|
Rust
|
Code
| 85 | 324 |
use std::env;
use std::fs;
use std::path::PathBuf;
use std::sync::Once;
use std::thread;
fn root() -> PathBuf {
env::current_dir()
.unwrap()
.join("tmp")
.join("tests")
.join(thread::current().name().unwrap())
}
pub fn bare() -> PathBuf {
root().join("bare")
}
pub fn init() {
static INIT: Once = Once::new();
let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&bare());
INIT.call_once(|| {
fs::create_dir_all(root().parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
});
let bare = git2::Repository::init_bare(&bare()).unwrap();
let mut config = bare.config().unwrap();
config.set_str("user.name", "name").unwrap();
config.set_str("user.email", "email").unwrap();
let mut index = bare.index().unwrap();
let id = index.write_tree().unwrap();
let tree = bare.find_tree(id).unwrap();
let sig = bare.signature().unwrap();
bare.commit(Some("HEAD"), &sig, &sig, "Initial Commit", &tree, &[])
.unwrap();
}
| 18,114 |
https://github.com/lufengfan/MineSweeper/blob/master/MSLauncher.Console/Program.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
MineSweeper
|
lufengfan
|
C#
|
Code
| 364 | 1,356 |
#define GAME
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using MineSweeper;
namespace MSLauncher.Console
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
GameMain game = new GameMain(20, 25);
while (true)
{
System.Console.Clear();
System.Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
System.Console.Write(string.Empty.PadLeft(3));
for (int column = 0; column < game.Column; column++)
System.Console.Write((column + 1).ToString().PadLeft(3));
System.Console.WriteLine();
for (int row = 0; row < game.Row; row++)
{
System.Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
System.Console.Write((row + 1).ToString().PadLeft(3));
for (int column = 0; column < game.Column; column++)
{
System.Console.ResetColor();
#if GAME
if (game.mask[row, column] == true)
{
string str;
if (game.maps[row, column] == -1)
{
System.Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red;
str = "*".PadLeft(3);
}
else
{
System.Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green;
if (game.maps[row, column] == 0)
str = string.Empty.PadLeft(3);
else
str = game.maps[row, column].ToString().PadLeft(3);
}
System.Console.Write(str);
}
else if (game.mask[row, column] == null)
{
System.Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.White;
System.Console.Write("□".PadLeft(2));
}
else if (game.mask[row, column] == false)
{
System.Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red;
System.Console.Write("！".PadLeft(2));
}
#else
if (game.maps[row, column] == -1)
System.Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red;
else if (game.maps[row, column] == 0)
System.Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Gray;
else
System.Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green;
System.Console.Write(game.maps[row, column].ToString().PadLeft(3));
#endif
}
System.Console.WriteLine();
}
System.Console.WriteLine();
System.Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Blue;
System.Console.Write("MS>>");
System.Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
string line = System.Console.ReadLine();
string[] ss = line.Split(new[] { ' ', '\t', ' ' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
if (ss.Length == 1 && ss[0].ToLower() == "newgame")
{
game = new GameMain(game.Row, game.Column);
}
else
{
if (ss.Length != 3) continue;
else
{
int[] position = new int[2];
bool f = true;
for (int i = 0; i < position.Length; i++)
{
try { position[i] = int.Parse(ss[i + 1]); }
catch (Exception)
{
f = false;
break;
}
}
if (ss[0].ToLower() != "newgame" && ss[0].ToLower() != "ng")
{
if (position[0] <= 0 || position[0] > game.Row) f = false;
if (position[1] <= 0 || position[1] > game.Column) f = false;
}
if (f == false) continue;
else
{
switch (ss[0].ToLower())
{
case "d":
case "dig":
game.Dig(position[0] - 1, position[1] - 1, false);
break;
case "da":
case "digarea":
game.Dig(position[0] - 1, position[1] - 1, true);
break;
case "f":
case "flag":
game.Flag(position[0] - 1, position[1] - 1);
break;
case "ng":
case "newgame":
game = new GameMain(position[0], position[1]);
break;
default:
f = false;
break;
}
if (f == false) continue;
}
}
}
System.Console.ResetColor();
}
System.Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
| 33,772 |
hal-02266440-Polizzi%2C%20Ducati%2C%20Longo%202019.txt_1
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| 2,019 |
Note preliminari sul rinvenimento di un'area artigianale da Contrada Amone e sulla produzione ceramica nel bacino idrografico del fiume Nocella. Notiziario Archeologico della Soprintendenza di Palermo, 2019. ⟨hal-02266440⟩
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Note preliminari sul rinvenimento di un’area artigianale
da Contrada Amone e sulla produzione ceramica nel
bacino idrografico del fiume Nocella
Giovanni Polizzi, Fabrizio Ducati, Francesco Longo
To cite this version:
Giovanni Polizzi, Fabrizio Ducati, Francesco Longo. Note preliminari sul rinvenimento di un’area
artigianale da Contrada Amone e sulla produzione ceramica nel bacino idrografico del fiume Nocella.
Notiziario Archeologico della Soprintendenza di Palermo, 2019. �hal-02266440�
HAL Id: hal-02266440
https://hal.science/hal-02266440
Submitted on 14 Aug 2019
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Notiziario Archeologico
della Soprintendenza di Palermo
48/2019
a cura della Sezione Archeologica della Soprintendenza per i Beni
Culturali e Ambientali di Palermo
Note preliminari sul rinvenimento di un’area artigianale da
Contrada Amone e sulla produzione ceramica nel bacino
idrografico del fiume Nocella
GIOVANNI POLIZZI1, FABRIZIO DUCATI2, FRANCESCO LONGO3
This article examines the Roman archaeological evidence of Piana di
Partinico, an area East of the Gulf of Castellammare, seat to farms and
villas, including the famous villa of Sirignano.
The area of Contrada Amone, already known for the presence of a bath and
for the discovery of polychrome mosaics, is now enriched with the
reporting of a craft area. The discovery of some discarded tiles has been an
opportunity to reflect on the origin of the specimens branded
ΟΝΑΣΟΥ, for
which is traditionally accepted their exclusive production in the Bay of San
Cataldo. A preliminary study of the mixtures of the ceramic productions of
the sites of Contrada Amone and Baia di San Cataldo is therefore
presented. In support of these analyses, the compositional characteristics of
a bank of blue clay, recognised in the Bay of San Cataldo and probably
used in local ceramic production from antiquity to the modern era, are
given in the appendix.
Introduzione
Il settore nordorientale del Golfo di Castellammare, attraversato dal corso del Fiume Nocella (fig. 1), è
caratterizzato dalla presenza di numerosi insediamenti di epoca romana imperiale che attestano un denso
sfruttamento delle risorse agricole del territorio.
Fig. 1 Stralcio CTR 1:10.000 n. 594100 della Piana di Partinico con la localizzazione dei principali
siti di epoca romana imperiale (elaborazione grafica di G. Polizzi)
1
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CCJ, Aix-en-Provence, France; Università degli Studi di Palermo; email: giovannipolizzi@live.it
Università degli Studi di Palermo; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CCJ, Aix-en-Provence, France; email: fabrizio.ducati90@gmail.com
3
Liceo Scientifico Statale “Santi Savarino”, C/da Turrisi s.n.c., 90047 Partinico, PA; email: francesco.longo752@virgilio.it
2
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
Insediamenti come quello di Sirignano, Raccuglia o Case Ammotta4, caratterizzati da estese aree di
frammenti e in certi casi da strutture ancora visibili5, sembrano riconducibili a una situazione simile a quella
riscontrata nel territorio Imerese6: le aree di frammenti principali, distribuite regolarmente nel territorio, sono
interpretabili come grandi fattorie (Case Ammotta, Gasena, Raccuglia) o ville (Sirignano o Amone), alle quali
si alternano aree di frammenti di minore estensione connesse all’esclusivo sfruttamento del territorio e
gravitanti attorno ai centri principali.
Le merci prodotte nel comprensorio potevano prendere il largo tramite l’approdo riconosciuto alla foce del
fiume Nocella, nella baia di San Cataldo (fig. 2). Qui, nel 1982, furono segnalate due fornaci (fig. 3) databili al
II-I sec. a. C. venute alla luce a seguito delle piene del Nocella che avevano causato il cedimento dell’alveo
fluviale (fig. 4)7. I reperti di superficie della baia dimostrano una continuità di vita ininterrotta dall’epoca
preistorica sino a quella moderna8. Le vantaggiose caratteristiche dell’approdo, dotato di una profonda
insenatura nel delta del fiume, hanno consentito il riparo delle imbarcazioni da carico almeno sino al XVI
secolo. La presenza di sorgenti permetteva il rifornimento d’acqua potabile, nonché un abbondante
approvvigionamento idrico legato alle attività produttive della ceramica, la cui argilla era facilmente reperibile
sul posto (vedi Appendice).
Fig. 2 Panoramica dell’area di San Cataldo da Sud (foto di G. Polizzi)
4
GIUSTOLISI 1976.
Lacerti murari sono visibili presso l’insediamento di Case Ammotta; la fontana ottagonale segnalata da Giustolisi (1976, p. 43) e resti di pavimento in
cocciopesto sono visibili ancora oggi nell’area di Sirignano.
6
BELVEDERE 2018, pp. 133-134.
7
DI STEFANO 1982. Le fornaci romane di San Cataldo sono state segnalate sulla riva sinistra idrografica della foce del fiume Nocella. La loro comparsa
sembra dovuta agli smottamenti del terreno dovuti alle piene del fiume. Delle due fornaci, una era visibile in sezione, mentre l’altra si presentava quasi
completamente franata. Oggi, delle strutture artigianali pubblicate dalla Di Stefano, rimangono solo scarsi indizi, per via delle continue piene fluviali
che hanno quasi totalmente dilavato i depositi archeologici. A ciò va aggiunto un eccessivo sbancamento effettuato per bonificare gli argini fluviali e
per realizzare una strada sterrata. Fra i materiali, un’impressionante numero di reperti ceramici, consistenti soprattutto in laterizi. La cronologia d’uso
delle due fornaci oscilla fra il II sec. a. C. e il I sec. d. C. Molti dei laterizi rinvenuti in superficie recavano impressi i nomi greci di ΟΝΑΣΟΥ e
ΠΟΡΤΑΞ . Lo stesso tipo di coppi è stato individuato in numerose località della Sicilia nord Occidentale, tra le quali Monte Jato, Segesta, Scopello,
Palermo, Partinico (Fig. 9).
8
Per le testimonianze archeologiche della Baia di San Cataldo si rimanda a GIUSTOLISI 1976, pp. 19-24; DI STEFANO, MANNINO 1983, p. 81; MANNINO
2008, p. 101; VITALE 2011, pp. 123-181; ALFANO, POLIZZI 2017, p. 78. CUCCO 2015, p. 30; CUCCO, CORRERA 2018.
5
2
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
In questo contesto così articolato, lo
svolgimento di ricognizioni di superficie
potrebbe fornire ulteriori chiarimenti
sullo sfruttamento del territorio e
sull’evoluzione del paesaggio. Sono noti,
infatti, pochissimi insediamenti minori
rispetto ai siti principali, per i quali
sarebbe opportuna una ricerca apposita,
e sono ancora poco chiare le dinamiche
insediative per le epoche precedenti o
successive a quella romana imperiale, se
non a grandi linee9.
Le ricognizioni di superficie svolte da
chi scrive (Giovanni Polizzi) nell’ambito
della tesi di laurea triennale in una
piccola porzione di territorio (3 Km2)
posto alla destra idrografica del Fiume
Nocella, avevano permesso di riconoscere
una serie di siti in vita fra l’epoca
ellenistica e quella medievale e hanno
dimostrato le potenzialità archeologiche
del comprensorio10.
Fig. 3 Una delle fornaci rinvenute nella Baia di San Cataldo (foto di L.
D’Asaro)
Fig. 4 Particolare dello sbancamento ricavato sulla sinistra idrografica del Fiume Nocella che ha causato la quasi totale
asportazione dello strato archeologico (foto di G. Polizzi)
Durante queste ricognizioni era stato riconosciuto il vasto insediamento rurale di contrada Amone (fig. 5), a
breve distanza del centro abitato di Giardinello11. Si tratta di un area di frammenti ampia circa 10 ettari, i cui
9
L’area in esame sembra essere frequentata dall’epoca preistorica, STODUTI 1964; MANNINO, GIAMBONA 1994. Notizie sul territorio in epoca tardoromana si hanno in Vitale 2011 ; Per l’epoca medievale, Alfano, Polizzi 2017.
10
POLIZZI 2016, p. 2, Fig. 2.
11
La contrada prende il nome da Joseph Muni, uno dei proprietari del baglio agricolo costruito nel XVIII secolo che insiste sull’area del sito. È possibile
che tale toponimo si sia sovrapposto ad uno più antico, Casale Calidum, noto da fonti archivistiche del XIV secolo. Per l’assegnazione del toponimo
3
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
reperti coprono un arco cronologico che va dal III sec. a. C. al VI-VII sec. d. C. All’interno del sito erano state
riconosciute diverse zone con picchi di reperti, una delle quali, posta al limite occidentale del sito (fig. 6.3),
indagata con la metodologia della raccolta controllata per quadrati. Qui, le recenti arature avevano messo in
evidenza un’area di frammenti con densità molto elevata, che avrebbe permesso una potenziale distinzione di
aree funzionali. Poco più a Sud-Est emergono i ruderi di un impianto termale (fig. 6.4) che si conserva ancora
parzialmente in elevato12, mentre presso il margine nordorientale del sito (fig. 6.2) è segnalato il rinvenimento
di lacerti di mosaico policromo13. Una possibile area di necropoli è stata ipotizzata sullo sperone roccioso di
Torre Guardiola, a Nord del sito (fig. 6.1). Le caratteristiche dei reperti e delle strutture riconosciute in
Contrada Amone, permettono un’interpretazione dell’insediamento come una villa rustica, che fiorì
particolarmente in epoca medio imperiale (III sec. d. C.), per poi contrarsi sensibilmente in epoca bizantina,
quando un piccolo insediamento sparso con edifici di modeste dimensioni si sovrappose alla più antica villa.
Fig. 5 Panoramica delle case di Baglio Amone da Nord-Est con in primo piano il terreno arato con le strutture della
fornace (foto di L. Loria)
Anche le ricerche toponomastiche costituiscono, in questo territorio, un fertile campo di ricerca. Oltre alla
ricostruzione toponomastica di contrada Amone, siamo oggi in grado di fornire nuovi dati sul toponimo di
Sirignano. L’esistenza di questo toponimo, ritenuto di origine prediale, sembrava attestare un diretto
interessamento della classe senatoria allo sfruttamento del territorio, suggerita, tra l’altro, dal rinvenimento di
un ritratto virile databile alla prima metà del II sec. d.C.14 . Questa interpretazione aveva portato la Bivona a
confermare l’ipotesi avanzata dal Trasselli sull’esistenza di un fundus Serenianus nell’area del Golfo di
Castellammare15, per via della segnalazione dello stesso toponimo “Sirignano” a Partinico e ad Alcamo16. In
realtà, le ricerche d’archivio17 e le testimonianze del Villabianca18 dimostrano che la contrada Sirignano di
Partinico (fig. 8) prende il nome da uno dei moderni proprietari del fondo e non da un possibile Serenus o
all’area del Baglio Amone, si veda POLIZZI 2017, p. 93, note nn. 9 e 10, in cui il toponimo Calidum si spiega per l’esistenza di impianti termali e/o
artigianali. Di recente, Gianluca Serra mi ha segnalato un canto popolare riportato in CASARRUBEA, CIPOLLA 1982, p. 230, trascritto
dall’etnoantropologo Salamone Marino, in cui si cita una casa cauda. Il canto riporta le storie di un brigante monteleprino del XIX secolo, pertanto è
probabile che in quest’epoca il toponimo fosse ancora in uso nella tradizione orale, benché non compaia nelle mappe coeve.
12
POLIZZI 2017, pp. 97-99.
13
POLIZZI 2017, p. 99. Un altro frammento di mosaico è stato rinvenuto durante un sopralluogo realizzato il 26 ottobre 2018. Si tratta di un piccolo
frammento con quattro tessere bianche, rinvenuto 5 metri ad Ovest dei resti delle fornaci. Durante la stessa giornata è stato rinvenuto un frammento di
coppo con bollo ΟΝΑΣΟΥ (fig. 11.14).
14
WILSON 1990, p. 214, con bibl. prec.
15
GIUSTOLISI 1976, p. 42, nota 68.
16
BIVONA 1990-1991, p. 143.
17
PALAZZOLO 1989.
18
Vedi infra, nota 21.
4
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
Serenianus di epoca imperiale: il fondo, infatti, passò al nobile palermitano Pietro Sirignano nel 1622 assieme
a un baglio e a una torre, ancora oggi detta “Torre Sirignano”, inserita all’interno del baglio omonimo di cui
oggi rimane ben poco19. Prima di prendere il nome di Sirignano, la torre era detta di “San Giuseppe” e in un
atto del 23 giugno 1570 la contrada è identificata come “contrata Partinici”20. Alla stessa famiglia Sirignano
apparteneva una cartiera attiva ai tempi del Villabianca, posta ai piedi del bancone di travertino su cui insiste
la villa romana, lungo il corso del Torrente oggi chiamato Pinto21, del Vallone Corso.
Ulteriori ricerche d’archivio saranno utili per chiarire l’origine del toponimo “Sirignano” di Alcamo.
Fig. 6 Elaborazione 3d delle foto aeree dell’IGMI (volo 1954). Al centro il sito di Baglio Amone (dai tipi dell’ISTITUTO
GEOGRAFICO MILITARE – Autorizzazione n. 6997 del 08/10/2018) (elaborazione grafica G. Polizzi)
Tracce di un impianto produttivo in Contrada Amone
Le recenti arature effettuate nell’area che in precedenza era stata sottoposta alla raccolta sistematica per
quadrati (fig. 6.3), hanno danneggiato e portato in superficie parte dello strato archeologico, mettendo in
evidenza alcuni elementi strutturali di una fornace: l’area della fornace (figg. 6.3, 7) era caratterizzata dalla
presenza di terreno rubefatto e frammenti di mattoni concotti; subito a Sud è stata riconosciuta una chiazza di
terreno grigiastro (2 m2) con resti di cenere mista a grumi di argilla cotta e scarti di ceramica che dovrebbe
costituire l’area del butto. In esso si sono rinvenuti per lo più frammenti di brocchette, anforette, ceramica da
fuoco e coppi con orlo ispessito22.
Non è stato possibile riconoscere la planimetria della struttura artigianale, per la quale si auspicano
sondaggi stratigrafici di verifica.
Prospettive per uno studio ceramico del bacino del Nocella
Il rinvenimento degli scarti di produzione e di frammenti ceramici dalla fornace di Contrada Amone e la
presenza di simili reperti dall’area delle fornaci della Baia di San Cataldo, ci hanno spinto a realizzare una
campionatura dei materiali archeologici per uno studio preliminare volto al riconoscimento di eventuali gruppi
ceramici o dei centri produttivi delle diverse classi ceramiche individuate23. Dal sito provengono, inoltre, due
frammenti di laterizi con orlo ispessito recanti la sigla ΟΝΑΣΟΥ. Questi laterizi si rinvengono in una vasta
area che va dal Monte Pellegrino alla Baia di Scopello. Nell’entroterra, sono stati rinvenuti nei territori di
19
Il baglio fu costruito nella seconda metà del XVI secolo per volontà di Fabrizio Di Trapani, potente proprietario terriero locale, alla morte del quale
passò ai Sirignano. Per una descrizione del baglio e della sua storia edilizia, si veda D’ASARO 2018, pp. 224-233.
D’ASARO 2018, pp. 228-229.
21
Manoscritto relativo agli “Opuscoli Palermitani” di Francesco Maria Emanuele e Gaetani, Marchese di Villabianca, pubblicato in CIPOLLA 1997. Per
la Cartiera dei Sirignano, CIPOLLA 1997, p. 158.
22
Scarti di coppi con orlo ispessito erano stati già recuperati durante le ricognizioni del 2013.
23
Uno studio mineralogico-petrografico più approfondito è in programma e sarà oggetto di un prossimo contributo.
20
5
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
Alcamo, Segesta e Monte Iato (fig. 9)24. Sebbene l’elevato numero di rinvenimenti di tali laterizi nell’area di
San Cataldo avesse indotto la Di Stefano a riconoscere la zona produttiva in quest’area, le areali di
distribuzione topografica delle differenti tipologie del bollo (se ne sono riconosciute 5), ma soprattutto le
caratteristiche degli impasti ceramici, sembrano tradire diverse provenienze. A laterizi di colore rosso acceso
se ne aggiungono altri con un impasto decisamente più chiaro, color crema. Altri esemplari hanno un impasto
marrone scuro in superficie e cottura a biscotto. Anche gli inclusi presentano caratteristiche molto differenti. È
possibile, quindi, che tali laterizi fossero prodotti con argille provenienti da varie località, ma anche in diverse
aree produttive ancora da riconoscere nel territorio, dove sono note altri impianti artigianali connessi alla
produzione di laterizi, come quello di Alcamo Marina (TP)25. Un’ulteriore campionatura è stata effettuata tra i
materiali rinvenuti durante le ricognizioni del 2013, conservati presso i magazzini della Soprintendenza della
Cuba. Sono stati campionati reperti ceramici di produzione locale (comune e da cucina) e di importazione
africana (da mensa e da cucina), il cui studio, attualmente in corso, permetterà di chiarire il ruolo della villa di
Contrada Amone all’interno dei traffici commerciali con il territorio e con l’Africa settentrionale, analogamente
a quanto già è stato fatto per altri contesti siciliani26.
Giovanni Polizzi
Fig. 7 Baglio Amone. I resti della fornace sconvolti dai Fig. 8 Sirignano di Partinico. Panoramica da Ovest. In
basso, il vallone Corso; sullo sfondo a sinistra, Monte
lavori agricoli (foto di G. Polizzi)
Palmeto (foto di G. Serra)
Fig. 9 Localizzazione topografica dei siti di rinvenimento dei coppi con bollo ΟΝΑΣΟΥ e delle fornaci nell’area del Golfo
di Castellammare (elaborazione grafica di G. Polizzi)
24
POLIZZI 2017, p. 95 con bibl. prec. Sulla diffusione e lo sviluppo dei laterizi in epoca romana, tra i quali quelli con bollo ΟΝΑΣΟΥ, si veda WILSON
1990, pp. 268-270.
CUOMO DI CAPRIO 1992, p. 75, n. 28.
26
MALFITANA, BONIFAY 2016, pp. 403-439.
25
6
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
La produzione ceramica di Baglio Amone
Durante la recente prospezione presso il sito di Baglio Amone sono stati raccolti 22 frammenti ceramici,
riconducibili a tegole e a ceramica comune, di cui forniamo una prima descrizione tipologica e dell’impasto.
Nel punto di maggiore concentrazione di reperti erano presenti grossi mattoni di fattura piuttosto
grossolana, con una delle superfici sommariamente lisciata a mano (figg. 10. 1-2). Si tratta presumibilmente di
mattoni crudi appartenenti alla struttura stessa della fornace, che le alte temperature raggiunte durante il
processo produttivo hanno cotto in modo disomogeneo.
Parte della produzione consisteva in piccole brocche con orlo svasato e ansa impostata subito sotto, come
testimonia il rinvenimento di alcuni scarti (figg. 10. 3-4). Questi presentano un colore disomogeneo, da
nero/grigio scuro a marrone in frattura, con bolle e fessurazioni in superficie. Queste piccole brocche
monoansate (?) sono tipologicamente affini ad alcuni esemplari provenienti da strati di II secolo a.C. di
Termini Imerese, per i quali le analisi in sezione sottile suggeriscono un’origine prevalentemente locale27.
Anche tra i rinvenimenti della necropoli paleocristiana di Agrigento troviamo simili manufatti, datati
genericamente ad età ellenistica28.
Assieme alle brocche, erano presenti i frammenti di una casseruola con orlo leggermente ispessito, marcato
da una leggera scanalatura per l’alloggio del coperchio e con pareti carenate (figg. 10. 5-6). Le ridotte
dimensioni dei frammenti lasciano alcuni dubbi sull’effettiva inclinazionedell’orlo e sul diametro. Tuttavia, si
notano alcune somiglianze morfologiche con le casseruole Hayes 197 di produzione africana, che sappiamo
essere state imitate in diverse regioni del mediterraneo e non solo29. Trattandosi di ipercotti e non di scarti,
non possiamo affermare con certezza che il tipo fosse prodotto in questa fornace.
Il grosso dell’attività si concentrava sulla produzione di laterizi, principalmente tegole del tipo Wilson B30,
come documenta il rinvenimento di numerosi scarti e ipercotti (figg. 11. 7-11).
L’osservazione macroscopica, associata ad una più approfondita analisi microscopica31, ha permesso una
prima distinzione in gruppi dalle caratteristiche affini.
Il primo gruppo (A) comprende principalmente esemplari la cui matrice si distingue per una colorazione
omogenea, variabile dall’arancione al rosso scuro (figg. 11. 12-17). L’impasto può presentare abbondanti
inclusi, prevalentemente quarzo. Altri esemplari presentano invece inclusi grossolani ed eterogenei per natura
(quantità variabili di rocce calcaree, microfossili ecc.) e dimensioni, dovuti forse all’impiego di una materia
prima meno raffinata.
Un solo esemplare (fig. 11. 16), dal bordo particolarmente ispessito, presenta la superficie esterna schiarita.
Tale effetto, ottenuto tramite l’aggiunta di acqua salata all’impasto, è ben noto alla produzione ceramica sia di
età romana che moderna32.
Un frammento di tegola privo del bordo conserva parte del timbro ΟΝΑΣΟΥ (fig. 11. 17). Si tratta del
secondo esemplare rinvenuto sul sito33, ma già ad una prima osservazione le due tegole sembrano differire per
il tipo di impasto.
Il secondo gruppo (B) (figg. 11. 18-20) è composto da tegole talvolta prive dell’orlo, compreso un esemplare
con decorazione a pettine che si aggiunge ad altri rinvenimenti già noti per Baglio Amone.
Le tegole del gruppo B presentano come caratteristica comune una matrice omogenea giallastra/biancastra.
Questa differenza di colore può derivare dall’impiego di un’argilla prevalentemente calcarea e forse di
sedimenti di origine marina34. Le differenze riscontrate tra i tre esemplari raccolti consistono principalmente
nella natura e quantità degli inclusi, composti prevalentemente da quarzo o microfossili, talvolta
completamente dissociati dalla cottura.
Che la variazione di colore possa dipendere non dal processo produttivo ma dalla natura dei sedimenti
sembra suggerito dall’esistenza di un terzo gruppo (C) in cui rientrano certamente tegole con bordo ispessito
(figg. 11. 21-22, incerto 23) realizzate con una miscela (intenzionale?) di due argille, che hanno lasciato plaghe
e striature di diverso colore ben visibili anche ad occhio nudo.
Differentemente da Baglio Amone, i reperti provenienti dalla Baia di San Cataldo non forniscono al
momento dati a supporto di una loro produzione locale. I pochi scarti rinvenuti consistono in piccole masse
informi di argilla, per i quali non è da escludere la provenienza da uno stabilimento ceramico di età moderna
ubicato poco distante sulla costa (vedi Appendice). I campioni prelevati, riferibili a tegole e pareti di anfore
27
BELVEDERE et alii 1993, p. 234, in particolare nn. 421-423, 977, 1292.
ARDIZZONE 1995, p. 196, n. 54.
29
BONIFAY 2014, pp. 76-79.
30
WILSON 1979, pp. 20-21.
31
L’analisi è stata condotta con un microscopio binoculare a luce riflessa Leica MZ 70. La creazione dei gruppi è puramente provvisoria. Future e più
approfondite analisi in sezione sottili potranno convalidare o smentire questo raggruppamento preliminare.
32
BONIFAY 2004, p. 41.
33
POLIZZI 2017, p. 95 con bibliografia annessa.
34
QUINN 2013, pp. 44, 93-94, 122. La differenza del colore è probabilmente da imputare alla presenza di fine calcite micritica dispersa nella matrice
ceramica.
28
7
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
indeterminate (un esemplare con tipico impasto campano), non presentano caratteristiche tali da permettere
raggruppamenti o confronti diretti con le produzioni di Amone.
Fabrizio Ducati
Fig. 10 C.da Amone. Mattoni di fornace, scarti e ipercotti
(elaborazione grafica di F. Ducati)
Fig. 11 C.da Amone. Frammenti di tegole (elaborazione
grafica di F. Ducati)
Ringraziamenti
Ringraziamo in primo luogo la Dott.ssa Rosa Maria Cucco e il Dott. Stefano Vassallo della Soprintendenza
dei BB.CC.AA. di Palermo per averci permesso di effettuare questo studio preliminare. Ringraziamo anche i
Professori Aurelio Burgio e Oscar Belvedere dell’Università degli Studi di Palermo per i preziosi consigli e
suggerimenti. Agli amici Gianluca Serra e Leonardo D’Asaro va il nostro ringraziamento per aver messo a
completa disposizione la profonda conoscenza del territorio della Piana di Partinico. Senza il loro contributo
appassionato, questo articolo non avrebbe avuto lo stesso carattere di originalità.
Il nostro pensiero non può che andare al Prof. Sebastiano Tusa, tragicamente scomparso di recente, il cui
interesse era anche rivolto alla Baia di San Cataldo. A lui dedichiamo questo breve contributo.
8
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
APPENDICE
La malacofauna nei sedimenti argillosi del Pliocene presso la foce del Fiume Nocella
(Trappeto, Palermo)
Introduzione e storia degli studi
Questa nota intende apportare un ulteriore contributo alle conoscenze della malacofauna di facies profonda
del Pliocene inferiore del Golfo di Castellammare (Sicilia nordoccidentale). In particolare, viene presentato
l’elenco di 58 specie della malacofauna fossile rinvenuta nelle argille plioceniche affioranti in sinistra
idrografica del Fiume Nocella, in vicinanza della sua foce.
Da questo affioramento, nei secoli passati, è stata prelevata l’argilla che era impiegata nelle numerose
fornaci un tempo ubicate lungo la Baia di San Cataldo, a Sud della linea di spiaggia.
L’indagine ha consentito, allo scrivente, uno studio geologico e paleontologico e, nel contempo, la raccolta
di un’abbondante malacofauna marina fossile (tab. 1).
Precedenti studi effettuati nella zona, con finalità biostratigrafiche, si devono a R. Sprovieri35, e con finalità
paleoecologiche e stratigrafiche a G. Buccheri e A. Greco36.
Lo studio può considerarsi integrativo agli studi malacologici e geologico-stratigrafici effettuati nell’unica
sezione completa del Pliocene inferiore, affiorante a Balestrate37.
Ubicazione della località e descrizione della sequenza
L’area interessata ricade nella Tavoletta I.G.M.I., in scala 1:25.000, F° 249 III N.O. Capo Rama (fig. 12).
Coordinate GPS: Lat. 38°05’01’N- Long. 13°04’16’’E.
