identifier
stringlengths 6
14.8k
| collection
stringclasses 50
values | open_type
stringclasses 7
values | license
stringlengths 0
1.18k
| date
float64 0
2.02k
⌀ | title
stringlengths 0
1.85k
⌀ | creator
stringlengths 0
7.27k
⌀ | language
stringclasses 471
values | language_type
stringclasses 4
values | word_count
int64 0
1.98M
| token_count
int64 1
3.46M
| text
stringlengths 0
12.9M
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
51.1k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Amiet
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Bruno Amiet
|
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno Amiet&action=history
|
German
|
Spoken
| 252 | 498 |
Bruno Alfred Amiet (* 7. Mai 1903 in Starrkirch-Wil; † 23. April 1956 in Solothurn, heimatberechtigt in Bellach) war ein Schweizer Regionalhistoriker.
Bruno Amiet, Sohn des Kaufmanns Karl Amiet und der Marie, geb. Jeker, wuchs in Olten auf und besuchte das Gymnasium in Aarau. Danach studierte er Geschichte, deutsche und lateinische Philologie an der Universität Basel, u. a. bei Emil Dürr. 1926 erwarb er das Mittelschullehrerdiplom. 1928 wurde er an der Universität Basel mit der Dissertation «Die solothurnische Territorialpolitik von 1344 bis 1532» zum Dr. phil. promoviert. 1929–1931 war er Bezirkslehrer in Reinach AG.
Von 1931 bis zu seinem Tod 1956 wirkte Amiet als Deutsch- und Geschichtslehrer an der Kantonsschule Solothurn. Er war von 1949 bis 1955 Präsident des Historischen Vereins des Kantons Solothurn.
Neben seiner beruflichen Tätigkeit engagierte sich Amiet auch innerhalb der christkatholischen Kirche: 1933–1941 war er Präsident der Christkatholischen Kirchgemeinde Solothurn, 1938–1953 präsidierte er den Synodalrat der Christkatholischen Kirche der Schweiz.
Von Amiet stammen zahlreiche wichtige Arbeiten zur Geschichte der Stadt Solothurn, vor allem das Mittelalter betreffend. Sein Projekt einer Gesamtdarstellung der Geschichte der Stadt und des Kantons Solothurn gedieh nur bis zum ersten Band, der zeitlich bis ans Ende des Mittelalters reicht. Zudem widmete sich Amiet der Edition der solothurnischen Geschichtsquellen.
Literatur
Hans Sigrist: Nachruf auf Bruno Amiet, in: Schweizer Zeitschrift für Geschichte 6 (1956), S. 388f. (Digitalisat)
Hans Sigrist: Nachruf auf Bruno Amiet mit Schriftenverzeichnis, in: Jahrbuch für solothurnische Geschichte 29 (1956), S. 21–31 (Digitalisat).
Weblinks
Landeshistoriker (Schweiz)
Person (Kanton Solothurn)
Schweizer
Geboren 1903
Gestorben 1956
Mann
| 24,444 |
https://openalex.org/W4391598929
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| null |
A Computer Design Tool for Ceramic Receivers
|
Mark C. Messner
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,899 | 8,219 |
1 Argonne National Laboratory, United States of America Abstract. Gen3 solar receivers and other components will experience a combination of high
temperatures and high stress caused by thermal stress and internal pressure. Under these
conditions metallic components, even those manufactured from nickel-based superalloys,
have poor reliability. Engineering ceramics could be a solution, as these materials have ex-
cellent high temperature strength. However, accurately assessing the reliability of a ceramic
component operating in these conditions requires an entirely different approach compared to
metallic materials. This paper describes the implementation of statistical models for evaluat-
ing the reliability of high temperature ceramic components in srlife – an open-source software
package for estimating the life of high temperature concentrating solar power equipment. This new capability allows users to make fair comparisons between competing metallic and
ceramic component designs and to accurately assess the plant efficiency and economics of
ceramic solar receivers and other components. Keywords: Ceramics, High Temperature Design, Solar Receivers Keywords: Ceramics, High Temperature Design, Solar Receivers A Computer Design Tool for Ceramic Receivers Mark C. Messner1[https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0040-4385], Bipul Barua1,
Pawan Chaugule1[https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7570-6572], and Dileep Singh1 1 Argonne National Laboratory, United States of America SolarPACES 2022, 28th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems
Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, and Components
https://doi.org/10.52825/solarpaces.v1i.679
© Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Published: 07 Feb. 2024 SolarPACES 2022, 28th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems
Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, and Components
https://doi.org/10.52825/solarpaces.v1i.679
© Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Published: 07 Feb. 2024 1. Introduction Efficiency goals continue to push solar receiver temperature outlet temperatures higher [1],
meaning the receiver materials themselves must survive high temperature for long target
plant lives. Past work suggests achieving a viable receiver design with metallic materials may
be challenging [2] but ceramic materials, with their excellent high temperature properties,
might be a viable solution [3]. However, the engineering design of high temperature ceramic
components is very different from those of metallic materials, meaning there is a need to
provide the CSP community with applicable methods and software tools. We have developed an extension of the open-source receiver evaluation and life pre-
diction tool, srlife, that can evaluate the expected reliability of ceramic receivers operating at
high temperatures. The current version of the software assumes that failure will be time-
independent, but future extensions of the analysis method will consider time-dependent fail-
ure. The manufacturing process produces ceramics with an inherent, initial population of
subscale flaws. Thermal and mechanical loads can cause these flaws to grow unstably, re-
sulting in component failure, as ceramics are typically brittle materials. srlife analyzes the
receiver stresses and temperatures under the user-provided thermomechanical loads and
processes the resulting stress/temperature history using one of a variety of ceramic failure
models, mostly developed through past work at NASA for aerospace components [4]. The
result is an expected probability of failure for each tube in the receiver, which can be com-
bined into the overall reliability of the receiver. 1 Messner et al. | SolarPACES Conf Proc 1 (2022) "SolarPACES 2022, 28th International Conference on
Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems" Evaluating this reliability requires several analysis steps, first to determine the com-
ponent temperatures and stresses and then to process this information into the component
reliability. The process requires several types of material data, including information on the
thermal and mechanical response of the ceramic material, the thermal properties of the sys-
tem working fluid, and the Weibull statistics describing the basic reliability and strength of the
ceramic material. This paper outlines the process of evaluating the expected reliability of a high tem-
perature tubular panel ceramic solar receiver. In the process, the paper identifies the types of
material data required to complete the analysis and how that data can be obtained either
from the literature or a dedicated experimental test campaign. 1. Introduction We illustrate the use of the
new capability by comparing the performance of a reference solar receiver constructed from
both Ni-based superalloys and engineering ceramics. Finally, the paper concludes by de-
scribing the additional work required to complete the ceramic analysis package in srlife, no-
tably extending the capability to time-dependent failure, and describes a path towards the
wider acceptance and use of ceramic components in the CSP community. 2. Evaluating the reliability of a ceramic receiver
Figure 1. Flow chart illustrating the analysis steps in calculating the overall
receiver reliability. Loading and
geometry
Thermohydraulic
analysis
Structural
analysis
Reliability
calculation 2. Evaluating the reliability of a ceramic receiver Figure 1. Flow chart illustrating the analysis steps in calculating the overall
receiver reliability. The new ceramic life estimation capability builds on the existing metallic life estimation mod-
ules in srlife [5]. Figure 1 shows the general process of evaluating a ceramic tubular receiver. This section walks through some of the details of this process, focusing on differences in the
ceramic and metallic analysis procedures. 2.2 Thermal analysis The key balance equation is the relation between the heat transferred out of each
tube via mass flow and into each tube through convection from the tube into the working flu-
id: 𝑄𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (1) 𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖,𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓= 𝑄𝑄̇𝑖𝑖,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
(1) where the subscript indicates each panel in each flow path in the receiver. The heat transfer
out of the tube by mass transfer is easy to construct given the fluid temperature, heat capaci-
ty, and mass flow rate. The convective heat transfer into the fluid however depends also on
the details of heat transfer in the solid tube. To solve this heat transfer problem we use the
existing transient heat transfer solver module already built into srlife. This is a 1D, 2D, or 3D
finite difference, transient heat transfer code custom built for srlife. We couple this solver into
the thermohydraulic solver with Picard iteration. The individual metal (finite difference) and
fluid (simple heat balance) solvers use a full Newton-Raphson solution method with quadratic
convergence. The Picard iteration between the two codes means the overall convergence of
the composite solver is less than quadratic. We could improve this in the future with a full
Newton coupling, if it proves to be the performance bottleneck in the overall software pack-
age. where the subscript indicates each panel in each flow path in the receiver. The heat transfer
out of the tube by mass transfer is easy to construct given the fluid temperature, heat capaci-
ty, and mass flow rate. The convective heat transfer into the fluid however depends also on
the details of heat transfer in the solid tube. To solve this heat transfer problem we use the
existing transient heat transfer solver module already built into srlife. This is a 1D, 2D, or 3D
finite difference, transient heat transfer code custom built for srlife. We couple this solver into
the thermohydraulic solver with Picard iteration. The individual metal (finite difference) and
fluid (simple heat balance) solvers use a full Newton-Raphson solution method with quadratic
convergence. The Picard iteration between the two codes means the overall convergence of
the composite solver is less than quadratic. We could improve this in the future with a full
Newton coupling, if it proves to be the performance bottleneck in the overall software pack-
age. 2.1 Receiver geometry and loading While srlife can be applied to analyze any type of CSP component, the code is structured to
help the user quickly analyze tubular receivers. The software provides a data structure to
define the geometry and loading conditions on a tubular panel receiver. The user provides
the number of tubes in each panel, the tube geometry (thickness, outer diameter, and
height), and the thermal and mechanical boundary conditions loading each tube in the re-
ceiver. These boundary conditions include the internal tube pressure as a function of time,
the net incident flux on the outside diameter of each tube (likely calculated by another soft-
ware package), and the details of convective heat transfer into the receiver working fluid (see
next section). To reduce the cost of the analysis the user can analyze a limited subset of rep-
resentative tubes in each panel. For example, the actual panel may have 100 tubes, but the
user might elect to analyze only 2 or 3 tubes in the panel and let the analysis results for
these tubes represent the response of the remaining tubes. For a ceramic tubular receiver, this part of the software remains exactly the same as
for the original, metallic analysis module. The only difference is that srlife now provides two
ceramic options in the built-in material library: commercial SiC and properties for a Ti3SiC2
MAX phase material. The subsequent subsections discuss the types and sources of the data
for these materials as they come up in the analysis. 2 Messner et al. | SolarPACES Conf Proc 1 (2022) "SolarPACES 2022, 28th International Conference on
Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems" 2.2 Thermal analysis srlife now includes a simple thermohydraulic analysis module to calculate heat balance in
each flow path in the receiver. This is a change from the original version of the software,
where the user had to provide the fluid temperature as a function of position along the flow
path and time (likely calculated from an external thermohydraulic solver). The new thermo-
hydraulic capability could be applied to calculate the temperatures in either a metallic or ce-
ramic receiver. However, we identified the need to integrate a thermohydraulic solver into
srlife to fairly compare equivalent metallic and ceramic receiver designs. A fair comparison
here would consider equivalent receivers from the plant system perspective. The key charac-
teristics of the receiver in the context of the plant system are the incident flux, the inlet tem-
perature, the outlet temperature, and the flow rate. However, ceramic and metallic receivers
have very different thermal properties. So, if we were to fix three of these four parameters for
a metallic and ceramic design the fourth parameter would be different for the two materials. Instead, we developed the thermohydraulic solver to allow users of srlife to quickly al-
ter other aspects of the receiver design, for example the tube thickness, iterate through the
thermohydraulic analysis, and alter the design to keep the system characteristics of the re-
ceiver fixed for multiple receiver materials. This iteration would be cumbersome if each time
the user had to transfer data back and forth between srlife and an external thermohydraulic
solver. The integrated thermohydraulic solver is fairly basic. It neglects the effect of friction
and assumes a constant flow velocity along each flow path in the receiver. It assumes per-
fect mixing in the panel manifolds, so that each tube in a panel has the same starting and
ending temperature, and further assumes a linear temperature variation along each tube
from inlet to outlet. As with all the analysis modules in srlife, the user can represent the panel
response by explicitly modeling only a few tubes (say the hottest and coldest) and use these
tube responses to represent the response of the entire panel. 2.2 Thermal analysis The required material properties for the thermohydraulic solver are the thermal con-
ductivity and diffusivity of the solid ceramic, obtained from the literature for SiC and MAX
phase materials, and the heat capacity, density, and convective heat transfer correlation for
the receiver working fluid. srlife provides thermal-fluid data for 32% MgCl2/68% KCl salt and
supercritical CO2, using literature data. 3 3 Messner et al. | SolarPACES Conf Proc 1 (2022) "SolarPACES 2022, 28th International Conference on
Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems" 2.3 Mechanical analysis Given the internal pressure in each tube and complete tube temperature distribution, srlife
then uses the existing structural analysis module from the original metallic life estimation
module to calculate the tube stress and strain fields. This calculation applies a 1D, 2D, or 3D
finite element of each tube, with the tube mechanical boundary conditions setup to approxi-
mate the effect of tube restraint caused by the panel manifold and/or interpanel structural
connections. The structural solver does not feed back into the thermal analysis – the tube deflec-
tions are not large enough to significantly affect thermohydraulic heat transfer through the
fluid or transient heat transfer in the tube themselves. The coupling here is therefore “one
way” – the temperatures from the heat transfer analysis are imposed on the structural model. The ceramic evaluation module reuses this code unchanged. Currently, the module
applies a linear elastic model for the mechanical response of the ceramic. The required ma-
terial data is the material Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and coefficient of thermal expan-
sion. srlife includes these properties for commercial SiC and MAX phase ceramics, using
data from the open literature. 2.4 Reliability calculation At this point the software has calculated the stress and temperature field for each tube in the
receiver. The final step in the analysis is to convert this to the reliability of the receiver as a
whole, defined as the probability that some part of the receiver will fail by fast fracture under
the calculated stresses and temperatures. We use the methods developed by NASA for the
CARES/LIFE [4] software to calculate the receiver reliability. A companion paper [6] defines
these methods in greater detail, discusses how we verified our implementation, and provides
recommendations on which of the several ceramic failure models we suggest for use in re-
ceiver analysis. Ceramic failure is size dependent – larger volumes of material are more likely to con-
tain a critical flaw when compared to smaller volumes of material. srlife uses the element
volume from the structural analysis as the basic integration volume to calculate the reliability. The software then combines the element reliabilities to calculate the overall reliability of the
system: 𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓= 1 −exp ቐ−2𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑖𝑖=1
න𝜎𝜎𝑒𝑒,𝑖𝑖
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑ቑ
(2) 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑉𝑖 (2) where 𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 is the reliability, 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 is the number of finite elements, in the model, and 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 is the
element volume. The inner integral is over the unit sphere describing all potential failure
planes. 𝜎𝜎𝑒𝑒,𝑖𝑖
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 is an effective stress value calculated for each element. The effective stress en-
codes assumptions on the failure model and the assumed flaw shape. The companion paper
describes the various options in greater detail [6]. Finally, 𝑘𝑘𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 is the Batdorf coefficient and
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 the Weibull modulus. Both of these are related to a Weibull model for the uniaxial failure
of the material, which in term can be determined from bend test data. These are therefore
material data specific to the ceramic type and specific heat of material under consideration. srlife provides reference data for SiC and MAX phase materials, now relying on a combina-
tion of literature data and test data collected at Argonne National Laboratory. 4 Messner et al. | SolarPACES Conf Proc 1 (2022) "SolarPACES 2022, 28th International Conference on
Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems" 3. Example problem The addition of thermohydraulic and reliability analyses into srlife allows making a fair com-
parison between metallic and ceramic receivers. As an example, demonstration, here we
compare the performance of a reference receiver model between Ni-based superalloys, such
as A740H and A282, and an engineering ceramic, SiC. The model is a 21 m tall, 17 m diam-
eter, 360° external cylindrical receiver with a thermal design power of 500 MWt and maxi-
mum direct normal irradiance (DNI) of 750 kW/m2. The heat transfer fluid (HTF) is 32%
MgCl2/68% KCl salt with a constant inlet temperature of 550 °C and nearly constant outlet
temperature of 720 °C. The recevier consists of two serpentine flow paths, each containing
six panels and one hundred tubes per panel. Figure 2 shows the heat flux map on the re-
ceiver at noon and the variation in flux and HTF mass flow rate during the day. Figure 2 also
plots the HTF and tube crown temperatures determined from thermohydraulic analysis. The
figure plots these temperature along a flow path for the hottest and coldest tubes in the pan-
els. Note we simulated only the hottest and coldest tubes in each panel because this pro-
vides a conservative estimation of stresses in the tubes [5, 7]. Figure 3a shows the tempera-
ture distribution in the hottest tubes at noon for recevier with 2 mm thick SiC tubes. Figure 2. (a) Heat flux map on the recevier at noon, (b) variation in heat flux and HTF mass
flow rate during the day, (c) Changes in HTF and tube crown temperatures (shown for the
hottest and coldest tubes in panel) along the flow path from the start of the day to noon. Tube
material: SiC, tube thickness: 2 mm. Using the temperature results from thermohydraulic analysis and given the pressure of the
HTF srlife performs structural analysis Table 1 lists the required material parameters for Figure 2. (a) Heat flux map on the recevier at noon, (b) variation in heat flux and HTF mass
flow rate during the day, (c) Changes in HTF and tube crown temperatures (shown for the
hottest and coldest tubes in panel) along the flow path from the start of the day to noon. Tube
material: SiC, tube thickness: 2 mm. Using the temperature results from thermohydraulic analysis and given the pressure of the
HTF, srlife performs structural analysis. 3. Example problem Table 1 lists the required material parameters for
different tube materials to perform the structural analysis. We employed different material
models for the structural analysis of the SiC tubes and the metallic tubes. An elastic material
model was used for the SiC tubes, while an elastic-creep model was utilized for the metallic
tubes. The elastic-creep model incorporates additional parameters to calculate creep strain,
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐, employing the Kock-Mecking model. Using the temperature results from thermohydraulic analysis and given the pressure of the
HTF, srlife performs structural analysis. Table 1 lists the required material parameters for
different tube materials to perform the structural analysis. We employed different material
models for the structural analysis of the SiC tubes and the metallic tubes. An elastic material
model was used for the SiC tubes, while an elastic-creep model was utilized for the metallic
tubes. The elastic-creep model incorporates additional parameters to calculate creep strain,
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐, employing the Kock-Mecking model. 5 5 Messner et al. | SolarPACES Conf Proc 1 (2022) "SolarPACES 2022, 28th International Conference on
Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems" 𝜀𝜀𝑒𝜎𝜇𝑏𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑡 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐= 𝜀𝜀̇0𝑒𝑒𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑏𝑏3/(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) ቀ
𝜎𝜎
𝜇𝜇ቁ
−𝜇𝜇𝑏𝑏3/(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)
𝑡𝑡 (3) 𝜇𝐸𝜈𝑘 (3) (3) where 𝜇𝜇 is the material shear stress given as 𝜇𝜇=
𝐸𝐸
2(1+𝜈𝜈), 𝑘𝑘 is the Boltzmann constant (= 1.38
10 23
/ )𝑇𝑏𝜀
f where 𝜇𝜇 is the material shear stress given as 𝜇𝜇=
𝐸𝐸
2(1+𝜈𝜈), 𝑘𝑘 is the Boltzmann constant (= 1.38
10 23
/ )𝑇𝑏𝜀
f x10-23 J/K), 𝑇𝑇 is the absolute temperature, 𝑏𝑏 is a characteristic Burgers vector, 𝜀𝜀̇0 is a refer-
ence strain rate, and A and B are constants. Table 2 lists the additional parameters required
for the Kock-Mecking model applied to the two metallic alloys. Table 1. Elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and instantaneous co-efficient of thermal expan-
sion of SiC, A740H, and A282. 1. Elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and instantaneous co-efficient of thermal expan-
sion of SiC, A740H, and A282. Table 1. Elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and instantaneous co-efficient of thermal expan-
sion of SiC, A740H, and A282. Temp. 3. Example problem (°C)
Elastic modulus (GPa)
Poisson’s ratio (ν)
Instantaneous CTE
(μm/mm/°C)
SiC
A740H
A282
SiC
A740H A282
SiC
A740H
A282
20
415
221
217
0.16
0.31
0.32
4.62
12.4
12.1
300
408
187
202
0.16
0.31
0.31
5.14
14.3
13.5
600
401
186
183
0.16
0.31
0.35
5.54
16.0
14.7
800
397
169
166
0.16
0.31
0.36
5.72
20.4
19.6
900
394
160
154
0.16
0.31
0.36
5.83
16.5
23.7
Table 2. Kock-Mecking model parameters for A740H and A282. Table 2. Kock-Mecking model parameters for A740H and A282. Parameters
A740H
A282
εȯ (hr-1)
1.0x1013
5.0x108
B (mm)
2.53x10-7
2.53x10-7
A
-9.6295
-12.1119
B
-0.1470
0.0115 Parameters
A740H
A282
εȯ (hr-1)
1.0x1013
5.0x108
B (mm)
2.53x10-7
2.53x10-7
A
-9.6295
-12.1119
B
-0.1470
0.0115 We considered HTF pressures of 2.2 MPa, 2.6 MPa, and 3.2 MPa, respectively, for 1 mm, 2
mm, and 3 mm thick tubes. The panels are mechanically decoupled but the tubes in a panel
are rigidly connected to the tube manifold. Figure 3b shows the axial stress distribution of
normal stress components at noon in the hottest tubes when the receiver is constructed us-
ing 2 mm thick SiC tubes. As the figure indicates, the axial stress component is significantly
higher than the other stress components. This is expected as the tubes are subjected to axial
bending due to circumferentially large temperature difference as well as axial constraint im-
posed by the tube manifold. However, the high axial stresses are mostly compressive which
is favorable for ceramics as ceramics are much stronger in compression than tension. In the final step, srlife performs the reliability analysis of individual ceramic tubes con-
sidered in analysis using the temperature and stress fields determined above. Table 3 lists
the Weibull modulus and scale parameter for SiC. These parameters are required to calcu-
late reliability of SiC tubes. Table 4 lists the minimum tube reliability of the reference receiver
for different tube thicknesses. The reliability decreases with tube thickness. The opposite
trend may occur for receivers operating with a high pressure HTF fluid such as sCO2. Table 3. Weibull modulus and scale parameter for SiC. 𝑚𝜎 Table 3. Weibull modulus and scale parameter for SiC. Temperature (°C) Weibull modulus, 𝑚𝑚 Scale parameter, 𝜎𝜎0 (MPa-(mm)^(3/m))
25
10.70
507
800
10.70
467 6 6 Messner et al. 4.2 Future work and community decisions The current ceramic assessment capability in srlife assumes time-independent failure. That
is, the subscale flaw distribution of the ceramic material remains fixed to the initial, as-
manufactured flaw distribution and only the thermomechanical loading varies as a function of
time. In actuality, high temperature fatigue and creep crack growth will alter the subscale flaw
distribution as a function of time as these mechanisms grow the initial subscale flaws via
subcritical crack growth. A complete description of the reliability of high temperature ceramic
CSP components would include modelling this subcritical crack growth. Essentially, this al-
ters the strength of the material, as described by its Weibull statistics, as a function of time,
temperature, mechanical load, etc. Combining subcritical crack growth models of this kind
with the existing time-independent evaluation capability in srlife would provide the required
modelling capability. However, additional time-dependent ceramic test data will be needed to
parameterize the models. This work also leaves open a key question – what is the required reliability of a given
CSP component? The methodology developed here provides the reliability of the component
– the probability that the component will not fail by fast fracture under the provided thermo-
mechanical load history. The final, time-dependent failure models will provide the same relia-
bility probability but now as a function of time – the probability that the component will not fail
for a given component design life. Translating this reliability into a design metric will require
the CSP community to ascertain an acceptable reliability. For the moment we bypass this
requirement by comparing the ceramic designs to the best-estimate service lives of metal
components. As the metallic life calculation uses best-estimate, average material properties
the corresponding ceramic reliability would logically be 50%. However, this is clearly not ac-
ceptable for a design analysis, where some safety margin is required. Determining the required reliability will need input from CSP system developers, utili-
ties and other customers, and the broader design community. Different reliability targets
could be used for different types of components, to reflect relative risks associated with com-
ponent failure. Alternatively, the community could adopt a system reliability approach that
tailors the required reliability of a component to its role the plant system. In addition to this
critical design decision, more work on the fabrication and joining of ceramic components will
be required before they can be put into service. 4.2 Future work and community decisions However, the results reported here strongly
support continued work on integrating ceramic components into CSP systems and engaging
with CSP developers to disseminate the knowledge and experience they would need to put
ceramic components into service. 4.1 Summary This paper describes the implementation of a time-independent ceramic analysis module in
the open source srlife software package. This new capability allows users to evaluate the
reliability of high temperature ceramic solar receivers and other CSP components. We
demonstrated the new capability by evaluating a SiC ceramic tubular panel receiver and
comparing the results to equivalent metallic receiver designs. The software, including the
underlying material data, is available for use by the community under an open-source license
(see data availability below). 3. Example problem | SolarPACES Conf Proc 1 (2022) "SolarPACES 2022, 28th International Conference on
Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems" Figure 3. Temperature and normal stress distributions in the hottest tube of each panel at
noon. Tube material: SiC, tube thickness: 2 mm. Figure 3. Temperature and normal stress distributions in the hottest tube of each panel at
noon. Tube material: SiC, tube thickness: 2 mm. A fair comparison between the metallic and ceramic receivers should consider the manufac-
turability of the receiver tubes. Manufacturing 1 mm thick ceramic tubes may not be possible. Table 4, therefore, lists the reliability of SiC receivers for tubes with thickness (1 mm), the
same as the metallic tubes, and for thicker SiC tubes (2 mm and 3 mm) that can be manufac-
tured with current techniques. For all three thicknesses, the time-independent reliability of
SiC receiver is excellent in contrast to the very short life of the metallic receiver – especially
since the estimated life of metallic receivers is based on average material properties and,
therefore, might be a reasonable representation of a median life estimate corresponding to a
reliability of 0.5. Table 4. Comparison between metallic and ceramic receivers. Reliability of ceramic receiver
is based on the minimum tube reliability and calculated using Griffith’s tensile stress criteria
for a penny-shaped crack (see [6] for details). Life of metallic receiver is based on the short-
est tube life due to creep-fatigue damage accumulation. Material
SiC
A740H A282
Tube thickness (mm)
1
2
3
1
1
Reliability
0.994 0.987 0.976
-
-
Life (days)
-
-
-
44
96 7 7 Messner et al. | SolarPACES Conf Proc 1 (2022) "SolarPACES 2022, 28th International Conference on
Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems" Data availability statement The material data used in the sample problem is contained in the distribution of the srlife
software, available at https://github.com/Argonne-National-Laboratory/srlife. 8 Messner et al. | SolarPACES Conf Proc 1 (2022) "SolarPACES 2022, 28th International Conference on
Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems" Funding This work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract No. DE-AC02-
06CH11357 with Argonne National Laboratory, managed and operated by UChicago Ar-
gonne LLC. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the U.S. Department of Energy
through the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technologies
Office, CSP Program (project 38482). Author contributions M. C. M. modified the srlife software and contributed to the initial and final drafts of the man-
uscript. P. C. added the ceramic failure models to srlife. B. B. ran the example analysis and
helped write the draft and final manuscripts. D. S. helped administer the project and collect
ceramic failure data. All reviewed and edited the final manuscript. Underlying and related material The source code for srlife and the input data for various examples are available at
https://github.com/Argonne-National-Laboratory/srlife. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References 1. M. Mehos et al. “Concentrating solar power Gen3 demonstration roadmap.” National
Renewable Energy Laboratory technical report NREL/TP-5500-67464, 2017. doi:
https://doi.org/10.2172/1338899. 2. B. Barua et al. “Design Guidance for High Temperature Concentrating Solar Power
Components.” Argonne National Laboratory technical report ANL-20/03, 2020. doi:
https://doi.org/10.2172/1582656. 2. B. Barua et al. “Design Guidance for High Temperature Concentrating Solar Power
Components.” Argonne National Laboratory technical report ANL-20/03, 2020. doi:
https://doi.org/10.2172/1582656. g
3. M. C. Messner et al. “Towards a Design Framework for Non-metallic Concentrating
Solar Power Components.” In the Proceedings of the 2020 SolarPACES Conference,
2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0085670. 3. M. C. Messner et al. “Towards a Design Framework for Non-metallic Concentrating
Solar Power Components.” In the Proceedings of the 2020 SolarPACES Conference,
2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0085670. p
g
. N. N. Nemeth et al. CARES/LIFE ceramic analysis and reliability evaluation of struc
ture life prediction program. NASA technical report NASA/TM-2003-106316, 2003. p
p
g
p
5. M. C. Messner, B. Barua, and M. McMurtrey. “srlife: A Fast Tool for High Tempera-
ture Receiver Design and Analysis.” Argonne National Laboratory technical report
ANL-22/29, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.2172/1871331. 5. M. C. Messner, B. Barua, and M. McMurtrey. “srlife: A Fast Tool for High Tempera-
ture Receiver Design and Analysis.” Argonne National Laboratory technical report
ANL-22/29, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.2172/1871331. p
g
6. P. Chaugule et al. “Investigating Various Failure Models on Commercial SiC.” Submit-
ted to the 2022 SolarPACES Conference. p
g
6. P. Chaugule et al. “Investigating Various Failure Models on Commercial SiC.” Submit-
ted to the 2022 SolarPACES Conference. 7. B. Barua and M. C. Messner, “Fast Heuristics for Receiver Life Estimation and
Design,” SolarPaces Conference 2021 (accepted). 7. B. Barua and M. C. Messner, “Fast Heuristics for Receiver Life Estimation and
Design,” SolarPaces Conference 2021 (accepted). 9
| 5,077 |
https://github.com/arosenb4/webProjects/blob/master/projects/pso/outputs/sim904/problem2-40-0.40-0.00-3.00-12.gnuplot
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
webProjects
|
arosenb4
|
Gnuplot
|
Code
| 374 | 1,107 |
#!/opt/local/bin/gnuplot -p
step = 12
set title 'Psize=40, I=0.40, C=0.00, S=3.00, step:'.step font ",24"
unset key
set xrange[-50:50]
set yrange[-50:50]
set style line 1 lc rgb 'red' pt 5
set terminal pngcairo size 1280, 960
set output 'plots/12.png'
set arrow from 13.6455, 6.05922 to 15.6454, 5.97346
set arrow from 19.7371, 28.6967 to 17.3848, 27.2825
set arrow from 28.7386, 25.2231 to 27.7883, 23.8089
set arrow from 27.1732, 13.8504 to 25.6886, 12.4362
set arrow from 13.8144, 31.4025 to 14.1727, 29.9883
set arrow from 15.2223, -8.64234 to 17.0074, -7.22812
set arrow from 18.4875, -31.191 to 18.3796, -29.7768
set arrow from 28.0199, 4.48484 to 26.052, 7.71399
set arrow from -28.1779, -26.2209 to -26.5336, -24.8067
set arrow from -1.52857, 25.5284 to -0.0997565, 24.1142
set arrow from -4.70494, -26.5351 to -3.54412, -25.1209
set arrow from 6.89003, -19.1115 to 7.73229, -17.6972
set arrow from -9.70446, -7.35198 to -7.91254, -5.93777
set arrow from 18.4374, 6.01351 to 18.4362, 5.99223
set arrow from 33.6112, -18.9579 to 32.5689, -17.5437
set arrow from -29.433, -23.4322 to -27.7302, -22.018
set arrow from -30.0792, -26.2964 to -28.4152, -24.8821
set arrow from 18.4456, 5.98411 to 18.4721, 5.98164
set arrow from -1.26798, -6.49974 to 0.418727, -5.08552
set arrow from 18.1509, 5.94439 to 18.3706, 5.9476
set arrow from -25.5248, -14.4785 to -23.716, -13.0642
set arrow from 24.9808, -7.93909 to 24.1234, -6.52487
set arrow from 21.6727, 6.35592 to 18.7022, 6.05636
set arrow from 18.1027, -15.7911 to 18.1369, -14.3769
set arrow from -1.53224, 5.88463 to 0.467747, 5.95406
set arrow from 18.7574, 6.15242 to 18.9979, 6.04828
set arrow from 7.38921, 6.08602 to 9.38918, 5.922
set arrow from -0.358808, 6.02093 to 1.64022, 6.87209
set arrow from -14.6196, 6.2583 to -12.6196, 5.68349
set arrow from -15.9521, 5.55643 to -13.9523, 7.25167
set arrow from 18.7146, -32.6155 to 18.1964, -31.2013
set arrow from 18.6475, 5.77005 to 18.3101, 6.0997
set arrow from 16.2062, -24.8672 to 17.2936, -23.453
set arrow from 18.4899, 9.14414 to 17.3572, 7.72993
set arrow from 16.2438, 8.8051 to 17.9243, 6.63447
set arrow from 19.4294, 5.80772 to 18.2936, 7.32977
set arrow from 18.4196, 5.97548 to 18.4642, 5.99759
set arrow from 13.9818, 6.62554 to 15.4979, 5.95037
set arrow from -2.66265, 25.0785 to -1.18062, 23.6643
set arrow from 18.4272, 5.98476 to 18.4272, 5.98476
plot "< echo '-20 -7'" with points ls 1,"< echo '20 7'" with points ls 1
| 1,069 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
جان كابراس
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=جان كابراس&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 56 | 161 |
جان كابراس كان مؤرخ و قانونى و سياسى من الامبراطوريه النمساويه المجريه.
حياته
جان كابراس من مواليد يوم 17 يناير سنة 1880 فى برنو.
الدراسه
درس فى Faculty of Law, Charles University in Prague.
وفاته
جان كابراس مات يوم 13 مايو سنة 1947.
لينكات برانيه
مصادر
مؤرخين
مؤرخين من الامبراطوريه النمساويه المجريه
متعلمين فى جامعة كارلوڤا
| 36,471 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/57238681
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,019 |
Stack Exchange
|
U13-Forward, abhimanyuaryan, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4417582, https://stackoverflow.com/users/8708364
|
English
|
Spoken
| 175 | 360 |
if condition inside lambda while using posix path
So, I'm trying to remove hidden files from POSIX PATH i.e.
[PosixPath('/Users/abhimanyuaryan/../imagenette-160/.DS_Store'),
PosixPath('/Users/abhimanyuaryan/../imagenette-160/train'),
PosixPath('/Users/abhimanyuaryan/../imagenette-160/val')]
This .DS_Store doesn't make any sense here.
p = Path('/Users/abhimanyuaryan/../imagenette-160/')
I wrote this code. Tried adding if condition at back but I'm confused how do I do that. For a fact I know this code is wrong. Because even if it were a string. .DS_Store is not x[0]
It has to be after last \. I think I might need some regex here to find \. & then exclude it from POSIX PATH
but first I need to correct my if statement which doesn't seem to be correct
Path.ls = lambda x: list(x.iterdir()) if str(x)[0] != '.'
I also saw few labda and if usage questions on SO but didn't understand the correct syntax
You also need to have an else:
Path.ls = lambda x: list(x.iterdir()) if str(x)[0] != '.' else None
I use None for example.
is the else part important syntactically?
@AbhimanyuAryan Yup otherwise what should the code assign to Path.ls
| 9,857 |
1561306_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,995 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,144 | 3,049 |
OPINION
PICKARD, Judge.
The State appeals from pretrial orders dismissing charges for burglary and conspiracy to commit burglary. On appeal, we consider whether the district court had authority to dismiss the charges prior to a trial on the merits. We also consider whether the district court properly ruled as a matter of law that a fence does not constitute a "structure" under our burglary statute. We hold that the district court had authority and properly exercised that authority. Therefore, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Defendants were each charged with one count of misdemeanor larceny, one count of burglary, and one count of conspiracy to commit burglary. Prior to trial, Defendants moved to dismiss the burglary and conspiracy charges. Defendants argued that the factual predicate underlying the charges, entry of a fenced area, did not fit within the definition of burglary set forth in NMSA 1978, Section 30-16-3(B) (Repl.Pamp.1994). Specifically, they argued in a joint memorandum that a fence is not a "structure" as contemplated by the burglary statute. In its written response and at the motion hearing, the State raised a procedural challenge, arguing that dismissal would be improper under SCRA 1986, 5-601 (Repl.1992) because the motion was not capable of determination without trial on the merits. The State characterized the unauthorized entry as "climbing a 'chain link' fence" which, it argued, constituted a "structure" under Section 30-16-3(B). Specifically, the State described the facts as follows:
Defendants] [are] accused of making an unauthorized entry into the premises of Repo Ranch in Socorro, New Mexico, and while there committing a larceny. The unauthorized entry was made by climbing a "chain link" fence which encloses the premises of the Repo Ranch. Repo Ranch is engaged in the mobile home sales business, and its inventory of mobile homes is kept within the fence.
The State submitted form orders reflecting the district court's decision at the motion hearing to dismiss the charges. The orders, adopted by the district court, state that no evidence was heard, but again indicate that the factual predicate underlying the charges is the unauthorized entry over a six- to eight-foot chain link fence. It is from these orders that Defendants appeal.
DISCUSSION
A. Procedural Issue
The State argues that dismissal was improper under SCRA 5-601(B), which allows only motions "capable of determination without a trial on the merits" to be raised prior to trial. In support of its argument, the State cites to State v. Mares, 92 N.M. 687, 594 P.2d 347 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 92 N.M. 675, 593 P.2d 1078 (1979). In Mares, the defendant moved to dismiss an aggravated battery indictment on the ground that he had acted lawfully in his capacity as a peace officer, and therefore the incident did not fit within the statutory definition of the crime. Id. at 688, 594 P.2d at 348. After an evidentiary hearing, the district court found that the defendant had acted lawfully and dismissed the indictment. Id. This Court reversed, concluding that the district court improperly took away from the jury the factual issue of lawfulness. Id. at 689, 594 P.2d at 349. Likewise, in State v. Masters, 99 N.M. 58, 653 P.2d 889 (Ct.App.1982), this Court held that it was improper to dismiss a failure to appear charge on the basis of a factual determination made at the preliminary hearing stage.
We disagree that Mares and Masters require reversal under the circumstances of the present case for two reasons. First, the State never disputed that the burglary charges were predicated on the act of climbing over the Repo Ranch fence. Instead, the State's argument below focused on the legal issue of whether a fence comes within the definition of "structure" in Section 30-16-3(B). Therefore, the district court was never called upon to make the type of factual resolution prohibited under Mares and Masters.
Second, to the extent that Mares and Masters recognized a broader prohibition against a pretrial challenge to material allegations in an indictment or information, we find guidance in State v. Ogden, 118 N.M. 234, 880 P.2d 845, cert. denied, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 336, 130 L.Ed.2d 294 (1994), where our Supreme Court authorized the use of pretrial SCRA 5-601 hearings to consider death penalty aggravating circumstances. The Court stated:
A defendant who has been notified that the State will seek the death penalty may move to dismiss an aggravating circumstance before trial. Pretrial rulings on the support of aggravating circumstances can present questions of fact, law, or mixed fact and law, and this will affect the standard of review. When the applicability of an aggravating circumstance presents a question of law capable of determination without trial . [SCRA 5-601] applies and the district court should rule on the motion consistent therewith. A motion to dismiss an aggravating circumstance that presents a purely legal question should be granted when the district court finds that the aggravating circumstance does not apply as a matter of law.
Ogden, 118 N.M. at 239, 880 P.2d at 850 (footnote omitted).
As applied here, the district court had authority under SCRA 5-601 to consider the purely legal issue raised in Defendants' motion. We reject the State's contention that the district court had to initially conduct an evidentiary hearing to allow introduction of the evidence that the burglary charge was predicated on the unauthorized entry through a fence. As noted above, the State never disputed Defendants' characterization of the factual predicate underlying the charges, and instead engaged the district court in a purely legal argument. The State also declined the district court's invitation to propose additional facts to be included in the record. Accordingly, we believe that under the particular circumstances of this case the State has failed to point out any practical purpose that would have been served by an evidentiary hearing or, for that matter, a trial on the merits. See State v. Portillo, 110 N.M. 135, 137, 793 P.2d 265, 267 (1990) (statutes and rules should be interpreted with logic and common sense); see also SCRA 1986, 5-101(B) (Repl.1992). Dismissal was therefore an appropriate and effective means of promoting judicial efficiency in this case in light of the dispositive issue before the district court. Cf. State v. Hodge, 118 N.M. 410, 416, 882 P.2d 1, 7 (1994) (use of conditional plea agreements appropriate and do not preclude review where issues of law or mixed issues of law and fact can be decided without trial).
B. Burglary Statute
"Burglary consists of the unauthorized entry of any vehicle, watercraft, aircraft, dwelling or other structure, movable or immovable, with the intent to commit any felony or theft therein." Section 30-16-3. We interpret this section by initially identifying the type of harm or evil the legislature intended to prevent. See Ogden, 118 N.M. at 244, 880 P.2d at 855. The State correctly points out that the general purpose of the burglary statute is "to protect possessory rights with respect to structures and conveyances and to define 'prohibited space'." State v. Rodriguez, 101 N.M. 192, 194, 679 P.2d 1290, 1292 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 101 N.M. 189, 679 P.2d 1287 (1984) (citation omitted); see also State v. Sanchez, 105 N.M. 619, 620, 735 P.2d 536, 537 (Ct.App.) (burglary offense is "one against the security of property, and its purpose is to protect possessory rights"), cert. denied, 105 N.M. 618, 735 P.2d 535 (1987). We must therefore examine Section 30-16-3 to see if a fence is the type of "structure" that creates a prohibited space.
Neither the burglary statute nor the Criminal Code provides a definition of "structure." As a result, we turn to the plain and ordinary meaning of the term. See Ogden, 118 N.M. at 243-44, 880 P.2d at 854-55. The State refers us to Black's Law Dictionary 1424 (6th ed. 1990), which defines "structure" as:
Any construction, or any production or piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined together in some definite manner. That which is built or constructed; an edifice or building of any kind.
A combination of materials to form a construction for occupancy, use or ornamentation whether installed on, above, or below the surface of a parcel of land.
The State acknowledges, however, that this Court has disapproved of a wholesale adoption of this and similar commonly used definitions for purposes of construing the breadth of Section 30-16-3. In State v. Bybee, 109 N.M. 44, 781 P.2d 316 (Ct.App.1989), we held that a soft drink vending machine does not come within the purview of the statute, notwithstanding the fact that it technically fell within the plain meaning of "structure." Id. at 46, 781 P.2d at 318. Reviewing the history of the statute, we noted that the legislature deleted the common law requirement of "breaking" and expanded the crime to encompass places and structures other than a place of habitation or occupation. Id. at 45, 781 P.2d at 317. We applied the statutory construction rule of "ejusdem generis" in our effort to define the scope of the statutory expansion. Id. at 46, 781 P.2d at 318. We described that rule as "requiring that where general words follow an enumeration of persons or things of a particular and specific meaning, the general words are not construed in their widest extent but are instead construed as applying to persons or things of the same kind or class as those specifically mentioned." Id. Noting that criminal statutes are to be strictly interpreted, we concluded that the legislature did not intend to protect space within every physical structure created. Id.
Applying the Bybee analysis to the present case, we conclude that the scope of the burglary statute as set forth under the "or other structure" language does not encompass the facts as alleged here. We disagree with the State that our holding is in conflict with pre-Bybee cases adopting a literal interpretation of this language. See State v. Gonzales, 78 N.M. 218, 430 P.2d 376 (1967); Sanchez, 105 N.M. 619, 735 P.2d 536. Gonzales involved entry into a food store, and Sanchez involved entry into a separately secured portion of a store and entry into a separately occupied office in a church. As we interpret these cases, ejusdem generis was rejected insofar as the defendants were arguing that the "other structure" had to be akin to a dwelling or place of habitation and did not include buildings used for commercial or other purposes. It seemed clear in Gonzales and Sanchez that such an argument would undermine the legislative purpose of broadening the burglary statute beyond its common law origins. Moreover, the structures involved in those cases fit within the plain meaning of the statute.
The State notes that a number of courts in other jurisdictions have interpreted similar statutory language and have concluded that fences fall within the definition of "other structure." See Townsend v. State, 308 Ark. 266, 824 S.W.2d 821, 822 (1992); People v. Moyer, 635 P.2d 553, 556 (Colo. 1981) (en banc); Joy v. State, 460 N.E.2d 551, 558 (Ind.Ct.App.1984); Stanley v. State, 512 P.2d 829, 832 (Okla.Crim.App.1973); State v. Roadhs, 71 Wash.2d 705, 430 P.2d 586, 588 (1967). We believe, however, that these cases apply the type of unrestricted "plain meaning" analysis rejected in Bybee. A strict construction of our burglary statute requires a different result. See Santillanes v. State, 115 N.M. 215, 221, 849 P.2d 358, 364 (1993) (statutes defining criminal conduct must be strictly construed). We therefore interpret the phrase "other structure" in Section 30-16-3 to require an enclosure similar to a vehicle, watercraft, aircraft, or dwelling. See State v. Gamble, 56 N.C.App. 55, 286 S.E.2d 804, 805 (1982) (definition of "building" which included the phrase "dwelling . and any other structure designed to house or secure within it any activity or property" historically required the structure to have one or more walls and a roof). Our interpretation is supported by the fact that, unlike a fence, all of the enumerated objects in the statute are capable of completely confining people and their property. To the extent that Rodriguez, 101 N.M. 192, 679 P.2d 1290, allowed the burglary statute to apply to unlawful entry into the bed of a pickup truck, we believe that case is distinguishable. Vehicles are specifically enumerated in the statute, and the bed of the pickup truck serves the same function as the enclosed space in a car.
Finally, we disagree with the State's contention that businesses such as Repo Ranch will unfairly be singled out for exclusion under the statute because they operate in an outdoor setting. The burglary statute would be applicable if Defendants had made an unauthorized entry into an office or a mobile home at Repo Ranch. Where the unauthorized entry merely consists of climbing over a fence, businesses and other open property are protected under our criminal trespass statute. NMSA 1978, § 30-14-1 (Repl.Pamp.1994).
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we affirm.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
FLORES and BOSSON, JJ., concur..