La sequenza pliocenica, affiorante in sinistra idrografica del Fiume Nocella, in vicinanza della sua foce,
presso la linea di battigia, è costituita da un corpo di strati immergenti verso NW con valori di pendenza
intorno ai 10°, rappresentata dal basso da argille grigio-azzurrognole (Pliocene inferiore) (figg. 13-14),
massicce e senza evidente stratificazione, con spessore di 10 metri circa, cui seguono, in continuità stratigrafica
argille sabbioso-siltose di colore giallastro, coeve, di ambiente marino meno profondo, con spessore di 8 metri
circa, con modeste intercalazioni di livelli biocalcarenitici giallastri, a vario grado di cementazione, contenenti
una ricca fauna di molluschi e gasteropodi. Seguono, verso l’alto, strati di biocalcarenite e biocalciruditi
giallastri del Pleistocene inferiore (ca. 1,8-0,8 Ma B. P.). La biocalcarenite al tetto della sequenza, si presenta
con stratificazione suborizzontale e appare ben cementata.
Fig. 12 Stralcio della Tavoletta I.G.M.I. F° 249, III NO Capo Rama, con la localizzazione della Baia di
San Cataldo
35
SPROVIERI 1979.
BUCCHERI, GRECO 1988.
37
MORONI et alii 1962.
36
9
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
Fig. 13 Stralcio della Carta Geologica della Piana di Partinico e Castellammare del Golfo, in scala
1:25.000, con l’ubicazione dell’affioramento argilloso pliocenico (indicato con il punto rosso) (da MAUZ,
RENDA 1996)
L’erosione che le argille, affioranti ai piedi della sequenza, hanno subito e subiscono, è causata delle acque
meteoriche infiltratesi al tetto della sequenza ma, in massima parte, è da imputare al moto ondoso. Il
fenomeno erosivo ha indebolito parte del tetto biocalcarenitico della sequenza che, venendo a mancare di
sostegno, ha subito conseguentemente varie e profonde rotture e fratturazioni producendo grossi blocchi
alcuni dei quali, ancora in situ, appaiono in posizione caotica di crollo incipiente, altri sono già rovinosamente
crollati e sono oggi osservabili sia lungo il pendio della sequenza che ai piedi della stessa. La base della
successione non è visibile, ma da studi e da numerose osservazioni, risulta che il Pliocene inferiore è, nelle
vicinanze, trasgressivo sul Flysch Numidico oligo-miocenico.
Fig. 14 Baia di San Cataldo. Affioramento delle Argille Azzurre (foto di F. Longo)
10
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
Elenco delle specie reperite nelle Argille Azzurre38
Durante un sopralluogo si è proceduto alla campionatura delle specie fossili dei sedimenti argillosi. La
campionatura è stata effettuata subito a Nord dei ruderi della Torre di S. Cataldo, ai piedi della Loc. Piana di S.
Cataldo, quasi a contatto con la ghiaia del litorale39. Le argille, dal punto di vista paleoambientale, in base al
contenuto di fossili (figg. 15-18), presentano caratteri riconducibili ad un ambiente riducente, di fondali marini
della parte esterna della piattaforma continentale (piano circalitorale-batiale, batimetria stimata ca. 200 m di
profondità), e contengono numerosi esemplari in buone condizioni di Foraminiferi, Gasteropodi, Bivalvi,
Scafopodi, Antozoi40. Molti esemplari rinvenuti, invece, appaiono rimaneggiati, i bivalvi si presentano
disarticolati, in considerazione dell’esposizione del fronte dei sedimenti all’azione dell’abrasione marina, e
talvolta ai frangenti durante le più violente mareggiate. La potenza di questo affioramento, misurata in
superficie è di ca. 10 m. Le specie rinvenute, durante i diversi sopralluoghi effettuati, vengono riportate nella
sottostante tab. 1.
Fig. 15 Baia di S. Cataldo. Particolare dell’affioramento
delle Argille Azzurre (foto di F. Longo)
Fig. 16 Fusinus longiroster Brocchi (foto di F. Longo)
Fig. 17 Flabellum sp (foto di F. Longo)
Fig. 18 Natica sp (foto di F. Longo)
Conclusioni
Le deduzioni paleoecologiche sulla malacofauna rinvenuta dalla sequenza riferibile al Pliocene hanno
consentito di trarre indicazioni sul paleoambiente e sulla paleobatimetria. In generale, la profondità di
sedimentazione è riferibile all’intervallo fra circa 150-200 metri di profondità. Il paleofondale era
prevalentemente pelitico.
Ringraziamenti
Si ringraziano sentitamente le Dr.sse Carolina Di Patti e Carla D’Arpa per la pazienza e la disponibilità
accordatami.
Francesco Longo
38
FALORNI et alii 2007.
Le ricerche bibliografiche in loco sono riferibili all’unico lavoro paleontologico effettuato da BUCCHERI, GRECO 1988. La consultazione della loro
check-list ha permesso il riconoscimento e la determinazione di diverse specie rilevate. Si vedano anche CAPROTTI 1976, PESARINI 1976, Conchiglie
1976, FORLI et alii 1999, GRECO 1970.
40
BUCCHERI, GRECO 1988.
39
11
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
Tab. 1 - Elenco sistematico delle specie rinvenute
N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Classe
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Bivalvia
Famiglia
Pectinidae
Pectinidae
Pectinidae
Pectinidae
Pectinidae
Pectinidae
Pectinidae
Glycymeridae
Glycymeridae
Nuculidae
Lutraria
Veneridae 2
21
22
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Fasciolariidae
Turbinidae
23
Gastropoda
Turbinidae
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Turbinidae
Turbinidae
Tonnidae
Nassariidae
Nassariidae
Naticidae
Naticidae
Ranellidae
Fasciolariidae
Strombidae
Columbellidae
Columbellidae
Nassariidae
Conidae
38
39
40
41
42
43
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Conidae
Conidae
Conidae
Conidae
Cerithiidae
Turritellidae
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Muricidae
Muricidae 1
Mitridae
Patellidae
Ringiculidae
Veneridae 2
Carditidae
Lucinidae
Chamidae
Chamidae
Arcidae
Veneridae
Vermetidae
Genere
Pecten
Chlamys
Chlamys
Chlamys
Chlamys
Chlamys
Chlamys
Glycymeris
Glycymeris
Nucula
Mactridae
Specie
latissimus Brocchi
cfr. seniensis Lamarck
cfr. varia Linneo
sp. 1
sp. 2
sp. 3
sp. 4
sp. 1
sp. 2
cfr. sulcata Bronn
Glans
Lucinoma
Pseudochama
Chama
Anadara
Venus
intermedia Brocchi
borealis Linneo
gryphina Lamarck
sp.
diluvii Lamarck
cfr. multilamella
Lamarck
longiroster Brocchi
rugosa Linneo
Fusinus
Astraea
(Bolma)
Astraea
(Ormastralium)
Astraea
Lithopora
Semicassis
Hinia
Hinia
Natica
Natica
Gyrineum
Fusinus
Strombus
Mitrella
Mitrella
Tritia
Conus
Conus
Conus
Conus
Conus
Cerithium
Turritella
(Turculoidella)
Murex
1
1
fimbriata Borson
1
sp.
sp.
intermedia Brocchi
cfr. serrata Brocchi
sp.
cfr. tigrinus Defrance
sp.
sp.
cfr. rostratus Olivi
coronatus Defrance
cfr. nassoides Grateloup
subulata Brocchi
cfr. reticulata Linneo
cfr. antediluvianus
Bruguière
cfr. pelagicus Brocchi
sp. 1
sp. 2
sp. 3
sp.
cfr. spirata Brocchi
1
1
2
11
2
6
15
3
1
1
2
6
1
1
sp.
1
1
1
3
18
2
4
Cancilla
Patella
Ringicula
alligata Defrance
caerulea Linneo
buccinea Brocchi
Lemintina
arenaria Linneo
12
N. Esemplari
1
18
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
34
1
1
1
1
5
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
6
3
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
51
52
53
Gastropoda
Gastropoda
Scaphopoda
Cancellariidae
Pyramidellidae
Dentaliidae
54
Scaphopoda
Dentaliidae
55
56
57
58
Anthozoa
Anthozoa
Anthozoa
Clionaida
Flabellidae
Incertae Sedis
Micrabaciidae
Clionidae
Tribia
Odostomia
Dentalium
(Antalis)
Dentalium
(Fustinaria)
Flabellum
Cladocora
Stephanophyllia
Cliona
angasi Crosse
cfr. conoidea Brocchi
rectum Linneo
1
1
21
cfr. jani Hörnes
1
sp.
cfr. caespitosa Linneo
sp.
vastifera Hancock
12
1
3
Perforazioni su
valva
di Pecten
latissimus
Brocchi
Tab. 2 - Habitat e batimetria di alcune delle specie rinvenute
N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Habitat
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo roccioso
Fondo roccioso
Fondo roccioso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Scogli affioranti
Scogli affioranti
Scogli affioranti
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo sabbioso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo roccioso
Fondo roccioso
Fondo roccioso
Fondo roccioso
Fondo roccioso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo roccioso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo fangoso
Fondo roccioso
Fondo roccioso
Fondo roccioso
Batimetria
Specie rinvenute
optimum
min-max
20-25
20-25
20-25
20-25
20-25
20-25
litorale 0-260
litorale 0-260
litorale 0-260
litorale 0-260
litorale 0-260
litorale 0-260
litorale 1-82
litorale 1-82
litorale 1-100
litorale 1-82
litorale 2-130
litorale 2-130
Litorale 1-584
litorale 0-109
litorale 8-150
litorale 0-146
litorale 0-146
litorale 0-146
litorale 7-36
litorale 7-36
litorale 3-90
litorale 3-90
litorale 8-150
litorale 10-75
litorale 10-100
litorale 10-100
litorale 3-16
litorale 3-16
litorale 3-16
litorale 3-16
litorale 3-16
litorale 10-100
litorale 3-16
litorale 5-80
litorale 5-80
litorale 3-16
litorale 3-16
litorale 3-16
2-50
2-50
7-8
10-20
5-10
5-10
5-10
5-10
5-10
13
Chlamys cfr. seniensis Lamarck
Chlamys cfr. varia Linneo
Chlamys sp. 1
Chlamys sp. 2
Chlamys sp. 3
Chlamys sp. 4
Glycymeris sp. 1
Glycymeris sp. 2
Nucula cfr. sulcata Bronn
Glans intermedia Brocchi
Pseudochama gryphina Lamarck
Chama sp.
Anadara diluvii Lamarck
Venus cfr. multilamella Lamarck
Fusinus longiroster Brocchi
Astraea (Bolma) rugosa Linneo
Astraea (Ormastralium) fimbriata Borson
Astraea sp.
Hinia cfr. serrata Brocchi
Hinia sp.
Natica cfr. tigrinus Defrance
Natica sp.
Fusinus cfr. rostratus Olivi
Strombus coronatus Defrance
Mitrella cfr. nassoides Grateloup
Mitrella subulata Brocchi
Conus cfr. antediluvianus Bruguière
Conus cfr. pelagicus Brocchi
Conus sp. 1
Conus sp. 2
Conus sp. 3
Turritella (Turculoidella) cfr. spirata Brocchi
Patella caerulea Linneo
Dentalium (Antalis) rectum Linneo
Dentalium (Fustinaria) cfr. jani Hörnes
Flabellum sp.
Cladocora cfr. caespitosa Linneo
Stephanophyllia sp.
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
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Bollettino Malacologico, 34, 9-12, pp. 109-122.
GIUSTOLISI V.1976, Parthenicum e le Aquae Segestane, Palermo.
GRECO A. 1970, La malacofauna pliocenica di Contrada Cerausi presso Serradifalco (Caltanissetta), in Geologia Romana
IX, pp. 275-313.
MALFITANA D., BONIFAY M. 2016, La ceramica africana nella Sicilia romana, Catania.
MANNINO G. 2008, Guida alla Preistoria del Palermitano. Elenco dei siti preistorici della provincia di Palermo, Palermo.
MANNINO G, GIAMBONA B. 1994, La Grotta di Cozzo Palombaro (Carini), in Sicilia Archeologica 27, pp. 59-76.
MORONI M.A., STRASSERA A., BOMMARITO S. 1962, Nuovi dati sul Pliocene e il Quaternario dei dintorni di Palermo. Il
Piacenziano della zona di Balestrate, in Rivista mineraria siciliana, 13, 76-78, pp. 176-178.
PALAZZOLO A. 1989, Le torri di campagna nei feudi dell’abbazia di S. Maria di Altofonte a Partinico nel XVI secolo, in
Rivista Libera Università di Trapani 23, pp. 85-226.
PESARINI C. 1976, Collezione privata. Molluschi fossili del Piacenziano (Pliocene medio) delle province di Piacenza e
Alessandria.
POLIZZI G. 2016, Un nuovo impianto termale dal territorio di Carini, in Notiziario Archeologico della Soprintendenza di
Palermo 14.
POLIZZI G. 2017, Nuove testimonianze di età romana in territorio di Carini, in Orizzonti XVIII, pp. 93-99.
QUINN P.S. 2013, Ceramic Petrography. The interpretation of Archaeological Pottery & Related Aertefacts in Thin
Section, Oxford.
SPROVIERI R. 1979, I foraminiferi del Pliocene inferiore lungo la costa nord-occidentale della Sicilia, in Il Naturalista
Siciliano 3, 1-2, pp. 61-78.
STODUTI P. 1964, Industrie del paleolitico superiore rinvenute nella zona di S. Cataldo (Terrasini, Sicilia) (Grotta
Perciata), in Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 19, pp. 289-294.
VITALE E. 2011, Da Parthenicum a Hykkara. Per un’ipotesi sul territorio della ecclesia carinensis, in Il primo cristianesimo
nell’Africa romana e in Sicilia. Quattro note (Studi di Archeologia, 2. Dipartimento di Beni Culturali - Sez.
Archeologica, Università di Palermo), Palermo, p. 123-181.
WILSON R.J.A. 1979, Brick and Tiles in Roman Sicily, in MC WHIRR A. (ed.), Roman Brick and Tile: Studies in
Manufacture, Distribution and Use in Western Empire, Oxford, pp. 11-43.
14
G.
Polizzi,
F.
Ducati,
F.
Longo,
Note
preliminari
sul
rinvenimento
di
un’area
artigianale
da
Contrada
Amone
e
sulla
produzione
ceramica
nel
bacino
idrografico
del
fiume
Nocella
WILSON R.J.A. 1990, Sicily under the roman empire. The archaeology of a Roman province, 36 B.C.-A.D. 535,
Warminster.
15.
| 9,890 |
sn83021205_1867-11-21_1_3_2
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US-PD-Newspapers
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Open Culture
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Public Domain
| 1,867 |
None
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None
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English
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Spoken
| 538 | 717 |
It is quite within bounds to say that its traffic will be limited only by the capacity of the line, and that no other road will find a double track so necessary. California and Oregon must not only be supplied with means of transport for its passengers, mail, treasure and other freights but for the inhabitants of Dakota, Colorado, Utah, Idaho and Montana will communicate with the older states almost entirely by this road, it will be the avenue to all the great mining districts, which is only awaiting this ready means of communication to receive a population that will develop its vast mineral and other resources, and which of itself would furnish ample business for a railway line. Earnings from Way Business. While the through business of the Company will be amply remunerative, it is still in the future, but the local business on the part of the road in operation has been most satisfactory. During the quarter ending July 31, an average of 325 miles of the Union Pacific Railroad was in operation. The Superintendent's report shows the following result: EARNINGS. Passengers, Freight, Telegraph and Mails.... 87,231,736 54 Transportation as Contractors' Materials and Agents 479,283 41 Total 1,203,033 95 EXCEPTIONS. Fuel, Repairs, Offices, Conductors, Trains, Etc 839,532 71 Net Earnings to balance 807,508 08 The net operating expenses on the commercial business for the quarter were $231,536 50. The account for the COMMERCIAL BUSINESS stands as follows: Earnings for May, June and July 8723,755 54 Expenses " 337,968 58 Net Profit 835,789 04 The amount of Bonds the Company can issue on 325 miles, at $18,000 per mile, is $5,850,000. Interest in gold. Three months, at 6 per cent, on this sum is $878,000; add 40 per cent, premium, to correspond with currency earnings. Is $890,000, which the net earnings for this quarter were more than four times the interest on the First Mortgage Bonds on this length of term. First mortgage bonds, whose principal is so amply provided for, and whose interest is so thoroughly secured, must be classed among the nicest investments. They pay 5 per cent in gold, and are offered for the present at ninety cents on the dollar, and accrued interest at six par cents in currency from July 1. Many parties are taking advantage of the present high prices of Government stocks to exchange for these bonds, which are over fifteen percent cheaper, and, at the current rate of premium on gold, pay over nine percent interest. Subscriptions will be received in Worcester, by Worcester National Bank, Boyden & Sutton, C. B. Whiting, Estabrook & Smith, and in New York at the Company's Office, No. 20 Nassau Street, and by Continental National Bank, No. 10 Nassau Street, Clark, Dodge & Co., Bankers, No. 81 Wall Street, and by John F. Cisco & Co., Bankers, No. 33 Wall Street, and by the Company's advertised Agents throughout the United States, from whom maps and descriptive pamphlets may be obtained on application. Remittances should be made in drafts or other payable to New York and the bond will be sent free of cost by return express. Subscribers through local agents will look to them for their delivery. John J. Gibbons, Treasurer New York.
| 9,538 |
https://github.com/lambdaxymox/antons_opengl_tutorials_book_rs/blob/master/demos/02_shaders/src/test_vs.glsl
|
Github Open Source
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Open Source
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MIT
| null |
antons_opengl_tutorials_book_rs
|
lambdaxymox
|
GLSL
|
Code
| 13 | 39 |
#version 410
in vec3 vertex_position;
void main() {
gl_Position = vec4(vertex_position, 1.0);
}
| 11,086 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21403348
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Wikidata
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Semantic data
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CC0
| null |
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm
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None
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Multilingual
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Semantic data
| 1,228 | 3,711 |
星光少男 KING OF PRISM
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 隶属于 電影
星光少男 KING OF PRISM X用户名 kinpri_pr, X使用者數字編號 3755121078, 总订阅数 , 始於 2015, 时间点 2020
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 映倫電影分級 G, 内容分级标识符 120571
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 出版日期 2016
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 類型 劇情片
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 影視作品原始語言 日語
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 原產地 日本
星光少男 KING OF PRISM IMDb編號 tt5463002
星光少男 KING OF PRISM Filmaffinity标识 891441
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 電影搜索電影標識符 1206887
星光少男 KING OF PRISM Google知識圖譜編號 /g/11bw8djs2n
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 社交媒体关注者 , X使用者數字編號 3755121078, 时间点 2021
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 社交媒体关注者 , X使用者數字編號 3755121078, 时间点 2020
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 社交媒体关注者 , X使用者數字編號 3755121078, 时间点 2022
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 社交媒体关注者 , X使用者數字編號 3755121078, 时间点 2023
星光少男 KING OF PRISM Letterboxd影片編號 king-of-prism-by-pretty-rhythm
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 豆瓣电影编号 26635326
星光少男 KING OF PRISM Bangumi主題識別碼 148226
星光少男 KING OF PRISM AniDB动画标识符 11682
星光少男 KING OF PRISM TMDb电影标识符 372764
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 官方网站 http://www.kinpri.com
星光少男 KING OF PRISM 时长
星光少男 KING OF PRISM AniList動畫識別碼 21409
星光少男 KING OF PRISM Anime-Planet動畫識別碼 king-of-prism-by-pretty-rhythm
星光少男 KING OF PRISM MyAnimeList動畫識別碼 31762
星光少男 KING OF PRISM TheTVDB电影标识符 44759
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm 分類 映画
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm Xのユーザー名 kinpri_pr, XユーザーID 3755121078, 購読者数 , 開始日 2015, 時点 2020
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm 映倫区分 G, レーティング証明ID 120571
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm 出版日 2016
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm ジャンル ドラマ映画
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm 映画またはテレビ番組の原語 日本語
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm 本国 日本
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm IMDb識別子 tt5463002
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm Filmaffinity識別子 891441
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm キノポイスク映画識別子 1206887
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm グーグル・ナレッジ・グラフ識別子 /g/11bw8djs2n
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm ソーシャルメディアのフォロワー数 , XユーザーID 3755121078, 時点 2021
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm ソーシャルメディアのフォロワー数 , XユーザーID 3755121078, 時点 2020
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm ソーシャルメディアのフォロワー数 , XユーザーID 3755121078, 時点 2022
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm ソーシャルメディアのフォロワー数 , XユーザーID 3755121078, 時点 2023
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm レターボックス映画識別子 king-of-prism-by-pretty-rhythm
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm 豆弁 映画ID 26635326
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm 番組計画主題識別子 148226
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm AniDBアニメ識別子 11682
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm TMDb映画識別子 372764
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm 公式ウェブサイト http://www.kinpri.com
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm LUMIERE映画識別子 71465
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm 継続時間
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm Trakt.tv識別子 movies/king-of-prism-by-pretty-rhythm-2016
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm Kinobox映画識別子 610406
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm AniListアニメ識別子 21409
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm notify.moe アニメID V_BjtFmiR
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm Anime-Planetアニメ識別子 king-of-prism-by-pretty-rhythm
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm Kitsuアニメ識別子 11562
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm MyAnimeListアニメ識別子 31762
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm アニサーチ アニメID 10826
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm livechart.me アニメID 1857
KING OF PRISM by PrettyRhythm TheTVDB 映画ID 44759
킹 오브 프리즘
킹 오브 프리즘 다음 종류에 속함 영화
킹 오브 프리즘 트위터 (X) 계정명 kinpri_pr, 해당 트위터 계정의 숫자 ID 3755121078, 구독자 수 , 시작된 날 2015, 날짜 2020
킹 오브 프리즘 출판 날짜 2016
킹 오브 프리즘 장르 드라마 영화
킹 오브 프리즘 영상물의 원어 일본어
킹 오브 프리즘 처음 나온 나라 일본
킹 오브 프리즘 IMDb ID tt5463002
킹 오브 프리즘 Filmaffinity 식별자 891441
킹 오브 프리즘 Kinopoisk 영화 ID 1206887
킹 오브 프리즘 구글 지식 그래프 ID /g/11bw8djs2n
킹 오브 프리즘 소셜 미디어 팔로워 수 , 해당 트위터 계정의 숫자 ID 3755121078, 날짜 2021
킹 오브 프리즘 소셜 미디어 팔로워 수 , 해당 트위터 계정의 숫자 ID 3755121078, 날짜 2020
킹 오브 프리즘 소셜 미디어 팔로워 수 , 해당 트위터 계정의 숫자 ID 3755121078, 날짜 2022
킹 오브 프리즘 소셜 미디어 팔로워 수 , 해당 트위터 계정의 숫자 ID 3755121078, 날짜 2023
킹 오브 프리즘 더우반 필름 영화 ID 26635326
킹 오브 프리즘 AniDB 애니메이션 ID 11682
킹 오브 프리즘 TMDb 영화 ID 372764
킹 오브 프리즘 공식 웹사이트 http://www.kinpri.com
킹 오브 프리즘 LUMIERE 영화 ID 71465
킹 오브 프리즘 다음 시간 동안 진행됨
킹 오브 프리즘 MyAnimeList 애니메이션 ID 31762
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm
2016 film
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm instance of film
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm X username kinpri_pr, X numeric user ID 3755121078, number of subscribers , start time 2015, point in time 2020
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm EIRIN film rating G, rating certificate ID 120571
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm publication date 2016
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm genre drama film
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm original language of film or TV show Japanese
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm country of origin Japan
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm IMDb ID tt5463002
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm FilmAffinity film ID 891441
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm Kinopoisk film ID 1206887
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/11bw8djs2n
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm social media followers , X numeric user ID 3755121078, point in time 2021
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm social media followers , X numeric user ID 3755121078, point in time 2020
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm social media followers , X numeric user ID 3755121078, point in time 2022
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm social media followers , X numeric user ID 3755121078, point in time 2023
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm Letterboxd film ID king-of-prism-by-pretty-rhythm
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm Douban film ID 26635326
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm Bangumi subject ID 148226
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm AniDB anime ID 11682
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm TMDB movie ID 372764
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm official website http://www.kinpri.com
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm LUMIERE film ID 71465
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm duration
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm Trakt.tv ID movies/king-of-prism-by-pretty-rhythm-2016
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm Kinobox film ID 610406
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm AniList anime ID 21409
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm notify.moe anime ID V_BjtFmiR
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm Anime-Planet anime ID king-of-prism-by-pretty-rhythm
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm Kitsu anime ID 11562
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm MyAnimeList anime ID 31762
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm AniSearch anime ID 10826
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm livechart.me anime ID 1857
King of Prism by Pretty Rhythm TheTVDB movie ID 44759
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm
ffilm ddrama a gyhoeddwyd yn 2016
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm enghraifft o'r canlynol ffilm
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm enw defnyddiwr X kinpri_pr, rhif unigryw defnyddiwr Twitter 3755121078, nifer o danysgrifwyr , dyddiad neu amser cychwyn 2015, pwynt mewn amser 2020
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm dyddiad cyhoeddi 2016
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm genre ffilm ddrama
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm iaith wreiddiol Japaneg
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm tarddle (gwlad) Japan
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm dynodwr IMDb tt5463002
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm ID FilmAffinity 891441
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm dynodwr ffilm Kinopoisk 1206887
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm dynodwr Google Knowledge Graph /g/11bw8djs2n
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm dilynwyr ar y cyfryngau cymdeithasol , rhif unigryw defnyddiwr Twitter 3755121078, pwynt mewn amser 2021
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm dilynwyr ar y cyfryngau cymdeithasol , rhif unigryw defnyddiwr Twitter 3755121078, pwynt mewn amser 2020
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm dilynwyr ar y cyfryngau cymdeithasol , rhif unigryw defnyddiwr Twitter 3755121078, pwynt mewn amser 2022
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm dilynwyr ar y cyfryngau cymdeithasol , rhif unigryw defnyddiwr Twitter 3755121078, pwynt mewn amser 2023
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm gwefan swyddogol http://www.kinpri.com
Brenin Prism Gan Prettyrhythm hyd (amser)
| 7,790 |
https://github.com/rdoo/umowa-o-prace-czy-b2b/blob/master/src/utils/tax-thresholds.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
umowa-o-prace-czy-b2b
|
rdoo
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 112 | 278 |
interface TaxRate {
rate: number;
}
export interface TaxThreshold<T = number | 'proportional'> {
to: number;
free: T;
rate: TaxRate;
main: boolean;
}
const taxRateIn1TaxThreshold = { rate: 0.17 };
const taxRateIn2TaxThreshold = { rate: 0.32 };
export const progressiveTaxThresholds: TaxThreshold[] = [
{ to: 8000, free: 8000, rate: taxRateIn1TaxThreshold, main: false },
{ to: 13000, free: 'proportional', rate: taxRateIn1TaxThreshold, main: false },
{ to: 85528, free: 3089, rate: taxRateIn1TaxThreshold, main: true },
{ to: 127000, free: 'proportional', rate: taxRateIn2TaxThreshold, main: false },
{ to: Infinity, free: 0, rate: taxRateIn2TaxThreshold, main: true }
];
export const linearTaxThresholds: TaxThreshold<number>[] = [{ to: Infinity, free: 0, rate: { rate: 0.19 }, main: true }];
| 548 |
sn83045433_1913-05-11_1_19_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
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None
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English
|
Spoken
| 5,077 | 7,755 |
THE WASHINGTON HERALD. SUNDAY, MAY 11, 1913. News Notes of the Stage. Sothere and Elsewhere Wagenhals and Kemper make known their intention of resuming theatrical management. It is a hard game to beat, but a harder one to stay out or. Philip Bartholomew's new farce, to be Produced at the Forty-eighth Street Theater, New York, in September, has been given the title of "Kiss Me Quick." Contracts have been closed by Manager Fred G. Berger for the production by the Columbia Players during the week of May 26 of A. W. Pincro's "The Amazons," in which Billie Burke is now attaining great success at the Empire Theater, New York. Edward Fielding, who appears as Dr. Hartley in "Bella Donna," the play in which Mine. Nazimova is now appearing, has been re-engaged by Charles Frohman for a term of years. Eugene Walter is to invade vaudeville by way of a dramatic sketch he has sold called "Within the Circle." The hit O'Connor sisters, whose original ideas have made them a feature in refined vaudeville, are genuine sisters, two of whom are sopranos, two altos, one a woman barytone, and one, Nellie, a unique eccentric comedienne. They will be a feature of the Cosmos bill this week. Sir Herbert Tree is to follow his failure, "The Happy Island," and his stop-gap, "The School for Scandal," with the long awaited adaptation of "Le Bourgeois Kent." Homme made by W. Somerset Maugham, and a translation under the title of "The Right to Kill" of a French slay, "L'Homme qui Assassina." "L'Été Deux Vereux," a French version of "The Great Divide," was given a production at the Paris Theater Deats, with a fair reception. Gus Hill has decided to continue the Mutt and Jeff's title in a series of plays. The second addition, to be launched this spring, will be hailed as Mutt and Jeff in Panama." William A. Brady is to send out this starring for a fortnight's trial a new play by Jules Eckert Goodman called "The Man Who Found a Way," with Cyril Scott as the star. If it meets expectations it will be routed for next season. Emma Trentini has determined to return to grand opera after her transcontinental tour in "The Firefly" under the direction of Arthur Hammerstein next season. She has already accepted an offer from La Scala in Milan. The Edison talking picture of "Mayor Gavnor and His Cabinet," to be shown at Chase's next week, is the first taken in the great inventor for permanent historical preservation. A set of the films have been filed with the New York Historical Society for the use of posterity. Willard Robertson reappears with the Columbia Players tomorrow evening in "The Prince Chap." His tardy reporting for duty was due to the prolonged season of "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine," in which he made a pronounced hit. George C. Tyler forswears activity in production next season, and says that he will present but one new enterprise, the English actor, Cyril Maude, in George R. Birmingham's "General John Reagan," which Charles Hawtrey is now playing in London. Viola Allen has sailed for Europe, the first of the big stars to undertake the annual pilgrimage. Miss Allen will also be the first to return. Inasmuch as She contemplates spending only from six to eight weeks on the other side. Dorothy Parker, daughter of Louis N. Parker, the author of "Disraeli," "Pomander Walk," and "Joseph and His Brethren," has completed the sketches which will illustrate the published version of the last-named play. Harry Andrews arrived in the city during the past week and will begin work with the Columbia Players tomorrow. Mary Boland permits it to be known that she will not be Mr. Drew's leading woman next season. Asked concerning her plans, Miss Bolan replied: "It is the fate of all of Mr. Drew's leading women to become stars sooner or later." The news comes, not altogether as a surprise, that William Faversham will not, after all, play Iago to Forbes-Robertson's Othello in London this spring, as announced. Richard Carle will turn to vaudeville in a few weeks, appearing with ten dancing girls at a salary of $2,500 a week, as estimated by the variety magnates. When Maude Adams appears in her old home, Salt Lake City, she gives a theater party for the children from the various orphanages, day nurseries, and free kindergartens of the town. "The Workhouse Ward," by Lady Gregory, one of the most comic of the one-act plays in the repertoire of The Irish Players during their American tours, is to be played in vaudeville this summer. Pauline Frederick, who plays Potiphar's wife in "Joseph and His Brethren," has been selected by Artist Harrison Fisher as his ideal type of American beauty. Eugene MacGregor has closed his season in "The China Doll" and will be seen in a Klaw & Er. Langer production next season. Old-time nursery songs, like "Old King Cole," "Old Mother Hubbard," and "Jack the Giant Killer," are features of "Nursery Favorites," which the Edison quartet will sing in the Edison talking pictures at Chase's May 15 week. BASEBALL SCORE AT COLUMBIA TODAY The latest thing in baseball scoreboards will be exhibited at the Columbia Theater this afternoon, where it will reproduce every play made upon the St. Louis ball grounds, between the Browns and the Nationals. The board is the latest improved 1913 model of the Automatic Baseball Play-o-graph, which embodies many marked improvements over previous boards exhibited in this city. In addition to showing every movement of the ball upon the field and every play, it provides for the keeping of the individual scores of every player participating in the game. FAILURES OF THE CLOSING SEASON Entitled from Page Eight. White scenes will enable the program to be changed every day in its minor attractions. COMING ATTRACTIONS National Aborn Opera Company. The Aborn English Grand Opera Company will pay its annual visit to this season of 1913 launched. With Glen Echo Park Opening. One week from next Saturday the gates of Glen Echo Park will be thrown open by the opening of four weeks on Monday, May 19, at the New National Theater. As last year, there will be two operas given each week, with matinees Wednesday and Saturday. The list selected includes such varied and popular works as Puccini's three operas, "La Bohème," "La Tosca," and "Madam Butterfly;" erdi's "Il Trovatore," Gounod's Faust. Offenbach's "The Tales of Hoffman," Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammermoor," Mascagni. "Cavalleria Rusticana," and Humperdinck's "Hansel and Gretel," to be given for a half week each. There will be several other artists appearing in other cities while this one is running at the New National, and these various organizations will exchange principal artists and productions with each other every week. The Columbia "The Road to Yesterday." For the week of May 10, the Columbia Players will present B. M. Dix and E. G. Sutherland's "The Road to Yesterday." The play is in four acts and crowded two all of the amusement devices that made the resort so popular last season, and with a number of new attractions, the park will open with bright prospects. Last year the gravity coaster was the most popular place on the grounds, but this summer it will have a strong rival in the gyroplane, the very latest in joy rides, which will be the big feature. Last year but two of these were in operation, and the one being installed at Glen Echo is the third built in this country. All of the old free features will be in evidence, motion pictures, band concerts, &c, and a big force of workmen is now busy making the park more attractive than ever. EVA TANGUAY SAYS SHE DOES CARE "My Don't Care song Is responsible for my unhappiness," laments Eva Tanguay in the Theater Magazine. "Managers think I'm impossible to manage. Only the other day a manager issued a statement that he was unable to manage me, that I had thrown up my part in his musical of New York's biggest theaters for over production and that I had cost him a two years, so great was the hold it exercised over the usually fickle inhabitants of the metropolis. Its scenes are laid in the historic scenes of London, and its story carries one back three hundred years to the early part of the nineteenth century. In the original cast, don't know what I think of them. They were such well-known players as Minnie, Lear, and the theater saying, 'I don't care,' and they go to New York, for after experimenting in Boston, Harris & Selwyn decided that it should die. "Frivolous Geraldine" was too frisky for 'Joseph Howard,' so he took the play off the road after a three weeks' run. "The Hundredth Man," in which Sydney Rosefeld had so much faith, went to seed after two weeks. William Hawtrey could do nothing with "The Old Firm," so now he is in vaudeville with a condensed version of it. A play called "The Light," alleged to have been written by the Marquis of Queensbury, flickered out after several nights. "Exceeding the Speed Limit" may have been all right, but neither Carter Do Haven nor Al. Woods thought so. "The Lady from Oklahoma" had its career checked because of its similarity to other plays. It was taken off on Saturday night. Semi-anccessa. 7 "Rutherford & Son," produced at the Little Theater, comes under the above heading. It was not an absolute failure. "The Man With Three Wives" had a fair run here and in Boston, and cannot be classed as a failure. "The New Secretary," established by Charles Frohman, and then sent to Chicago, also comes under the above heading. Likewise, "The Spy." "Racketty Packetty House" had a good season in New York, and can be classed as neither a failure nor a success. Among the dramatists who fell by the wayside with some of their plays were Augustus Thomas, with two; Charles Kiejn, James Forbes, Rupert Hughes, Thompson Buchanan, Louis N. Parker, Edwin Milton Boyle, George Broadhurst, Edward Sheldon, Graham Moffat, Jules Eckert Goodman, Francis Wilson, Bayard Veiller, Edward Knoblauch, Theo. Burt Sayre, Frederic Chaplin, Jackson D. Haag, Avery Hopwood. and Mary Roberts Rinehart. In the musical line, ill luck befell the late Gustav Luders. Walter Damrosch, John Philip Sousa, Channing Pollock, and Rennold Wolf. "The Yellow Jacket" and "The Daughter of Heaven" were moderately successful. MAIN FEAR GREAT STATUE AT THE NEW YORK'S MUNICIPAL BUILDING Ching Ling Foo-Is Here by Special Arrangement with American Government Ching Ling Foo, heralded, as the world's greatest magician, will make his Washington reappearance Monday at the National Theater, as an extraordinary feature of the "Ziegfeld Follies." During his tours abroad, in Europe, Africa, and the Far East, Ching Ling Foo has headed his own company. The fact that a queer clause in the immigration laws of this country, particularly the Chinese exclusive law, which bars Chinese actors from the United States, would, in itself, make Ching Ling Foo's performances a novelty. By special arrangement with the American government, Ching Ling Foo and A troupe were brought to the United States for a short tour, and when that comes to an end, the magician will retire from the stage and go back to China. From magic, the performance is transformed into a concert. Gifted with a sweet voice and many cute little characteristics, Miss Chec Toy, the seventeen-year-old daughter of Ching Ling Foo, sings popular American songs. A horizontal bar performance, of which there is no duplicate upon any stage in the world, is furnished by Soon Fuh Sung and Soon Wo Kwal. The two performers have a marvelous muscular development which they utilize in a most hazardous way upon a peculiar looking bar made of Chinese hickory. The risk They take is more than the most daring acrobats would care to assume. Both of these performers were policemen in Tien-Tel, China, and saw service in the boxer uprising. CHASE'S TO SHOW BETTER PICTURES Chase's promises a great improvement in the character and quality of the "black and white" comedies, beginning today. For a long time the management has been dissatisfied with those which it was compelled to present, and has striven to amend conditions, with the result now announced that it has effected arrangements with the allied Independent film producers, and will be enabled hereafter to exhibit positively "first-run" black and whites, never seen here or anywhere else prior to the exclusive Washington showing. Among the firms which will supply Chase's are the pison, the Crystal, the Eclair, the Frontier, the Gem, the Imp, the Nestor, the Powers, and the Rex, the Lehller Company to Retire from the Century Theater. The Lehller Company is looking for offices, as it will vacate the Century Theater Building in July. The firm made the announcement the other day that it would not manage or occupy the theater after the present season. R. E. LONG MADE BRADY'S AGENT Robert Edgar Long has succeededarkington Baker as general press representative for William A. Brady. Mr. Long was press representative at the Belasco Theater, Pittsburgh, during the season of 1904-05. The following season he served in the same capacity at Luna, Park, this city, later entering the employ of Mr. William H. Rapley, at the New National Theater, to create a press department there. At present Mr. Long is the youngest general press representative in New York. City. He is widely known in the profession, and is a member of the Greenroom Club, and other theatrical organizations. CHARLES FROHMAN SUFFERS A RELAPSE IN LONDON Polly "The Million." One of the biggest farce successes of the last two seasons, Henry W. Savage's "The Million," will be the offering of the Poli Players next week. "The Million," which is from the French of Berr and Gulllemand, had its first American production in this city two seasons ago. It was then taken to New York by Mr. Savage, where it scored an immediate success at the Comedy Theater, and ran there for the entire spring. The plot of the picture hinges upon the loss of a lottery ticket, which is worth $1,000,000. The ticket is owned by a struggling young artist, who leaves it in his blue working blouse in the studio. The studio is invaded by a burglar, who takes the blouse as a disguise and wears it out of the room. Soon after his departure, the value of the ticket is discovered, and for the remainder of the play, the artist and his colleagues are busy chasing the burglar and every blue blouse they see. Benefit for Six "Walker at Poll's. A big benefit performance is to be given at Poll's Theater Sunday night, May 23, the proceeds to go to Six Walker, an assistant to the scenic artist of the theater, who had his back broken by falling scenery last winter, and who has been in the hospital ever since. The Poll Players and a number of the members of the Columbia Players, including Mr. A. II. Van Buren, will take part in the performance; also a number of vaudeville entertainers from other theaters in the city. The entire proceeds of the entertainment, which will be at the regular prices, will go to Mr. Walker's family. The sale of seats opens tomorrow morning. Charles Edison's Talking Pictures. The two Edison talking pictures, which will head Chase's bill next week, will be "Mayor Gaynor and Cabinet" and the Edison Quartet in "Nursery Favorites." The former shows New York's famous executive in conference with Police Commissioner Waldo, Fire Commissioner Johnson, Street Cleaning Commissioner "Big Bill" Edwards, and Private Secretary Adamson. Each makes a brief address outlining those features of his department which in combination have made New York's present administration a noteworthy one. The Edison Quartet, led by a well-known comedienne, sings popular songs and nursery jingles. Kinemacolor and selected black and mining with Tanguay woman. They really believe I don't care. "Let me tell you how I first happened to sing that wretched song. After my success in 'The Chaperones,' in which I sang a song called 'My Sambo Girl,' I appeared in a musical play of the same name. The part I played was that of a willful, headstrong girl, and the songs were in keeping with the character. One of the songs was I don't care. It wasn't much of a song, but audiences seemed to like it, and when I went into vaudeville, the manager who booked me asked me to sing it. I did, with the result that it made a big hit. I didn't like to sing it. I didn't like the idea of singing about myself but managers told me it was a good business. It was a good business for them. People got the idea that what I was singing was really true that I didn't care, that I was conceited, that I was crazy. They came to see me by the thousands because they thought I was a freak. "When I realized the injury it was doing me, I stopped singing it. But I found I couldn't get contracts unless I included it in my act. My contracts today specify that I sing 'I Don't Care.' I can't get away from that song, for unless I sing it, I starve. If people only knew how much I cared, they would feel different toward me. They wouldn't tell such awful stories about me. They wouldn't tell such awful stories about me. They wouldn't say I was crazy." Wanted American Actor. William A. Brady has sent out a cry for more American actors. "The American stage stands in need of American actors," says the producing manager. In many cases, there are scarce. Actresses are plentiful, but when I want men for men's roles, I can't find them. If I send out a call for players, I hear from and see hundreds of actresses; I hear from and see twenty actors. From the former applicants, I can pick many possibilities; among the men, I'm not likely to find one that will do. Our native talent is not equal to the demand. Other vocations beckon the young man and he responds. Charles Frohman, according to the latest cable, has suffered a relapse in London of the serious illness which made him an invalid so long last year in this country, and his condition is regarded as very serious. He has been sick ever since he arrived from New York, but a few days ago his physicians became so alarmed they ordered that no one be permitted to see him, and at present he is confined to his bed in apartments secluded from the rest of the hotel, and even telephone calls to his rooms are not answered. For several years, Mr. Frohman has been ailing. He was afflicted with a severe attack of rheumatism last year, which kept him in bed six months in New York. FORBES-ROBERTSON'S FAREWELL REVIVALS Forbes-Robertson is at present making his farewell appearance on the English stage at Drury Lane, London, in a series of his most famous successes, which include "Hamlet." "Othello." and revivals of "The Passing of the Third Floor Back," "The Sacrament of Judas." "The Light That Failed." Madeline Lucetta Riley's comedy, "Mice and Men" (which was produced in this country by Anna Russell); George Bernard Shaw's "Caesar and Cleopatra" and "The Merchant of Venice." His company includes Gertrude Elliott, S. A. Cookson, Aubrey Smith, Alexander Scott-Gatty, Frank Lacy, and other well-known players. Mme. Gence was discussing the dancing of Isadora Duncan. "It is very safe, I should say," she observed, "to revive the dances of 2,000 years ago. Certainly no one is going to be able to prove those weren't the dances." KillllK4'IHa?illlH F JK'vm.:'' Iflv tlillH HOW DOLLS ARE MADE. "MISS CIVIC PRDB, ' The thirty-foot high golden-clothed statue that has just been placed atop the highest tower of the new Municipal Building of New York City, more than 600 feet above the street level. Miss Civic Pride was hammered out of copper, at a cost of $3,000, and her golden dress cost $1,000 more. An interesting project. In the German Factories. If you let Leslie's Weekly. The making of the composition dolls as seen in the German factories is an interesting process, even though some of the rooms are hot, steamy places where one does not care to stay long at a time. First, there is the kneading room, where a big mixing trough is set up, and in this all sorts of rag-bag material are to be found old gloves, rags, bits of cardboard, etc., and gum tragany canth. This mixture is kneaded by hand to the consistency of a paste, heated and carried into the mold-room. There it is dipped up by women and poured into patterns which are set up in rows. The molds are put away until they are cold enough to handle, when a workman, by a dexterous movement of his hands, separates the leaden sides, and the doll's head is revealed. The polisher then trims off the ragged seams and sends the heads to another room, where the holes for the eyes are cut out. This is an extremely delicate task, as all the sockets must be of uniform size. The work is done by hand, a long, sharp knife being used. The heads are next painted, waxed, or glazed, depending upon the character of the material from which they are made. The arms, legs, and hands are molded in the same manner as the heads, a special machine being used for stamping out the hands. These parts are painted in flesh color, while the heads must have rosy cheeks, red lips, and dark or light eyebrows, as the color of the eyes used may require. Putting, in the eyes, is a simple operation, unless the eyes are to open and shut, in which case the balancing of the lead becomes at matter of some skill. Germany possesses a secret formula for the enamel used on the faces, and the dainty, natural flesh tint of the better grade of dolls is the result of this process. The making of the eyes is a dreary task, for it must be done away from the sunlight, and in some parts of Germany the eyemakers work in cellars. It is said that one town supplies three-fourths of all the dolls' eyes used. Violet is the most difficult color to mix, and few violet-eyed dolls are found. The wig is the final touch, and this is usually made of real hair imported from China. The hair used for a blond doll is the same, except that the color is extracted. A Daily Thought Jlxry Stanhope. The workman who lives in his work and not by it" is putting vitality and joy into every hour. He is not grinding at dis tasteful tasks to the bare limit of the scheduled hours, and then hurrying else where to live. He is consciously living, exerting his powers, enjoying their exer cise, in his dally task. This, then, becomes his existence, rather than the marginal hours spent outside the workshop. Until every toller can be so environed and so conditioned at his task as to feel this joy in it, society will not have solved thp human problem. Carlyle's man who sings at his work is exactly this man whoac heart rejoiceth to run the dally race. AMUSEMENTS. AMUSEMENTS. A file kfit-in wet condition with water will not ties licn films wift metals, such as lead. tin. or .soft solder. AMUSEMENTS. &ta&&& AMUSEMENTS. BELASCO TONIGHT 25c &50c Mais. 3 P. M. laily Nights, 1:30 The Undying Story of CAPT.SCOTT AND ANIMAL LIFE In the ANTARCTIC By an Able Deacrlptlve Lecturer. A llvlnrc record In motion pictures by Mr. Herbert G. Posting, F. n. G. S., of the kt stent adventure of modern time- Cnpt. n. F. SCOTT'S SOUTH POLE EXPEDITION, on which the leader and four of hi comrade perished, after reaching the Konl of their hope, and of the unique and remarkable animal life of a norld hitherto unknown. THEATRE THE COLUMBIA PLAYERS IN "THE PRINCE CHAP" Th Cast Will Includ.: A. II. VAX BVREN EVEHETT BUTTERFIEIiD GEORGE AV. BARBIER STANLEY JAMES JOHN M. KLINE WILLARD ROBERTSOX HELEN HOLMES DOROTHY BERXARD CARRIE THATCHER JESSIE GLEXDEXXIXG HELEX HAVES BROWN EDXA KOOXTZ Prices 25 SO 75 Mats. Thurs. and Sat. 25 50 No Phone Orders NEXT WEEK "THE ROAD TO YESTERDAY" V. To-day a! 4 P.M. BASEBALL On the PLAY-O-STAPH Nationals vs. St. Louis All Seats, 25c Didn't Want Him Reinhardt, the producer, was asked by a friend to interest himself in a young man with histrionic intentions. "Is he tall?" he inquired sharply. "Yes," was the assuring response. "Handsome?" "Very." "Dress well?" "Exceptionally so." "Good voice?" "Voice like a bell." "Then I don't want him," replied Reinhardt with a decision which left no room for further pleading. Then he found Joseph Kainz small, shabby, unprepossessing, with no volume of voice and gave Germany one of its greatest actors. Herford to Shaw. Oliver Herford pays his compliments in verse to George Bernard Shaw in the American Magazine. The jingle runs: The tot name of Bernard Shaw Pill me With mingled Mirth and Awe Mixture of Mephistopheles. Don Quixote and Diogenes, The Derisive wit, the Doa' Homanee Joined to the Quixote's arrogance. Framed on Pythagorean plan. A Vegetable Souperman. Here you may see him crown with bay The Greatest Playwright of his day Observe the look of Self Distrust And Diffidence upon the subject Killing's First Play. It appears that "The Harbour" Watch, the one-act play by Rudyard Kipling, produced by Messrs. Vedrenne and Eadic in the London Royalty Theater. founded upon his story, "Bonds of tuscipiine," in which, as will be remembered, the rules of the naval service were shockingly relaxed for the education of a zealous French officer, who had got on board as a stowaway. The tale ends with the transfer of the amazed Frenchman to the stokehole of an English tramp steamer after a mock execution on the man of war. Geta-Riffhia to "Rebecca." The Leffler-Bratton Company have acquired from Klaw & Erlanger and Joseph Brooks the exclusive rights to "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm." Actor Withdraws Salt. The divorce suit of Thomas D. Richards against his wife, Mrs. Martha Miner Richards, was dismissed at the actor's own instance to Denver, on April 23. Most Beautiful Thatrain America TALKING PICTURES Two Extraordinary New Attractions THE SOUTHERN SINGERS In "THE OLIO" & Plantation Songs, Pun & Cake-Walking And The Hilarious Bucolic Comedy "A COLLEGE EDUCATION" SPECIAL, Today and Monday Only The Kiaemacolor Triumph 3 Reels "STEAM" 4,000 ft. Film Forresting the Early Struggles of JAS. WATT and CHAS. STEPHENSON MOST NUMEROUS AND VARIOUS POSITIVE "FIRST RUN" BLACK AND WHITE REELS IN THE CITY. Program Daily 10-Jh V. M. Change in nailu! P- 5I- to (lllltM? P- hi-1 uunuaj Price, 10c. Book 12 Tickets, $1. GAYETY Two Performances Daily This Week by The Harry Hastings' Big Show is the Burlesque Offering; De Luxe "The Girl of Many Husbands" WITH SAM SIDNEY A Champion Beauty Chorus, Dance and Ball el a Galore, and Lauajha! Laugh! Laugh! The Nokea Electraacore Reproduced all Kara en played by the Nationals on tour. Prices reduced to 10 and 20 cents at same laces. BI6 WRESTLING CARNIVAL MONDAY NIGHT, MAY 19 ENTIRE MARINE BAND TEA FETE FOR SPECIAL AMISEMENTS FOR THE CALIFORNIA BENEFIT OF CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL MONDAY, MAY 12 From 3 to 7 o'clock, at "Friendship" (take 'Tennallytown cars). It raining, postponed till Tuesday, May 13. Come and bring your family. Listen to the music and have a good time. Dancing, too, with celebrated musicians from New York. i:n.M:M jrama WEEK STARTING TOMORROW POPULAR. WEAS5KE3HM52. 2 5fC 5HOW5 MUTED -2 v. Striatal llll JUUAM BRfcaV .9-JVT1TIS rWATSOM,Jfc,UON KMVfUKr CJUT-1M KEL1XY, CHAS. JUDELS, EVO.YM CMLTtWI, JRRAY QUEKH. i . CSCHKOM, tUNC BOUCY, JUNE BONMEU, KTU SWIFT, CHECK. WILLIAM LIKE ZIEGFELD ALL STAR CHORUS EXTRAORDINARY FEATURE.. THE WORLD'S GREATEST, MASSAGUM HE'S ALL STAR SHOW CHING LING FOOD AND COMPANY OF THE OWENALLS Next Week Seats (25c, 50c, 75c, $1.00) now on sale for all performances. ABORN ENGLISH GRAND OPERA COMPANY First Week First Half...."La Bohème" I Second Half "La Tosca" Second Week First Half...Butterfly" Third Week First Half...Butterfly" Third Half...Hazel Gretell MIS. CHRISTIAN HEMMICK PRESENTS AT THE PLAYHOUSE 1814 IV STREET, There., Kri.. St. Eves.. 85. Sat. Mat, 2:45. Benefit of the Neighborhood House, MISS MEL TALIAFERRO "PIP" PA PASSES and "THE DUMI CAKE" Tickets, K. at THE PLAYHOUSE TOMORROW. ACADEMY STOCK COMPANY -m- The St. Louis Music Company FREE Illustrated Lectures Every Monday Evening; Subject for Monday, May 13, "In the Gate of the Moon" St. Louis St. W. W. THE CONVICT'S DAUGHTER NIGHT PRICES: 10, 20, 30c ALL RESERVED. MATINEES: Tues., Thurs., and Sat..... 10c Next Week-THORNS AND ORANGE BLOSSOMS. Mr. S. Z. Poll Presents the Best Stock Company in America, THE POPULAR POLI PLAYERS IS THE THRILLING NEW YORK SUCCESS, "THE GREYHOUND" By Paul Armstrong; and "Wilson Mixner, Authors of "The Deep Purple." FIRST TIME IN WASHINGTON A Thrilling In Every Line a Last; With Every Thrill. Great Scenic Production, Showers, Deck of an Ocean Steamer and Palatial Salon. NEXT WEEK "THE MILLION" WASHINGTON, MAY 19, 1899 WEDNESDAY, MAY 11, 1899 SHOW GROUNDS 18th and H Streets N. E. EVERY taanll I IBM MORNINQDHILLIAIII NATIONS REVIEW TM STOUTS liairatfaH.W.UUJe,"MWagWlU"aWSiUala1SililSlilBi THE ONLY AND ORIGINAL COL. W. F. CODY "BUFFALO BILL" waf raTaaaff Affan al lavf iBBflMaa wn Bt raVaiaj Mhnal Faaam: KAIimUlN 6MMTS MAIVttOBS KIFOHUNi ANIIitS "ZJl AUTO-POLO TUB a THE VUY LIMIT OF DUE-DEVll DEEDS GfracrtnlilJnaawHarMM IM-Aanricaa laabtt-lM ArdUrjawa. Ctiilijawa Jit SnUittr BT Son k Fas Drib Aairirn Cawfcty Tat GreatBuimr Brokaot Moral kna Dnx Gcraaa Cstraaam Kara Eatfea laa ciNiaAraai Scaata. GaM ani Raaita Cttnrh Frwliinaai. ami a SaataAawrkaaGaacaM . FtuttffcMFaat THE WORLD'S ROUGH RIDERS Master Horsemen oa Matchless Steeds. Exhibitions of SVill, Nerve aad Darin. Cowboy Sport with Backing Bronchos and Racing Buffalo TWO PERFORMANCES DAILY RAIN OR-SHINE 2 AND 8 P. M. JMmtafen (InchnHnj SMt),l0c ChBsVen Under 9 Years, HH Priea All Seats Protected from Sdn and Rain by Immense Cum Canopy; Grand Stand fitaa (Including uTailnioa). i. oo. willbeoaal day at Eihlbittaa at Oowa Town TirVwOaVa. OawaVaSras Sura, lata St b Pa. Arc. Wrii Wrto alay mmir 1AV. an. ... .i u&AiC, .y,&M&j&'i i ifcNffioflv3s-..s5fti&: i.. v .'M--, -syyife-i Li&j-aa-JggfgjVgyijM aMil2yli 'Jr'TVL r.l "Sirij.
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Mikael Bols (born July 28, 1961) is a synthetic organic chemist who is mainly known for his work on carbohydrates and artificial enzymes.
Early life
Mikael Bols was born and grew up in Copenhagen, Denmark. He attended high school (Gentofte Statskole) from 1977 to 1980, and took a degree as chemical engineer at the Technical University of Denmark from 1980 to 1985.
Professional career
From 1985 to 1988, Bols did PhD with Professor Inge Lundt at the Technical University of Denmark. From 1988 to 1989, he did a post doc with professor Walter Szarek at Queen's University before joining Leo Pharmaceuticals in 1989. From 1991 to 1995, he was Ass. Prof. at DTU only interrupted by a visit in the last 6 month of 1994 Gilbert Stork's group at Columbia University. From 1995 to 2000, he was Assoc. Prof. (Lektor) at University of Aarhus during which period he became Dr. Scient. (1997). From 1998 to 2000 and from 2004 to 2006, he was Head of the chemistry department at university of Aarhus. From 2000 to 2005, he became Lundbeckfondsprofessor and subsequently (2005-2007) ordinary professor. In 2007, he became professor and Head of department of the Department of Chemistry at University of Copenhagen.
Achievements
The discovery of isofagomine and related glycosidase inhibitors, the discovery of stereoelectronic substituent effects and superarmed glycosyl donors, the creation of artificial enzymes that cause large rate increases., and writing the book "Carbohydrate Building Blocks" about using carbohydrates as a chirality source in synthesis.
References
Organic chemists
1961 births
Living people
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Method and apparatus for making three-dimensional objects from multiple solidifiable materials
ABSTRACT
Methods and apparatuses for making three-dimensional objects from multiple solidifiable materials is shown and described. Multiple solidifiable material container assemblies are provided for holding different solidifiable materials. Relative movement between the solidifiable material container assemblies and a build platform allows the solidifiable materials to be switched as an object is built. Several exemplary cleaning stations are provided for removing residual solidifiable materials from the surface of the three-dimensional object as it is built to better ensure smooth transitions between materials on the finished object.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/361,803, filed on Jan. 30, 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/554,846, filed on Nov. 2, 2011, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/437,851, filed on Jan. 31, 2011, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
FIELD
The disclosure relates to a system and method for manufacturing three-dimensional objects, and more specifically, to a method and apparatus for making three-dimensional objects from multiple solidifiable materials.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
Three-dimensional rapid prototyping and manufacturing allows for quick and accurate production of components at high accuracy. Machining steps may be reduced or eliminated using such techniques and certain components may be functionally equivalent to their regular production counterparts depending on the materials used for production.
The components produced may range in size from small to large parts. The manufacture of parts may be based on various technologies including photo-polymer hardening using light or laser curing methods. Secondary curing may take place with exposure to, for example, ultraviolet (UV) light. A process to convert a computer aided design (CAD) data to a data model suitable for rapid manufacturing may be used to produce data suitable for constructing the component. Then, a pattern generator may be used to construct the part. An example of a pattern generator may include the use of DLP® (Digital Light Processing technology) from Texas Instruments®, SXRD™ (Silicon X-tal Reflective Display), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light Emitting Diode) Printheads, LCOS (Liquid Crystal on Silicon), DMD (digital mirror device), J-ILA from JVC, SLM (Spatial light modulator) or any type of selective light modulation system. Pattern generators may comprise linear solidification devices that project energy in a one-dimensional pattern or two-dimensional solidification devices that project the energy in two dimensions, as in the case of a two-dimensional array of mirrors used in a DLP®.
In certain three-dimensional object manufacturing processes, it is desirable to use multiple solidifiable materials. In one scenario, a three-dimensional object is built with attached supports, which are preferably removable. In such cases, it may be useful to construct the supports from a material that is readily removable from what will be the finished object without damaging the object. For example, the finished object may be constructed from a photohardenable material that is resistant to heat and/or water while the supports may be meltable or dissolvable with water to facilitate their removal from the object. Unfortunately, many known processes cannot accommodate the use of multiple materials or cannot accommodate their use in a way that facilitates the accurate building of objects. Thus, a need has arisen for a method and apparatus for making three-dimensional objects which addresses the foregoing issues.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The disclosure will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional schematic view of a system for making a three-dimensional object from multiple solidifiable materials depicted in a first configuration;
FIG. 2 is a depiction of the system of FIG. 1 in a second configuration;
FIG. 3 is a depiction of the system of FIG. 1 in a third configuration;
FIG. 4 is a depiction of the system of FIG. 1 in a fourth configuration;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a solidifiable material container assembly used in the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is an exploded perspective view of the solidifiable material container assembly of FIG. 5 with the inner frame and outer frame separated from one another;
FIG. 7 is an exploded view of an outer frame and a rigid or semi-rigid transparent solidification substrate used in the solidifiable material container assembly of FIG. 5;
FIG. 8 is a partial side cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 5;
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional schematic view of a first exemplary three-dimensional object comprising a finished object region and a support region;
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional schematic view of a second exemplary three-dimensional object comprising a finished object region and a support region;
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional schematic view of a first alternate embodiment of a system for making a three-dimensional object from multiple solidifiable materials depicted in a first configuration;
FIG. 12 is a depiction of the system of FIG. 11 in a second configuration;
FIG. 13 is a depiction of the system of FIG. 11 in a third configuration;
FIG. 14 is a depiction of the system of FIG. 11 in a fourth configuration;
FIG. 15 is a close-up cross-sectional schematic view of an exemplary solidifiable material container assembly comprising a film transfer imaging assembly;
FIG. 16 is a close-up cross-sectional schematic view of an alternative exemplary solidifiable material container assembly comprising a film transfer imaging assembly;
FIG. 17 is a close-up cross-sectional schematic view of a cleaning station used in a system for making a three-dimensional object from multiple solidifiable materials;
FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional schematic view of a second alternate embodiment of a system for making a three-dimensional object from multiple solidifiable materials depicted in a first configuration;
FIG. 19 is a depiction of the system of FIG. 18 in a second configuration;
FIG. 20 is a depiction of the system of FIG. 18 in a third configuration;
FIG. 21 is a depiction of the system of FIG. 18 in a fourth configuration;
FIG. 22 is a depiction of the system of FIG. 18 in a fifth configuration;
FIG. 23 is a depiction of the system of FIG. 18 in a sixth configuration;
FIG. 24 is an exploded perspective view of a vacuum cleaning station for use with a system of making a three-dimensional object from multiple solidifiable materials;
FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional schematic view of the vacuum cleaning station of FIG. 24 in operation removing unsolidified solidifiable material from a three-dimensional object surface;
FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view of a cleaning station for use with a system of making a three-dimensional object from multiple solidifiable materials in a first configuration;
FIG. 27 is a depiction of the cleaning station of FIG. 26 in a second configuration;
FIG. 28 is a depiction of the cleaning station of FIG. 26 in a third configuration;
FIG. 29A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a linear solidification device for use in the cleaning station of FIG. 26 in operation and solidifying unsolidified solidifiable material from an object surface;
FIG. 29B is a rear perspective view of a linear solidification device for use in the cleaning station of FIG. 26;
FIG. 29C is a front perspective view of the linear solidification device of FIG. 29B;
FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional schematic view of a third alternate embodiment of a system for making a three-dimensional object from multiple solidifiable materials;
FIG. 31 is a close-up perspective view of an integrated solidifiable material dispensing and solidification device used in the system of FIG. 30;
FIG. 32 is a perspective view of a fourth alternate embodiment of a system for making a three-dimensional object from multiple solidifiable materials;
FIG. 33 a is a top plan view of the system of FIG. 32 in a first configuration;
FIG. 33 b is a top plan view of the system of FIG. 32 in a second configuration;
FIG. 33 c is a top plan view of the system of FIG. 32 in a third configuration;
FIG. 33 d is a top plan view of the system of FIG. 32 in a fourth configuration;
FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The Figures illustrate examples of a system and method for manufacturing. Based on the foregoing, it is to be generally understood that the nomenclature used herein is simply for convenience and the terms used to describe the invention should be given the broadest meaning by one of ordinary skill in the art. Unless otherwise specified, like numerals refer to like components herein.