| 10,909 |
https://openalex.org/W2617063608
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,017 |
Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes gallbladder cancer progression by epigenetically repressing p21 and E-cadherin expression
|
Qiang Cai
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,065 | 14,718 |
Qiang Cai1,*, Longyang Jin1,*, Shouhua Wang1, Di Zhou1, Jiandong Wang1, Zhaohui
Tang1 and Zhiwei Quan1 1Department of General Surgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092,
China
* Copyright: Cai et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0
(CC BY 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source
are credited. ABSTRACT A growing number of studies indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)
determine some cellular processes in cancer, such as proliferation, metastasis and
differentiation. Urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1), an lncRNA, had been
reported for its overexpression and oncogenic effect on various human cancers. In this study, we found that UCA1 was significantly overexpressed in gallbladder
cancer (GBC) and positively correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM
stage and short survival time. Moreover, UCA1 promoted GBC cell proliferation and
metastasis in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Mechanically, we identified that UCA1
promoted GBC progression through recruiting enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) to
the promoter of p21 and E-cadherin, and epigenetically suppressing their transcript. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/ www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/ INTRODUCTION chromatin-modifying enzymes to target genes [6–8]. Mounting evidence revealed that the dysregulation of
lncRNAs might be associated to the misbehavior of
cancer progression. In our previous studies, lncRNAs
GCASPC, MINCR, CCAT1 and LINC00152 play multi-
roles including oncogenes or tumor suppressors in GBC
[6, 9–12]. Urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1),
an lncRNA that maps to chromosome 19p13.12, was
initially identified in human bladder transitional cell
carcinoma [13]. The ‘sponge’ role of UCA1 in cytoplasm
had been investigated more than once. Through binding
to microRNAs (miRNAs) response elements that could
directly suppress their target protein expression, UCA1
has an oncogenic function on various human cancers,
such as bladder cancer [14], non-small cell lung cancer
[15], hepatocellular carcinoma [16] and etc. Hu et al. [17]
also reported that UCA1 was physically associated with
enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), which suppressed
p27 (Kip) through histone methylation (H3K27me3) on
p27 (Kip) promoter in nucleus. However, little was known
about the expression level of UCA1 and its underlying Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the fifth most highly
diagnosed type of gastrointestinal tract malignancy and the
most common bile duct malignancy [1, 2]. GBC is highly
aggressive and spreads to regional lymph nodes at early
stage [3]. In addition, it has a high rate of recurrence and
chemo-resistance. Patients with GBC generally have a
poor prognosis: the overall 5-year survival is less than 5%,
the mean survival is 4-6 months [4]. Although massive
efforts have been made to develop the effective therapy
for GBC, however, little success has been achieved in
reducing the mortality rates [5]. Therefore, improved
insight into the precise molecular mechanisms of GBC
progression is urgent to figure out the way to the diagnosis
and treatment for GBC. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class
of non-coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. LncRNAs could regulate the expression of target genes
via various mechanisms, like functioning as competing
endogenous RNAs, serving as scaffolds or recruiting www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 47957 molecular mechanisms in cell proliferation and metastasis
in GBC. were generally higher in GBC cell lines compared with
H69 (Figure 1C). These results suggested that UCA1 was
a high expression lncRNA in GBC. RESULTS High expression of UCA1 was associated with
tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage
and short survival time in GBC patients INTRODUCTION In the present study, we demonstrated the novel
role of UCA1 in GBC and figured out that: a) UCA1 was
upregulated in GBC; b) the upregulation of UCA1 was
related to the tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM
stage and overall survival of GBC patients; c) UCA1
promoted GBC cell proliferation and metastasis; d) UCA1
promoted tumorigenicity in nude mice; e) UCA1 played
a pivotal role in GBC cell proliferation and metastasis
through epigenetically regulating the expression of p21
and E-cadherin by interacting with EZH2. To further explore the correlation between the
transcript levels of UCA1 and GBC patients’ clinical
and pathologic characteristics, we divided forty-five
GBC patients into high UCA1 expression group (n=23,
UCA1 expression ratio ≥ median ratio) and low UCA1
expression group (n=22, UCA1 expression ratio ≤ median
ratio). Statistical analysis indicated that UCA1 expression
was significantly associated with tumor size, lymph node
metastasis, and TNM stage (Table 1). However, UCA1
expression was not associated with gender, age, local
invasion or histological grade. Furthermore, Kaplan-
Meier analysis indicated that patients with higher UCA1
expression levels might have a shorter survival time than
those with lower levels (Figure 1D). UCA1 promoted GBC cell proliferation in vitro
and in vivo To explore whether the expression of UCA1 was
elevated in GBC progression, we first detected UCA1
expression levels in forty-five pairs of GBC tissues and
neighboring noncancerous tissues by qRT-PCR. As shown
in Figure 1A and 1B, the transcript levels of UCA1
were significantly higher in GBC tissues compared with
neighboring noncancerous tissues from the same patient. Then, we detected UCA1 expression levels in four human
GBC cell lines and human non-tumorigenic biliary
epithelial cell line H69. The transcript levels of UCA1 To explore whether UCA1 was functionally
involved in GBC cell proliferation, we designed two
different UCA1 siRNAs to transfect NOZ cells that
presented relatively high expression level of UCA1. Then
we selected si-UCA1-2 for the subsequent experiments
for its higher efficiency (Figure 2A). While, we also
established stable UCA1-overexpression GBC-SD cell
line that presented relatively low expression level of Figure 1: Relative expression of UCA1 in GBC and its clinical significance. (A and B) Relative expression of UCA1 in GBC
tissues and neighboring noncancerous tissues was detected by qRT-PCR (n = 45). Relative expression of UCA1 was normalized to GAPDH. (C) Relative expression of UCA1 in GBC cell lines (EH-GB1, GBC-SD, NOZ, OCUG-1 and SGC-996) and human gallbladder epithelium
cell line H69 was detected by qRT-PCR. (D) Kaplan–Meier method with the log-rank test was used to analyze the overall survival curves
of patients in high and low UCA1 expression groups (log-rank=4.97, p<0.05). The mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were plotted,
**p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Figure 1: Relative expression of UCA1 in GBC and its clinical significance. (A and B) Relative expression of UCA1 in GBC
tissues and neighboring noncancerous tissues was detected by qRT-PCR (n = 45). Relative expression of UCA1 was normalized to GAPDH. (C) Relative expression of UCA1 in GBC cell lines (EH-GB1, GBC-SD, NOZ, OCUG-1 and SGC-996) and human gallbladder epithelium
cell line H69 was detected by qRT-PCR. (D) Kaplan–Meier method with the log-rank test was used to analyze the overall survival curves
of patients in high and low UCA1 expression groups (log-rank=4.97, p<0.05). The mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were plotted,
**p<0.01, ***p<0.001. UCA1 promoted GBC cell proliferation in vitro
and in vivo www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 47958 Table 1: The association of UCA1 expression in 45 GBC patients with clinicopathologic charateristics
Characteristics
Case number
UCA1 expression
p-Value
Low (n=22)
High (n=23)
Gender
0.445
Male
12
7
5
Female
33
15
18
Age
0.436
≤ 60
26
14
12
> 60
19
8
11
Tumor size
0.047*
≤ 5cm
26
16
10
> 5cm
19
6
13
Local invasion
0.256
Yes
29
16
13
No
16
6
10
Lymph node metastasis
0.035*
Yes
30
18
12
No
15
4
11
Histological grade
0.586
well and
morderately
31
16
15
Poorly and others
14
6
8
TNM stage
0.042*
I-II
14
10
4
III-IV
31
12
19
*P<0 05 he association of UCA1 expression in 45 GBC patients with clinicopathologic charateristics UCA1 by transfecting pcDNA-UCA1 (Figure 2A). Cell
Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and colony formation assays were
performed to evaluate whether UCA1 indeed participated
in GBC cell proliferation in vitro. As shown in Figure
2B and 2C, UCA1 knockdown significantly inhibited
NOZ cells proliferation, while UCA1 overexpression
significantly promoted GBC-SD cells proliferation. Furthermore, EdU retention assay confirmed the inhibitory
effect of UCA1 knockdown in NOZ cells proliferation
(Figure 2D). functionally involved in the regulation of G1/S cell-cycle
transition in GBC cells. However, we did not observe any
difference in the apoptotic rate between different groups
(data not shown).i UCA1 by transfecting pcDNA-UCA1 (Figure 2A). Cell
Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and colony formation assays were
performed to evaluate whether UCA1 indeed participated
in GBC cell proliferation in vitro. As shown in Figure
2B and 2C, UCA1 knockdown significantly inhibited
NOZ cells proliferation, while UCA1 overexpression
significantly promoted GBC-SD cells proliferation. Furthermore, EdU retention assay confirmed the inhibitory
effect of UCA1 knockdown in NOZ cells proliferation
(Figure 2D). To confirm the results from the in vitro studies,
we then compared the tumorigenesis of GBC cell in
vivo. GBC-SD cells, transfected with either LV-NC
or LV-UCA1, were subcutaneously injected into nude
mice. In comparison, tumor developed obviously faster
in LV-UCA1 group than that in LV-NC group (Figure
3A). Meanwhile, the tumor weight was significantly
heavier in LV-UCA1 group than that in LV-NC group
(Figure 3B). In addition, we performed qRT-PCR in
mouse tumor tissues and confirmed the significance of
UCA1 overexpression in LV-UCA1 group (Figure 3C). UCA1 promoted GBC cell proliferation in vitro
and in vivo Moreover, immunohistochemical staining showed that
increased proliferative index Ki-67 expression in LV- To investigate whether the promotion of UCA1 on
GBC cell proliferation in vitro was due to its regulation
on cell cycle or apoptosis, we performed the flow
cytometric analysis and found that UCA1 knockdown led
to a significant G1-phase arrest of NOZ cells and UCA1
overexpression promoted GBC-SD cells cycle progression
(Figure 2E). These results suggested that UCA1 was www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 47959 UCA1 infected tumor tissues (Figure 3D). These results
together suggested that UCA1 could promote GBC cell
proliferation in vitro and in vivo. mesenchymal marker Vimentin expression in NOZ cells
(Figure 4B and 4C). While, the opposite phenomenon was
observed after UCA1 was overexpressed in GBC-SD cells
(Figure 4B and 4C). Considered that we had successfully
established EMT model in NOZ and GBC-SD cell lines
by TGF-β1 [18], we performed qRT-PCR to detect the
expression of UCA1 after TGF-β1 treatment. Interestingly,
the results showed that UCA1 was both significantly
upregulated by TGF-β1 in the two cell lines (Figure
4D). Together, these results suggested that UCA1 could
promote GBC cell metastasis and potentiate the epithelial
cells to transdifferentiate into mesenchymal cells in vitro. UCA1 promotes GBC cell metastasis and
epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
progression To determine the molecular function of UCA1 in
GBC cell metastasis, wound healing and transwell invasion
assays were performed to evaluate the ability of GBC cell
migration and invasion. Compared with the control, UCA1
knockdown significantly inhibited NOZ cells migration
and invasion, while UCA1 overexpression significantly
promoted GBC-SD cells migration and invasion (Figure
4A). Accumulating evidence had validated that EMT, a
process endowing epithelial cells with mesenchymal
properties, plays an important role in GBC [12, 18–20]. Next, we performed immunofluorescence and western blot
assays and revealed that UCA1 knockdown increased the
epithelial marker E-cadherin expression and decreased the UCA1 epigenetically repressed p21 and
E-cadherin transcription via binding with EZH2
in GBC Since the most abundant distribution of
the 1.4kb isoform of UCA1, we focused on its functional
significance in this study. The RNA pull down assay
showed that biotin-labeled UCA1 could harbor EZH2 but
not β-actin, which suggested that UCA1 could specially
bind with EZH2 (Figure 5C). UCA1 and EZH2, we performed RNA pull down assay
as well. There are three isoforms of UCA1 including 1.4,
2.2 and 2.7kb. Since the most abundant distribution of
the 1.4kb isoform of UCA1, we focused on its functional
significance in this study. The RNA pull down assay
showed that biotin-labeled UCA1 could harbor EZH2 but
not β-actin, which suggested that UCA1 could specially
bind with EZH2 (Figure 5C). of NOZ and GBC-SD cells. Since the “sponge” role of
UCA1 in cytoplasm had been widely reported, in the
present study, we aimed to explore whether UCA1 was
physically associated with EZH2 that regulated targets at
transcriptional level in nucleus. Next, RIP assay in NOZ
and GBC-SD cells revealed that UCA1 was significantly
enriched in the EZH2 antibody compared to the IgG
(Figure 5B). To further confirm the direct binding between of NOZ and GBC-SD cells. Since the “sponge” role of
UCA1 in cytoplasm had been widely reported, in the
present study, we aimed to explore whether UCA1 was
physically associated with EZH2 that regulated targets at
transcriptional level in nucleus. Next, RIP assay in NOZ
and GBC-SD cells revealed that UCA1 was significantly
enriched in the EZH2 antibody compared to the IgG
(Figure 5B). To further confirm the direct binding between j
l
/
e 3: Effect of UCA1 overexpression on tumor growth in vivo. (A) The nude mice carrying tumors from GBC-SD/LV-U
BC-SD/LV-NC groups were shown. Tumor growth curves were calculated per week. (B) Tumor weight from GBC-SD/LV-UCA
SD/LV-NC groups was shown. (C) Relative expression of UCA1 in tumors from GBC-SD/LV-UCA1 and GBC-SD/LV-NC g
etected by qRT-PCR. (D) The Ki-67 expression and positive cell numbers was determined by immunohistochemical staining
± SD of triplicate experiments were plotted, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Figure 3: Effect of UCA1 overexpression on tumor growth in vivo. (A) The nude mice carrying tumors from GBC-SD/LV-UCA1
and GBC-SD/LV-NC groups were shown. Tumor growth curves were calculated per week. (B) Tumor weight from GBC-SD/LV-UCA1 and
GBC-SD/LV-NC groups was shown. (C) Relative expression of UCA1 in tumors from GBC-SD/LV-UCA1 and GBC-SD/LV-NC groups
was detected by qRT-PCR. UCA1 epigenetically repressed p21 and
E-cadherin transcription via binding with EZH2
in GBC To explore the molecular mechanism of UCA1 in
GBC, we first detected the distribution of UCA1 in two
GBC cell lines (NOZ and GBC-SD). As shown in Figure
5A, UCA1 was both present in cytoplasm and nucleus Figure 2: Effect of UCA1 on GBC cell growth in vitro. (A) Relative expression of UCA1 in si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells,
or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was detected by qRT-PCR. (B) The cell viability of si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells, or
pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was determined by CCK8 assays. (C) The coloning ability of si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells,
or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was determined by colony formation assays. (D) The cell viability of si-UCA1-transfected
NOZ cells was determined by EdU retention assay. (E) Flow cytometric analyses were performed to determine the cell cycle progression
in si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells, or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells. The mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were plotted,
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Figure 2: Effect of UCA1 on GBC cell growth in vitro. (A) Relative expression of UCA1 in si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells,
or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was detected by qRT-PCR. (B) The cell viability of si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells, or
pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was determined by CCK8 assays. (C) The coloning ability of si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells,
or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was determined by colony formation assays. (D) The cell viability of si-UCA1-transfected
NOZ cells was determined by EdU retention assay. (E) Flow cytometric analyses were performed to determine the cell cycle progression
in si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells, or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells. The mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were plotted,
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Figure 2: Effect of UCA1 on GBC cell growth in vitro. (A) Relative expression of UCA1 in si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells,
or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was detected by qRT-PCR. (B) The cell viability of si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells, or
pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was determined by CCK8 assays. (C) The coloning ability of si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells,
or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was determined by colony formation assays. (D) The cell viability of si-UCA1-transfected
NOZ cells was determined by EdU retention assay. (E) Flow cytometric analyses were performed to determine the cell cycle progression
in si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells, or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells. The mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were plotted,
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 47960 UCA1 and EZH2, we performed RNA pull down assay
as well. There are three isoforms of UCA1 including 1.4,
2.2 and 2.7kb. UCA1 epigenetically repressed p21 and
E-cadherin transcription via binding with EZH2
in GBC (D) The Ki-67 expression and positive cell numbers was determined by immunohistochemical staining. The
mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were plotted, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 47961 Then we selected several EZH2 potential targets
(p15, p16, p21, p53, p57, KLF2, E-cadherin, FBXO32,
BRCA1, TRAIL, NKD2, DDIT3, DAB2IP, PLK3,
CLDN14, LATS2, PTEN) with tumor-suppressor
function that had been reported before, and postulated
that they might be related to the contributions of UCA1
to GBC progression. The qRT-PCR results showed that
the transcript levels of E-cadherin and p21 were increased
most in UCA1 knockdown NOZ cells (Figure 5D). And
the decreased transcript levels of E-cadherin and p21
could be observed in UCA1 overexpression GBC-SD
cells (Figure 5D). Furthermore, the western blot assays
confirmed these results in the protein level (Figure 5E). In addition, qRT-PCR and western blot results both
showed that EZH2 specific inhibitors (EZP005687) led
to increased p21 and E-cadherin expression in NOZ and
GBC-SD cells (Figure 5F). To validate whether UCA1 suppressed p21 and
E-cadherin transcription through recruiting EZH2 to p21
and E-cadherin promoters, we performed ChIP assays in
NOZ and SGC-996 cells and showed that EZH2 could
directly bind to the promoters of p21 and E-cadherin and
induce H3K27me3 trimethylation (Figure 5G). Moreover,
UCA1 knockdown significantly reduced EZH2 binding
and H3K27me3 trimethylation in NOZ and SGC-996
cells (Figure 5G). These results indicated that UCA1 Oncotarget
47962
ww impactjournals com/oncotarget
Figure 4: Effect of UCA1 on GBC cell metastasis and EMT in vitro. (A) The cell migration and invasion ability of si-UCA1-
transfected NOZ cells, or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells were determined by wound healing and transwell invasion assays
respectively. (B and C) The protein levels of E-cadherin and Vimentin in si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells, or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected
GBC-SD cells were determined by immunofluorescenceand western blot assays. (D) Relative expression of UCA1 in TGF-β1 treated NOZ
and GBC-SD cells was detected by qRT-PCR. The mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were plotted, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Figure 4: Effect of UCA1 on GBC cell metastasis and EMT in vitro. (A) The cell migration and invasion ability of si-UCA1-
transfected NOZ cells, or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells were determined by wound healing and transwell invasion assays,
respectively. (B and C) The protein levels of E-cadherin and Vimentin in si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells, or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected
GBC-SD cells were determined by immunofluorescenceand western blot assays. Repression of p21 is potentially involved in the
oncogenic function of UCA1 Although the inhibitory effect of p21 on cell
proliferation had been validated in other cancers, however,
the role of p21 in GBC remained unclear. Then we
designed two different p21 siRNAs and transfected them gure 5: UCA1 bound with EZH2 to epigenetically repress p21 and E-cadherin transcription. (A) Relative expression of
CA1 in cell cytoplasm or nucleus of NOZ and GBC-SD cells was detected by qRT-PCR. (B) Amount of UCA1 bound to SNRNP70 (a
sitive control), EZH2 or IgG (a negative control) was detected by qRT-PCR after RIP in NOZ and GBC-SD cells. (C) RNA pull-down
say was conducted using biotin-labeled UCA1 probe and detected the EZH2 expression by western blot assay. Antisense of the UCA1
obe was used as negative control. (D) Relative expression of p15, p16, p21, p53, p57, KLF2, E-cadherin, FBXO32, BRCA1, TRAIL,
KD2, DDIT3, DAB2IP, PLK3, CLDN14, LATS2 and PTEN mRNA in si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells, relative expression of p21 and
cadherin mRNA in pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was determined by qRT-PCR. (E) The protein levels of p21 in si-UCA1-
nsfected NOZ cells, or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells were determined by western blot assay. (F) Relative expression of
1 and E-cadherin mRNA, protein levels of p21 and E-cadherin in EZH2 inhibitors treated NOZ and GBC-SD cells were determined by
RT-PCR and western blot assay. (G) ChIP-qRT-PCR analysis of EZH2 occupancy, H3K27me3 binding to the p21 or E-cadherin promoter
gions in NOZ and SGC-996 cells, and IgG as a negative control. The mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were plotted, *p<0.05,
p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Figure 5: UCA1 bound with EZH2 to epigenetically repress p21 and E-cadherin transcription. (A) Relative expression of
UCA1 in cell cytoplasm or nucleus of NOZ and GBC-SD cells was detected by qRT-PCR. (B) Amount of UCA1 bound to SNRNP70 (a
positive control), EZH2 or IgG (a negative control) was detected by qRT-PCR after RIP in NOZ and GBC-SD cells. (C) RNA pull-down
assay was conducted using biotin-labeled UCA1 probe and detected the EZH2 expression by western blot assay. Antisense of the UCA1
probe was used as negative control. (D) Relative expression of p15, p16, p21, p53, p57, KLF2, E-cadherin, FBXO32, BRCA1, TRAIL,
NKD2, DDIT3, DAB2IP, PLK3, CLDN14, LATS2 and PTEN mRNA in si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells, relative expression of p21 and
E-cadherin mRNA in pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was determined by qRT-PCR. UCA1 epigenetically repressed p21 and
E-cadherin transcription via binding with EZH2
in GBC (D) Relative expression of UCA1 in TGF-β1 treated NOZ
and GBC-SD cells was detected by qRT-PCR. The mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were plotted, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Figure 4: Effect of UCA1 on GBC cell metastasis and EMT in vitro. (A) The cell migration and invasion ability of si-UCA1-
transfected NOZ cells, or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells were determined by wound healing and transwell invasion assays,
respectively. (B and C) The protein levels of E-cadherin and Vimentin in si-UCA1-transfected NOZ cells, or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected
GBC-SD cells were determined by immunofluorescenceand western blot assays. (D) Relative expression of UCA1 in TGF-β1 treated NOZ
and GBC-SD cells was detected by qRT-PCR. The mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were plotted, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 47962 into NOZ cells. As shown in Figure 6A, the expression of
p21 was more effectively knocked down by si-p21-1. The
results of CCK8 and colony formation assays indicated
that knockdown of p21 could significantly promote the
NOZ cells proliferation (Figure 6B and 6C). The results
of flow cytometric analysis indicated that knockdown of
p21 could decrease NOZ cells G1-phase arrest (Figure
6D). These data indicated the functional role of p21 in
GBC cell proliferation. Moreover, we performed rescue
experiments to investigate the role of UCA1/EZH2/p21
axis in GBC cell proliferation. We co-transfected NOZ contributes to GBC cell proliferation and metastasis,
at least partly, through repressing p21 and E-cadherin
expression. Repression of p21 is potentially involved in the
oncogenic function of UCA1 (E) The protein levels of p21 in si-UCA1-
transfected NOZ cells, or pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells were determined by western blot assay. (F) Relative expression of
p21 and E-cadherin mRNA, protein levels of p21 and E-cadherin in EZH2 inhibitors treated NOZ and GBC-SD cells were determined by
qRT-PCR and western blot assay. (G) ChIP-qRT-PCR analysis of EZH2 occupancy, H3K27me3 binding to the p21 or E-cadherin promoter
regions in NOZ and SGC-996 cells, and IgG as a negative control. The mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were plotted, *p<0.05,
**p<0.01, ***p<0.001. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 47963 cells with UCA1 siRNAs and p21 siRNAs and found
that the co-transfection could rescue the cell proliferation
inhibition by the knockdown of UCA1 in NOZ cells
(Figure 7A, 7B and 7C). While, the E-cadherin protein
reduction and metastasis promotion by the overexpression
of UCA1 in GBC-SD cells were rescued by the treatment
of EZH2 inhibitors (Figure 7D and 7E). the proliferation or metastasis phenotype of cancer cells
[7, 11]. EZH2, the crucial catalytic subunit of PRC2, is a
histone methyltransferase that is specifically responsible
for H3K27me3 trimethylation of target genes and represses
their expression [21]. As reported, approximately 20% of
all human lncRNAs identified are physically associated
with EZH2 [22, 23]. To explore the relationship between
UCA1 and EZH2 in GBC, in this study, we performed
RIP and RNA pull-down assays and demonstrated the
direct interaction between UCA1 and EZH2. ChIP assay
showed that EZH2 could bind to the promoter regions of
p21 and E-cadherin, which was also confirmed by Xie’
study and Sun’ study [23, 24]. Additionally, after knocking
down the expression of UCA1, we found that the binding
of EZH2 to p21 and E-cadherin was decreased. After
comprehensive consideration, we put forward for the
first time that UCA1 might exert oncogenic effects on
GBC progression by recruiting EZH2, which binds to the
promoter of p21 and E-cadherin to repress their transcript. DISCUSSION In the present study, we put the spotlight on
the role of lncRNA UCA1 in GBC progression and
demonstrated its significant upregulation in GBC patient
tissues. Statistical analysis in clinical and pathologic
characteristics suggested that the high expression level
of UCA1 was significantly associated with GBC patients’
tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and
overall survival. Functionally, knocking down UCA1
in GBC cell inhibited cell proliferation, metastasis and
EMT. By amplifying UCA1 in GBC cell, we observed the
opposite phenomenon. Furthermore, the tumor xenograft
experiment confirmed that UCA1 amplification could
promote tumor growth in vivo. These results above
indicated the oncogenic role of UCA1 in GBC. However,
the corresponding mechanisms that contributed to this
were remained unclear.i As is well known, cell proliferation is closely
related to the cell cycle, and loss of cell cycle control
partly contributed to tumorigenesis, including GBC. The mammalian cell cycle progression is manipulated
by the regulatory subunits cyclins and cyclin-dependent
kinases (CDKs) [25]. P21 (p21waf1/cip1 or p21/CDKN1A),
an important CDKs inhibitor family member, can arrest
the cell cycle progression in G1/S transition by disrupting
the interaction between CDKs and cyclins [26, 27]. Li
et al. [28] performed immunohistochemistry in GBC Through interacting with specific RNA-binding
proteins, lncRNAs could activate the oncogenes or
inactivate the tumor suppressors and then contribute to Figure 6: Effect of p21 on GBC cell growth in vitro. (A) The protein levels of p21 in si-p21-transfected NOZ and GBC-SD cells
were determined by western blot assay. (B) The cell viability of si-p21-transfected NOZ and GBC-SD cells was determined by CCK8
assays. (C) The coloning ability of si-p21-transfected NOZ and GBC-SD cells was determined by colony formation assays. (D) Flow
cytometric analyses were performed to determine the cell cycle progression in si-p21-transfected NOZ and GBC-SD cells. The mean ± SD
of triplicate experiments were plotted, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Figure 6: Effect of p21 on GBC cell growth in vitro. (A) The protein levels of p21 in si-p21-transfected NOZ and GBC-SD cells
were determined by western blot assay. (B) The cell viability of si-p21-transfected NOZ and GBC-SD cells was determined by CCK8
assays. (C) The coloning ability of si-p21-transfected NOZ and GBC-SD cells was determined by colony formation assays. (D) Flow
cytometric analyses were performed to determine the cell cycle progression in si-p21-transfected NOZ and GBC-SD cells. The mean ± SD
of triplicate experiments were plotted, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. DISCUSSION www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 47964 tissues and demonstrated that the expression of p21 was
frequently decreased and reduced p21 was significantly
associated with shortened disease-free and overall
survival for patients with stages II to IV GBC patients. However, in the present study, we first confirmed the
function of p21 in GBC cell proliferation in vitro and the
rescue experiments showed that UCA1-mediated tumor
promoting effects on GBC cell was partly dependent on
the epigenetic silencing of p21 expression. While, we
also found a similar regulatory manner of UCA1 on the
major epithelial marker E-cadherin. E-cadherin, a tumor
suppressor in cancer development, is regulated by multiple
enzymes involving epigenetic modifications [29]. The
loss of E-cadherin increases tumor cell migration and
invasion, and leads to tumor dissemination [30]. Some
identified EMT-inducing transcription factors (Snail,
Slug, ZEB1, ZEB2, Twist1, Twist2, etc.) could silence
the transcription of E-cadherin by directly binding to the E-box motifs of E-cadherin promoter and recruiting
multiple corepressors to this region [31–33]. Additionally,
TGF-β1 is an acknowledged EMT inducer that changes
fibroblast growth characteristics. Zuo et al. reported that
UCA1 promoted gastric cancer invasion and metastasis
under TGF-β1 induction [34]. Our present study found
a similar phenomenon in GBC and partly explained the
mechanism by which UCA1 promoted GBC cell EMT and
then influenced the metastasis.i Collectively, we identified that lncRNA UCA1
promoted GBC progression by recruiting EZH2 to the
promoters of tumor suppressors p21 and E-cadherin, and
consequently decelerated their transcript. Our findings not
only highlighted the role of UCA1 in GBC progression,
but also revealed a new axis by which UCA1 promoted
GBC cell proliferation and metastasis. Along with further
research, UCA1 might be a prognostic indicator as well as
a therapeutic target for GBC. Figure 7: Effect of UCA1/EZH2/p21 and UCA1/EZH2/E-cadherin axes on GBC progression. (A) The cell viability of
si-NC-, si-UCA1- or si-UCA1 and si-p21-co-transfected NOZ cells was determined by CCK8 assays. (B) The coloning ability of si-NC-,
si-UCA1- or si-UCA1 and si-p21-co-transfected NOZ cells was determined by colony formation assays. (C) Flow cytometric analyses
were performed to determine the cell cycle progression in si-NC-, si-UCA1- or si-UCA1 and si-p21-co-transfected NOZ cells. (D) The
protein levels of E-cadherin in pcDNA-NC-, pcDNA-UCA1- or EZH2 inhibitors treated and pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells
were determined by western blot assay. (E) The cell invasion ability in pcDNA-NC-, pcDNA-UCA1- or EZH2 inhibitors treated and
pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was determined by transwell invasion assay. DISCUSSION The mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were
plotted, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Figure 7: Effect of UCA1/EZH2/p21 and UCA1/EZH2/E-cadherin axes on GBC progr Figure 7: Effect of UCA1/EZH2/p21 and UCA1/EZH2/E-cadherin axes on GBC progression. (A) The cell viability of
si-NC-, si-UCA1- or si-UCA1 and si-p21-co-transfected NOZ cells was determined by CCK8 assays. (B) The coloning ability of si-NC-,
si-UCA1- or si-UCA1 and si-p21-co-transfected NOZ cells was determined by colony formation assays. (C) Flow cytometric analyses
were performed to determine the cell cycle progression in si-NC-, si-UCA1- or si-UCA1 and si-p21-co-transfected NOZ cells. (D) The
protein levels of E-cadherin in pcDNA-NC-, pcDNA-UCA1- or EZH2 inhibitors treated and pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells
were determined by western blot assay. (E) The cell invasion ability in pcDNA-NC-, pcDNA-UCA1- or EZH2 inhibitors treated and
pcDNA-UCA1-transfected GBC-SD cells was determined by transwell invasion assay. The mean ± SD of triplicate experiments were
plotted, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget RNA pull-down assay RNA pull-down assay was performed using
Magnetic RNA-Protein Pull-Down Kit (Pierce, USA)
according to the manufacturer’s instructions. First, the
full length of UCA1 was synthesized using RiboMAX™
Large Scale RNA Production Systems (Promega, USA). After biotin labeling, UCA1 was bound to the beads
for protein binding. Cell protein lysate was added with
RNA-bound beads for immunoprecipitation. Beads were
washed three times and boiled in SDS buffer, and the
retrieved protein was detected by western blot analysis. The antibody for RNA pull-down assay was anti-EZH2
(1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, USA). Ethynyldeoxyuridine (EdU) retention assay The EdU labeling/detection kit (Ribobio, China)
was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions
to evaluate cell proliferation. Forty-eight hours after
transfection, approximately 5000 transfected NOZ cells
were seeded into each well of 96-well plates, 50 μM EdU
labeling media was added and incubated for 2 hours at
37°C under 5% CO2. Then cells were treated with 4%
paraformaldehyde, 0.5% Triton X-100 and anti-EdU
working solution successively. The percentage of EdU-
positive cells was calculated using fluorescent microscopy. Subcellular fractionation To determine the cellular localization of UCA1,
cytoplasm and nuclear fractions were isolated and
collected with RNeasy Midi Kit (Qiagen, Germany)
according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNAs
extracted from each of the fractions were subjected to
following qRT-PCR analysis of the levels of GAPDH and
UCA1. Cell culture, qRT-PCR, western blot, cell
transfection, cell invasion assay, cell proliferation
assay, flow cytometric analysis, ChIP assay and
immunohistochemical staining were performed as
described previously [9]. The antibodies for western
blot were anti-p21 (1:2000, Proteintech, China), anti-
E-cadherin (1:5000, Proteintech, China), anti-Vimentin
(1:5000, Proteintech, China) and anti-β-actin (1:5000,
Proteintech, China). The antibodies for ChIP were anti-
EZH2 (1:100, Cell Signaling Technology, USA) and
anti-H3K27me3 (1:50, Cell Signaling Technology, USA). The antibody for immunohistochemical staining was anti-
Ki-67 (1:200, Cell Signaling Technology, USA). Vectors
pcDNA-UCA1 and LV-GFP-UCA1 were brought from
Genechem (Shanghai, China). Primers for qRT-PCR,
siRNAs sequence and ChIP are shown in Supplementary
Table 1. Patients and tissue samples This study was approved by the Human Ethics
Committee of Xinhua Hospital (Shanghai JiaoTong
University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China). A cohort
of forty-five GBC tissues and neighboring noncancerous
tissues were obtained from patients who underwent
liver resection from November 2009 to October 2012 in
Xinhua Hospital (Shanghai JiaoTong University School
of Medicine, Shanghai, China) and Eastern Hepatobiliary
Surgery Hospital (Second Military Medical University,
Shanghai, China). Informed consent was obtained from all
patients. All patients were diagnosed with GBC according
to two independent pathologists’ evaluation. There was
no any pre-operative treatment conducted in the recruited
patients. Cell culture, qRT-PCR, western blot, cell
transfection, cell invasion assay, cell proliferation
assay, flow cytometric analysis, chromatin
immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and
immunohistochemical staining Cell culture, qRT-PCR, western blot, cell
transfection, cell invasion assay, cell proliferation
assay, flow cytometric analysis, chromatin
immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and
immunohistochemical staining www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 47965 Colony formation assay Approximately 1000 transfected NOZ or GBC-
SD cells were seeded into each well of 6-well plates and
cultured in media with 10% fetal bovine serum. After two
weeks, cells were treated with methanol and stained with
0.1% crystal violet. The number of visible colonies was
counted. Tumor xenograft experiment Wound healing assay, RNA-binding protein
immunoprecipitation assay (RIP) and immunofluorescence
analysis were performed as described previously [6]. The antibodies for RIP were anti-EZH2 (1:50, Cell
Signaling Technology, USA). The antibodies for
immunofluorescence analysis were anti-E-cadherin (1:200,
Proteintech, China), anti-Vimentin (1:200, Proteintech,
China). Primers for RIP are shown in Supplementary
Table 1. Each 4-week-old male nude mouse (five mice per
group) was subcutaneously injected with GBC-SD cells
(100μl, 1 × 106) that stably expressing LV-UCA1 or LV-
NC. Tumor volumes were calculated as 0.5 × length
× width2 on a weekly basis. After four weeks, mice
were sacrificed, and tumors were excised, weighed and
subjected to immunofluorescence analysis for Ki-67
expression. All animal experiments were performed in www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget CONFLICTS OF INTEREST All authors declare no conflicts of interest. Statistical analysis 2. Wistuba II, Gazdar AF. Gallbladder cancer: lessons from
a rare tumour. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004; 4:695-706. doi:
10.1038/nrc1429. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0
(SPSS, USA). Data were presented as mean ± standard
deviation (SD). Paired samples t-test was used to analyze
the expression differences of UCA1 between GBC tissues
and neighboring noncancerous tissues. Independent
samples t-test was used to analyze the differences between
groups. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the
survival, and log-rank test was used to determine the
significance. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was applied
for expression correlation assay. P values were two-
side and a p value less than 0.05 was considered to be
statistically significant. 3. Lazcano-Ponce EC, Miquel JF, Munoz N, Herrero R,
Ferrecio C, Wistuba II, Alonso de Ruiz P, Aristi Urista
G, Nervi F. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of
gallbladder cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 2001; 51:349-64. doi: 4. Rakic M, Patrlj L, Kopljar M, Klicek R, Kolovrat M, Loncar
B, Busic Z. Gallbladder cancer. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2014; 3:221-6. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.09.03. 5. Gold DG, Miller RC, Haddock MG, Gunderson LL,
Quevedo F, Donohue JH, Bhatia S, Nagorney DM. Adjuvant therapy for gallbladder carcinoma: the Mayo
Clinic Experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;
75:150-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.10.052. REFERENCES animal laboratory center of Xinhua Hospital (Shanghai
JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai,
China). The study protocol was approved by the Animal
Care and Use committee of Xinhua Hospital. 1. Zhu AX, Hong TS, Hezel AF, Kooby DA. Current
management of gallbladder carcinoma. Oncologist. 2010;
15:168-81. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0302. Abbreviations 6. Cai Q, Wang Z, Wang S, Weng M, Zhou D, Li C, Wang
J, Chen E, Quan Z. Long non-coding RNA LINC00152
promotes gallbladder cancer metastasis and epithelial-
mesenchymal transition by regulating HIF-1alpha via miR-
138. Open Biol. 2017; 7:160247. doi: 10.1098/rsob.160247. LncRNAs: long non-coding RNAs; UCA1: urothelial
carcinoma associated 1; GBC: gallbladder cancer; qRT-
PCR: quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction;
CCK8: cell counting kit-8; EdU: ethynyldeoxyuridine;
RIP: RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation; ChIP:
chromatin immunoprecipitation; EZH2: enhancer of zeste
homolog 2; miRNAs: microRNAs; H3K27me3: histone
H3 at lysine 27 trimethylation; SD: standard deviation;
EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; PRC2: polycomb
repressive complex 2. 7. Li D, Liu X, Zhou J, Hu J, Zhang D, Liu J, Qiao Y, Zhan
Q. LncRNA HULC modulates the phosphorylation of YB-1
through serving as a scaffold of ERK and YB-1 to enhance
hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology. 2016; 65:1612-27. doi:
10.1002/hep.29010. 8. Yang F, Zhang L, Huo XS, Yuan JH, Xu D, Yuan SX, Zhu
N, Zhou WP, Yang GS, Wang YZ, Shang JL, Gao CF,
Zhang FR, et al. Long noncoding RNA high expression in
hepatocellular carcinoma facilitates tumor growth through
enhancer of zeste homolog 2 in humans. Hepatology. 2011;
54:1679-89. doi: 10.1002/hep.24563. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 47966 47966 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10. Ma MZ, Chu BF, Zhang Y, Weng MZ, Qin YY, Gong
W, Quan ZW. Long non-coding RNA CCAT1 promotes
gallbladder cancer development via negative modulation
of miRNA-218-5p. Cell Death Dis. 2015; 6:e1583. doi:
10.1038/cddis.2014.541. We sincerely acknowledge the Eastern Hepatobiliary
Surgical Hospital and Institute, The Second Military
University, Shanghai, for the generous help. 11. Ma MZ, Zhang Y, Weng MZ, Wang SH, Hu Y, Hou ZY,
Qin YY, Gong W, Zhang YJ, Kong X, Wang JD, Quan ZW. Long noncoding RNA GCASPC, a target of miR-17-3p,
negatively regulates pyruvate carboxylase-dependent cell
proliferation in gallbladder cancer. Cancer Res. 2016;
76:5361-71. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3047. Author contributions QC and LYJ carried out the molecular lab work,
participated in data analysis, carried out sequence
alignments, participated in the design of the study
and drafted the manuscript; SHW and DZ carried out
the statistical analyses; JDW and ZHT collected field
data; ZWQ conceived of the study, designed the study,
coordinated the study and helped draft the manuscript. 9. Cai Q, Wang ZQ, Wang SH, Li C, Zhu ZG, Quan ZW,
Zhang WJ. Upregulation of long non-coding RNA
LINC00152 by SP1 contributes to gallbladder cancer cell
growth and tumor metastasis via PI3K/AKT pathway. Am J
Transl Res. 2016; 8:4068-81. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget FUNDING 12. Wang SH, Yang Y, Wu XC, Zhang MD, Weng MZ,
Zhou D, Wang JD, Quan ZW. Long non-coding RNA
MINCR promotes gallbladder cancer progression through This study is supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (81572297). www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 47967 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009; 106:11667-
72. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904715106. stimulating EZH2 expression. Cancer Lett. 2016; 380:122-
33. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.06.019. 23. Sun NX, Ye C, Zhao Q, Zhang Q, Xu C, Wang SB, Jin
ZJ, Sun SH, Wang F, Li W. Long noncoding RNA-EBIC
promotes tumor cell invasion by binding to EZH2 and
repressing E-cadherin in cervical cancer. PLoS One. 2014;
9:e100340. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100340. 13. Wang XS, Zhang Z, Wang HC, Cai JL, Xu QW, Li MQ,
Chen YC, Qian XP, Lu TJ, Yu LZ, Zhang Y, Xin DQ, Na
YQ, et al. Rapid identification of UCA1 as a very sensitive
and specific unique marker for human bladder carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2006; 12:4851-8. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432. ccr-06-0134. 24. Xie M, Sun M, Zhu YN, Xia R, Liu YW, Ding J, Ma
HW, He XZ, Zhang ZH, Liu ZJ, Liu XH, De W. Long
noncoding RNA HOXA-AS2 promotes gastric cancer
proliferation by epigenetically silencing P21/PLK3/DDIT3
expression. Oncotarget. 2015; 6:33587-601. doi: 10.18632/
oncotarget.5599. 14. Li Z, Li X, Wu S, Xue M, Chen W. Long non-coding RNA
UCA1 promotes glycolysis by upregulating hexokinase 2
through the mTOR-STAT3/microRNA143 pathway. Cancer
Sci. 2014; 105:951-5. doi: 10.1111/cas.12461. 15. Nie W, Ge HJ, Yang XQ, Sun X, Huang H, Tao X, Chen WS,
Li B. LncRNA-UCA1 exerts oncogenic functions in non-
small cell lung cancer by targeting miR-193a-3p. Cancer
Lett. 2015; 371:99-106. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.024. 25. Sherr CJ. Mammalian G1 cyclins. Cell. 1993; 73:1059-65. 26. Abbas T, Dutta A. p21 in cancer: intricate networks and
multiple activities. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009; 9:400-14. doi:
10.1038/nrc2657. 16. Wang F, Ying HQ, He BS, Pan YQ, Deng QW, Sun HL,
Chen J, Liu X, Wang SK. Upregulated lncRNA-UCA1
contributes to progression of hepatocellular carcinoma
through inhibition of miR-216b and activation of FGFR1/
ERK signaling pathway. Oncotarget. 2015; 6:7899-917. doi:
10.18632/oncotarget.3219. 27. Bertoli C, Skotheim JM, de Bruin RA. Control of cell cycle
transcription during G1 and S phases. Nat Rev Mol Cell
Biol. 2013; 14:518-28. doi: 10.1038/nrm3629. 28. Li X, Hui AM, Shi YZ, Takayama T, Makuuchi M. FUNDING Reduced
p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression is an early event in gallbladder
carcinogenesis and is of prognostic significance for patients
with carcinomas of the gallbladder. Hum Pathol. 2001;
32:771-7. doi: 10.1053/hupa.2001.26474. 17. Hu JJ, Song W, Zhang SD, Shen XH, Qiu XM, Wu
HZ, Gong PH, Lu S, Zhao ZJ, He ML, Fan H. HBx-
upregulated lncRNA UCA1 promotes cell growth
and tumorigenesis by recruiting EZH2 and repressing
p27Kip1/CDK2 signaling. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:23521. doi:
10.1038/srep23521. 29. De Craene B, Berx G. Regulatory networks defining EMT
during cancer initiation and progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013; 13:97-110. doi: 10.1038/nrc3447. 18. Wang SH, Wu XC, Zhang MD, Weng MZ, Zhou D, Quan
ZW. Upregulation of H19 indicates a poor prognosis
in gallbladder carcinoma and promotes epithelial-
mesenchymal transition. Am J Cancer Res. 2016; 6:15-26. 30. Ye X, Weinberg RA. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity: a
central regulator of cancer progression. Trends Cell Biol. 2015; 25:675-86. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.07.012. 31. Hajra KM, Chen DY, Fearon ER. The SLUG zinc-finger
protein represses E-cadherin in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2002; 62:1613-8. 19. He J, Shen S, Lu W, Zhou Y, Hou Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Y,
Liu H, Shao Y. HDAC1 promoted migration and invasion
binding with TCF12 by promoting EMT progress in
gallbladder cancer. Oncotarget. 2016; 7:32754-64. doi:
10.18632/oncotarget.8740. 32. Yang J, Mani SA, Donaher JL, Ramaswamy S, Itzykson
RA, Come C, Savagner P, Gitelman I, Richardson A,
Weinberg RA. Twist, a master regulator of morphogenesis,
plays an essential role in tumor metastasis. Cell. 2004;
117:927-39. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.06.006. 20. Lian S, Shao Y, Liu H, He J, Lu W, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Zhu
J. PDK1 induces JunB, EMT, cell migration and invasion
in human gallbladder cancer. Oncotarget. 2015; 6:29076-86. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.4931. 33. Comijn J, Berx G, Vermassen P, Verschueren K, van
Grunsven L, Bruyneel E, Mareel M, Huylebroeck D, van
Roy F. The two-handed E box binding zinc finger protein
SIP1 downregulates E-cadherin and induces invasion. Mol
Cell. 2001; 7:1267-78. 21. Chang CJ, Hung MC. The role of EZH2 in tumour
progression. Br J Cancer. 2012; 106:243-7. doi: 10.1038/
bjc.2011.551. 22. Khalil AM, Guttman M, Huarte M, Garber M, Raj A,
Rivea Morales D, Thomas K, Presser A, Bernstein BE,
van Oudenaarden A, Regev A, Lander ES, Rinn JL. Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate
with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene 34. Zuo ZK, Gong Y, Chen XH, Ye F, Yin ZM, Gong QN,
Huang JS. FUNDING TGFbeta1-induced LncRNA UCA1 upregulation
promotes gastric cancer invasion and migration. DNA Cell
Biol. 2017; 36:159-67. doi: 10.1089/dna.2016.3553. www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget Oncotarget 47968
| 5,783 |
https://github.com/boost-entropy-java/jargyle/blob/master/src/main/java/jargyle/util/CriterionMethod.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0, MIT
| null |
jargyle
|
boost-entropy-java
|
Java
|
Code
| 84 | 296 |
package jargyle.util;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlEnum;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlEnumValue;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlType;
@XmlType(name = "criterionMethod")
@XmlEnum(String.class)
public enum CriterionMethod {
@XmlEnumValue("equals")
EQUALS("equals") {
@Override
public boolean evaluatesTrue(
final String arg0, final String arg1) {
return arg0.equals(arg1);
}
},
@XmlEnumValue("matches")
MATCHES("matches") {
@Override
public boolean evaluatesTrue(
final String arg0, final String arg1) {
return arg0.matches(arg1);
}
};
private final String string;
private CriterionMethod(final String str) {
this.string = str;
}
public abstract boolean evaluatesTrue(
final String arg0, final String arg1);
@Override
public String toString() {
return this.string;
}
}
| 3,812 |
https://github.com/NikDemoShow/openvino/blob/master/model-optimizer/extensions/ops/lstm_cell.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
openvino
|
NikDemoShow
|
Python
|
Code
| 261 | 853 |
# Copyright (C) 2018-2021 Intel Corporation
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
from mo.front.common.partial_infer.utils import mark_input_bins
from mo.graph.graph import Node, Graph
from mo.ops.op import Op
from mo.utils.error import Error
class LSTMCell(Op):
''' A single LSTM cell (without a loop).