The system and methods described herein are generally applicable to additive manufacturing of three-dimensional objects, such as components or parts (discussed herein generally as objects), but may be used beyond that scope for alternative applications. Certain of the systems and methods generally include a first solidifiable material source that is separated from a second solidifiable material source in a first direction defining a first axis. An object build platform is moveable along a second direction defining a second axis, and at least one of the build platform and the first solidifiable material source is movable along the first direction relative to the other of the build platform and the first solidifiable material source. Others of the systems and methods include an object build platform that moves in two dimensions (e.g., two linear dimensions or one linear and one rotational dimension) relative to multiple solidifiable material containers. In certain preferred implementations, the two solidifiable material containers include different solidifiable materials within their interior volumes. In other implementations, solidifier container assemblies comprising the solidified material containers are provided. In some implementations, a cleaning station is provided to facilitate the removal of one solidifiable material from the object or object supports prior to the application of another solidifiable material. In additional implementations, the system includes a build platform and a pattern generator which remain in fixed alignment with one another in a plane perpendicular to the axis (the “build axis”) along which the build platform moves during an object building operation. In other implementations, the object build platform and one or more pattern generators move relative to one another.
Referring to FIG. 1, a system 20 for making a three-dimensional object is provided. System 20 includes a pattern generator 22 (such as a digital light projector, laser, etc.) for supplying an image that defines a pattern of solidification energy 42 to a solidification region 46. Solidification region 46 is a generally (x, y) planar region perpendicular to the build (z) axis which receives solidification energy from pattern generator 22. Solidifiable material assembly 29 is provided and selectively provides one or more solidifiable materials 31, 33 to solidification region 46. Build platform 24 is a generally rigid and planar surface upon which object 28 is progressively built during an object build process. As indicated in FIG. 1, build platform 24 is moveable in a direction along the build (z) axis during an object build process. Build platform 24 is moveably supported by and along a shaft 26 which is substantially parallel to the build axis (z-axis) and is driven in the z-direction by a motor drive (not shown). During an object build process, solidifiable materials 31 and/or 33 are solidified via solidification energy provided by pattern generator 22 to progressively build object 28 and/or supports (not shown in FIGS. 1-4) in the build (z) axis direction. If present, the supports connect object 28 to build platform 24 and are preferably removable from a finished object portion of object 28 once object 28 is fully built. It should be noted that the build (z) axis does not necessarily have a fixed relationship with any particular axis that may be defined along an object that is being built. In certain implementations, a given object can be oriented in a variety of different ways during the object build process, and a given object axis may or may not be parallel to the build (z) axis depending on the preference of the system 20 user.
At least one of the build platform 24 and a source of solidifiable material 31 is movable along the x-axis direction with respect to the other of the build platform 24 and the source of solidifiable material 31. In FIG. 1, sources of both the solidifiable material 31 and the solidifiable material 33 are movable in the x-axis direction relative to the build platform 24.
In the illustrated embodiment, solidifiable material assembly 29 is moveable relative to the build (z) axis defined by shaft 26. In the example of FIG. 1, a belt drive is provided comprising parallel belts 36 (only one of which is shown) which are spaced apart in the y-direction, i.e., the direction that is perpendicular to both the build (z) axis and the direction along which solidifiable material assembly 29 is moveable (the x-axis direction). Solidifiable material assembly 29 further comprises a drive shaft 38 and rotating pulleys 40 (only one of which is shown). A motor (not shown) causes drive shaft 38 to rotate about its longitudinal axis, causing belt 36 (and its parallel counterpart) to circulate. Solidifiable material assembly 29 is preferably coupled to belt 36 and two parallel rails 37 (only one of which his shown), such as by linear bearings (not shown). In this manner, solidifiable material assembly 29 slidably engages rails 37 and moves relative to the build (z) axis, preferably perpendicularly thereto along the x-axis shown in FIGS. 1-4.
As shown in FIG. 1, solidifiable material assembly 29 comprises two solidifiable material container assemblies 30 and 34 that act as sources of corresponding solidifiable materials 31 and 33. However, additional solidifiable material container assemblies and solidifiable materials may be provided and the configuration of FIGS. 1-4 is merely exemplary. Solidifiable material container assembly 30 has frame or frame assembly (described below with reference to FIG. 5) which defines an interior volume in which first solidifiable material 31 is disposed. Solidifiable material container assembly 34 is similarly configured and has an interior volume in which second solidifiable material 33 is disposed. Each solidifiable material 31 and 33 is solidifiable upon exposure to solidification energy (i.e., energy sufficient to cause solidification) supplied by pattern generator 22. However, in preferred embodiments, first and second solidifiable materials 31 and 33 are different from one another. In one embodiment, material 33 comprises an object support material and material 31 comprises a finished object material. In accordance with the embodiment, the support material is used to create object supports that connect the finished object to the build platform 24. At the completion of the object build process, the supports are removed to yield the finished object.
As discussed herein, a solidifiable material is a material that when subjected to a sufficient energy density, wholly or partially hardens. This reaction to solidification or partial solidification may be used as the basis for constructing the three-dimensional object. Examples of a solidifiable material may include a polymerizable or cross-linkable material, a photopolymer, a photo powder, a photo paste, or a photosensitive composite that contains any kind of ceramic based powder such as aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide or ytteria stabilized zirconium oxide, a curable silicone composition, silica based nano-particles or nano-composites. The solidifiable material may further include fillers. Moreover, the solidifiable material my take on a final form (e.g., after exposure to the electromagnetic radiation) that may vary from semi-solids, solids, waxes, and crystalline solids.
When discussing a photopolymerizable, photocurable, or solidifiable material, any material is meant, possibly comprising a resin and optionally further components, which is solidifiable by means of supply of stimulating energy such as electromagnetic radiation. Suitably, a material that is polymerizable and/or cross-linkable (i.e., curable) by electromagnetic radiation (common wavelengths in use today include UV radiation and/or visible light) can be used as such material. In an example, a material comprising a resin formed from at least one ethylenically unsaturated compound (including but not limited to (meth)acrylate monomers and polymers) and/or at least one epoxy group-containing compound may be used. Suitable other components of the solidifiable material include, for example, inorganic and/or organic fillers, coloring substances, viscose-controlling agents, etc., but are not limited thereto.
When photopolymers are used as the solidifiable material, a photoinitiator is typically provided. The photoinitiator absorbs light and generates free radicals which start the polymerization and/or crosslinking process. Photoinitiators will have an absorption spectrum based on their concentration in the photopolymer. That spectrum corresponds to the wavelengths that must pass through solidification substrate 48 (or substrate 50 in the case of solidifible material container assembly 34) and, therefore, which must be absorbed by the photoinitiator to initiate solidification.
Suitable types of photoinitiators include metallocenes, 1,2 di-ketones, acylphosphine oxides, benzyldimethyl-ketals, α-amino ketones, and α-hydroxy ketones. Examples of suitable metallocenes include Bis(eta 5-2,4-cyclopenadien-1-yl)Bis[2,6-difluoro-3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl]titanium, such as Irgacure 784, which is supplied by Ciba Specialty chemicals. Examples of suitable 1,2 di-ketones include quinones such as camphorquinone. Examples of suitable acylphosphine oxides include bis acyl phosphine oxide (BAPO), which is supplied under the name Irgacure 819, and mono acyl phosphine oxide (MAPO) which is supplied under the name Darocur® TPO. Both Irgacure 819 and Darocur® TPO are supplied by Ciba Specialty Chemicals. Examples of suitable benzyldimethyl ketals include alpha, alpha-dimethoxy-alpha-phenylacetophenone, which is supplied under the name Irgacure 651. Suitable α-amino ketones include 2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-1-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-1-butanone, which is supplied under the name Irgacure 369. Suitable α-hydroxy ketones include 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone, which is supplied under the name Irgacure 184 and a 50-50 (by weight) mixture of 1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl-phenyl-ketone and benzophenone, which is supplied under the name Irgacure 500.
The pattern generator(s) 22 may be configured in a number of ways. Many may provide controlled electromagnetic radiation to provide a desired pattern. The pattern generator(s) 22 may be one-dimensional (e.g., single row LED devices or linear laser scanning devices) in that they project a pattern along only one dimension or two-dimensional (e.g., spatial light modulators, digital light projectors, digital mirror array devices, LCD masks), in that they project a pattern along two-dimensions. The electromagnetic radiation may include actinic light, visible or invisible light, UV-radiation, IR-radiation, electron beam radiation, X-ray radiation, laser radiation, or the like. Moreover, while each type of electromagnetic radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum may be discussed generally, the disclosure is not limited to the specific examples provided. Those of skill in the art are aware that variations on the type of electromagnetic radiation and the methods of generating the electromagnetic radiation may be determined based on the needs of the application.
Object 28 is shown here as an example of a design that is made by system 20. The size, shape, or any other feature of object 28 is a function of energy pattern 42 (which may be a function of the z-axis position along the object) and the motion of object build platform 24. For example, the arbitrary shape shown may be produced through movement of build platform 24 upward while pattern generator 22 selectively hardens solidifiable material 31 and/or 33 (i.e., platform 24 moves during the exposure). However, such a shape could also be constructed as a series of layers by moving object build platform 24 a certain distance upward and then exposing solidifiable material 31 or 33 to energy supplied by pattern generator 22 for a predetermined time, and then repeating the process until the object is built.
Pattern generator 22 is positioned to supply solidification energy pattern 42 such as electromagnetic radiation to solidifiable material 31 or 33 (depending on the position of solidifiable material assembly 29 relative to the build (z) axis) to selectively solidify material 31 or 33 in accordance with a generated energy pattern 42. In FIGS. 1 and 2, solidifiable material container assembly 30 is positioned in solidification region 46 to receive solidification energy from pattern generator 22. As used herein, the term “solidification region” refers to an area orthogonal to the build (z) axis in which projected energy from pattern generator 22 may contact the exposed surface of a solidifiable material. For example, when a DLP® is used as pattern generator 22, the solidification region will be the area of the exposed surface of the solidifiable material which receives electromagnetic energy when all the DLP® mirrors are activated. In any given step of a solidification process, it may be the case that not all areas lying within the solidification region 46 will receive solidification energy because some of the mirrors may be off or set such that they do not project sufficient energy to cause solidification. With respect to moving pattern generators (e.g., pattern generators that move relative to the object build platform), the maximum area over which solidification energy may be provided (i.e., the extent of the solidification area that corresponds to the full traversal area of the moving pattern generator) will be the solidification region.
In an example wherein pattern generator 22 is a digital light projector, the generated energy pattern 42 corresponds to volumetric pixels or “voxels.” Each voxel defines a location in the x, y plane (orthogonal to the build (z) axis) and has a projected energy density associated with it. The projected energy density is a function of both the time and power intensity (e.g., in J/m²/sec of the energy). The energy density may also be referred to as the “total exposure” for a given x, y location.
Referring to FIG. 2, in solidifiable material container assembly 30, solidifiable material 31 defines an exposed surface proximate rigid or semi-rigid transparent solidification substrate 48, through which energy pattern 42 is projected. In certain examples, solidifiable material 31 will directly contact and solidify against rigid or semi-rigid transparent substrate 48. In other examples, a solidification substrate assembly comprising substrate 48 and one or more films or resilient coatings may be provided, in which case solidifiable material 31 will be in contact and interface with a film or resilient coating. Likewise, in FIG. 4 solidifiable material 33 defines an exposed surface proximate rigid or semi-rigid transparent solidification substrate 50 through which energy pattern 42 is projected when solidifiable material container assembly 34 is placed in alignment with projected energy pattern 42. Each voxel defines a position in the x, y plane of the exposed surface of solidifiable material 31 or 33 as well as a solidification depth, z, along the build (z) axis, which in FIGS. 1-4 is a distance above the exposed solidifiable material surface in which solidification occurs. At any given location on an exposed surface of solidifiable material 31 or 33, the voxel depth will depend, at least in part, on the localized intensity of the energy supplied by pattern generator 22 (e.g., light intensity) as well as the time period for which the energy is supplied. In an example wherein pattern generator 22 is a moving light source (e.g., a movable laser), the generated energy pattern corresponds to the path of travel of the light source. Again, the depth of curing at any particular location will depend, at least in part, on the exposure time and intensity of the energy supplied.
A control unit (not shown) supplies image data to pattern generator 22 to drive the pattern generation process and create the particular pattern defined by projected energy pattern 42. The supplied image data may include voxel data that includes an intensity for each pixel in the x, y plane, slice-data files, or bitmaps that are derived from slice-data files. Typical file types used to generate bitmaps include STL (Stereo Lithography) files or other CAD (Computer Aided Drafting) files commonly translated for rapid prototyping systems into formats such as SLC, CLI slice data files or voxelized data files which may include data formats such as BMP, PNG, etc. However, any data input type may be used and converted internally to create the image data used by the pattern generator 22. The image data corresponds to energy pattern 42 and may be generated by a control unit, by pattern generator 22, or by an external source or device (e.g., a network or storage device). The image data may also be modified to a format suitable for pattern generator 22 (e.g., modification of a compressed file such as a TIFF file using CCIT type 4 compression into a standard bitmap). In general, the image data may be define bi-tonal (e.g. “ON/OFF”) bitmap images, “grayscale” (e.g., pixel data with variable energy intensities and/or exposure times associated with each pixel), color, or color with intensity and/or exposure time information. Other pattern formats may be available for use such as JPEG, DXF, BMP, PNG, SVG, etc., or other vector or pixel-defined image files (which may be based on industry standards or custom file types).
In certain examples, the image data comprises voxel data. Voxel data may be considered a collection or set of data that represents volumetric pixels. The voxel data may be organized into a voxelized bitmap pattern that includes a grayscale value for each pixel and/or an exposure time. The voxelized bitmap may be considered an organized collection of individual voxels, each voxel having its own depth that is independent of the other voxels. Although the voxels may be organized into a bitmap, each voxel is generally treated individually and has its own curing depth (which can be determined by the exposure time and/or intensity value assigned to each voxel) to determine each voxel's geometry independent of any other voxel data. The object 28 may be formed using the voxel data where each voxel may be created in the solidifiable material 31 or 33 by exposing the exposed surface of the solidifiable material 31 or 33 to obtain a particular depth (in the upward z-direction along the build axis) of cure (typically determined by the grayscale value and/or exposure time) and thereby create the three-dimensional voxel in the solidifiable material 31 or 33. Each voxel may be generated individually, in a group or subset (e.g., more than one voxel), or as a whole of the voxel data (e.g., all voxels at once).
Two-dimensional bitmap data may also be used as the image data. The bitmap information may be a typical (x,y) location for a pixel (whether inherent to the file format or having specified locations). The grayscale value corresponds to a total exposure or energy density for the pixel (E) which may be expressed as follows:
E=Total Exposure=∫Idt
where I is the power flux or intensity of the supplied solidification energy (e.g., power/area in units of Watts/pixel, Watts/cm², etc.) and the integration is performed over the exposure time period, Δt. In certain examples, the grayscale output value may be used to control the pattern generator's output to provide full intensity, no output, or variations in between. In processes using a fixed exposure time per pixel, the pattern generator 22 may reduce the amount of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., intensity, I) that the solidifiable material 31, 33 is exposed to for each pixel for the specified exposure time. For example, where a DLP® type pattern generator is used, the DLP® micro-mirror for a particular pixel or group of pixels may be positioned to direct the electromagnetic radiation away from the solidifiable material 31 or 33. Thus, the electromagnetic radiation is reflected away, but not necessarily completely, from the solidifiable material 31 or 33 using the micro-mirror to reduce or eliminate exposure after the elapsed time. Alternatively, the pattern generator may “turn off” the light entirely for that pixel after the exposure time has elapsed. When using a voxelized construction process, each voxel may have its own thickness (e.g., depth of cure) which is controlled by the grayscale value.
In an example where a grayscale value is assigned to a pixel and a DLP® type pattern generator 22 is used, the DLP® micro-mirror may be moved so as to expose the pixel at the build surface in an alternating manner to provide an overall grayscale value. Where a 50% grayscale is desired, the micro-mirror may be moved so that the solidifiable material 31 or 33 is exposed for 50% of the time, and the other 50% of the time the micro-mirror may be moved so as to reflect light away from whichever solidifiable material 31 or 33 is in the solidification region 46.
The control unit (not shown) may be constructed as part of an integral three-dimensional object forming machine, portions of a machine without direct connection to the machine, or distributed elsewhere and connected via a communication medium, such as a network. The control unit may be, for example, a computing device (that may be an embedded resource, external, or a distributed resource) and may be configured as a computer, a programmable logic device, a specialized processor, etc. The control unit also receives signals indicative of the levels of solidifiable materials 31 and 33 in their respective solidifiable material container assemblies 30 and 34. Based on the signals, the control unit adjusts a flow rate and/or duration of flow additional solidifiable material from a corresponding reservoir (not shown). Although not visible in the figures, in one embodiment, a level sensor is provided at a fixed location relative to the build (z) axis to sense the level of solidifiable material present in whichever solidifiable material container assembly 30 or 34 is in the solidification region 46. Separate fill tubes are provided for each material 31 and 33, and the control unit adjusts the flow of the corresponding material 31 or 33 depending on the level in its corresponding solidifiable material container assembly 30 or 34. In another example, a first level sensor is fixed in location relative to the build (z) axis and is provided to sense the level in solidifiable container assembly 34 when it is in the position shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. A fill tube proximate the same location supplies solidifiable material 33 to solidifiable material container assembly 34 based on the detected level therein. A similar arrangement is provided to detect the level of solidifiable material 31 in solidifiable material container assembly 30 when it is in the position shown in FIG. 4 and provide solidifiable material 31 based on the detected level. In one example, one or both of solidifiable material container assemblies 30 and 34 has a liquid level Δz of its respective solidifiable material (31, 33) which is generally no greater than about 1.0 mm, preferably no greater than about 0.5 mm, and even more preferably no greater than about 0.2 mm.
The systems and methods described herein may be used with “downward”, “upward” and “side” projecting systems in continuous or non-continuous exposure modes (e.g., pattern generating modes), any of which may include additional optical elements such as a mirrors or lenses. The systems and methods may be used in a layer, slice, or voxelized data production process, among others, where the pattern generating system provides the electromagnetic radiation to react with (e.g., solidify or partially solidify) a solidifiable material 31 or other material to create the three-dimensional object. However, the systems and methods may be utilized with numerous types of three-dimensional manufacturing processes, including voxelization processes and slicing and layering processes. Moreover, the systems and methods described herein may also apply to layered construction processes using “upward” or “downward” build directions that may use lithography (generally), FTI (Film Transfer Imaging), three-dimensional Printing technologies, SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) or SLA (Stereolithography Apparatus). Examples of pattern generators may include Digital Light Processing technology (DLP) from Texas Instruments® or SXRD™ or LCD or LCOS or J-ILA from JVC, or LVT (Light Valve Technology), DMD (digital mirror device), or GLV (Grating Light Valve) technology, SLM (Spatial light modulator), or any type of selective electromagnetic radiation or light modulation system, in addition to scanned and/or vector pattern generators (e.g., using a laser). Other examples of pattern generators include LED printheads, including UV LED printheads. One example of a suitable UV LED printhead is the P150-3072 printhead supplied by Optotek Ltd. of Ottawa, Canada. The P150-3072 printhead is a linear scanning printhead with a resolution of 150 dots per inch (5.9 dots/mm). Another example of a one-dimensional, linear pattern generator, discussed further below, comprises a laser source in optical communication with a rotating light deflector which scans lines of laser light in one dimension while moving in a second direction.
The matching of technologies between the pattern generator 22 and solidifiable materials 31 and 33 may be determined based on the compatibility of the respective technologies used (e.g., a reactive UV photopolymer material and a UV pattern generator). Typical solidifiable materials include photo-reactive (or photo curable) resins that may be in liquid, paste, powder, or other form. Moreover, the systems and methods described herein are not tied to a particular pattern generator or imager technologies.
In the case of voxel-based systems, the electromagnetic radiation supplied by pattern generator 22 may have an adjustable intensity range. In one example of a voxel-based system, electromagnetic radiation from pattern generator 22 is scaled from zero (the minimum) to 255 (maximum). Pattern generator 22 may receive bitmaps having intensity and/or exposure time values for each individual pixel. However, in an example where each voxel is individually addressed (e.g., x_(i), y_(i), z_(i)), bitmaps are unnecessary since pattern generator 22 can uniquely receive and access each voxel. The bitmaps include “bits” or regions that collectively determine the energy pattern 42. These “bits” or regions (e.g., that make up the voxelized bitmap) are typically defined as rectangular or square regions, but when each “bit” is treated as a voxel, the depth of cure (which determined the depth of the voxel) may be determined for each voxel independently of the other.
Each bit in a bitmap may also have a unique intensity value associated with it. Thus, a voxelized bitmap may cover a wide range of curing depths through the use of the independent grayscale value associated with each bit. Although the intensity may be used to adjust the total exposure that a given voxel receives, the exposure time may also be used. In addition, methods using both a variable intensity and variable exposure time for each pixel may be used.
While the intensity may be expressed as an integer number on a reference scale (e.g., 0 . . . 255), the intensity value may also be compensated or adjusted before being sent to the pattern generator, or may be compensated or adjusted at the pattern generator, or both. For example, where solidifiable material 31 or 33 has a minimum intensity threshold that is required for polymerization or partial-polymerization, the “off” or zero (0) value intensity (e.g., brightness and/or “on” time) may be determined based on the minimum intensity threshold specific to the particular solidificable material 31, 33. A zero value for intensity does not necessarily imply that the energy supplied by pattern generator 22 is actually zero. In a typical case, a low level of brightness insufficient to cause solidification may correspond to a zero (0) intensity.
Intensity ranges of 0 to 255 are convenient for examples when an 8-bit system is used to determine intensity. However, systems having more or less resolution for intensity may be used. Examples may include a 4 bit system or a 16 bit system. Further, the exposure time of the electromagnetic radiation may have a wide range, for example, 1 millisecond to 100 seconds. Note that the time range is merely an example and is not limiting as the “on time” for the electromagnetic radiation may be dependent on other variables such as the minimum switching time of the pattern generator, the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation, the solidifiable material's minimum effective time and radiation intensity for solidification, the speed of movement of build platform 24, and other factors.
Both intensity and exposure time, or either of them, may be parameters for the bitmap. For example, when a pattern generator 22 has a fixed intensity (such as a laser), the time the source is “on” may be modulated to produce a total exposure value. Alternatively, where the time of exposure is a predetermined value, the intensity of the voxels generated by pattern generator 22 may be modified produce the desired total exposure value.
As discussed herein, the terms “total exposure” or “energy density” may be considered the integral of the electromagnetic radiation intensity with respect to time (E=∫I dt) over the exposure period. When performing voxelized construction, the total exposure determines the depth of cure for each voxel separately and independently of any other voxel. The time and intensity to achieve a particular depth of cure is material dependent. Thus, the time and intensity determined to provide a particular curing depth for first solidifiable material 31 may not be usable for second solidifiable material 33. The depth of cure can be a function of at least the exposure time, the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation, and the properties of the solidifiable material 31 or 33. The combination of intensity and exposure time can be expressed independently (e.g., in data file or data structure) or they may be combined and expressed for each voxel as a grayscale value where the exposure time is predetermined.
Solidifiable material 31 or 33 may behave differently based on the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and/or the time. For example, a low level intensity may not reach a minimum threshold required for the solidifiable material 31 or 33 to become wholly or partially solidified. In this case, no amount of exposure time will be sufficient to harden the solidifiable material 31 because the necessary polymerization and/or cross-linking reactions will not be initiated. Alternatively, a higher intensity may cause solidifiable material 31 to become solidified or partially solidified non-linearly faster.
Referring to FIG. 5, an exemplary solidifiable material container assembly 30 is shown. The depicted construction may also be used for solidifiable material container assembly 34. Solidifiable material container assembly 30 comprises a rigid or semi-rigid transparent solidification substrate 48, a base, 52, and a frame assembly 44 comprising an inner frame 45 and an outer frame 59. As best seen in FIG. 6, inner frame 45 is generally rigid (e.g., plastic or metal) and comprises four side walls 49 a-49 d and a horizontal lip 47 that projects outwardly away from the interior space defined by vertical walls 49 a-49 d. Outer frame 59 is also generally rigid (plastic or metal) and comprises four vertical walls 53 a-53 d. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, inner frame 45 and outer frame 59 define frame assembly 44. In an installed condition, the horizontal lip 47 of inner frame 45 fits over the top surface of outer frame 59 to define the upper surface of frame assembly 44. A plurality of fasteners 56 a-56 d project through horizontal lip 47 and engage corresponding holes 58 a-58 d formed in the upper surface of outer frame 59 to secure the inner frame 45 to the outer frame 59. In one example, as shown in FIG. 8, base 52 is connected to outer frame 59 such as by a plurality of screws or other fasteners. In FIG. 8, one screw 60 is shown.
Rigid or semi-rigid transparent solidification substrate 48 is connected to base 52 such as by an adhesive applied around the inner perimeter of base 52 and/or the outer perimeter of substrate 48. In the example of FIG. 8, the lower surface 49 of substrate 48 is disposed above the lower surface 62 of base 52 to prevent damaging substrate 48 when base 52 is placed on a table or other surface such as during maintenance activities. Solidification substrate 48 is generally rigid or semi-rigid and substantially permeable to the energy supplied by pattern generator 22. In certain examples, it is preferred that the energy from pattern generator 22 can pass through solidification substrate 48 without a significant diminution in transmitted energy or a significant alteration of the energy spectrum transmitted to solidifiable material 31 or 33 relative to the spectrum of the radiation that is incident to lower solidification substrate surface 49 (FIG. 8). In the case where energy pattern 42 is a light pattern (including non-visible light such as UV light), solidification substrate 48 is preferably substantially transparent to the wavelengths of light supplied by pattern generator 22. As energy is supplied to the exposed surface of solidifiable material 31 it will begin to solidify in accordance with the energy pattern 42 supplied by pattern generator 22.
One example of a rigid or semi-rigid solidification substrate 48 is a transparent float glass. Another example is a transparent plastic. A variety of different float glasses and plastics may be used. Exemplary plastics that may be used include transparent acrylic plastics supplied by Evonik under the name Acrylite®. Substrate 48 is preferably rigid enough to provide a substantially planar exposed surface of solidification material 31 when energy pattern 42 is projected onto the exposed surface. The term “transparent” is meant to indicate that substrate 48 is capable of transmitting the light wavelengths (including non-visible light such as UV light if supplied by pattern generator 22) necessary to solidify solidifiable material 31 and that the intensity of such wavelengths is not significantly altered as the light passes through substrate 48. Correspondingly, in the case of solidifiable material container assembly 34, rigid or semi-rigid transparent solidification substrate 50 is preferably capable of transmitting light wavelengths necessary to solidify solidifiable material 33 such that the intensity of the wavelengths is not significantly altered as the light passes through substrate 50. In certain examples, the solidifiable material container assembly 30 is tiltable relative to an object build platform and an object section formed thereon to facilitate peeling of solidified material from rigid or semi-rigid transparent solidification substrate 50.
In certain embodiments, the solidifiable material 31, 33 may adhere strongly to the corresponding rigid or semi-rigid transparent solidification substrate 48, 50 causing the object 28 to break or deform when build platform moves away from pattern generator 22 during a build process. Thus, in certain examples, a solidification substrate assembly comprising both a rigid or semi-rigid transparent solidification substrate and one or more films is provided. In the example of FIG. 8, a single film 54 is provided adjacent rigid or semi-rigid solidification substrate 50. In some examples, film 54 is resilient, while in others a resilient film is not required. Suitable resilient films include silicone elastomers. One particular example of a suitable silicone elastomer is Elastosil® RT 601, which is supplied by Wacker Silicones. Elastosil® RT 601 is a transparent, addition-curing silicone rubber having greater than 88 percent transmission of light in the 325-700 nm range (for a 10 mm layer). The material has an elongation at break of about 100 percent (ISO 37), and a tensile strength of about 7.0 N/mm2 (DIN ISO 37) tear strength (ASTM D 624B) of about 3.0 N/mm². Suitable non-resilient films include homopolymers or copolymers formed from ethylenically unsaturated, halogenated monomers, such as Fluoropolymers. Examples of suitable non-resilient films include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylenchlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), ethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), and modified fluoroalkoxy (a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoromethylvinylether, also known as MFA). Other suitable films include PVDF films sold under the Kynar® name by Arkema, ECTFE films sold under the Halar® name by SolvaySolexis, ETFE films sold under the Tefzel® name by DuPont, PFA films sold under the Teflon®-PFA name by DuPont, and MFA films sold under the name Nowofol.
| 657 |
198302910153
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,983 |
Amicale du XV
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 10 | 23 |
pérenniser un lieu entre les amis du rugby de Nissan-lez-Ensérune
| 35,876 |
https://github.com/bsideproject/knit-front/blob/master/molecules/main/ExtraSection/RecentlyModified.styled.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
knit-front
|
bsideproject
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 124 | 419 |
import styled from '@emotion/styled';
import * as font from '~/styles/font';
export const Container = styled.div`
width: 100%;
padding: 20px;
min-width: 295px;
@media (max-width: 768px) {
overflow: hidden;
padding: 0px;
min-width: unset;
}
`;
export const Title = styled.span`
${font.ellipse(1)}
${font.set(18, 'bold')}
margin-bottom: 16px;
color: #2f2f2f;
max-width: 140px;
@media (max-width: 768px) {
max-width: unset;
color: ${({ theme }) => theme.palette.primary};
}
`;
export const Contents = styled.div``;
export const ItemContainer = styled.div`
display: flex;
${font.set(14)}
cursor: pointer;
@media (max-width: 768px) {
flex-direction: column;
padding: 14px 0 18px;
border-top: 1px solid #f3f2f5;
}
`;
export const ItemTitle = styled.span`
width: 70%;
margin-right: 10px;
margin: 0 10px 8px 0;
max-width: 170px;
color: #505055;
${font.ellipse(1)}
`;
export const ItemDate = styled.div`
width: auto;
color: #a09db1;
${font.set(12)}
${font.ellipse(1)}
`;
| 38,820 |
https://github.com/qfjiaoyan/project/blob/master/src/test/java/com/qianfeng/elasticsearch/test/document/HightLightQueryTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
project
|
qfjiaoyan
|
Java
|
Code
| 120 | 1,395 |
package com.qianfeng.elasticsearch.test.document;
import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
import com.qianfeng.elasticsearch.SearchServiceApplication;
import com.qianfeng.elasticsearch.document.DocService;
import com.qianfeng.elasticsearch.query.BoolQuery;
import com.qianfeng.elasticsearch.query.HighLightQuery;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;
import org.springframework.test.context.web.WebAppConfiguration;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Date;
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = SearchServiceApplication.class)
@WebAppConfiguration
public class HightLightQueryTest {
private String indexName = "sms-logs-index";
private String type = "sms_logs_type";
@Autowired
private HighLightQuery hightLightQuery;
@Autowired
private DocService docService;
@Test
public void testhightLightQuery() throws IOException {
hightLightQuery.hightLightQuery(indexName,type,"smsContent","中国苹果");
}
@Test
public void testHightLightQueryByFragment() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
//fragment-size 指定高亮字段最大字符长度
SmsSendLog smsSendLog5 = new SmsSendLog();
smsSendLog5.setMobile("13600000088");
smsSendLog5.setCorpName("中国移动");
smsSendLog5.setCreateDate(new Date());
smsSendLog5.setSendDate(new Date());
smsSendLog5.setIpAddr("10.126.2.8");
smsSendLog5.setLongCode("10690000998");
smsSendLog5.setReplyTotal(60);
smsSendLog5.setProvince("湖北省");
smsSendLog5.setOperatorId(1);
smsSendLog5.setSmsContent("新京报快讯 7月16日，国家发改委网站发布《关于印发的通知》（下称《通知》），该《通知》表示，要完善国有企业退出机制。推动国有“僵尸企业”破产退出。对符合破产等退出条件的国有企业，各相关方不得以任何方式阻碍其退出，防止形成“僵尸企业”。不得通过违规提供政府补贴、贷款等方式维系“僵尸企业”生存，有效解决国有“僵尸企业”不愿退出的问题。国有企业退出时，金融机构等债权人不得要求政府承担超出出资额之外的债务清偿责任。《通知》还称，完善特殊类型国有企业退出制度。针对全民所有制企业、厂办集体企业存在的出资人已注销、工商登记出资人与实际控制人不符、账务账册资料严重缺失等问题，明确市场退出相关规定，加快推动符合条件企业退出市场，必要时通过强制清算等方式实行强制退出。\n" +
"\n" +
"《通知》表示，要建立市场主体退出预警机制。强化企业信息披露义务。提高企业财务和经营信息透明度，强化信息披露义务主体对信息披露真实性、准确性、完整性的责任要求。公众公司应依法向公众披露财务和经营信息。非公众公司应及时向股东和债权人披露财务和经营信息。鼓励非公众公司特别是大型企业集团、国有企业参照公众公司要求公开相关信息。强化企业在陷入财务困境时及时向股东、债权人等利益相关方的信息披露义务。");
docService.add(indexName,type, JSON.toJSONString(smsSendLog5),"220");
Thread.sleep(2000);
hightLightQuery.hightLightQueryByFragment(indexName,type,20);
}
@Test
public void testHightLightQueryByNumOfFragments() throws IOException {
hightLightQuery.hightLightQueryByNumOfFragments(indexName,type,20,2);
}
@Test
public void testHightLightNoMatchSize() throws IOException {
hightLightQuery.hightLightNoMatchSize(indexName,type,20,2,150);
}
}
| 31,121 |
https://github.com/HazzaCheng/WechatSupporter/blob/master/src/net/sklcc/wechatsupporter/test/CrawlArticleTest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
WechatSupporter
|
HazzaCheng
|
Java
|
Code
| 374 | 1,292 |
package net.sklcc.wechatsupporter.test;
import cn.gsdata.index.ApiSdk;
import net.sklcc.wechatsupporter.util.TimeUtil;
import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import org.json.JSONArray;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
/**
* Created by Hazza on 2016/7/22.
*/
public class CrawlArticleTest {
private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CrawlArticleTest.class.getName());
private final static String appId = "aJ2Vx03fS7j4LdxeSrb5";
private final static String appKey = "zgaWRumyOf586J7z7uiH9E2D4";
private final static String apiUrl = "http://open.gsdata.cn/api/wx/opensearchapi/content_list";
private List<String> official_accounts; //保存获取的微信公众号
private int article_cnt; //获得的文章数量
private Map<String,Integer> hashMap; //判断是否存在重复文章的hashmap
public String date;
public int count = 0;
/**
* @discription 通过gsdata提供的接口和jar包获得指定公众号的文章，并保存到数据库
* @param account 要获取文章的公众号
* @throws Exception
*/
private void getArticles(String account) throws Exception {
DateFormat formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");
// Date yesterday = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() - (24 * 3600 * 1000));
ApiSdk apiSdk = ApiSdk.getApiSdk(appId, appKey);
Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put("wx_name",account);
// map.put("postdate",formatter.format(yesterday));
//map.put("postdate", "2016-12-03");
map.put("postdate", date);
String jsonReturned = apiSdk.callInterFace(apiUrl, map);
System.out.println(jsonReturned);
JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject(jsonReturned);
JSONArray jsonArray = (JSONArray) jsonObject.getJSONObject("returnData").get("items");
article_cnt += jsonArray.length();
for (int i = 0; i < jsonArray.length(); ++i) {
String title = (String) ((JSONObject) jsonArray.get(i)).get("title");
String url = (String) ((JSONObject) jsonArray.get(i)).get("url");
String publish_time = (String) ((JSONObject) jsonArray.get(i)).get("posttime");
String summary = (String) ((JSONObject) jsonArray.get(i)).get("content");
String add_time = (String) ((JSONObject) jsonArray.get(i)).get("add_time");
String author = (String) ((JSONObject) jsonArray.get(i)).get("author");
String source_url = (String) ((JSONObject) jsonArray.get(i)).get("sourceurl");
String copyright = (String) ((JSONObject) jsonArray.get(i)).get("copyright");
// String ranking = (String) ((JSONObject) jsonArray.get(i)).get("top");
String ranking = ((JSONObject) jsonArray.get(i)).get("top").toString();
++count;
logger.info("信息: " + account + ' ' + publish_time + ' ' + title + ' ' + summary + ' ' +
url + ' ' + add_time + ' ' + ranking + ' ' + source_url + ' ' +
author + ' ' + copyright);
}
}
/**
* @discription 开始抓取操作
*/
void crawl(){
official_accounts = new ArrayList<>();
hashMap = new HashMap<>();
// int repeat =2;
// while ((repeat--)>0) {
try {
getArticles("suzhoudaily");
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.error(e.getClass() + " " + Arrays.toString(e.getStackTrace()));
}
// }
for (Entry<String, Integer> entry : hashMap.entrySet()) {
logger.info("key= " + entry.getKey());
}
logger.info("There are " + article_cnt + " new articles.");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
CrawlArticleTest ca = new CrawlArticleTest();
// ca.crawl();
String[] dates = TimeUtil.generateFormatData(2017, 6, 1, 30);
for (int i = 0; i < dates.length; i++) {
ca.date = dates[i];
ca.crawl();
}
System.out.println(ca.count);
}
}
| 15,141 |
https://github.com/payapi/payapi-sdk-php/blob/master/test/src/stub/Shipping.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| null |
payapi-sdk-php
|
payapi
|
PHP
|
Code
| 117 | 573 |
<?php
class Shipping
{
public $id;
public $url;
public $title;
public $imageUrl;
public $category;
public $priceInCentsExcVat;
public $priceInCentsIncVat;
public $vatInCents;
public $vatPercentage;
public $quantity;
public $options;
public function __construct()
{
$this->id = 0;
$this->url = 'https://store.multimerchantshop.xyz/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=41';
$this->title = 'Shipping and handling';
$this->imageUrl = 'https://store.payapi.io/media/43307ac7f356d51e6dd65b8ca9fe3d93/image/cache/catalog/Users/User4/payapi_premium_support-228x228.jpg';
$this->category = 'Shipping';
$this->priceInCentsExcVat = 1000;
$this->priceInCentsIncVat = 1240;
$this->vatInCents = $this->priceInCentsIncVat - $this->priceInCentsExcVat;
$this->vatPercentage = round(($this->vatInCents * 100) / $this->priceInCentsExcVat, 2);
$this->quantity = 1;
$this->options = array ();
}
public function __toString()
{
return json_encode(array(
'id' => (string) $this->id,
'url' => $this->url,
'title' => $this->title,
'imageUrl' => $this->imageUrl,
'category' => $this->category,
'priceInCentsExcVat' => $this->priceInCentsExcVat,
'priceInCentsIncVat' => $this->priceInCentsIncVat,
'quantity' => $this->quantity,
'vatInCents' => $this->vatInCents,
'vatPercentage' => $this->vatPercentage,
'options' => $this->options,
));
}
}
| 28,385 |
483922_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,951 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,063 | 1,372 |
PER CURIAM.
Petitioner is a corporation which operates cafeterias in Federal Government buildings and recreation facilities in federal parks. It claims exemption from taxation by the District of Columbia government, on the ground that it is an exclusively charitable organization. Specifically, in these cases, it claims exemption from franchise, motor vehicle, and personal property taxes.
Petitioner is not a Government-owned or -operated organization. It is non-profit in the sense that none of its earnings can inure to the benefit of any single private individual. The question is whether it is also exclusively charitable in its operations.
This corporation makes profits in that its receipts are in excess of its costs. From these net earnings it has made contributions to various charities and has paid over large sums to the Federal Government. It has an accumulated earned surplus of about $1,-500,000 largely invested in equipment. Its operations are extensive and apparently expanding. It sells meals and recreation services at moderate prices, compared to commercial levels, and its facilities, being, with the cooperative approval of the Government, located in Government buildings, .are extremely convenient for the use of Government employees. These two features — moderate prices and convenient locations — for the benefit of Government employees are the objectives of its existence. Undoubtedly these are highly laudable objectives. The trustees, or directors, operate the organization from a high sense of service to their fellow employees. But neither as a matter of philosophy nor as a matter of language can the organization or its operation be held to be charitable in the sense in which tax statutes grant exemptions from taxation.
Petitioner urges upon us the sweeping phrases of court opinions referring to charity and charitable in various senses. Generally they relate to charitable purposes in trusts, and the quotations are of ancient and honorable origin, going back into the days of Elizabeth. This court once said, in a tax case, that the great weight of opinion seems to be that a charitable trust "may be applied to almost anything that tends to promote the well-doing and well-being of social man." And the court, in the same case, used the expression "a desire to advance the common weal" as a test for charity. Petitioner presents quotations that the term "charitable" includes "all the kindly inclinations which men ought to bear toward each other, and which prompt them to promote the general welfare"; and urges upon us that the underlying basis for tax exemptions has been that charitable institutions lessen the burdens of government.
But these laudable and highly respectable declarations cannot be translated into definitions of tax exemption by a mere application of their phrases. For example, the street car company at the seat of government obviously "lessens the burdens of government", in that if it did not exist the government would have to transport government workers from their homes to their places of duty; but we suppose that no one would argue that the transit company is a charitable organization. Surely bookstores, radio stations, and newspapers are operated for the public weal in a sense; but they are certainly not charities. These cafeterias no more reduce the burdens of government than do any of the several moderate-price cafeterias in the District of Columbia, also serving Government employees. They are not more in the public weal than is a cut-rate store, or a public utility, or a newspaper. The Federal Government has long since defined "charitable" for the purpose of its tax statutes as comprising, in general, organizations for the relief of the poor. The Board of Tax Appeals thought that general principle appropriate and applicable here. We too think so.
As a matter of tax philosophy petitioner's contention cannot be sustained. Admittedly it makes profits, and admittedly those profits can go to no single private person. They are claimed to be for one of two dispositions, either to supply the means for making more profits or for presentation to the Federal Government. In ultimate analysis, obviously they must be for the latter disposition. So the simple question is whether the Federal Government has a right to these profits exclusive of any charge upon them for the benefit of the District government. The profits arise from the sale of meals and recreation services to residents of the District. The District government furnishes those residents with police, fire, school, highway, welfare, recreation, library, and numerous other municipal facilities. Profits accumulated from the sale of meals and recreation facilities at moderate prices to these people seem to us to be not only non-exempt but to be an ideal subject of taxation for municipal purposes. If a general and public-spirited operation saves these residents some of the costs of their living, why should not the irreducible net earnings (otherwise to be presented to the Federal Government) be used in part to bear the burdens of municipal government services? Upon what basis can it reasonably be contended that such accumulations should go to-the Federal Government free of municipal charges ?
It is said that not the source but the-destination of the funds is the criterion. These funds are destined either for use to-acquire more equipment for use in the sale-of more meals, etc., or for presentation to-the Federal Government. Neither purpose-is "charitable" in a tax-exemption sense, in our view.
We have referred specifically to taxes levied upon the profits of petitioner, i. e.,. the franchise tax. The same considerations apply to its claims for exemption from taxes upon its motor vehicles and its tangible personal property.
Petitioner also claims, as an alternative, exemption as a civil league operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare, under another exempting clause of the statute. Meals at moderate prices and at convenient locations are undoubtedly highly desirable, just as such facilities for the purchase of clothes, drugs and groceries would be, but to supply them is not "social welfare" in the tax-exemption sense.
We agree with the Board of Tax Appeals, and its decisions are
Affirmed.
. Pennsylvania Co. for Insurance on Lives, Etc. v. Helvering, 1933, 62 App.D.C. 254, 256, 66 P.2d 284, 286.
. 62 App.D.C. at page 258, 66 F.2d at page 288.
. Hamburger v. Cornell University, 1923, 204 App.Div. 664, 199 N.Y.S. 369, 372.
. U. S. Treas. Reg. 65, art. 517 (1924); and all subsequent Regs.
. 61 Stat. 334 (1947), D.C.Code § 47-1554(f) (1940) (Supp. VII)..
| 28,129 |
10166480_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,963 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 933 | 1,231 |
WERLEIN, Justice.
This is an appeal by Levoy Musick from a temporary injunction decreed by the trial court ancillary to pending Cause No. 594,-300 brought by Arch Hollingsworth, Trustee, et al., against J. B. Lucas et ah, in trespass-to-try title and to remove clouds upon the title to certain lands in Harris County, Texas, including a tract of 618.7 acres in the William White Survey, Abstract 829, and a tract known as the G. A. Parker 100 Acre Tract in said survey. The said Levoy Musick is the only defendant who has appealed.
It is sufficient to say that the evidence shows that appellees are in possession of some or all of the property involved in this suit; that appellant has been trying to obtain possession thereof by virtue of certain writs of possession and restitution issued in connection with other suits; that some eleven suits have been filed involving the subject matter of this suit or related subject matters, and that about five of such suits are still pending; that the litigation between the parties hereto has become quite complicated involving disputed questions of fact and law; and that the attempts by appellant herein to obtain possession of the property in question either by virtue of said writs or by resort to force might result in bodily injury to some one or more of the parties connected with or affected by the litigation, as well as property damage. The trial court, in granting the injunction, stated that the testimony demanded it, and that he thought that somebody would get hurt if he did not grant the temporary injunction.
The injunction, among other things, enjoins appellant, pending final hearing and determination of Cause No. 594,300, from-going on or about the premises in question or attempting to gain possession of the premises known as the G. A. Parker 100' Acre Tract, from attempting to take possession of such premises or ousting those living thereupon by force or under any process of law, and from attempting to gain possession by force or otherwise of any of the property which is the subject matter of the present suit.
Appellant's first two Points of Error,, which are briefed together, assert that plaintiffs' petition in trespass-to-try title is insufficient to confer upon the court jurisdiction of the parties, and does not state a. cause of action in any of the plaintiffs which would permit recovery in the capacity in which they sue. These points are overruled.
Subsequent to the granting of the temporary injunction in question, this Court had occasion to hear a contempt proceeding growing out of a violation thereof after the appeal from said temporary injunction had been perfected in this Court. In holding appellant in contempt of the temporary injunction, this Court stated in its order: <(The said 133rd District Court had jurisdiction over the cause in which said judgment of injunction was rendered and had jurisdiction to render said judgment of injunction and to issue a writ of injunction thereon and said judgment and writ are not for any reason void, but remain in full force and effect." See Levoy Musick v. Honorable Wilmer B. Hunt, District Judge, et al., Tex.Civ.App., 364 S.W.2d 252; and Ex parte Musick, Tex.Cr.App., 368 S.W.2d 211. The record in the present appeal clearly shows that the trial court did have jurisdiction of the parties, and that the plaintiffs' amended petition and amended application for a temporary injunction are sufficient to entitle plaintiffs to sue in the capacity in which they sue herein.
There is no merit in appellant's Points 3 and 4. The injunctive relief granted herein does not undertake to determine who is entitled to the possession of the property in question. It merely undertakes to maintain the status quo during the penden-cy of the main cause of action. The granting of a temporary injunction ancillary to the principal cause of action in order to preserve the status quo, has not infrequently been recognized as a proper procedure. City of Dallas v. Wright, 120 Tex. 190, 36 S.W.2d 973, 77 A.L.R. 709; Shelton v. Palmer Grove Methodist Church, 1955, Tex. Civ.App., 279 S.W.2d 917; Lowe & Archer, Texas Practice, Injunctions, Sec. 331, p. 345.
The law is well settled that the granting or refusing of a temporary injunction is a matter that rests within the sound discretion of the trial court. Accordingly, the scope of appellate review is limited to the narrow question of whether the action of the trial judge in granting the injunction constitutes a clear abuse of discretion. Texas Foundries v. International Moulders & Foundry Workers' Union, 151 Tex. 239, 248 S.W.2d 460; Railroad Commission v. Shell Oil Company, Inc., 146 Tex. 286, 206 S.W.2d 235; Janus Films, Inc. v. City of Fort Worth, 1962, 163 Tex. 616, 358 S.W.2d 589. Appellant has no point or assignment to the effect that the granting of the temporary injunction in question constituted a clear abuse of discretion of the trial court. There is nothing with respect thereto before this Court.
The present suit involves serious and complicated controversies which should be determined upon a final hearing of the case on its merits. They may not be determined on a hearing on an application for temporary injunction brought to preserve the status quo during pendency of the principal cause of action. Transport Co. of Texas v. Robertson Transports, Inc., 1953, 152 Tex. 551, 261 S.W.2d 549; James v. E. Weinstein & Sons, 1929, Tex.Com. App., 12 S.W.2d 959; Anderson v. Tall Timbers Corporation, 1961, 162 Tex. 450, 347 S.W.2d 592.
Judgment of the trial court is affirmed..
| 3,978 |
https://github.com/hyunbin7303/FileManagementCLI/blob/master/FileManager/FileManager.test/DirectoryChangeOptionsTest.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
FileManagementCLI
|
hyunbin7303
|
C#
|
Code
| 35 | 145 |
using NUnit.Framework;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace FileManager.test
{
public class DirectoryChangeOptionsTest
{
[Test]
public async Task GetListsAsyncTest()
{
//var check = await HttpClientUtils.GetListsAsync<object>("https://dog-facts-api.herokuapp.com/api/v1/resources/dogs/all", null);
//Assert.NotNull(check);
}
}
}
| 31,085 |
US-80896404-A_2
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USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,004 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,914 | 11,207 |
Since the results from this invention demonstrate that the P110A andR191S mutations in the capsid of PCV2 enhance the growth ability of PCV2in vitro and attenuate the virus in vivo, the P110A and R191S mutations(both singly and collectively) may be advantageously introduced into thecapsid gene of the chimeric PCV1-2 vaccine to make the chimera PCV1-2vaccine of the invention grow better in cell cultures or make it saferin pigs. This is accomplished by inserting the mutated immunogeniccapsid gene containing the novel P110A and R191S mutations in thechimeric clones in lieu of using the ORF2 of the pathogenic PCV2. Themutations are introduced into the capsid gene of the PCV1-2 vaccineusing art-recognized techniques such as those found in the instructionmanual for the QuikChange® Multi Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kitcommercially available from Stratagene Inc., La Jolla, Calif.Alternatively, the mutated PCV2 ORF2 for use in the chimeric virus maybe made by well-known biochemical synthesis processes to substitute oneor both of the proline and arginine with the alanine and serine aminoacids at positions 110 and 191, respectively, of the immunogenic capsidprotein. The final mutant clones may be readily sequenced to ensure thatthe intended P110A, R191S or both mutations are properly introduced andthere is no other unwanted mutation. The PCV1-2 vaccine containing themutation may be further tested in cell culture by routine procedures toselect the combination that facilitates cell culture growth or ensuresimproved safety measures when vaccinating pigs due to the furtherattenuation of PCV2 virulent properties, if any persist. While thebenefit of the PCV1-2 chimera lies in its natural avirulent trait, thealternative use of the mutated PCV2 ORF2 to make the PCV1-2 chimeraprovides another embodiment of the present invention that is availableif further safening of the natural live chimera vaccine becomeswarranted.
Vaccines of the chimeric viral and molecular DNA clones, and methods ofusing them, are also included within the scope of the present invention.Inoculated pigs are protected from serious viral infection and PMWScaused by PCV2. The novel method protects pigs in need of protectionagainst viral infection or PMWS by administering to the pig animmunologically effective amount of a vaccine according to theinvention, such as, for example, a vaccine comprising an immunogenicamount of the chimeric PCV1-2 DNA, the cloned chimeric virus, a plasmidor viral vector containing the chimeric DNA of PCV1-2, the polypeptideexpression products, the recombinant PCV2 DNA, etc. Other antigens suchas PRRSV, PPV, other infectious swine agents and immune stimulants maybe given concurrently to the pig to provide a broad spectrum ofprotection against viral infections.
The vaccines comprise, for example, the infectious chimeric PCV1-2 DNA,the cloned PCV chimeric DNA genome in suitable plasmids or vectors suchas, for example, the pSK vector, an avirulent, live chimeric virus, aninactivated chimeric virus, etc. in combination with a nontoxic,physiologically acceptable carrier and, optionally, one or moreadjuvants. The vaccine may also comprise the infectious PCV2 molecularDNA clone described herein. The infectious chimeric PCV1-2 DNA, theplasmid DNA containing the infectious chimeric viral genome and the livechimeric virus are preferred with the live chimeric virus being mostpreferred. The avirulent, live viral vaccine of the present inventionprovides an advantage over traditional viral vaccines that use eitherattenuated, live viruses which run the risk of reverting back to thevirulent state or killed cell culture propagated whole virus which maynot induce sufficient antibody immune response for protection againstthe viral disease.
The adjuvant, which may be administered in conjunction with the vaccineof the present invention, is a substance that increases theimmunological response of the pig to the vaccine. The adjuvant may beadministered at the same time and at the same site as the vaccine, or ata different time, for example, as a booster. Adjuvants also mayadvantageously be administered to the pig in a manner or at a sitedifferent from the manner or site in which the vaccine is administered.Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide(alum), immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMS), non-ionic block polymersor copolymers, cytokines (like IL-1, IL-2, IL-7, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ,etc.), saponins, monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA), muramyl dipeptides (MDP)and the like. Other suitable adjuvants include, for example, aluminumpotassium sulfate, heat-labile or heat-stable enterotoxin isolated fromEscherichia coli, cholera toxin or the B subunit thereof, diphtheriatoxin, tetanus toxin, pertussis toxin, Freund's incomplete or completeadjuvant, etc. Toxin-based adjuvants, such as diphtheria toxin, tetanustoxin and pertussis toxin may be inactivated prior to use, for example,by treatment with formaldehyde.
The vaccines may further contain additional antigens to promote theimmunological activity of the infectious chimeric PCV DNA clones suchas, for example, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), other infectious swine agents andimmune stimulants.
The new vaccines of this invention are not restricted to any particulartype or method of preparation. The cloned viral vaccines include, butare not limited to, infectious DNA vaccines (i.e., using plasmids,vectors or other conventional carriers to directly inject DNA intopigs), live vaccines, modified live vaccines, inactivated vaccines,subunit vaccines, attenuated vaccines, genetically engineered vaccines,etc. These vaccines are prepared by standard methods known in the art.
The live viral vaccine is generally the most desirable vaccine in thatall possible immune responses are activated in the recipient of thevaccine, including systemic, local, humoral and cell-mediated immuneresponses. A killed vaccine, on the other hand, can only induce humoralimmune response. Albeit the most desirable, however, live viral vaccineshave several disadvantages, such as the potential risk of contaminationwith live adventitious viral agents or the risk that the virus mayrevert to virulence in the field. Remarkably, the unique PCV1-2 chimericDNA of the present invention overcomes those disadvantages. Using onlythe immunogenic genes of the pathogenic PCV2, the chimeric DNAconstructs a live, replicating chimeric virus that is nonpathogenic yetelicits the complete, beneficial immune responses of live viral vaccinesagainst the pathogenic PCV2 virus. The live virus vaccine based on thechimeric virus will have little chance, if any, for reversion to apathogenic phenotype. Thus, the new chimeric virus based on thestructure of the nonpathogenic PCV1 has a huge advantage over anyrecombinant PCV2 DNA virus, any live, attenuated PCV2 vaccine or anyother type of vaccine predicated solely on PCV2 for immunity against thePCV2 infections.
Although the live viral vaccine is most preferred, other types ofvaccines may be used to inoculate pigs with the new chimeric virus andother antigens described herein. To prepare inactivated virus vaccines,for instance, the virus propagation from the infectious DNA clone isdone by methods known in the art or described herein. Serial virusinactivation is then optimized by protocols generally known to those ofordinary skill in the art.
Inactivated virus vaccines may be prepared by treating the chimericvirus derived from the cloned PCV DNA with inactivating agents such asformalin or hydrophobic solvents, acids, etc., by irradiation withultraviolet light or X-rays, by heating, etc. Inactivation is conductedin a manner understood in the art. For example, in chemicalinactivation, a suitable virus sample or serum sample containing thevirus is treated for a sufficient length of time with a sufficientamount or concentration of inactivating agent at a sufficiently high (orlow, depending on the inactivating agent) temperature or pH toinactivate the virus. Inactivation by heating is conducted at atemperature and for a length of time sufficient to inactivate the virus.Inactivation by irradiation is conducted using a wavelength of light orother energy source for a length of time sufficient to inactivate thevirus. The virus is considered inactivated if it is unable to infect acell susceptible to infection.
The preparation of subunit vaccines typically differs from thepreparation of a modified live vaccine or an inactivated vaccine. Priorto preparation of a subunit vaccine, the protective or antigeniccomponents of the vaccine must be identified. Such protective orantigenic components include certain amino acid segments or fragments ofthe viral capsid proteins which raise a particularly strong protectiveor immunological response in pigs; single or multiple viral capsidproteins themselves, oligomers thereof, and higher-order associations ofthe viral capsid proteins which form virus substructures or identifiableparts or units of such substructures; oligoglycosides, glycolipids orglycoproteins present on or near the surface of the virus or in viralsubstructures such as the lipoproteins or lipid groups associated withthe virus, etc. Preferably, a capsid protein, such as the proteinencoded by the ORF2 gene, is employed as the antigenic component of thesubunit vaccine. Other proteins encoded by the infectious DNA clone mayalso be used. These immunogenic components are readily identified bymethods known in the art. Once identified, the protective or antigenicportions of the virus (i.e., the “subunit”) are subsequently purifiedand/or cloned by procedures known in the art. The subunit vaccineprovides an advantage over other vaccines based on the live virus sincethe subunit, such as highly purified subunits of the virus, is lesstoxic than the whole virus.
If the subunit vaccine is produced through recombinant genetictechniques, expression of the cloned subunit such as the ORF2 (capsid)gene, for example, may be optimized by methods known to those in the art(see, for example, Maniatis et al., “Molecular Cloning: A LaboratoryManual,” Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, Mass.,1989). If the subunit being employed represents an intact structuralfeature of the virus, such as an entire capsid protein, the procedurefor its isolation from the virus must then be optimized. In either case,after optimization of the inactivation protocol, the subunitpurification protocol may be optimized prior to manufacture.
To prepare attenuated vaccines from pathogenic clones, the tissueculture adapted, live, pathogenic PCV2 is first attenuated (renderednonpathogenic or harmless) by methods known in the art, typically madeby serial passage through cell cultures. Attenuation of pathogenicclones may also be made by gene deletions or viral-producing genemutations. Then, the attenuated PCV2 viruses may be used to constructadditional chimeric PCV1-2 viruses that retain the nonpathogenicphenotype of PCV1 but can vary in the strength of the immunogenicitytraits selected from the PCV2 genome through recombinant technology.Desirably, the attenuation of the PCV2 is accomplished by obtaining theP110A, R191S or both mutations in the ORF2 and using the mutant PCV2 toconstruct the chimeric PCV1-2 viruses as described herein.
The most preferred vaccine employs the live chimeric virus DNA clone, inparticular, the clone containing the immunogenic genes of PCV2 cloned inthe backbone of the nonpathogenic PCV1. Advantageously, the livechimeric virus, which is naturally avirulent when constructed throughgenetic engineering, does not require time-consuming attenuationprocedures. The virus uniquely serves as a live but nonpathogenicreplicating virus that produces immunogenic proteins against PCV2 duringvirus replication, which can then elicit a full range of immuneresponses against the pathogenic PCV2.
As a further benefit, the preferred live chimeric virus of the presentinvention provides a genetically stable vaccine that is easier to make,store and deliver than other types of attenuated vaccines. Avirulent orattenuated vaccines based upon chimeric viruses are generally consideredas safe as, if not safer than, the traditionally modified live vaccines(J. Arroyo et al., “Molecular basis for attenuation of neurovirulence ofa yellow fever Virus/Japanese encephalitis virus chimera vaccine(ChimeriVax-JE),” J. Virol. 75(2):934-942 (2001); F. Guirakhoo et al.,“Recombinant chimeric yellow fever-dengue type 2 virus is immunogenicand protective in nonhuman primates,” J. Virol. 74(12):5477-5485 (2000);S. Tang et al., “Toward a poliovirus-based simian immunodeficiency virusvaccine: correlation between genetic stability and immunogenicity,” J.Virol. 71(10):7841-7850 (1997)). For example, the ChimeriVax-JE vaccineagainst Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which is a geneticallyengineered derivative of the yellow fever virus vaccine YFV17D in whichthe genes encoding the structural proteins prM and E of YFV17D arereplaced with the corresponding genes of the attenuated JEV SA14-14-2strain, has been shown to be genetically stable after prolonged passagesboth in vitro and in vivo (J. Arroyo et al., 2001, supra). Anotherchimeric virus vaccine ChimeriVax-D2 against Dengue virus type 2, whichis an attenuated chimeric yellow fever (YF)-dengue type 2 (dengue-2)virus, has also been found to be genetically stable; its sequences werereported to be unchanged after 18 passages in Vero cells (F. Guirakhooet al., 2000, supra).