3 inputs:
- [0, required] input data (2D),
- [1, required] initial hidden state (2D),
- [2, required] initial cell state (2D),
2 blobs:
- [3, required] LSTM FC weights
- [4, required] LSTM FC biases
2 outputs:
- [required] output data / resulting hidden state (2D)
- [required] resulting cell state (2D)
'''
op = 'LSTMCell'
def __init__(self, graph: Graph, attrs: dict):
mandatory_props = {
'type': __class__.op,
'op': __class__.op,
'version': 'opset4',
'infer': __class__.infer,
'in_ports_count': 5,
'out_ports_count': 2,
'wr_input_id': 3,
'gates_count': 4
}
super().__init__(graph, mandatory_props, attrs)
def supported_attrs(self):
return [
'hidden_size', # number of the elements in hidden cell size
'activations',
'activation_alpha',
'activation_beta',
'clip',
]
def backend_attrs(self):
return [
'hidden_size', # number of the elements in hidden cell size
('activations', lambda node: ','.join(node.activations) if node.activations is not None else None),
'activation_alpha',
'activation_beta',
'clip',
]
@staticmethod
def infer(node: Node):
if node.has_and_set('extra_inputs'):
assert len(node.in_nodes()) == 8
else:
assert len(node.in_nodes()) == 5
assert len(node.out_nodes()) in [1, 2]
hidden_shape = node.in_node(1).shape.copy()
cell_shape = node.in_node(2).shape.copy()
mark_input_bins(node, start_port=3)
node.out_node(0).shape = hidden_shape
if len(node.out_nodes()) == 2:
node.out_node(1).shape = cell_shape
hidden_size = hidden_shape[1]
if node.has_valid('hidden_size'):
if node.hidden_size != hidden_size:
raise Error("Input shape {} for hidden size doesn't match pre-defined hidden_size in node {}".format(
node.in_node(1).shape, node.soft_get('name')))
else:
node['hidden_size'] = hidden_size
assert cell_shape[1] == hidden_size
input_shape = node.in_node(0).shape
assert input_shape is not None
assert hidden_shape[0] == cell_shape[0] == input_shape[0], 'States are not broadcastable by batch'
| 29,150 |
bub_gb_QhEhAQAAIAAJ_6
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,854 |
Journal d'agriculture pratique
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,231 | 11,998 |
Un drain empierré ainsi établi, exige envi ron 0.76 mètre cube de pierres cassées p mr 10 mètres courants. Deux ouvriers occupés, le premier à décharger les tombereaux, le se cond à raantruvrer le ei ible à égaliser l'em plerrement itu le damer, emploient par heure 5.5 à 3 mètres cubes de pierre.<t cassées, c'est1 dire e»'cutent de S30 a 400 mètres courants de tranchées par journée de dix heu SâN8 TUYAUX. ? res; ce qui, h raison de t fr. SS la jonrne( ■ d'un ouvrier, porte a 0".7 environ le prix de revient de la pose du mètre courant. On es» time en Angleterre que le mètre cube de pierres revient, pour l'extraction et lecassatre, a 1 fr. 40. il en resuite que lu prix de revient (les pierres par mètre courant' est de lO'.H, sans compter le tran.^port, qui peut être très variable selon les circonstances. D'après la moyenne d'un grand nombre de travaux , M. Smith, de Deanston, porte h l centimes le prix du chargement et du transport par mè tre courant de drain empierré, à la même somme de 4 centimes celui de l'ouverture de la tranchée, et h 24'. 0 en tout le priv total de 1 mètre courant de tranchée construite à pierres perdues , selon le système que nous venons df denire Cet int;énieur établit en cun!>t'quciicc lu tubic suivante pour reprt>sen ter le prix du drainage empierré par hectare, suivant lei divers éoirtements des ligues de drains : Prit du ininmge i paw ixti* •'♦'27 6. 10 7.01 7. y? 10. w; 11. J8 Mtlm linéaïnk ét drainf par bKttrf. é» !«■.•>}, 538 2,185 1,821 l,3C,h 1,226 1,0S« M3 911 S40 463 389 340 305 272 247 97» wr 194 Si on rapproche ces chiffres de ceux que nous avons donnés pour des travaux exécutés en Angleterre, dans les mêmes circonstances (le proiondcur et d'écartement, mais avec des tuyaux , on trouve que ces derniefu sont d'un tiers meilleur marché que ceax exécutés âver des pierres cassées. En France, comme nous l'avons démontré au début de nos articles, les drains empierrés sont usitésdepuis plusieurs siècles dans main tes contrées. >ous trouvons dan» ï'/nslrut lion sur ('■ drainage de la Commission hy draulique de la S iitlie, qne nous avons déjà eu occasion de citer plusieurs fois , quelques détails à eet égard que nous croyons utile de reproduire. « Pour les draios entièrement garnis de pierrailles, dit cette Instruction, recouverts de mousse ou de gazon reinersé et déterre, les prix les plus avantageux doat on trouve l'indication sont les suivants, lis se rappor tent à des fossés de 0'".70 à 0'".80 de profon deur, ayant O"*. 1 5 a o"".20 au fond , et des ta lus «usM turls que le comporte la nature du terrain : Fouille lies tcrrPs, arrangement »les (tiern^fll remlildis *0 Extraction de la pierre, oaiace al traiMport.. SS Total par mètre 1 ouranl de foss* couvert. . . . <>;> ^ Quant aux fossés où l'on établît des ivirs ou aqueducs en pierres, ils exigent des suiits Digrtized by Google DD DRAINAGB IHirtieiiliers et coûtent en générai plus cher encore. »■ Ce prix est beaucoup plus é]e'ê que celui lixé par l'ingtnicur Smitb, quoiqu'il ue s'agisse que d'une proFondear de 0".75 en moyenne, au lieu de celle de l".07. Il est vrai que nous trouvons aussi les dé tails SQlTantt, donnée par M. Hubert, arehi tecte à Laval , sur un genre de drainrmo que l'on exécute depuis longtemps dans le dépar tement de la Mayenne : cOn Uit, dit M. TTiibert, une rigole de 0*.40 à <H*.fiO de largeur sur 0'".ôO à 0'".60 de profondeur, suivant que le point où l'on veut faire ëcooier les eaux est plus ou moins bas; on fait ensuite dans la ricolc un c&m avec trois moellons, dont deux placés des deux côtés, et le troisième sur les deux antres, de manière a laisser un vide ayant une sec tion de G*". 10 sur 0"°.14; la hauteur du canal en pierre est de O'.SO environ ; on le reeonvre de o".30 de terre, poor que la charrne ne le dé tériore pas. tmumf. « Ce travail coûte, par mètre cou* rant : « En main-d'œuvre 15 < Le propriétaire n'a à payer , en sut* que le prix d'extraction de la l>iei rp qu'il prend sur la ferme, parce que le fermier est tenu de faire le trans port des matériaux sans indemnité. Cette extraction lui coûte 75 centimes le mètre cube } et avec un mètre cube, il peut Mre, en moyenne, de 9 à 10 mètres conrants; c*est done, par mètre courant : 8 c Si le propriétaire devait acheter et faire transporter la pierre à ses frais, il aurait en outre à payer : « Pour la valeur de la pierre, non compris Textraetion déjà comptée d des<;us , AO centimes par mètre cnhe^ soit par mètre courant !.. 6 « 9" Pour le transport dn mètre cube, moyennant 7i centimes, soit par mètre courant H « Total par mètre courant de drain. 3(i »> On remarquera que la profondeur du drai nage ainsi exécuté est extrêmement faible; (jue, par conséquent, on doit être loin d'obte nir un assainissement suftisant, quoique le |)rix de S6 cent, soit encore trèi-enpérienr au pi ix n^oyen par mètre courant du drai uajie avec les tuyaux. Nous verrons pins tard que c'est une ques tion de savoir si les tuyaux peuvent être em ployés dans les terrains plantés en vigne. Peut-être devra-t-on recourir constamment dans les vignobles aux drains empierrés. Pour cette raison, nous reproduirons ici une des cription des travaux exécutés dans le départe ment du Var par M. Henri Laure. En 1814, la Société ceatrain d'Agricoltare avait nli an SANS TUYAUX. 47 Concours deux prix de 8,000 et de l,SO0fï-. pour le dessèchement de terrains d'une conte nanre de ôo et de 2.» hectares, au moyen des rigoles .souterraines. M. Laure a reçu le prix de 1,500 fr. pour te dessèchement de sa terre dite des Mouiièrest d'une eonteoanee de 36 hectares. «En Provence, dit H. Laure, on nomme innulirrr (ont terrain recevant f endant l'hi ver les inliltrations pluviales des montagnes qoi l'avofsinent, et qui , en été, devient sec et dur. On comprend qu'un pan il terrain est In» cultivable. Il n'est guère de communes dans le département du Var, À cause des nombren st's monta}j;nes dont il est couvert, qui n'ait son quartii r des moulières. Cependant ces quar tiers sont souvent les meilleurs, les mieux cultivés et les plus productifs. C'est que, de pui'î plus ou moins de temps, ils ont été des séches par des ouides ou des touns^ noms vulgaires dtt pays auxquels le mot «Inilneat substitué de nos jours. ■ La commune de la Valette, près Toulon , avait aussi son quartier des moulières, et ce quartier est possodr par ma famille depuis près de cent ans. En 1827, ces moulières ayant fait mon lot, lors du partage de la suc cession de mon père, je me plaignis bientAt à mon fermier de ce qu'un terrain d'envi ron 3 hectares était couvert de chiendent et autres mauvaises plantes, et dans un état com plet d'inculture. Là, mv dif-il, il ne viendrait pas de seigle. C'est bien, repondis-je, nous le verrons dans quatre ou dnq ans. En effet, quelques années apràs, on y voyait, et on y voit surtout aujourd'hui des vignes, des oli viers, de» arbres fruitiers d'une belle venn^ etlesintervnllr^ on soles qui séparent les ran gées de vignes couverts de froment et de lé gnminenws magnifiques. Ptusieors antres parties de la nu-nie propriété étaif nt aussi presque eu friche, à cause de nombreuses moulières qui s'y trouvaient , et aojoord*hui une vegétJition viyoureuse montre ce que peut produire un dessèchement fait avec intelli gence. « En faisant d'abord nos plantations de vitrnes sur les points 1rs plus élevés, je fis d'amples provisions de pierres que j'employai a la construction de mes ouldes. Je creusai des tranchées de 1 mètre à l'".:]n sur une largeur au fond de 0"'.40. Bea pierres de n^.ii à 0*^.14 d*épais8eur Airent placées le long des deux côtés du fond de la tranchée, en laissant entre chaque rang de pierres un intervalle deo".io à o"*.!}. Des pierres lon gues de 0'".30 à 0."'40 furent posées sur les pierres déjà placées d-^ champ au fond de la tranchée, et de manière qu'uu vide d'environ o"* 12 restât entre ces diverses pierres pour servir a l'écoulement de« eaux qui s'y infil treraient durant l'hiver. Uu anius de pierrailles d'environ O^.JS à o^.ao d'épaisseur combla en jartie les traiicbérs} des fenillages forent Digltized by Coogle 48 DU URiUNAfiB fitsuile jetés sur ces pierrailles, et lînalcrnciit les tranchées furent comblée:! avee la terre qui eu avait été extraite. o Mes premiers outdes ont été eoDstruits en 1829, et le termin est encore aojourd'hni aussi bien assèche qu a l'origine j mon drai nage en cmptorrement a donc doré déjà u ans'.» 8" Drains en bois. Le bois de phi a été propo'^é, il y n quelquf? années, en Angleterre, pour lacotistruction di s drains. Eo France, l'osagede ce bois pour te drainage remonte à une époque reculée. Voici ce que dit à ce sujet M. Lai^re, que nous ve nons déjà de dter : * Dans les terrains privés de pierres, on construisait anciennement les ouides avec des pins. Je n'en ai jamais etai)li ainsi ; mais , dans mes défoncements , j'en ai trouvé qui, ccrtninenient, avaient été faits de puis plusieurs siècles. On sait que les pins en> fouis tout verts sont impérissables. Voici com ment on opérait, à en juger par ceux que j'ai trouvés. On coupait d ns les forêts, ou bien on achetait des pins d un diamètre moyen de 0".IOà 0"*.13, et le nombre en était déter mine p:ir l'étendue du terrain à dessécher. Uu plaçait ces pins, sans les ecorcer, un de chaque cAté an fond de la tranchée et un troi sicmc au-dessus des deux autres, en ayant soin de mettre Le gros bout de ce troisième sur les petits bouts des deux antres. Nécessaire ment, il restait un vide entre les trois pins. Ces ouides eussent été éternels, si nn avait mis sur les pins n'^.'iô a 0"'.ùU de pierruiUen. Pur le manque de ces pierres» ib s'étalent engcNr gés de terre. » Eu Angleterre, M. Seot, de Craigmuie, construit les tuyaux de bois de pin en douant ensemble quatre planches de O^.OSô d'épais seur, de manière à en former un canal rectau fpolaire de 0".0S de oAté Intérieurement et de 0" . 10 et n ieuremcnt. Les planches sont per cées de trous, d'intervalle en intervalle, pour permettre l'introduction de l'eau dans ledrain. M. Fouler, deMelksham, dans le Wiltshire, a réalisé à cet égard une idée qu'avait eue quelques années aupnravaut M. Saul, de Garstang, dans le Lancashire. Il a construit des drains en débitant, à l'aide d'une scie circulaire , des billes de irais commun eu pa ralléllplpèdes rectaugttlairttide0*.06fideeôti'. Les billes découpées sont ensuite cntninées ( > ) Dcpiiii» qu«; ces li>;urft sont écrito, Dous avons uii uiio iiot« de M. il'HDinhreii Firmas, qui mcntioDoe que, clans le département du Gard, on assainit, de temps taunénorlal, le» terres liumldw, lurtMtt celles qui «Mt UMwIlléw par des sourciis, à l'aido de fowfs eouverU qu'on appàle raf(U*ra/M(t, totaés à rats, parce que [ta rats et les mulots penvent Tacileiueut les parcourir et le« habiter. Ce fait conliiin»' ce qui nous avons dit de l'ancienneté du dr iinii^r « n Fi juce , mais il ne l)ii)ue pas que le drainage aec les lu.îiix ne suil iirt kriibie aux nu llm it-.-, ttadiiioiiLcllcb de DOS pay sanIiiris la Throiii (lu(li(ihia'}( un verrs d'*.'H vient surtout k sopérioiité de» tuyaux. SANS TUYAUX. par un chariot mobile sur un banc de tour où elles sont présentées a une mèche mue par le tour qui les fore dans toute leur longueur sur un ou plusieurs pieds anglais. Les tuyaux ob> tenus sont en outre percés de trous, de distance CD distance, pour faciliter l'introduction de Teau. Avant d'être employés, ils sont |riongés dans un h nîi âv irntifimn pour auî:men*er Irur durée. Les tuyaux sont introduits dans le soi à l'aide de la charrue de drainage de MM. Fow> Irr et Fry que nous avons décrite précédem ment (tig. 4, p. 11). Ces tuyaux de bois ne reviennent, ches M. Fowler, qu'à 1 o fr. les 1,000 bouts de fC'.SO de longueur. A ce prl» le drainage en ttiyaux de bois est moins cher que le drainage à tuyaux de poterie. ISous ne doutons done pas <^ dans certaines contréss où le bois est presque sans valeur, on v puisse se servir de pareils tuyaux. Il resterait a savoir s'ils auraient la mÊme dorée que les tuyaui en poterie cnllc» 4* Drabu m fàietiKt. Nous avons vu, par une citation détaillée de notre f:rand agronome Olivier de Serres, que la paille, les branehn'îes ou les fascines, ont été trei-einplo ces pour les anciens draina ges. On se sert encore de ces matériaux dans l)lusieurs parties de la France, de l'Angle terre et surtout de l'Allemagne. Les travaux ainsi elTeetate sont loin d*avoir la durée de ceux exécutés avec des tuyaux en poterie. Cependant, dans quelques cas particuliers ou soit les tuyaux, soit les pierres swalent trfal* rares ou ta s coùtcux, OU peut uvolr rccours aux fascines. • On fabrique, dit M.Mangon, les fascines sur uu métier (ng. 18), fbrmé de trois on quatre Ftg. U. — Mfliei pour Ultiqwt It» f«»du«». croisillons en bois enfoncés de O^.OO environ dans la terre et s'elcvant à 0'°.60 au-dessus du sol. Les croisillons sont espacés de 0*.«0 a l'".20 les uns des autres , et formés de ron dins de 0">.lâ à C'-^u de diamètre. Ou les charge de la quantité de branches nécessaires à la fabrication d'un saucisson. Pendant qu'an ouvrier serre fortement ce fagot avec une Fig. it. — Mode de lier les fascines. corde nonce à deux hrl'on 'fi^. H , un au tre ouvrier les lie avec uu hturt de bols ilexi Digitized by Google DU OajUNAGK bte, prénlnblempnt pnss^ à la fljiBqne {NHirlui donner |)tuH do souplesse. > ' ^ " Les drains garnis de fmclnes n*mit pas une profotulpur ni!s>;î ^rrunlc que ceux dcstiiirs à recevoir des pierres, et surtout 4es tuvaux; on se contente ordinairement de lenr donner une profondeur de o'"..55 à 0".75. Leur for me varie avec les localités. Quelquefois leur section transversale est un trapèze sur le fond duquel les fascines sont simplement po sées ou bien supportées par des croisillons en bois. Le plus ^()ul'^t, oû ménage (lig. 15) un double épaule ment à une distance de 0-.40 du sol, et ce n*est qu'à partir de ce point (jifoii ci'«use une tranchée très-étroite , pro fonde, par exemple, de 0"'.ao, large eu liaut de 0"'.08, et en bas de o"'.05. C'est ainsi qn';i op. rë M. Gallemand pour Fig ir> — Drain disposé pour les travaux qu'il a ^tre garni de fa»cine». exécutés dans la Maocbe. La grosseur des fascines est telle qa'eUflp n'uplreiit qoa de force dans la petite tranchée. Avant de remplir le reste de la tran chée avec da la terre tassée, on met sur les faieines ppe petite couche de paille, des joues 09 àm g^éts, deetiiiéi à tnpteher la terr« SANS TOYAUX. 44^ fine d'enp:orger le eanal qu'on nmt eomerm an-dessous. Les drains garnis de fssdnes n'ont qvHine durée très-liraitée. lyoïis m préscnternns tin exemple dans un drainage effectué par M. De mesniay f dans Tarrondlssenent de tille [Nord i. Le champ sur lequel le draina^'e a eu lieu était surgeonnetix, c'est-à-dire que son sous-sol, compose d'argile sablonneuse et de sable, contient une nappe d'eau qui venait sourdre à In surface partout où le sol s'a baisse. La pluie qui y tombait ne trouvait pas à s'éeouier, retenue qu'elle était, non pas par nue couche Imperméable, mais par une cou clic noyée dans laquelle l'eau tendait à mon ter plus qn'à descendre, attendu qu'elle était pi css -e par celle qui arrivait des terrains en vironnants ayant un niveau plus élevé. Ce eas se présente dans un grand nombre de enitnres de l'arrondissement de Lille. T e cliamp drainé par M. Demcsraay, d'une supeffîcie de 5' ..',, et formé par la réunion de six f>arcelles, avait d'abord été coupé par beau coup de fonétqul sopposaicut aux charrois. M. Demesmay crut pouvoir supprimer ces fossés eu en remplis sant le fond avec des fagots. Ce drainage im parfait donnait Heu à l'écoulement d'une partie de l'eau i mais le dégagement obtenu était loin de se troumsafBsaiitOn fot forcé d'y creuser des travers, c'esti^-d ire des ri goles d'un fer de bêche de profondeur, qu'on exécute en tnven du feu du lalwur, lorsque tel rigoles qui sépaïunt lei planches de z rig. Ifl. — ntn do dnlUfB d'an^ pit 'c Ht t^rre sise h TemplPtivf, pnr Ponf A-Varai (Nord ). mètres formées par la eiiarrue ne sufllscut pas I précautions, les semailles du printemps étaient a l'écoulement des eaux. Maigre toutes ces | fort retardées, non pas que tout le champ res Digitized by Google ?>0 tàt humide, mais il suffisait de quelques points surgeonneux pour condamner à l'in action, bien que r^wqoe des stBMiUiesittt ar rivée. M, Detnesmay prit en conséquence le parti de drainer avec des tuyaux places eu moyenne à une profondeur de i mètre, dans les directions ou il y avait autrefois des fos sés ou des travers, comme le représente la flgare 16. Les tranchées ne forent pas creu sées précisément à la place des anciens fossés, mais à une distance de a mètres, alio d'é diter les fagots qni ne se wmSmt p»int laissé attaquer par la béefae et qui eussent rendu le sol irés-éOoulant. A est le point le plus élevé du cliamp, et B en est le point le plus bas; entre ces deux points, il y a une différence de niveau de '2'". 60. FF est un draiii qui recueille l'eau des bas de fourrières; les premier et deuxième drains se vident en T et T" dans le fossé de décharge qui longe le champ ; mais en K il se trouve une retenue d'ean pour une petite prai rie située de l'autre côte du fosse, ce qui a forcé à conduire en X' ' ia décharge du troi •lèoM drain qui eût dû être en B. On a dû ap profondir le draiuage en ce point à 1"'. 50, afin d'être certain de se débarrasser de toute l'eau excédante. Ce drainage a parfaitement réussi ; dix jours après une pluie abondante, il est vrai, chaque bouche T , T " et T", au mois d'août 1862. donnait loo hectolitres d'eau par 94 heures; au mois d'octobre, les bouches coulaient à gueulebée et versaient chacune t,300 hecto litres par S4 heures. La pièce est parfaitement assainie, quoi qu'on n'ait exécute que l ,268 mètres courants de drainage en tout, c*e8t-à-dire 327 mètres |Nir hectare. Le prix de revieotaélétrès>fiyble, ainsi qu'il suit: 1,«4S mèlrea eonrantt de temnements, à 60 cent, par mèlrc 74',88 4,160 tujaux, a 30 fr. le mille 124.80 DU DRAINAGE SANS TUYAUX. Tout le drainage a coûté quarante journées de travail, savoir, 10 journées pour le chef ou vrier, a raison de 2 fr. 16 c. par jour; «t 1 0 Journées pour efaaeua de ses trois manou vriers, payésunrixlèmeenniolns,oa t fir.soc. par jour. Voilà donc on exempte de drainage très peu coûteux exécuté avec des tuyaux, qui a parfaitement réussi là où uu drainage avec fluieines n'avait pu durer. Aux détails que nous venons de dminer, M. Demesmay a ajonté ce renseignement trcs intéressant : « L eau qui s'écoule, nous a-t-il écrit, de l'ancien drainage aux fagots a une saveur stypti(}ne insupportable; celle qui coule des tuyau k de poterie placés a 2 mè tres de distance est abaolaoMnt sans saveur. La première donne nn dépôt considérable doxyde de fer; l'autre nen fournit aucun. L'explication de ce fait n'est pas dlfSelle : en présence du bois en décomposition, lo perox vde de fer des argiles passe à l'état de protocarbo nate soluble dans un excès d'acide cai%oni (|iic; m rive à i';iir, |e protocarbonate absorbe de l'oxygèoe et se précipite. C'est là un phé nomène connu, nuiis qui a beaucoup étonné les personnes étrangères à-la sclenee qui e& ont «té témoins. » V' Drriins rn gazon. Dans le cas de pénurie de tous les matériaux dont nous venons de parler, on a propose de construire des drains avec de simples mor ceaux de gazon enlevés de la surface du sol. Onéreuse la tranchée en donnant une certaine inclinaison aux parois, et en ménageant deux épaulements quand on approche du fond (lig. 17). On chasse ensuite la motte de gazon enlevée de la sur face, de manière a l'en foncer à force jusqu'à ce qu'elle pose sur les épaulemenfs en conser vant un vide eu des sons; on acbèvede rem plir avec de la terre pilonnée, puis avec de la terre simplement ex tr.iite par la fouille. Un pareil travail ne revient pas à beaucoup roeil pig. n. leur marché que le drai nage en tuyaux de poterie, et il présente évl demnieut beaucoup moins de chances de durée, 6' Draint m onuhfltf* tf« tourbe. Le drainage des marais tourbeux a beau coup préoccupé les ingénieurs anulais. La mo bilité du terrain faisant changer facilement nnclinaison, on évite d'employer de lourde matériaux, a moins que l'on ne'puissc attein dre le sous-sol solide à une profondeur de l^.SO à 3">.45 ; dans ce cas, le meilleur parti à prendre consiste à creuser les tranchées jus qu'à cette profondeur, etàemployerlestuvaux de poterie. Mais lorsque l'épaisseur de la cou che tourlu'use rend ce travail Impraticable» on peut obtenir un bon assunissement en cons truisant des drains avec de la tourbe elle-même. On opère de deux maniè res différentes. Dans le premier pro cédé, on taille vertica lement les parois de la tranchée, comme cela est représente par la flgure 18, où l'on volt un drain de l"'.05 de profondeur exécuté en ménageant au bas deex épaulements qui pre Tranché»" Rami^ de gasoo. IH — I raiiclicp i tiii' (If Imirli» Digitized by Coogle DD DRAINAGB SANS TUYAUX. Kl cèdent une ripole pins étroite. On jette sur rrsépaulements, la surface herbéeen dessous, la preralcre motte enlevée de la tranchée. On place ensuite les deux mottes détachées par le se cond coup de bêche. On remplit enlln avec la terre extraite par le béchaqc suivant. Ce travail peut s'exécuter avec une taraude |)récisiun dans les terrains tour beux, qui se découpent bien a la bêche. Dans le second procédé, on fait des tuyaux en tourbe en se servant d'un louchet d'une forme particulière (^llg. 19 j, inventé par M. Calder^'ood. Ce louchet, à cause de la cour bure qu il présente, permet de découper dans le terrain des prismes de tourbe ayant une cavité, comme on le voit dans la partie inférieure de la lig. 20. On fait sécher ces Fii(.ig— Loo prismes au soleil. En retour r»u|w""îfil """^ premier des deux pris eooduiu m mes qui ont été découpés a la iJHirhe. gyjjg | l'autre, de manière à l'appliquer sur le second, on forme le tuyau que montre la partie supérieure de cette même llfjure 20. On obtient ainsi un vide cylindri que. Un ouvrier fait de 2,000 à 8,000 prismes de cette forme en un jour. Les tubes de tourbe ainsi fa — briqués sont placés au fond ^^^^^ de^ tranchées ordinaires, qu'on ^^^H| remplit comme pour les tuyaux ^^^^H en poterie, ils reviennent à assez bon compte, et rendent des ser FiB a(TPri« dessèchement de inp» (le louriw marécages OU i I n'existe souvent mamerp* **a picrrcs, ui argilcs propres à Iforint r des la fabrication des tuyaux de po luyam. ,prie cuite. 60 Drains moulés. Nous entendons par drains inoU' les des conduits souterrains prati ques profoudé ment avec l'argile seule du terrain, sans avoir recours h d'autres maU.' riaux. Ce genre de drainage n'est absolumentappll eablequedansdes Fig. 93. — Kxècutlon des drain» mntil^. lève la première couche de terre , et on In place sur l'un des ctMes de la tranchée. La seconde couche de terre est enlevée a son tour, et placée de l'autre côté de la tranchée à l'aide d'une bêche longue et étroite. Enfin, on achevé la fouille en se servant d'un instru ment particulier appelé mèche de fer (fig. 21 ). Il consiste en une bêche étroite de 1"*.07 de longueur, ayant une largeur de O^.OS», et une épaisseur de COIS a la partie in férieure, qui se termine en un biseau afiilé. Du côté droit de la poignée et perpendiculai rement a la lame, se trouve une aile en acier de o™.!» de long et 0°".0G4 de haut, également terminée par un bi seau tranchant inférieur. Du côte gauche de la poignée et dans son plan, à une distance du tranchant inférieur de C'.ae, se trouve llxée une sorte de pédale de o"076 de long. On enfonce d'abord cet instrument à la profondeur voulue et sous l'angle le plus convenable au travail, l'aile latérale étant maintenue pa rallèle à la direction du drain et en appuyant du pied sur la pédale. On relire l'instrument et on lui fait faire un demi cercle sur lui-même pour l'en foncer de nouveau de la même Fig. ai. — Louchei quantité que la première fols, p.,r;îv.^^ en mettant le talon à l'extré trnnrh<^ de» mité de la tranchée faite d'à bord par l'aile. Par cette double opération, on détache sur ses quatre faces un prisme d'argile parfaitement retiulier, qu'on enlevé avec l'instrument et qu'on dépose à côte de la seconde terre extraite. On recommence ces opérations jusqu'à ce qu'on ait formé une tranchée dont on nettoie le fond à l'aide d'une écope ou d'une drague. Quand le fond de la tranchée est bien ré gulier sur une certaine longueur, on prend un chapelet de 4 à 6 pièces de bois, ayant cha cune 6™. 30 de long, 0".i8 de haut, 0'".05i d'é paisseur à la base et O'-.Ofi-l au sommet. Ces bil les de bois sont réunies 1rs unes aux autres par des lames de tôle posées sur les jointures, mais ne serrant pas, de terrains entièrement formés de terre glaise. Il ■ telle sorte que le système forme une barre un exige des instruments particuliers. D'abord, I peu Hexible a l'une des extrémités de laquelle avec une bêche de surface ordinaire, ou eu 1 ou attache une forte chaîne (lig. 22). On arrose Digitized by Google m ce mandrio avecde l'eau^et on le place, la partie la plus étroite en bas, an fond de la tranehée qa'll doit remplir compli'tempnt. On jette par dessQs In terre glaise ôtee, et on la pilonne par eaiiches successives avec un pilon de D". 08 de large, jusqu'à ce que la tranchée soif on pnrtie remplie. A l'nide d'un levier en filé dans le deniier anneau de lu thalue et enfoncé dus le fond de la tranchée, on tire le mandrin en avant jusqu'à ce qu'on ait re t^i toutes les pièces de bois, excepté la der nière. Sur la partie da mandrin retiré, on pi lonne de nouveau de la terre glaise, et ninsl de suite, li est bien évident que, de cette ma nière, on laisse derrière le mandrin «« canal en argile, moulé sur ses formes extérieures. Un tel système ne saurait être pratiqué dans des terrains d'où l'e^u s'écoulerait en abondance. A cause du soin qu'exige son exécution, son prix doit être aowlaiseaélefé. Maintenant que, grâce aot ohemlna de ftr et au perfectionnement des autres voies de eommvDlcatlon , le transport des maté riaux nécessaires à la febricntion des tayaox en poterie cuite est pn^sililo dans la plu part dc& cas, le nom 1^ des circonstances ou des drains nin^ okQuié; pourraient ren T)] nHAINAt.lî SAN> TL VAUX. dre des sisr v ices est néeessaicane&t tre|res treint. Haas las fermes laftlèfas du (ilouoss» t( r<l tre,où cemodede dminage aété beaucoup employé, on l'estime de (> . 2 à 7' . 9 par mètre courant pour «ne pnifilmdenr de o^,6i seale ment. 7" Drains en conh- rir taupe. La forme la plus simple des conduits cou verts destinés à donner écoulement à l'ean en excès, est certainement celle produite par un instrument laissant danslesoos-sol pue trace de son passage semblable i la galerie creusée par le travail souterrain d'une taupe. Les Instruments (jui produisent ces sortes de drains sans tuyaux, sans pierres, sans fascines ni au tres matériaux , sans aucun autre travail que leur simple passape dans le sol , ont été nom mées ehurrues-Utupes a cause de leur mode d'action. Ces nachllies Mnt annloprir^ à la elinrrue sous-sol. Seulefqeut, le contre, extrêmement fnrr, est terminé à sa partie inférieure par nne pièce conique en fer ou en fonte, atta chée horizontalement de manière h servir de soc (fig. Le contre traverse une poutre horizontale dans laquelle on le fixe par un coin, de manière ^ ce que le soc m ; S3. Cliarrae-tauper PIff. S4. — Tmvtn de conique inférieur soit maintenu à une profon deur uniforme pendant ia marche de l'appa reil. Le mouvement est transmis à la poutre, qui se traîne à flear de terre, par une chaîne qui s'enroule sur un cabestan manœuvré par des chevaux (iig. a4;. La partie inférieure de la poutre est garnie de fer, pour éviter que son usure ne soit trop rapide. On comprend qu'un pareil in&U umeut ne peut fonctionner avec succès que dans la glaise. On doi( reconnaître dans ia machine que nous venons de décrire, l'origine de la éhar Ir eburoctiup^' nti ii< drainage de MM. Fowler et Fry. Un rapporte que icâ drainages par la char rue-taupe exécutés dans des pâturages situés sur un sol fortement glaiseux, et qui n'ont coûté qu'une vingtaine de francs par Iiectare, pot reudu de {nrj^nds services, et que leur du rée est mémaéonsidérable. Nous ne voudrions pas cependant consi iller l'achat d'engins, tels que le cabestan, ses ancres, sa chaîne, etc., en présence des procédés si simples du drainafre complet et perfectionné qne nous notis som mes attaché à exposer dans les articles que •vons publiés. BAaaai.. Digitized by Google MODIFICATIONS A INTRODUIRE DANS LES SYSTÈMES CULTURAUX DE LA FRANCE. Les intempéries de ia campagne agricole qui vient (le s'écouler, intempéries qui ont porté uu si notable préjudice à la récolte des blés d'automne, d<riveiit être, dans l'avenir, un cnseiguemcnt pour nos cultivateurs. Le grain se veod à un prix trop . élevé, le pain est trop cher, malheareasementbeaaeonp irop cher, la population urbaine est dans l:i détresse; mai^ il ne faut pas s'imaginer que le producteur de blé ne souffre pas lui-même. Dans notre pays de culture moyesnei Iwsque le prix du froment s'élève outre mesure, par suite de l'insuflisance des récoltes» peu de cul tivateàrs en proOtent, et le plus grand nombre pâlit; ia consommation du personnel de la l'crnae étant toii^ours la même, quel que soit le elUffre de la production. Dans les grandes métairies, la valeur du blé vendu n'o^'.ilp pas celle de la masse livrée à la consommation publique, après une année ordinaire ; pour les petites métairies, la vente est |)resque nulle, et l'exploitant ne profite guère de la cherté des subsistances. Dans la plupart des close rles, la famille mange tout ie blé de la récolte, et, dans les petites exploitations , le cul tivateur est vraiment misérable, car il acheté au lieude tomIm. J'ai donc eu raison de dire que Tannée 18â3 était une rude leçon pour nos cultiva teurs : pniflsent-ils en profiter «a modifiant leur culture céréale, car les influences atmos phériques ne sont pas la cause unique du mal qui les frappe ainsi que la population entière. Après la sécher» s^e de l'année 1S3 i, séehe resse qui amena une grande disette de four rages, nos cultivateurs s'ingénièrent à éten dre et à varier la culture des plantes destinées a la nourriture du bétail, afin de se mettre en Ijarde contre les éventualités d'une semblable année. De cette époque date l'extansloa don née aux plantes fourragères telles que vesces, sarrasin» choux, uavels, moutarde, etc.; de puis lors, lenonore des animaux domestiques a augmenté, et chaque bête étant mieux nourrie, la valeur du cheptel de nos fermes s'est considérablemMit aeônsfe. 11 s'agit aujourd'hui d'obtenir un résultat beaueoup plus important encore, c'esl-à-dii'e, l'abuudauce des produits destinés à la con sommation humaine. Malheureusement, nos cultivateurs, qui avaient cherché à se premu nir avec assez d'entrain et d'intelligence con tre les mauvaises années fourragères, se sont lancés dans une mauvaise voie pour BOgOMn ler la production des céréales. Après ia cherté des grains qui suivit la malheureuse récolte de 1 84G, au lieu de varier les cultures afin d'obvier au mal, nos cultiva teurs ne trouvèrent rien de mieux à faire que d étendre la superficie des emblaves d'au tomne ; en agissant ainsi, ils ont rendu leors terres Iteaucoup moins prodoetlves pour ie blé. J'ai la conviction, une longue expérience me permet de l'aflirmer, que l'aoDee agriooie qui vient de finir eftt été moins désastreuse, si la superficie des emblaves d'automne n'avait pas été développée outre mesure : la beauté relative des froments semés sur éteules de prairies artificielles en offrait la preuve an yeux des hommes les moins observateurs. Le meilleur moyen de parer aux intempé ries des saisons n'est donc pas d'étendre la culture des céréales, mais de travailler et de nettoyer la terre avec plus de soio, de la mieux amender et, surtout, de ne semer Ice bite d'hiver qn'après les récoltes q^ii améliorent le sol et lui donnent uue préparation convena ble. Nous avons le trèfle, mais celui ol ne peut revenir avec fruit que tous les six ans, et cela ne ftitt que hi moitié des emblavures ; il existé une autre légamineuse dont la culture offrè encore une meilleure préparation pour les cé réales, et qui viendrait utilement compléter la soie de blé d'automne. Malodig ia pommesde tsm. Dans les années de disette, lapmnme de terre, qui, en tempsorditiaire, était consommée par le bétail, pouvait être utilisée pour 1 uli mentatlon humaine ; aujourd'hui cela n'tet plus possible, la culture de ce précieux tuber* cule est devenue presque improductive. On n'a pas encore trouvé de remète à la maladie qui attaque les pommes de terre, ttkt il n'est pas démontré que la plantation autom nale soit une garantie suffisante; d'ailleurs, la fumure des emblaves d'hiver , l'accumula tion des travaux aratoires et de la main d'œu vre ne permettraient pas de cultiver et de graisser eonvenablement la terre à cette épo que. D'une autre part, depuis l'invasiou delà maladie, les plantes qui parcourent toutes les phases û€ la végétation , sans être oontagion iiécs, ce qui est fort rare, ne doiuient plus que de faibles récoltes 40ut ie produit ne couvre pas les flmls de culture. J'engage donc nos cultivateurs à abandon ner pendant quelques années, sinon pour tou jours, la plantation des pommes de terre, si profitable autrefois , et qui, maintenant , ne leur occasionne que des pertes. Il serait à souhaiter même, pour l'avenir de cette plante, si elle doit prospérer un Jour, que la grande majorité des cultivateurs l'abonnât complète ment : ceux qui ont le loisir et les moyens Digitized by Coogle 94 HODinCATiœtS A IMTRODUIRK DANS LES SYbTÈHES OULTOHAUX DS LA FKANCB. raft les terres les plus époisén en enfouissant les tiges au moment de la flornisOD. M, de GaspariD cite une autre expérience de continuer des expériences coùteases, au raient plus de ciiances de succès. Si la planta tion automnale doit régénérer les pommes de terre , la suppression des eultorei printanlè res serait un bien, car la contagion, que rol les-ci répandent autour d'elles» doit retarder Toeuvre et peut-être même Tempêdier. De»fé9mêua4» tmreulkiré. La feve de marais, dite féveroh, oommuné ment appelée ici petite gorganne , dont on voit quelques pieds çà et là dans les jardins de DOS fermes, et qui n'a jainals été cultivée en grand chez nous, pourrait remplacer avanta geusement la pomme de terre. 11 faut à peu prés la même culture p|0ur ces deux plantes; les phases de leur végétation s'accomplissent dans le même temps, et les produits de l'une et de Tautre sont également propres à la nourriture de l'homme et du b/t ail. I/avan tage est tout en faveur des feveroies, car elles sont beaucoup plus saines et infiniment plus riches en principes nutritifs. Mais quand il s'agit delà préparation du sol pour toutes les récoltes, et particulièrement pour les cert ales, la culture des fèves offre une supériorité In contestable : il n'y a pas de plante qui dispose mieux iu terre à recevoir une erablavure d'automue; le trèfle même est tieancoop moins fertilisant. Il faut que les féveroles tirent de l'atmosphère la majeure partie de leurs subs tanees nutritives» oequl leur permet de resti tuer au sol plus qu'elles nr lui empruntent, puisque, non fumées, elles peuvent se succé der sans interruption, et améliorer constam ment le terrain. L'écrivain éminent , l'auteur du Cours <f'i4^rMrtt/<wre, que l'on consulte toujours avec fruit, qu'il s'agisse des détails les plus minu tieux de la pratique ou des questions les plus élevées de la science , M. de Gasparin^ cite à ce sujet une expérieooe remarquable d'Arthur Yoimg '. lin hectare de terre, de fertilité moyenne, produisit : l.n première année. . .. La deuiiéne année. . .. Latrabième l.i liect. 17 — se — Les trois récoltes dosaient 405 kll. 840 d'a zote fournis en entier par l'atmosphère, puis que la fertilité du sol était plus que doublée, et qu'il ne contenait que its kilogrammes avant la première culture. Les fèves avaient donc produit, en moyenne, chaque année, Hiô kilog. c^azote, qui représentent 41,3S3 kilog. de fumier de Ibrme, ou, en totalité, 123,999 kilog. Cette puissance d'assimilation des princi pes fertilisants répandus dans l'atmospliéro, fidt de la fcverole la plante la plus préci' use pour ramélioration du sot; avec de bons la bours et une fumure ordinaire» on restau rc () Journal iTAgristlUwf praMffW» 20 ISÂJ» page sis. du même agrieolteur, qui fait voir a quelle ri c lu'sse de production la fève de marais peut atteindre, quand elle est soiprneusement culti vée. Ayant fait défoncer un terrain argileux et l'ayant amendé par 1 06,000 kilog. de Ai mier et 72 hectolitres de cendres de houille, Arthur Youug obtint 120 hectolitres de feveâ à l'hectare. On se rendra compte de l'énorme quantité de substances alimentaires obtenues sur une aussi petite surface , quand on saura que i hectolitre de féveroles équivaut à 340 kilog. de foin, et que» dans ce cas, les i i'O hectoli tres représentaient 40,800 kilog. de fourrage sec. Cela fait voir qu'on ne saurait fumer trop fortement les fèves, puisque leur produit peut acquérir des proportions aussi considérables. Les plantes qui s'alimentent principalement avec les gaz de l'atmosphère, en Msimilent une quantité proportionnelle à la poissaneede leur végétation , puisque ce sont les feuilles qui puisent dans l'air les principes fertilisants dont profitent, è la fols, et le terrain et la ré colte. La fumure exen ant une double et utile influence, le cultivateur ferait une trrnnde faute, s'il épargnait l'engrais; il faut qu li sa che bien que, dans ce cas , la prodigalité de vient une véritable économie. Jusqu'à présent , j'ai considéré les fèves de m'ir;iis au puint de vue de la nourriture du bétail; mais cette legumineuse peut servira l'alimentation humaine, des populations en tières en font leur principale nourriture, et el les s'en trouvent bien. M. de Gasparin nous dit encore, que les habitants du Valais préfè rent les fèves au Avment, et que, cheieox, le prix di s premières atteint prescpic a celui du second, tandis que» en France, ce prix est à peine supérieur i la moitié de celui du ble. M. de Tirisi^arin ajoute : «Leur exemple n'est pas facile à imiter en tièrement. On ne peut se dissimuler que les hommes n'adoptent qu'avec difficulté les aliments qui ont un ioùt prononcé et spé cial ; ils leur préfèrent ceux qui sont insapi des. Le froment, le ria, la pomme de ter re, etc., sont reçus par tous les peuples sans diatiuction de latitude j tous savent, s'il le faut, leur ajouter la saveur quils préfèrent mais il faut avoir éto éle é dans l'habitude du mais, du sarrasin et des i;raines léptiml nenses, substances pourtant si nourrissantes et si saines, pour en faire l'aliment de tous les jours. * Il serait encore utile d introduire, chez nous, la culture de la fève de marais, lora même que les hommes ne pourraient vaincra la répugnance que le défaut d'habitude fait éprouver pour ce genre de noarritora. Dons !es années néoeMMeoMi, les nenoi gnins paa Digltlzed by Coogle MODinCATiONS à INTHODUIRB DANS LES sant en entier dans la conaommation publi que, 1rs fèves sorviraiont n rermrnisscment des animaux, et la production de la viande étant moins ogAtenae, cela ^Tiendrait alténu^^r les f&cbeux effets résnitant de la cherté du pain. O'nn autre côté, la culture des fèves étant une excellente préparation pour les emblavu res d'autt»mDe, les récoltes de froment se raient plus assurées contre l'intempone des saisons, et, dans les plus mauvaises années, leur produit pourrait atteindre nu chiffre d'un rendement ordinaire. Si le tiers de nos terres arables destiné à la ppodaction dv fW>ment était occupé moitîé en ti rHo, moitié en féve roies f les récoltes de blé deviendraient plus abondantes et plus sûres, an lien de diminuer, chaque année, comme cela arrive, depuis la maliieureuse extension donnée a la soie des emblaves d'hiver *. Les féveroles ri'ussi>seut bien dans les ter res fortes, argileuses et tenaces ; leur culture forme la meilleure préparation pour les se mailles de blé dans les champs de cette na ture. Mais, pour obtenir un bon résultat, il faut que le semis soit fait en iij^nes espacées de 50 centimètres, an moins, et qne le sol soit parfaitement nettoyé par deux ou trois binages. Une bonne jachère protiterait mieux à la récolte céréale, qu'un semis de fèves à la volée sur un terrain mal labouré et mal fumé, car le produit en est médiocre et le sol se trouve Infesté de mauvaises herbes. I.e semis s'opère de deux façons : soit au ] plantoir, en enfonçant les fèves à G ou h centimètres; soit par le dernier labour, en ap pliquant les graines contre la bande de terre retournée : dans ce cas, on sème sur les deuxièmes raies. Lasemaille uu plantoir nous semble préférable. Il est plus facile de régu l:Kiser les Ii«;nc8 et l'esp.ice entre chaque graine, 5U centimètres en tout sens, et la ger minttloa est plus sâre, toutes les semences étant dépo«^é( S a une égale profondeur, ce que l'on obtient aisément par le moyen d'une ou denx chevilles qui traversent le plantoir et Inl donnent une ontnin uniforme. En espaçant les graines a 60 centimètres, il fant 4/Ô d'hectolitre pour semer nn hectare, chaque décalitre contenant cinq à six mille fèves : il est sous-entendu que la semence doit être triée a la main, pour ne mettre en terre que def graines dont la germinatioa aolt bien assurée.
| 5,168 |
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysometa%20magdalena
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Chrysometa magdalena
|
https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysometa magdalena&action=history
|
Dutch
|
Spoken
| 38 | 70 |
Chrysometa magdalena is een spinnensoort in de taxonomische indeling van de strekspinnen.
Het dier behoort tot het geslacht Chrysometa. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1986 door Herbert W. Levi.
Strekspinnen
| 6,854 |
US-81390710-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,010 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,114 | 6,494 |
Apparatus and method for raising a fluid in a well
ABSTRACT
An apparatus, and a method which uses the apparatus, for raising a fluid from a lower region to a higher region of an at least partially cased well. The apparatus includes: a tubing string; a contacting structure at the upper end of the tubing string for engaging a stop structure in the well casing such that the tubing string is held in suspension; an exterior sealing element for sealing against the casing wall; and an internal check valve.
This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/124,535, filed May 21, 2008, the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference as if fully set out at this point.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for raising afluid within a well to a higher elevation. The present invention alsorelates to an apparatus and method for producing gas and liquid from thewell by raising a fluid to a higher elevation and then removing thefluid from the well.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In some wells, due to relatively low formation gas pressures and/orother conditions, oil, water, and/or other fluids tend to accumulate atsome level within the well casing rather than flowing naturally to thesurface. Although various types of systems have been used for liftingand removing fluids from such wells, plungers offer particularadvantages. By lifting and removing fluid from the well, a plunger canoperate to increase gas production by reducing the amount of fluidpressure head acting on the formation. Alternatively, swabbing systemsand rod pumps can be used in some cases to achieve similar results, butgenerally are not as cost effective.
Various types of plunger devices are known in the art. By way ofexample, one common type of plunger comprises: an elongate housingassembly; one or more external sealing devices which can be actuated tosealingly contact the interior wall of the well casing; a flow passageextending through the housing assembly; and a valve for opening andclosing the flow passage.
When using a well plunger, a lubricator assembly is typically installedabove ground at the wellhead for receiving and retaining the plungerbetween production cycles. At the beginning of a production cycle, theplunger is dropped from the lubricator assembly with the plunger valvein open position. The fluid in the well casing or tubular is thusallowed to flow through the interior flow passage so that the plungerwill drop through the fluid to a stop structure installed at a desireddownhole position.
The plunger will typically be configured such that, upon striking thedownhole stop structure, the plunger valve will automatically close andthe external seal(s) will be urged into contact with the interior wallof the casing. With the casing sealed in this manner, the pressurebeneath the plunger will eventually increase to the point that theplunger will begin to rise, thus lifting the column of fluid on top ofthe plunger toward the surface and into an overhead production line.
In many cases, because of any one of or a combination of factors suchas, for example, a further deterioration in well gas pressure, damage tothe well casing, the presence of obstructions within the casing, the useof a deviated or horizontal casing having non-vertical and/or non-linearsections, the presence of multiple producing zones, the absence ofcasing extending entirely to the bottom of the well (e.g., in an openhole completion), and/or other formation or casing conditions, plungersand other devices either cannot be used or are of limited effectivenessfor removing fluid from the well.
One example of a situation where a plunger can no longer be used iswhere the formation conditions have become such that fluid is nowstanding at a level below or at some intermediate point within aperforated section of the casing. Consequently, if a plunger weredropped into the well casing below the liquid level, and even assumingthat the gas pressure in the well would otherwise be sufficient to liftthe plunger, the presence of casing perforations at an elevation abovethe plunger would prevent the plunger from operating to raise a columnof fluid to the surface.
A similar situation can also arise in the case of well casings having aplurality of perforated sections which are spaced apart vertically indifferent formation zones. In such cases, plungers are ineffective forremoving liquid from the well if the liquid level is standing in orbelow one or more of the upper perforated sections. Moreover, even incases where a small amount of fluid can be removed from a point abovethe top perforated zone, the pressure head conditions acting on thelower zone(s) can be such that the production from the lower zone(s)becomes blocked or is at least compromised.
Another situation which can prevent or at least create problems for theuse of plungers, swabbing devices, rod pumps, and similar devices ariseswhere the casing becomes damaged at a location above the perforatedsection(s). If the casing is damaged in such a way as to form one ormore holes in the casing, then the operation of a plunger can beprevented or compromised in the same manner as discussed above.Alternatively, or in addition, the formation of jagged or rough areas asa result of casing damage can block the passage of a plunger or otherdevice, or can damage or destroy the device during operation.
Another situation where the use of a plunger or similar device can beprevented or compromised is where an obstruction is present. Examples ofcommon obstructions include, but are not limited to, (a) permanentpackers and other tools which, for whatever reason, are set in thecasing at problematic locations above the perforated zone(s), (b)smaller diameter liners which have been installed in the casing forrepair or other reasons, (c) tapered or stepped casing sections whichproduce changes in the interior diameter, and (d) curved or othernon-linear sections of casing of the type employed, for example, indeviated or horizontal wells.
Consequently, a need exists for an apparatus and method which willoperate in situations and scenarios of the type described above to raisefluid in a well to a higher cased elevation to allow the fluid to bereached and removed by a plunger, swabbing device, rod pump, or similardevice. Such apparatus and method will preferably be effective, forexample, for raising a fluid (a) from a depth below a liquid level inthe well casing, (b) from a depth within or below one or more perforatedcasing sections, (c) from a depth or location beyond a casingobstruction and (d) from a non-cased terminal portion of a well (suchas, e.g., in an open hole completion). In addition, a need exists for anapparatus and system of this type which, if desired or necessary, can beconveniently installed in the well casing without requiring that tubingrigs or similar systems and equipment be transported to and used at thewell site.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention satisfies the needs and alleviates the problemsdiscussed above. The present invention provides and uses a novel tubingassembly and system which, although installable using tubing or othersystems, can be conveniently set and installed in, or retrieved from,the well casing by wire line. Examples of common wire line systemsinclude, but are not limited to, swab rigs, slick line systems, workoverrigs, and electrical lines.
In one aspect, there is provided an apparatus for raising a fluid from alower region of a well to a second region of the well above the lowerregion wherein a casing is present in said well in at least the secondregion. The apparatus comprises: (a) a tubing string having one or moreopenings in a lower portion thereof for receiving the fluid from thelower region of the well; (b) a contacting structure positioned forengaging a stop structure in the casing such that the tubing string willbe held in suspension; (c) at least one exterior sealing elementpositioned above the one or more openings for sealing between theapparatus and an interior wall of the casing; and (d) an internal checkvalve positioned above the one or more openings.
In another aspect, there is provided an apparatus for raising a fluid ina well from a lower well region to a second well region above the lowerwell region. The apparatus comprises: (a) a well casing present in atleast the second well region; (b) a stop structure positioned in thewell casing at a lower end of the second well region, the stop structurehaving an opening extending therethrough, and (c) a tubing assemblyextending through the opening of the stop structure. The tubing assemblycomprises a tubing string having a lower portion positioned in the lowerwell region. The lower portion of the tubing string has one or moreopenings for receiving the fluid from the lower well region. The tubingassembly also comprises a contacting structure for contacting the stopstructure in a manner effective for holding the tubing string insuspension in the well. In addition, the tubing assembly furthercomprises at least one exterior sealing element positioned above the oneor more openings for sealing between the tubing assembly and an interiorwall of the well casing.
In another aspect, there is provided a method of producing fluid from awell having a lower well region. The well has a casing thereincomprising at least a perforated casing section located above the lowerwell region and an upper casing section which is located above theperforated casing section and which extends to a wellhead. The methodcomprises the step of installing a tubing assembly in the well wherein:(a) the tubing assembly comprises a tubing string which is inserteddownwardly into the well through a stop structure secured in the casingabove the perforated casing section; (b) the tubing assembly furthercomprises a contacting structure which contacts the stop structure suchthat the tubing string is held suspended in the well; (c) the tubingstring has a lower portion which is positioned in the lower well region,the lower portion of the tubing string having one or more openings forreceiving fluid from the lower well region such that the fluid travelsupwardly through the tubing assembly from the lower well region into alower portion of the upper casing section; and (d) the tubing assemblyalso comprises at least one exterior seal which is positioned above theone or more openings and which seals between the tubing assembly and aninterior wall of the casing to substantially prevent the fluid fromflowing through the casing outside of the tubing assembly past theexterior seal. The method also comprises the step of raising the fluidfrom the lower portion of the upper casing section to the wellhead.
In another aspect, there is provided a method of producing fluid from awell having a lower region. The well has a casing therein comprising atleast a casing obstruction located above the lower well region and anupper casing section which is located above the casing obstruction andwhich extends to the wellhead. The method comprises the step ofinstalling a tubing assembly in the well wherein: (a) the tubingassembly comprises a tubing string which is inserted downwardly into thewell through a stop structure secured in the casing above the casingobstruction; (b) the tubing assembly further comprises a contactingstructure which contacts the stop structure such that the tubing stringis held suspended in the well; (c) the tubing string has a lower portionwhich is positioned in the lower well region, the lower portion of thetubing string having one or more openings for receiving fluid from thelower well region such that the fluid travels upwardly through thetubing assembly from the lower well region into a lower portion of theupper casing section; and (d) the tubing assembly also comprises atleast one exterior seal which is positioned above the one or moreopenings and which seals between the tubing assembly and an interiorwall of the casing to substantially prevent the fluid from flowingthrough the casing outside of the tubing assembly past the exteriorseal. In addition, the method also comprises the step of raising thefluid from the lower portion of the upper casing section to thewellhead.
In another aspect, there is provided a method of producing fluid from awell having a lower well region and an upper section above the lowerwell region. The upper section has a well casing extending therethroughand also extends to a wellhead. The lower region has no casing therein.The method comprises the step of installing a tubing assembly in thewell wherein: (a) the tubing assembly comprises a tubing string which isinserted downwardly into the well through a stop structure secured inthe well casing above the lower well region; (b) the tubing assemblyfurther comprises a contacting structure which contacts the stopstructure such that the tubing string is held suspended in the well; (c)the tubing string has a lower portion which is positioned in the lowerwell region, the lower portion of the tubing string having one or moreopenings for receiving the fluid from the lower well region such thatthe fluid travels upwardly through the tubing assembly from the lowerwell region into a lower portion of the upper section; and (d) thetubing assembly also comprises at least one exterior seal which ispositioned above the one or more openings and which seals between thetubing assembly and an interior wall of the well casing to substantiallyprevent the fluid from flowing through the well casing outside of thetubing assembly past the exterior seal. In addition, the method alsocomprises the step of raising the fluid from the lower portion of theupper section to the wellhead.
Further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention willbe apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon examining theaccompanying drawings and upon reading the following detaileddescription of the preferred embodiments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cutaway elevational view of an embodiment 2 of the tubingassembly provided by the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cutaway elevational view of an alternative embodiment 40 ofthe inventive tubing assembly.
FIG. 3 is a cutaway elevational view of an alternative embodiment 50 ofthe inventive tubing assembly.
FIG. 4 is a partially cutaway elevational view of an inventive wellassembly 60 comprising the inventive tubing assembly 2 installed in awell casing 62.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
An embodiment 2 of the inventive tubing assembly for raising a fluid ina well is shown in FIG. 1. The inventive tubing assembly 2 preferablycomprises: a tubing string 4; one or more (preferably a plurality) offluid intake openings 6 provided in a lower end portion 8 of the tubingstring 4; a sealing element assembly 10 at the upper end of the tubingstring 4; an internal check valve 12 provided in the internal flowpassage 14 of the tubing assembly 2 at a location above the fluid intakeopenings 6; and a fishing neck 16 attached on the upper end of thetubing assembly 2 above the sealing element assembly 10. The tubingstring 4 preferably also has a tapered lower end 18 for threading thetubing string 4 through a stop structure 76 as discussed hereinbelow.The tubing string 4 can be as short or as long as needed for any givenwell. It is presently contemplated that for most applications, thetubing string 4 will typically be in the range of from about 20 to about1000⁺ feet in length.
The sealing element used in the inventive tubing assembly 2 cangenerally be any type of sealing element which, when engaged, will beeffective for substantially preventing flow from occurring outside ofthe inventive tubing assembly 2. The sealing element assembly 10 used ininventive tubing assembly 2 preferably comprises: an assembly body 20which is threadedly or otherwise attached to the upper end of the tubingstring 4 and has an internal flow passage 22 extending therethrough; alanding collar or other contacting structure 24 slideably mounted on theexterior of the assembly body 20 for reciprocating movement; and asealing cup 26. The sealing cup 26 surrounds the assembly body 20 and isattached at its lower end 28 to the landing collar 24. The upper end 30of the sealing cup 26 is secured in a fixed position such that theupward movement of the landing collar 24 on the assembly body 20 willcompress the sealing cup 26. When compressed by the landing collar 24,the sealing cup 26 will flex outwardly for sealing engagement with theinterior wall of a well casing.
When the inventive tubing assembly 2 is installed downhole in a wellcasing, the weight of the tubing string 4 and the other components ofthe tubing assembly 2 will operate to compress the sealing cup 26 andhold the sealing cup 26 in sealing engagement with the interior wall ofthe casing. Compared to sealing cups typically used on well plungers andother tools, the sealing cup 26 used on the inventive tubing assembly 2will preferably be sized and configured to operate on the basis of arelatively short longitudinal compression distance (preferably, e.g.,about one-quarter inch) and will also preferably have a relatively highwall thickness (preferably, e.g., about one-half inch). In most cases,the length and resulting weight of the tubing assembly will provide morethan enough compressive force to operate the thick-walled sealing cup.However, if needed, additional weight can be added to the tubingassembly 2 in any convenient manner such as, for example, increasing thelength and/or thickness of the upper fishing neck 16 and/or increasingthe tubing wall thickness or the length of the tapered end 18.
Alternatively, the sealing element could be held in place using amechanical latch or other common latching mechanism.
The internal check valve 12 used in the inventive tubing assembly 2 willpreferably be installed toward the upper portion of the tubing assembly2 and will most preferably be installed above the sealing cup 26. Theinternal check valve 12 can be any type of device which will allow fluidto travel upwardly through the assembly but will prevent the recoveredfluid from falling downwardly through the device. The internal checkvalve 12 is preferably a ball check valve comprising a floating ball 32and a lower ball valve seat 34 which are retained within the lower endof the fishing neck 16 by the upper end of the body 20 of the sealingelement assembly 4.
In an alternative embodiment (not shown) of the inventive tubingassembly for use, e.g., in deviated or horizontal wells, the inventivetubing assembly can include a plurality of internal check valvespositioned at desired locations above the fluid intake openings 6.
The inventive tubing assembly 2 shown in FIG. 1 also includes optionaltemperature and/or pressure sensing elements 36 and 38 contained,respectively, within the upper and lower ends of the tubing assembly 2.An alternative embodiment 40 of the inventive tubing assembly having notemperature and/or pressure sensing elements installed in the upper andlower ends thereof is shown in FIG. 2.
Another alternative embodiment 50 of the inventive tubing assembly isillustrated in FIG. 3. The inventive tubing assembly 50 is essentiallyidentical to the inventive tubing assembly 2 except that the sealingelement used in the inventive tubing assembly 50 is a V-cup 52 of a typecommonly used in swabbing systems. The V-cup 52 will have an outsidediameter which exceeds the inside diameter of the casing and willpreferably be oriented downwardly as shown in FIG. 3 such that the gaspressure beneath the V-cup 52 will also act to hold the element insealing engagement with the casing wall.
In yet another embodiment (not shown), the sealing element used in theinventive tubing assembly can be a common packer cup.
An apparatus and system 60 involving the installation and use of theinventive tubing assembly 2 in a well casing 62 is illustrated in FIG.4. The well casing 62 comprises: a perforated lower casing region 64positioned in a lower producing region 66 of the well 68; anintermediate casing region 70 which is located above the perforatedlower casing region 64 and which will be traversed by the tubing string4 of the inventive tubing assembly 2; and an upper casing region 72(i.e., the casing region above the stop structure 76) which is locatedabove the intermediate casing region 70 and which extends upwardly tothe wellhead 74.
It will be understood that the intermediate casing region 70 can be asection of the well casing 70 which either begins at the upper end ofthe lower casing region 64 or begins at some other point spaced abovethe lower casing region 64. Similarly, the upper casing region 72 cancomprise a section of the well casing 62 which either begins at theupper end of the intermediate casing region 70 or begins at a pointspaced above the intermediate casing region 70. Also, although the wellcasing 62 in this embodiment is shown in FIG. 4 as including a lowersection 64 which extends into the well producing region 66, it will beunderstood that the producing region can alternatively be an uncasedzone (e.g., as in the case of an open hole completion) below the casingregion 70.
It will also be understood that the intermediate casing region 70illustrated in FIG. 4 can represent any type of section of the wellcasing 62 which is to be traversed by the tubing string 4 of theinventive assembly in order raise fluid from the lower well region 66 tothe upper casing region 72 via the inventive tubing assembly 2. By wayof example, but not by way of limitation, the casing region 70 could be(a) a perforated section of casing, (b) a section of casing whichcontains or forms an obstruction presenting an impediment to the use aplunger or other recovery device, or (c) some other elongate section ofthe well casing 62 which limits or prevents recovery in some way due toliquid loading or other conditions.
Examples of perforated regions 70 might include, but are not limited to:a length of perforated casing; a section of casing comprising aplurality of spaced apart perforated segments (e.g., for production frommultiple formations at different depths), and (c) a damaged section ofcasing having one or more leaks formed therein. Examples of obstructionswhich might be present in or formed by a casing section 70 couldinclude, but are not limited to: (a) a curved or other non-linearsection of casing used in a deviated or horizontal well; (b) a tool or aportion thereof present in the well casing 62; (c) a casing liner; (d) atapered or stepped section of casing wherein the inside diameter of thecasing changes; (e) a rough section of casing which was formed bycementing or other operations and which cannot be smoothed sufficientlyto prevent plunger damage; and (f) a damaged section of casing havingjagged edges or other detrimental features formed in the interiorthereof.
To install the inventing tubing assembly 2 in the well casing 62, a stopstructure 76 is first lowered into the casing 62 and secured at or abovethe top end of the intermediate casing region 70. The stop structure 72can be any type of open or hollow stop structure having an interiorpassage 78 extending longitudinally therethrough for receiving thetubing string 4. The stop structure 76 will preferably be a wire setcollar stop of a type commonly used in the art, but can alternatively beset by tubing or other means.
With the stop structure 76 secured in the well casing at the desireddownhole location, the inventive tubing assembly 2 is then delivereddown the well casing 62 by wire or other common means (e.g., tubing)such that the tubing string 4 is inserted through the longitudinalpassage 78 of the stop structure 76. The operator continues to lower thetubing assembly into the well casing 62 until the landing collar orother contacting structure 24 of the tubing assembly 2 lands upon and isstopped by the upper end of the stop structure 76. As the landing collar24 comes to rest on the upper end of the stop structure 76, the weightof the inventive tubing assembly 2 causes the landing collar 24 to slideupwardly on the sealing element assembly body 20 such that the sealingcup 26 is compressed and flexes outwardly to seal against the interiorwall of the well casing 62. In addition, the length of the tubing string4 will have been selected such that, once suspended in this manner, thefluid intake openings 6 provided in the lower end portion 8 of thetubing string will be positioned in the perforated lower region 64 or atany other desired region (e.g., above or below the perforated region64).
When the inventive tubing assembly 2 is installed in the well casing 62in this manner and the sealing element 26 is sealed against the interiorwall of the casing, gas and liquid from the lower producing well region66 will enter the fluid intake openings 6 and will rise through theinventive tubing assembly 2 from the lower casing section 64 to thelower end of the upper casing section 72. Once received in the uppercasing region 72, the internal check valve 12 provided in the inventivetubing assembly 2 will prevent the recovered liquid from falling out ofthe upper casing region 72. Moreover, as also illustrated in FIG. 4, theliquid raised to the lower end portion of the upper casing region 72 canbe removed and recovered by cycling a casing plunger 75 between thewellhead 74 and the bottom of the upper casing region 72 or by operatinga swabbing device, a rod pump, gas lift, or other system in the uppercasing region 72.
In an alternative embodiment of the inventive apparatus and systeminvolving the use of the inventive assembly 2 in an open holecompletion, the stop structure 76 can be set at the lower end of thewell casing or can be set in the casing at any desired location abovethe lower end of the casing. In either case, the tubing string 4 will beof sufficient length to extend into the uncased lower region of the wellsuch that the fluid intake openings 6 are located in, or in sufficientproximity to, a producing zone in the uncased region. The installedtubing assembly 2 will then operate to raise fluid from the uncasedlower region of the well to the lower end of an upper casing section.The fluid received in the lower end of the upper casing section can thenin turn be lifted to the wellhead by operating a plunger, swabbingdevice, rod pump, or other system in the upper casing section.
Although the inventive system and method are illustrated in FIG. 4 anddescribed above as using the inventive tubing assembly 2, it will beunderstood that any other embodiment of the inventive tubing assemblyshown and/or described herein could alternatively be used.
EXAMPLE
An inventive tubing assembly 2 of the type illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 4was installed and tested in a gas well having a 4½″ I.D. casing therein.The casing included two perforated production zones. The upperperforated production zone was a 10 ft. zone running from a depth of6,030 ft. to a depth of 6,040 ft. The lower perforated zone was a 4 ft.zone running from a depth of 6,342 ft. to a depth of 6,346 ft. Prior tothe installation and use of the inventive assembly, the well wasproducing approximately 2,000 MCF of gas per month. A conventionalplunger was operated above the upper perforated zone to remove liquid,primarily salt water, from the well. Prior to the installation and useof the inventive assembly, the back pressure gradient within the wellacting upon the lower production zone was 0.2294 psi per foot.
The inventive tubing assembly 2 was installed in the well by firstinstalling a hollow wire set collar stop 76 within the well casing at adepth just above the upper perforated zone. Next, the tubing assembly 2was lowered into the casing such that the tubing string 4 was threadedthrough the collar stop 76. As the tubing assembly 2 was lowered, theassembly landing collar 24 landed upon the upper end of the collar stop76 such that the weight of the tubing assembly 2 operated to compressthe assembly sealing cup 26 into sealing engagement with the interiorwall of the casing. The tubing assembly 2 was formed using 1¼″ diametertubing and was about 360 ft. in length so that the fluid intake openings6 in the lower end portion 8 of the suspended tubing string 4 werepositioned in the lower perforated casing zone.
After the installation of the inventive apparatus, production from thewell increased to about 2,500 MCF of gas per month based upon the samenumber of plunger cycles initiated per day in the upper section of thecasing. Moreover, upon the installation of the inventive apparatus, theback pressure gradient acting against the lower production zone wasdesirably decreased to only 0.007 psi per foot.
Thus, the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objectivesand attain the ends and advantages mentioned above as well as thoseinherent therein. While presently preferred embodiments have beendescribed for purposes of this disclosure, numerous changes andmodifications will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.Such changes and modifications are encompassed within the spirit of thisinvention as defined by the claims.
1. An apparatus for a well comprising: a well casing extendingdownwardly through at least an upper region of said well; a stopstructure positioned in said well casing at a lower end of said upperregion of said well, said stop structure having an opening extendingtherethrough; a tubing assembly extending through said stop structure,said tubing assembly comprising: a tubing string comprising a lowerportion extending into a lower region of said well below said stopstructure, said lower portion of said tubing string having one or moreopenings for receiving a fluid from said lower region of said well, acontacting structure positioned for contacting said stop structure in amanner effective for holding said tubing string in suspension in saidwell, and at least one exterior sealing element positioned above saidone or more openings for sealing between said tubing assembly and aninterior wall of said well casing, wherein said tubing string has anoutside diameter, said well casing in said upper region of said well hasan inside diameter, and said inside diameter of said well casing in saidupper region of said well is larger than said outside diameter of saidtubing string; and a liquid lifting device in said well casing abovesaid tubing assembly for upward and downward movement in said upperregion of said well above said tubing assembly, said liquid liftingdevice having at least one sealing element for contacting said interiorwall of said well casing when said lifting device moves upwardly to lifta liquid in said well casing through said upper region of said well. 2.The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said tubing assembly further comprisesan internal ball check valve positioned above said one or more openings.3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said internal ball check valve ispositioned above said contacting structure.
4. The apparatus of claim 1wherein said exterior sealing element of said tubing assembly ispositioned above said contacting structure.
5. The apparatus of claim 1wherein: said exterior sealing element of said tubing assembly comprisesa compressible sealing cup engaged by said contacting structure and saidcontacting structure is reciprocatably mounted such that, when saidcontacting structure rests on said stop structure, a weight of saidtubing assembly borne by said contacting structure will cause saidcontacting structure to move upwardly on said tubing assembly tocompress said compressible sealing cup into contact with said interiorwall of said well casing.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein saidexterior sealing element of said tubing assembly comprises a V-cup. 7.The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said lifting device is a casingplunger.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said well casing extendsinto said lower region of said well..
| 11,337 |
3451284_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,016 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,007 | 1,272 |
Affirming.
Appellee held an ordinary life policy of the appellant company, which, in addition to its obligation to pay a certain sum upon the death of the insured, provided for the payment of an annuity of $50 per month upon proof that the holder had become totally and permanently disabled, either by injury or disease so that he was or would be permanently, continuously, and wholly prevented from performing any gainful occupation.
It was also written in the policy that if the insured become totally disabled from performing any work for gain or profit, so long as such disability continued, the insurer would waive the payment of premiums, commencing with the first due premium after approval of the claim for disability.
The annual premium due upon the contract was $225.10 per year, and there is no dispute as to the payment of such premiums.
Another provision of the policy* was that notwithstanding the proof of total disability had been duly furnished to and accepted by the insurer, the insured shall thereafter from time to time, but not oftener than once each year, furnish insurer proof of the continuation of the disability, and upon failure to do so, or if it should appear to the insurer that the beneficiary be free from such disability as is contemplated by the contract, then no further premium was to be waived, and no further income was to be paid. *Page 322
On February 24, 1932, appellee suffered a gunshot wound in his left ankle, which he claimed totally and permanently disabled him from performing any work for compensation, gain, or profit, and he asserts in his petition that he will be thus permanently incapacitated.
Appellee, prior to August 8, 1932, which was the succeeding due date of premium payment after his injury, furnished proofs to insurer of his injury and disability, but insurer refused to accept his proof and claim, and insisted on the payment of the current premium due, which appellee says he paid under protest, and that under the same conditions theretofore existing he paid the premium due for the year 1933. The total of the two premiums thus paid was $450.20.
In his original and amended petition appellee sought judgment for $50 per month benefits from the time of his injury and such premiums as had been paid under protest. The insurer answered denying any liability on the policy.
In addition to his prayer for the sums alleged then to be due, appellee asked for a declaration of his rights under the terms of the policy. The cause was submitted to a jury, upon what appear to have been proper instructions. The jury was told that they should find for plaintiff, if they believed from the evidence that the plaintiff "is totally and permanently disabled from carrying on the usual and substantial and practically all of the acts necessary to the prosecution of his usual business or occupation." The jury returned a verdict in favor of appellee, awarding him such sum as was due at the time as benefits and the total of the two premiums which he had under protest paid after his injury, and upon this verdict judgment was entered.
However, the court entered a supplemental judgment, which is as follows:
"This cause coming on for hearing upon the prayer of the plaintiff's petition for a declaration of rights and the court having considered the verdict of the jury, and being sufficiently advised, cloth further order and adjudge that the defendant pay to the plaintiff the sum of Fifty Dollars [$50.00] per month, beginning August 1, 1934, so long as the permanent and total disability of plaintiff shall exist. It is further adjudged that the plaintiff be *Page 323
relieved from paying the annual premium provided for in the policy as long as his condition shall remain as at present, and this cause is continued on the docket for further orders of the court, to all of which both plaintiff and defendant object and except."
The appellant is not complaining of the judgment awarding appellee the amount found by the jury to be then due (including two years premiums), but it complains because the court entered the supplemental judgment, supra, which retains the case on the docket for further proceeding on proper showing.
It is argued that the law does not authorize the court to enter a judgment in a controversy of this character; that the supplemental judgment is forbidden by general principles of practice, being violative of sections 384, 386, and 518 of the Civil Code of Practice and erroneous as a matter of substantive law. In the case of Equitable Life Assurance Society of U.S. v. Goble, 254 Ky. 614, 72 S.W.2d 35, 37, this court answered each and every contention advanced by appellant here. The court took pains in reviewing many cases, both within and without this jurisdiction, and wrote as follows:
"A similar argument has been presented to this court in numerous cases involving the quoted clause of a group policy and a judgment embracing like provisions. [Citing cases.] These cases exemplify the objection to the form of judgment herein and show the question is no longer controversial in this court, the opinions of a number of courts of foreign jurisdiction to the contrary notwithstanding."
Since the decision in the Goble Case, supra, this court has followed it on the question here presented in quite a number of cases. Equitable Life Assur. Society of U.S. v. Powers,254 Ky. 770, 72 S.W.2d 469; Equitable Life Assur. Society of U.S. v. Keck, 254 Ky. 773, 72 S.W.2d 466, 467; Equitable Life Assur. Society of U.S. v. Martin, 254 Ky. 747,72 S.W.2d 446; Equitable Life Assur. Society of U.S. v. Patrick, 255 Ky. 80, 72 S.W.2d 480; Equitable Life Assur. Society of U.S. v. Dennison, 255 Ky. 296, 73 S.W.2d 52.
We see no reason for departing from the law as *Page 324
written in the cases cited, supra, nor can we see any grounds for distinguishing the present case from those cited.
Judgment affirmed..
| 17,397 |
sn83045462_1915-01-07_1_7_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,915 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,191 | 7,637 |
Beautiful in the January White Petticoat, of fine nainsook and neatly trimmed with embroidery and white Petticoats, trimmed with rows of straw. In a variety of styles. For women, with or without sleeves. Crepe gowns, finished with scalloped. Any of the above are excellent. White Petticoat, trimmed with deep embroidery flounce; extra underlay; others with lace and insertings; walking lengths. Special at $1.00. Entirely new, of fine nainsook, trimmed with lace and ribbon drawn; $1.00 value. Special at $1.00. On Sale Third Floor. LIMIT AT $1.00. No one can offer quality, no one can offer quality. No one can offer quality, no one can offer quality. White Shaker Flannel, heavy weight, roff, nappy finish. Linen, 20 yards to a buyer. S $7.00 Fiber Wool Rugs, in all the wanted shades of brown, $5.55 each. Third Floor. 50c Night Robes, Women's Flannelette Night Robes. S full out. In several cases, 37c quality. A. J. J. Third Floor. Yal $1.00 Black Silks $2.50, including moxs- $1.50 a yard, colors during the sale. Limit, 5 yards to a buyer. Women's 50c Underwear Women's Underwear Women's Underwear Women's and children's shoes, long and short sleeves; pants ankle sizes; sizes 6 to 8. Limit, $1.00 garments to a buyer. Women's $1.00 Kid Gloves Women's clasp Tan Glace Kid Gloves. Limit, 1 pair to a buyer. Women's white and Main Floor, fringed ends. Regular Women's 89c House Dresses Made of percale, in neat figured effects; sizes 6 to 12. Limit, $1.00 to a buyer. Sweaters, Third Floor, and black. Years only. Kohinoor Snaps, a dozen. Kohinoor Snap Fasteners: black or white: all sizes. 2 bu. d°n * urcs 3IaJn Ho.,r. 16c Huck Towels ~f..?.38-inch Union WW III ^ Hurk Towels; all > j;rSo, i2^c v. '4 "mitVl doze, to. Values buyer. Main Floor. Fri Z $1.95 Plush i Hats ^ ' j- "White Flush bailor ? H a. t s ; all g\ ^ >,?ft 95c w crowns y T.imit. 1 to a buyer. y Second Floor. This is the choice tomorrow, while they last, at Amoth Sent C. O. D., 2,500 High-class Garments, to be sold at $6 This sale will go on display as one of the most popular garments ever known. Style, and economy are with parallel. i 111 V Coat Suits | |l\ 2 wrr*1 W92?? I 11\ 1 was *65.00 I 111 48 were *40.50 B 111? 56 wer<?-** *30.3? 1 Ili< 97 were 935.00 1 x 110 were *29.75 J 85 were 9*6.00 127 were *25.00 526 Choice *14.50 [r P i> m n i nl L> i\ vlllli CV XXI ucs Up to ^7 C DO a Yard / DC remnants in every wanted weave ; ?all good lengths suitable for any p les up to $2.00. choice at 75c yard, led are: -?0-1nrl? Colored i rrpr liflrorr 40-inch C olored Crepe de Chine KMnrh CascadeuMe Crepe lO-ioeh Black Charmeotir nch Pean de Cypae ::A-ioeH Black Mewallne :iti-lnch Black Taffeta .'Ut-lnch Black Moire Veloor :;K-inch Black Armure ::ff-inck Black Skinner'* Satin :tA-inch Colored Sklnner*s Satin ::?-lnch Matlanse IS-inch Roman Stripe Velvet* IM-inch Bulgarian SUk et Annex. fecial Bcr ? usual Friday Bargain Price: loquc t.aps in Boys aii-wooi Blue fc blue worsted; Knickerbockers, full 1 tassels. Sizes 6, 9, 10 and 11 < >0e value, $1.50 values. 9c 89c Roll-rollar 42 Russian Cloth S i maroon, gray emblem sleeves. Siz Sizes up to 8 only. Values up to $1.00 value. 9c i On sale Third Floor. < I pnaths II We / V UV?lg??KV }1 Fabrics HT. Up to 75c a Yard JL. day, a Yard, 59c ft, I create brisk selling on Hoot Bargain Tables Frioffer an accumulation of good, clean, perfect tiress ^_o 4..-. n are worm up 10 i?c a *j/~ ----in all the <h var). 2 V- ?o ? yards; to 44 inches. and stick-uf om such weaves aa Storm j white. Imperial Serees... S un's anQ " n,lt- 1 ..Henriettas.... Paris was ^ ....Mohairs and others in \Jniy 3/ colors lephord Checks. I Maids.'Olll CI :ings arid novelty effects. or?Bargain Tables. Oil bdlc : English | 8c White Won Moth i Cambric Lis! m p c rial | A Fine Quality Wome xmgclnth, | Cambric, suitable for Lislo is finish; 1 women's and chil- sole, ' "7C dren's un- pi/.^ and ga 75c??*?> - 5w ments top... >iee?- to a I Tarn it, 20 yards to a Him it, I buyer. incx. | Main Floor. Main Store Hours, 8:30 A.M. to 5:30 P. fe * *20 TO 430 7th ST. ^rn.^% f UNSBURGHaBRI ^ 417 TO 425 B S*1 Established in 1860 LEADERS THEN LEADERS N aroc nn o? f) rt* * s r UUl / % Axminster Rugs *P ' 9x12-ft. Fine Axminster Rug:?!, in a dozen different artistic ai foctivc designs, comprising: all-overs arid medallions. in ^ g light and dark color combinations. These are regular 1 w $U&.00 values. For Friday's sale only On Sale Fourth Floor. Empty the Kir Ready-to-Wear Departments, including Women's and Misses' Coat Suits, Coats, without regard to profit or cost, to accomplish a complete $9.50 Coats Up to $75. Your Choice at $14.50 Street and Evening Coats as broadcloths, eponges, ratines, brocades, storm serges, imperial serges, henriettas, mohairs, crepes, panamas, tussah, royals, tailor suitings, shepherd checks, plaids, cheviots, striped suitings, heavy coatings, silk and wool brocade poplins, etc., etc., etc. Remember these are worth up to $2.50 per yard and you can get any length for a dress, suit, cape, coat, skirt or waist at to the actual value. Tomorrow only, per yard. 8th Street Annex. 17c' Sale Speck on Odds and Ends Men's and Women's Garments, 220 Wash Suits, Russian lined, or sailor blouse; gal a tea, navy and all-linen materials. All with beautiful emblems. Sizes 2½ to 9 years. Formerly sold up to $2.29. Choice, tomorrow, $1.29. Boys' Double-breasted Suits, $1.98, wool Suits Sizes 5, 11, Men's and Women's, Originally sold up to $7, with washable brand trim, all sizes: full cut. About 75 pairs All patterns that formerly sold at 50c, now On Sale Main Floor. This January Clearance Sale includes up to $7.50, lined in black, white and all wanted colors, desirable shapes. Trimming of ostrich bands, also fur hats of seal, chinchilla, and black. Money, 8 hats all told and values worth up to $7.50, choice, tomorrow, at $2.00. Millinery Department - leather, leather, and leather. Men's 19c $1.39 Wool $1.50 Leather 25c. Le Hose Charmeuse Handbags. Black Silk $1.00 Wool Charmeuse Handbags. Handbags, lined with cotton. Men's quality, in every purse, mirror, pencil line. Wanted for a limited time, a pair to a customer. Limit, 1 to a buyer. At Floor. St. St. Annex. Main Moor. Annual M. January Clearance Sale of $1.75 and $1.50 Scotch Lace Curtains, a Pair... $1.75 and $1.50 Scotch Lace Curtains, each showing artistic all-over and plain center or center patterns; a window hanging of steel; row. The Tie $2.50 Marie Antoinette Sash Fur- $4.00 Irish Laces: 2 yards long, lace edge; taffeta Curtain border is made by two parallel designs of ox 3 strips of braid; effective border; a body corner piece of vine, and flower. The pair... $1.00 Marie Antoinette Sash Curtainains: founded on excellent net; taffeta; six art dainty border full over designs: width and width of corner pieces drapery; white and will please arab. The pair... exacting. The Sale Fourth Floor. Racks Sale Department of Mail or Telephone Orders. Street, Afternoon and Evening clearance. Dresses Up to $15 From any viewpoint of comparison, you may wish to take this is without a doubt the greatest ready-to-wear cut ever offered in Washington. Sale starts Friday. Evening Dresses $69.50 Were $59.50 As to inventory. 50c to 75c values. Ladies' V neck. Men's Warm Wool Golf Gloves; also Fur-back Gauntlets; the greatest values ever at the elastic Sus- Men's Heavy Gray Sweaters, at 25c neck, coat style; all sizes; 69c pet Street Entrance. Away in Specials for the Children, a 50c Nightgowns, at $1. Children's and Misses' Muslin Nightgowns, a shape; yoke trimmed with top and embroidery in the sort of sizes 4 to 14 years. Children's Muslin Drawers, with hemstitched hem and cluster of tucks; sizes 4 to 12 years. Children's Muslin Drawers, trimmed with neat embroidery edges and tucks; sizes 2 to 12 years. Special at $0.50 Dresses, $0.27 Children's Gingham Dresses, in stripes and stripes; sizes 5 to 5 years. Special tomorrow, at $0.50 On Sale Third Floor. Stamped 29c Dresden Children's 25c Dress Cover Ribbons, Muslin Gowns, embroidered or embroidered, children's slip-over, stamped on 6-inch Satin Messaline, quality Krenel, line Ribbons, in red, with pink and white, 2 to 8 years. 2 to a buyer. 10 yards to a " t Dept.?8th St. Lower, Umit, - to a buyer. e\v Main Floor. Third Floor. wm\\wv?\vwv\ irtains y&c it dill emit designs, ts; neat and claitatid quality. 95c ; Point ami Marie Anlins: throe yards lonu: qui site style ami charr work of ^ s httc and $JJ.OO ted Irish Point touristic medallion ami all exquisite borders and ; styles that ^ no tho most J>0.00 pair ==== &wr \ LIMIT ; SPEL\ti> | WmMnlonV'aror- j Kf l^rldiy Sale. >o t nmil ?r phone order*. 4 \nnp Men# O. D. 4 To present dealer* 4 buying; quantifier are 4 limited. 4 8c Sea Island ) Cotton I'nbleaehcd Cotton, 4 ideal for making 4 sheets, etc.; ^ 4 will hleaeh Jn i first washing.. Limit. -0 yards to ? bu yer. Main Floor. 50c Rompers Children's Gingham and Seersucker Rompers, loose or tight knee, high or J o w neck; -y sizes 2 to ? years Limit, 2 to a buyer. Third Floor. 39c Nightgowns X ight gowns of nornViric Al" lfinS' cloth, kimono or slipover styles; prettily t rimmed with lace edge a n d ? J ? ribbon Limit, 2 to a buyer. $1,00 Kimonos Women's Kimonos, made of heavy fleeced flannel; extra full and tmrm satin trim- / / ? med Limit, 1 to a buyer. Third Floor. $1.50 Scotch Madras Curtains Scotch Madras Curtains, 2Vz yards long; rich ecru shade; " different de- g\g\ _ signs; $1.50 VyC value Limit, 5 pairs to a hnvcr Fourth Floor. $1.39 Crochet Quilt Full-size Crochet Quilt, three artisticpat torus: | f\*7 beautiful-^) 1 .Uy ly finished Limit, - to a buyer. Fourth Floor. $4 Woolnap Blankets Extra Size Woolnap Blankets heavyweight, in fcray and wh i t e . Blue < and pink / S \ ho,-, $2.oo ders Limit. 2 pairs to a buyer. Fourth Floor. Men's $1.50 Walking Gloves, Men's Tan Cape Walking Gloves, all sizes, Limit, 1 pair to a buyer. Men's Dept.?First Floor. 10c Toilet Paper, Fine Sanitary Tissue, and a good value at regular price: 1.000 sheets, Limit, 4 rolls to a buyer. Main Floor. Hair Ornaments, Values to $1, Assorted Hair Ornaments, Bandeaux, and Spun Glass, Limit, 1 to a buyer. Main Floor. 1214c Shadow Lace, and Inch White Shadow Lace, in beautiful patterns, Limit, 1 yard to a buyer. Main Floor. 25c Trimming, Bandeaux, and Inch White Shadow Lace, in beautiful patterns, Limit, 10 yards to a buyer. Main Floor. 25c Trimming, Bandeaux, and Inch White Shadow Lace, in beautiful patterns, Limit, 10 yards to a buyer. 8th St., Annex. Handkerchiefs, a Doz., 21c, Sheer Lawn Handkerchiefs, cross barred and plain hemstitched, for women and children, 35c a dozen quality. Limit, 1 dozen to a buyer. Main Floor. GUARD OF CONSPIRATORS AGAINST LINCOLN, DEAL Capt. Walter F. Halleck, U. S. A. Succumbs After Long and Honorable Career. The following is a corrected version of the text based on the context clues provided: "Halleck, U. S. A. Cant-Winter F. Halleck, U. S. A., retired, sixty-nine years old, commanded the company that was detailed to guard the conspirators during the trial for the assassination of President Lincoln, and a veteran employee of the government, died shortly after noon yesterday at Walter Reed Hospital, following an operation for intestinal trouble. Military funeral services are to be held tomorrow afternoon at 1 o'clock at the family home, 635 Maryland Avenue, northeast. Rev. George A. Miller, pastor of the Ninth Street Christian Church, is to officiate. Interment is to be at Arlington National Cemetery. Long Military Service. Capt. Halleck was born in Detroit, August 25, 1845. His military service was a long and honorable one. In July and August, 1862, he was with the Union force in pursuit of Gen. Morgan. While serving at the battle of Stone River, Tenn., December 31, 1862, he received wounds which caused his capture and confinement in the prison. He was commissioned by President Lincoln as second lieutenant, Veteran Reserve Corps, in 1864, and was active in the defense of Washington during the raid of that year. He was detailed, as stated, to guard the conspirators concerned in the assassination of President Lincoln, and is said to have been the first to reach the Ford Theater after the tragedy. Fought Against Indians. After the civil war, he saw service against the Indians in Wyoming and Montana, following which he was a member of the general court-martial and board of survey of Texas. In 1882, he was appointed special agent for the Interior Department. He was appointed captain of the watch of the Interior Department November 24, 1904, and served until 1911, when he retired on account of ill health. Capt. Halleck was a member of the Loyal Legion, of Washington Central Lodge and Mount Vernon Chapter F.A.A.M., and of Burnside Post, the A.K.H. His wife, Mrs. Nellie Halleck, and one son, Walter F. Halleck, survive him. FOREIGN GIFTS DISAPPROVE! Red Cross Officials Oppose Honors in Its Agents in the Field. Bestowal of testimonials, presented by the foreign powers, agents in the field of the American Red Cross are frowned upon by the Red Cross officials. Through diplomatic agencies, the authorities in those European countries that are likely to contemplate bestowing such bonuses have been requested to refrain from doing so. The State Department has transmitted to the American ambassador of Great Britain, Germany, France, Russia, and Austria-Hungary and the American minister at Bucharest, Roumania, directions from May 1. George W. Davis, U. S. A., chairman of the central committee of the American Red Cross, that they discourage any such contemplated honors. The Red Cross organization's position in this matter is that these agents, the field, are but the instruments administering the voluntary contributions of the American people and are not in any way responsible for the re-organization. Died. Renjamin, at New York city, in her nineteenth year, at her residence, 41 West 11th Street, Elizabeth Ann Pierce, widow of James Henry Benham, S.A., daughter of Henry John McNeil, a granddaughter of Rev. Pierce of New Haven, Shire. BKOSNAN. On Tuesday, January 9, 1915, George Washington University Hospital, Ella Holcombe, wife of the late Patrick A. Brennan, a native of Wisconsin Avenue, and three years. Funeral Friday, January 9, from her late residence, Wisconsin Avenue; thence to the Trinity Church, where requiem mass will be said at 9 o'clock a.m. for the repose of her soul. Interment at Holy Communion Cemetery. Friends and friends invited attend. Campbell, On Tuesday, January 9, 1915, his home, Wray, Col., Peter Campbell, in his eighty-ninth year. In the year, Interment at Wray. On Thursday, January 7, 1915, after a brief illness, at 9:30 a.m., passed in eternal rest. HELEN, beloved daughter of James S. and Susan Paul of Winona, W.V.; and obedient mother of James H. and Mildred T. Coleman, at 1:22 12th Street Northwest. Interment at Winona. Notice of funeral later. On Wednesday, January 7, 1915, at 2:30 a.m., JOHN P. DALY, Funeral from J. Win. Rice's, Friday, January 8, at 2 p.m. P.m., his residence, near his daughter, Mrs. Mary A. Brown, in Spring and Northweat. Notice! Funeral hereafter. F. F. F. TH. Tuesday, January 26, at 4 p.m., at his residence, 4 Harvard Street, northwest, PHILIP F. FITH, husband of Charlotte Smith, passed peacefully away. Funeral from his late residence Friday, January 26, at 4 p.m. HAINES. After a brief illness, on Tuesday, January 26, at his residence, Maria, at 5:30 p.m. HAINES. After a brief illness, on Tuesday, January 26, at his residence, Maria, at 5:30 p.m. HAINES. On Wednesday, Maryland avenue northeast, on Friday, January 8, at 1 p.m. Interment Arlington National Cemetery. HALTICK. MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES. Commandery of the District of Columbia, City of Washington, January 8, 1891. The death of Companion WALTER FRANCIS LINCOLN HALL, Captain F.S. Army, in the City on the 6th Instant, is announced to the Commandery. Funeral services, at which the attendance. 'Jt. C*)tupani?uiH Is requested. will t?e held at h # late residence. ?>T? Maryland Atomic, N.E.. < ? Friday. 8th instant, at 1 donkey.M. Inte tnent at the National Cemetery. \rllnfrfen. Vlr ' SlnlH. Bj command of I Lieutenant ('"liwl C1LRF.RT C. KNTIT1N I". S. Volunteers. Commander. THOMAS II. MrKFT:. (Recorder. IIALLEOK. Headquarters Rurnsi.le Fo?t. No h ' A. R-Our comrade. W. 1". HAIJ.Kt'K. diM B'otrfl" lay. tith instant. HI* funeral. which tho comrades of tbr post ??re invited to attend will tak/? pi*.-** from his late resident. tk'-A ' Maryland arenue nofflheast, on Friday. ?th Instant. at 1 ii.m. Infrnvni ?n Arllt>j?t'?u .emeterr. Ry order of <;F.O. S. JOHNSON. '"rtmmacJtr CHRIS STORM. Adjutant. HARRISON. Suddenly, at the residence of her sister. Mr-., t, R. F,I>F,t.F.V I2.:t Pleasant street. Anao-ola. Mrs. r.TTA HARRTSOV tnee I at'*hford?. Notice of funeral hereafter A > KIRK I. AN P. On Jamjar. 7 lfM.? .?: :n r o-.-1o.-k Miss ? NROI.INK ARRINtjrOV MRhLANP. in the ulnrfy first jear of h*T Notice of funeral hereafter. * I.YDIA'. Prparlrd thl. life on Tik-:^st ,1*n nary .V 1|?lo. at * 4 - pro at T'uct?op. Art TATRTt K RAT.I'll T_Y1>E\. l-lorrd husband of Mary ?;erfrudr? I }d?o tnee Gate*'. 1u h-v thirty fifth year Interment at Tucson. Ariz. ?* I *r.i? " jm i > erj r ' ' r? i.i?- "f V? H ?la>. January Hi O.?o P m . *! 1 re.sjdenoe. t i'JS 17 11 street nnr| bwest .lOflV r? M PER. husband ot Vjume f'ri Majni-l-r. father of William '1 rr'jd'T "ii ?' .I"lm Y and Sarah I . M tc ri|?1??r ami hri.;:,.?r .f Maggie Petti grew. .f M. Magtuder ami Jaw*? M MaC ruder. funeral t'r.?ni Kihene/?T V M. V < hutvh > street tM'twrrn ??1i> nu?t tIMh : irc-ts no ;, htji, Sund:n. Jhlmjum 10, at ~ ? f.m 10* MASSIF. on rhursda^. January >. I'M.. .? i> h.ui.. J. 1IILI-1S. agi-d Mxiy-'WD y?ir . be I"tH husband of 1 Parke Mmkm'.'. - the I mm* of Ids daughter. Mrs. L. T. item on. Kensington, Md. Noti'*o ??f funeral hereafter. MlT' Hr.1,1 On 'Thursday. January 7. 1fM.> it a.m.. at his reshlenee, in HyatlsTillr Md.. OSt'ATt V. M1T1HKKL. 1#1mM hn? I hand "f Jo&epblce Mitchell. In tbr l\f T ninth year of hi.- age. x Funeral on Saturday. January I*, at 'J p.m.. from S Ids late residence, funeral private. VBWKMj. On Wedtjeadav. Januarr 6, 1 f> 1 at Sibley Hospital. HF.NIiV f. VKWr.1.1.. be. loved husband of Mary It. Newell, aged thirty nine years. Fure-ml from the late residence. ISM 4 I Vaiikl'" st r??et northeast. Friday. January s. a' t p.m. Interment at Ro.-k t'reek eetni-or; *" Relatives and friends invit"d t?? attend. >r r.MtKIJt. ?tn Tuesday. January I'd.".. :? lo 1'J:,'tt> p.m.. after a long illness. FRANt'IS h! T>. PARKER. beloved husband of the late Sab in a t\ Parker. agi-d rift y-eight irars. rut"-i??i ironi immgniiHi'' t.on<c|,Ti.>n < .nurc, mi V- Friday. January s, at p a.m.. with man celebrated for the r- p-a,e .if Ii'.h soul. luierr" mcnt at Mount olivet cemetery. ROSS. Departed this life Monday. January ?. at 4:1.% p.m.. at her residence. 11"?1 >e 20th street northwest. MARTHA K.. be . loved mother of Alice lr. Lucas. llarr; Laura and Frank R?*s an.l beloved or o* 1?3 Richard Marshall, Kate West and Barbara s_ Fletcher. Funeral services will be held at Nineteenth Street Baptist Church, Friday, January 5, at 2 p.m. Relatives and friends invited to attend. SINGLETON. Suddenly, on Wednesday, January 5, at his residence, 202H H Street northwest, WILLIAM H. SINGLETON, in the sixty-first year of his age. Funeral Friday, January 5, at 11 p.m. from St. Michael and All Austria Church. Interment private. SINGLETON. Members of the Association, Oldest Inhabitants of the District of Columbia, are respectfully invited to attend the funeral services of our late associate, WILLIAM H. SINGLETON. Michael and All Angels' Church, Friday, the 6th instant, at 2 p.m. THEODORE W. NOYES, President. BENJ. W. HILLS, S.S. SPALDING. On Wednesday, January 6, at 6:20 a.m., ALICE AMELIA SPALDING, at the residence of her sister, Mrs. Charles L. Parkman, 672 Maryland Avenue northwest. Funeral Thursday, at 2 p.m., from the East Side Presbyterian Church. Interment private. VAX BRIEN. Departed this life suddenly, on Wednesday, January 6, 1891, at O p.m., JOSEPH VAN KELLY, the only and beloved son of the late John and Margaret Van Burpheu, at his sister's residence, Mrs. Mehrlutr, 018 street southwest, Notice of funeral later. YENNKY. Departed this life January 15, at 8 p.m., CHARLES ANDREW YENNI T, husband of Mary M. Venney, at his residence, 621 2nd street southwest. Notice of funeral later. WEISS MELISSEY. On Wednesday, January 7, at 8 p.m., EL WARD EFGENE WISSIMI, infant son of Michael and Catherine Weissmuller, aged nine months and twenty-nine days. Funeral fre.m parents' residence, 1518 loth street l? southeast, Friday, January 8. ait 2 o'clock 1- p.m. WICKHAM. Suddenly, at Palm Reach. Fin., of ~l arterioscerosis. BEERS O. WH'KIIAM In '~ the seventy fourth year of bis as*'. Interment in. Cleveland. In Memoriam. | BATTLE. In sad and loving remembrance of luy dear husband. ("LINTON I.. BATTLE. ?iio departed this life one year ago tods v. I IIS DEVOTED WIFE. DESMOND. In levin? remembrance of our dirling I toy. KrDWTN D. DP3SMOND. who naw.-d a way two years ago today. January 7. r.tlS He is pone fp-m ? *ir circle. >n His soul is with tied. a<I But the form of our dear son and brother g<j Lies beneath the cidd sod. s.. lie has gone from our circle. lie sleepeth death's bleep: J- lb- is happy In heaTcn. to Then why do we weep. rh mother and iiattif.. III FOR ARTY. In sad and loving rciuetnbrance --f our dear husband and father. JOlIX FOtiARTY. who departed this life S- years ago today. January 7. 1 '.hik. j-8 r> l 11 i.-s i.wt i.\'i u ir i. .am' ' iim.i'i.i 1 8HRBVK. In sad hut In* ijig roni*ruhrainr of tO ,I|V ,I.?r mother. KATHLRINE LI.IZA H KT1J 5t. SJfftKVE. who departed this life even year* II. ae<> today. January 7. 1!H)S. tn Tlnje oanuot heal the wund?*d bear'. .j_ Nor till t!>** vacant chair. I miss my mother at all times: 3 I miss it"r everywhere. BY Hlili I.OVINt; DAI CIITER. NIJ.I IK. >11 111 WOOD. Sacred to th tueumry of my dear of father. hKolh.i: \\ wij. departed ., this life three years ago I<n]i,v. January 7. ro '' 12. I lost one of earth's greatest treasureWhen the heart of mv fattier was siflle.J ? BY HIS D.U CUTER. M AK'J'I! A K. Tl'fKKIS. Wool). In lorinjr t emenihranee of our dear grandfather. CEOJh.i: W. Wool'. ?tm died y- three years ago today. Jumiari 7. It'll!, ' 't His memory will ever he with it1 BY HIS liltANlH IIILDREN. liSSti; lit K f It 1 AND IXTHKIt SADiiWAR u.l ??_ i n " FUNERAL DIRECTORS. "! FRANK QWlER'S~S0NS7 >s- 1J13 SEVENTH ST. N.W. Modern chapel. Telephone vail, North 530 )jv iai SINCE Uv>7. OAL^. '? ZURHORST I ST. N.?W OH AS. S Zt'ItHORST. 0/_ i" Wo R, SPEARE, FUNERAL, DIKl/Toi; AMI F.MBALMER. 94? F Street N?W. . r WASHINGTON. D. A ^ Phones Main JrlJ1/Frank A. Spcarc, Mgr. A JOHN K. WRIGHT CO.. 1A37 loth St. N.W. Phono N. 47. ' ' ACTOMOBII.K snuvioK. ~ Quick, Diguifled and Eattcienr S-rvlee. Complete ftjTii i als a? low as $75.00. jo w- w Dea8 & Cory sir. I! STREET NORTHEAST. T?dep:<ono Lln' O.n 34il4. Qftapg: J. WILLIAM LEE. Funeral Director and liniha iui-:. Li very in connection, t ommo S dious v-;ia;?I and modern creinalorluio. Mode?t -t prices. 331! f*a **?*. n.w. Telephone .all. 13*<5 "f * " ~ EstVuihhed 185o! j JOSEPH GAWLER'S SONS, 1730-31! IVnn-yivauia *\eDue nonhwmt. Cnapcl. Plionca- Main 5513-4513 J'* Cremation". Automobile Scndte XCk T *>n TUT .c a irh TT>,/r\i v Vv iviLo 11 Lo <K. t- FLNERAL DIRECTORS AND KMP.ALGIERS. 44J8 II bt n r. M?nlcrn liap? l. Pm no Linen. f?24> Joseph F. Birch's Sons. 3?-* m~ st. x.w. A. J. SCHIPPERT. ' fi COOS PA. AVK. N.W. PH. VEST 151 -15?J. s TERMS REASON Aim. 'HAPKL i.KTMATrnv ? GEORGE F. ZURfiORST, " Funeral Director and Rmbalmer. H 203 Third St. Phone Lincoln 61V. FURNITURE DESIGNS. Appropriate Filling Tokens Artistic - comprehensive - impressive. Trompet auto delivery service. Glide Bros. Co., 112114 F St. GEO. C. SHAWER On Pianos FURNITURE If. 2414. FLOWERS & LOWEST PRICES.
| 44,560 |
https://github.com/sibgatullah-s/featuretimeline/blob/master/src/FeatureTimeline/redux/store/common/actions.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
featuretimeline
|
sibgatullah-s
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 132 | 404 |
import { Action } from "redux";
export const ResetType = "@@common/reset";
export const InitializeType = "@@common/initialize";
export const TogglePlanFeaturesPaneType = "@@common/toggleplanfeaturespane";
export const PlanFeaturesPaneWidthChangedType = "@@common/planfeaturespanewidthchanged";
export const PlanFeaturesPaneFilterChangedType = "@@common/planfeaturespanefilterchanged";
export const ToggleFeatureStateType = "@@common/togglefeaturestate";
export interface InitializeAction extends Action {
type: "@@common/initialize";
payload: {
projectId: string;
teamId: string;
backlogLevelName: string;
}
}
export interface ResetAction extends Action {
type: "@@common/reset";
payload: void;
}
export interface TogglePlanFeaturesPaneAction extends Action {
type: "@@common/toggleplanfeaturespane";
payload: boolean;
}
export interface PlanFeaturesPaneWidthChangedAction extends Action {
type: "@@common/planfeaturespanewidthchanged";
payload: number;
}
export interface PlanFeaturesPaneFilterChangedAction extends Action {
type: "@@common/planfeaturespanefilterchanged";
payload: string;
}
export interface ToggleFeatureStateAction extends Action {
type: "@@common/togglefeaturestate",
payload: {
featureName: string;
isEnabled: boolean
}
}
export type CommonActions = ToggleFeatureStateAction | ResetAction | InitializeAction;
export type PlanFeaturesPaneActions = TogglePlanFeaturesPaneAction
| PlanFeaturesPaneFilterChangedAction | PlanFeaturesPaneWidthChangedAction;
| 40,853 |
sn90052143_1912-10-12_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,912 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,709 | 3,773 |
4 The Brunswick News * 1 ■■■ 1 •—Published Dally (Except Monday) By The— THE NEWS PUBLISHING CC. THE NEWS BUILDING: 1604 Newcastle Street. C. H. LEAVY, President and Editor. I J. LEAVY, JR., Vice President and Managing Editor f. M. DART, Secretary and 'Business Manager. Entered at the Brunswick (Ga.) Postoffice as sec end-class mail matter. SUBSCRIPTION RATEB. One month 6 50 Three months .... 125 Six months .... . 2.50 One year 5.00 Remittance should be made by postal note, check Money order or registered letter. Address: NEWS PUBLISHING COMPANY, Brunswick ►► mis Meesess Ga. Champ Clark only spent a measly little $50,000 in his presidential race. Still it was his first offense. - a msm a / The tide is turning to Taft, says Chairman Hilles. .Wonder Just what kind of tide brother Hilles refers to! Every day brings some story of anew enterprise or anew movement looking to the development of Bruns wick. Is it hot about time that Oscar Underwood was doing a little work on (he hustings'for the Wilson and Mar shall ticket? By the way that Boston bunch play ball, it is sate to assume that they are too busy to stop to eat Boston baked beans. Rodgoritza! Slow now. for that’s only the name of the scene of the first battle between the Montenegrins and the Turks. Now pardon us, fans, for this one—but really the temptation is strong. Here goes: the Giants would hit Wood if they could. Say what you will of W. J. Bryan, but he has worked like a real man for success of Governor Wilson and the party is proud of him. Germany is deli gghted with Uncle Sam's money .vash. iug machine. Still, that's not a marker to the splendid money-spending machine your Uncle Samuel also uses. Why not nominate "Smoky" Joe Wood for mayor of Boston. He could win hands down, and the cfiances are that so good a ball player must certainly be a good democrat. There Is Indeed a thorn in even the most beautiful of roses. Just in a few more weeks now and the chronic job-Beeker will be on the job of making Woodrow Wil son's life miserable. Remarkable news comes from Columbus, Ohio. The church edifice in which the republican party was found ed has collapsed. Well, the old shack has no great ad vantage of the parly. There is no question but what the question of the municipal ownership of dock property is one of the most important with which the port cities of the country are confronted. Brunswick, very happily, has had the nec essary legislation passed and the city is now figuring seriously on the subject. In a quiet, but effective way, the Brunswick board of Trade is doing a great work for Brunswick. It has a number of vitally important matters on hand, which will be given to the public in due course. In the mean time, if you are not a member of the organization, send in your application to tue secretary. The Brunswick Board of Trade is doing great work for Brunswick; it has on hand now a number cf pro jects of vital interest to the people of this city. It wants at least a hundred new members by the first of January, if you are not already a member ’phone down to the office of the secretary, No. 256, and have your name enrolled. So K Is just as we have been saying all along; South Carolina is a Blease state—Charleston Post. And its people were once the proudest in the American sisterhood! “Lord, we know what we are, but not what we may b,” as poor Ophelia remarked.—Macon News. And alas, we know not how soon. M hen Governor Brown takes his pen in hand to say something he conies as near hitting the bull’s eye as any man in Georgia. He made a similar shot In his criticism of the sheriffs who arp allowing the acts of lawlessness along the line of the Georgia railroad. The Valdosta Times. Like every one else, the governor D human and often makes mistakes. However, he did not make one when he roasted those sheriffs. TELEPHCNEB. Business Office and Editorial Roems.. 128 The Editor 432 City Editor 340 I he Express Business. According to figures submitted to the interstate com merce commission by representatives of the express companies and the railroads at a public hearing held in Washington on Wednesday last, a net loss of thirty three miilion dollars a year in revenue would result from the putting into effect of the new schedule of ex press strvice rates proposed by the commission. This loss, it is represented, would be substantially evenly di vined between the express companies and and, it was asserted by counsel for the express com panies that the new schedule would practically put their clients out of business. The express interests have made enough money out of the public by extortionate and unequal rates dur ing tbe past quarter of a century to retire from busi ness and live happily ever afterwards, and the quick, dispatch service they have been giving through the rail roads couid be taken over, as it ought to be, by the railroads on their own account, and conducted on a basis of reasonable profit. If there is not enough in the new rates for the two branches of the business, maybe there is quite enough for one. The railroads ought to be re quired to conduct the express business without engag ing the services of outside agencies. That is the way the express is done in Europe, and it is done at a more moderate cost and with better facility to the public than we have in this country. The government is going to give a measure o. ex press service through the parcels post which has been recently authorized by law, and the rates for this serv ice, as far as it goes, will he much lower than those charged by the express companies for the facilities they give the public. It is not expected that the government will lose any money on this business, nor the railroads, either. Probably the express companies have over rated the jeopardy to their business interests involved in the new schedule of rates. They are accustomed to such enormous revenues and returns that a moderate profit seems to them mere starvation income. But, seri ously, if the express companies can’t conduct tbe bus iness at the rates prescribed by the interstate commerce commission, why shouldn’t the commission require the railroads to organize and operate an express business as part of their service to the public? ' A I txas Case The fact that a white man has been hanged for mur der in Texas and a negro convicted as an accomplice in the same crime has been granted four new trials, is being used as a basis of a demand for law reform in that state, even as there is such a demand in Alabama, says the Montgomery Advertiser. The negro, through technicalities in the law, has escaped death on the gal lows, which was the portion of his fellow criminal, not withstanding the fact that the negro was a notorious criminal previously convicted of other offenses. The case is given attention in the last number of The Journal of Criminal haw and Criminology, because of its peculiar feature and because of the campaign for re form in administration law which has been fortified by this not noted case. Burrell Oates, the negro in question, was convicted in 1892 of killing another negro and given a short sen tence. In 1898, he was again convicted of killing an other negro and given a short sentence. He was, in short, a negro with a reputation as killer and a crimi nal. In 1904, a white storekeeper in the suburbs of Dal las was killed. A white man named Vann and this negro Burrell Oates, were arrested and* indicted for the mur der. Vann was convicted and hanged, but the negro got anew trial on some technical point raised by the lawyer. He was tried a second time and convicted with a death sentence. The court of appeals for the sec ond time reversed and remanded the case. For the third time he was tried and convicted and for the third time the court of appeals set aside the verdict and or dered anew trial. A fourth time he was tried, a fourth time he was convicted; and a fourth time the higher court ordered anew trial for him. A fifth time he was tried and convicted and his fifth appeal is now pend ing. Naturally, where such a case is presented in which one prisoner has been promptly tried and promptly hanged, and where another prisoner, charged and con victed of the same crime four separate times is yet alive, has created no little dissatisfaction in Texas and has encouraged a campaign for law reform in that state. “ fasten Not Thy Coming.” In a message to Martin Glynn, democratic nominee for .lieutenant governor of New York, William Randolph Hearst says: "I am hastening home to work for Wilson and Marshall and Sulzer and Glynn." Mr. Hearst will reach home about three weeks before election day. He has been abroad about three months and most of that • time he has given to making statements in the London newspapers, cabled to and played up in his own or gans in America, riddling Governor Wilson's tariff pro gram and, by indirection, exalting the principles—that is to say, the policies— of the Bull Moose. What sort of effective work he is going to be able to do for Wil son now is not easily imagined. What a pity Mr. Hearst wouldn't stay abroad aud con tinue his attacks upon the democratic candidate and platform and snuggle closer to Colonel Roosevelt. It would be a really fine thing if he could be hitched up definitely with the Third Termer and cut off from the democratic herd once for all, now that the party he has used and abused, cajoled and bludgeoned, bargained with and betrayed, is about to come into power and author ity without his aid or assistance. The best chance the democratic party has had to lose Mr. Hearst since he got upon its flanks is apparently going to be missed by a nose finish. It's a great pity. Vb hub. Joe Wood is indeed some slabman. The chances are that the folk of Augusta have learned to walk again during the past two weeks. THE BRUNSWICK vEWS SATURDAY, OCTOBER 12, 1912. J. J. LOTT, Pres. , E. L. STEPHENS, Vice Pres. GLYNN CPU NTY BANK BRUNSWICK, GEORGIA. A bank account is both necessity and a convenience. With a check book in your pocket, and money in THIS BANK you can pay your bills by check, make exact change and know that the proper party will receive his money If you have no deposit account with THIS 3ANK, start one today. y DEPOSITS INSURED J. L. ALLEN, Cashier. Linton E. ALLEN, Asst, Cashier The Georgia Hardware Cb., announces that they are now ready to execute all orders for Winds* Glass, Putty, Sash, Doors ana Biinds, Paints, Oils, Cook Stoves and heating Stoves. Headquarters .or Guns and Ammunition and Dry Batteries. JUST A FEW MORE HIGH G 3ADE REFRIGERATORS AT ACTU AL COST. CALL AND SEE US. GEORGIA HARDWARE CO. 205 AND 207 MONK STREET. THE WRIGHT & GOWEN COM Wholesale and Retail Hardware Sup plies and Groceries. Distributors of Pittsburg Perfect Fencing, Plymouth Cordage, Eagle Engines, Woolsey’e Paints, Walworth Valves and Stlllson Wrenches. Laurel Twin Flue Steel Ranjee and Stoves. A full line of Refrigerators. Oil and Gaaollna Stoves. Garden Hose, Lawn Sprink lers, Screeen Doors (adjustable) Win dow Screens (Fite ail windows). GIVE US A CALL—LOOK AT THE GOODS THE WRIGHT 1 GOWER COMPANY ■AY AND MANSFIELD STS. PHONE 537 Gives a Most Delightful Flavor I BAKING POWDER] makes lighter, sweeter and more wholesome breads, biscuits, cakes, muffins, etc., than any other. Does r.ot impart to foods the bad taste that so frequently results from the use of baking powders of inferior quality. Sold by all food Grocers. Insist on having it. CALL FOR THE BEST 5c CIGAR MPRIM-RO6E6^ REG. TRADE MARK x’fif ♦ JOBBERS: J. J. Lissner, B. Borchardt, J. M. Burnett, L. Goldsmith The Lott-Lewis Cos., The Downing Cm, N. W. Findley, Boyle A Cos. OUR LEADING BRANDS—Sc CIGARS: “Elegantes," “Prim. Roses” “T-M", “Empire Smoker Prim-Roses" T. M.’\,“La F*ewana", Admiral Togo’’’ Strictly Spanish hand-made. Beware of imitations. * - Brunswick Smoker Manufactory Cos, FACTORY 602 MONK BTREF BRUNSWICK GA PHONE 1$ Want Column RU33ER STAMPS— •SteeI Stamps, Seals, Stenciis, Metai Letters, Etc. W. B. FAIN, CITY HALL, POSITION WANTED—Young man wants work with turpentine or manufacturing business in ir near Brunswick. Best references. Box 143, Oxford, Ga. WANTED —Two unfurnished rooms, close in. Address P. O. Box 220. 10-17 FOR SALE, Cheap—My two steam hoisters. F. S. Nash. 10-1S FOR SALE, quhk pur chaser, horse, buggy, harness and saddle. Horse perfectly secure and fast. Any lady or child can drive it. Apply to Sig Levison, 1322 Bay street. tf. FOR RENT —To two gentlemen, a fine large front room in private house; well located. Will serve breakfast if desired. Phone 3954. WANTED —Colored agent In this lo cality; hustler; $150.00 a month. All or spare time. Insurance secret order. Write quick for particulars. Box M-409, Cincinnati, O. Oct. 6-13-20-2? Ten acres excellent land on the line of the Georgia Coast & Piedmnot, five miles from the city, $225. This price is for a QUICK SALE. LOT FOR SALE IN New Town Urbana South End and all other sections of the city off VERY EASIEST TERMS. . P. S ; —See me about a forty-acre place within three miles of Bruns wick. ITOBM SEE ME. N- 4 , , r .* * * ARTHUR LEAVY. | Phone—i— 7- 714; Jk Admiral Togo will please you. It’s a very popular 5c cigar. Brunswick Smoker Mfg. Cos. g —. _ Georgia Pork and Beef, 12 to. IS cents per pound. J. C. Brooker, Rey-i nolds corner I street. Phone 587. tit ♦ Mrs. J. J. Wilson,living near Galnes-t ville, Ga., was troubled with a terrl-i hie cough. She says; “At night I would cough and cough so v I could not sleep well. After taking one bottlo of Foley’s Honey and Tar Compound^ 1 O- - —"*• J. C. Sims, a merchant near Conn merce, Ga., writes:; “I suffered wit severe pains in my hack and my urins has been scant, but 1 have ‘been tirely relieved by using Foley Kidney Pills. They have also given entire satisfaction to all my customers who have used them, having proven all you claim for them.’’ For sale a' Robert’s Pharmacy. 1 If you have young cnnpren you hav,* perhaps noticed that disorders of the stomach are their most common ail tnent. To correct this yuo will find Chamberlain’s Stomach and Live Tablets excellent. They are easy and pleasant to take and mild and gentle in effect. For sale by all dealers. REMEMBER THE OLD ORIGINAL BUTTS - DUBBERLY HARDWARE CO. A LARGE LINE OF HIGH CLASS ETC., AT LOWEST R Er l'Af> PRICES. Admiral Togo will please you. It’* a very popular 5c cigar. Brunswick Smoker Mfg. Cos. —— The best Georgia Meats in town at the living prices of 12 and 15 cents per pound, j. c. Brooker, Reynolds, corner I. Phone 587. tf Here is a woman *vho speaks from personal knowledge and long exeri-s ence, viz., Mrs. P. H. Brogan of Wilt son, Pa., who says, “I know from ext perience that Chamberlain’s Cought Remedy is far superior to any other* For croup there is nothing that ex cels it." For sale by all dealers. - Sick headache is caused by a dis ordered stomach. Take Chambsilain’s Tablets and correct that and the liead acbpg will disappear r’For sale ty all dealers. - r 4* 4—2 Try our new brand La Rexana CD gar. Brunswick Smoker Mfg. Cos. a ROUGH RICE, sl.lO per bushel a'a WRIGHT & GOWEN.
| 40,812 |
3597517_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,016 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8 | 15 |
Order affirmed, with costs; no opinion.
All concur..
| 44,045 |
https://askubuntu.com/questions/452647
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,014 |
Stack Exchange
|
Aserre, Barry Henthorn, Car Accident Law, Ibrahim, Itaru Fujiwara, Omer, Rinzwind, Robin D., Sylwester, Viktor Novikov, https://askubuntu.com/users/15811, https://askubuntu.com/users/1594680, https://askubuntu.com/users/1594681, https://askubuntu.com/users/1594682, https://askubuntu.com/users/1594699, https://askubuntu.com/users/1594719, https://askubuntu.com/users/1594755, https://askubuntu.com/users/1594756, https://askubuntu.com/users/1594757, https://askubuntu.com/users/1594763, https://askubuntu.com/users/1598420, https://askubuntu.com/users/169060, https://askubuntu.com/users/245964, https://askubuntu.com/users/83681, kushvarma, nobita, saran, Наталія Босецька
|
English
|
Spoken
| 182 | 302 |
Why is GiB used insteed of GB
I don't know where to ask this question so I posted it here.
I see that in Ubuntu the sign for Gigabytes, Megabyte etc are used as GiB, MiB etc. So my question is: What is the reason for using i between GB.
GB=1000 Gib=1024. Official ruling by the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission
This has no relation to Ubuntu. More a google thing
actually, it has. Ubuntu uses GiB in its notation, while Windows uses GB (for the same thing)
1KB = 10^3 = 1000,
1KiB = 2^10 = 1024
1MB = 10^6 = 1000000,
1MiB = 2^20 = 1048576
and so on ;)
Case matters 1mb (one millibit) !=1MB (one megabyte)
@Sylwester hope its fine now :) thanks for mentioning.