Another preferred vaccine of the present invention utilizes suitableplasmids for delivering the nonpathogenic chimeric DNA clone to pigs. Incontrast to the traditional vaccine that uses live or killed cellculture propagated whole virus, this invention provides for the directinoculation of pigs with the plasmid DNA containing the infectiouschimeric viral genome.
Additional genetically engineered vaccines, which are desirable in thepresent invention, are produced by techniques known in the art. Suchtechniques involve, but are not limited to, further manipulation ofrecombinant DNA, modification of or substitutions to the amino acidsequences of the recombinant proteins and the like.
Genetically engineered vaccines based on recombinant DNA technology aremade, for instance, by identifying alternative portions of the viralgene encoding proteins responsible for inducing a stronger immune orprotective response in pigs (e.g., proteins derived from ORF3, ORF4,etc.). Such identified genes or immuno-dominant fragments can be clonedinto standard protein expression vectors, such as the baculovirusvector, and used to infect appropriate host cells (see, for example,O'Reilly et al., “Baculovirus Expression Vectors: A Lab Manual,” Freeman& Co., 1992). The host cells are cultured, thus expressing the desiredvaccine proteins, which can be purified to the desired extent andformulated into a suitable vaccine product.
If the clones retain any undesirable natural abilities of causingdisease, it is also possible to pinpoint the nucleotide sequences in theviral genome responsible for any residual virulence, and geneticallyengineer the virus avirulent through, for example, site-directedmutagenesis. Site-directed mutagenesis is able to add, delete or changeone or more nucleotides (see, for instance, Zoller et al., DNA3:479-488, 1984). An oligonucleotide is synthesized containing thedesired mutation and annealed to a portion of single stranded viral DNA.The hybrid molecule, which results from that procedure, is employed totransform bacteria. Then double-stranded DNA, which is isolatedcontaining the appropriate mutation, is used to produce full-length DNAby ligation to a restriction fragment of the latter that is subsequentlytransfected into a suitable cell culture. Ligation of the genome intothe suitable vector for transfer may be accomplished through anystandard technique known to those of ordinary skill in the art.Transfection of the vector into host cells for the production of viralprogeny may be done using any of the conventional methods such ascalcium-phosphate or DEAE-dextran mediated transfection,electroporation, protoplast fusion and other well-known techniques(e.g., Sambrook et al., “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,” ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). The cloned virus then exhibitsthe desired mutation. Alternatively, two oligonucleotides can besynthesized which contain the appropriate mutation. These may beannealed to form double-stranded DNA that can be inserted in the viralDNA to produce full-length DNA.
Genetically engineered proteins, useful in vaccines, for instance, maybe expressed in insect cells, yeast cells or mammalian cells. Thegenetically engineered proteins, which may be purified or isolated byconventional methods, can be directly inoculated into pigs to conferprotection against viral infection or postweaning multisystemic wastingsyndrome (PMWS) caused by PCV2.
An insect cell line (like HI-FIVE) can be transformed with a transfervector containing nucleic acid molecules obtained from the virus orcopied from the viral genome which encodes one or more of theimmuno-dominant proteins of the virus. The transfer vector includes, forexample, linearized baculovirus DNA and a plasmid containing the desiredpolynucleotides. The host cell line may be co-transfected with thelinearized baculovirus DNA and a plasmid in order to make a recombinantbaculovirus.
Alternatively, DNA from a pig suffering from PMWS, which encode one ormore capsid proteins, the infectious PCV2 molecular DNA clone or thecloned PCV chimeric DNA genome can be inserted into live vectors, suchas a poxvirus or an adenovirus and used as a vaccine.
An immunologically effective amount of the vaccines of the presentinvention is administered to a pig in need of protection against viralinfection or PMWS. The immunologically effective amount or theimmunogenic amount that inoculates the pig can be easily determined orreadily titrated by routine testing. An effective amount is one in whicha sufficient immunological response to the vaccine is attained toprotect the pig exposed to the virus which causes PMWS. Preferably, thepig is protected to an extent in which one to all of the adversephysiological symptoms or effects of the viral disease are significantlyreduced, ameliorated or totally prevented.
The vaccine can be administered in a single dose or in repeated doses.Dosages may range, for example, from about 1 microgram to about 1,000micrograms of the plasmid DNA containing the infectious chimeric DNAgenome (dependent upon the concentration of the immuno-active componentof the vaccine), preferably 100 to 200 micrograms of the chimeric PCV1-2DNA clone, but should not contain an amount of virus-based antigensufficient to result in an adverse reaction or physiological symptoms ofviral infection. Methods are known in the art for determining ortitrating suitable dosages of active antigenic agent to find minimaleffective dosages based on the weight of the pig, concentration of theantigen and other typical factors. Preferably, the infectious chimericviral DNA clone is used as a vaccine, or a live infectious chimericvirus can be generated in vitro and then the live chimeric virus is usedas a vaccine. In that case, from about 50 to about 10,000 of the 50%tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀) of live chimeric virus, forexample, can be given to a pig.
Desirably, the vaccine is administered to a pig not yet exposed to thePCV virus. The vaccine containing the chimeric PCV1-2 infectious DNAclone or other antigenic forms thereof can conveniently be administeredintranasally, transdermally (i.e., applied on or at the skin surface forsystemic absorption), parenterally, etc. The parenteral route ofadministration includes, but is not limited to, intramuscular,intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal (i.e., injected or otherwiseplaced under the skin) routes and the like. Since the intramuscular andintradermal routes of inoculation have been successful in other studiesusing viral infectious DNA clones (E. E. Sparger et al., “Infection ofcats by injection with DNA of feline immunodeficiency virus molecularclone,” Virology 238:157-160 (1997); L. Willems et al., “In vivotransfection of bovine leukemia provirus into sheep,” Virology189:775-777 (1992)), these routes are most preferred, in addition to thepractical intranasal route of administration. Although less convenient,it is also contemplated that the vaccine is given to the pig through theintralymphoid route of inoculation. A unique, highly preferred method ofadministration involves directly injecting the plasmid DNA containingPCV1-2 chimera into the pig intramuscularly, intradermally,intralymphoidly, etc.
When administered as a liquid, the present vaccine may be prepared inthe form of an aqueous solution, syrup, an elixir, a tincture and thelike. Such formulations are known in the art and are typically preparedby dissolution of the antigen and other typical additives in theappropriate carrier or solvent systems. Suitable carriers or solventsinclude, but are not limited to, water, saline, ethanol, ethyleneglycol, glycerol, etc. Typical additives are, for example, certifieddyes, flavors, sweeteners and antimicrobial preservatives such asthimerosal (sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate). Such solutions may bestabilized, for example, by addition of partially hydrolyzed gelatin,sorbitol or cell culture medium, and may be buffered by conventionalmethods using reagents known in the art, such as sodium hydrogenphosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate,potassium dihydrogen phosphate, a mixture thereof, and the like.
Liquid formulations also may include suspensions and emulsions thatcontain suspending or emulsifying agents in combination with otherstandard co-formulants. These types of liquid formulations may beprepared by conventional methods. Suspensions, for example, may beprepared using a colloid mill. Emulsions, for example, may be preparedusing a homogenizer.
Parenteral formulations, designed for injection into body fluid systems,require proper isotonicity and pH buffering to the corresponding levelsof porcine body fluids. Isotonicity can be appropriately adjusted withsodium chloride and other salts as needed. Suitable solvents, such asethanol or propylene glycol, can be used to increase the solubility ofthe ingredients in the formulation and the stability of the liquidpreparation. Further additives that can be employed in the presentvaccine include, but are not limited to, dextrose, conventionalantioxidants and conventional chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Parenteral dosage forms must also be sterilizedprior to use.
Another embodiment of the present invention involves a new method ofpreparing an infectious, nonpathogenic chimeric nucleic acid molecule ofPCV1-2, which comprises removing an open reading frame (ORF) gene of anucleic acid molecule encoding an infectious nonpathogenic PCV1,replacing the same position with an immunogenic ORF gene of a nucleicacid molecule encoding an infectious pathogenic PCV2, and recovering thechimeric nucleic acid molecule. The nucleic acid molecule is typicallyDNA. A preferred method replaces the ORF2 gene of the nonpathogenic PCV1DNA with the immunogenic ORF2 capsid gene of the infectious pathogenicmolecular DNA of PCV2 described herein. It is contemplated that otherORF positions or immunogenic fragments thereof can be exchanged betweenthe PCV1 and PCV2 DNA to construct the attenuated infectious chimericDNA clones according to the methods described herein.
The recombinant nucleic acid molecule is then used to construct thelive, infectious, replicating chimeric virus of the present inventionthat advantageously retains the nonpathogenic nature of PCV1 yetexpresses the immunogenic ORF2 protein of the pathogenic PCV2 andelicits a complete immune response against the pathogenic PCV2.Desirably, the PCV1-2 DNA clone serves as a genetically engineeredavirulent, live vaccine against PCV2 infection and PMWS in pigs.
An infectious DNA clone of PCV2 is constructed, as described herein, sothat a biologically pure and homogeneous infectious virus stock can begenerated for pathogenesis studies and the development of nonpathogenic,chimeric vaccines. The course of clinical disease, virus distributionand pathological lesions associated with PCV2 infection are moredefinitively characterized by using this molecular DNA clone and abiologically pure and homogeneous infectious PCV2 virus stock derivedfrom the molecular DNA clone than have been observed in the past, whichlends itself to the development of the desired vaccine products of thepresent invention.
The PCV2 molecular clone is generated by ligating two copies of thecomplete PCV2 genome in tandem into the pSK vector. In sharp contrast tothe single copy genome disclosed in the art, the infectious DNA PCV2clone made by the methods described herein contains two complete copiesof the PCV2 genome ligated together in tandem repeat. Ligating twocopies of genome in tandem provides a similar circular genome thatmimics the usual circular genome of PCV2. The advantage of having twocopies of the genome in tandem in the infectious DNA PCV2 clone is to beable to maximize replication when the infectious DNA clone istransfected in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the clone of the inventionoperates more efficiently and effectively than the prior single copygenome.
Infection of animals with the molecular viral clone is extremely usefulto studying the genetic determinants of viral replication and virulencein the host. Type-2 porcine circovirus (PCV2) has been incriminated asthe causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome(PMWS). PMWS is a complex disease syndrome in swine and multiple factorsmay be involved in the clinical presentation of PMWS. However, thedifficulty in producing a biologically pure form of PCV2 due to thepresence of other common swine agents in the tissue homogenates ofdiseased pigs has impeded a definitive characterization of the clinicaldisease and pathological lesions solely attributable to PCV2 infection.This is the first time an infectious molecular DNA clone of PCV2 hasbeen constructed and used to characterize the disease and pathologicallesions associated with PCV2 infection by direct in vivo transfection ofpigs with the molecular clone.
The homogeneous PCV2 live virus stock derived from the molecular cloneis shown to be infectious in vitro when transfected into PK-15 cells.The cloned PCV2 genomic DNA is also infectious when directly injectedinto the livers and superficial iliac lymph nodes ofspecific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs. Animals injected with the cloned PCV2plasmid DNA develop an infection and disease resembling that induced byintranasal inoculation with a homogenous, infectious PCV2 live virusstock. Seroconversion to PCV2-specific antibody is detected in themajority of pigs from the inoculated groups at 35 days postinoculation(DPI).
The onset and duration of viremia in pigs inoculated with the chimericPCV1-2 DNA clone are similar to those of the pigs inoculated with thenonpathogenic PCV1 DNA clone, whereas viremia in pigs inoculated withthe PCV2 clone appears earlier and lasted longer. Beginning at 14 DPIand lasting about 2-4 weeks, viremia is detected in the majority of thePCV2-inoculated animals. Similarly, the majority of inoculated pigsnecropsied at 35 DPI seroconverted to PCV2-antibodies. PCV2 antigen isdetected in various tissues and organs in inoculated pigs. Gross lesionsare limited to the lungs and lymph nodes, and are characterized bysystematically enlarged tan colored lymph nodes, lungs that failed tocollapse and mild multifocal tan-colored foci of consolidation. Grosslesions affecting the lymph nodes in both the nonpathogenic PCV1 and thechimeric PCV1-2 inoculated pigs are mild and limited to only a fewanimals, whereas the pathogenic PCV2 inoculated pigs all havemoderate-to-severe swelling and discoloration of lymphoid tissues (Table9, below). Statistical analysis reveals that the scores of the grosslesions in the lymph nodes of the chimeric PCV1-2 inoculated animals aresimilar to those in nonpathogenic PCV1 inoculated pigs. At 21 DPI, PCV2inoculated pigs have gross lesions that are statistically more severethan those of the PCV1 and the chimeric PCV1-2 inoculated pigs.Histopathological lesions and PCV2-specific antigen are detected innumerous tissues and organs including brain, lung, heart, kidney,tonsil, lymph nodes, spleen, ileum and liver of the inoculated(infected) pigs. The histopathological lesions in multiple tissues andorgans similar to those of PMWS are reproduced with the PCV2 molecularDNA clone as well as with the infectious virus prepared in vitro fromthe molecular DNA clone. Microscopically, at both 21 and 49 DPIs, thechimeric PCV1-2 inoculated animals have statistically less microscopiclesions than the PCV2 inoculated animals. The microscopic lesion scoresin lymph nodes of the chimeric PCV1-2 inoculated pigs are similar tothose of the nonpathogenic PCV1, the reciprocal chimeric PCV2-1 and theuninoculated control animals. Moderate to severe microscopic lesions arefound in multiple tissues of pathogenic PCV2 inoculated animalsincluding lung, liver, lymphoid, spleen, brain, heart, kidney and tonsiltissue. However, in chimeric PCV1-2 inoculated animals, mild to moderatemicroscopic lesions are limited only to liver, lymph nodes and kidneytissues (see Table 10, below).
There are no remarkable clinical signs of PMWS in the control or any ofthe inoculated pigs. Although the characteristic clinical symptoms ofPMWS are not observed with the cloned PCV2 plasmid DNA (the infectiousPCV2 DNA clone) or with a biologically pure PCV2 infectious virus stock,PCV2 is clearly responsible for the PMWS-like histopathological lesionsreproduced in the below illustrative examples. It is generally believedthat PCV2 is the primary but not the sole pathogenic agent responsiblefor the onset of clinical PMWS.
This invention more definitively characterizes the clinical course andpathological lesions exclusively attributable to PCV2 infection. Thepresent data in the below illustrative examples indicate that thereadily reproduced, cloned PCV2 genomic DNA is available to replaceinfectious virus for the PCV2 pathogenesis and immunization studies.While PCV2 is shown as essential for development of PMWS, other factorsor agents such as PRRSV, PPV, etc. may be required to induce the fullspectrum of clinical signs and lesions associated with advanced cases ofPMWS. However, with the knowledge that PCV2 is a key factor, the novelinfectious, replicating viral clone of the present invention can befurther modified or genetically engineered to achieve the desiredoptimal immunogenic effect through methods known to those of ordinaryskill in immunology and molecular genetics.
The availability of the infectious DNA clone of PCV2 described hereinmakes it feasible to develop the genetically engineered attenuatedvaccine for preventing PCV2 infection and PMWS in pigs. It is known thatPCV2 replicates in the lymph nodes, lungs and liver during naturalinfection, and one of the major pathogenic effects is the impairment ofthe immune system by degradation of the lymphoid structures (S. Krakowkaet al., 2001, supra; G. M. Allan and J. A. Ellis, 2000, supra; S.Kennedy et al., 2000, supra; G. J. Wellenberg et al., 2000, supra; G. M.Allan et al., “Experimental reproduction of severe wasting disease byco-infection of pigs with porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus,” J.Comp. Pathol. 121:1-11(1999); J. Ellis et al., “Reproduction of lesionsof postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic piglets,”J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 11:3-14 (1999); J. C. Harding and E. G. Clark,1997, supra). By using this novel infectious PCV2 molecular DNA clone,the clinical disease, pathological lesions and virus distributionexclusively attributable to PCV2 infection are more definitivelycharacterized.
The structural and functional relationships of the PCV genes are betterunderstood due to the availability of the PCV2, PCV1, chimeric PCV1-2,and reciprocal chimeric PCV2-1 infectious DNA clones described herein.Will et al., “Cloned HBV DNA causes hepatitis in chimpanzees,” Nature299:740-742 (1982), first demonstrated the feasibility of using a clonedhepatitis B virus DNA to infect chimpanzees by direct in vivo injection.This approach has since been used to study viral replication andpathogenesis of several other viruses (T. W. Dubensky et al., “Directtransfection of viral and plasmid DNA into the liver or spleen of mice,”Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7529-7533 (1984); R. Girones et al.,“Complete nucleotide sequence of a molecular clone of woodchuckhepatitis virus that is infectious in the natural host,” Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 86:1846-1849(1989); N. L. Letvin et al., “Risks ofhandling HIV,” Nature 349:573 (1991); C. Seeger et al., “The clonedgenome of ground squirrel hepatitis virus is infectious in the animal.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81:5849-5852 (1984); E. E. Sparger et al.,“Infection of cats by injection with DNA of feline immunodeficiencyvirus molecular clone,” Virology 238:157-160 (1997); R. Sprengel et al.,“Homologous recombination between hepadnaviral genomes following in vivoDNA transfection: implications for studies of viral infectivity,”Virology 159:454-456 (1987); H. Will et al., 1982, supra; L. Willems etal., “In vivo transfection of bovine leukemia provirus into sheep,”Virology 189:775-777 (1992)).
The construction of an infectious PCV2 molecular DNA clone, and thedemonstration of infection by direct injection of cloned PCV2 plasmidDNA into the liver and lymph nodes of pigs in the context of the presentinvention are advantageous for PCV2 studies. This in vivo transfectionsystem will enhance the study of the structural and functionalrelationship of PCV2 genes using recombinant plasmids constructed invitro to test different regions or genes of PCV2 for their roles invirus replication and pathogenesis in the host. The replication andpathogenesis of PCV2 can be studied in vivo without having to produceinfectious virus stocks by propagating PCV2 in cell cultures. This isadvantageous as serial cell culture passages may select for viralvariants. Another advantage of using cloned PCV2 genomic DNA, instead oflive virus, for animal studies is its relative ease for quantitation ofthe inoculation dose. The amount of the cloned PCV2 DNA used for animalinoculation can be easily determined by a spectrophotometer, whereas thedose of live PCV2 virus requires infectivity titration in cell culturesand confirmation of infection by IFA. Direct injection of animals withcloned PCV2 plasmid DNA eliminates the problems associated with thepresence of other indigenous swine agents in tissue homogenate inoculain animal studies.
In the present invention, the immunogenic ORF2 capsid gene is switchedbetween the pathogenic PCV2 and the nonpathogenic PCV1 to produce theunique structure of the chimeric PCV1-2 infectious DNA clone.Surprisingly and advantageously, the chimeric PCV1-2 infectious clonereplicated, expressed the immunogenic ORF2 capsid antigen in vitro andin vivo, and induced a specific antibody response against PCV2 ORF2 butretained the nonpathogenic nature of PCV1. The chimeric PCV1-2infectious DNA clone has the ability to induce a strong immune responseagainst PCV2 while inducing only a limited infection with mildpathologic lesions similar to that of the nonpathogenic PCV1. Forvaccine development, the relatively easy storage and stability of clonedDNA, and the economy of large-scale recombinant PCV2 plasmid DNA andchimeric PCV1-2 DNA clone production provides an attractive means ofdelivering a live, infectious viral DNA vaccine or geneticallyengineered, attenuated viral vaccines to pigs. Therefore, the chimericPCV1-2 infectious DNA clone taught in this invention is a useful vaccinecandidate against PCV2 infection and PMWS.
It should be appreciated that all scientific and technological termsused herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those ofordinary skill in the art. For purposes of this invention, the term“infectious” means that the virus replicates in pigs, regardless ofwhether or not the virus causes any diseases. “SPF” refers toSpecific-pathogen-free pigs. The “gnotobiotic” pigs intend germ-freepigs. The terms “PCV2 plasmid DNA,” “PCV2 genomic DNA” and “PCV2molecular DNA” are being used interchangeably to refer to the samecloned nucleotide sequence.
The infectious PCV1/PCV2 chimeric DNA clone (strain designation “PCV1-2chimera”), the infectious PCV2 molecular DNA clone (strain designation“PCV2 clone”) and the biologically pure and homogeneous PCV2 stockderived from an Iowa sample of PCV2 that had been isolated from a pigwith severe PMWS and identified as isolate number 40895 (straindesignation “PCV2 #40895”) are deposited under the conditions mandatedby 37 C.F.R. § 1.808 and maintained pursuant to the Budapest Treaty inthe American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard,Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, U.S.A. The DNA sequences described herein arecontained within 6,490 bp plasmids cloned into pBluescript SK(+) vector(pSK) (Stratagene Inc., La Jolla, Calif.) and transformed intoEscherichia coli DH5α competent cells. The plasmids containing theinfectious chimeric PCV1-2 DNA clone (identified as “chimeric porcinecircovirus Type 1 (PCV1) and Type 2 (PCV2) infectious DNA clone”) andthe infectious PCV2 molecular DNA clone (identified as “infectious DNAclone of Type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV2)”) have been deposited in theATCC on Dec. 7, 2001 and have been assigned ATCC Patent DepositDesignations PTA-3912 and PTA-3913, respectively. It should beappreciated that other plasmids, which may be readily constructed usingsite-directed mutagenesis and the techniques described herein, are alsoencompassed within the scope of the present invention. The biologicallypure and homogeneous PCV2 sample of isolate number 40895 (identified as“Type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV2)”) has also been deposited in the ATCCon Dec. 7, 2001 and has been assigned ATCC Patent Deposit DesignationPTA-3914. The genomic (nucleotide) sequence of the PCV2 isolate number40895 has been deposited with the Genbank database and has been publiclyavailable since Jul. 23, 2000 under accession number AF264042.
The following examples demonstrate certain aspects of the presentinvention. However, it is to be understood that these examples are forillustration only and do not purport to be wholly definitive as toconditions and scope of this invention. It should be appreciated thatwhen typical reaction conditions (e.g., temperature, reaction times,etc.) have been given, the conditions both above and below the specifiedranges can also be used, though generally less conveniently. Theexamples are conducted at room temperature (about 23° C. to about 28°C.) and at atmospheric pressure. All parts and percents referred toherein are on a weight basis and all temperatures are expressed indegrees centigrade unless otherwise specified.
A further understanding of the invention may be obtained from thenon-limiting examples that follow below.
EXAMPLE 1 Generation of a PK-15 Cell Line Free of PCV1 Contamination
The source of the PCV2 isolate was from a spleen tissue sample of a pigwith naturally occurring PMWS (PCV2 serial identification number 40895,referred to as “isolate 40895”) (M. Fenaux et al., 2000, supra).Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) with PCV2-specific antibody confirmedthe presence of PCV2 antigen in the tissue. The spleen tissues werestored at −80° C. until use.
The PK-15 cell line purchased from the American Type Culture Collection(ATCC accession number CCL-33) was persistently infected with PCV1 (G.C. Dulac and A. Afshar, 1989, supra). Since only a subpopulation ofPK-15 cells was persistently infected (id.), a PK-15 cell line that isfree of PCV1 contamination by end-point dilution was generated. Protocolproceeded as follows: PK-15 cells were grown in MEM with Earle's saltsand L-glutamine (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, N.Y.)supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1×antibiotic (LifeTechnologies, Inc.). Confluent cell monolayers were trypsinized, and thecells were then counted and serially diluted to an end point with onecell per 0.2 ml. The end point dilution was plated in 96-well plates andallowed to grow into a monolayer starting from a single cell. Cells fromeach well were tested for PCV1 DNA using a PCR-RFLP assay capable ofdetecting and differentiating PCV1 and PCV2 (M. Fenaux et al., 2000,supra). PK-15 cells from wells that were tested negative for PCV1 by thePCR-RFLP assay were subsequently expanded. The PCV1 free PK-15 cell linewas subcultured five additional passages and was found negative for PCV1DNA by PCR at each passage.
Four cell lines that were negative for PCV1 contamination were producedby the end-point dilution of the persistently infected PK-15 cells fromATCC. The cell lines remained negative for PCV1 by PCR after the fiveadditional passages. One of the cell lines was subsequently expanded andwas shown to be able to support PCV2 replication when the cells weretransfected with the PCV2 molecular DNA clone (FIG. 2) and infected withPCV2 virus. The cloned cells were further used for the in vitrotransfection of PCV2 molecular DNA clone to generate a biologically purePCV2 infectious virus stock for the animal inoculation experiment.
EXAMPLE 2 Construction of the PCV2 Infectious DNA Clone
To construct a PCV2 molecular DNA clone, a pair of PCR primers wasdesigned according to the published sequence of the PCV2 isolate 40895(M. Fenaux et al., 2000, supra): forward primer F-PCVSAC2(5′-GAACCGCGGGCTGGCTGAACTTTTGAAAGT-3′), set forth in SEQ ID NO:5, andreverse primer R-PCVSAC2 (5′-GCACCGCGGAAATTTCTGACAAACGTTACA-3′), setforth in SEQ ID NO:6. This pair of primers amplifies the complete genomeof PCV2 with an overlapping region containing the unique SacIIrestriction enzyme site (FIG. 1). DNA was extracted using the QIAamp DNAMinikit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, Calif.) from a spleen tissue sample ofa pig with naturally occurring PMWS (isolate 40895) (M. Fenaux et al.,2000, supra). The extracted DNA was amplified by PCR with AmpliTaq Goldpolymerase (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, Conn.). The PCR reaction consisted ofan initial enzyme activation step at 95° C. for 9 min, followed by 35cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 1 min, annealing at 48° C. for 1min, extension at 72° C. for 3 min, and a final extension at 72° C. for7 min. The PCR product of expected size was separated by gelelectrophoresis and purified with the glassmilk procedure with aGeneclean Kit (Bio 101, Inc., La Jolla, Calif.).
To construct a molecular DNA clone containing a tandem dimer of PCV2genome, the PCR product containing the complete PCV2 genome was firstligated into the advanTAge plasmid vector (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).E. Coli DH5α competent cells were transformed. The recombinant plasmidswere verified by restriction enzyme digestion. The full length PCV2genomic DNA was excised from the advanTAge vector by digestion withSacII restriction enzyme. The digested PCV2 genomic DNA was ligated withT4 DNA ligase at 37° C. for only 10 min, which favors the production oftandem dimers. The tandem dimers were subsequently cloned intopBluescript SK(+) vector (pSK) (Stratagene Inc., La Jolla, Calif.) (FIG.1). Recombinant plasmids containing tandem dimers of PCV2 genome (hereinreferred to as PCV2 molecular DNA clone) were confirmed by PCR,restriction enzyme digestion, and DNA sequencing. The DNA concentrationof the recombinant plasmids was determined spectrophotometrically.
Specifically, the complete genome of the PCV2 (isolate 40895) wasamplified by PCR to construct the infectious PCV2 molecular DNA clone.Two copies of the complete PCV2 genome were ligated in tandem into thepSK vector to produce the PCV2 molecular DNA clone (FIG. 1). Theinfectivity of the PCV2 molecular DNA clone was determined by in vitrotransfection of the PK-15 cells. IFA with PCV2-specific antibodyconfirmed that the molecular DNA clone is infectious in vitro and thatabout 10-15% of the PK-15 cells were transfected. PCV2-specific antigenwas visualized by IFA in the nucleus, and to a lesser degree, cytoplasmof the transfected cells (FIG. 2). The cells mock-transfected with theempty pSK vector remained negative for PCV2 antigen.
EXAMPLE 3 In Vitro Transfection with the PCV2 Molecular DNA Clone andGeneration of a Biologically Pure and Homogenous PCV2 Infectious VirusStock
To test the infectivity of the molecular DNA clone in vitro, PK-15 cellsfree of PCV1 contamination were grown in 8-well LabTek chamber slides.When the PK-15 cells reached about 85% confluency, cells weretransfected with the molecular DNA clone using Lipofectamine PlusReagents according to the protocol supplied by the manufacturer (LifeTechnologies, Inc). Mock-transfected cells with empty pSK vector wereincluded as controls. Three days after transfection, the cells werefixed with a solution containing 80% acetone and 20% methanol at 4° C.for 20 min., and an immunofluorescence assay using a PCV2-specificrabbit polyclonal antisera was performed to determine the in vitroinfectivity of the molecular DNA clone (see below).
To generate a biologically pure and homogeneous PCV2 infectious virusstock for the animal inoculation experiment, PK-15 cells free of PCV1contamination were cultivated in T-25 culture flasks and transfectedwith the PCV2 molecular DNA clone. PK-15 cells were grown to about 85%confluency in T-25 flasks. The cells were washed once with sterile PBSbuffer before transfection. For each transfection reaction in a T-25flask, 12 μg of the PCV2 plasmid DNA was mixed with 16 μl of PlusReagent in 0.35 ml of MEM media. A flask of mock-transfected cells withempty pSK vector was included as the negative control. After incubationat room temperature for 15 min., 50 μl of Lipofectamine Reagent dilutedin 0.35 ml of MEM media was added to the mixture and incubated at roomtemperature for another 15 min. The transfection mixture was then addedto a T-25 flask of PK-15 cells containing 2.5 ml of fresh MEM. Afterincubation at 37° C. for 3 hrs, the media was replaced with fresh MEMmedia containing 2% FBS and 1× antibiotics. The transfected cells wereharvested at 3 days post transfection and stored at −80° C. until use.The infectious titer of the virus stock was determined by IFA (seebelow).
Basically, biologically pure and homogenous PCV2 infectious virus stockwas generated by transfection of PK-15 cells with the PCV2 molecular DNAclone. PCV2 virions produced by in vitro transfection were infectioussince the transfected cell lysates were successfully used to infectPK-15 cells. Thus, the PCV2 molecular DNA clone is capable of producinginfectious PCV2 virions when transfected in vitro. The infectious titerof the homogenous PCV2 virus stock prepared from transfected cells wasdetermined to be 1×10^(4.5) TCID₅₀/ml. This virus stock was used toinoculate pigs in Group 2. Lysates of cells mock-transfected with theempty pSK vector were unable to infect PK-15 cells.
EXAMPLE 4 Virus Titration by Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)
To determine the infectious titer of the homogenous PCV2 virus stock,PK-15 cells were cultivated on 8-well LabTek chamber slides. The virusstock was serially diluted 10-fold in MEM, and each dilution wasinoculated onto 10 wells of the monolayers of the PK-15 cells growing onthe LabTek chamber slides. Wells of non-inoculated cells were includedas controls. The infected cells were fixed at 3 days post inoculationwith a solution containing 80% acetone and 20% methanol at 4° C. for 20min. After washing the cells with PBS buffer, the infected cells wereincubated with a 1:1,000 diluted PCV2-specific rabbit polyclonalantibody (S. D. Sorden et al., “Development of apolyclonal-antibody-based immunohistochemical method for the detectionof type 2 porcine circovirus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embeddedtissue,” J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 11:528-530 (1999)) at 37° C. for 1 hr.The cells were then washed three times with PBS buffer, and incubatedwith a secondary FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG (Kirkegaard & PerryLaboratories Inc, Gaithersburg, Md.) at 37° C. for 45 min. After washingthe slides three times with PBS buffer, and the slides were mounted withfluoromount-G, cover-slipped and examined under a fluorescencemicroscope. The 50% tissue culture infectious dose per ml (TCID₅₀/ml)was calculated. Initially, cells were transfected with a plasmidconstruct containing a single copy of PCV2 genome but the infectiousPCV2 titer from the single genome construct is much lower than the onecontaining the tandem genome. Therefore, the plasmid constructcontaining the dimeric form of PCV2 genome was used for the in vitro andin vivo transfection experiments.