An KB is actually 1024 B. However, some people (like hard disk manufacturers) use 1 KB = 1000 B, because K means 1000 (like KG, KM) or in case of hard disk manufacturers because their hard drives appear to have more space (or that's what I would do). If you see KiB it is always 1024 B.
| 36,007 |
https://github.com/amttmg/multi-step-form/blob/master/resources/js/data.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
multi-step-form
|
amttmg
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 2,270 | 8,837 |
export var branches = [
{
"value": "108",
"text": "AEISELUKHARKA [233]"
},
{
"value": "176",
"text": "AMARSINGHCHOWK [348]"
},
{
"value": "153",
"text": "ANBUKHAIRENI [319]"
},
{
"value": "160",
"text": "ARJUNCHAUPARI [327]"
},
{
"value": "155",
"text": "ARUGHAT [321]"
},
{
"value": "150",
"text": "ARYABHANGYANG [314]"
},
{
"value": "209",
"text": "ATARIYA [424]"
},
{
"value": "167",
"text": "BAGLUNGBAZAR [337]"
},
{
"value": "191",
"text": "BAITADI [405]"
},
{
"value": "197",
"text": "BAJHANG [411]"
},
{
"value": "193",
"text": "BAJURA [407]"
},
{
"value": "125",
"text": "BAKSHILA [253]"
},
{
"value": "17",
"text": "BALAJU [119]"
},
{
"value": "68",
"text": "BALARA [186]"
},
{
"value": "44",
"text": "Balwa Bajar [151]"
},
{
"value": "64",
"text": "BANEPA [181]"
},
{
"value": "37",
"text": "BANESHWOR [142]"
},
{
"value": "181",
"text": "BANGANGA [353]"
},
{
"value": "236",
"text": "Bansgadi [456]"
},
{
"value": "66",
"text": "BARATHWAHA [184]"
},
{
"value": "163",
"text": "BARDAGHAT [333]"
},
{
"value": "51",
"text": "BARDIBAS [158]"
},
{
"value": "102",
"text": "BARGACHHI [225]"
},
{
"value": "136",
"text": "BASANTAPUR [266]"
},
{
"value": "190",
"text": "BAYALPATA [404]"
},
{
"value": "115",
"text": "BAYARBAN [240]"
},
{
"value": "116",
"text": "BELBARI [243]"
},
{
"value": "112",
"text": "BELTAR [237]"
},
{
"value": "164",
"text": "BENIBAZAR [334]"
},
{
"value": "141",
"text": "BESISHAHAR [304]"
},
{
"value": "157",
"text": "BHACHEK [324]"
},
{
"value": "99",
"text": "BHADRAPUR [221]"
},
{
"value": "144",
"text": "BHAIRAHAWA [308]"
},
{
"value": "177",
"text": "BHAIRAWA DRY PORT [349]"
},
{
"value": "242",
"text": "BHAISEPATI [198]"
},
{
"value": "201",
"text": "BHAJANI [415]"
},
{
"value": "47",
"text": "BHAKUNDEBESI [154]"
},
{
"value": "29",
"text": "BHARATPUR [131]"
},
{
"value": "6",
"text": "Bhim Phedi [107]"
},
{
"value": "54",
"text": "BHIMMAN [163]"
},
{
"value": "83",
"text": "BHOJPUR [204]"
},
{
"value": "34",
"text": "BHOTAHITY [136]"
},
{
"value": "227",
"text": "BHURIGAUN [447]"
},
{
"value": "224",
"text": "BIDHYAPUR [442]"
},
{
"value": "63",
"text": "BIDUR [177]"
},
{
"value": "225",
"text": "BIJUWAR [443]"
},
{
"value": "91",
"text": "BIRATNAGAR [212]"
},
{
"value": "241",
"text": "Birendranagar [516]"
},
{
"value": "23",
"text": "BIRGUNJ [125]"
},
{
"value": "132",
"text": "BIRTAMOD [262]"
},
{
"value": "70",
"text": "BOUDHA [188]"
},
{
"value": "55",
"text": "BUDHANILKANTHA [166]"
},
{
"value": "148",
"text": "BUTWAL KAUSALI [312]"
},
{
"value": "229",
"text": "CAMPUSROAD [449]"
},
{
"value": "82",
"text": "CHAINPUR [203]"
},
{
"value": "111",
"text": "Chakchake [236]"
},
{
"value": "79",
"text": "Chandrapur [197]"
},
{
"value": "152",
"text": "Chandrauta [317]"
},
{
"value": "52",
"text": "CHARIKOT [161]"
},
{
"value": "208",
"text": "CHAUMALA [422]"
},
{
"value": "233",
"text": "CHHARKATAMSONG [453]"
},
{
"value": "217",
"text": "CHOURJAHARI [433]"
},
{
"value": "188",
"text": "DADELDHURA [402]"
},
{
"value": "187",
"text": "DAILEKH [401]"
},
{
"value": "93",
"text": "DAMAK [214]"
},
{
"value": "180",
"text": "DAMAULI [352]"
},
{
"value": "195",
"text": "DARCHULA [409]"
},
{
"value": "131",
"text": "DEVKOTACHOWK [261]"
},
{
"value": "2",
"text": "DHADING [103]"
},
{
"value": "203",
"text": "DHANGADI [417]"
},
{
"value": "80",
"text": "DHANKUTA [201]"
},
{
"value": "22",
"text": "DHANUSHA MAHENDRANA [124]"
},
{
"value": "95",
"text": "DHARAN [216]"
},
{
"value": "3",
"text": "DHULIKHEL [104]"
},
{
"value": "85",
"text": "DICTEL [206]"
},
{
"value": "106",
"text": "DINGLA [229]"
},
{
"value": "215",
"text": "DIPAYAL [430]"
},
{
"value": "234",
"text": "DOLPUBUDDHA [454]"
},
{
"value": "196",
"text": "DOTI [410]"
},
{
"value": "133",
"text": "DRYPORT [263]"
},
{
"value": "109",
"text": "DUHABI [234]"
},
{
"value": "218",
"text": "DULLU [434]"
},
{
"value": "238",
"text": "DUNAI [458]"
},
{
"value": "69",
"text": "DURBAR MARG [187]"
},
{
"value": "165",
"text": "GAIDAKOT [335]"
},
{
"value": "88",
"text": "GAIGHAT [209]"
},
{
"value": "4",
"text": "GAJURI [105]"
},
{
"value": "158",
"text": "GALYAMBAZAR [325]"
},
{
"value": "36",
"text": "GANJABHAWANIPUR [139]"
},
{
"value": "59",
"text": "GARUDABAZAR [171]"
},
{
"value": "19",
"text": "GAUR [121]"
},
{
"value": "32",
"text": "GAUSHALA [134]"
},
{
"value": "237",
"text": "Ghorahi [457]"
},
{
"value": "143",
"text": "GORKHA [306]"
},
{
"value": "200",
"text": "GULARIYA [414]"
},
{
"value": "138",
"text": "GULMI [301]"
},
{
"value": "137",
"text": "HANGPANG [267]"
},
{
"value": "101",
"text": "HANUMANAGAR [223]"
},
{
"value": "156",
"text": "HARTHOK [323]"
},
{
"value": "28",
"text": "HETAUDA [130]"
},
{
"value": "90",
"text": "HILE [211]"
},
{
"value": "210",
"text": "HISULIYA [425]"
},
{
"value": "216",
"text": "HOLERI [431]"
},
{
"value": "119",
"text": "ILAMBAZAR [246]"
},
{
"value": "100",
"text": "INARUWA [222]"
},
{
"value": "72",
"text": "ISHNATH [190]"
},
{
"value": "126",
"text": "ITAHARI [255]"
},
{
"value": "39",
"text": "JADOKOWA [145]"
},
{
"value": "239",
"text": "JAJARKOT [459]"
},
{
"value": "40",
"text": "JALBIRE [147]"
},
{
"value": "25",
"text": "JALESHWOR [127]"
},
{
"value": "20",
"text": "JANAKPUR [122]"
},
{
"value": "117",
"text": "JHAPA BAZAR [244]"
},
{
"value": "110",
"text": "JITPUR [235]"
},
{
"value": "189",
"text": "JUMLA [403]"
},
{
"value": "24",
"text": "KALAIYA [126]"
},
{
"value": "62",
"text": "KALANKI [175]"
},
{
"value": "74",
"text": "KALIKASTHAN [192]"
},
{
"value": "46",
"text": "KAPILAKOT [153]"
},
{
"value": "123",
"text": "Karshiya [251]"
},
{
"value": "98",
"text": "KATAHARI [219]"
},
{
"value": "84",
"text": "KATARI [205]"
},
{
"value": "107",
"text": "KATHAUNA [232]"
},
{
"value": "154",
"text": "KAWASOTI [320]"
},
{
"value": "185",
"text": "Khairenitar [357]"
},
{
"value": "219",
"text": "KHAJURA [435]"
},
{
"value": "87",
"text": "KHANDBARI [208]"
},
{
"value": "7",
"text": "KHANIKHOLA [108]"
},
{
"value": "42",
"text": "KHARANITAR [149]"
},
{
"value": "113",
"text": "KHOWTANG BAZ [238]"
},
{
"value": "16",
"text": "KIRTIPUR [117]"
},
{
"value": "213",
"text": "KOHALPUR [428]"
},
{
"value": "223",
"text": "KOLTI [441]"
},
{
"value": "75",
"text": "Koteshwor [193]"
},
{
"value": "169",
"text": "KOTIHAWA [339]"
},
{
"value": "170",
"text": "KUSMA [340]"
},
{
"value": "103",
"text": "LAHAN [226]"
},
{
"value": "183",
"text": "LAKESIDE [355]"
},
{
"value": "26",
"text": "LALBANDI [128]"
},
{
"value": "11",
"text": "LALITPUR [112]"
},
{
"value": "214",
"text": "LAMAHI [429]"
},
{
"value": "226",
"text": "LAMKI [445]"
},
{
"value": "118",
"text": "LETANG [245]"
},
{
"value": "162",
"text": "LIKHUDEURALI [330]"
},
{
"value": "33",
"text": "LUBHU [135]"
},
{
"value": "221",
"text": "LUHAM [438]"
},
{
"value": "128",
"text": "LUKLA [258]"
},
{
"value": "122",
"text": "MADHUMALA [249]"
},
{
"value": "14",
"text": "MAHARAJGUNJ [115]"
},
{
"value": "135",
"text": "MAHENDRA CHOWK [265]"
},
{
"value": "204",
"text": "MAHENDRANAGAR [418]"
},
{
"value": "172",
"text": "MAHENDRAPUL [343]"
},
{
"value": "8",
"text": "MAIN BRANCH OFFICE [109]"
},
{
"value": "48",
"text": "MAITIDEVI [155]"
},
{
"value": "77",
"text": "Malekhu [195]"
},
{
"value": "184",
"text": "MANANG [356]"
},
{
"value": "121",
"text": "MANEBHANJYANG [248]"
},
{
"value": "211",
"text": "MANGALSEN [426]"
},
{
"value": "198",
"text": "MANMA [412]"
},
{
"value": "56",
"text": "MANTHALI [168]"
},
{
"value": "230",
"text": "MASTA [450]"
},
{
"value": "71",
"text": "MAULAPUR [189]"
},
{
"value": "228",
"text": "MEHELKUNA [448]"
},
{
"value": "94",
"text": "MIRCHAIYA [215]"
},
{
"value": "232",
"text": "MUDKECHULA [452]"
},
{
"value": "192",
"text": "MUGU [406]"
},
{
"value": "235",
"text": "Mugum Karmarong [455]"
},
{
"value": "186",
"text": "MUSTANG [358]"
},
{
"value": "104",
"text": "NAMCHEBAZAAR [227]"
},
{
"value": "53",
"text": "NARAYANGHAT [162]"
},
{
"value": "220",
"text": "NARAYANPUR [436]"
},
{
"value": "124",
"text": "NECHABIHIBARE [252]"
},
{
"value": "199",
"text": "NEPALGUNJ [413]"
},
{
"value": "244",
"text": "NETRAWATI [517]"
},
{
"value": "27",
"text": "NIJGADH [129]"
},
{
"value": "86",
"text": "OKHALDHUNGA [207]"
},
{
"value": "140",
"text": "PALPA [303]"
},
{
"value": "134",
"text": "PANBARI [264]"
},
{
"value": "146",
"text": "PARASI [310]"
},
{
"value": "178",
"text": "PARDI [350]"
},
{
"value": "43",
"text": "PARSADHAP [150]"
},
{
"value": "105",
"text": "PASUPATINAGAR [228]"
},
{
"value": "127",
"text": "PATHARI [256]"
},
{
"value": "173",
"text": "PATICHOUR [344]"
},
{
"value": "182",
"text": "PHALEBAS [354]"
},
{
"value": "18",
"text": "PHARPING [120]"
},
{
"value": "120",
"text": "PHIDIM [247]"
},
{
"value": "89",
"text": "PHIKKAL [210]"
},
{
"value": "45",
"text": "PIDARICHOWK [152]"
},
{
"value": "49",
"text": "Pipara Bajar [156]"
},
{
"value": "60",
"text": "Pokhariya [172]"
},
{
"value": "139",
"text": "PRITHVICHOWK [302]"
},
{
"value": "13",
"text": "PULCHOWK [114]"
},
{
"value": "161",
"text": "Purtighat [328]"
},
{
"value": "97",
"text": "RAJBIRAJ [218]"
},
{
"value": "166",
"text": "RAM NAGAR BAZAR [336]"
},
{
"value": "1",
"text": "RAMECHAP [102]"
},
{
"value": "179",
"text": "RAMPUR [351]"
},
{
"value": "41",
"text": "RATAMATA [148]"
},
{
"value": "65",
"text": "RATNA NAGAR [183]"
},
{
"value": "151",
"text": "RIDIBAZAR [316]"
},
{
"value": "246",
"text": "ROLPA [503]"
},
{
"value": "240",
"text": "RUKUMKOT [460]"
},
{
"value": "81",
"text": "SALLERI [202]"
},
{
"value": "142",
"text": "SANDIKHARKA [305]"
},
{
"value": "30",
"text": "SANGHUTAR [132]"
},
{
"value": "61",
"text": "SANO THIMI [173]"
},
{
"value": "206",
"text": "Satti [420]"
},
{
"value": "96",
"text": "SHIVAGUNJ [217]"
},
{
"value": "207",
"text": "SHIVASAROJSTHAL [421]"
},
{
"value": "222",
"text": "SHREEPUR BELOURI [439]"
},
{
"value": "245",
"text": "SHRERABAZAR [359]"
},
{
"value": "31",
"text": "SHRIPUR [133]"
},
{
"value": "129",
"text": "SIJUWA BAZAR [259]"
},
{
"value": "21",
"text": "SIMARA [123]"
},
{
"value": "205",
"text": "SIMIKOT [419]"
},
{
"value": "5",
"text": "SINDHULI [106]"
},
{
"value": "12",
"text": "SINGHADURBAR [113]"
},
{
"value": "78",
"text": "SINGHDARBAR PARISHAR [196]"
},
{
"value": "92",
"text": "SIRAHA [213]"
},
{
"value": "231",
"text": "SORU [451]"
},
{
"value": "114",
"text": "SUKHIPUR [239]"
},
{
"value": "171",
"text": "SUNUWAL [341]"
},
{
"value": "159",
"text": "SURAJPURA [326]"
},
{
"value": "194",
"text": "SURKHET [408]"
},
{
"value": "35",
"text": "SURYABINAYAK [137]"
},
{
"value": "73",
"text": "SUVARNAPUR [191]"
},
{
"value": "243",
"text": "SWAYAMBHU [199]"
},
{
"value": "175",
"text": "SYANJABAZAR [347]"
},
{
"value": "57",
"text": "T. I. AIRPORT [169]"
},
{
"value": "174",
"text": "TALCHOWK [346]"
},
{
"value": "15",
"text": "TANGAL [116]"
},
{
"value": "149",
"text": "Tangikot [313]"
},
{
"value": "147",
"text": "TAULIHAWA [311]"
},
{
"value": "58",
"text": "TEKU [170]"
},
{
"value": "168",
"text": "THADA [338]"
},
{
"value": "9",
"text": "THAMEL [110]"
},
{
"value": "38",
"text": "THAPATHALI [143]"
},
{
"value": "10",
"text": "THIMI [111]"
},
{
"value": "50",
"text": "Thowsey [157]"
},
{
"value": "76",
"text": "Tokha [194]"
},
{
"value": "212",
"text": "TRIBHUWANCHOWK [427]"
},
{
"value": "145",
"text": "TRIVENI [309]"
},
{
"value": "202",
"text": "TULSIPUR [416]"
},
{
"value": "130",
"text": "URLABARI [260]"
}
]
export var districts = [
{
"value": "1",
"text": "Achham"
},
{
"value": "2",
"text": "Arghakhanchi"
},
{
"value": "3",
"text": "Baglung"
},
{
"value": "4",
"text": "Baitadi"
},
{
"value": "5",
"text": "Bajhang"
},
{
"value": "6",
"text": "Bajura"
},
{
"value": "7",
"text": "Banke"
},
{
"value": "8",
"text": "Bara"
},
{
"value": "9",
"text": "Bardiya"
},
{
"value": "10",
"text": "Bhaktapur"
},
{
"value": "11",
"text": "Bhojpur"
},
{
"value": "12",
"text": "Chitawan"
},
{
"value": "13",
"text": "Dadeldhura"
},
{
"value": "14",
"text": "Dailekh"
},
{
"value": "15",
"text": "Dang"
},
{
"value": "16",
"text": "Darchula"
},
{
"value": "17",
"text": "Dhading"
},
{
"value": "18",
"text": "Dhankuta"
},
{
"value": "19",
"text": "Dhanusha"
},
{
"value": "20",
"text": "Dolakha"
},
{
"value": "21",
"text": "Dolpa"
},
{
"value": "22",
"text": "Doti"
},
{
"value": "23",
"text": "Eastern Rukum"
},
{
"value": "24",
"text": "Gorkha"
},
{
"value": "25",
"text": "Gulmi"
},
{
"value": "26",
"text": "Humla"
},
{
"value": "27",
"text": "Ilam"
},
{
"value": "28",
"text": "Jajarkot"
},
{
"value": "29",
"text": "Jhapa"
},
{
"value": "30",
"text": "Jumla"
},
{
"value": "31",
"text": "Kailali"
},
{
"value": "32",
"text": "Kalikot"
},
{
"value": "33",
"text": "Kanchanpur"
},
{
"value": "34",
"text": "Kapilvastu"
},
{
"value": "35",
"text": "Kaski"
},
{
"value": "36",
"text": "Kathmandu"
},
{
"value": "37",
"text": "Kavrepalanchowk"
},
{
"value": "38",
"text": "Khotang"
},
{
"value": "39",
"text": "Lalitpur"
},
{
"value": "40",
"text": "Lamjung"
},
{
"value": "41",
"text": "Mahottari"
},
{
"value": "42",
"text": "Makwanpur"
},
{
"value": "43",
"text": "Manang"
},
{
"value": "44",
"text": "Morang"
},
{
"value": "45",
"text": "Mugu"
},
{
"value": "46",
"text": "Mustang"
},
{
"value": "47",
"text": "Myagdi"
},
{
"value": "48",
"text": "Nawalpur"
},
{
"value": "49",
"text": "Nuwakot"
},
{
"value": "50",
"text": "Okhaldhunga"
},
{
"value": "51",
"text": "Palpa"
},
{
"value": "52",
"text": "Panchthar"
},
{
"value": "53",
"text": "Parasi"
},
{
"value": "54",
"text": "Parbat"
},
{
"value": "55",
"text": "Parsa"
},
{
"value": "56",
"text": "Pyuthan"
},
{
"value": "57",
"text": "Ramechhap"
},
{
"value": "58",
"text": "Rasuwa"
},
{
"value": "59",
"text": "Rautahat"
},
{
"value": "60",
"text": "Rolpa"
},
{
"value": "61",
"text": "Rupandehi"
},
{
"value": "62",
"text": "Salyan"
},
{
"value": "63",
"text": "Sankhuwasabha"
},
{
"value": "64",
"text": "Saptari"
},
{
"value": "65",
"text": "Sarlahi"
},
{
"value": "66",
"text": "Sindhuli"
},
{
"value": "67",
"text": "Sindhupalchowk"
},
{
"value": "68",
"text": "Siraha"
},
{
"value": "69",
"text": "Solukhumbu"
},
{
"value": "70",
"text": "Sunsari"
},
{
"value": "71",
"text": "Surkhet"
},
{
"value": "72",
"text": "Syangja"
},
{
"value": "73",
"text": "Tanahun"
},
{
"value": "74",
"text": "Taplejung"
},
{
"value": "75",
"text": "Terhathum"
},
{
"value": "76",
"text": "Udayapur"
},
{
"value": "77",
"text": "Western Rukum"
}
]
export var proviences = [
{
value: 1,
text: 'Province No. 1'
},
{
value: 2,
text: 'Province No. 2'
},
{
value: 3,
text: 'Bagmati Province'
},
{
value: 4,
text: 'Gandaki Province'
},
{
value: 5,
text: 'Lumbini Province'
},{
value: 6,
text: 'Karnali Province'
},
{
value: 7,
text: 'Sudurpashchim Province'
}
]
| 20,985 |
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%8B
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Плесковцы
|
https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Плесковцы&action=history
|
Russian
|
Spoken
| 66 | 193 |
Плесковцы () — село,
Черниховский сельский совет,
Зборовский район,
Тернопольская область,
Украина.
Код КОАТУУ — 6122689503. Население по переписи 2001 года составляло 185 человек .
Географическое положение
Село Плесковцы находится на правом берегу реки Серет,
ниже по течению примыкает село Чернихов,
на противоположном берегу — село Иванковцы.
История
1583 год — первое упоминание о селе.
В 2006 году село восстановлено.
Объекты социальной сферы
Дом культуры.
Примечания
| 13,022 |
US-97298908-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,008 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,891 | 7,303 |
Manufacturing method of fin-type field effect transistor
ABSTRACT
A method for manufacturing a fin-type field effect transistor simply and securely by using a SOI (Silicon On Insulator) wafer, capable of suppressing an undercut formation, is disclosed. The method includes forming a fin-shaped protrusion by selectively dry-etching a single crystalline silicon layer until an underlying buried oxide layer is exposed; forming a sacrificial oxide film by oxidizing a surface of the protrusion including a damage inflicted thereon; and forming a fin having a clean surface by removing the sacrificial oxide film by etching, wherein an etching rate r 1 of the sacrificial oxide film is higher than an etching rate r 2 of the buried oxide layer during the etching.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a fin-type field effect transistor by using a SOI (Silicon On Insulator) wafer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Recent primary concern for the development of a very large scale integration (VLSI) circuit is to increase a driving current of a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) while reducing power consumption thereof. To meet such requirement, it has been investigated to use a material having higher carrier mobility than silicon as a channel material. Though germanium, gallium-arsenic, and so forth are available as semiconductor materials having high carrier mobility, a practical use of them is yet to be accomplished for the reason that their use addresses thermal safety issues or renders it difficult to form a fine semiconductor/insulator interface, and so forth. Accordingly, it has been attempted to increase the driving current by way of miniaturizing the MOSFET by using silicon as a channel material as it was conventionally, and to reduce power consumption by way of suppressing excessive gate leakage current or short channel effect.
To prevent an excessive increase of the gate leakage current while realizing the miniaturization of the MOSFET, using a gate insulating film having a high dielectric constant is required. Recently, silicon oxynitride (SiON) film having a high dielectric constant is used as a gate insulating film instead of a conventionally employed silicon oxide (SiO₂) film. However, improvement of the dielectric constant by the use of the silicon oxynitride film is deemed to have a limit, and a high-k insulating film having a higher dielectric constant is expected to be used as a promising next-generation gate insulating film. To be used for the high-k insulating film, HfO₂ or Hf-silicate film is most practical in consideration of a band gap, a dielectric constant and a thermal safety. However, as reported from recent researches, in the event that a poly-Si or metal gate electrode is used on the gate insulating film made of the HfO₂ or the Hf-silicate, a work function of the gate electrode varies 2)(Fermi level peening), causing a problem that a threshold voltage cannot be regulated at a desired value. Further, it is also known that carrier mobility deteriorates due to the influence of stationary charges in the insulating film, dipoles generated in an interface layer between the gate electrode and the insulating film, remote phonon scattering, and the like.
As a means to suppress the short channel effect while realizing the miniaturization of the MOSFET, there is known a method of increasing a doping concentration for the channel. However, the increase of the doping concentration would cause an increase of the threshold value over the desired level and a deterioration of the carrier mobility. In consideration of these problems, it is very difficult to enhance the driving capacity by the miniaturization, while concurrently realizing a reduction of the power consumption.
As a structure for improving the driving capacity by suppressing the short channel effect of the MOSFET, there is proposed a double gate structure. The double gate structure refers to a configuration in which a gate insulating film and a gate electrode portion are formed at two opposite thickness-wise surfaces of a semiconductor layer in which a channel is to be formed. The two gates serve to terminate lines of force of electric field from a drain of the MOSFET, and thus prevent an influence of a drain potential upon a source-side end of the channel, whereby the short channel effect is suppressed greatly.
As an actual double gate structure, there is proposed a fin-type field effect transistor (see, for example, Patent References 1 to 5).
In the fin-type field effect transistor, a fin-shaped semiconductor layer is formed on a semiconductor substrate with an insulating film interposed therebetween. A gate insulating film and a gate electrode are formed on both surfaces of the semiconductor layer while the semiconductor layer intervenes therebetween. Since the fin-type field effect transistor has the double gate structure, it can suppress the short channel effect. Accordingly, the doping concentration for the channel can be lowered. As a result, a threshold voltage can be regulated at a desired value, and carrier mobility improves. Furthermore, since channels are formed in the two surfaces, a driving current can be increased. Accordingly, by using a gate insulating film made of HfO₂ or Hf-silicate in the fin-type field effect transistor, increase of the driving current and suppression of the gate leakage current and the short channel effect can be all accomplished.
For the manufacture of the fin-type field effect transistor, a SOI wafer capable of reducing off-state leakage current is widely used. The SOI wafer has a laminated structure including a buried oxide layer made of an insulating material and a single crystalline silicon layer formed on a single crystalline substrate wafer. Here, the buried oxide layer is typically formed by a thermal oxidation method.
In the course of manufacturing the fin-type field effect transistor by using the SOI wafer, a fin is generally formed as follows. First, a fin-shaped protrusion is formed on the SOI wafer by performing a dry etching process such as plasma etching on the wafer. Here, the protrusion has a size larger than that of the fin to be finally formed. During the etching process, a damage by plasma or the like is inflicted on the surface of the protrusion.
In the subsequent process, to improve the surface roughness of the fin while narrowing the width thereof, a sacrificial oxide film is formed by oxidizing the surface of the protrusion including the damage and is removed by wet etching which is performed by using hydrofluoric acid or the like. As a result, a fin having a clean surface and a size smaller than that of the first-formed protrusion (a size almost equal to that of the fin to be finally formed) can be obtained.
The method of removing the damage, which is generated by the dry etching, by means of performing the wet etching of the sacrificial oxide film is a simple process. Further, this method enables a formation of a fin having a size that cannot be obtained by using only the dry etching (for example, having a width of about 30 to 40 nm).
However, if the SOI wafer is used as a wafer, that is, in the event that the fin-shaped protrusion is formed on the single crystalline silicon layer on the buried oxide layer by performing the dry etching thereon, and the damage inflicted on the protrusion is removed by the wet etching of the sacrificial oxide film, an undercut 12 would be generated at a base portion of the fin 11 to be formed, as shown in FIG. 4.
The undercut 12 is formed as follows. A top portion of the buried oxide layer 13 that has been exposed by the dry etching is etched together with the sacrificial oxide film when the wet etching of the sacrificial oxide film is performed (the buried oxide layer present before being etched by the wet etching is indicated by a dashed line), and an unexposed portion of the silicon oxide located directly under the fin 11 is partially etched (that is, side etching) due to the isotropy of the wet etching.
If such undercut is generated, residues of gate electrode material or the like would be left in that portion, raising a likelihood of an adverse influence upon a device performance (for example, such a degradation of transistor characteristics as an increase of off current or the like). Though it has been conventionally attempted to remove the residues by cleaning them with a liquid chemical or the like, the cleaning process is complicated, and, besides, it is very difficult to eliminate the residues completely through the cleaning process. Moreover, the presence of the undercut also raises a concern about the strength of the fin because there is a probability that the fin might collapse.
[Patent Reference 1]
- Japanese Patent Laid-open Application No. 2003-204068
[Patent Reference 2]
- Japanese Patent Laid-open Application No. 2004-128320
[Patent Reference 3]
- Japanese Patent Laid-open Application No. 2005-332911
[Patent Reference 4]
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,284, Specification
[Patent Reference 5]
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,802, Specification
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the foregoing, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a fin-type field effect transistor simply and securely by using a SOI wafer, capable of suppressing an undercut formation at a base portion of a fin, and even capable of completely preventing the undercut formation so that the transistor substantially has no undercut, wherein the method includes a process of removing a damage, which is generated by dry etching, by performing an etching of a sacrificial oxide film.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for manufacturing a fin-type field effect transistor by using a SOI (Silicon On Insulator) wafer including, on a Si substrate, a buried oxide layer made of an insulating material and a single crystalline silicon layer formed thereon, the method including: forming a fin-shaped protrusion by selectively dry-etching the single crystalline silicon layer until the underlying buried oxide layer is exposed; forming a sacrificial oxide film by oxidizing a surface of the protrusion including a damage inflicted thereon; and forming a fin having a clean surface by removing the sacrificial oxide film by etching, wherein an etching rate r₁ of the sacrificial oxide film is higher than an etching rate r₂ Of the buried oxide layer during the etching.
In the embodiment, the sacrificial oxide film can be formed through a plasma oxidation process, and more particularly, can be formed through a plasma oxidation process of a RLSA (Radial Line Slot Antenna) microwave plasma type.
In the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type, a processing gas containing a rare gas and an oxygen gas may be used, and more particularly, the processing gas containing an argon gas and an oxygen gas or the processing gas containing an argon gas, an oxygen gas and a hydrogen gas may be used.
Further, in the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type, a processing temperature may be about 300 to 600° C., and more preferably, about 400 to 500° C.
In the embodiment, an etching rate ratio r₁/r₂ between the etching rate of the sacrificial oxide film and the etching rate of the buried oxide layer may be greater than or equal to about 1.2.
In the embodiment, the sacrificial oxide film can be removed by wet etching, and more preferably, hydrofluoric acid can be used as an etching solution for the wet etching.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for manufacturing a fin-type field effect transistor by using a SOI wafer including, on a Si substrate, a buried oxide layer made of an insulating material and a single crystalline silicon layer formed thereon, the method including: forming a fin-shaped protrusion by selectively dry-etching the single crystalline silicon layer until the underlying buried oxide layer is exposed; forming a sacrificial oxide film by oxidizing a surface of the protrusion including a damage inflicted thereon; and forming a fin having a clean surface by removing the sacrificial oxide film by wet etching, wherein an etching rate of the sacrificial oxide film is higher than an etching rate of the buried oxide layer for an etching solution used in the wet etching.
(1) As described, the manufacturing method in accordance with the present invention is performed by using the SOI wafer and includes the process of removing the damage, which is generated by the dry etching, by means of performing the etching of the sacrificial oxide film. The method allows simply and securely forming a fin-type electric field effect transistor in which an undercut formation is suppressed. That is, by setting the etching rate r₁ of the sacrificial oxide film to be higher than the etching rate r₂ of the buried oxide layer, the removal of the sacrificial oxide film can be completed before the etching of the buried oxide layer progresses considerably, which causes the undercut formation. As a result, in the fin-type field effect transistor finally obtained, the undercut formation at the base portion of the fin is suppressed. Here, if the removal of the sacrificial oxide film can be completed before the etching of the buried oxide layer starts, the undercut would not be formed substantially.
(2) The sacrificial oxide film formed by the plasma process, especially, by the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type, has a higher etching rate for hydrofluoric acid than the buried oxide layer formed by a thermal oxidation method. Accordingly, by forming the sacrificial oxide film through the plasma process (especially, through the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type), it is possible to securely manufacture a fin-type electric field effect transistor substantially having no undercut at a fin base portion.
(3) The sacrificial oxide film formed by the plasma process, especially, by the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type, has a higher surface flatness than a sacrificial oxide film formed by a thermal oxidation method. Further, a fin, which is obtained after the sacrificial oxide film formed by the plasma process is removed, has a higher surface flatness than a fin obtained after the sacrificial oxide film formed by the thermal oxidation method is removed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of embodiments, given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIGS. 1A to 1F provide cross sectional views to describe a process sequence of a manufacturing method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 sets forth a cross sectional view showing an example plasma processing apparatus used to perform the manufacturing method in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 presents an explanatory diagram to describe a relationship between a processing temperature for forming a silicon oxide film and an etching rate of the silicon oxide film; and
FIG. 4 provides a cross sectional view showing a state where an undercut is formed at a base portion of a fin by using a conventional manufacturing method.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described.
FIGS. 1A to 1F provide cross sectional views to describe a process sequence of a manufacturing method for a fin-type field effect transistor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The manufacturing method in accordance with the embodiment is performed by using a SOI (Silicon On Insulator) wafer, and the method involves the steps of forming a protrusion by dry etching, forming a sacrificial oxide film on the protrusion, and removing the sacrificial oxide film by wet etching.
In the embodiment, a SOI wafer having a multilayer structure shown in FIG. 1A is first prepared. The SOI wafer includes a silicon substrate 1 made of single crystalline silicon, a buried oxide layer 2, a single crystalline silicon layer 3 and a hard mask 4 that are laminated in sequence.
The buried oxide layer 2 is made of SiO₂ formed by a thermal oxidation method. Here, a thermal oxidation temperature for forming the buried oxide layer 2 is, for example, about 850° C.
The thickness of the buried oxide layer 2 ranges from, for example, about 130 to 160 nm. The buried oxide layer 2 in this thickness range can suppress off-state leakage current of the field effect transistor sufficiently.
The thickness of the single crystalline silicon layer 3 on the buried oxide layer 2 defines the height of a fin to be finally formed, and the thickness ranges from, for example, about 30 to 200 nm.
The hard mask 4 on the single crystalline silicon layer 3 is made of, for example, SiN, and its thickness is, for example, about 10 to 100 nm.
In the step of forming a protrusion by dry etching, a lithography and dry etching process is performed according to a method conventionally known in the art, whereby the hard mask 4 is partially removed, as illustrated in FIG. 1B.
Subsequently, a surface portion of the single crystalline silicon layer 3 exposed after the partial removal of the hard mask 4 is eliminated by performing dry etching until the buried oxide layer 2 is exposed. As a result, a fin-shaped protrusion 5 is formed on the buried oxide layer 2, as shown in FIG. 1C. Thereafter, by using a phosphoric acid and hydrofluoric acid process, the hard mask 4 on the protrusion 5 is removed, as illustrated in FIG. 1D.
The dry etching for forming the protrusion 5 is not limited to any specific method but can be carried out according to a typical method by using a conventionally known plasma etching apparatus or the like. Since a damaged layer is generated during the dry etching, the width of the protrusion 5 needs to be set larger than that of a fin to be finally formed, so as to obtain an extra width to be removed with the damaged layer when the damaged layer is eliminated.
For example, when a fin having a width W of about 30 to 40 nm is formed, the width W₀ of the protrusion 5 is preferably set to be about 60 to 80 nm. In such case, a ratio of the width W₀ of the protrusion 5 to the width W of the fin (W₀/W) is preferably determined in the range of about 1.5 to 2.0.
If the ratio W₀/W is less than 1.5, a sufficient amount of extra width to be removed with the damaged layer cannot be obtained. Meanwhile, if the ratio W₀/W is larger than 2.0, the removed amount would become excessive, causing such problems as the removal of the sacrificial oxide film taking a long time or the etching of the buried oxide layer 2 progressing more than necessary.
In the step of forming a sacrificial oxide film on the protrusion 5, the surface of the protrusion 5 including a damage is oxidized, whereby a sacrificial oxide film 6 is formed, as shown in FIG. 1E.
To form a fin with a clean surface through the subsequent wet etching step, the sacrificial oxide film 6 needs to have a film thickness capable of including a region where the damage of the protrusion 5 exists (i.e., the damaged layer). The film thickness of the sacrificial oxide film 6 is, for example, about 30 to 40 nm, and this thickness can be properly adjusted by controlling processing conditions for the oxidation process.
Here, an etching rate r₁ of the sacrificial oxide film 6 for an etching solution, typically, hydrofluoric acid, is required to be higher than an etching rate r₂ of the buried oxide layer 2 (SiO₂ layer formed by the thermal oxidation method) for the etching solution.
If the etching rate r₁ of the sacrificial oxide film 6 is higher than the etching rate r₂ of the buried oxide layer 2, the removal of the sacrificial oxide film can be completed in the subsequent sacrificial oxide film removing step before the etching of the buried oxide layer, which causes an undercut formation, progresses considerably. That is, since the undercut formation has yet to progress so much at the point of completion of the removal of the sacrificial oxide film, an undercut formation at a base portion of a fin is suppressed in a fin-type electric field effect transistor finally obtained. In this step of removing the sacrificial oxide film, it is preferable to complete the removal of the sacrificial oxide film before the etching of the buried oxide layer even starts. In such case, since the etching of the buried oxide layer does not progress to the extent that an undercut formation takes place, substantially no undercut will be formed at the fin base portion of the obtained fin-type field effect transistor.
It is desirable that an etching rate ratio r₁/r₂ is set to be higher than 1.0. Preferably, the etching rate ratio r₁/r₂ is no smaller than 1.2 and, more preferably, it is determined in the range of about 1.2 to 1.6.
To form the sacrificial oxide film 6 (that is, to oxidize the surface of the protrusion 5), there can be employed an oxidation method by using a plasma oxidation process, that is, a method of exposing the protrusion 5 to a plasma including reactant species (radicals and/or ions) induced from an oxygen gas.
A plasma process of a RLSA (Radial Line Slot Antenna) microwave plasma type is particularly preferable as the plasma oxidation process for forming the sacrificial oxide film 6.
Since the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type enables a low-temperature processing at a low electron temperature with a high-density plasma, a silicon oxide film (sacrificial oxide film) having a high etching rate for various etching solutions including the hydrofluoric acid can be formed, and the sacrificial oxide film thus formed has a surface flatness higher than that formed by a thermal oxidation method. Furthermore, a plasma damage upon an under layer hardly occurs, and a surface flatness of a fin after the removal of the sacrificial oxide film is also high. In addition, it is also possible to avoid degradation of device characteristics due to high-temperature processing conditions, which is highly likely to occur when the thermal oxidation method is employed.
As a plasma processing apparatus of such RLSA microwave plasma type, there is known one disclosed in International Publication No. 02/058130, and this plasma processing apparatus can be employed in the present embodiment. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 2, the plasma processing apparatus includes a substantially cylindrical chamber 51; a susceptor 52 disposed in the chamber 51; a gas inlet unit 53 disposed in a sidewall of the chamber 51; a planar antenna 54 disposed to face a top opening of the chamber 51 and provided with a number of microwave transmission holes 54 a; a microwave generation unit 55 for generating a microwave; and a microwave transmission mechanism 56 for inducing the microwave from the microwave generation unit 55 to the planar antenna 54. Installed under the planar antenna 54 is a microwave transmission plate 61 made of a dielectric material, and a shield member 62 is provided to cover the planar antenna 54. The microwave transmission mechanism 56 includes a horizontally extending waveguide 71 for inducing the microwave from the microwave generation unit 55; a coaxial waveguide 72 having an internal conductor 73 and an external conductor 74, both extending upward from the planar antenna 54; and a mode transducer 75 disposed between the horizontally extending waveguide 71 and the coaxial waveguide 72. Further, a reference numeral 63 denotes a gas exhaust pipe.
In the plasma processing apparatus configured as described above, a microwave generated by the microwave generation unit 55 is allowed to propagate to the planar antenna 54 in a specific mode via the microwave transmission mechanism 56 to be uniformly provided into the chamber 51 via the microwave transmission holes 54 a of the planar antenna 54 and the microwave transmission plate 61. By the microwave thus provided, a processing gas containing a rare gas and an oxygen gas supplied from the gas inlet unit 53 is converted into a plasma, and the single crystalline silicon of the protrusion 5 formed on the SOI wafer S is oxidized by the plasma (reactant species induced from the oxygen gas), whereby a silicon oxide film (SiO₂ film) is formed.
In the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type, it is preferable to use the processing gas including the rare gas and the oxygen gas. Here, the rare gas may be helium (H), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe) or the like, and among them, argon is most preferable.
To be more specific, a gaseous mixture of an argon gas and an oxygen gas or a gaseous mixture of an argon gas, an oxygen gas and a hydrogen gas can be exemplified as a preferable processing gas.
A processing temperature (oxidation temperature) for the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type is preferably about 300 to 600° C., and, more preferably, about 400 to 500° C. If the processing temperature is excessively high, the above-mentioned effects of using the RLSA microwave type cannot be obtained sufficiently. Meanwhile, if the processing temperature is too low, an oxidation rate is lowered greatly, resulting in a reduction of production yield.
In the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type, a processing pressure is preferably in the range of about 0.1 to 1 Torr (13.3 to 133 Pa), and, more preferably, in the range of about 0.1 to 0.5 Torr (13.3 to 66.5 Pa).
A microwave output is preferably about 2 to 4 W/cm², and more preferably, about 2.5 to 4 W/cm².
A flow rate of the rare gas is preferably about 100 to 2,000 mL/min (sccm), and, more preferably, 500 to 1,000 mL/min (sccm).
A flow rate of the oxygen gas is preferably about 5 to 50 mL/min (sccm), and, more preferably, 5 to 10 mL/min (sccm).
FIG. 3 shows a relationship between a processing temperature (300 to 600° C.) and an etching rate of a silicon oxide film, which is formed by the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type, for 2% hydrofluoric acid. Further, in FIG. 3, there is also specified an etching rate of a silicon oxide film, which is formed by the thermal oxidation method (of which processing temperature is 1000° C.), for the hydrofluoric acid.
Here, in the plasma process, measurements are conducted for respective cases of using the gaseous mixture of the argon gas and the oxygen gas (indicated by —O—) and the gaseous mixture of the argon gas, the oxygen gas and the hydrogen gas (indicated by —▪—).
As revealed from the measurement result shown in FIG. 3, the silicon oxide film (corresponding to the sacrificial oxide film 6) formed by the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type has a higher etching rate for the hydrofluoric acid than that of the silicon oxide film (corresponding to the buried oxide layer 2) formed by the thermal oxidation method.
Furthermore, a silicon oxide film formed by oxidizing polysilicon through the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type has a surface roughness of 4.3 nm, whereas a silicon oxide film formed by oxidizing polysilicon through the thermal oxidation method has a surface roughness of 4.6 nm. From this result, the silicon oxide film formed by the plasma process is deemed to be superior to the silicon oxide film formed by the thermal oxidation method in the aspect of surface flatness.
In the step of removing the sacrificial oxide film 6 by the wet etching, the sacrificial oxide film 6 is removed by using a proper etching solution, as illustrated in FIG. 1F. Here, as the proper etching solution, a liquid chemical that is capable of etching the silicon oxide but does not etch the single crystalline silicon (thus inflicting no damage upon an under layer to be formed as a fin) is selected. Further, as another requirement for the etching solution, the etching rate of the sacrificial oxide film 6 should be higher than that of the buried oxide layer 2 when the liquid chemical is used. Specifically, it is preferable to use hydrofluoric acid having a HF concentration of about 0.5 to 5 weight %.
By removing the sacrificial oxide film 6, the damage inflicted on the surface of the protrusion 5 by the plasma etching is eliminated, so that a fin 7 having a clean surface is formed on the buried oxide layer 2. The fin 7 thus formed has a width W of, for example, about 30 to 40 nm.
In the step of removing the sacrificial oxide film 6, the buried oxide layer 2 made of the silicon oxide is etched together with the sacrificial oxide film 6. Since, however, the etching rate of the sacrificial oxide film 6 formed by the plasma process is higher than that of the buried oxide layer 2 formed by the thermal oxidation method, an undercut in the buried oxide layer 2 would not progress so much at the point of completion of the removal of the sacrificial oxide film 6, so that the undercut at a base portion of the fin 7 can be suppressed in the fin-type electric field effect transistor finally obtained. By adjusting the processing conditions properly, it is possible to avoid the undercut formation in the buried oxide layer 2 at the point of completion of the removal of the sacrificial oxide film 6, and it is also possible to fabricate a fin-type electric field effect transistor which has substantially no undercut at the base portion of the fin 7.
Moreover, after the sacrificial oxide film 6 is removed by the plasma oxidation process, particularly, by the RLSA microwave plasma type, the surface of the fin 7 is given a high flatness. Further, since the plasma oxidation process of the RLSA microwave plasma type is carried out at a low temperature (for example, 300 to 600° C.), degradation of device characteristics is not incurred.
After the completion of the aforementioned steps, formation of gate wiring, formation of diffusion area, and the like are performed in typical ways, whereby the desired fin-type field effect transistor is finally obtained.
With regard to the fin-type field effect transistor manufactured in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention, an undercut generation at the base portion of the fin 7 is suppressed, and, preferably, no undercut is formed substantially. Therefore, it is possible to avoid an adverse influence upon device characteristics due to the presence of residues of gate wiring materials or the like in the undercut. Moreover, since the fin 7 is strongly supported by the buried oxide layer 2, the fin is prevented from collapsing, so there arises no concern about the strength of the fin.
It is to be noted that the manufacturing method of the present invention is not limited to the embodiment described above.
For example, though the embodiment has been described for the case of performing the wet etching by the hydrofluoric acid as a process to remove the sacrificial oxide film, the etching solution is not limited to the hydrofluoric acid but various other types can be used. Furthermore, instead of the wet etching process, it is possible to employ a process of reforming the sacrificial oxide film by supplying, to the sacrificial oxide film, reactant species induced from a nitrogen or a nitrogen compound (for example, an NH₃ gas) and reactant species induced from a fluorine or a fluorine compound (for example, an HF gas), while concurrently vaporizing (etching) the sacrificial oxide film by heating it. Since this process is plasma-less, it is possible to perform a dry process accompanying a low damage. In such case, by reforming the sacrificial oxide film primarily and selectively by optimizing the supply process of the reactant species, it is possible to remove the sacrificial oxide film selectively. This method of removing the sacrificial oxide film by reforming and vaporizing it provides anisotropy of etching, so even in case an exposed portion of the buried oxide layer is etched to some degree, a side etching of the silicon oxide directly under the fin (unexposed portion of the buried oxide layer) is likely to be prevented effectively.
Furthermore, beside the above-mentioned process, a process of removing the sacrificial oxide film by supplying radicals such as NF radicals by remote plasma or the like can also be employed. This process is also a low-damage process, so it is applicable to the present invention.
While the invention has been shown and described with respect to the embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
1. A method for manufacturing a fin-type field effect transistor by using a SOI (Silicon On Insulator) wafer including, on a Si substrate, a buried oxide layer made of an insulating material and a single crystalline silicon layer formed thereon, the method comprising: forming a fin-shaped protrusion by selectively dry-etching the single crystalline silicon layer until the underlying buried oxide layer is exposed; forming a sacrificial oxide film by oxidizing a surface of the protrusion including a damage inflicted thereon; and forming a fin having a clean surface by removing the sacrificial oxide film by etching, wherein an oxidizing method for forming the buried oxide layer is different from an oxidizing method for forming the sacrificial oxide film, so that an etching rate r₁ of the sacrificial oxide film is higher than an etching rate r₂ of the buried oxide layer during the etching, and wherein both the buried oxide layer and the sacrificial oxide film are made of SiO₂.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the sacrificial oxide film is formed through a plasma oxidation process and the buried oxide layer is formed by a thermal oxidizing method.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the sacrificial oxide film is formed through a plasma oxidation process of a RLSA (Radial Line Slot Antenna) microwave plasma type.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein a processing gas containing a rare gas and an oxygen gas is used in the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the processing gas containing an argon gas and an oxygen gas is used in the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein a processing gas containing an argon gas, an oxygen gas and a hydrogen gas is used in the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type.
7. The method of claim 3, wherein a processing temperature is about 300 to 600° C. in the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type.
8. The method of claim 3, wherein a processing temperature is about 400 to 500° C. in the plasma process of the RLSA microwave plasma type.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the sacrificial oxide film is removed by wet etching.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein hydrofluoric acid is used as an etching solution for the wet etching.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein an etching rate ratio r₁/r₂ between the etching rate of the sacrificial oxide film and the etching rate of the buried oxide layer is greater than or equal to about 1.2..
| 11,533 |
https://github.com/babel/babel/blob/master/packages/babel-plugin-proposal-destructuring-private/test/fixtures/assignment--es2015/object-rest-under-private/output.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
babel
|
babel
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 67 | 234 |
const _excluded = ["y"];
var _class;
let result;
class C {}
_class = C;
babelHelpers.defineProperty(C, "x", "x");
babelHelpers.defineProperty(C, "y", "y");
babelHelpers.defineProperty(C, "z", "z");
var _x = {
writable: true,
value: _class
};
(_babelHelpers$classSt => {
var x, y, z;
({
x
} = _class), (_babelHelpers$classSt = babelHelpers.classStaticPrivateFieldSpecGet(_class, _class, _x), ({
y
} = _babelHelpers$classSt), z = babelHelpers.objectWithoutProperties(_babelHelpers$classSt, _excluded), _babelHelpers$classSt);
result = {
x,
y,
z
};
})();
| 42,988 |
https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201279
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
NGC 1279
|
https://my.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NGC 1279&action=history
|
Burmese
|
Spoken
| 39 | 360 |
NGC 1279 သည် နှစ်ဘက်ခုံး ဂလက်ဆီဖြစ်ပြီး နဂါးငွေ့တန်း ဂလက်ဆီမှ အလင်းနှစ် ၃၂၄ မီလီယံ ကွာဝေးသော
ပါဆီးယပ် ကြယ်စုတန်း၌ တည်ရှိသည်။ အချင်းအားဖြင့် အလင်းနှစ် ၁၁၀,၀၀၀ ရှည်ပြီး Perseus Cluster ၏ အဖွဲ့ဝင်တစ်ခု ဖြစ်သည်။ ယင်းအား ၁၈၇၆ ခုနှစ် ဒီဇင်ဘာ ၁၂ တွင် နက္ခတ္တပညာရှင် John Louis Emil Dreyer ဆိုသူက ရှာဖွေတွေ့ရှိခဲ့သည်။
ကိုးကား
ပါဆီးယပ် (ကြယ်စုတန်း)
| 28,033 |
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scytodes%20tegucigalpa
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Scytodes tegucigalpa
|
https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scytodes tegucigalpa&action=history
|
Swedish
|
Spoken
| 42 | 102 |
Scytodes tegucigalpa är en spindelart som beskrevs av Antonio D. Brescovit och Cristina A. Rheims 200. Scytodes tegucigalpa ingår i släktet Scytodes och familjen spottspindlar.
Artens utbredningsområde är Honduras. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Externa länkar
Spottspindlar
tegucigalpa
| 8,551 |
sn84036008_1901-02-01_1_6_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,968 | 4,148 |
IRS NATION .. HAS RIVALS KANSAS TURNS OUT MORE HATCHET WOMEN. BREAK LOOSE IN ANTHONY Wreck Four Saloons and Prepare to Extend Operations Over a County. Anthony, Kan., Jan. 30- Mrs. Carrie Nation was outdone here today when a band of 10 W. C. T. U. women, headed by Mrs. Sheriff of Danville, completely wrecked the fixtures in four "joints," smashing plate glass windows and mirrors right and left, and turned gallon after gallon of liquor into the gutters. The women, who were of the best families in Anthony, were accompanied by their husbands and some of their brothers, who assured protection. No arrests were made and the band will, it is said, start out tomorrow on a tour of destruction through Harper county, which is prolific in saloons. Mrs. Sheriff, who led today's raid, is under bond to appear at Danville in April to answer a charge of saloon wrecking, placed against her six weeks ago. Mrs. Sheriff came to Anthony late yesterday and worked all night procuring hatchets and other implements of destruction and it was 6 o'clock this morning before she had perfected her plans for the raid. The women knelt and prayed within sight of the wreck they had spread. One woman in an impassioned appeal to the almighty asked that he guide them to other dens of iniquity and direct their footsteps to other rum cursed towns in Kansas. This prayer was interpreted to mean that the Anthony women would extend their crusade and word was hurriedly sent over the telephone wires to adjacent towns by local Saloon sympathizers, who wished to warn their fellow jointists. No arrests were made, but the mayor quickly swore in extra police and the crusaders were placed under strict surveillance. He also preserved the names of the women engaged in today's work. As a sequel to the raid, a number of young men and two or three small boys became reeling drunk. Two of the boys were locked up in the city jail. During the excitement, they had followed the crusaders into the saloons and secured a quantity of whiskey, wine, and beer. A BOSTON IMITATOR Hub Woman Adopts Mrs. Nation's Plan to Enforce Temperance. Boston, Jan. 30-Mrs. Mary Green, who seemed to be familiar with the methods of Mrs. Carrie Nation of Kansas, wrecked a Cambridge street barroom last night and today was sentenced to serve a term at Deer Island. Mrs. Green not only laid the bartender low with a plate, but also reduced the barware to molecules, shattered several plate glass mirrors, and drove the frightened patrons of the establishment into the wine cellar. "I'm Carrie Nation," she yelled, "and I'll leave no rum shop in the town when I get through." Mrs. Green's imitation of the noted Kansas reformer was terminated by a policeman and Judge Wentworth today sentenced her to the house of correction. HER FAME SECURE. Mrs. Nation Given Gold Medal by Kansas Temperance Union. Topeka, Kan., Jan. 29--Mrs. Carrie Nation has been busy today along the lines of moral suasion. She called upon the sheriff, city attorney and probate judge, urging each to enforce the law against the illegal sale of liquor. She visited the county jail and furnished a bushel of apples and a large bunch of bananas to the inmates. A few wards she inquired of them how many were in jail by reason of whiskey and ascertained that all but two of the 27 inmates attributed their arrests to liquor. In the office of the police court Mrs. Nation observed some calendars containing pictures which she regarded as of an objectionable nature. At her request the judge took down the pictures from the wall. The Kansas state temperance union, which is holding its annual convention here, today subscribed over $100 to purchase a gold medal for Mrs. Nation. Mrs. Hutchinson, president of the state W. C. T. U., was made chairman of a committee to design purchase the medal. The fund was started by Colonel C. B. Cook, to bring the spring school, donated $50, "to help purchase a gold medal for bravest woman in Kansas." COUNTY IS DRY. Coffeyville, Kans., Jan. 30-Every "joint" in Montgomery county is closed today. As a result of the action of County Attorney Dana, who served notice on the keepers that they would not be permitted to run longer. ALL NATIONS GAVE. Austin, Texas, Jan. 29-Today Governor Sayres sent a message to the legislature making a report of the fund subscribed for the relief of the Galveston and Gulf coast flood sufferers last September. The report states that $978,414 was received by the governor and the funds received at Galveston, Houston, and other places increased the amount to $1,988,414. Every nation in the world contributed in some manner to the funds. COSTLY BLAZE. Des Moines, Jan. 29-A $65,000 fire occurred at 4 o'clock this morning in the business district, completely destroying Frankel Brothers' large department store, Walnut and Sixth streets, and damaging adjoining structures. The fire was controlled at 6 o'clock. Several firemen were injured by falling walls, but none fatally. Insurance heavy. BANK ADOPTS NEW METHOD PROTECTS ITSELF AGAINST DISONEST OFFICIALS. A SECRET EXAMINATION SYSTEM TO PREVENT LONG CONTINUED MANIPULATION OF BOOKS OR ACCOUNTS. Baltimore, Jan. 30-A secret examination of the accounts has just been made in every department of the Merchants National bank, one of the leading financial institutions of this city. The examination was conducted with so much secrecy that not even the most trusted employees of the bank knew that it was in progress, although two weeks were occupied in making it. Douglass B. Thomas, president of the bank today gave the following explanation: "We have taken what I believe to be a new departure in banking customs, in that." We have had a thorough overhauling of the affairs of the bank in order to assure ourselves beyond doubt that no irregularities exist in any department. "There has been no suspicion on our part, nor has the examination been made because of anything tending to raise doubt in our minds concerning anything or anybody connected with it. It is simply the inception of a system which we purpose to adopt in the future of making periodical examinations. "Under the system which we have adopted long continued manipulation of books and accounts will be impossible." STILL A MYSTERY. New York, Jan. 29-The Mail and Express says: None of those who were at the St. Paul meeting yesterday would talk on the financial matters supposed to have been discussed there. Whatever proposition may have been submitted at that time is still a secret. There is to be a meeting of St. Paul directors Thursday. The general view in Wall street is that the negotiations between them and Great Northern and Northern Pacific officials will extend over a considerable period of time. AN OCEAN MYSTERY. Victoria, B. C., Jan. 30-The steamer Willapa brings news that January 22, two Indians arrived at Port Simpson and reported to the government agent that the schooner Kione of Port Roberts, Washington, had been found drifted on Dundas island with two men dead in her. Clothes of childer were found on the beach. The names of the dead could not be learned, or how many were lost. EXTRA SESSION TALK. Washington, Jan. 29-The cabinet meeting today was devoted almost exclusively to a discussion of Cuban matters. The statement is made on high authority that in the event of the failure of either the Spooner bill or consideration by congress of the Cuban constitution. An extra session is almost inevitable. Twelve years ago, J. W. Sullivan of Hartford, Conn., scratched his leg with a rusty wire. Inflammation and blood poisoning set in. For two years, he suffered intensely. Then the best doctors urged amputation, "but," he writes, "I used one bottle of Electric Bitters and one and one half boxes of Bucklin's Arnica Salve and my leg was sound and well as ever." For eruptions, eczema, tetter, salt rheum, sores, and all blood disorders, Electric Bitters has no rival on earth. Try them. Chapple Drug Co. will guarantee satisfaction or refund money. Only 50 cents. CUARD THEIR ROYAL LIVES ENGLISH POLICE PREPARE FOR ANARCHISTS. ALL NOTABLES PROTECTED Cowes and London Swarm with Detectives-Houses of Nobility Surrounded. London, Jan. 29--The entire detective machinery of the United Kingdom and the continent has been set in motion to protect the royal personages and other notable people now gathering in London. Unwieldy as the secret service systems often appear to be, every effort is being made to unify them in order that no injury may befall any royal personage attendant upon the obsequies of the late queen. Sir Edwin Bradford, the eminent one-armed commander of the police of the metropolis, has devised elaborate plans to deal with the crush expected upon Saturday, but to protect the kingly and princely guests precautions have been taken which are illustrated by the fact that Sir Edwin Bradford's residence is surrounded day and night by constables in plain clothing and detectives and no person is allowed to approach until his card has been sent in. These precautions are applied in the case of all royal personages and of the principal officers of the crown. Scotland Yard maintains the most intimate and secret affiliations with every detective agency in the world and its devices for tracing continental suspects are celebrated under Chief Inspector Frank Froest, who is reputed to have a wider acquaintance with the rogues of the world than any other police chief in Europe. Maelesta and other anarchists residing in London assert that there is not the slightest probability of violence because England is "an asylum for the persecuted of the continent." At Cowes, detectives are stationed in large numbers on both sides of the Medina river, inquiring as to the antecedents of strangers and watching all who approach the royal personages. Nothing definite is feared, but the government desires that the utmost vigilance be maintained to keep Emperor William from harm. LATEST FROM DAWSON Usual Reports of Big Strikes in Quartz and Placer-Idle Men Numerous. Victoria, B. C., Jan. 29-The steamer Amur brings news that on January 22, quartz running as high as $400 to the ton was found in the Klondike. The dogs and sled of James Black, a miner reported missing, have been found near Selwin. It is thought he gave out and was lost in a snow storm. The announcement was made at Dawson January 21, that all crown claims and fractions, except reservations for compensation, will be thrown open February 24. Dawson papers of January 22, have notices by Chrysler and Bethune that application for a charter will be made by the British-Yukon Railway company for a railway from Dawson to the United States boundary and for branch roads on Klondike creeks. Dawson is overrun with idle men. Charles MacDonald of Atlin tells of a placer strike 60 miles east of Atlin on Klahenan creek. Large numbers of miners have stampeded from Atlin. The Rev. D. B. Walthers says that from a space four 4 square of Porcupine creek dust worth $3,000 was taken. Phil Gosdee was found guilty at Skagway of the murder of R. S Campbell at Porcupine, last summer. On the night of January 20, the mounted police stopped a fight between Collier and McHugh, which was most brutal. LOAN YARN DENIED. New York, Jan. 29-The dispatches from London stating that the Russian government has arranged for a $50,000,000 loan with American insurance companies are positively dented in authoritative circles. Only recently the Russian minister of finance was quoted as saying that his government had no idea of borrowing money in this country. RECEIVED IN CORK. Cork, Jan. 30-The proclamation of King Edward as king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and emperor of India here today had a mixed reception. There was much cheering, but the crowd in the neighborhood of the courthouse cheered for Kruger and DeWet. The people generally, however, were good-humored. ENTERS CAPE COLONY. London, Jan. 30-It is reported unofficially, says the Cape Town correspondent of the Daily Mail, that General DeWet has entered Cape Colony with a fairly strong force. The impatience felt in England at the slow progress of the operations is not warranted, as preparations are being made for a general movement shortly. AUTHORESS HELD PRISONER. Capetown, Jan. 29-Olive Schreiner Cronwright, the authoress, and her husband are practically prisoners in their home. They are not allowed to leave the Hanover district, owing to the fact that martial law prevails there. UNVIERSITY RIOTS. London, Jan. 30-The Westminster Gazette today says serious riots have occurred at Kieff university. Conflicts have taken place between students and Cossacks, in which many of the former were killed or wounded. KILLED IN EXPLOSION Shanghai, Jan. 30-The North China Daily News asserts that while a quantity of Chinese gunpowder was being destroyed at Shan Hai Kwan, there was an explosion and 40 Japanese soldiers were killed. REBELS ARE DEFEATED. Caracas, Venezuela, Jan. 30-The revolutionists have been defeated near Carupana with numerous losses. Two sons of General Acosta have been made prisoners. Mejano and Rojas have also been defeated. KITCHENER REPORTS. London, Jan. 30-Kitchener reports: DeWet has been engaged by Knox, 40 miles north of Thaba Chu, no details. DeWet intends again to attempt an invasion of Cape Colony. Smith-Dorrien has returned from Carolina, having dispersed the Boers. HOBBIES ARE TROTTED OUT MANY RECEIVE AIRING IN THE HOUSE. INNOCENT CAUSE OF IT Agricultural Bill Made Vehicle for Easing Minds Burdened with Kicks. Washington, Jan. 29-The house spent the day upon the agricultural bill. It was used as a vehicle for the introduction of several general speeches. Mr. Thayer of Massachusetts discussed the ship subsidy bill. Mr. White of North Carolina, the colored member who goes out of congress March 4, delivered his valedictory upon the general subject of the appropriations of his race and Mr. Caines of Tennessee discussed the limitations of the constitution in connection with our insular possessions. Mr. Corliss of Michigan made a vicious onslaught upon the bureau of animal industry of the agricultural department but his attack raised a host of defenders and his amendment to reduce the appropriation for the bureau was overwhelmingly defeated. All that portion of the bill relating to the reorganization of the scientific bureaus of the agricultural department went out on a point of order raised by Mr. Hahon of Pennsylvania. The early portion of the session was enlivened by a sequel to the exchange between Mr. Flynn and Mr. Stephens of Texas yesterday, when the lie was almost passed. Mr. Stephens again denied and Mr. Flynn again reiterated his charges in connection with the passage of the bill to ratify the Kiowa and Commanche agreement, passed at the last session. CRANK GOING HOME. Milwaukee, Jan. 30-Dr. M. J. Rodermuth, who broke the smallpox quarantine in Appleton, Wis., a few days ago, was reported to be recovering. Days ago and later was located at Terre Haute, Ind., arrived at Milwaukee tonight, claiming to be en route to his home in Appleton. He was arrested and taken to the isolation hospital. TREASURY BALANCES. Washington, Jan. 30—Today's statement of the treasury balances in the general fund, exclusive of the $150,000,000 gold reserve in the division of redemption, shows: Available cash balances $11,835,720; gold $71,162,060. MORI TEA POSITIVELY CURES Smoke headache, indigestion and constipation. A delightful herb drink. Removes all eruptions of the skin, producing a perfect complexion, or money refunded. 25 cents and 50 cents. For sale by Chapple Drug Co. P.L Smith & Co. Undertakers and Embalmers, Undertaking Parlors 14 N. Twenty-Seventh St. Telephone 20. Dals Allodist at an Hour ST. PAUL VULTAINS-DINING CASES. MINNEAPOLIS TIME CARD-BILLINGS. AND POINTS No. 12 an..... 80 a.m. 8:10 a.m. EAST & SOUTH No. 4, St. Louis Express. 11:23 p.m. No. 1 anfio a...... 12:01 p.m. 12:10 p.m. HELENA SPOKANE GET PENNSYLVANIA AT THE OPERA HOUSE ON FARE. TAKES DAILY INDEPENDENT SUNDAY TACOMA Red ode Accom....... 5:10 p.m. '80a.m. all points in the United States and Folders on application. Express Money Tickets for sale at all offices of the N.P. Express Co. Bankable everywhere. LLaz a., ar. r.A., 1nn. Pullman First-Class Tourist Sleeping Cars DO YOU KNOW THAT. The Gazette Job Department Turns out a better class of work than any other printing establishment in the Yellowstone valley. We are prepared to do any class of printing on short notice. We employ only first-class workmen, and consequently can guarantee. FIRST-CLASS WORK THE For nearly sixty years it has THE never failed in its weekly visits to the homes and firesides of farmers and villagers in all parts of the United States. NEW It has received loyal support PEOPLE'S from the most progressive, intelligent and up-to-date portion of our country, because it has merited YORK and held their confidence and NATIONAL esteem. It gives all important news of the news of the nation and world, an Agricultural Department of the highest order, elegant half-tone illustrations, WEK "Household Talk," tells about ambitious things for the ladies to wear, shows checker players many interesting problems, tells farmers what prices their crops will bring and interests TRIBUNE every member of the family TRIBUNE old and young. WEFURNISH IT, INCLUDING THE GAZETTE FOR $3.00 PER YEAR. Send all orders to THE GAZETTE, Billings, Mont. Oh Time all the Time. The Burlington Route is in a class by itself as far as running on time is concerned. No railroad in the Western states, NO RAIL ROAD IN AMERICA, approaches it in this important respect. Make an engagement for a certain time and place in Omaha, Chicago, Kansas City, or St. Louis-go East on the Burlington-you will be there all right. Tickets at Office of Connecting Lines. H. B. SEGUR, GENERAL AGENT BURLINGTON ROUTE. BILLINGS, MONTANA.
| 39,682 |
https://github.com/roocky-lab/vue-shudan/blob/master/src/components/Shudan/helper.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
vue-shudan
|
roocky-lab
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 264 | 624 |
export const alpha = 'ABCDEFGHJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
export const vertexEvents = [
'Click', 'MouseDown', 'MouseUp',
'MouseMove', 'MouseEnter', 'MouseLeave'
];
export function range(n) { return [...Array(n)].map((_, i) => i); }
export function random(n) { return Math.floor(Math.random() * (n + 1)); }
export function neighborhood([x, y]) { return [[x, y], [x - 1, y], [x + 1, y], [x, y - 1], [x, y + 1]]; }
export function vertexEquals([x1, y1], [x2, y2]) { return x1 === x2 && y1 === y2; }
export function lineEquals([v1, w1], [v2, w2]) { return vertexEquals(v1, v2) && vertexEquals(w1, w2); }
export function getHoshis(width, height) {
if (Math.min(width, height) < 6) return [];
let [nearX, nearY] = [width, height].map(x => x >= 13 ? 3 : 2);
let [farX, farY] = [width - nearX - 1, height - nearY - 1];
let [middleX, middleY] = [width, height].map(x => (x - 1) / 2);
let result = [[nearX, farY], [farX, nearY], [farX, farY], [nearX, nearY]];
if (width % 2 !== 0 && height % 2 !== 0)
result.push([middleX, middleY]);
if (width % 2 !== 0)
result.push([middleX, nearY], [middleX, farY]);
if (height % 2 !== 0)
result.push([nearX, middleY], [farX, middleY]);
return result;
}
export function diffSignMap(before, after) {
if (before === after || before.length === 0 || before.length !== after.length) {
return [];
}
const result = [];
for (let i = 0; i < before.length; ++i) {
if (before[i] === 0 && after[i] != null && after[i] !== 0) {
result.push(i);
}
}
return result;
}
let helper = { alpha, vertexEvents, range, random, neighborhood, vertexEquals, lineEquals, getHoshis, diffSignMap };
export default helper;
| 12,852 |
https://github.com/mail-suny-qq-com/Pncs-Server/blob/master/pncs-indicator/pncs-indicator-manager/pncs-indicators-api/src/main/java/com/pactera/indicators/indicator/service/IIndBaseRuleFilterService.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
Pncs-Server
|
mail-suny-qq-com
|
Java
|
Code
| 22 | 119 |
package com.pactera.indicators.indicator.service;
import com.pactera.core.base.service.IBaseService;
import com.pactera.indicators.indicator.model.IndBaseRuleFilter;
/**
* 基础指标规则过滤条件服务接口
* @author Suny
* @date 2020-04-01
*/
public interface IIndBaseRuleFilterService extends IBaseService<IndBaseRuleFilter>{
}
| 20,026 |
https://github.com/nicholatian/cosmo-cstar/blob/master/src/libc/sysv/consts/__NR_waitid_nocancel.s
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
0BSD
| 2,021 |
cosmo-cstar
|
nicholatian
|
GAS
|
Code
| 10 | 47 |
.include "libc/sysv/consts/syscon.inc"
.syscon nr __NR_waitid_nocancel -1 0x20001a0 -1 -1 -1
| 6,209 |
https://github.com/vladtarko/colorize-pictures/blob/master/colorize.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
colorize-pictures
|
vladtarko
|
Python
|
Code
| 214 | 530 |
import requests
import os
# get your API KEY from <https://deepai.org>
# you need to make a free account
MY_API_KEY = 'put-your-API-key-here'
# path where you keep your pictures
# can be a folder of folders of pictures, or just a folder of pictures
# make sure to end it in /
mypath = "/path/to/the/folder/with/your/pictures/"
# create list of all folders in "mypath"
(_, folders, _) = next(os.walk(mypath))
# if list of folders is empty
if not folders:
folders = [""]
for myfolder in folders:
# create list of all files in "myfolder"
(_, _, files) = next(os.walk(mypath + myfolder + "/"))
for myfile in files:
# colorize
r = requests.post(
"https://api.deepai.org/api/colorizer",
files={
'image': open(mypath + myfolder + "/" + myfile, 'rb'),
},
headers={'api-key': MY_API_KEY}
)
# download file produced by colorize website
try:
dl = requests.get(r.json()['output_url'])
except:
print("Error with file: " + myfolder + "/" + myfile)
# make folder "colorized" if it doesn't exist
if not os.path.exists(mypath + 'colorized'):
os.makedirs(mypath + 'colorized')
# make folder "myfolder" if it doesn't exist
if not os.path.exists(mypath + 'colorized/' + myfolder):
os.makedirs(mypath + 'colorized/' + myfolder)
# save downloaded file to the "colorized/myfolder" folder
with open(mypath + "colorized/" + myfolder + "/" + myfile, 'wb') as f:
f.write(dl.content)
# end files for
# end folders for
| 40,318 |
66/dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr-dumas-03111903-document.txt_2
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Open Science
|
Various open science
| null |
None
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 8,151 | 14,873 |
39 Cas clinique 3 : Dr J. SURMENIAN (Nice) Augmentation crestale verticale à la mandibule à l'aide d'un Fast-System® (Fig. 21) A C B D Figure 21 : Réhabilitation mandibulaire postérieure, augmentation crestale verticale et pose d'implants à 3 mois (Dr J. SURMENIAN) Patient é
den
té
depuis plusieurs
années en secteur postérieur mandibulaire
gau
che ayant provoqué une
diminution crestale verticale importante
. Une
réhabilitation
prothétique par pose de trois implants est envisagée. En raison de ce défaut osseux important, une augmentation osseuse verticale par Fast-System® (Dr J. CHOUKROUN) est réalisée (A). Ce système permet d'éviter l'effondrement gravitationnel du biomatériau, souvent décrié à la mandibule. Un sticky-bone est inséré (B), puis recouvert par des matrices de PRF (C) avant suture des lambeaux. A trois mois post-opératoire,
les implants
sont
plac
és
dans un os
solide et
corticalisé. (D) 40 Cas clinique 4 : Dr H. DELEBARRE (CHU Nice) Énucléation kystique maxillaire antérieure (Fig. 22) A B C D E F Figure 22 : Énucléation kystique sur 21
comblée par matrices de PRF (Dr H.
DELEBARRE
) Patient pris
en
charge au CHU de Nice pour kyste en poche maxillaire sur l'incisive centrale (dent n° 21). Après étude radiographique (A et B), un lambeau est réalisé de 13 à 23 et la racine résiduelle extraite. Une perte de la corticale vestibulaire en regard de 21 permet un
acc
ès direct à la lésion. (C) L'énucléation kystique est réalisée et la surface osseuse nettoyée à l'aide d'une fraise boule en carbure de tungstène montée sur pièce à main chirurgicale. (D) La cavité est ensuite
comblé
e par des ma
trices
de
PRF
avant su
tures
du
eau. (
E et
F)
41 Cas clinique 5 : Avulsion dentaire chez une patiente traitée par bisphosphonate (57) (Fig. 23)
L'avulsion chez les patients traités par bisphosphonates pour ostéoporose ou tumeur expose le patient au risque d'ostéonécrose de la mâchoire lors d'actes chirurgicaux. A B C D E F G H
Figure 23 : Cas d'avulsion dentaire avec risque d'ostéonécrose traitée par matrices PRF (57)
Patiente de 70 ans atteinte de glaucome et d'ostéoporose, en thérapie par bisphosphonate per os depuis 12 ans, nécessite l'avulsion de la deuxième prémolaire maxillaire (dent n° 15) en raison d'une suspicion de fracture coronaire. (A) Une antibioprophylaxie a été mis en place trois jours avant l'intervention, puis en couverture pendant quatorze jours combinée à l'application d'un gel de Chlorhexidine à 0,12% trois fois par jour sur le site chirurgical. 42 Après dépose de la coiffe, la fracture est cliniquement visible (B). Des matrices de PRF sont obtenues à partir de l'échantillon de sang du patient (C) et insérées dans l'alvéole osseuse après avulsion (D). Une suture résorbable 6.0 a été faite pour la stabilisation des matrices (E). Lors d'un suivi postopératoire d'une semaine, aucun signe d'infection ou d'inflammation n'était présent et une ré-épithélisation partielle était visible (F). Les sutures résiduelles ont été retirées à la fin de la deuxième semaine, lorsque la ré-épithélisation complète du site chirurgical a été détectée (G). Aucun signe d'inflammation, d'infection ou d'os exposé n'était détectable lors d'une visite de suivi à deux mois (H). 43 Cas clinique 6 : Drs J. SURMENIAN (Nice) et T. GEMMI (Saint-Raphaël)
Gestion d
'
un cas
de
trauma
antérieur
par
ROG
et
pose d'implants à 3 mois. (Fig. 24) (Fig
.25)
A B C D E F
Figure 24 : Prise en charge d'un trauma antérieur par ROG et pose d'implants à 3 mois (Drs J. SURMENIAN et T. GEMMI)
Patient
e
ayant subi un traumatisme à la suite d'une chute d'escaliers provoquant une mobilité du
bloc
a
ntérieur
avec fractures al
véolaire
s, réduit
es
par con
tention
. (A) 2 vis de Fast System® ont été mise en place afin de
supporter la ROG
par sticky-bone (B), recouvertes par
des matrices de PRF
(C) avant su
tures
des lambeaux (
D
). Nous pouvons observer à 3 semaines une gencive saine (E) avec une large crête osseuse permettant la mise en place de 3 implants à trois mois (F). Par cette technique de mise en place de ma
trices
de
PRF
, 6 mois seulement
séparent
le
trauma de la
mise
en fonction des dents prothétiques. (Fig. 21) 44 A B Figure 25 : 6 mois sépare la situation initiale (A) de la situation finale (B) 45
PARTIE II : ETABLISSEMENTS DE FICHES PÉDAGOGIQUES 1. Prélèvement sanguin 1.1 Protocole
Depuis 2006 et les publications de la DGS (Direction Générale de la Santé), le chirurgiendentiste est habilité à effectuer des prises de sang en vue de préparer des matrices autologues de fibrine, sous réserve d'avoir suivi une formation et de pouvoir justifier de cette capacité. (58) Avant tout prélèvement une anamnèse médicale complète doit être réalisée (antécédents médicaux, état de santé actuel et traitements en cours). Le patient devra être tenu informé des modalités de l'intervention, des éventuels risques encourus et des bénéfices apportés. L'obtention du consent éclairé est un prérequis médicalement obligatoire. Dans un souci d'efficacité, le matériel nécessaire à la prise de sang doit être prêt et déballé avant même la pose du garrot, la centrifugeuse allumée et prête à l'emploi. Le protocole comporte les étapes suivantes : le prélèvement de sang total est réalisé dans des tubes sans anticoagulant, à l'aide d'un matériel de prélèvement au papillon et d'un garrot permettant d'interrompre temporairement la circulation sanguine. (Fig. 26) (1) Si nécessaire le passage d'une compresse imbibée d'alcool sur la peau peut aider à faire ressortir les veines. La ponction veineuse se situe généralement au niveau des veines du pli du coude qui sont de gros calibres et assurent un débit de sang suffisant. (6) Cette zone est reconnue par sa forme en M. (Fig. 27)
Figure 27 : Anatomie veine superficielle du pli du coude
(6) La ponction au niveau des veines de la main est déconseillée car ces vaisseaux sont de petits calibres et se collabent facilement sous l'effet du vide, propre aux tubes. Le débit y est souvent réduit, diminuant significativement la quantité et la qualité du PRF obtenu. Le repérage des veines ne doit absolument pas passer par une analyse uniquement visuelle. Certaines veines peuvent apparaitre visibles et bleutées, surtout en cas de peau fine et claire. Mais il peut s'agir en réalité de veinules ou capillaires, inadaptées à la ponction veineuse. La seule méthode valable reste la palpation, le plus souvent avec l'index en raison de sa sensibilité tactile. Cette palpation systématique, même dans les cas les plus simples où les veines sont visibles et de gros calibres, permettra de développer une sensibilité tactile afin de pouvoir identifier les veines dans les cas les plus difficiles (non visibles). (6) La palpation de la zone de ponction permet ainsi d'apprécier : • le volume des veines, • leur trajet, • leur mobilité, • et leur profondeur. Après nettoyage aseptique de cette zone et pose d'un garrot à distance du point de prélèvement, il convient ensuite de repérer le point de ponction. Les veines basiliques ou céphaliques sont toutes à fait appropriées étant donné leur taille. Il faut tendre la peau sans les écraser. L'introduction de l'aiguille doit se faire dans l'axe de la veine, avec une angulation d'environ 30 degrés. Une fois la veine pénét , l'aiguille est horizontalisée afin de suivre son trajet. (Fig. 28) Il est important de l'immobiliser avec le pansement, afin d'éviter un retrait accidentel de l'aiguille lors des manipulations des tubes et ainsi éviter les accidents d'exposition au sang (AES).
(60) 47 Figure 28 : Schématisation d'insertion de l'aiguille dans la veine lors de la ponction (6)
Dès lors que le tube est correctement positionné dans le barillet, le remplissage se fait par un mécanisme d'aspiration. (Fig. 29) Il doit être rapide : 10-15 s par tube au maximum. Figure 29 : Prélèvement sanguin après insertion du tube dans le barillet (Dr J. SURMENIAN) Lorsque le prélèvement est terminé, l'aiguille et le garrot sont retiré, le point de prélèvement comprimé à l'aide d'une compresse et les tubes sont immédiatement placés dans la centrifugeuse.
1.2 Centrifugation
La centrifugation est une technique largement utilisée pour séparer un mélange biologique au sein d'une phase liquide. Les principes de cette technique sont basés sur l'utilisation de la force centrifuge, qui est beaucoup plus élevée que la gravité. Pendant la centrifugation, différentes forces interagissent et influencent le mouvement des particules dans le liquide : la force centrifuge, la force gravitationnelle et la force de traînée des particules, à savoir les cellules. Ce processus entraîne une migration des particules en fonction de leur taille, densité et masse. (61) Il est fondamental de placer les tubes de façon symétrique dans la centrifugeuse et le plus tôt possible après le prélèvement afin d'éviter que le sang ne coagule avant que les hématies n'aient pu être séparées du sang total. (Fig. 30) La vitesse et le temps de centrifugation varient en fonction des différents protocoles de PRF. Figure 30 : Positionnement symétrique des tubes dans la centrifugeuse (PROCESS®) (Dr J. SURMENIAN)
En 2018, MIRON et al. ont étudier les effets de l'âge, du sexe et du temps écoulé entre les prélèvements sanguins et le début de la centrifugation, sur la taille des matrices de PRF. (62) Un total de 60 patients inclus a été divisé en 6 groupes. Les femmes et les hommes ont été séparés en 3 groupes d'intervalle d'âge : 21–40, 41–60 et 61–80 ans. Pour chaque patient, cinq membranes PRF ont été fabriquées à partir de tubes de 10 mL après centrifugation avec un délai de 0, 30, 60, 90 et 120 s. Au total, 300 matrices de PRF ont été produites dans cette étude. Les auteurs ont pu constater que plus le délai s'allonge entre le prélèvement et le début de la centrifugation, plus la taille des matrices de PRF diminue. 90 secondes après le prélèvement sanguin, une réduction significative de 13% est observée. Après 120 s, la réduction significative est de 23%. (Fig. 31) 49
Taille moyenne des matrices PRF (%) Temps (s)
Figure 31 : Taille moyenne des matrices PRF après un délai de 0, 30, 60, 90 et 120s avant centrifugation (62)
Taille moyenne des matrices PRF (%) De plus, les matrices de PRF provenant des femmes étaient en moyenne 17% plus larges que celles les hommes. (Fig. 32) 17% plus large Homme Femme
Figure 32 : Taille moyenne des matrices PRF des hommes et des femmes (62)
50 Taille moyenne des matrices PRF (%) Enfin, la taille des matrices PRF étaient plus importantes pour les patients âgés de 61 à 80 ans, suivis de ceux âgés de 41 à 60 ans et de 21 à 40 ans. (Fig. 33) 4% plus large 15% plus large
Figure 33 : Taille moyenne des matrices PRF entre les
s groupes d'âge (62) Les résultats de cette étude démontrent qu'en moyenne, un clinicien dispose d'environ 60 à 90s entre le prélèvement sanguin et le début du cycle de centrifugation pour produire des matrices de PRF de taille standard. Passé ce délai, une réduction significative de leur taille est observée. Par ailleurs, il faut prendre en compte l'âge et le sexe des patients. Les femmes et les patients âgés produisent des matrices plus larges, probablement en raison de la diminution du nombre de globules rouges dérivés de leur sang périphérique. 51
I II III RCF (G) Temps (min) 710 177 44 8 8 8 Tableau 2 : Protocoles expérimentaux en fonction du RCF et du temps Plaquettes /L Leucocytes /L
La réduction de la RCF conformément au protocole II (177 G) a conduit à un nombre significativement plus élevé de plaquettes et de leucocytes par rapport au protocole I (710 G). Le protocole III (44 G) a montré une augmentation très significative du nombre de leucocytes et de plaquettes par rapport aux protocoles I et II. (Fig. 34) A I II III
I B II III Figure 34 : Nombre de leucocytes (A) et nombre de plaquettes (B) dans les différentes matrices expérimentales à base de PRF, en fonction des différents protocoles (63)
Concentration VEGF/
L
Concentration TGF-ß1/L
La concentration en facteurs de croissance (VEGF et TGF-ß1) a également été mesurée à 1h et 24h après coagulation par le test ELISA. La réduction de la RCF appliquée à la centrifugation a augmenté la quantité des facteurs de croissances. La concentration des VEGF et TGF-β1 était significativement plus élevée dans le protocole III par rapport aux protocoles I et II. (Fig. 35) A
I II III B I II III Figure 35 : Concentration de VEGF (A) et TGF-ß1 (B) à 1h et 24h post-coagulation en fonction du RCF (63) 52
Ainsi, les données médicales actuelles ont démontré que la réduction de la RCF d'une plage élevée vers un spectre faible au sein de matrices de PRF entraîne une augmentation significative du nombre de leucocytes et de plaquettes, ainsi que la concentration en facteur de croissance (VEGF et TGF-β1). Sur la base de ces résultats, nous pouvons postuler que le concept de centrifugation à basse vitesse (Low-Speed Centrifugation Concept) enrichit sélectivement en cellules et facteurs de croissan les matrices de PRF (notamment le I-PRF) au moyen d'une seule modification des paramètres de centrifugation dans le cadre de la routine clinique. 1.3 Répartition cellulaire
En l'absence d'anticoagulants, l'activation plaquettaire et la polymérisation de la fibrine sont déclenchées immédiatement. (25) Par conséquent, trois phases bien distinctes se forment dans le tube de prélèvement après centrifugation : (Fig. 36) (3) • la couche de base contenant les globules rouges, • le caillot de fibrine au milieu (PRF), • la couche supérieure du plasma acellulaire (surnageant). Figure 36 : Répartition cellulaire au sein du tube après centrifugation (3) 53
L'exsudat sérique acellulaire exprimé par le caillot est riche en protéines telles que la vitronectine et la fibronectine. Cet exsudat peut être utilisé pour hydrater les matériaux de substitution osseuse, rincer le site chirurgical ou encore stocker une greffe autologue (stickybone). (64) Après coagulation, le fibrinogène est dans un premier temps concentré dans la partie haute du tube, avant que la thrombine circulante ne fasse son effet et ne le transforme en fibrine. On obtient alors un caillot de fibrine en plein coeur de la masse de plasma acellulaire. (65) Les plaquettes activées sont quant à elles piégées dans la trame de fibrine et se dégranulent en son sein, libérant ainsi dans le milieu une importante quantité de cytokines qui restent fixées dans les polymères de fibrine. (
Fig
.
37) (3) Plaquettes piégées dans le réseau de fibrine Cytokines piégées dans le réseau de fibrine Figure 37 : Modélisation d'un réseau de fibrine issu de la polymérisation d'une matrice PRF, piégeant plaquettes et cytokines. (3) 54
En 2010, des études hématologiques menées par DEL CORSO et al. ont démontré qu'il ne subsistait aucune plaquette ni dans le surnageant acellulaire, ni dans le culot d'hématies. Des analyses histologiques ont permis de déterminer le positionnement de ces plaquettes au sein des différentes strates du tube : elles s'accumulent dans la partie basse du caillot de fibrine, principalement à la jonction entre la portion contaminée par les hématies (thrombus rouge) et le caillot de fibrine PRF à proprement parlé. (1) La partie inférieure du gel de fibrine PRF est occupée par des rainures blanchâtres qui apparaissent comme des agrégats de fragments cellulaires : il s'agit en fait des pla qui s'accumulent et constituent un « buffy-coat ». (Fig. 38)
Figure 38 : Modélisation de l'accumulation des plaquettes piégée dans la matrice de PRF (3)
1.4 Fiches pédagogiques 55 PRÉLÈVEMENT SANGUIN
Avant tout prélèvement une anamnèse médicale complète doit être réalisée. L'obtention du consentement éclairé est un prérequis médicalement obligatoire. La ponction veineuse se situe généralement au niveau des veines du pli du coude qui sont de gros calibres et assurent un débit de sang suffisant. Cette zone est reconnue par sa forme en M. Le repérage des veines doit passer par une analyse visuelle et tactile. La palpation permet d'apprécier le volumes des veines, leur trajet, leur mobilité et leur profondeur.
Matériel : • Garrot (1) • Alcool à 70° ou 90° (2) • Système de ponction + barillet (3) • Pansement adhésif (4) • Tubes de prélèvement (5) Protocole : • Repérage du site de ponction, • Nettoyage aseptique avec une compresse imbibée d'alcool, • Pose du garrot, • Peau tendue, insertion du système de ponction stérile, • Connection des tubes à l'adaptateur. 56
L'introduction de l'aiguille doit se faire dans l'axe de la veine, avec une angulation d'environ 30°. Une fois la veine pénétrée, l'aiguille est alors horizontalisée afin de suivre son trajet. Dès lors que le tube est correctement positionné dans le barillet, le remplissage se fait par mécanisme d'aspiration. Ce remplissage doit être rapide : 10 à 15 secondes par tubes. Lorsque le prélèvement est terminé, l'aiguille et le garrot sont retirés, le point de prélèvement comprimé à l'aide d'une compresse et les tubes sont immédiatement placés dans la centrifugeuse. 57
CENTRIFUGATION
La centrifugation est une technique permettant de séparer un mélange biologique au sein d'une phase liquide. Pendant la centrifugation, différentes forces interagissent et influencent le mouvement des particules dans le liquide : la force centrifuge, la force gravitationnelle et la force de traînée des particules, à savoir les cellules. Ce processus entraîne une migration des particules en fonction de leur taille, densité et masse. Il est fondamental de placer les tubes de façon symétrique dans la centrifugeuse et le plus tôt possible (60 à 90 sec après le prélèvement). La vitesse et le temps de centrifugation varient en fonction des différents protocoles de À la fin du cycle, trois phases distinctes se forment dans le tube : • la couche de base contenant les globules rouges, • le caillot de fibrine au milieu (PRF), • la couche supérieure du plasma acellulaire (surnageant). 58 2. L-PRF 2.1 Définitions
Décrit pour la première fois à Nice en 2001 par CHOUKROUN et al., le protocole de réalisation de matrices de Fibrine Riche en Plaquettes et Leucocytes (L-PRF) ne nécessite ni anticoagulant, ni thrombine bovine (ou tout autre agent gélifiant). Il ne s'agit que de sang centrifugé. Les matrices L-PRF doivent être réalisées juste avant leur application clinique. (4)
2.2 Protocoles
L'examen clinique, l'anamnèse et l'obtention d'un consentement éclairé sont indispensables avant tout actes invasifs. Matériels : • Outils de prélèvement sanguin, • Tube à essai de 10mL, • Centrifugeuse de table. Après prélèvement d'un échantillon de sang du patient, les tubes sont immédiatement placés dans la centrifugeuse. Le L-PRF est obtenue après une centrifugation à 2700 tours par minute pendant 12 minutes. (66) Les tubes sont ensuite immédiatement placés verticalement dans un porte-tubes. (Fig. 39)
Figure 39 : Tubes de PRF disposés dans un porte-tubes directement après centrifugation (Dr J. SURMENIAN) 59
Prélèvement du concentré : La partie médiane du tube contenant le caillot de fibrine est retirée à l'aide d'une précelle et éliminée avec une paire de ciseaux de la partie inférieure contenant les globules rouges. (Fig. 40)
Figure 40 : Prélèvement du caillot de fibrine (PRF) (Dr J. SURMENIAN)
Les matrices sont ensuite étendues sur une surface métallique perforée (Fig. 41) et doucement comprimées par gravité à l'aide d'un couvercle métallique pendant une dizaine de minutes. Cela permet d'obtenir des matrices de L-PRF uniformes de 1mm d'épaisseur et d'éliminer entièrement l'exsudat sérique acellulaire. (13)
Figure 41 : Disposition des
Indications
Par sa rapidité d'exécution et son faible coût, le L-PRF couvre un large éventail d'applications : (8) Sinus-Lift, protection et stabilisation des matériaux de greffes osseuses allogénique, cicatrisation des alvéoles après avulsion dentaire, recouvrement radiculaire des récessions gingivales, procédures régénératives dans le traitement d'une lésion intra-osseuse à 3 parois, traitement des lésions endo-parodontales combinées, traitement d'un défaut de furcation, réparation des lésions péri-radiculaires, cicatrisation des plaies palatines lors de prélèvement de greffon muqueux, recouvrement des implants avant sutures, comblement d'une cavité kystique. FIBRINE RICHE EN PLAQUETTES ET LEUCOCYTES : L-PRF
La production de matrice de L-PRF ne nécessite ni anticoagulant, ni thrombine bovine (ou tout autre agent gélifiant). Elles doivent être réalisées juste avant leur application clinique. Centrifugation des tubes : 2700 tr/min pendant 12 minutes Les tubes sont ensuite immédiatement placés verticalement dans un porte-tubes. Prélèvement du concentré : La partie médiane du tube contenant le caillot de fibrine est retirée à l'aide d'une précelle et éliminée à l'aide d'une paire de ciseaux de la partie inférieure contenant les globules rouges. Les matrices sont ensuite étendues sur une surface métallique perforée et doucement comprimées par gravité à l'aide d'un couvercle métallique pendant une dizaine de minutes. Applications cliniques : • Sinus-Lift, • protection et stabilisation des matériaux de greffes osseuses allogénique, • cicatrisation des alvéoles après avulsion dentaire, • recouvrement radiculaire des récessions gingivales, • régénération dans le traitement d'une lésion intra-osseuse à 3 parois, • traitement des lésions endo-parodontales combinées, • traitement d'un défaut de furcation, • réparation des lésions péri-radiculaires, • cicatrisation des plaies palatines lors de prélèvement de greffon muqueux, • recouvrement des implants avant sutures, • comblement d'une cavité kystique. 3. A-PRF 3.1 Définitions
Décrit pour la première fois en 2014 à Nice par CHOUKROUN et al. la Fibrine Avancée Riche en Plaquettes (A-PRF) définit un nouveau concept de couple vitesse/temps de centrifugation qui empêche la perte de cellules dans la matrice de PRF. Il s'obtient à une vitesse réduite de 1300 tr/min pendant 14 min. (67) Par réduction de la force de centrifugation relative (Low-Speed Centrifugation Concept), comme vu précédemment, le A-PRF est plus riche en globules blancs et facteurs de croissances que le PRF traditionnel (L-PRF) et présente une synthèse améliorée de la matrice de collagène avec un recrutement intensifié des cellules progénitrices. (68) En 2016, le A-PRF+ fait son entrée dans la famille des PRF. Ce dernier protocole ne nécessite quant à lui plus que 8 minutes de centrifugation, toujours à 1300 tours par minute. (69) L'analyse histologique d'un caillot de A-PRF+ révèle 3 évolutions majeures : (58) • une augmentation des espaces inter-fibrillaires, • une augmentation du nombre de cellules piégées dans la matrice, • une répartition plus homogène des cellules dans le caillot. Le A-PRF+ possède un buffy-coat plus étendu, conséquence directe de l'accroissement du nombre de plaquettes piégées. Désormais les 2/3 du caillot contiennent des leucocytes, majoritairement des PN. En 2016, une étude de KOBAYASHI et al. compare la libération des facteurs de croissance au sein du L-PRF et du A-PRF+. Il quantifie, grâce au test ELISA, les concentrations de certains facteurs de croissance (PDGFs, TGF-ß1, VEGF, EGF, et IGF) jusqu'à 10 jours après formation des matrices. Les auteurs concluent que la libération tardive des facteurs de croissance contenu dans le A-PRF+ est bien supérieure à celle relarguée par le PRF traditionnel après 10 jours d'observation (respectivement 11048 ng/mL et 9261,89 ng/mL). (68) Le A-PRF+ pourrait donc être considéré comme un « super L-PRF » aux propriétés biologiques améliorées grâce à une sécrétion de facteurs de croissance plus importante et toujours plus tardive. 3.2 Protocoles
Les étapes préliminaires restent inchangées, à savoir l'examen clinique et l'anamnèse, ainsi que l'obtention d'un consentement éclairé sont indispensables. Le protocole de prélèvement ne varie pas, mais les tubes de prélèvement sont désormais spécifiques à l'obtention du A-PRF+ : tubes lisses à base de verre de 10 mL, disponibles dans des emballages stériles. (Fig. 42) 63 Les tubes classiques utilisés pour les analyses biologiques ne sont plus règlementaires. Ils sont soumis, depuis 2013, aux normes CEE 93/42/CEE. Ces tubes doivent être spécifiquement destinés à la réalisation du PRF et leur utilisation fait également partie des conditions de couverture par les assurances professionnelles. L'utilisation de tubes non homologués peut être reproché par ses dernières en cas de litiges. (7)
Figure 42 : Tubes spécifiques au A-PRF+
Les caractéristiques de centrifugation sont en revanche modifiées. La centrifugation doit s'effectuer pendant 8 minutes à 1300tr/min. (67)
3.3 Indications
Les indications cliniques sont identiques à celles du PRF traditionnel (L-PRF). 3.4
FIBRINE AVANCÉE RICHE EN PLAQUETTES + : A-PRF+
Le A-PRF+ est aujourd'hui une évolution du PRF traditionnel (L-PRF). L'analyse histologique d'un caillot de A-PRF+ révèle 3 évolutions majeures par rapport au L-PRF : • une augmentation des espaces inter-fibrillaires, • une augmentation du nombre de cellules piégées dans la matrice, • une répartition plus homogène des cellules dans le caillot. Le protocole de prélèvement ne varie pas, mais les tubes sont désormais spécifiques à l'obtention du A-PRF+ : tubes lisses à base de verre de 10 mL, disponibles dans emballages stériles. Centrifugation des tubes
:
1300 tr/
min pendant 8 minutes Prélèvement du concentré : La partie médiane du tube contenant le caillot de fibrine est retirée à l'aide d'une précelle et éliminée avec une paire de ciseaux de la partie inférieure contenant les globules rouges. Les matrices sont ensuite étendues sur une surface métallique perforée et doucement comprimées par gravité à l'aide d'un couvercle métallique pendant une dizaine de minutes. Applications cliniques : • Sinus-Lift, • protection et stabilisation des matériaux de greffes osseuses allogénique, • cicatrisation des alvéoles après avulsion dentaire, • recouvrement radiculaire des récessions gingivales, • régénération dans le traitement d'une lésion intra-osseuse à 3 parois, • traitement des lésions endo-parodontales combinées, • traitement d'un défaut de furcation, • réparation des lésions péri-radiculaires, • cicatrisation des plaies palatines lors de prélèvement de greffon muqueux, • recouvrement des implants avant sutures, • comblement d'une cavité kystique. 65
4. I-PRF 4.1 Définitions
Grâce à l'élaboration d'un nouveau protocole en 2017, il est depuis possible d'obtenir en fin de centrifugation un PRF injectable. La Fibrine Injectable Riche en Plaquettes (I-PRF) a été mise au point afin d'agir comme agent régénérateur pouvant être administré sous forme liquide. (63) L'une de ses caractéristiques majeures, outre le fait d'être sous forme liquide, est de coaguler après injection. Pour ce faire, le sang est prélevé dans des tubes en plastique de 9 mL ne contenant pas, contrairement au protocole précédent, de phase minérale. (Fig. 43) Cette absence de poudre de verre résiduelle sur les parois du tube inhibe l'activation massive des plaquettes lors de la centrifugation. Cette centrifugation se fait, par réduction du RCP, à basse vitesse (700 tr/min pendant 4 min).
(70) Figure 43 : Tube de I-PRF
En 2017, l'étude de MIRON et al. consistait à comparer l'I-PRF au L-PRF pour la libération totale de facteurs de croissance ainsi que sur la biocompatibilité et l'activité des cellules fibroblastiques gingivales humaines. (71) Des prélèvements sanguins ont été réalis avec le consentement éclairé de 6 donneurs volontaires (12 échantillons au total), puis traités pour la préparation du L-PRF et de l'I-PRF. Les échantillons collectés ont ensuite été transférés dans des boîtes de culture en plastique et plusieurs paramètres cellulaires ont été étudiés : niveaux de migration et prolifération, expression d'ARN messagers (ARNm) de facteurs de croissance (en particulier PDGF et TGF-β1 mais également du Collagène1). Les résultats de cette étude ont montré qu'avec le L-PRF la libération précoce des facteurs de croissance était plus élevée, tandis qu'avec le I-PRF la libération totale de ces derniers était significativement plus importante à long terme. Bien que les deux formulations soient biocompatibles vis-à-vis des fibroblastes cultivés, le I-PRF a induit une migration significativement plus élevée de ces cellules que le L-PRF. L'I-PRF a ainsi démontré sa capacité à libérer des concentrations plus élevées de divers facteurs de croissance sur le long terme et à induire une migration et une expression plus élevée de PDGF, TGF-β1 et de Collagène1 par les fibroblastes. En 2019, ZHANG et al. ont voulu vérifier si le I-PRF pouvait inhiber l'effet inflammatoire autour des plaies en observant l'action des cellules immunitaires, en particulier des macrophages et des cellules dendritiques. En effet, la réponse immunitaire aux matériaux d'implantation joue un rôle essentiel lors de l'inflammation locale précoce et sur la régénération du tissu greffé. (72) In vitro, ces auteurs ont démontré que l'I-PRF réduit le phénotype pro-inflammatoire des macrophages et des cellules dendritiques activées autour des plaies injectées d'une suspension bactérienne. L'I-PRF a supprimé, dans une certaine mesure, la réponse inflammatoire provoquée. Par conséquent, l'addition d'I-PRF aux protocoles de chirurgie régénérative, de traumatologie ou de maladie inflammatoire peut atténuer la réponse immunitaire. Cet effet favorise ainsi la restauration et la guérison des tissus lésés, et peut être considéré comme une stratégie appropriée pour soulager la douleur des patients. 4.2 Protocole
Comme pour le L-PRF, les étapes préliminaires restent inchangées. Le protocole de prélèvement ne varie pas ; seuls les tubes en plastique ne possèdent pas de phase minérale. (71) Les caractéristiques de centrifugation sont également modifiées. Afin d'obtenir ce PRF sous forme liquide, la centrifugation s'effectue pendant 4 minutes à 700 tr/min. (70) Après centrifugation, seulement 2 phases distinctes sont visibles dans les tubes : (Fig. 44) • un surnageant constituant le I-PRF (A), • un culot d'hématies (B). A B Figure 44 : Après centrifugation, le tube I-PRF présente deux phases : surnageant (A) et culot d'hématies (B) (72) 67
Le prélèvement du I-PRF se fait avec une seringue stérile directement dans le tube afin de pouvoir être injecté sur le site traité. (Fig. 45)
Figure 45 : Prélèvement du I-PRF à l'aide d'une seringue stérile (73)
4.3 Indications
La régénération d'une zone injectée correspond à la création d'un nouveau tissu conjonctif riche en fibroblastes, qui vont fabriquer de nouvelles fibres de collagène, et à la formation de nouveaux micro-vaisseaux qui apportent les nutriments nécessaires aux fonctions cellulaires. L'I-PRF permet ce remodelage grâce aux facteurs de croissance plaquettaires qui, en stimulant les cellules souches mésenchymateuses, relancent les néoformations tissulaires. Applications cliniques : • douleurs et dysfonctionnement de l'articulation temporo-mandibulaire, • épaississement gingival et papillaire pour les phénotypes gingivaux fins, (74) • défaut osseux et régénération osseuse guidée en combinant I-PRF et biomatériaux de comblement. (75) Le PRF sous forme injectable est également très largement utilisé en chirurgie orthopédique et en médecine esthétique, l'objectif de ce concentré est de : (76) (73) • bio-régénérer la peau du visage, du cou, ou encore du dos des mains, • traiter les ridules péribuccales, • traiter les rides naissantes, • améliorer les cernes débutants, • améliorer les pertes de volume, • lutter contre la perte des cheveux, • bio-régénérer les cartilages, tendons et ligaments, • réparer les lésions musculosquelettiques. En 2019, CHOUKROUN et al. ont amélioré le protocole du PRF liquide afin de créer un « super I-PRF ». Ils ont combiné les avantages du A-PRF+ à ceux du I-PRF donnant alors naissance au dernier concentré de fibrine : le S-PRF. Même si des études approfondies doivent encore être menées afin de valider son utilisation, le S-PRF s'obtient dans des tubes de prélèvement de 10mL sans phase minérale (Fig. 46) après une centrifugation de 1300 tr/min pendant 14 minutes. Ces derniers tubes ayant un poids supérieur aux prédécesseurs, il est important de placer dans la centrifugeuse les tubes de S-PRF de façon antagoniste si d'autres tubes (A-PRF+ ou L-PRF) sont présents. Cela permet d'équilibrer au maximum la répartition des charges évitant ainsi toute vibration pouvant altérer les caillots. L'intérêt principal du S-PRF réside dans les ROG en créant de volumineux sticky-bone solides mais maniables. (Fig. 47)
Figure 46 : Tube de prélèvement S-PRF 69 A B C Figure 47 : Utilisation du S-PRF. Après centrifugation, le concentré est prélevé et mélangé aux particules d'allogreffe (A et B). Après coagulation, nous obtenons un sticky-bone solide et flexible (C) (Dr E. CHOUKROUN)
FIBRINE INJECTABLE RICHE EN PLAQUETTES : I-PRF
Le I-PRF a été mise au point afin d'agir comme agent régénérateur pouvant être administré sous forme liquide. L'une de ses caractéristiques majeures est de coaguler après injection. Comme pour le L-PRF, les étapes préliminaires restent inchangées. Le sang est prélevé dans des tubes en plastique de 9 mL ne contenant pas de phase minérale. Cette absence de dre de verre résiduelle sur les parois du tube inhibe l'activation massive des plaquettes lors de la centrifugation. Centrifugation des tubes : 700 tr/min pendant 4 minutes
Prélèvement du concentré : Le prélèvement du I-PRF se fait avec une seringue stérile directement dans le tube afin de pouvoir être injecté sur le site traité. Applications cliniques : • douleurs et dysfonctionnements de l'articulation temporo-mandibulaire, • épaississement gingival et papillaire pour les phénotypes gingivaux fins, • défaut osseux et régénération osseuse guidée en combinant I-PRF et biomatériaux de comblement. 71 En combinant les avantages du A-PRF+ à ceux du I-PRF, le protocole du PRF liquide a été amélioré afin de créer un « super I-PRF » : c'est le S-PRF. Ce dernier s'obtient dans des tubes de prélèvement de 10mL sans phase minérale. Ces tubes ayant un poids supérieur, il est important de placer dans la centrifugeuse les tubes de S-PRF de façon antagoniste si d'autre tubes (A-PRF+ ou L-PRF) sont présents. Cela permet d'équilibrer au maximum la répartition des charges évitant ainsi toute vibration pouvant altérer les caillots.