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ROOM BEAUTIFUL; LARGE LOT; 1 PIPE furnace; electric lights; fruit, grapes and flowers. Price $3,500; terms. M. E. SHIPLEY, Diat. Nat. Bank bldg., 14th and G n.w. Phone Main 3574. BARGAIN?VACANT. Woodridge?Half Acre Ground. Modern bungalow, only 18 minutes' ride to Aeasnry; in one of our best and nearest furnace; only block and half from R. I. ave. can at 26th St.; 7 rooms and large sleeping porch; h.-w.h.; electric lights; gas; sewer; water and street improvements; over half acre With wide frontage on street; over 35 choice fruit trees in bearing; 29 large grape vines; unusual other small fruits; large variety Beautiful shrubbery. This home is an investment and ready for fruit and poultry raising. Any reasonable terms considered, and the price is right. McLACHLEN BANKING CORP, Real Estate Dept., 10th and G. Ifctw 432, Evenings, North 1026-J. 5-ROOM BUNGALOW; PORCHES; ATTIC; cellar; electricity; near cars; easy terms; vacant. 6-room house and 10 acres for rent. B. M. SMITH. Phone Clarendon 806-F-2-2. Arlington, Va. CORRALE? SIX-ROOM RENTALOW; GAS: electric lights and motor; plumbing; open fireplace; hot-water heat and cellar under whole house. At $6,000; $500 cash and $50 month. GEO. H. RUCKER & CO., Arlington County Courthouse, Clarendon, Va. THREE ROOM DWELLING, WATER, SEWER, electricity; garage; two large lots; two blocks from cars; fine neighborhood; price, $1,700; $500 cash, $25 per month; will sacrifice for $1,200 cash. No. 108 Bryn Mawr ave., Glen Echo, Md. SUBURBAN HOMES AND NEARBY FARMS, all sections, any size or price; also city, suburban and farms to exchange. ARTHUR M. CONNOR, Sales and Exchanges, Room 222, 728 34th st. Phone Main 7178. FINE SUBURBAN HOME FOR SALE; POSITION at once; 7 rooms and bath; electric lights, gas and a garage; lot 45x150; best Improved street and locality around Washington; splendid condition. Call, write or phone JW. A. BROOKS, Hyattsville, Md. 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Including two cows, ten ton* hay. one horse, wagon, farm tools, buggy, half of crop. Splendid auto road to Washington, P. C.; sixteen mile* north of White House; immediate poa session. Booth's Farm Agencv. 215 K. ?t. n.w. Franklin 2792. 1"'* Booth's Bargain Farm Homes Montgomery Co., Md Near 7th st. pike and Nnrbeek post office; .r?0 aires, six-room dwelling, barn, twelve a ore* woodland, 130 frnit trees and outbuildings: splendid small dairy, fruit and poultry farm; fine running water and springs. Only $3,300; terms easy. Booth's Farm Agencv. SIS F. at. n.w. Franklin St. 15* HOMESF.EKERS Send for Virginia farm list Department 2, Emporia, Va. __ 233 ACRES. NEAR HERNDON AND FLOWS. Va., on the W. A O. I. D. L. K., 20 miles from Washington, close to Agriculture High School; ideal stock or dairy farm, well located, finely watered. Price, $13,000. 130 acres, with buildings. $11,000; 100 acres, with buildings. $6,000; will consider offer, terms to suit. FARM AGENCY. Herndon, Va. office in Herndon Hotel. Phone 38. 11" AS IDRAL TRACT OF LAND CONTAINING thirty acres; fronting on the 7th street macadam pike (just above Wheaton); about Ave miles from District line: improved by a bituminous house and necessary outbuildings; or chicken house of several hundred fruit trees of all kinds: good fertile soil and macadam madam from pike to house; can be sold on easy terms. C. N. PARKER CO., INC. Main 2320._ 43." 4th st. s. w. FIFTY ACRE. FORTY IN CLOVER, TIMOTHY and row peas; exceedingly fertile: high state of cultivation and fenced, with spring stream: good timber: eight-room farmhouse; many farm buildings; water at house and well kept apple orchard, eight years old: one mile from schools, stores and churches out the Baltimore boulevard; near laurel cars: 7,000; third cash, balance in three and six years. GEO. C. WALKER. Kresge bldg., 11th and G. 12* W? 6EM7 BARGAIN FARMS AND TA. Poultry, fruit, dairy, river-front farms. Bay side homes, country business stands; lists. BOOTH'S FARM AGENCY. 215 E n.w. F. 2701. VIRGINIA FARM, STOCK AND EQUIPMENT. Farm 312 acres, registered herd Aberdeen-Angus cattle head of twenty years' standing; all work stock, implements, machinery, feed, hay, silage and GOOD WILL OF ESTABLISHED BUSINESS, netting $10,000 yearly. Price. $50,000. Owner ill and must sell. Near Warrenton, Va. H. W. HILLEARY, 1000 VERMONT AVE., WASHINGTON, D. C. FOR RENT FOR LEASE. LONELY TERMS WITH OCTOBER TATMENT of rent other than work and improvements to be made. 200 acres, within 22 miles of Washington. Party must have own team and implements. Reference required. W. WALTON EDWARDS. Owner. 9. 10. 11 Equity bldg. WAITED. FARMER. THOROUGHLY EXPERIENCED, desires to rent fertile farm with comfortable house; for cash or shares. Address Box 293-E, Star office. FARM THE LAST TEN DAYS WE HAVE had many calls for farms from 5 to 60 acres, in marby Maryland and Virginia. If you have a farm that you are willing to sell at a reasonable price we can help you. PRATHER & ROBINSON, 515-518 BOND BLDG., 14th and New York are. Mate 44a. REAL ESTATE LOANS. ON FIRST TRUST NOTES. SECURED ON Improved real estate in the District of Columbia, in denominations of $250, $500, $1,000; guaranteed title certificate and fire insurance in full amount of loans; interest collected and remitted and all details carefully attended to without any expense to investor. Call, write or phone for list of notes now available. CLARENCE F. WELCH. Ground floor. Southern bldg. Ph. M. 428$. PUNDS NOW AVAILABLE TO LOAN ON First and second Trotation on D.C. real estate. Prevailing interest rates reasonable. Reasonable commission. Prompt replies. CLARENCE F. WELCH, 6th floor, Southern bldg. Main 4289. IN LARGE OR SHALLS. Stable?Lodging?Rates of Interest. Large Loans a Specialty. The P.B. Smith Co., 518 1st St. N.W. WONKA TO LOAN?$250 TO $500,000 ON D.C. real estate. Several large trusts. All transactions conducted with economical consideration for borrowers. WM. B. SACNDERS & CO., Southern Mdg., get 18th St. n.e. MONET TO LOAN On desirable real estate securities. TTLER A RCTBERPORD, INC., 817 18th st. n.w. FIRST AND SECOND MORTGAGE NOTES for sale, well secured on Improved Income property Washington city real estate; some of these notes bear more than 6 per cent Interest. GARDINER & DENT. 717 14th St S.W. WANTED?MONEY. $3,000?SECOND TRUST ON D.C. REAL estate; 15% discount. 1% Interest; payable 350 month, balance in two years. Address Box J66-E, Star office. FROM PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL. FROM 33,000 to 36,500, at 8 per cent, on first-class northwest suburban property. Address Box 175-B, Star office. PROPOSALS. U.S. ENGINEERS' OFFICE, 806 SOUTHERN Bidg., Washington, D.C.?Sealed proposals will be furnished and installing electrically-driven centrifugal pumps, motor generator sets, transformers and switchboards will be received at this office until 12 m. November 10, 1920, and then opened. Further information on application; ocl 1.12.13.14^08.9, -6t AUCTION SALES FUTURE DAYS. ADAM A. WESCHLER, AUCTIONEER. United States Marshal's Sale of Steamer "E. Madison Hall." By virtue of a writ of vendition exponas issued out of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, holding a District Court, and to me directed In the case of the Federal Electric Welding Company, to the use of Elie Sheets, Assignee, Libelant, vs. Steamer "E. Madison Hall." Defendant. I will sell at public sale, for cash, at ELEVEN O'CLOCK A.M., MONDAY, OCTOBER 11, 1920, at the Old Ferry Wharf, foot of 7th street s.w., Washington, D.C., the steamer E. Madison Hall, her tackle, apparel, and furniture, etc. The above sale is postponed until Friday, October 15, 1920, at 3 o'clock p.m., at the same place. MAURICE SPLAN, U.S. Marshal. The above sale is postponed until Friday, October 15, 1920, at 3 o'clock p.m., at the same place. MAURICE SPLAN, U.S. Marshal. SPECIAL SALE Of 10 Ford Deliveries 2 White Commercial Roadsters 1 Ford Roadster BY PUBLIC AUCTION At WESCHLER'S, 920 Pa. Ave. N.W. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 15th Commencing 12 O'Clock Noon. Terms: 40% cash, balance in 8 monthly payments, or all cash. ADAM WESCULER, AUCTIONEER. TRUSTEES' SALE OF AUTOMOBILE. By virtue of a certain deed of trust dated April 6, 1920, being paper No. 60, recorded April 13, 1920, among the land records of the District of Columbia, and at the request of the parties secured thereby, the undersigned trustees will sell at public auction, in front of premises 820 Pa. St. NW, on SATURDAY, OCTOBER SIXTEENTH, AT TWELVE O'CLOCK M., the chattels named in said deed of trust, to-wit: One four-passenger Cole touring car, model 863. Terms: Cash. C. R. SOWERS. HARVEY B. WINFIELD. Trustees. AUCTION SALES THOS. J. OWEN & SON, AUCTIONEERS. TRUSTEES' SALE OF VALUABLE REAL ESTATE. RING PREMISES NO. 7413 BLAIR RIV NW., TAKOMA PARK, D.C., IMPROVED BY TWO-STORY AND ATTIC DETACHED FRAME DWELLING, CONTAINING EIGHT ROOMS AND BATH. YAROR HEAT, ELECTRIC LIGHTS. By virtue of a certain deed of trust duly recorded in Liber No. 4342. folio 34 et seq., of the land records of the District of Columbia, and at the request of the party secured thereby, the undersigned trustees will sell at public auction, in front of the premises, on FRIDAY, THE TWENTY-SECOND DAY OF OCTOBER. A.D. 1020. AT FOUR-THIRTY O'CLOCK P.M., the following described land and premises, situated in the District of Columbia, and designated as and being part of a tract of land called Girls' Portion, being part of the land conveyed to Thomas Jones by Abner C. IV Shoemaker by deed recorded among the land records of the District of Columbia in Liber V.H. 138, folio 10, known as lot No. 3, in the division of said land among the heirs of Thomas Jones, as surveyed and platted by L. R. Carpenter, beginning for the same on the east side of county road (now known as Blair road at a point distant south 100 degrees 21 minutes east 210 feet from the southwest corner of the lot conveyed by said heirs to Mary K. Barnes by deed recorded among said land records in Liber 1030, folio 2, thence leaving said road south 81 degrees 6 minutes east 027.60 feet to the westerly line of the Metropolitan branch of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, thence with the westerly line of said railroad south 23 degrees 43 minutes east 70.30 feet, thence north 81 degrees 6 minutes west 035.82 feet to the easterly line of said Blair road, and thence with said easterly line north no degrees 26 minutes west 60 feet to the beginning, according to plat of survey made by the surveyor for the District of Columbia and recorded in Survey Book 4, page 457, in said surveyor's office, and being known for purposes of taxation and assessment as parcel 104/85. Terms of sale: Sold subject to a prior deed of trust for $6,000, and the amount over and above said trust to be paid in cash. A deposit of $300 required at time of sale, and the purchaser allowed 30 days to complete the purchase. Further particulars at time of sale. CLARENCE F. WELCH. HARRY S. WELCH, Trustees THOS. J. OWEN & SON, AUCTIONEERS. TRUSTEES' SALE OF VALUABLE THREE STORY BRICK DWELLING, NO. 1805 NEWTON ST. N.W. By virtue of a certain deed of trust duly recorded in Liber No. 4264, folio 445 et seq., of the land records of the District of Columbia, and at the request of the party secured thereby, the undersigned trustees will sell at public auction in front of the premises, on MONDAY, THE TWENTY-FIFTH DAY OF OCTOBER, A.D. 1926, AT FIVE O'CLOCK P.M., the following-described land and premises, situate in the District of Columbia, and described as follows: Lot 1 in block 3 (now square 201) "Ingleside," as per plat recorded in the office of the surveyor for the District of Columbia in Liber County 23 at folio 32; subject to restrictions and covenants of record. Terms of sale: Sold subject to a prior deed of trust for $3,300 and the amount over and above said trust to be paid in cash. Above said trust to be paid in cash. A deposit of $300 required at time of sale and the purchaser allowed 30 days to complete the purchase. Further particulars at time of sale. GEORGE A. BERRY. GEO. CALVERT BOWIE. Trustees. THOS. J. OWEN & SON. AUCTIONEERS. TRUSTEES' SALE OF THREE VALUABLE TWO-STORY AND BASEMENT BRICK DWELLINGS, NOS. 452, 454 AND 436 NEW JERSEY AVE. S.E. By virtue of a certain deed of trust duly recorded in Liber No. 3693, folio 177 et seq., of the land records of the District of Columbia, and at the request of the party secured thereby, the undersigned trustees will sell at public auction, in front of the premises, on WEDNESDAY, THE TWENTIETH DAY OF OCTOBER, A.D. 1920, AT FIVE O'CLOCK P.M., the following described land and premises, situated in the District of Columbia, and designated as and being lots "D," "E" and "F" in Charles Scott's subdivision of original lot 1 in square 694, as said subdivision is recorded in Liber C.H.B., folio 375, of the records of the office of the surveyor of the District of Columbia. Terms of sale: One-third of the purchase money to be paid in cash, balance in two equal installments, payable in one and two years, with interest at 6 percent per annum, payable semi-annually from day of sale, secured by deed of trust upon the property sold, or all cash, at the option of the purchaser. A deposit of $200 will be required at time of sale. All conveyancing, recording, revenue stamps, etc., at cost of purchaser. Terms of sale to be complied with within 30 days from day of sale, otherwise the trustees reserve the right to resell the property at the risk and cost of defaulting purchaser, after five days' advertisement of such resale in some newspaper published in Washington, D.C. JOHN W. WEINBERG, GEORGE W. White, Trustees. THOS. J. OWEN & SON, AUCTIONEERS. Trustees' sale of valuable improved real estate, being the three-story and basement press brick dwelling known as 1308 9th st. n.w., and the two-story frame dwelling known as 1323 9th st. n.w. By virtue of a certain deed in trust, duly recorded in Liber No. 3763, folio 211 et seq., one of the land records of the District of Columbia, we will offer for sale at public auction in front of the premises, on TUESDAY, OCTOBER NINETEENTH, 1920, AT FIVE P.M., the following described land and premises situated in the city of Washington in the District of Columbia and known as 1308 9th st. n.w., and immediately thereafter premises known as 1323 9th st. Terms of sale: One-third of the purchase money to be paid in cash and the balance in two equal installments, payable in one and two years, respectively, with interest at 6 percent per annum, payable semi-annually from day of sale, secured by deed of trust upon the property sold, or all cash, at the option of the purchaser. A deposit of $100 will be required of the purchaser at the time of the sale on each piece of property sold. All conveyancing, recording, revenue stamps and notarial fees at the cost of the purchaser. Terms of sale to be complied with within fifteen days from day of sale, otherwise the trustees reserve the right to resell the property, at the risk and cost of the defaulting purchaser, after five days' advertisement of such resale in the newspaper published in the city of Washington, D.C. ALBERT T. CORNELL. 719 11th st. n.w. OSCAR H. CORNELL. 719 15th st. n.w. Peremptory Sale by Public Auction of Valuable Business and Residence Properties. MONDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1920, AT FOUR P.M. The Two-story Brick Building, 40 by 60, suitable for garage, will accommodate about 20 cars, facing two wide alleys, in rear 1727 and 1729 13th street n.w. AT FOUR-THIRTY P.M. The Eight-room and Bath Brick Dwelling, newly papered and painted. No. 2505 "M" street northwest. Vacant. Immediate possession. AT FIVE P.M. The Two-story, Six-room and Bath Brick Residence, No. 1640 30th street northwest. Recently put in first-class condition. Monthly tenant paying $45 per month. These properties can be bought on very easy terms. $200 deposit required on each parcel at time of sale. Further particulars will be announced at sale or upon application at our office. THOS. J. OWEN & SON, Auctioneers. 1331 O st. n.w. THOS. J. OWEN & SON, AUCTIONEERS. Trustee's Sale of Handsome Two-Story and Attic Frame Dwelling, No. 516 Cedar Street, Takoma Park, D.C. By virtue of a certain deed of trust duly recorded among the land records of the District of Columbia, in Liber 2754, at folio 250, and at the request of the party secured thereby, the undersigned trustee will sell at public auction, in front of the premises, on FRIDAY, THE 22nd DAY OF OCTOBER, 1920, AT FIVE (5) O'CLOCK P.M., the following described land and premises, situated in the District of Columbia, and being all of Lot No. 10 and the west 47 feet front by the full depth of lot No. 11, in block No. 8, in Gramer's addition to Takoma Park, D.C. The land has been sold to the highest bidder. A frontage of 104 feet by a depth of 170 feet, and is improved by a line dwelling of 10 rooms and bath, with all modern improvements and garage; newly decorated and painted; now vacant. Terms of sale: One-third cash and the balance in one, two and three years, with interest at six percent per annum, payable semi-annually, or all cash, at option of purchaser. A deposit of $5,000 required at time of sale. All conveyancing, recording, revenue stamps and notarial fees at cost of purchaser. Terms of sale to be complied with in 30 days from day of sale, otherwise trustee reserves the right to resell at cost of defaulting purchaser after five days' advertisement of such sale in some newspaper published in the city of Washington, D.C. ALBAN G. THOMAS, Surviving Trustee. H. L. THORNTON, 1416 F Street NW. Auction Sales THOS. J. OWEN & SON, AUCTIONEERS. TRUSTEES' SALE OF VALUABLE TWO STORY BRICK DWELLING, NO. 1117 SOUTH CAROLINA AVE. SE. By virtue of a certain deed of trust duly recorded in Liber No. 3101, folio 188, of the land records of the District of Columbia, and at the request of the party secured thereby, the undersigned surviving trustee will sell at public auction, in front of the premises, on MONDAY, THE TWENTY-FIFTH DAY OF OCTOBER, A.D. 1920, AT FOUR O'CLOCK P.M., the following-described land and premises, situated in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, and designated as and being lot 22 in Richard Rothwell's subdivision of certain lots, in square 991. As per plat thereof recorded in the office of the surveyor of the District of Columbia in Book R. L. H., page 78. Terms of sale: One-third of the purchase money to be paid in cash, balance in two equal installments, payable in one and two years, with interest at 6 percent per annum, payable semi-annually, from day of sale, secured by a deed of trust or trust upon the property, some of which will be sold at the option of the purchaser. A deposit of $2,500 will be required at time of sale. All conveyancing, recording, revenue stamps, etc., at cost of purchaser. Terms of sale to be complied with within 30 days from day of sale, otherwise the trustee reserves the right to resell the property at the risk and cost of defaulting purchaser, after five days' advertisement of such resale in some newspaper published in Washington. SAMUEL H. WALKER, Surviving Trustee. ADAM WESCHLER, Auct. Carpets By Public Auction at Weschler's 020 Pa. Ave. NAV. Saturday, October 10th 10:30 a.m. Wilton and Wilton Velvet Hotel Carpets, also Carpets and Rugs from cleaners. EDUCATIONAL. Translations From Putch, German, French, Spanish into English: quick: moderate prices; send matters to Stoffregen, 1104 M St. w.tr. 15* Accountancy Evening and day time courses at Pace Institute prepare for C. P. A. and Federal academy examinations and for positions as Cons. Trollers, Treasurers, Auditors, and the like. Information 32-page Bulletin and schedule of beginning classes upon request. Pace Institute 715GSt., N.W. Washington NATIONAL APPLIED ART RUZ XAHOHT, Director. 1505 Pe. Ave., Next to Biff Bulk. X. 1760. Extra Session Tuesday and Thursday Evenings, 7 to 9, begins October 14th. Spectrum Color, Interior Decoration, Costume, Textile, Dealfo, Commercial Drawing, Cartoon, Caricature, Fine Arts. Catalogue. Register bow. Day and Evening Classes Individual Instruction In Preparation for ASSISTANT AUDITOR EXAMINATION Steward's Business College 1802 F Street, Haiti 8671 Day and Evening Schools Preparation for Universities Arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, English, Latin, Spanish, French, history, civics, physics, chemistry, stenography, typewriting, bookkeeping, auditing, accounting, Certificate admits to all leading universities. Tuition is reasonable. Send for catalogue. The University Preparatory School and the Civil Service Preparatory School, s.e. corner 12th and F sts. n.w. Phone Franklin 2080. L. ADOLPH RICHARDS, M.A., M.S., Prin. RESEARCH UNIVERSITY Federal Employees' Co-Operative University 100 Subjects. 90 Instructors. Decrees and Certificates Granted. Courses Starting Accountancy Advertising Bookkeeping; Honorable English Business French Economics, Journalism Labor Problem, Manner Sateen, Business Writing Secretarial Work, Psychology Spanish Story Writing; 30 Jackson Place Near White House, Main 540 The Young Women's Christian Association Main Headquarters, 1333 F Street N.W. E Street Branch 614 E Street N.W. DO YOU KNOW Where the Sistine Madonna hangs? How to make an attractive poster? What the campaign issue of 1824 was? How to Want to get well? To To get well? To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To To Keep well? To reduce? To gain? To have poise and selfcontrol? To make and keep friends? Let the Y.W.C.A. Show You How Register NOW Information Sent on Request Shorthand? Type writing TALKING 3 DAYS. 30-DAY STENOGRAPHIC SCHOOL. 1410 H st. n.w., second floor. Main 2876. SHORTHAND, 2 MOS. , TYPEWRITING, 2 WKS. , SEND FOR CIRCULAR. ADDRESS: School 7th st. n.w. MARET FRENCH SCHOOL FOR YOUNG GIRLS AND CHILDREN 4 to 17 Years Old 10th Year Prep for High School and College SHE MISSES MANET, 1TM Conn. Ave. M* | EDUCATIONAL. Accounts H La Salle U 1 Person The clean of this department is, and has he Accounts of the City of B for a number of prominent national organizations. Mr. Beck, who is a 11 Accountants and the National brings to the students of 1 years of wide experience Graduates of this college requirements necessary to pass Individual Instruction throughout the entire course the completion of a High paratively Short Time. Day and V STEWARD'S 1202 F St. "I wasted time, and said Shakespeare. Do now to enter the high world. Enroll in S ACCOUNTANCY. Strong faculty of ex n and university trained to Class and individual ffi Standard Text and C Evening classes. Registration FREE opening 1cctr fl countancy," Tuesday, Oct STRAYER' OF ACCOUNTANCY To Office Mc Why do you Why obtain the inefficient office You want a Then let it send you there be a bigger asset necessary to pay worth it. Phone NATIONAL Wash GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL Organizational Begin 58th Year as Representation of American Law School Optional Honorable Classes, 7:30 to 11 Forenoon Classes, 6:10 to 6:00 A corporate LAW SCHOOL BOILDING recently been purchased, entirely Remodel and fully equipped to accommodate the rapidly increased and steadily increasing body. For Information write or call as the instructor. 180 K Street NW. Wood's School, 11 East Capitol St. Telephone Lincoln 38. Thirty-six years of experience. All commercial branches. On September 16, we enrolled the eighth member of one family, seven of whom have been successfully trained in our school and are now holding responsible positions. One letter reads: "We placed two of our students today at $11,100.00. Please send more like them." Those we earned more in one month than they had paid on the entire course. No solicitors. You are requested to call, telephone, or write—it is better to call. Court F. Wood, Principal. French Classes. The School of Diplomacy, 1417 O. American University School of Diplomacy, Jurisprudence and Citizenship, and the United States. The School of Civil Jurisprudence and Citizenship. The School of Civil Jurisprudence. History of the Common Law. Special Topic in American Legal History. Electrical Jurisprudence. History of Latin America. United States Constitutional History and Law. Interstate Commerce Law. Banking Law. Immigration and Naturalisation Laws of the United States. Statutory Construction. Federal Statutes. Herman Law. Statistics and Trade Investigations. Economics. Trade with Near East and Far East. Anthropology. Advanced Logic. Religious of the World, Current Legislation. Current Diplomatic and Foreign Topics. Diplomatic Usages and Ceremonials. For Catalog and further information write to or call at the Downtown Building of the University. Estate. IDOT F Street. COLUMBIA SCHOOL of DRAFTING Roy C. Claflin, Pres. 14th & T Sts. North 272 Night Classes—Day Classes Individual Instruction Course in 3 to 9 Months Announce Write for Latest Catalog ENTER ANY TIME Columbia University School? Thorn as Shepherd, Ph.D., Pres., 806% Ej m.w. Individual instruction, college preparation; lessons, physics, chef Utr^.^dar, debt; patent office conducted EDUCATIONAL. In the University Course of Instruction, Howard C. Beck, C. P. A. (Michen for several years), Auditor of the Baltimore, and is also General Auditor of Washington enterprises and large number of the American Institute of Manual Association of Cost Accountants. It is the school of accountancy, the benefit in many parts of the United States, which are guaranteed the educational and the C. P. A. examination in any state, with the Problem Method prevails. This combination makes possible her Accountancy Course in a competitive session. BUSINESS COLLEGE Now time doth waste me." I don't procrastinate. Prepare for test-paid profession in the TRAYER'S SCHOOL OF D. experienced C. P. A. instructors. iasc Method. Co-educational. R i Day or Night B | ire on "Opportunities in Ac- I tobcr 19, 1920. at 8 p.m. S S SCHOOL I 5UNTANCY , r STREETS, | J N ? ' M M triggers c ? 2 \ u burden yourself with office details? ,e rapid progress of your business with q help? C solution to this problem, don't you? B h i touch with us immediately. We will jghly trained young women, who will C in your business. You may find it C them a few dollars more, but they are e M. 644, M. 5821, or 5832 jl PERSONNEL SERVICE BUREAU ? 302 Bond Bids- or ? igton School for Secretaries C ACCOUNTANCY | I TYPEWRITING, SHORTHAND S u (Gl?n and Pitman) Civil. SERVICE, S PENMANSHIP, ETC. S SPECIAL | TIESDAT AND THFRSDAY 3 u NIGHT CLASSES N d Open Erery Day and Evening ^ : | WASHINGTON ? BCSINESS COLLEGE 5 POTEET dt WHITMOHE, PROPS. 8 1321 G St. N.W.NexpHc^pj{nwnurcl1 ^ Spoken and Writ- ^ ten English ^ Grammar. Vocahnlary. S Pronnadatloa S A eamplaU tlx montlu' maim at t ttna day* ar al*Ma a wank far una V Public Speaking ^ a rrunou oonrsa lot nana mom, ?Lwjwi, IAW Students, OipSalki Mrmters, Salesmen. eta. Voice and Speech n Mailt of the SpetUni Votes, DIs p tteo, Enunciation?Speech Defocta. Expression I A eoune of Personal Coltnre sad An, . SSBpliahmeat. Voioe Tralata*. Seed , tad. Hesitations. Monolofoa. Memory Tniatar, the Art of Cooreroeties sal flsnsiaI Personal Development - Self-Development A ootRse for Confldenee and Petas R and General Self-Exp Tension. Classes Day or Errataf Private Lraseaa Hickman School of Expression 1840 Hew York Avenue H.W. CALCULATING, BOOK^ , KEEPING AND ADDING = | MACHINE SCHOOL j Competent Operators Are in Demand. DAY AND EVENING CLASSES. STUDIO SCHOOL. 1202 F St. NW. LEARN SPANISH South American trade exponents. Business demands Americans who can Have advertised Economic Course brought more Pupils than could be taught in one class. We Now offer another Conversational Course of 30 Ways, divided into three terms: One term, $10.00. Entire course, $25.00. Enroll before OCT. 10. Course begins the Day at 8 p.m. Spanish School of Washington 1435 O St. NW. Telephone Main 6633. 75 18th St. (Opposite Keith's) Pitman and Ore if shorthand, typewriting. English, spelling, penmanship, secretarial Training. Class and Individual instruction. Gregg classes. 5 to 7. M. 3358. Dictation classes? French, Private and Class Instruction. LAW SCHOOL The National University Co. Educational. (Ineorporated by Special Act of Congress.) Fifty second Year Begins October 1, Its MOTES?Opportunities offered to complete the undergraduate course leading to the degree of EL. B. In two years. For catalogue and information apply, Secretary. National Law Building. 818-20 13th St. SW. Phase Main M7. HALL-NOYES SCHOOL? BAY AND NIGHT. Regular classes and private courses. A primary to college; curriculum prepared, and on an commercial law by former U. S. examiner; courses open by the U. S. Department of Commerce. Ellt. A.v. Term begins Sept 30. STEAMSHIPS. NEW YORK, N.Y. First Class Ostrich Sea. S. S. SUSQUEHANT Stilw H.iirtr 17. Qmi Md tWn NEW YORK TO BREMEN *?tl> DAI P i??[?r tWHMt 45 ByW TdtpUat: I'rriRht Department ' Telephone I Affenfiovt for every detail of comfort and a thoughtfulness for the welfare of the traveler are detective features of the service on a Cunarder. Passengers and Freight Service Connections Encircling the Globe rafts and Foreign Money Orders For soiling and Full Information Apply COMPANY'S OFFICE. 517 14th St. N.W? Washington Mount JLtaiLs Vernon, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' Inland Nov. 6, Dec. 11 Eeland Nov. 13, Dec. 18 WHITE STAR LINE I. Y.?CHERBOURG?SOUTHAMPTON Atlantic, Oct. 20, Nov. 17, Dec. 15 LYMPIC Nov. 6, Nov. 27 NEW YORK?LIVERPOOL Eldic Nov. 6, Dec. 11, Jan. 15 Atlantic Nov. 20, Dec. 24 NEW YORK?AZORES?GIBRALTARNAPLES?GENOA An apple Oct. 26, Dec. 16 Eldic Nov. 0, Jan. 5 Lauratieoal RarcantU* lUrina OMapaap, 108 F ST. V.W. M. M. HICKS. PmMW W.iiaaw. Palm State Board's Passenger Service Set Ice New York to Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, and Buenos Aires! S. S. MARTHA WASHINGTON. 15,000 tons (b) Oct. 30 S. S. HARRIS, 17,000 tons (c) Nov. 1 S. S. AUGUSTA 21,000 tons (c) Nov. 8 First and second-class mail. For passenger rates and other particulars, and other parts of MUNSON STEAMSHIP LINE Philadelphia, Baltimore, 411 West End. Leaving Not. 8th. 25 Days. Itinerary on request. ADDRESS Steamship and UDCK O Tourist Agency Woodward Bldg. Tel. 1st. MUSICAL INSTRUCTION. An Institution for all branches of Musical education? Offering exceptional advantages to the beginner as well as the advanced student. Teachers' Diplomas. Seventeenth Year. 714 17th St. r. 4491. Tear Book. PRIVATE AND RECITAL ACCOMPANYING Marjorie Davis, Washington college of Music, 711 17th st. Franklin 11th. iOLIN INSTRUCTIONS. II: at soar home; cents at studio. L. T. Samnels. Slid K . n.w. West 370-J. 18*__ AN DO LIN, STEEL tlUITAR AND UKULELE toons given In pupils' homes, by experienced Seller. Address llox 1K7-K. Star office. 14* STELLA LIPMAN Pianist, Teacher and Accomptnift. 1401 Mass. At*. .N.W. Franklin 3206. 16* "jrT SINGING I METHOIl.1 J J ith year. Mme. Lncia Border!, diploma-gradte and formerly asFiat^nt to Lampert: itaaclof Sembricb), principal. Foreign instruction home. Booklet on request. Consultation*, to 1. 1628 S n.w. Phone N. 7081. PIANO INSTRUCTION * HISS HART ISABEL KELLY Pupil of Saver Seharwenga, Berlin odio. 8166 17th St. N.W. Phone Cel. 2014 or2f>? f MAIN 7858. ALL BRANCHES. C rashington Conservatory of Mnsic [ lis N. DAMP. AVE.. AT DUPONT CIRCLE I 'ECIAL FALL COURSE Mitt OPEN. '{ La Salle Spier, t PIANIST lpil of Rafael Joseffy and Richard Sir. t isolator i ANNOUNCES ' at he has opeued a permanent studio 1* aahington at 1407 Mxasachnaetts afiiaa c rthwi-st (overlooking Thomas Circle), when c X Wo \ at hand for bwjjtt pd rataa. t Prank fin 3238. STEAMSHIPS 0 % American too % Service V YORK TO QUEENSTOWN - BOULOGNE - LONDON ESTATE: 5-^'- ?? D-< ? [STATE: " Oct 30; One w ^TE : " Not. 27. Jan. ft. t New Steamship* ; ? American-operated MnnadttieM, ootaide room# os'v. bfdaetdi cat omm, teaooaa enclosed promrn?a? (A 1 Clans Oslr.l IZXG DIRECT. Jp|jf RESORTS. ? i..i i i n i ri t. .? ^ ^V1 If *eakin? qaict and relaxation. m nm^p|Al excellent table and civic?- I {^Talen hall L 1 will appeal to too. VVJJ Bath Department I/i A'i/jcn | Book. lot on Application! >TMC IDEAL FAMILY HOTEL Arlington M,ss3g?iS5?as?^.c-" X JL TODD a. MULVINI.. />?.'? TZZOJKT^OA/ Virginia Avenue at Rarrack a f 1 FIREPROOF? A J M Oe*? view rooms with running water and private baths. Innovation in Bath front price 25 weekly. American Plan New V?-wnwt Z7teVW<3U^KusrL& South Carolina, near Reach Pavin- bath? running water. Special fall rates. L. B. ARNOLD. Ownership Management. WESTMINSTER; v \ Private baths. Running water. C. A. Kopp. owner and prop V. c Ruhte. m: Dowling Cottage tJ? s, J Beach. Refined patronage. Large - rnfonah t rooms. Horse cooking. Reasonable rates HARPKRFORD FERRY.?.??. aril. TOP floors I1I>E\ r nth. TH \ M. - jiving. T. S. J-oVK'l 1". i'rop MOVING. PACKING & STORAGE Lo<a| and Out-of-Town MOVING By Careful Urn. Rntrn llrnvonnhlc none | A 4 PACKING BV RUEM? ?nrtk Iw^ 7?.V? Kin. Ave. \.\V. Who Moves You is Just as Important as Where You Move PWM Main 6900?Our padded vans and experienced and careful service. Storage in our Fireproof store warehouse at reasonable rates. Merchants' Transfer & Storage Co. 921-922 E Street N.W. Telephone Main 9300. PHONE I.J VCm.N mo. JOHN IV SHEKUAN A. SON. Express, Moving, Expert Furnishing ELECTRIC STORAGE. WASHINGTON SAFE DEPOSIT CO, 916-918 PA AVE. modern fireproof storage EMCMMV(t'M v C? ^ _ --. 'I LONG-DISTANISH MOVING STORAGE, PARLOR, KITCHEN CLEAN, DRY STORAGE FOR FURNITURE and pianos. Estimates cheerfully given. Convenient location. WESCHLER'S. 9-0 Pa. ave. a.w. Phone Main 1282. Sanitary Palace Padded Vans For Furniture to Any Point THE largest in the City MORE Economical and Satisfactory Than Shipping by rail INSURED Free Against Fire and Damages ESTIMATES Gladly Given The Big 4 Transfer Co. 1044-M 2nd St. W. PHONE WEST 1-41 PADDED MOTOR VANS FOR INSURANCE and local hauling; packing and renting done by experienced men; Storage $1 per month up. CONNECTICUT STORAGE CO., 508 H St. Phone 1-k We are prepared to execute orders for local and long distance moving. Padded Vans LITTLEFIELD, ALVORD & CO. 15th and Pa. Ave. W. Telephone Main 8290 The Central Transfer Co., 1331 H ST. N.W. BAGGAGE, HAULING, STORAGE MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA STORE. 500 ROOMS, 500 ROOMS STORAGE Household goods, merchandise House to house moving Suburban and long distance hauling Packing?Crating?Shipping Eg pert work. Fair prices. Estimates Winter Building Storage Phone X. 8845 1438 V St. NW M&f*" UNITED STATES STORAGE CO. FIREPROOF WAKEHOUSE MOVING?PAINTING?STORAGE Phone Main 423B or Franklin 243:1 ESTIMATES, 41K-42 U loth ST. VXV. "dlTDEP0SIT20 YEARS. RICHMOND, Va., October 1" <Spc litl)?The papers of this and other Ities are carrying advertisements of noncy in the banks of the state which tag not been the subject of heel: or tayment in twenty years Under the, aws. if the owners are not found ifter advertisement, it escheats to tinitate. * * There are sums ranging from $12,000 in the banks, much of which >as been claimed by the heirs of the * nen who made the deposits. These * T * :laims have to be proved before Second Auditor Rosewell case, who is he final Judge in the matter, and he holds his court once a month to hear he cases. Much of the money belongs to people who formerly lived here and have lived away and forgotten it.