Centrifugation : 1300 tr/min pendant 14 minutes
Applications cliniques : • Régénération osseuse guidée appelé « Sticky-Bone » Après centrifugation, le concentré est prélevé et mélangé aux particules d'allogreffe. Après coagulation, nous obtenons un sticky-bone solide et flexible permettant de sculpter le greffon osseux et lui donner une forme compacte. CONCLUSION
L'expérience clinique confirme que les concentrés de fibrine peuvent être considérés comme un biomatériau de guérison. Ils disposent de tous les paramètres nécessaires lui permettant d'être optimale : une matrice de fibrine polymérisée dans une structure tétra-moléculaire, l'incorporation de plaquettes, de leucocytes et de cytokines, ainsi que la présence de cellules souches mésenchymateuses. L'utilisation du PRF a été rapidement mise au point dans les pays développés, tant en dentisterie mais également dans un large spectre de domaines médicaux et chirurgicaux nécessitant une régénération cellulaire. Cette méthode offre une option thérapeutique très intéressante, facile à utiliser, peu coûteuse et extrêmement efficace. Des dosages cohérents et des mesures reproductibles des résultats de succès sont maintenant nécessaires pour prouver définitivement son efficacité. Ce manuscrit a pour volonté d'amener cette technique de régénération à la pratique chirurgicale quotidienne. Ainsi, dès la 4ème année de formation en odontologie et l'intégration clinique au sein du centre hospitalier, les connaissances et outils à dispositions permettront aux étudiants d'inclure les concentrés de fibrines dans leur démarche de réflexion concernant guérison tissulaire et ainsi dans la pratique chirurgicale quotidienne. REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES
1. Dohan S, Choukroun J, Dohan A, Donsimoni JM, Gabrieleff D, Fioretti F, et al. Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) : un nouveau biomatériau de cicatrisation. Implantodontie. avr 2004;13(2):87‐97. 2. Dugrillon A, Eichler H, Kern S, Kluter H. Autologous concentrated platelet-rich plasma (cPRP) for local application in bon regeneration. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;31(6):615‐9. 3. Dohan S, Choukroun J, Dohan A, Donsimoni JM, Gabrieleff D, Fioretti F, et al. Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) : un nouveau biomatériau de cicatrisation. Implantodontie. avr 2004;13(2):99‐108. 4. Choukroun J, Adda F, Schoeffler C, Vervelle A. Une opportunité en paro-implantologie: le PRF. Implantodontie. 2001;42:55‐62. 5. Code de la santé publique, L1242-1 et 1243-6 https://aida.ineris.fr/sites/default/files/gesdoc/68625/code_sante_publique.pdf. 6. Choukroun E, Parnot M. L'abord veineux en cabinet dentaire : Aspects médico-légaux, anatomiques et pratiques. 2017; 7. « Tube PRF : l'indispensable marquage CE » La Lettre ordinale n°128 2015;128:27-28. 8. Khiste SV, Naik Tari R. Platelet-Rich Fibrin as a Biofuel for Tissue Regeneration. ISRN Biomater. 2013;2013:1‐6. 9. Mosesson M, Siebenlist K, Meh D. The structure and biological features of fibrinogen and fibrin. 10. Cieslik-Bielecka A, Ehrenfest DMD, Lubkowska A, Bielecki T. MICROBICIDAL PROPERTIES OF LEUKOCYTE- AND PLATELET-RICH PLASMA/FIBRIN (L-PRP/L-PRF): NEW PERSPECTIVES. :11. 11. Bielecki T, M. Dohan Ehrenfest D, A. Everts P, Wiczkowski . The Role of Leukocytes from L-PRP/L-PRF in Wound Healing and Immune Defense: New Perspectives. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 1 mai 2012;13(7):1153‐62. 12. Levy O. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides of blood: templates for novel antimicrobial agents. 13. Choukroun J, Diss A, Simonpieri A, Girard M-O, Schoeffler C, Dohan SL, et al. Plateletrich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part IV: Clinical effects on tissue healing. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontology. mars 2006;101(3):e56‐60. 14. Lanir N, Ciano P, Van de Water L, McDonagh J, Dvorak A, Dvorak H. Macrophage migration in fibrin gel matrices. II. Effects of clotting factor XIII, fibronectin, and glycosaminoglycan content on cell migration. avr 1988;104(7):2340‐9. 15. Arora R, Shukla S. Injectable-platelet-rich fibrin-smart blood with stem cells for the treatment of alopecia: A report of three patients. Int J Trichology. 2019;11(3):128. 16. Venet F, Chung C, Monneret G, Huang X, Horner B, Garber M, et al. Regulatory T cell populations in sepsis and trauma. J Leukoc Biol. (83 (3)):525‐35. 17. Tarte K, Gaillard J, Lataillade J. Société française de greffe de moelle et thérapie cellulaire. Clinical-grade production of human mesenchymal stromal cells: occurrence of aneuploidy without transformation. 115. 19. Dohan DM, Choukroun J, Diss A, Dohan SL, Dohan AJJ, Mouhyi J, et al. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part III: Leucocyte activation: A new feature for platelet concentrates? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontology. mars 2006;101(3):e51‐5. 20. Kamimura D, Ishihara K, Hirano T. IL-6 signal transduction and its physiological roles: the signal orchestration model. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 2003;149:1‐38. 21. Giannobile W. Periodontal tissue engineering by growth factors. Bone. juill 1996;19:23‐37. 22. Rosenkranz S, Kazlauskas A. Evidence for distinct signaling properties and biological responses induced by the PDGF receptor alpha and beta subtypes. Growth Factors. 1999;16(3):201‐16. 23. Heldin C. Simultaneous induction of stimulatory and inhibitory signals by PDGF. FEBS Lett. juin 1997;23(410):17‐21. 24. Winkler R, Pasleau F, Boussif N, Hodzic D. The IGF system: summary and recent data. Rev Med Liege. juill 2000;55(7):25‐39. 25. Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Rasmusson L, Albrektsson T. Classification of platelet concentrates: from pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (LPRF). Trends Biotechnol. mars 2009;27(3):158‐67. 26. Cieslik-Bielecka A, Choukroun J, Odin G, M. Dohan Ehrenfest D. L-PRP/L-PRF in Esthetic Plastic Surgery, Regenerative Medicine of the Skin and Chronic Wounds. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 1 mai 2012;13(7):1266‐77. 27. Kalb M, Potura L, Scharbert G, Kozek-Langenecker S. The effect of ex vivo anticoagulants on whole blood platelet aggregation. févr 2009;20(1):7‐11. 28. Shin J, Ji S, Choi Y. Ability of oral bacteria to induce tissue-de molecules from human neutrophils. mai 2008;14(4):327‐324. 29. Physiologie de l'hémostase. Available at: http://documentation.ledamed.org/IMG/html/doc- 10934.html. 30. PHYSIOLOGIE DE L'HEMOSTASE PRIMAIRE - Available at: http://slideplayer.fr/slide/495198/. 31. Feng X, Clark R, Galanakis D, Tonnesen M. Fibrin and collagen differentially regulate human dermal microvascular endothelial cell integrins: stabilization of alphav/beta3 mRNA by fibrin1. 1999;(113):913‐9. 32. Gassling V, Açyl Y, Springer I, Hubert N, Wiltfang J. Platelet-rich Plasma and Plateletrich fibrin in human cell culture. 2009;1(108):48‐55. 33. Gray A, Bishop J, Reeves J, Laurent G. A alpha and B beta chains of fibrinogen stimulate proliferation of human fibroblasts. 1993;Pat 2(104):409‐513. 34. Woolf A, Pfleger B. Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bull World Health Organ. nov 2003;9(81):646‐56. 35. Milner D, Cameron J. Muscle repair and regeneration: stem cells, scaffolds, and the contributions of skeletal muscle to amphibian limb regeneration. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2013;367:133‐59. 36. Grecu AF, Reclaru L, Ardelean LC, Nica O, Ciucă EM, Ciurea ME. Platelet-Rich Fibrin and Its Emerging Therapeutic Benefits for Musculoskeletal Injury Treatment. Medicina (Mex). 38. Mishra A, Pavelko T. Treatment of chronic elbow tendinosis with buffered platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med. mai 2006;34(11):1774‐8. 39. Del Frari B, Schoeller T, Weschselberger G. Reconstruction of large head and neck deformities: experience with free gracilis mus- cle and myocutaneous flaps. Microsurgery. 30(3):192‐8. 40. Man D, Plosker H, Winland-Brown J. The use of autologous platelet-rich plasma (platelet gel) and autologous platelet-poor plasma (fibrin glue) in cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107(1):229‐37. 41. Werdin F, Tennenhaus M, Schaller H, Rennekampff H. Evidence-based management strategies for treatment of chronic wounds. Eplasty. juin 2009;4(9). 42. Pinto NR, Ubilla M, Zamora Y, Del Rio V, Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Quirynen M. Leucocyteand platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) as a regenerative medicine strategy for the treatment of refractory leg ulcers: a prospective cohort study. Platelets. 4 juill 2018;29(5):468‐75. 43. Cieslik-Bielecka A. Estimation of an influence the autogenous growth factors on postoperative wound healing processes in ani- mals and patients with double mandibular fracture, and patients with chronic wounds. Habilit Work Med Univ Sil. 2010;6:1‐164. 44. Crisci A, Marotta G, Licito A, Serra E, Benincasa G, Crisci M. Use of Leukocyte Platelet (L-PRF) Rich Fibrin in Diabetic Foot Ulcer with Osteomyelitis (Three Clinical Cases Report). Diseases. 24 avr 2018;6(2):30. 45. Lew D, Waldvogel F. Osteomyelitis. Lancet. 2004;("§'):369‐79. 46. Ozer K, Colak O. Leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin as a rescue therapy for small-tomedium-sized complex wounds of the lower extremities. Burns Trauma [Internet]. déc [cité 5 oct 2019];7(1). Disponible sur: https://burnstrauma.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41038-019-0149-0 47. Jones B, Grover R. Early postoperative efficacy of fibrin glue in face lifts: a prospective randomized trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(1):433‐4. 48. Bullocks JM, Echo A, Guerra G, Stal S, Yuksel E. A Novel Autologous Scaffold for Dicedcartilage Grafts in Dorsal Augmentation Rhinoplasty. Aesthetic Plast Surg. août 2011;35(4):569‐79. 49. Gode S, Ozturk A, Berber V, Kısmalı E. Effect of Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin on Diced Cartilage's Viability in Rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg. août 2019;35(04):393‐6. 50. Arora R, Shukla S. Injectable-platelet-rich fibrin-smart blood with stem cells for the treatment of alopecia: A report of three patients. Int J Trichology. 2019;11(3):128. 51. Geurs N, Wang I, Shulman L, Jeffcoat M. Retrospective radiographic analysis of sinus graft and implant placement procedures from the Academy of Osseointegration Consensus Conference on Sinus Grafts. oct 2001;5(21):517‐23. 52. Choukroun J, Diss A, Simonpieri A, Girard M-O, Schoeffler C, Dohan SL, et al. Plateletrich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. 56. Aroca S, Barbieri A, Clementini M, Renouard F, De Sanctis M. Treatment of class III multiple gingival recessions: Prognostic factors for achieving a complete root coverage. J Clin Periodontol. juill 2018;45(7):861‐8. 57. Pispero A, Bancora I, Khalil A, Scarnò D, Varoni EM. Use of Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF)Based Autologous Membranes for Tooth Extraction in Patients under Bisphosphonate Therapy: A Case Report. Biomedicines. 10 nov 2019;7(4):89. 58. Ministère de la Santé et des Solidarités. DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA SANTE. [Online].; 2006. Available from: HYPERLINK « http://www.sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Guide_de_prevention_des_infections_liees_aux_soins_ en_chiru%20 rgie_dentaire_et_en_stomatologie.pdf » http://www.sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Guide_de_prevention_des_infections_liees_aux_soins_e n_chiru rgie_dentaire_et_en_stomatologie.pdf. 59. Salah abdessemed. Les prélèvements_de_sang. Available at: https://pt.slideshare.net/salahabdessemed1/les-prlvementsdesang/5?smtNoRedir=1. 60. Guide de prise en charge des Accidents d'Exposition au Sang et Accidents d'Exposition au risque Viral- Corevih Haute Normandie- Février 2015 - https://vihclic.fr n. 61. Keith Wilson J. Principles and techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology. Camb Univ Press. 2010; 62. Miron RJ, Dham A, Dham U, Zhang Y, Pikos MA, Sculean A. The effect of age, gender, and time between blood draw and start of centrifugation on the size outcomes of plateletrich fibrin (PRF) membranes. Clin Oral Investig. mai 2019;23(5):2179‐85. 63. Choukroun J, Ghanaati S. Reduction of relative centrifugation force within injectable platelet-rich- brin (PRF) concentrates advances patients' own inflammatory cells, platelets and growth factors: the first introduction to the low speed centrifugation concept. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. févr 2018;44(1):87‐95. 64. Dohan D, Choukroun J, Diss A. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF): a second-generation platelet concentrate. Part II: platelet-related biologic features. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endo. mars 2006;101(3):45‐50. 65. Toffler M, Toscano N, Holtzclaw D, Del Corso M. Intoducing Choukroun's platelet rich fibrin (PRF) to the reconstructive surgery milieu. J Implant Adv Clin Dent. 2009;1(6):21‐32. 66. Choukroun J, Diss A, Simonpieri A, Girard M-O, Schoeffler C, Dohan SL, et al. Plateletrich fibrin (PRF): A second-generation platelet concentrate. Part V: Histologic evaluations of PRF effects on bone allograft maturation in sinus lift. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontology. mars 2006;101(3):299‐303. 67. Ghanaati S, Booms P, Orlowska A, Kubersch A, Lorenz A, Choukroun J. Advanced platelet-rich fibrin: A new concept for cell-based tissue engineering by means of inflammatory cells. J Oral Implant. 2014;40:679‐89. 68. Kobayashi E, Flückiger L, Fujioka-Kobayashi M, Swada K, Sculean A, Schaller B, et al. Comparative release of growth factors from PRP, PRF, and advanced-PRF. Clin Oral Investig. 2016;20:2353‐60. 69. Mamajiwala A, Sethi K, Raut C, Karde P, Mangle N. 77 71. Miron RJ, Fujioka-Kobayashi M, Hernandez M, Kandalam U, Zhang Y, Ghanaati S, et al. Injectable platelet rich fibrin (i-PRF): opportunities in regenerative dentistry? Clin Oral Investig. nov 2017;21(8):2619‐27. 72. Zhang J, Yin C, Zhao Q, Zhao Z, Wang J, Miron RJ, et al. Anti‐inflammation effects of injectable platelet‐rich fibrin via macrophages and dendritic cells. J Biomed Mater Res A. janv 2020;108(1):61‐8. 73. Mourao C, Valiense H, Melo E, Mourao N, Maia M. Obtention of injectable platelets rich-fibrin (i-PRF) and its polymerization with bone graft: technical note. Rev Col Bras Cir. 74. Ozsagir Z, Saglam E, Sen Yilmaz B, Choukroun J, Tunali M. Injectable platelet-rich fibrin and microneedling for gingival augmentation in thin periodontal phenotype: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. avr 2020;47(4):489‐99. 75. Chenchev I, Ivanova V, Neychev D, Cholakova R. Application of Platelet-Rich Fibrin and Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Combination of Bone Substitute Material for Alveolar Ridge Augmentation - a Case Report. Folia Med Plovdiv. sept 2017;59(3):362‐6. 76. I-PRF - INJECTIONS PLASMA RICHE EN FIBRINE : LE PRP FAIT PEAU NEUVE. Disponible sur: https://www.pavillonesthetic26.com/medecine-esthetique/plasma-riche-en-fibrine.html
Figure 1 - Molécule de fibrinogène 9 Figure 2 - Modélisation d'une jonction branchée tri-moléculaire 10 Figure 3 - Modélisation d'une jonction condensée tétra-moléculaires 10 Figure 4 - Image au microscope de granules cytoplasmiques d'un PN 12 Figure 5 - Évolution du nombre de cellules au site de la plaie après une ure 18 Figure 6 - Modélisation de la vasoconstriction réflexe du vaisseau sanguin en réponse à une brèche 19 Figure 7 - Modélisation de l'activation et de l'agrégation plaquettaire 20 Figure 8 - Modélisation de la formation d'un bouchon de fibrine transitoire 21 Figure 9 - Modélisation théorique en images de synthèse de la constitution d'une fibrille de fibrine. Dans un premier temps, des liaisons non covalentes permettent l'alignement des molécules de fibrinogène activé (a), puis l'action du Facteur XIII permettra l'établissement de liaisons covalentes qui stabiliseront la molécule de fibrine (b) et permettront l'assemblage d'un long polymère stabilisé (c) 22
Figure 10 - Cicatrisation d'un ulcère du pied d'un patient diabétique par membrane PRF 28 Figure 11 - Photos pré-opératoires (en haut) et post-opératoires de 12 mois (en bas) d'une rhinoplastie par greffe de cartilage en dés associée au I-PRF 30 Figure 12 - Classification de l'alopécie selon Norwood-Hamilton & Ludwig 31 Figure 13 - Photo pré-opératoire (a) et photo post-opératoire après 4 séances (b) 32 Figure 14 - Protocole opératoire d'élévation du sinus maxillaire par accès latéral 33 Figure 15 - Cas d'un sinus lift avec pose d'implants en piquet de tente 34 Figure 16 - Réalisation d'un sticky-bone à partir du mélange surnageant PRF + os allogénique 35 Figure 17 - Contrôle radiographique d'un sinus lift avec implants en « piquet de tente » 35 Figure 18 - Cas d'un recouvrement de récessions multiples par technique tunnel avec insertion de matrices PRF 37 Figure 19 - Cas d'une ablation kystique massive du maxillaire 38 Figure 20 - Mise en place de matrices de PRF et sticky-bone après avulsion d'une canine incluse 39 79 Figure 21 - Réhabilitation mandibulaire postérieure, augmentation crestale verticale et pose d'implants à 3 mois 40 Figure 22 - Énucléation kystique sur 21 comblée par matrices de PRF 41 Figure 23 - Cas d'avulsion dentaire avec risque d'ostéonécrose traitée par matrices PRF 42 Figure 24 - Prise en charge d'un trauma antérieur par ROG et pose d'implant
à
3 mois
44 Figure 25 - 6 mois sépare la situation initiale (A) de la situation finale (B) 45 Figure 26 - Matériel nécessaire à la ponction veineuse 46 Figure 27 - Anatomie veine superficielle du pli du coude 46 Figure 28 - Schématisation d'insertion de l'aiguille dans la veine lors de la ponction 48 Figure 29 - Prélèvement sanguin après insertion du tube dans le barillet 48 Figure 30 - Positionnement symétrique des tubes dans la centrifugeuse (PROCESS®) 49 Figure 31 - Taille moyenne des matrices PRF après un délai de 0, 30, 60, 90 et 120s avant centrifugation 50 Figure 32 - Taille moyenne des matrices PRF des hommes et des femmes 50 Figure 33 - Taille moyenne des matrices PRF entre les différents groupes d'âge 51 Figure 34 - Nombre de leucocytes (A) et nombre de plaquettes (B) dans les différentes matrices expérimentales à base de PRF, en fonction des différents protocoles 52 Figure 35 - Concentration de VEGF (A) et TGF-ß1 (B) à 1h et 24h post-coagulation en fonction du RCF 52 Figure 36 - Répartition cellulaire au sein du tube après centrifugation 53 Figure 37 - Modélisation d'un réseau de fibrine issu de la polymérisation d'une matrice PRF, piégeant plaquettes et cytokines 54 Figure 38 - Modélisation de l'accumulation des plaquettes piégée dans la matrice de PRF 55 Figure 39 - Tubes de PRF disposés dans un porte-tubes directement après centrifugation 57 Figure 40 - Prélèvement du caillot de fibrine (PRF) 58 Figure 41 - Disposition des matrices PRF dans la boite de compression 58 Figure 42 - Tubes spécifiques au A-PRF+ 62 Figure 43 - Tube de I-PRF 64 80 Figure 44 - Après centrifugation, le tube I-PRF présente deux phases: surnageant (A) et culot d'hématies (B) 65 Figure 45 - Prélèvement du I-PRF à l'aide d'une seringue stérile 66 Figure 46 - Tube de prélèvement S-PRF 67 Figure 47 - Utilisation du S-PRF.
| 27,905 |
poeticalworksed24spengoog_7
|
English-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,910 |
The poetical works of Edmund Spenser in three volumes ..
|
Spenser, Edmund, 1552?-1599 | De Selincourt, Ernest, 1870-1943, ed | Smith, J. C. (James Cruickshanks), 1867-1946, ed
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,450 | 12,564 |
But he thereto would by no meanes consent ; But leauing him forth on his iourney far'd : Ne wight with him but onely Talus went. They two enough t*encounter an whole Regiment. CaHLlL FAERIE QVEENE. 171 Cant. 11. ArUgaU biares of Flarimdly Ihe$ with the Pagan figbt: Him tlaieSy drownes Lady Mururoj Does race ber castle quigbt. N Ought is more honorable to a knight, i Ne better doth beseeme braue chcwdry, Then to defend the feeble in their right, And wrong redresse in such as wend awry. Whilome those great Heroes got thereby Their greatest glory, for their rightful! deedes, And place deserued with the Gods on hy. Herein the noblesse of this knight exceedes, Who now to perils great for iustice sake proceedes. To which as he now was vppon the way, u He chaunst to meet a Dwarfe in hasty course; Whom he requir'd his forward hast to stay. Till he of tidings mote with him discourse. Loth was the Dwarfe, yet did he stay perforse. And gan of sundry newes his store to tell. As to his memory they had recourse : ^ But chiefely of the fairest Florimell^ l^How she was found againe, and spousde to Marinell. For this was Donyy Florimels owne Dwarfe, ui Whom hauing lost (as ye haue heard whvleare) And finding in the way the scattred scarie. The fortune of her life long time did feare. But of her health when Artegall did heare, And safe returne, he was full inly glad, r And askt him where, and when her bridale cheare Should be solemnized : for if time he had, (He would be there, and honor to her spousall ad. Ai^. 3 Momera IJ^S, 1609 ; com Hughes ii 7 As] And 1^96 172 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cam. 11. f Within three dales (quoth hee) as I do here, iv V It will be at the Castle of the strond; What time if naught me let, I will be there To doe her seruice, so as I am bond. But in my way a litde here beyond r A cursed cruell Sarazin doth wonnc, (^ That keepes a Bridges passage by strong hond, And many errant Knights hath there fordonne ; That makes all men for feare that passage for to shonne. What mister wight (quoth he) and how far hence v Is he, that doth to trauellers such harmes? He is (said he) a man of great defence ; Expert in battell and in deedes of armes ; And more emboldned by the wicked charmes, With which his daughter doth him still support ; Hauing great Lordships got and goodly farmes. Through strong oppression of his powre extort ; By which he stil them holds, and keepes with strong effort. And dayly he his wrongs encreaseth more, vi For neuer wight he lets to passe that way, Ouer his Bridge, albee he rich or poore, But he him makes his passage-penny pay : Else he doth hold him backe or beat away. Thereto he hath a groome of euill guite, Whose scalp is bare, that bondage doth bewray, Which pols and pils the poore in piteous wize ; But he him selfe vppon the rich doth tyrannize. CHis name is hight PolUntey rightly so vu For that he is so puissant and strong. That with his powre he all doth ouergo. And makes them subiect to his mighty wrong ; And some by sleight he eke doth vnderfong. For on a Bridge he custometh to fight. Which is but narrow, but exceeding long ; And in the same are many trap fals pight. Through which the rider downe doth all through ouersight. iv I hee] slie Jf^6 vi 2 way ; 7/96 vii 9 ouendght if^6 Cant. 11. FAERIE QVEENE. 173 And vnderneath the same a riuer flowes, vui That is both swift and dangerous deepe withall ; Into the which whom so he ouerthrowes, All destitute of heipe doth headlong ^1, But he him selfe, through practise vsuall, Leapes forth into the floud, and there assaies His foe confused through his sodaine ^I, That horse and man he equally dismaies, And either both them drownes, or trayterously slaies. rThen doth he take the spoile of them at will, iz And to his daughter brings, that dwels thereby : Who all that comes doth take, and therewith fill The coffers of her wicked threasury; Which she with wrongs hath heaped vp so hy, That many Princes she in wealth exceeides, And purchast all the countrey lying ny With the reuenue of her plenteous meedes, ^ (Her name is Munerq^ agreeing with her deedes. ( Thereto she is full faire, and rich attired, % With golden hands and siluer feete beside, That manyT/Ords haue her to wife desired : But she them all despiseth for great pride. Now by my life (sayd he) and God to guide. None other way will I this day betake. But by that Bridge, whereas he doth abide : Therefore me thither lead. No more he spake, But thitherward forthright his ready way did make. Vnto the place he came within a while, xi Where on the Bridge he ready armed saw (^The Sarazin, awayting for some spoile. Who as they to the passage gan to draw, A villaine to them came with scull all raw. That passage money did of them require. According to the custome of their law. To whom he aunswerd wroth, Loe there thy hire ; And with that word him strooke, that streight he did expire. xi 4 Who] Tho conj. Church : When Morris 8 loe //jd, lo 1609 174 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. II. Which when the Pagan saw, he wexed wroth, xii And streight him selfe vnto the fight addrest, Ne was Sir Artegall behinde : so both Together ran with ready speares in rest. Right in the midst, whereas they brest to brest Should meete, a trap was letten downe to fall Into the floud : streight leapt the Carle vnblest. Well weening that his foe was falne withall : But he was well aware, and leapt before his fall. There being both together in the floud, zui They each at other tyrannously flew; Ne ought the water cooled their whot bloud. But rather in them kindled choler new. But there the Paynim, who that vse well knew To fight in water, great aduantage had. That oftentimes him nigh he ouerthrew: And eke the courser, whereuppon he rad. Could swim like to a fish, whiles he his backe bestrad. Which oddes when as Sir Artegall espide, xiv He saw no way, but close with him in hast ; And to him driuing strongly downe the tide, Vppon his iron coUcr griped fast. That with the straint his wesand nigh he brast. There they together stroue and struggled long, Either the other from his steede to cast ; Ne euer Artegall his griple strong For any thing wold slacke, but still vppon him hong. As when a Dolphin and a Sele are met, xv In the wide champian of the Ocean plaine : With cruell chaufe their courages they whet. The maysterdome of each by torce to gaine. And dreadfuU battaile twixt them do (krraine : They snuf, they snort, they bounce, they rage, they rore. That all the sea disturbed with their traine. Doth frie with fome aboue the surges hore. Such was betwixt these two the troublesome vprore. xiv 9 would 1609 Cant. IT. FAERIE QVEENE. 175 So ArUgall at length him forst forsake xvi His horses backe, for dread of being drownd, And to his handy swimming him betake. Eftsoones him selfe he from his hold vnbownd, And then no ods at all in him he fownd: For ArtegaU in swimming skilfull was, And durst the depth of any water sownd. So ought each Knight, that vse of perill has, In swimming be expert through waters force to pas. Then very doubtfull was the warres euent, xvii Vncertaine whether had the better side : For both were skild in that experiment, And both in armes well traind and throughly tride. But ArUgaU was better breathed beside, And towxls th*end, grew greater in his might. That his feint foe no longer could abide His puissance, ne beare him selfe vpright. But from the water to the land betooke his flight. But ^rTigyg// pursewd him still so neare, zvui With bright Chrysaor in his cruell hand. That as his head he gan a litle reare Aboue the brincke, to tread vpon the land. He ^smotejtj)flF, that tumbling on the strand It bit the earth for very fell despight, And gnashed with his teeth, as if he band High God, whose goodnesse he despaired quight. Or curst the hand, which did that vengeance on him dight. His corps was carried downe along the Lee, | xu Whose waters with his filthy bloud it stayned : \ But his blasphemous head, that all might see, \ f He pitcht vpon a pole on high ordayned; \[-i ^ i- A. Where many years it afterwards remayned, 1 j ^ To be a mirrour to all mighty men, i . * ^ In whose right hands great power is contayned, j That none of them the feeble ouerren, j But alwaies doe their powre within iust compasse pen, ■ xviii 9 dight /fptf J.- i . ^ 176 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant.IL ^ That done, vnto the Castle he did wend, xx V In which the Paynims daughter did abide, Guarded of many which did her defend : Of whom he entrance sought, but was denide. And with reprochfull blasphemy defide. Beaten with stones downe from the battilment. That he was forced to withdraw aside ; And bad his seruant Talus to inuent Which way he enter might, without endangerment. Eftsoones his Page drew to the Castle gate, sd And with his .iron flale aj: it Jet flie. That alFthe warders it did sore amate, The which erewhile spake so reprochfully, And^made them stoupe, that looked earst so hie. Yet still he bet, and bounst vppon the dore. And thundred strokes thereon so hideouslie, That all the peece he shaked from the flore, And filled all the house with feare and great vprore. With noise whereof the Lady forth appeared nu Vppon the Castle wall, and when she saw The daungerous state, in which she stood, she feared The sad effect of her neare ouerthrow ; rAnd gan entreat that iron man below, ^To cease his outrage, and him faire besought, Sith neither force of stones which they did throw, Nor powr of charms, which she against him wrought, Might otherwise preuaile, or make him cease for ought. But when as yet she saw him to proceede, xxiii Vnmou'd with praiers, or with piteous thought, yr^She ment him to corrupt with goodly meede; i And causde great sackes with endlesse riches fraught, Vnto the battilment to be vpbrought. And powred forth ouer the Casde wall. That she might win some time, though dearly bought Whilest he to gathering of the gold did fall. But he was nothing mou'd, nor tempted therewithall. Cant.IL FAERIE QVEENE. 177 But still continued his assault the more, niv ^ And layd on load with his huge jrron flaile, That at the length he has yrent the dore^^ And made way for his maister to assaile. Who being entred, nought did then auaile For wighty against his powre them selues to reare : Each one didflie; their hearts began to faile. And hid them selues in corners here and there; And eke their dame halfe dead did hide her self for feare* Long they her sought, yet no where could they finde her, nv That sure they ween'd she was escapt away: But TabiSy that could like a limehound winde her, And all things secrete wisely could bewray, At length found out, whereas she hidden lay Vnder an heape of gold. Thence he her drew By the faire lockes, and fowlv did array, Withouten pitty of her goodly hew. That ArtegaU him selfe her seemelesse plight did rew. -^Yet for no pitty would he change the course ssc^ Of Justice, which in J^alui hand did lye ; Who rudely hayld her forth without remorse, I Still holding vp her suppliant hands on hye. And kneeling at his feete submissiuely. But he her suppliant hands, those hands of gold. And eke her reete, those feete of siluer trye, Which sought vnrighteousnesse, and iustice sold, Chopt off, and nayld on high, that all might them behold. Her selfe then tooke he by the sdender wast, /-In vaine loud crying, and into the flood I Ouer the Casde waU adowne her cast, I And there her drowned in the dur^ mud : But the streame washt away her gudty blood» Thereafter all that mucky pelfe he tooke. The spoile of peoples eudl gotten good. The which her sire had scrap*t by hooke and crooke, TAnd burning all to ashes, powr'd it downe the brooke. xxvii I slender /609 pastm N iV§ t«E V. BOOKE OE TM£ CantJl. And lastly all that Castle quite he raced, stvui Euen from the sole of his foundation, - And all the hewen stones thereof defaced, That there mote be no hope of reparation, Nor memory thereof to any nation. All which when Talus throi^hlv had perfourmed, Sir ArtegaU vndid the euill rashion. And wicked customes of that Brieve refourmed. Which done, vnto his former iourney he retourned. In which they measur'd mickle weary way, mx Till that at length nigh to the sea they drew ; By which as they did trauell on a day. They saw before them, far as they could vew, Full many people gathered in a crew ; Whose great assembly they did much admire. For neuer there the like resort they knew. So towardes them they coasted, to enquire What thing so many nations met, did there desire. There they beheld a mighty Grant stand xxx - Vpon a rocke, and holding forth on hie An huge great paire of ballance in his hand, - With which he boasted in his surquedrie, That all the world he would weigh equallie. If ought he had the same to counterpoys. For want whereof he weighed vanity. And fild his ballaunce full of idle toys : Yet was admired much of fooles, women, and boys. He sayd that he would all the earth vptake, sm And all the sea, deuided each from either : So would he of the fire one ballaunce make. And one of th'ayre, without or wind, or wether : Then would he ballaunce heauen and hell together. And all that did within them all containe ; Of all whose weight, he would not misse a fether. And looke what surplus did of each remaine. He would to his owne part restore the same againe. Cant. II. FAERIE QVEENE, 179 xFor why, he sayd they all vnequall wer^ xuu [ And had encroched vppon others share, Like as the sea (which plaine he shewed there) Had worne the earth, so did the fire the aire, So all the rest did others parts empaire. And so were realmes and nations run awry. All which he vndertooke for to repaire, - In sort as they were formed aunciently ; And all things would reduce vnto equality. / Therefore the vulgar did about him flocke, sum ^ And cluster thicke vnto his leasings vame, Like foolish flies about an hony crocke, In hope by him great benefite to gaine. And vncontroUed fi-eedome to obtaine. All which when ArtegaU did see, and heare, How he mis-led the simple peoples traine. In sdeignfull wize he drew vnto him neare, And thus vnto him spake, without regard or feare. Thou that presum*st to weigh the world anew, uziv And all things to an equall to restore, ^ In stead of right me seemes great wrong dost shew, I And far aboue thy forces pitch to sore. r For ere thou limit wh^t is lesse or more In euery thing, thou oughtest first to know. What was the poyse of euery part of yoce: And looke then how much it doth ouerflow. Or faile thereof, so much is more then iust to trow. For at the first they all created were In goodly measure, by their Makers might. And weighed out in ballaunces so nere. That not a dram was missing of their right. The earth was in the middle centre pight. In which it doth' immoueable abide, Hemd in with waters like a wall in sight ; And they with aire, that not a drop can dide: Al which the heauens containe, and in their courses guide, xxxii 4 earth] eare //pd N 2 i8o THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. 11. Such heauenly iustice doth among them rain^ zuvi That euety one doe know their certaine bound, In which they doe these many yeares remaine, ^ And mongst them al no change hath yet beene found. But if thou now shouldst weigh them new in pound, We are not sure they would so long renudne: V^ All change is perillous, and all chaunce vnsound. Therefore leaue off to weigh them all againe, Till we may be assured they shall their course retaine. Thou foolishe Elfe (said then the Gyant wroth) zuvii Seest not, how badly all things present bee, And each estate quite out of order goth ? The sea it selfe doest thou not plainely see Encroch vppon the land there vnder thee ; And th 'earth it selfe how daily its increast, By all that dying to it turned be ? Were it not good that wrong were then surceast, And from the most, that some were giuen to the least? Therefore I will throw downe these mountaines hie, mvui And make them leuell with the lowly plaine : These towring rocks, which reach vnto the skic, I will thrust downe into the deepest maine, \ And as they were, them equalize againe. Tyrants that make men subiect to their law, 1 will suppresse, that they no more may raine ; I And Lorclings curbe, that commons ouer-aw; /And all the w^th of rich men to the poore will draw. rOf things vnseene how canst thou deeme aright, ^ Then answered the righteous Arugall^ - Sith thou misdeem'st so much of tfiings in sight ? What though the sea with waues contmuall Doe eate the earth, it is no more at all : Ne is the earth the lesse, or loseth ought, [Tor whatsoeuer from one place doth fell, /^ Is with the tide vnto an other brought : !For there is nothing lost, that may be found, if sought, xxxvti 7 be //ptf xxxviii t those 1609 Cant. 11. FAERIE QVEENE. i8i Likewise the earth is not augmented more, zi By all that dying into it doe fade. For of the earth they formed were of yore. How euer gay their blossome or their blade Doe flourish now, they into dust shall vade. What wrong then is it, if that when they die. They turne to that, whereof they first were made ? All in the powre of their great Maker lie: All creatures must obey the voice of the most hie. I They liue, they die, like as he doth ordaine, / xu I Ne euer any asketh reason why. \ The hils doe not the lowly dales disdaine; i \ The dales doe not the lof^ hils enuy. \ - He maketh Kings to sit in souerainty ; ^ I He maketh subiects to their powre obay; He pulleth downe, he setteth vp on hy; [_ He giues to this, from that he ^es away. For all we haue is his: what he list doe, he may. What euer thing is done, by him is donne, zui Ne any may his mighty will withstand ; Ne any may his soueraine power shonne, V Ne loose that he hath bound with stedfast band. ) In vaine therefore doest thou now take in hand. To call to count, or weigh his workes anew. Whose counsels depth thou canst not vnderstand, \ Sith of things subiect to thy daily vew i Thou doest not know the causes, nor their courses dew.i For take thy ballaunce, if thou be so wise, siui And weigh the winde, that vnder heauen doth blow ; "" » 1 Or weigh the light, that in the East doth rise ; Or weigh the thought, that from mans mind doth flow. But if the weight of these thou canst not show, C Weigh but one word which from thy lips doth fall, il [ For how canst thou those greater secrets know, 1 ^ That doest not know the least thing of them all ? / 111 can he rule the great, that cannot reach the small. / 1 82 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. 11. Therewith the Gyant much abashed sayd ; *iiv That he of little things made reckoning light, Yet the least word that euer could be layd Within his ballaunce, he could way aright. r Which is (sayd he) more heauy then in weight, [ The right or wrong, the fiJse or else the trew? He answered, that he would try it streight, .' So he the words into his ballaunce threw, C But streight the winged words out of his ballaunce flew. Wroth wext he then, and sayd, that words were light, xiv Ne would within his ballaunce well abide. But he could iustly weigh the wrong or right. Well then, sayd Artegally let it be tride. rFirst in one ballance set the true aside. I He did so first ; and then the false he layd ^ In th'other scale ; but still it downe did slide. And by no meane could in the weight be stayd. \ For by no meanes the false will with the truth be wayd. Now take the right likewise, sayd Artegaky xwi And counterpeise the same with so much wrong. So first the right he put into one scale ; And then the Gyant stroue with puissance strong r- To fill the other scale with so much wrong. (^ But all the wrongs that he therein could lay. Might not it peise ; yet did he labour long. And swat, and chauf^d, and proued euery way : Yet all the wrongs could not a litle right downe way. Which when he saw, he greatly grew in rage, xivii And almost would his balances haue broken : But Artegall him fairely gan asswage. And said ; Be not vpon thy balance wroken : For they doe nought but right or wrong betoken ; But in the mind the doome of right must bee ; And so likewise of words, the which be spoken. The eare must be the ballance, to decree And iudge, whether with truth or falshood they agree. xlvi 9 way] lay 160^ xlvii 4 be ij^6 L I Cant. 11. FAERIE QVEENE. 183 But set the truth and set the right aside, ^vw For they with wrong or falshood will not fare; And put two wrongs together to be tride, Or else two falses, of each equall share ; And then together doe them both compare. ^ For truth is one, and right is euer one. So did he, and then plame it did appeare, Whether of them the greater were attone. But right sate in the middest of the beame alone. But he the right from thence did thrust away, xiix For It was not the right, which he did seeke; But rather stroue extremities to way, Th*one to diminish, th'other for to eeke. For of the meane he greatly did misleeke. Whom when so lewdfy minded ^alus found, Approching nigh vnto him cheeke by cheeke. He shouldered him from off the higher ground. And down the rock him throwing, in the sea him dround. Like as a ship, whom cruell tempest driues 1 Vpon a rocke with horrible dismay, Her shattered ribs in thousand peeces riues, And spoyling all her geares and goodly ray, Does make her selfe misfortunes piteous pray. So downe the clifFe the wretched Gyant tumbled ; His battred ballances in peeces lay, His timbered bones all broken rudely rumbled, So was the high aspyring with huge ruine humbled. That when the people, which had there about [ u Long wayted, saw his sudden desolation. They gan to gather in tumultuous rout, And mutining, to stirre vp ciuill faction. For certaine losse of so great expectation. For well they hoped to haue got great good. And wondrous, richer by his innouation. Therefore resoluing to reuenge his blood. They rose in arm^ and all in battell order stood. 1 5 makes JJ96 li 6 good ; 1^96 1 84 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. 11. Which lawlesse multitude him comming too ui In warlike wise, when Artegall did vew, He much was troubled, ne wist what to doo. For loth he was his noble hands t'embrew In the base blood of such a rascall crew ; And othermse, if that he should retire, He fear*d least they with shame would him pursew. / Therefore he ^alus to them sent, t*inquire tfhe cause of their array, and truce for to desire* But soone as they him nigh approching spide, im 'They gan with all their weapons him assay, V And rudely stroke at him on euery side : Yet nought they could him hurt, ne ought dismay. / But when at them he with his flaile gan lay, / He like a swarme of flyes them ouerthrew ; Ne any of them durst come in his way. But here and there before his presence flew. And hid themselues in holes and bushes from his vew. As when a Faulcon hath with nimble flight uv Flowne at a flush of Ducks, foreby the brooke. The trembling foule dismayd with dreadfull sight Of death, the which them almost ouertooke. Doe hide themselues from her astonying looke. Amongst the flags and couert round about. When Talus saw they all the field forsooke And none appeared of all that raskall rout, To Artegall he turn'd, and went with him throughout. liii 3 strooke 1609 Cant. III. FAERIE QVEENE. 185 Cant III 7b€ spoutids of fairi Flarmdlj where tumey many hnigbts: Tbere Brafgadocbio is vncas*d in all tbe Ladies sigbts, AFter long stormes and tempests ouerblowne, i jCx-Thc sunne at length his ioyous face doth cleare : So when as fortune all her spight hath showne, Some blisfull houres at last must needes appeare ; Else should afflicted wights oftimes despeire. So comes it now to Florimell by tourne, After long sorrowes suffered whyleare, In which captiu'd she many moneths did mourne, To tast of ioy, and to wont pleasures to retourne. Who being freed from Proteus cruell band ii By Marines^ was vnto him aflide, And by him brought againe to Faerie land ; Where he her spous'd, and made his ioyous bride. The time and place was blazed farre and wide ; And solemne feasts and giusts ordain'd therefore. To which there did resort from euery side Of Lords and Ladies infinite great store; Ne any Knight was absent, that braue courage bore. To tell the glorie of the feast that day, iii The goodly seruice, the deuicefuU sights, The bridegromes state, the brides most rich aray. The pride of Ladies, and the worth of knights. The royall banquets, and the rare delights Were worke fit for an Herauld, not for me : But for so much as to my lot here lights. That with this present treatise doth agree. True vertue to aduance, shall here recounted bee. 1 86 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. TIL When all men had with full satietie ly Of meates and drinkes their appetites suffiz'd, To deedes of armes and proofe of cheualrie They gan themselues addresse, fiill rich aguiz*d, As each one had his furnitures deuiz'd. And first of all issu'd Sir Marinelly And with him sixe knights more, which enterpriz'd To chalenge all in right of Fhrimelly And to maintaine, that she all others did excell. The first of them was hight Sir Orimanty ▼ A noble Knight, and tride in hard assayes: The second had to name Sir Bellisontj But second vnto none in prowesse prayse ; The third was Brunei/^ famous in his dayes ; The. fourth Ecastor^ of exceeding might ; The fift Armeddatiy skild in louely layes ; The sixt was Lansack^ a redoubted Knight: All sixe well seene in armes, and prou'd in many a fight. And them against came all that list to giust, vi From cuery coast and countrie vnder sunne : None was debard, but all had leaue that lust. The trompets sound ; then all together ronne. Full many deedes of armes that day were donne. And many knights vnhorst, and many wounded. As fortune fell ; yet lide lost or wonne : But all that day the greatest prayse redounded To Marinelly whose name the Heralds loud resounded. The second day, so soone as morrow light vii Appear'd in heauen, into the field they came, And there all day continew'd cruell fight. With diuers fortune fit for such a game, In which all stroue with perill to winne fame. Yet whether side was victor, note be ghest : But at the last the trompets did prodame That Marinell that day deserued best. So they disparted were, and all men went to rest. Cant.IIL FAERIE QVEENE. 187 The third day came, that should due tryall lend vui Of all the rest, and then this warlike crew Together met, of all to make an end. There Marinell great deeds of armes did shew ; And through the thickest like a Lyon flew, Rashing off helmes, and ryuing plates a sonder. That euery one his daunger did eschew. So terribly his dreadfull strokes did thonder, That all men stood amaz'd, and at his might did wonder. But what on earth can alwayes happie stand? u The greater prowesse greater perils find. So farre he past amongst his enemies band. That they haue him enclosed so behind. As by no meanes he can himselfe outwind. And now perforce they haue him prisoner taken ; And now they doe with captiue bands him bind ; And now they lead him thence, of all forsaken, Vnlesse some succour had in time him ouertaken.. It fortun'd whylest they were thus ill beset, x Sir Artegall into the Tilt-yard came. With BraggadocHoy whom he lately met Vpon the way, with that his snowy Dame. Where when he vnderstood by common feme. What euill hap to Marinell betid. He much was mou'd at so vnworthie shame. And streight that boaster prayd, with whom he rid. To change his shield with him, to be the better hid. So forth he went, and soone them ouer hent, xi Where they were leading Marinell away, Whom he assayld with dreadlesse hardiment. And forst the burden of their prize to stay. They were an hundred knights of that array ; Of which th'one halfe vpon himselfe did set. The other stayd behind to gard the pray. But he ere long the former fiftie bet ; And from the other fiftie soone the prisoner fet. xi 7 Th'other /ypd, 1609 9 th'other /ypd, 160^ 1 88 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. III. So backe he brought Sir MarineU againe ; su Whom hauing quickly arm'd againe anew, They both together ioyned might and maine,. To set afresh on all the other crew. Whom with sore hauocke soone they ouerthrew, And chaced quite out of the field, that none Against them durst his head to perill shew. So were they left Lords of the field alone : So MarineU by him was rescu'd from his fone. Which when he had perform'd, then backe againe xui To Braggadochio did his shield restore : Who all this while behind him did remaine, Keeping there close with him in pretious store That his false Ladie, as ye heard afore. Then did the trompets sound, and ludges rose, And all these knights, which that day armour bore, Gime to the open hall, to listen whose The honour of the prize should be adiudg*d by those. And thether also came in open sight xiv Fayre Florimell^ into the common hall. To greet his guerdon vnto euery knight. And best to him, to whom the best should fall. Then for that stranger knight they loud did call. To whom that day they should the girlond yield. Who came not forth, but for Sir Artegall Came Braggadochio^ and did shew his shield. Which bore the Sunne brode blazed in a golden field. The sight whereof did all with gladnesse fill : <▼ So vnto him they did addeeme the prise Of all that Tryumph. Then the trompets shrill Don Braggadochios name resounded thrise : So courage lent a doke to cowardise. And then to him came fayrest Florimelly And goodly gan to greet his braue emprise, And thousand thankes him yeeld, that had so well Approu'd that day, that she all others did excell. Cam.nL FAERIE QVEENE. 189 To whom the boaster, that all knights did blot, zvi With proud disdaine did scornefiill answere make ; That what he did that day, he did it not For her, but for his owne deare Ladies sake. Whom on his perill he did vndertake. Both her and eke all others to excell : And further did vncomely speaches crake. Much did his words the gentle Ladie quell. And tum'd aside for shame to heare, what he did tell. Then forth he brought his snowy Fhrimeky xvu Whom ^rofi^an had in keeping there beside, G)uered from peoples gazement with a vele. Whom when discouered they had throughly eide. With great amazement they were stupefide ; And said, that surely Fhrimell it was, Or if it were not Fhrimell so tride. That FlmmeU her selfe she then did pas. So feeble skill of perfect things the vulgar has. Which when as Marinell beheld likewise, vrm He was therewith exceedingly dismayd ; Ne wist he what to thinke, or to deuise. But like as one, whom feends had made affirayd. He long astonisht stood, ne ought he sayd, Ne ought he did, but with fast fixed eies He gazed still vpon that snowy mayd ; Whom euer as he did the more auize. The more to be true Florimell he did surmize. As when two sunnes appeare in the azure skye, six Mounted in Phabus charet fierie bright. Both darting forth faire beames to each mans eye, And both adorn'd with lampes of flaming light. All that behold so strange prodigious sight. Not knowing natures worke, nor what to weene. Are rapt with wonder, and with rare affright. So stood Sir Marinelly when he had seene The semblant of this false by his faire beauties Queene. xix I th'azure i6o^ I90 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cam. III. All which when Artegally who all this while » Stood in the preasse close couered, well aduewed, And saw that boasters pride and gracelesse guile, He could no longer beare, but forth issewed. And vnto all himselfe there open shewed, And to the boaster said ; Thou loseU base, That hast with borrowed plumes thy selfe endewed, And others worth with leasings doest deface. When they are all restor'd, thou shalt rest in disgrace. That shield, which thou doest beare, was it indeed, ui Which this dayes honour sau'd to MarineU; But not that arme, nor thou the man I reed. Which didst that seruice vnto FlorimeU. For proofe shew forth thy sword, and let it tell. What strokes, what dreadfull stoure it stird this day : Or shew the wounds, which vnto thee befell ; Or shew the sweat, with which thou diddest sway So sharpe a battell, that so many did dismay. But this the sword, which wrought those cruell stounds, xzu And this the arme, the which that shield did beare. And these the signes, (so shewed forth his wounds) By which that glorie gotten doth appeare. As for this Ladie, which he sheweth here. Is not (I wager) FlorimeU at all ; But some fayre Franion, fit for such a fere. That by misfortune in his hand did fiJL For proote whereof, he bad them FlorimeU forth call. So forth the noble Ladie was ybrought, xxiu Adorn'd with honor and aU comely grace : Whereto her bashfuU shamefastnesse ywrought A great increase in her faire blushing fece ; As roses did with lillies interlace. For of those words, the which that boaster threw. She inly yet conceiued great disgrace. Whom when as all the people such did vew. They shouted loud, and signes of gladnesse all did shew. Cam. III. FAERIE QVEENE. 191 Then did he set her bv that snowy one, xxiv Like the true saint beside the image set, Of both their beauties to make paragone, And triall, whether should the honor get. Streight way so soone as both together met, Th'enchaunted Damzell vanisht into nought : Her snowy substance melted as with heat, Ne of that goodly hew remayned ought, But th*emptie girdle, which about her wast was wrought. As when the daughter of Thaumantes faire, zxv Hath in a watry cloud displayed wide Her goodly bow, which paints the liquid ayre ; That all men wonder at her colours pride ; All suddenly, ere one can looke aside. The glorious picture vanisheth away, Ne any token doth thereof abide: So did this Ladies goodly forme decay. And into nothing goe, ere one could it bewray. Which when as all that present were, beheld, xxvi They stricken were with great astonishment. And their faint harts with senselesse horrour queld. To see the thing, that seem'd so excellent. So stolen from their fancies wonderment ; That what of it became, none vnderstood. And Braggadochio selfe with dreriment So daunted was in his despeyring mood. That like a lifelesse corse immoueable he stood. But Artegall that golden belt vptooke, xxvu The which of all her spoyle was onely left ; Which was not hers, as many it mistooke. But FhrimeUs owne girdle, from her reft, While she was flying, like a weary weft, From that foule monster, which did her compell To perils great ; which he vnbuckling eft, Presented to the fayrest FhrimeU; Who round about her tender wast it fitted well. 192 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant.IIL Full many Ladies often had assayd, nvui About their middles that faire belt to knit ; And many a one suppos'd to be a mayd : Yet it to none of all their loynes would fit, Till Fhrimett about her festned it. Such power it had, that to no womans wast By any skill or labour it would sit, Vnlesse that she were continent and chast, But it would lose or breake, that many had disgrast. Whilest thus they busied were bout Florimellj xxu And boastfull Braggadochio to defame. Sir Guyon as by fortune then befell. Forth from the thickest preasse of people came, His owne good steed, which he had stolne, to dame ; And th'one hand seizing on his golden bit. With th'other drew his sword: for with the same He ment the thiefe there deadly to haue smit : And had he not bene held, he nought had fayld of it. Thereof great hurly burlv moued was wot Throughout the hall, tor that same warlike horse. For Braggadochio would not let him pas ; And Guyon would him algates haue perforse. Or it approue vpon his carrion corse. Which troublous stirre when ArUgall perceiued. He nigh them drew to stay th*auengers forse, And gan inquire, how was that steed bereaued. Whether by might extort, or else by slight deceaued. Who all that piteous storie, which befell aucd About that wofiiU couple, which were slaine. And their young bloodie babe to him gan tell ; With whom whiles he did in the wood remaine. His horse purloyned was by subtill traine : For which he chalenged the thiefe to fight. But he for nought could him thereto constraine. For as the death he hated such despight, And rather had to lose, then trie in armes his right. Cant. III. FAERIE QVEENE. 193 Which Artegall well hearing, though no more xxxii By law of armes there neede ones right to trie, As was the wont of warlike knights of yore, Then that his foe should him the field denie, Yet further right by tokens to descrie, He askt, what priuie tokens he did b^re. If that (said Guyon) may you satisfie, Within his mouth a blacke spot doth appeare, Shapt like a horses shoe, who list to seeke it there. Whereof to make due tryaU, one did take xxzui The horse in hand, within his mouth to looke : But with his heeles so sorely he him strake, That all his ribs he quite in peeces broke, That neuer word from that day forth he spoke. Another that would seeme to haue more wit. Him by the bright embrodered hedstall tooke : But by the shoulder him so sore he bit. That he him maymed quite, and all his shoulder split. Ne he his mouth would open vnto wight, xmiv Vntill that Guyon selfe vnto him spake. And called Brigadore (so was he hight) Whose voice so soone as he did vndertake, Eftsoones he stood as still as any stake. And suffred all his secret marke to see : And when as he him nam'd, for ioy he brake His bands, and followed him with gladfuU glee, And fi-iskt, and flong aloft, and louted low on knee. Thereby Sir Artegall dkd, plaine areed. That vnto him the horse belong'd, and sayd ; Lo there Sir Guyotiy take to you the steed, As he with golden saddle is arayd ; And let that losell, plainely now displayd, Hence fare on foot, till he an horse haue gayned. But the proud boaster gan his doome vpbrayd. And him reuil'd, and rated, and disdayned, That iudgement so vniust against him had ordayned. 194 THE V. BOOKE OF THE Cant. III. Much was the knight incenst with his lewd word, xmth To hauc reuenged that his villeny ; And thrise did lay his hand vpon his sword, To haue him slaine, or dearely doen aby. But Guyon did his choler pacify, Saying, Sir knight, it would dishonour bee To you, that are our iudge of equity. To wreake your wrath on such a carle as hee : It's punishment enough, that all his shame doe see. So did he mitigate Sir ArtegaUy nzvu But ^alus by the backe the boaster hent. And drawing him out of the open hall, Vpon him did inflict this punishment. First he his beard did shaue, and fowly shent : Then from him reft his shield, and it renuerst. And blotted out his armes with falshood blent. And himselfe baflFuld, and his armes vnherst. And broke his sword in twaine, and all his armour sperst. The whiles his guilefull groome was fled away : xzzviu But vaine it was to thinke from him to flie. Who ouertaking him did disaray. And all his face deform'd with infamie. And out of court him scourged openly. So ought all faytours, that true knighthood shame, And armes dishonour with base villanie. From all braue knights be banisht with defame : For oft their lewdnes blotteth good deserts with blame. Now when these counterfeits were thus vncased nzix Out of the foreside of their forgerie. And in the sight of all men cleane disgraced. All gan to iest and gibe full merilie At the remembrance of their knauerie. Ladies can laugh at Ladies, Knights at Knights, To thinke with how great vaunt of brauerie He them abused, through his subtill slights. And what a glorious shew he made in all their sights. xxxvi 8 hee 7/96 Cant. III. FAERIE QVEENE. 195 There leaue we them in pleasure and repast, zi Spending their ioyous dayes and gladfull nights, And taking vsurie of time forepast, With all deare delices and rare delights, Fit for such Ladies and such louely knights : And turne we here to this feire furrowes end Our wearie yokes, to gather fresher sprights. That when as time to Artegall shall tend, We on his first aduenture may him forward send. Cant. nil. Artigdl iiditb right bnwixt two hretbrin that doe striui^ Smut Tirfm$ from tb€ galloa truy and doth from diotb repriug. WHo so ypon him selfe will take the skill True lustice vnto people to diuide, Had neede haue mightie handsj for to fulfill That, which he doth with righteous doome decide. And for to maister wrong and puissant pride. For vaine it is to deeme of things aright. And makes wronj? doers iustice to deride, Vnlessc it be performed with drcadlcssc might, FoiLpaKre.is_lhe jdght hand .of Iustice tnielyJiighL Therefore whylome to knights of great emprise The charge of lustice giuen was in trust, V That they might.fixeciitc her iudgements wise. And with their might beat downe licentious lust. Which proudly did impugne her sentence iust. Whereof no brauer president this day Remaines on earth, preseru*d from yron rust Of rude obliuion, and long times decay, Then this of Artegall^ which here we haue to say. xl 6 we] were ijg6 ii 6 precedent i6oq O 2 S 196 THE V. BOOKE OF THE CanUlIII. Who hauing lately left that louely payre, ui Enlincked fast in wedlockes loyall bond, Bold Marinett with Fhrimell the fayre, With whom great feast and goodly glee he fond. Departed from the Castle of the strond, To follow his aduentures first intent, Which long agoe he taken had in hond : Ne wight with him for his assistance went, But that great yron groome, his gard and gouernment With whom as he did passe by the sea shore, !▼ He chaunst to come, whereas two comely Squires, Both brethren, whom one wombe together bore. But stirred vp with different desires, Together stroue, and kindled wrathfiill fires : And them beside two seemely damzels stood. By all meanes seeking to asswage their ires. Now with faire words ; but words did litde good, (mood. Now with sharpe threats ; but threats the more increast their And there before them stood a Coffer strong, v Fast bound on eucry side with iron bands. But seeming to haue suffred mickle wrong. Either by being wreckt vppon the sands. Or being carried farre from forraine lands. Seemed that for it these Squires at ods did fall. And bent against them selues their cruell hands. But euermore, those Damzels did forestall Their furious encounter, and their fiercenesse pall. But firmely fixt they were, with dint of sword, vi And battailes doubtfull proofe their rights to try, Ne other end their fury would afford, But what to them Fortune would iustify. So stood they both in readinesse thereby. To ioyne the combate with cruell intent ; When Artegall arriuing happily. Did stay a while their greedy bickerment. Till he had questioned the cause of their dissent. vi 5 readinesse : thereby 7/96 CanLlIII. FAERIE QVEENE. 197 To whom the elder did this aunswere frame ; vm Then weete ye Sir, that we two brethren be, To whom our sire, Miksio by name. Did equally bequeath his lands in fee, Two llands, which ye there before you see Not farre in sea ; or which the one appeares But like a little Mount of small degree ; Yet was as great and wide ere many yeares, As that same other Isle, that greater bredth now beares. But tract of time, that all things doth decay, Tiii And this deuouring Sea, that naught doth spare, The most part of my land hath washt away. And throwne it vp vnto my brothers share: So his encreased, out mine did empaire. Before which time I lou'd, as was my lot. That further mayd, hight Philtera the faire, With whom a goodly doure I should haue got. And should haue ioyned bene to her in wedlocks knot. Then did my younger brother AmUas ix Loue that same other Damzell, Lucy bright, To whom but little dowre allotted was; Her vertue was the dowre, that did delight. What better dowre can to a dame be hight? But now when Philtra saw my lands decay. And former liuelod fayle, she left me quight. And to my brother did ellope streight wav: Who taking her from me, his owne loue left astray. She seeing then her selfe forsaken so, % Through dolorous despaire, which she conceyued. Into the Sea her selfe did headlong throw. Thinking to haue her griefe by death bereaued. But see how much her purpose was deceaued. Whilest thus amidst the billowes beating of her Twixt life and death, long to and fro she weaued. She chaunst vnwares to light vppon this coffer. Which to her in that daunger hope of life did offer. 198 THE V. BOOKE OF THE CanLllIL The wretched mayd that earst desir'd to die, zi When as the paine of death she tasted had, And but halfe seene his vgly visnomie, Gan to repent, that she had beene so mad. For any death to chaunge life though most bad : And catching hold of this Sea-beaten chest. The lucky Pylot of her passage sad. After long tossing in the seas distrest. Her weary barke at last vppon mine Isle did rest. Where I by chaunce then wandring on the shore, zu Did her espy, and through my good endeuour From dreadfuU mouth of death, which threatned sore Her to haue swallowed vp, did helpe to saue her. She then in recompence of that great fauour. Which I on her bestowed, bestowed on me The portion of that good, which Fortune gaue her, Together with her selfe in dowry free ; Both goodly portions, but of both the better she. Yet in this coffer, which she with her brought, juu Great threasure sithence we did finde contained ; Which as our owne we tooke, and so it thought. But this same other Damzell since hath fained. That to her selfe that threasure appertained ; And that she did transport the same by sea. To bring it to her husband new ordained, But suftred cruell shipwracke by the way. But whether it be so or no, I can not say.
| 15,426 |
6917299_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 758 | 953 |
HUXMAN, Circuit Judge
(dissenting).
I fail to see where the title to stock or the transfer of title under 'the Colorado Certificate Stock Transfer Act, set out in the majprity opinion, is a factor in this case. This is not a case involving the title or ownership of the 50 shares of stock represented by Certificate Number 46. In his prayer plaintiff prays, “that he have and recover possession of said certificate of stock No. 46.” It is true that in addition he prays that “the right and title to said stock ownership be declared to rest in plaintiff.” It is axiomatic that the prayer forms no part of the cause of action and that a plaintiff will be awarded such relief as is warranted by the complaint. Plaintiff was not entitled to have judgment declaring him to be the owner of this stock but if he could establish the allegations of his complaint, set out therein, he was entitled to have judgment for the possession of Stock Certificate Number 46.
This is strictly a replevin action in which the plaintiff seeks to recover a specific piece of paper, towit: Stock Certificate Number 46. The complaint is in-artistically drawn, but stripped of its verbiage it is clear that plaintiff seeks to recover a specific stock certificate. All that is necessary for him to allege or to establish in order to prevail is that he is entitled to the possession of the stock certificate, that it is unlawfully withheld from him, that demand has been made for its surrender, and that compliance with such demand has been refused, and this the petition does. Thus it is alleged that, “Defendants are now in possession of certificate of stock No. 46, representing ownership of fifty shares of capital stock in Rock Wool Insulating Company, a Colorado corporation. * * *. Plaintiff is unable to state which one or ones of said defendants now wrongfully possess and withhold said certificate of stock No. 46, to which plaintiff has the immediate right of possession by virtue of a duly executed assignment of said certificate of stock No. 46 * * It alleges that the stock certificate has been pledged with the defendants and could not be delivered to him “for the reason that some of said defendants, as above alleged, wrongfully and unlawfully possess and forcibly retain same and upon good tender and demand, as herein alleged, have failed and refused to deliver said certificate of stock No. 46 to plaintiff. * * * and by such acts and conduct of defendants, and each of them, plaintiff is unable to obtain possession of such stock certificate No. 46, to which he is lawfully entitled. * * * ”
While the authorities hold that the title or ownership of shares of stock represented by a stock certificate may not be raised in a replevin action, they do hold, so far as I can find, without exception, that the right to recover a specific stock certificate is a proper subject for such an action.
46 Am.Jur., Replevin, § 22 states, “Replevin, or equitable replevin, may be maintained for a certificate of stock, where the object is to regain possession of the specific paper, and not to test the right to the property which it represents.” In Somerville National Bank v. Hornblower, 293 Mass. 363, 199 N.E. 918, 920, 104 A.L.R. 1107, while the court held that stock in a corporation could not be recovered by replevin, it did hold that a specific stock certificate could be so recovered. The Court said, “Replevin, or equitable replevin, may be maintained for a certificate of stock.” In Campbell v. Brooks, 93 Miss. 853, 47 So. 545, 546, 20 L.R.A.,N.S., 507, the court recognized “that ‘a writ of replevin will lie for the recovery either of deeds or certificates of stock, where the object is to regain possession of the specific paper, and not to test the right to the property which it represents.’ ” In Bush v. Hillman Land Co., 22 Del.Ch. 374, 2 A.2d 133, the court held that re-*5plevin would lie to recover a specific stock certificate.
It may well be that upon a trial of the issue, plaintiff may fail to establish that he is entitled to the possession of this stock certificate but that can only be determined after a trial upon the merits. In my opinion, the complaint stated a cause of action and the trial court erred in dismissing the complaint.