| 8,660 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Grafton
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafton&action=history
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French
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Spoken
| 131 | 361 |
Grafton peut se rapporter à :
Patronyme
les ducs de Grafton ;
C. W. Grafton, (1909-1982), auteur américain de roman policier ;
Sue Grafton (1940-2017), autrice américaine de roman policier, fille du précédent ;
Anthony Grafton (1950-), historien américain.
Toponyme
Angleterre
Grafton (Cheshire)
Grafton (Herefordshire)
Grafton (Shropshire)
Grafton (Worcestershire)
Grafton (Wiltshire)
Australie
Grafton, ville de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud
Canada
Grafton, ville de l'Ontario
États-Unis
Grafton (Illinois)
Grafton (Iowa)
Grafton (Massachusetts)
Grafton (Nebraska)
Grafton (New Hampshire)
Grafton (New York)
Grafton (Dakota du Nord)
Grafton (Ohio)
Grafton (Utah),
Grafton (Vermont)
Grafton (Virginie-Occidentale)
Grafton (Wisconsin),
comté de Grafton, un comté
Nouvelle-Zélande
Grafton, faubourg d ' Auckland dans l'Île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande.
Autres
Grafton, une goélette australienne ;
est une ancienne maison d'édition britannique ;
le saxophone Grafton est un instrument de musique.
| 40,653 |
https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%2C%20%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%20%28%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%29
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Wikipedia
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Open Web
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CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
ᱵᱚᱱᱯᱚᱠᱷᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢᱯᱟᱦᱟᱰ (ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ)
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https://sat.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ᱵᱚᱱᱯᱚᱠᱷᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟ, ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢᱯᱟᱦᱟᱰ (ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ)&action=history
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Santali
|
Spoken
| 299 | 2,793 |
ᱵᱚᱱᱯᱚᱠᱷᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟ (Banapokharia) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱩᱢᱤ (ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢᱯᱟᱦᱟᱰ) ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ (block), ᱢᱚᱭᱩᱨᱵᱷᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱙᱔ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱔᱓᱕ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱠ
ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱔᱓᱕ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱓ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱐-᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱚᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱑᱒ᱹ᱑᱘% ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱙ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱖ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ (Average Sex Ratio) ᱫᱚ ᱙᱐᱐, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱜᱷᱩᱸᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ (Child Sex Ratio) ᱫᱚ ᱘᱙᱓, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱙᱔᱑ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱕᱔ᱹ᱙᱗% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱗᱐ᱹ᱑᱕%, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘ᱹ᱑᱒ % ᱾
ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ
ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ (constitution of India) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱱᱩᱱ (Panchyati Raaj Act) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱨᱯᱚᱧᱪ (Sarpanch) ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱭᱨᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱜᱽ ᱢᱟᱹᱡᱷᱤ ᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱩᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢᱯᱟᱦᱟᱰ ᱛᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ
ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱮᱨᱤ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱱᱟᱞ ᱵᱤᱨᱫᱟᱹᱜᱟᱲ (higher secondary school) ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱢᱯᱟᱦᱟᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱴ ᱤᱸᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱨᱯᱚᱠᱷᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ, ᱡᱚᱸᱰᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱩ ᱟᱲᱟᱜ ᱡᱚ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
ᱠᱩᱥᱩᱢᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ
| 38,580 |
https://github.com/jacobdiaz/CS428-Project3/blob/master/Library/PackageCache/io.extendreality.zinnia.unity@1.37.0/Runtime/Process/Moment/MomentProcess.cs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
CS428-Project3
|
jacobdiaz
|
C#
|
Code
| 326 | 853 |
namespace Zinnia.Process.Moment
{
using Malimbe.MemberChangeMethod;
using Malimbe.MemberClearanceMethod;
using Malimbe.PropertySerializationAttribute;
using Malimbe.XmlDocumentationAttribute;
using UnityEngine;
/// <summary>
/// Wrapper for an <see cref="IProcessable"/> process that has a state to determine when it is to be processed.
/// </summary>
public class MomentProcess : MonoBehaviour, IProcessable
{
/// <summary>
/// The source process to attach to the moment.
/// </summary>
[Serialized, Cleared]
[field: DocumentedByXml]
public ProcessContainer Source { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// The process only executes if the <see cref="GameObject"/> is active and the <see cref="Component"/> is enabled.
/// </summary>
[Serialized]
[field: DocumentedByXml]
public bool OnlyProcessOnActiveAndEnabled { get; set; } = true;
/// <summary>
/// The interval in seconds defining how often to process the <see cref="Process"/>. Negative values will be clamped to zero.
/// </summary>
[Serialized]
[field: DocumentedByXml]
public float Interval { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// When to call <see cref="Process"/> the next time. Updated automatically based on <see cref="Interval"/> after <see cref="Process"/> has been called.
/// </summary>
public float NextProcessTime { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Calls <see cref="IProcessable.Process"/> on <see cref="Source"/> if <see cref="NextProcessTime"/> allows.
/// </summary>
public virtual void Process()
{
if (NextProcessTime <= Time.time)
{
ProcessNow();
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Calls <see cref="IProcessable.Process"/> on <see cref="Source"/>, ignoring whether <see cref="NextProcessTime"/> allows.
/// </summary>
public virtual void ProcessNow()
{
if (Source == null || (OnlyProcessOnActiveAndEnabled && !isActiveAndEnabled))
{
return;
}
Source.Interface.Process();
UpdateNextProcessTime();
}
/// <summary>
/// Sets <see cref="NextProcessTime"/> to a random time between now and now plus <see cref="Interval"/>.
/// </summary>
public virtual void RandomizeNextProcessTime()
{
NextProcessTime = Time.time + (Random.value * Interval);
}
protected virtual void Awake()
{
RandomizeNextProcessTime();
}
protected virtual void OnEnable()
{
OnAfterIntervalChange();
}
/// <summary>
/// Updates <see cref="NextProcessTime"/> to adjust to the latest <see cref="Interval"/>.
/// </summary>
protected virtual void UpdateNextProcessTime()
{
NextProcessTime = Time.time + Interval;
}
/// <summary>
/// Called after <see cref="Interval"/> has been changed.
/// </summary>
[CalledAfterChangeOf(nameof(Interval))]
protected virtual void OnAfterIntervalChange()
{
Interval = Mathf.Max(0f, Interval);
}
}
}
| 35,262 |
US-72104410-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,010 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,234 | 5,000 |
Network device and method of sharing external storage device
ABSTRACT
When the external storage device is connected to the USB connector of the router, through the process of the OS which has detected this event, it will be determined whether the device is a USB mass storage device; and if it is found to be a USB mass storage device, internal software is started up by using Hotplug function, and it is further determined whether the file system is recognizable; and if the file system is recognizable, CIFS is configured to allow sharing and enable GUEST access. As a result, no laborious operation is needed to share a memory device such as a hard disk among users on a network.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present application claims priority from Japanese application P2009-62430A filed on Mar. 16, 2009, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.
BACKGROUND OF THE RELATED ART
This invention relates to a network device for use on a network, and to a method of sharing an external storage device among users on a network.
Network Attached Storage (NAS) is a well-known art according to which an external storage device such as a hard disk is connected to a network and accessed by various other devices that are connected to the network. Since NAS can be accessed without any restriction by devices such as terminals on the network, it is quite convenient to use. JP-A-2008-28971 discloses such an art. More recently, an art has been proposed according to which an access point or a router is provided with USB connectors, with which an external storage device such as a hard disk is connected so as to be used as NAS through various settings.
However, it must be noted that a difficulty is encountered when an external storage device such as a hard disk is connected directly to a network for shared use among users on the network. The difficulty is that the external storage device must have a network compatible file system installed therein, which will require complicated settings before use. For example, in order to connect an external storage device to the Internet or an intranet so that it may be accessed from various terminals, the device must usually have the file system known as CIFS (Common Internet File System) installed therein.
In case where the external storage device incorporating such a file system therein is connected with an access point or a router, the settings of the file system must be performed over the network, thereby requiring knowledge on networking and file systems.
SUMMARY
This invention, which has been made to solve at least one of the above mentioned problems, can be realized as embodiments described below.
According to a first aspect of this invention, there is provided a network device having the function of at least one of a router and a wireless LAN access point, comprising:
a connector to which an external storage device is connected;
a detector for detecting that an external storage device has been connected to the connector;
a file system recognition unit that, when the connection of the external storage device to the connector has been detected, recognizes a file system of the external storage device; and
a sharing unit that, using the recognized file system, configures the external storage device so that the device can be accessed with prescribed access rights by other devices on a network.
According to this network device, when an external storage device has been connected to the connector, this event is detected, the file system of the external storage device is recognized, and by using the recognized file system, the external storage device will be configured so that it can be accessed by other devices on the network. Consequently, NAS can be set up simply by connecting the external storage device to the network device having router functionality, without the time and effort of making complicated settings.
According to a second aspect of this invention, there is provided a network device as described in the first aspect above, wherein the connector is a USB connector. Where the connector is compliant with the USB standard, it will be quite versatile so that various types of external storage devices can be connected. Alternatively, in place of a USB connector or in addition to a USB connector, there could be provided a connector compliant with some other standards, such as IEEE 1394, Ethernet (trade mark), or SCSI. Moreover, it is not essential for the connector to be a physical one, but it could instead be realized as a non-hardware configuration based on a wireless connection such as wireless USB. In this case, the connector may be equivalent to a function for achieving connection wirelessly.
According to a third aspect of this invention, there is provided a network device as described in the first aspect above, wherein the external storage device is a device recognized as a USB mass storage. Such devices include USB compliant hard disks, flash memories, etc.
According to a fourth aspect of this invention, there is provided a network device as described in the first aspect above, wherein an operating system is installed on the network device; the detector is realized as a function for detecting the connection of a device to the connector, the function being part of the function of the operating system; and the file system recognition unit is realized through recognition of the format of the external storage device by a prescribed program that is started up by the operating system.
Where this feature is adopted, functions can be apportioned to the operating system and a dedicated program so that detecting and sharing of the external storage device may be accomplished easily.
According to a fifth aspect of this invention, there is provided a network device as described in the first aspect above, further comprising:
a web server for distributing information on a screen for configuring the network device over the network;
a file system configuration unit that, when the network device has been configured through access to the web server from a computer on the network, formats the external storage device and installs a prescribed file system in the external storage device; and
a sharing unit that, using the configured file system, configures the external storage device so that the external storage device can be accessed by other devices on the network.
Where this feature is employed, an external storage device can be formatted and a prescribed file system can be installed on the external storage device through instructions issued from another computer on the network; and by using this file system, the external storage device can be made accessible by other devices on the network. Thus, even if the system initially installed in the external storage device is not suited to being shared on a network, the device can easily be shared through an instruction issued from a computer on the network. Moreover, these instructions can be accomplished through configuration by using a browser, so the user will not need to use dedicated software.
According to a sixth aspect of this invention, there is provided a method for sharing among (unspecified) users on a network an external storage device connected with a network device having a function of a router for use in the network, comprising:
detecting that the external storage device has been connected to the network device;
recognizing a file system of the external storage device upon detection of the connection; and
configuring, by using the recognized file system, the external storage device so that the device can be accessed with prescribed access rights by other devices on the network.
This invention may be embodied not only as the method set forth above but also as a program to be executed by a computer installed in the network device.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an illustration depicting a network that employs a router 30 according to an embodiment of this invention;
FIG. 2 shows in block diagram the internal structure of the router 30 shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing some of the functions of the OS installed in the router 30; and
FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the content of a program that is stored in the router 30, and executed when called by the OS.
DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
The modes of rendering the invention to practice will be described below based on an embodiment of this invention. FIG. 1 is an illustration depicting a network that employs a router 30 according to an embodiment of this invention. As illustrated, the router 30 serving as the network device of the embodiment is designed to be connected to an external storage device 50. This router 30 includes the function for serving as a wireless LAN access point, and an interface for connecting to a WAN. This type of router is generally called a “broadband router”. In this embodiment, the WAN is assumed to be the Internet; computers 21 and 22 that make up a network can access, through their wireless LAN functions, servers 11 and 12 on the Internet via the router 30. The router 30 may lack such WAN connectivity. Also, the router 30 may have only router functionality, and lack wireless LAN access point functionality.
The internal structure of the router 30 is schematically shown in FIG. 2. As illustrated, this router 30 is built with a CPU 31 as a main component, and further includes a memory (RAM/ROM) 32 serving as a main memory; a USB interface (USB-IF) 35 compliant with the USB standard; a WAN connector 38 for connection to an external circuit; a controller 37 for controlling the WAN interface; a MAC/baseband processor (MAC/BBP) 40 for controlling wireless LAN functions; a modulation module (RFM) 41 connected to the MAC/BBP 40 to perform modulation for the LAN; and a front end module (FEM) 43 coupled between an antenna 45 and the RFM 41 so as to separate the transmitted and received signal waves from each other. In this embodiment, an external communication device for connection to the Internet, such as, for example, an ONU from an optical fiber line, a CATV modem, or an ADSL modem is connected to the WAN connector 38.
The router 30 is additionally furnished with a switch 47 for performing various settings of the router 30; plural LEDs indicating the status of the router 30; and a power supply 49 for supplying power to the router as a whole. The router 30 is also provided with a master-side connector 36 compliant with the USB standard, which is electrically connected to the USB-IF 35.
A variety of USB-compliant devices can be connected to the connector 36. In this embodiment, a USB-compliant hard disk, serving as the external storage device 50, is connected to the connector 36. A USB memory that uses flash ROM may, of course, be connected to the connector 36. A USB cable is used to connect the external storage device 50 with the connector 36. Actual connection can be made by inserting the terminals provided at both the ends of the USB cable into the connector 36 on the side of the router 30 and the connector 51 on the side of the external storage device 50, respectively.
An operating system (OS) is installed on the router 30. In the router 30 of this embodiment is installed the Linux (trade mark). This type of an OS incorporates therein preinstalled device drivers for recognition and control of a standardized bus such as, for example, a regular USB bus. Consequently, when the external storage device 50 is connected to the USB connector 36, the OS operating in the router 30 recognizes the connection and starts up a prescribed routine. The processing routine is shown in FIG. 3. In place of installing and using an OS in this way, it may also be possible to execute a dedicated monitor program which serves in function as the router, monitors the USB-IF 35 always, and detects the connection of the USB device to the connector 36. The OS, since it has as its standard function the function of detecting the connection of such a USB device, was used in this embodiment.
When the connection of a USB device to the connector 36 is detected, the OS initiates the process shown in FIG. 3. Once this processing routine is initiated, it is first determined whether the USB device that has been connected to the connector 36 is a USB mass storage device (Step S100). The determination as to whether the device is USB mass storage is made by a USB driver included in the OS.
If the determination is that the USB device that has been connected to the connector 36 is a USB mass storage device, then a process to recognize partition information will be carried out (Step S110). If the USB device is a USB mass storage device, it can have multiple partitions, and therefore the USB mass storage device must be recognized. Here, if there are plural USB devices connected to the connector 36 (e.g. in the case of a USB hub with several devices connected thereto, or a USB device incorporating multiple drives therein), the recognition of partition information is carried out for each of the plural USB devices. If the connected USB device is not a USB mass storage device, the USB connection detection processing routine shown in FIG. 3 is terminated by the OS. In this case, no particular process is carried out.
After Step S110, a process to record the recognized partitions as respective logical devices is carried out (Step S120). Partitioning is to divide the memory area of the external storage device 50 such as a hard disk into areas of prescribed size. If the respective partitions are regarded as so many separate logical devices, they may be treated as plural memory devices from outside. In this case, the number of partitions registered as logical devices may be limited to, for example, four at maximum. Alternatively, only a single partition may be registered, or all partitions may be registered as logical devices. Registration of partitions may take place according to a particular order specified within the external storage device 50, an order specified in accordance with memory area sizes, or according to the types of file systems discussed later.
After the above process has been completed, the OS starts up a prescribed setup program by utilizing a Linux function known as “Hotplug” (Step S130). According to Hotplug, the names of program files desired to start up are listed in advance in the configuration files managed by the OS so that control may be transferred from the OS to one of these program files. In this embodiment, by utilizing this function, processing is transferred to the internal software shown in FIG. 4.
Now, described is the Hotplug processing routine which is the internal software shown in FIG. 4. When this internal software is started up through the function of the OS, the file systems allocated to the respective partitions of the external storage device 50 are first checked to determine whether they have recognizable formats (Step S200). In this embodiment, if the file systems are of XFS, FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32 format, they can be shared among users over the network. Therefore, the determination as to whether they are of XFS, FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32 format, is made for the individual partitions of the external storage device 50. During this process, the internal software itself may check the file systems, or it may use the standard function of the OS in order to access information relating to the file systems being used. In this embodiment, such information is obtained from the OS.
If the file system checked in each partition is one of the systems XFS, FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32, a process to mount the previously registered logical device onto the partition using one of these file systems will be carried out so as to enable access to the file system in the partition (Step S210). At this time, the previously registered logical devices may be mounted onto all partitions having recognizable file systems, or onto limited one or N (N is an integer equal to or greater than 2) partitions. In this embodiment, four logical devices are mounted at most. In case where the number of logical devices to be mounted is to be limited, mounting may be carried out according to some criterion such as the order in which they were registered as logical devices, or in order of the magnitudes of memory capacities. Partitions may also be selected randomly for logical device mounting.
Next, a process is carried out to enable CIFS (Common Internet File System) and make the following CIFS settings in the Step S220:
- - to have all partitions on which logical devices are mounted, shared among users on network - to enable GUEST access. Here, GUEST access is a setting whereby shared partitions may be accessed without user authentication.
In practice, the parameters for making the above settings is written in the configuration files used by the file sharing system (in this embodiment, “Samba” is used) managed by the OS, and then the file sharing system Samba is started. Samba is normally OFF (not yet started) when the router 30 is started up, but in the event that Samba has already been started up due, for example, to a setting made by the user, Samba has only to be restarted in like manner as described above after rewriting the configuration file. Also, in place of enabling GUEST access, the system may be set up to carry out user authentication through user IDs and passwords that have been previously saved in the router 30. User IDs and passwords may be provided to users beforehand, so that the user can input these IDs and passwords when the users access the shared external storage device 50 from the computer 11, or 12 on the network. Such IDs and passwords may be provided to the user by, for example, being indicated on the chassis of the router 30 or listed in the user manual. Computers (user terminals) on the network may be notified with regard to successful completion of sharing and to access method as well. Methods for such notification include using emails, and the “push” technique whereby user IDs and passwords are delivered from the router 30 to computers connected to the network.
After the above process has been executed, the flow passes to RTN, the Hotplug process routine terminates, and process control returns to the OS which called the Hotplug process routine. An additional process or processes may be also executed before process control returns to the OS. For example, the LED 48 may be illuminated to show the successful completion of sharing of the external storage device 50.
Accordingly, as a result of the processes shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, if a user simply connects the external storage device 50 to the USB connector 36 of the router 30, the external storage device 50 can be automatically mounted on the network and shared among other users connected to the network, with no input of any kind required from the user. Thus, each partition of the external storage device 50 connected to the router 30 can be recognized as a shared drive by the computers 21, and 22 on the network, and NAS functionality may be achieved in a very simple manner. Moreover, plural partitions can be shared as so many different logical devices, making them even easier to handle.
According to this embodiment, immediately after sharing has been set up, GUEST access will be enabled (authentication unnecessary), or pre-assigned user IDs and passwords will be registered, and user authentication will be carried out using these IDs and passwords. Access restrictions may be modified sometime later. Such modification of access restrictions as, for example, modification of other settings of the shared external storage device 50, is accomplished using a web server function that has been provided for the router 30. While not shown in the drawings, a web server is provided in the router 30, and by running the browser on the computer 21, or 22 on the network and entering the IP address of the web server in the router 30, a setting screen will be popped up. From this setting screen it will be possible to register a new user, change user ID and/or password, and set file write/read permissions for each registered user. The setting screen is also designed to display partitions corresponding to file systems other than XFS, FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32 as logical devices as well, and one or more of these partitions can be selected for being formatted to any of the formats XFS, FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32. By clicking a Format button displayed on the screen, the selected partition will be reformatted to a file system selected from among XFS, FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32.
While this invention has hitherto been described by way of an embodiment, the invention is not limited to this particular embodiment, but may be embodied in various other modes. For example, an OS other than Linux may be used as the OS that is run by the router 30. For example, if Windows (trade mark) is used as the OS for the router 30, a partition that emulates a CD-ROM may be provided in the external storage device 50, and internal software designed to be executed by the Autorun function may be installed in this partition and used to execute processes equivalent to those shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. A USB memory or SSD (Solid State Disk) may also be employed as the external storage device 50. Moreover, a card reader may be connected to the USB connector 36, and a memory card installed in the card reader may be handled as an external storage device.
The router 30 of this embodiment is designed to allow an external storage device 50 to always be shared automatically among users when the device is connected to the connector 36, but a switch 47, for example, for setting automatic sharing on or off may be provided instead. While the router 30 described above has wireless LAN functionality, a router designed for wired LAN may be used instead, or routers adapted for both wireless or wired applications may also be used. This invention may further be embodied as an access point lacking router functions. Furthermore, two or more connectors 36 may be provided for connection of external storage devices.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to an embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
1. A network device having a function of at least one of a router and a wireless LAN access point, comprising: a connector to which an external storage device is connected; a detector for detecting that an external storage device has been connected to the connector; a file system recognition unit that, when the connection of the external storage device to the connector has been detected, recognizes a file system of the external storage device; and a sharing unit that, using the recognized file system, configures the external storage device so that the device can be accessed with prescribed access rights by other devices on a network.
2. A network device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the connector is a USB connector.
3. A network device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the external storage device is a device recognized as a USB mass storage.
4. A network device as claimed in claim 1, wherein an operating system is installed in the network device; the detector is realized as a function for detecting the connection of a device to the connector, the function being part of the function of the operating system; and the file system recognition unit is realized through recognition of the format of the external storage device by a prescribed program that is started up by the operating system.
5. A network device as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: a web server for distributing information on a screen for configuring the network device over the network; a file system configuration unit that, when the network device has been configured through access to the web server from a computer on the network, formats the external storage device and installs a prescribed file system in the external storage device; and a sharing unit that, using the configured file system, configures the external storage device so that the external storage device can be accessed by other devices on the network.
6. A method for sharing among users on a network an external storage device connected with a network device having a function of a router for use in the network, comprising: detecting that the external storage device has been connected to the network device; recognizing a file system of the external storage device upon detection of the connection; and configuring, by using the recognized file system, the external storage device so that the device can be accessed with prescribed access rights by other devices on the network..
| 35,793 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32292047
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Category:Barnaulskiy Uyezd
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 40 | 148 |
Категория:Барнаульский уезд
категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Барнаульский уезд это частный случай понятия категория в проекте Викимедиа
Категория:Барнаульский уезд общая тема категории Барнаульский уезд
Category:Barnaulskiy Uyezd
Wikimedia category
Category:Barnaulskiy Uyezd instance of Wikimedia category
Category:Barnaulskiy Uyezd category's main topic Barnaulskiy Uyezd
| 23,232 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23486849
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
elffus, https://stackoverflow.com/users/3606751
|
English
|
Spoken
| 168 | 315 |
Implementing a SSO endpoint in Meteor
It seems like one would need to use iron-router (or similar) to create an endpoint route. This certainly shouldn't be done client side; but I'm unsure how to approach implementing this server side because you can't check if a user is logged in (Meteor reports that Meteor.userId can only be invoked in method calls):
this.route('sso', {
where: 'server',
path: '/sso',
onBeforeAction: function() {
if (Meteor.user()) {
this.redirect('endpoint url');
}
}
});
What would be an optimal approach for implementing a single sign on endpoint in Meteor?
In Meteor, this is actually handled on the client after the app loads, so that "the query string is not sent over the wire with the HTTP request".
Check out the Meteor code for handling password resets and email verification for how it's done:
https://github.com/meteor/meteor/blob/devel/packages/accounts-base/url_client.js
This is part of the wider accounts-base package, Meteor's user accounts system:
https://github.com/meteor/meteor/tree/devel/packages/accounts-base
Thanks a lot, this is exactly what I was looking for. Sorry it took so long to accept!
| 19,057 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.