I would Reverse and Remand for a trial on the merits.
| 9,469 |
https://github.com/wangpggg/PCCredit_YQ/blob/master/src/java/com/cardpay/pccredit/jnpad/web/JnpadCustomerInfoInsertController.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,016 |
PCCredit_YQ
|
wangpggg
|
Java
|
Code
| 297 | 1,782 |
package com.cardpay.pccredit.jnpad.web;
import java.util.Date;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ModelAttribute;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
import com.cardpay.pccredit.common.IdCardValidate;
import com.cardpay.pccredit.customer.constant.CustomerInforConstant;
import com.cardpay.pccredit.customer.filter.CustomerInforFilter;
import com.cardpay.pccredit.customer.model.CustomerInfor;
import com.cardpay.pccredit.datapri.constant.DataPriConstants;
import com.cardpay.pccredit.ipad.util.JsonDateValueProcessor;
import com.cardpay.pccredit.jnpad.model.CustomerInfo;
import com.cardpay.pccredit.jnpad.model.CustomerInfoForm;
import com.cardpay.pccredit.jnpad.service.JnpadCustomerInfoInsertService;
import com.cardpay.pccredit.jnpad.service.JnpadCustomerSelectService;
import com.cardpay.pccredit.riskControl.model.RiskCustomer;
import com.cardpay.pccredit.system.model.SystemUser;
import com.wicresoft.jrad.base.constant.JRadConstants;
import com.wicresoft.jrad.base.web.controller.BaseController;
import com.wicresoft.jrad.base.web.result.JRadReturnMap;
import com.wicresoft.jrad.base.web.security.LoginManager;
import com.wicresoft.jrad.modules.privilege.model.User;
import com.wicresoft.util.spring.Beans;
import net.sf.json.JSONObject;
import net.sf.json.JsonConfig;
/**
*
* 新建客户
* @author sealy
*
*/
@Controller
public class JnpadCustomerInfoInsertController extends BaseController {
@Autowired
private JnpadCustomerInfoInsertService JnpadCustomerInfoInsertService;
@Autowired
private JnpadCustomerSelectService jnpadCustomerSelectService;
@ResponseBody
@RequestMapping(value="/ipad/product/customerInsert.json" ,method = { RequestMethod.GET })
public String customerInsert(@ModelAttribute CustomerInfoForm customerinfoForm ,HttpServletRequest request){
customerinfoForm.setChineseName(request.getParameter("chineseName"));
customerinfoForm.setCardType(request.getParameter("cardType"));
customerinfoForm.setCardId(request.getParameter("cardId"));
customerinfoForm.setSpmc(request.getParameter("spmc"));
JRadReturnMap returnMap = new JRadReturnMap();
if (returnMap.isSuccess()) {
try {
CustomerInforFilter filter = new CustomerInforFilter();
filter.setCardId(customerinfoForm.getCardId());
//身份证号码验证
String msg = IdCardValidate.IDCardValidate(customerinfoForm.getCardId());
if(msg !="" && msg != null){
returnMap.put(JRadConstants.MESSAGE, msg);
returnMap.put(JRadConstants.SUCCESS, false);
JsonConfig jsonConfig = new JsonConfig();
jsonConfig.registerJsonValueProcessor(Date.class,new JsonDateValueProcessor());
JSONObject json = JSONObject.fromObject(returnMap, jsonConfig);
return json.toString();
}
CustomerInfo ls = jnpadCustomerSelectService.selectCustomerInfoByCardId(filter.getCardId());
if(ls != null ){
String message = "";
String gId = ls.getUserId();
if(gId==null){
message = "保存失败，此客户已存在，请线下及时联系!";
}else{
message = "保存失败，此客户已挂在客户经理"+gId+"下!";
}
//查询是否为风险名单
// List<RiskCustomer> riskCustomers = customerInforService.findRiskByCardId(customerinfoForm.getCardId());
// if(riskCustomers.size()>0){
// SystemUser user = customerInforService.getUseById(riskCustomers.get(0).getCreatedBy());
// DateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
// String dateString = format.format(riskCustomers.get(0).getCreatedTime());
// message+="此客户于"+dateString+"被"+user.getDisplayName()+"拒绝，原因为"+riskCustomers.get(0).getRefuseReason();
// }
// returnMap.put(JRadConstants.MESSAGE, message);
// returnMap.put(JRadConstants.SUCCESS, false);
//
// JsonConfig jsonConfig = new JsonConfig();
// jsonConfig.registerJsonValueProcessor(Date.class,new JsonDateValueProcessor());
// JSONObject json = JSONObject.fromObject(returnMap, jsonConfig);
// return json.toString();
}else{
returnMap.put(JRadConstants.SUCCESS, true);
CustomerInfo customerinfor = customerinfoForm.createModel(CustomerInfo.class);
// User user = (User) Beans.get(LoginManager.class).getLoggedInUser(request);
User user = new User();
user.setId(request.getParameter("id"));
customerinfor.setCreatedBy(user.getId());
customerinfor.setUserId(user.getId());
String id = JnpadCustomerInfoInsertService.customerInforInsert(customerinfor);
returnMap.put(RECORD_ID, id);
returnMap.addGlobalMessage(CREATE_SUCCESS);
}
}catch (Exception e) {
returnMap.put(JRadConstants.MESSAGE, DataPriConstants.SYS_EXCEPTION_MSG);
returnMap.put(JRadConstants.SUCCESS, false);
JsonConfig jsonConfig = new JsonConfig();
jsonConfig.registerJsonValueProcessor(Date.class,new JsonDateValueProcessor());
JSONObject json = JSONObject.fromObject(returnMap, jsonConfig);
return json.toString(); }
}else{
returnMap.setSuccess(false);
returnMap.addGlobalError(CustomerInforConstant.CREATEERROR);
}
JsonConfig jsonConfig = new JsonConfig();
jsonConfig.registerJsonValueProcessor(Date.class,new JsonDateValueProcessor());
JSONObject json = JSONObject.fromObject(returnMap, jsonConfig);
return json.toString();
}
}
| 39,648 |
sn83021205_1875-08-24_1_4_2
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,875 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,475 | 9,699 |
Providence to Canonlcut Park or Newport and return, 75 cts. Providence lo Canonicut Park or Kewportaml return, Children 50 cts. Newport to Rocky Point and return, 40 cts. REGULAR FARES.—Providence to Canonicut Park or Newport, 50 cts. Providence to Canonicut Park or Newport, Children 25 cts. No ale or intoxicating drinks of any kind sold on the boats. Liberal arrangements for Sabbath Schools, Societies, Military Organizations, Moonlight Excursions, Ac., to any point 011 the river, can be made on application io F. MAURAN, Sup’t, Je3o d2ni Provldenee, It. I, XjiOß PORTLAND. ’ A (SUMMER ARRANGEMENT.) LEWISTON, WHITE MOUNTAINM, MONTREAL, HALIFAX, Ar. One of the Elegant Steamers, JOHN BROOKS or FOREST CITY, will leave foot of India Wharf, Boston, daily (Sundays excepted), at 7 o’clock r. u. Connec tions made at Portland with Grand Trunk and Portland and Ofidensbnrg Railroads; also, steamers for Halifax and other points east. Through tickets can be obtained on the boat. No freight received after 6 o’clock p. m. State Rooms secured lg advance, Pure to Portland, sl. WM. WEEKS, Agent, jyß dtf Foot of India Wharf. 1872. WINIIMOB’H LINE. Providence and Philadelphia STEAMSHIPS. OLD LINE ESTABLISHED IN IBM. Steamships HUNTER, Capt. Sheraian, CATHERINE WHITING, Capt. Harding, formerly composing the KEYSTONE LINK, sailing from foot South Main street, Providence, and from Pier 18, below Spruce street .Phil adelphia EVERY SATURDAY, nt ft p. m. No wharfage aim no rehandling. A steamer al ways oa tlie berth to receive freight. Goods forwarded from Philadelphia to all points West and South. Mark your Goods Windsor's Line, aud leave at Green Street Station. For farther information apply to A. E. OUACKENBOSS. Agent, or O. A. KEI.TON,Agent, w " rcM >«- foot of South Main st., Providence HENRY WINBOR A Co., Agents. ‘ s'24 dtf 999 South Delaware avenne. Phi WESTWARD HO!—Tickets for the West, ▼ ? by all routes, and for all points South on Uie Mis sissippi River, at the lowest rates. Apply to JONATHAN BARNARD, (j. H. and Canada Kxprem Office, Crimp ton’s Block, Mechanic street, where all information will he cheerfully given. gttbintml. gPKCIAL AC.ENOY FOR THE NEW YORK University Medicines. Compound Fluid Extract of Can cer Plant. Thl* Plant, the most powerful remedial for tlie cure of Blood *mt Skin Diseases ever discovered in Materia Mediea, is an Immediate and permanent curative for all Scrofulous, Cancerous and Syphilitic Maladies. The Caucer Plant is sold on the following warrant** * As a Blood Purifier, one bottle ot this Extract hmuurnii teed to possess more real virtue than one dozen boltles of any sarsaparilla or Alterative extant. Price $2 per package, (with book); or three packages for $5. II Oxyd-Phenyl. Professor Scott’s Recently discovered Cure for Deaf ness is datly curing enses of Impaired Hearing, formerly regarded as hopelessly Incurable. During the past year it has cured several hundred patients at nn infinitesimal cost, many of whom had previously tried almost every thing. and expended incredible amounts of money with out benefit. Relief 19 immediate and permanent, and It can be used with safety by all. See Editorial Notices of this Great modern Chemical Discovery in nearly every paper In America and Europe, including the Revue Jes deux Mondes, Gallgnant’s Messenger. Loudon Times. New York Herald, Times, Tribune, Sun Chicago Trib une, Washington Globe and 3,000 others. Price $3 per package (with book); or two packages for $5. 111. Catarrh Specific. Cures the most formidable cases of Catarrh iu exist ence, almost instantuneouslv. Warranted to cure Con stant Hawking and Spitting, Incessant Blowing of the Nose, Offensive Bream, Stuffy or Stopped-up Feeling in the Head, und Discharge of Thick, Thin, or Acrid Mucus from the Nostrils, Jtc. Price $2 per package (with l»ook) or three packages for $5. . ,v * Hydrated Oxymel. Our Perfected Remedial, for the cure of Pulmonary Conxomption, Bronchitis, Coughs, etc. Heals Tuber cles, subdues Couch, allays night sweats and restores strength. Relief Miraculous aiul Instantaneous. Price $2 per package (with hook); or three packages forss. V. Fluid Ext. of Yellow Jessamine. This elegant ureparatlon is almost a specific in every form of Heart Disease, and is employed by many of our leading physicians iu regujar practice. It cures Palpita tion, Valvular DerangementJand F.nlargement or Wast ing of the Heart. Price $2 per package (with book); or three packages for $5. VI. Pile Extract. ( The Monesia.) The never-failing Pile Cure. Has cured cases of Hliud and Bleeding Piles of 40 years’ du ration. A trial is earnestly solicited. Prices 2 per pack age (with book); or three packages lor $5, VII. Compound Sugar-Coated May- Apple Pills. The finest Anti-Bilious Pills extant. Totally unlike the ordinary drastic pills in common use; they do not gripe or cause after-constipation. By their balsamic properties they overcome Inveterate Costiveness and restore tone to the stomach and bowels. Price 50 cents per box; or $5 per dozen, VIII. Neuralgo-Rheumatic Elixir. Guaranteed to cure Neuralgia. Rheumatism, Gout, .Sciatica, Lumbago, and Ankylosis, 95 times out of every 100; one bottle often gives perfect relief. Price $2 per package, (with book); or three packages for $5. IX. Fever aud Ague Globules. Core Fever and Ague In 24 hours and upward. War ranted to contain no quiuine, opium, iron, antimony, mercury, or arsenic. Pr.ce $2 per box (with book); or three boxes ror $5, X. Optic Fluid. Cures Inflammation of the Eyes and Granulations; Removes Dimness or Cloudiness of Vision, and Restores the Sight. Price $2 per package (with book); or three packages for $5. XL Nerve Food. Strengthens and quiets the Nervous System, promptly curing Nervous and Mental Exhaustion. A Substitute 2*5 all Narootlcs. Guaranteed re contain no opium. Price $2 per package (wii li book); or 3 packages for $5. XII. Strengthening Tonic of Peru. Delicious Strength-Restorative. Especially designed for the Languid ami Debilitated. If used in the morn ing will produce strength, tone, appetite, warmth ami gentle exhilaration. For weakly, delicate females, in valuable. Price $2 per package (with book); or three packages for $5. XIII. Ailanthus Extract. The Sovereign Cure.for Epilepsy (Fils). If there Is any other remedy so successful today, no charge will be made for trial packages. Price $2 per package, or three packages for $5. XIV. Sumbul. (Musk Root,) A positive remedial. Cures Asthma, Rose Cold, Hay Fever, Asthmatic Catarrh. Relief In stantaneous. Price $2 tier package, or three packages for $5. XV. Compound Sugar-Coated Head ache Pills. Immediate and perfect curative for Sick, Nervous and RlUous and Neuralgic Headaches. Price 50 cts. per box, or s!> per dozen. 4 XVI. Alkaline Resolvent. A delightful lodized Alkaline Mineral Water and Bev erage. (Mires Dyspepsia, Biliousness, Costiveness and Indigestion. Price $1 per bottle, or six bottles for $5. XVII. Five-Minute Pain Curer. Instantly cures pain in the Back, Side and Chest, Cramps, Rheumatism, Neuralgia, Sciatica, Lumbago, Bruises, Sprains, Swollen Joints and Ankles, Felons. Swellings, itching, Painful Breasts, and every form of Inflammation. Contains no opium, jiepper, turpentine, creosote. Ac. Pricesl per bottle, or six bottles for $5. XVIII. Liquidambar. The Great Southern Remedy for Cholera, Diarrhea, Dysencary.* Cholera Morbus, Cholera infantum and Chronic Diarrhea. Its equal does not exist. Price $1 per bottle, or six bottles for $5. XIX. Chemical Healing Blood and Bone Ointment. The most powerful Healing Application known to sci ence. Penetrates to the blood ami bones, and heals Ulcers, Sores, Swellings, Nodes, Copper-colored Blotches, Ringworm, Itch, Scurvy, Loss or Hair, Ac. Price $1 per box, or six boxes for $6. XX. Cough Liuctus. Cures Coughs almost instantaneously. Warranted to contain no opium or any of its preparations. Price $1 per package, or six packages for $5. XXI. Ethereal Phosphorus. The Radical Care for Spermatorrhoea. Has cured over 1 .000 cases of Seminal Weakness and Impotence. We confidently place our remedy before the people on the guarantee of Science, Honor, Philanthropy, and on the “square” Price $3 per package (with special hook); or two packages for $5. XXII. Lithia. (Genuine). Cures Kidney, Bladder and Urinary Dis eases. Cures Acrid Discharges in 48 hours and upward. The ouly true diuretic known to chemistry Price $3 per package (with special book); or two packages forss. XXIII. Injection of Chloride of Gold. (Compound Chemical Solution.) Cures Diseases of the Genlto-Urinary Organs, Acrid Discharges, Leueor rbtea, Ac. Cures recent cases in 24 hours; cures old cases in one week. Price $3 per package (with special book); or two packages for $5. XXIV, Castoreum. Cures Impotence, or Loss of Virility In the Male, and Barrenness and Sterility In the Female, and enables all to become fathers and mothers. Price $3 per package (with special book); or two packages for $5. XXV. Katalpa Extract. Woiuan'j Vilena! The Infallible EaimenMogue. Re rtoree the Meneen Cun* Vailing of the WunOnVlicor rh<e», and every Irregularity. I'riee (wltli special laiok) per’pneknge**’ eIlr “ “ tre '« lh (with apeclil lawkKft XXVI. Victoria Regia. The Innierial Cosmetic. Extracted from that mag nlllcent flower, the great South American Water Lily. Sl!!iSpatSf l VWM? U %w t k e ( *i' , ' plexlt " 1 ! him! cures In Hkin* e ’ “ ,o, £ he8 * Mmptao, Blacx-heads packages for $5. U ~acktt« e ( wlt, ‘ ,K>ok > s or three XXVII. Amaranth»for the Hair. Hair Heautlfler. Restorative and Dressing. A Ilalr Fastener. Stons Falling Hair Instantaneously, and causes rapid and luxuriant growth of the hair, whiskers and moustache. Warranted to contain no lead, sulphur or uolsou. Price $1 per bottle (with book); or six bottles for $5. FOR HALE BY GEO. E. FAIRBANKS, Druggist, Ho. 10 Front Street WHO...'bALE AND RETAIL Agent for Worcester and Vicinity. Orders by mail or express promptly filled, send stamp for pamphlet. ap!C d6m iflebicinttl. COUGHS, COLDS, Bronchitis, Sore Throat hifluenta. Croup, Whoop via **V Couyh. Hoarseness, J.u \*^ Compiamt, /’amt |>f 1 ,n the Chest J Blredma at the Lunas, M' NOB and CHKHT, neatly cured Ity the use of D*. Wihtab’b balsam ok " ILD Ciikkkv. which docs not dry up a cough and , , . leave the cause behind, as Is) the case with most remedies, hut loosens it, cleanses the lung* and allays Irritation thus removing the cause of the complaint. CONSUMPTION CAN BE CURED bv a timely resort to this standard remedy, as Is proved by hundreds of testimonials It luis received. None genuine unless signed "I. BUTTS” on the wrap per. ftO eta. amisl a bottle; huge bottles much the Cheaper. SETII W. FOWI.E A SONS, Proprietors, Bos ton. Mass. Hold.by dealers generally. ui6 ueopeowAweowtt nekit s, tii M biis, » c. MADAM H. C. POTTER, Indian Cancer Doctress, Skillfully removes Cancers, Tumors, and all Secondaiy Formations, without the use of the knife or lance. She relies upon her cures alone rather than any showy state ment In print. Consultation Free. RESIDENCE NO. 10 LINWOUD PLACE, WORCESTER, MASS. myß dtf JJYKIt’S DYER’S HEALING Embrocation! Tills old and w 11 known remedy lias no superior in the cure of Rheumatism, Neuralgia, Lameness, Burns Scalds, Bruises, uud Summer Complaint. It is perfectly sate and reliable, und the many testi monials of its merits recommend It to the public. For sale by all Druggists. MASON, CHAPIN A CO., Sole Agents, au7 dim Providence, R. I. Williams’ Jamaica Ginger For relief and core of Colds* Cholera morbus, Sommer Complaints and In digestion. A delicious drink for hot weather. Many spurious preparations are *n market. The genuine bears onr trade-mark, "THE LAUGHING HEAD.” GEO. W. WILLIAMS A CO.. .4, Hartford, Ct* Hold by Druffuiuta and Grocers. GILES’ JSpliniment lODIDE OF AMMONIA Cures Neuralgia, Face Ache, KheumutUm Gout, Frosted Feet. Chilblains, Sore Throat, Erysipelas, Hrulsea or Wounds of every kind in man or animal. “Discharged from the Massachusetts General Hospital as incurable, with inflammatory rheumatism in my shoulders, lingers and feet; suffered fearfully for three years: tried everything: lost alllhope. Db GILES’LINI MENT lODIDE OF AMMONIA effected a complete cure. ELLEN SMITH, No. 72 Plane st., Fall River. Mass.” Sold by all Druggists. Depot No. 451 Sixth avenue, New York. Only 50c. and tl per bottle, d&wlm aul2 f|IHE SECRET REVEALED. IT WAS DR. GILMORE S SCROFULA MEDICINE CURED HIM. Gained 22 pounds in three months, and Is better than he has been for 22 years. Read tills: Worcester, March 13,1874. Dr. Gilmore: Dear Sir—l have used your Scrofula .Medicine, and I consider it tlie best blood purifier in the world. When 1 comineiieed taking it three months ago, my blood was poor, appetite poor, bowels Irregular, food would uot digest, and consequently I was gradu ally running down; and ns soon as I commenced taking your Scrofula Medicine 1 began to improve. I have gained in tlesli in three months 22 pounds, and have not been as well for twenty years as I am at the present time. G. W. ELKINS, 20 Pearl st. This s a Botanic Preparation, entirely free of all minerals. It is tlie most perfect assistant of nature ever prepared. 1 w ill warrant It to cure nil kinds of humors, from tne worst case of Scrofula down to tlie most com mon pimple. For sale at wholesale and retail by G. W. ELKINS, 20 Pearl st. Price SI.OO per bottle, or six bottles for $5.00 ap2l Utf AN ANCHOR OF HOPE FOR THE UNFORTUNATE. Just published by tlie Harvard Medical and Surgical Institute—the most valuable book ever written on pri vate diseases. Nervous or those suffering from loss of vitality, nervous and general debility,spermator rhoea, seminal weakness, impotency, fear, ues|>ondency, or any disease resulting from youthful Imprudence or excesses, should not fail to obtain a eopy of this valua ble book. From it you may learn how 10 restore your self to perfect health, manly vigor, and how it may be preserved to an advaneed period of life. It also con tains 'articles written on all forms of private diseases, which makes it a book of the utmost importance to all, old and young. Tlie author, Prof. 11. C. Watson, M. D., is the moat popular and experienced physician in the city in the cure of these diseases, which is a sufficient guarantee for the value of tlie book. Sent by mail to any address on receipt of price, 50ceuts. N.B. The author may he confidentially consulted by either sex at the office of Hie Institute, No. 9 Hamilton place,Boston, near 124 Tremont st. Office hours 9a.m.t08 p. m. Consultation free. d3m* je3o gOIENCE OF LIFE, ON SELF PRESERVATION, Written by the Chief Consulting Physician of the Pen body Medical Institute, author of a Treatise on Diseases of tlie Throat and Lungs, Physiology of Woman and her Diseases, a Treatise on Nervous uml Mental Diseases, late Surgeon U. 8. A., etc., etc. It treats upon Manhood. how lost, how regained, and how perpetuated, cause ana cure of Exhausted Vitality* Impotency, Pre mature Decline in Man, Kpermatorrluea, or Seminal Losses (nocturnal nnd diurnal), Nervous and Physical Debilily, Hypochondria, Gloomy Forebodings, Mental Depression, Loss of Energy, Haggard Conntenence, Confusion of Mind and Loss of Memory, Impure State of the Blood, nnd all diseases arising from the Errors of Youth* or the Indiscretions or excesses of mature years. “Tlie untold miseries that result from indiscretion in early life may be alleviated and cured. Those who doubt tills assertion should purchase the New Medical Work published by the Peabody Medical Institute, Boston, entitled ‘ The Science of Life, or Self Preservation Price sl. Vitality impalrel by the errors of yomhor a too close application to business, may be reslo. oil and manhood reguined. The Institute also publishes * The Physiology of Woman and her Diseasts. Price $2. The liest liook ot the kind extant. Also another valuable infedical work, treating exclusively 011 Mental and Serv ous Diseases— more than 200 royal octavo pages, 20 ele gant engravings, bound in substantial muslin. Price only $2. Barely enough to pay for printing.”— London t/mcet. “The book for young and middle aged men to read Just now, is the Science of Life, or Self Preservation. The auttior lias returned from Europe in excellent health, and Is again tlie Chief Consulting Physician of the Pea body Medical Institute, No. 4 liulfinch 8 reet, Boston, Mass.”— Republican Journal. “Hope nestled in the bottom of Pandora’s box, and hope plumes her wings anew, since tlie issuing of these valuable works, published by the Peabody Medical In- Hiltuie. which are teaching thousands how to avoid tlie maladies that sap the citadel of life,”— Phil, Enquirer , “It should be read by the young, tlie middle-aged, and even the old.”— New iork Tribune. “Let all gel tills great work on diseases of the nervous system, Just published by the Peabody Medical Institute. It is as readable us a romanw."-Bangor Laity Commer cial, Jan. 12,1874. “This book will put hosts of people op their guard against tlie terrible consequences or habits which are di rectly calculated to make a wreck of human nature.”— Maine Standard, Jnu. 9, 1874. *,‘ll offers alleviation to the afflicted, it shows how mis fortune may best be borne, how its physical and moral consequences may have their forces turned aside and be rendered comparatively harmless.”— Chicago Times. The above book contains 300 pages, 12m0., bound In beautiful French cloth; illustrated. Price only sl. Sent by mail to ull parts of the world, closely sealed postage paid, on receipt of price. Catalogue sent on receipt of 3-cent postage stamp. Mdrew Ihe I‘KAHOD} MKUICAL INSTITUTE, No. 4 Hiilfjnch st.. Boston, Mass.,opp. Revere House. N.B.—lhe author can be consulted on the above named diseases, a* well as all diseases requiring skill, secrecy and experience, office hours, 9a.u.to av. u. _»»14 deop<fcwlol6 HEME. T,JKi 5 .5£ eßta . bl fact that tne EXTRACT of CRAN BERRIES and HEMP, combined by Dr. J. P. MILLEB 927 Spruce St., Phila., Pa., permanently cures the moi obstinate cases of Dyspeptic, Nervous or Sick Headach* and is an absolute specific for Neuralgia and NervouanMt Prepared in pills ; 60 cts. a box. Bent by mail. GKO. W. FAIRBANKS, Agent, deoplyr Worcester Mass, Q.EORGE P. ROWELL & CO., ADVERTISING AGENTS For all the Leading Newspapers. Dealers in Printing Materials of every description Type,Presses, eh*. Office No. 41 Park Row, New York. Messrs. Rowell ft Co. are authorized to contract for advertising iu the Hdv ESTABLISHED IN 1849. 8. M PETTENGILL A CO’S ADVERTISING AGENCY, No. 10 State st., Boston, and 37 Park Row, New York -"ertwiriftSfsp'J to contrfc—if. Ilnilroatis. PKOVIDKNCIO& WOKCHKTUIt HAIL wav July |''7^| rangin,P|,t of ,ru,IIH * commencing \ on Expressfialn (stoppingonly at Uxbridge and Woon socket,) leaves Worcester at 10.15 a. inleaves piovl deuce at 2.15 p. in. White Mountain Express leaves Providence ut <i 3« ,■ in.; leaves Worcester ut 5.40 p. in. Accommodation T rains will leave Worcester for Provi dence und way stations at 7.30 (express from Wuou- 1 socket to Pawtucket), und 11.3»a. in., I.to uud 6.30 p. m, • Providence lor Worcester and way stations, at 7.4ound 11.30 a. in., 4.05 ami 7.00 p. m., the latter on Wednesdays und Haturdays only. Tilt 7.40 a. m. (mull) and 2.15 p. in. (express) trains from Providence, and the 10.15 a. m. (ex press) and 4.10 p. m. (mull) train ITom Worcester, connect at Worcester Junction with trains to and from Clinton, Fitchburg, Kiitluml, Saratoga, Mon- H?, a A’ Lowell, Lawrence. Concord, and the White Mountains; Springfield, Albany, Troy, Niagara Falls and points North or West. Through Tickets ami Baggage checked to ull Important points. The Worcester trains, except express aud 6.30 p. m, ooniiect ut \\ oonsocket Junction with trains to ami t rout NVu^ rfo ! tl Willi trains of the Boston Harttord and Erie railroad, i .... SPECIAL TRAINS, Leave Providence ror Waterford at 9.80 a.m. connect- tral ! , J ?,r Putnam a norwn n. ror Uxbridge al 7 p. in. Trahfsh^vmV 51 ?°, r fWvMenceot 2.30 p. in 7 4tcm.il 'ffufdrorWorventer and Providence at roi lat 8 iro ; i U ‘;. a, V Woonsocket for Mll ront at 8.50 a. m.,und I.3ouud 5.90 p. m. —— W - !>• HILTON. Snw't. AND LOWELL Framingham Railroads. Direct route from Worcester vi» n i. i » ■■ ■ South FramiUKliam u> ■ ' ,a ”**A.U. It. ami lteilfonl, Kail N ' » Winter urrangeiuenu for W 4 and 187?“ i.w"i*2!, r .'{| panose,,nan leave WoreeMer mtS,i?n'.,< oITm KurUnrenee, leave Wnrnna.er »t 7.0 U a.m.nndtji IJU“re?!S? Se °‘ C “ r " be,WW ' l, Huu "‘ Yramlnifhutn and tmlooTT' nV ° WOr “ S,er 01 »hd9.«a.,n. For Fall River, leave Worcester at 7.00 and H 25 a ... 6.00 p.‘nr ’ V ® Wo,ceßternl «W » >«":, and Close and sure connection* made ut Souih Prami»<> ham with trains to ami from Boston ami Albany RadroHif- Ask for tickets viu South Framingham, y B,,roaa ... 8 * A. WEBBER,i STiperlntemlent. ,lj !iL* t. A L.und M. Jb K. Itullroads. \yORCES T E H & P <) RTLAN D EXPRESS LINE. C’AHN RUN THROtGII TWICE EAf WAY DAILY. No Transfer of Paoeiigem or UusKiiiie. Leave Worcester for Nashua, Rochester, Portland and Bangor, 8.00 a. m., (Express,) and 4.35 p. m. Portland for Worcester. New York uml the West, 7.50 a. m.. and 2.30 p. m., (Express.) iiiue of the 8.00 a. in. Express from Worcester to I ortland is only 5 hours and 18 minutes. Direct connection at Westbrook Junction for Buneor and Intermediate points. Throuah Tickets and Batjaage Checked Through, freight Trams each way baity. For particulars inquire of £*J' V, N DYER, Ticket Ag’t, Foster St. Depot. J. M. WILLIAMS, GeuM Freight Ag’t W. A N. It, R dtf U. 8. TURNER. Sup t. WT. EK ANI) NASH UA AND ▼ T NASHUA AND RO( HESTER RAILROADS.—on ?ira as foHre?" y ' ‘ y ’ 1875 ’ lw »K«*r Trains will Worcester for Rochester at 8.00 and 11.15 am. and 4 35 p m. * Lfave Wor«a!er for Xiuhuu ul 1i.3«, B.IHJ (piiiivm) und 11.15 a in, and 4.35 pm. Leave Wormier for A>ei at 6.M, B,«l(ex|.rt'»«) : ,iid 11.15 a in,, 4.35 and 6.15 piu. Leave Ayer for Worcester at 5.00 and 8.03 am., 12.50. 5.55 and i .05 (express) p in. ’ Uiave Rochester for Worcester at 10 a m uud 4.30 p. in. U-ave Rochester at 5.45. lU.Wi a in, and 4.30 p in. for Worcester at 7.10 a in. u in, and .voo and b. 30 (express) p ui, Leave Nashua for Rochester at 9.35 a in, 1.3.5.6.45 u m The 6.30 Train connects ut Fitchburg with trains tor n,e Vermont and Massachusetts, Cheshire and Rutland nml Burlington Railroads, at Ayer Junction with trains of the Mtcliburg, l'eterboro and Shirley, Slum Brook and Lowell and Lawrence Railroads; ami at Nashua with trains of the Wilton, Concord, Manche-ier. and Ijawrence,Northern, Boston,Concord uml Montreal Vermont Central, Passumpsic uud Ogdeashurg Ball roads. Theß.ooa.m.(express to Nashua) train connects at Clinton with train for Leominster, Fitchburg, Win ehendon, Keene, Bellows Falls, and all points north via Mtcliburg; and at Nashua with express train for Manchester and Concord, connecting there w ith express and accommodation trains for White River Junction Burlington, St. Albans, Montreal, and all notthcru points, via Northern K. K., also with trains over the 8.. Uand M. R. R. for Plymouth, Littleton, and all points.in ti e White Mountains and beyond This is also a through trai ■ for Rochester, Portland. Bangor and way stations, and connectsal Rochester with Boston AM ine R. It. for Alton Bay, and Eastern It. R. for \\ olfboro’ and North Conwav. The ILIS a m train connects at Fitchburg with Ihe Cheshire, and Rutland uml Burlington (Freight and Passenger re Rutland) trains; at Ayer Junction with Fitchburg, stony Brook, ami Lowell and Lawrejict • trains; ami at Nashua with Wilton, Concord, Munches, ter Lawrence, Northern (to Franklin), uml Boston Concord and Montreal (to Plymouth) trains, and w ith If reight and Passenger train for Rochester uml way sta tions. The 4.33ip m train connects at Fitchburg with the Cheshire, A ermont and Massachusetts, and liutluml and Burlington Night Express trains; at Ayer Junction with h itehburg, l’eterboro and Shirley, and Stony Brook trains; and at Nashua with Concord, Manchester und Lawrence, Northern, Vermont Central Night Express. Ogdensbure. and Montreal and Champlain trains. T ' is Is also a through train for Rochester. Portland and -v: y stations, connecting at Portland with Pullman train 1 i Bangor and the East. FOR i.OSTON VIA AYER JUNCTION.—Cars leave Worcester at 6.30 and 11.15 a m aud 4.35 p in. Return lug. leave Boston at 6.15 n ml 11.10 urn, >iun 4.15 p m Cars ruu through. Baggage checked through wilhon change SUNDAY TRAIN Leaves Worcester for Nashua and way stations at fl.oo a. m. Returning, leaves Nashua at 4.30, reaching Wor-. cester at 6.45 p. in. ' -ir This train will connect at Ayer Junction with gund iu uli train for and from Lowell, Boston, and wav stations. Stony Brook and Boston and Low ell railroads. May 1,1875. C. s. TURNER,Snpf. IVTORWIGH AND WORCESTER DIVI ' 11 SION, N. Y. and N. E.R. R. t 1875. 'I eaims Going South leave Wokckstkr at 6.45 am. Way Passenger Train. Connects ul Wei - ster with tram from Houthbridge.und for Boston* at Plainfield with trains to and from Hanfonl and Providence; at Norwich with train for New Lou don from West Side station. 10.00 am. Way Passenger Train. Co nects at Wor cester with trains from Boston, Nashua, Fitch burg, I.owcll, Jtc.: at Worcester Junction with Western and Providence trains; at Putnam with train from Boston, uml for Willimantlr, Hartford und New Haven; at Plainfield for Providence: at Norwich with train fo> New Loudon. 5.15 p in. Way Passenger Train. Connects at Wor ccster with trains from Nashua, Mtchburg, Low ell, &c.; at Worcester Junction with Express train from Boston, ami trains from Western aud Providence and Worcester roads; at Webster lor Southbridge; at Putnam witli train from Boston and for Willimautie; at Plainilchl Junction, trains from Providence aud Hartford arrive iu season for this train. Passengers from way stations (except Webster, Putnam ami Danielsonville) for New York by steamer from New London, will inks this train to Norwich. 8.05 pm. Steamboat Express Train for New York Connect* at Worcester with trlaus from Bostou Concord, Manchester, Lowell, Lawrence, Nashua Fitchburg, Rochester and Portland. Trains Going North, Leave Norwich at £.85 a. m. (dai y except Monday). Steamboat Ex press I rain ior Boston, Blackstone, Franklin walpole. This train leaves New London at 1.40 a iu. 5.40 a. m. (dailyexcept Monday). Steamboat Ex press Train for Worcester, Nashua, Lowell, Con cord, Rochester, Portland, White Mountains. 6.00 am. Way Passenger Train. Connecting at I lain field Juneton for Providence; at Putnaui lor Boston, arriving at 10.20 a in, aud from Will - jnuntic; at Worcester Junction for Springfield and waystatlous, Albany, Ac., and Providcu at Worcester tor trains to Boston, Nashua, A;c 11.45 am. Way Passenger Train connects ut Plain field for Providence, arriving atWorceslei Junction iu season for trains to Boston. Providence, Nitinu fleld and Albany; at Worcester foi trains to Bos ton, Nashua, Ac. • 16 inn. Way Passenger Train. Connects at Plain- Held Junction with train from Providence and for Uartlord; at Putnam for Providence, Boston and stations west of Walpole; at Worcester Junction with tram for Boston. WEBSTER SPECIAL Leaves « ebster for Worcester at 4t.00 a m. Leaves Worcester for Webster ui 6.15 n in. P. St. M, A N DREWS. Sup t. OSTON. UAKRE AND (3ARDNEU AND MONADNOCK RAILROAD, runas foliows r - Ja,,Uary * B, Trains wil p m eaVe " r ° K^ESTER for Peterboro’ 8:20 a m and «; :40 Leave WORCESTER for Gardner and Wincheudon 8.20 a. m., 12.40, 5 and 6 40 p. iu. Leave PKTERBORO for Worcester, 7 a. in. and 3 n m "" ui 101 " crceßt< ‘ r a l 8.00, 8.50, 11.40 605 Monii'iys" lll leave Rrlnceton for Worcester at * r . ain connects at Gardner with V. A M. for Athol, Greenfield, lloosac Tunnel and Bruttle- The 12.40, and 5 p. m„connect ai Gardnei with V. and M iJaa! or - am * Brattleboro, be B—O a. hi., 12.40 :md b. 40 p. in. tru ns connd ut Wincheudon" ith trains on Ihe Cheshire K. ir. for Keene Bellows falls, White River Junction, M, i ucal. St SftSs.kisi'iUsKs.?" ,v,an " nn ISSfvif «f e * ,lo, ' le, i ft r K , utland i llarrp nml Cold brook frni» ri nii a fr o | f 5 * ,u ., l ' uill f 10,11 W'orcester; Princeton Tj? ira... for Princeton Ceutie and the Mountain Houses, Hubbardston. from all trains for Hubbardstou East^feinideton** 1^ * roiu ad ,n^nß f° r Templeton ami A general express husin 'ss done to all points on Ihe road, and lu connection .vith o»ner railroads und stages. I* l lß dtf 1. X, ROSS, sup t. JJOSTON AND ALBANY KAII.IiOAii BOSTON AND WORCESTER DIVISION. i,T? JDoiuuiciielnir «fnly 15, 187(1. PASSENGER TRAINS leave Worcester: . ror Boston from Washington Square Station, Exprera 4.50, 8.30,9.30 a in, and 3.25, 4.00, 4.25, 9.35 u m. From roster street station 7,9,25 exp., 10 a in, 1.40,4,30 and 0 p m. For Grafton, Westboro’, Southville, Corduville, und Ashland at 7 and 10 a in, 1.40,4.30 and 6 p in. For South Framingham, 4,50,7,8,30, 9.25, aud 10 a m 1.40. 3.25, 4.00. 4,25, 4,30, 6 and 9.3-5 p ui. For Milford at 7 and 9.25 a m, 1.40, 4.1*0 and 6,00 p in For Natick at 7 and 10 a in, 1.40, 4.30 and 6 p in. For Wellesley, Grantvllle, West Newton, Newton,ana Brighton, at 7 and 10 a m, 4.30.6 p in. Passengers tui the same stations cau also take the 1.40 p m train to Na tick, and there change to the Saxonville train, which leaves Natick twenty-five'minutes afterwards. The 4.50 a m tialn runs every day except Monday; 8 30 a m express will run every day in the week,and Sundavs will stop at Natick, Wellesley and Grantvllie. * Sunday Mall leaves Washington square station at 2.: 0 a m, (Monday) for ltostou. TRAINS LEAVE BOSTON as follows: For Woreester, at 5,7 % 8.30 ex., 10 ex, II am, 1.30, 3 ex. 4.30 express to Framingham, sexpress, 5.30 express 9.00 express p in. 11 For New York, via Springfield, 8.30 exp. ami 10 exp. a m. 3 exp.. 5 exp. p m. and 9 p in, New York, via Norwich. 5.30 oxp. p. m. Grafton. 5,7.11 a m, 1.30,4.30 p in. Westboro,s,7, II a in, 1.30,4.30.5.80 exp. p m. Southville, 5,7, 11 am, 1.30,4.30 pm. Cordaville, 5,7,11 a in, 1.30,4.30 pm. Ashland, 5,7,1! a ni, 1.30,4.30,5.90 exp. p m. South Framingham, 5,7, 8.30 exp. nnd 11 a in, 1.30. St J* exp., 3 exp. 4. 4.30 exp., 5.00 exp., 5.05, 5.30 exp., Im, 9 exp., 11,10 pm. 1 ’ Natick, 7, 9,D, 11 a. m., 1.30,2.15,4, 5,05,5.30,5.65, 7.00 11,10 p. m. MilJbury, 7 a. in. and 4.30 p.m. Saxonville, 9,15 a. m., 5.55 p. m. Milford, 7, 8.30 exp. a. in., 2.15 exp., 4.30 exp. 7,00p.m 5.00 p in Albany express runs every day in the wees, Sundays will stop at Grantvllle, Wellesley and Natick. Sunday Mail leaves Boston at 8.30 p. in., stopping at South Framingliaiii, Worcester, West Brookfield,)’aim er and Springfield, arrives in New York at 6.2" a. in. All other outward trains run dally except Sunday. C. O. RUSSELL, Sup’t. Springfield. W. 11. BARNES. Asst. Sup t. Boston. WORCESTER AND SPUING FIELD DIVISION. Leave W'orcester for Albuuy and Way Stations, (ao *ommodatio»)Hto.4sa.in. „ .... For Springfield nnd Way Stations, 6.45,9 a. m., nnd 6,4 p. m. Fur New York, express 11,20 a iu., Sunday mall leaves at 10.05 p. in. For Albany, express, 6,30 n. m. For Albany and New York, express, 9,55 a.m., and 4,30 10 Leave Sprlhgfleld for Worcester at 2,45,6,30,7,15. 11,30 am., 1,35 ex.,2.10. 2,85 ex., 4,7,50 ex. p.m. Sunday mall 12,23a.m. (Monday). The 6,80 p.m .train from W or. es let and 6,30 p. m. train from Springfield runs every day lU ßailboad Connections At Albany with the JS’ew York Central. Troy and Oreenbnsh, and Hudson Ifiver Railroads. Al Chatham with the Harlem Hudson aud Boston and Harlem Extension Railroads. At stat Linewith the Housatonlc Railroad. At Pittsfield wilh the Pittsfield and North Adams and Housatonlc rail roads. AtWestfleld with the New Haven ami Northampton Railroad. At Springfield with the New York, New Haven and Hartford, and Cannectlcut River Huilroads. a » Paltner with the New London Northern Railroad, and Athol, Enfield and Ware River Railroad. At Worees ter Junction with the Providence and Worcester, Wor cester aud Nashua, and Norwich and Worcester 'Rail roads. At Ashland with Hopk In ton Railroad. At South Framingham with the ltostou, ClinU>u mul Fitcliloiig, Milford aim South Framingham, and Lowell Railroads. C. <). RCKKEI.L, Sup’t,Springfield,.
| 1,371 |
https://github.com/chenlin141226/bilisoleil-kotlin-master/blob/master/app/src/main/java/com/yoyiyi/soleil/bean/discover/InterestAd.kt
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
bilisoleil-kotlin-master
|
chenlin141226
|
Kotlin
|
Code
| 66 | 606 |
package com.yoyiyi.soleil.bean.discover
/**
* @author zzq 作者 E-mail: soleilyoyiyi@gmail.com
* *
* @date 创建时间：2017/6/10 21:54
* * 描述:
*/
data class InterestAd(var total_count: Int,
var result: List<ResultBean>) {
/**
* total_count : 6
* result : [{"ads_title":"月刊","ads_image":"http://img.yo9.com/21017e60086311e79c2500163e000128","ads_image_link":"bilibili://group/1154?post_id=10839"},{"ads_title":"沙发","ads_image":"http://img.yo9.com/2e8dfc00e93e11e685e400163e000128","ads_image_link":"bilibili://group/133?post_id=12486"},{"ads_title":"净网","ads_image":"http://img.yo9.com/96570850d7fe11e68ae800163e000128","ads_image_link":"bilibili://group/1?post_id=25273"},{"ads_title":"月刊","ads_image":"http://img.yo9.com/0273b290231d11e78a4900163e000128","ads_image_link":"bilibili://group/1154?post_id=11216"},{"ads_title":"京蜜13","ads_image":"http://img.yo9.com/de537ec099d011e6bd4a00163e000128","ads_image_link":"bilibili://group/154?post_id=22242"},{"ads_title":"物语第二期","ads_image":"http://img.yo9.com/1ae78e407d7411e6b42f00163e000128","ads_image_link":"bilibili://group/133?post_id=9907"}]
*/
data class ResultBean(var ads_title: String,
var ads_image: String,
var ads_image_link: String) {
/**
* ads_title : 月刊
* ads_image : http://img.yo9.com/21017e60086311e79c2500163e000128
* ads_image_link : bilibili://group/1154?post_id=10839
*/
}
}
| 43,784 |
unk82106183_1
|
LoC-PD-Books
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,864 |
Proceedings on the occasion of laying the corner-stone of the new hall of the Massachusetts horticulutral society, August 18, 1864.
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,551 | 10,169 |
i 1 143 spy 1 PROCEEDINGS ON THE OCCASION OF LAYING THE] CORNE]K-ST()NE NEW HALL ^Hass.^ivchu^rtt.si §iovti^uUuval J'O^icty, A U Ci U S T 1 s< . 1 8 G 4. BOSTON: HENRY W. DUTTON & SON, PRINTEHS, 90 AND 92 Washington Street. 1804. PROCEEDINGS ON THE OCCASION OF LAYING THE CORNER-STONE NEW HALL Pn!5S!Ssadut^rtt«3i §i0fticuUuml ^mtty, AXJCIUST 18, 18G4. BOSTON: HENRY W. BUTTON & SON, PRINTERS, 90 AND 92 Washington Street. 1864. M ^la$,s;arlui!Siftt.si iiorticwlturnl ^oxifty,. At an adjourned meetlnj^ of the Massacluisetts Horticultural Society, lield at their rooms, Saturday, September 3, the follow- ing votes were unanimously passed : That the thanks of the Society be tendered to the President,, for his very Interesting and felicitous address delivered at the laying of the Corner-Stone, and that a copy be requested for publication. That the thanks of the Society be presented to the Rev. Dr. LoTHROP, for his services at the ceremony of laying the Corner- Stone. That the Committee of Publication be authorized to publish, for distribution among the members, the address delivered by the President, C. M. Hovey, at the laying of the Corner-Stone of Horticultural Hall, on the 18th of August last, together with a detailed account of the ceremonies on that occasion. C. M. HOVEY, President.. F. LYMAN WINSHH\ Secretary. PROCEEDINGS. The Corner-Stone of the New Hull of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society was laid on the 18th of August, 1864. At a Special Meeting of the Society, called on the 13th day of August, at the Rooms in Amory Hall, the President stated that the work of building the new Hall had so far progressed as to be in readiness for laying the Corner-Stone. He remarked that the magnitude of the building was such, that It was deemed proper to observe the occasion in a manner commensurate with the importance of the work ; and, although it was not the desire of the Building Committee, or he pre- sumed of the Society, to make any ostentatious display, yet it was thought some notice should be taken of such an event, and that the Corner-Stone should be laid with such ceremonies as were deemed appropriate. It remained for the Society to take such measures as Avould render the occasion interesting to the members and creditable to the association. On motion of G. W. Pratt, Esq., it was voted that a Com- mittee of ten be appointed by the President, with full power to make all necessary arrangements thought proper for the occasion, and the following gentlemen were appointed the Com- mittee : Geo. W. Pratt, S. H. GiBBENS, W. H. Spooner, Jr., William Gray, Jr., C. H. B. Breck, F. Lyman Winship, J. C. HOVEY, D. T. Curtis, E. W. Bus^yELL, R. McCleary Copeland. Agreeably to the arrangements made by the Committee, the members of the Society, with His Honor Mayor Lincoln, the members of various kindred societies, and other invited guests assembled at the Rooms of the Society, in Amory Hall, at the corner of West and Washington Streets, at 9 o'clock, A. M., on the 18th of August. The meeting was opened by the President, who stated its objects and requested those present to form in procession in the Hall, and thence under the marshal- ship of Samuel Hatch, Esq., proceed to the site of the build- ing, at the corner of Ti'emont and Bromfield Streets. The Order of Procession was as follows : Detachment of Police. Chief Marshal. Brigade Band. Committee of Arrangements. President of the Society and Chaplain, His Honor the Mayor, and Members of the City Government, Buildino,' Committee. Stewards bearing the Boxes and Documents for deposit Ijeneatli the Stone. Architects of the Buildincr. Past Officers of the Society. Invited Guests. Members of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics^ Association. Members of the Natural History Society. Trustees of Mount Auburn Cemetery. Members of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Members of the Institute of Technology. Trustees of the Public Libraiy. Members of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. Members of the Boston Numismatic Society. Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. The Procession proceeded up West Street, through Tremont Street Mall and Tremont Street, to the site of the new building. 6 and formed upon the platform, a raised dais being erected for the President, Chaplain, and invited guests. After Music by the Band, the folloAving Address was delivered by the President of the Society. ADDRESS. DELIVERED BY C. K. KOVEY, ESQ., PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY. Gentlemen of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society : We are assembled here to-day, agreeably to your direc- tion, to take the first formal step towards the erection of a building for the use of the Society, to more effectually carry out its purposes of " encouraging and improving the science and practice of Horticulture, promoting the ameli- oration of the various species of trees, fruits, plants, and vegetables, and the introduction of new species and varie- ties." Such were the original objects of the Society, as named in the act of incorporation, and such, I am happy to say, they liave always been, and I doubt not, ever will be, as long as this beautiful edifice you are about to erect shall endure. This is the second time that you have, in the course of your organization, erected a building for the Society. It will be just twenty years, on the 14th of September next, since the Corner-Stone of Horticultural Hall in School Street, erected on the site of the old Latin school-house, was laid by your late President, the Hon. Marshall P. 8 Wilder, now prevented from uniting in these ceremonies by long continued illness. It was the only important act of the Society since its foundation in which I have not been present or taken a part; but absence abroad prevent- ed me from witnessing the services on that interesting occasion; and T esteem it a source of the highest gratifi- cation that, through your continued kindness and great confidence, I have now the honor not only to be present with you, but to take so prominent a part in laying the corner-stone of another and more magnificent structure, which will undoubtedly be the home of the Society long after we and many succeeding generations have passed away. The Massachusetts Horticultural Society was organized February 24th and incorporated June 12th, 1829, and it is highly gratifying to me, and I doubt not to every mem- ber, to recognize among those who are assembled here to- day, gentlemen whose names are borne upon the charter, and many others who were prominent and active members the first year of its organization. Though thirty-five years have glided away, and age may have lessened their active labors, it has not checked their enthusiasm, dimin- ished their zeal, or lessened their devotion to the interests of a pursuit which, in their younger days, was a source of instructive occupation and pleasure, and which now amuses and solaces their declining years. It would scarcely be possible, should I make the at- tempt, in these brief remarks, to recount the progress of 9 the Society, from its small beginning in State Street, up to that period when the old hall in School Street was erected, since which time its history is more familiar; but I should be recreant to duty did I not, standing on these solid foun- dations, refer to one who did more than all others to place the society in its present flourishing condition, and enable it now to undertake the building of an edifice of such magnitude and architectural beauty. Need I say I refer to the late General Dearborn ? Without detracting in the least from the labors of a band of intelligent and distin- guished men, who were pioneers in the enterprise, it is not too much to say that to him are we indebted for that "sacred garden of the dead," Mount Auburn Cemetery, and the consequent results from his plan of an experi- mental garden. His enlarged knowledge, hberal views, accomplished mind, practical skill, and elevated character, alone carried the project through. His pen was never idle in gathering facts and writing reports to show the under- taking a safe one, and the objects to be attained worthy the consideration of the whole community. By the happy combination of an experimental garden and cemetery, hor- ticulture was to be recognized as an art and science, and the dead removed to secluded and shady groves, away from the busy marts of crowded cities; and though a combina- tion of circumstances changed a part of his favorite scheme, it is undoubtedly owing to its failure that we are indebted for the means to erect this Temple, no less calcu- lated " to foster and extend a taste for the pleasant, useful. ]0 and refined art of gardening." We love and revere the name of such a noble man : we shall never forget his un- selfish labors, and, -when our edifice is completed, it will, I am sure, be the hope that his statue may have a prominent place within it. But whether statue or bust shall ever grace our hall, this building will be the enduring memo- rial of his genius and services, and his name will be held in grateful remembrance by a thousand generations. But it is since the completion of the former hall that the progress of the Society has been more rapid, and its influence felt throughout the entire country. New life and fresh vitality were infused into the Society. It had the sympathy, as it had the substantial aid, of the public. It was appreciated as its founders intended it should be. Its objects seemed all at once to become apparent. It encour- aged and promoted the science and practice of horticult- ure ; — it stimulated the production and introduction of new flowers, fruits, trees, and plants; — it rewarded the cultivator for the best specimens of his skill ; — it gathered together, for the use of the members, a library of the most celebrated English and French works on garden- ing; — it made known through its weekly and annual exhi- bitions all the choicer productions of the garden, the orchard, and the greenhouse; — it awakened a taste for ornamental and landscape art, and it disseminated through its annual reports a vast fund of information upon every branch of horticulture. 11 Who does not see, in whatever direction he may turn, the results of the influence which has gone out from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society ? Beautiful villas en- rich and embellish all parts of the country; suburban gar- dens of greater or less extent give a cheerful and pictu- resque aspect to our towns and villages; and even the little gardens and city lots denote some unseen influence which has changed these weedy and neglected places into verdant and fertile spots. \Yho will compare the rural aspect of the country thirty-flve years ago with its present appear- ance, and say the Massachusetts Horticultural Society has wasted the resources witli which a liberal public have in part endowed it, for objects so beneficent, and for purposes which confer both individual comfort and happiness upon the people. Thanks to the generous men of Boston, that after they had witnessed our good stewardship, they reposed every confidence in us, and came forward liberally with their aid, determined that no loss should come from an enterprise then deemed liazardous for our means. Yes, gentlemen, we were the owners of a new hall, but beyond that we had but little to accomplish the great objects in view, namely, to create a laudable competition by the offer and distribu- tion of liberal prizes, and tluis attract the people to see the superior specimens which the skill of our cultivators could produce. We had not, fortunately, any occasion to wait; and I deem this a most fitting opportunity to allude to their liberal acts. Few of the large number of mem- 12 bers, who have recently joined us, know by what means we have reached our present prosperity, and, if they did, we should be ungrateful were we to forget those among the dead, or those among the living, to whom we are indebted for aid to more effectually carry forward the great objects of our association. This building, it is true, is erected by the funds of the Society principally received from our interest in Mount Auburn Cemetery. This beautiful location, however, was only secured by the most persevering efforts of the com- mittee appointed for that purpose, who believed it pos- sessed all the facilities the Society required, and was just within the means of the Society to purchase. Two years have your committee assiduously labored to bring the work to its present state. We hope and believe the Society will never have cause to regret what they have done. And we have established funds, the income of which is distributed yearly in premiums. This has been the life of the Society; and, the larger the amount at our disposal, the more rapidly will the art of Horticulture be promoted, and a genuine taste for gardening be encouraged. And now let me name, because first, and just at the right time, just as we had expended our funds in the build- ing of the old hall, came the hberal donation of the vener- able merchant, Samuel Appleton, whose many benefac- tions to various public institutions will render his name honorable, and cause his memory ever to be cherished. 13 Next, we have the same generous gift from the pubHc spirited and well-known gentleman, the son of one who presided at the first formal call to organize the Society, and whose name is intimately associated with everything con- nected witli the early improvements in horticulture around Boston. Need I name John A. Lowell? "Not being able," as he says in his letter to the Society, "to actively cooperate with you, but wishing to contribute in a moderate way, I send you one thousand dollars." May he long be spared to witness the good results of his timely aid. And now, standing conspicuously in the group of our many benefactors, we have another name, not only associ- ated with horticulture and agriculture, but with the liner art of landscape gardening. Who does not remember the once and yet elegant demesne at Waltham, where, years gone by, the beautiful deer might be seen bounding o'er the lawn, or gently reposing beneath seme graceful elm? Need I name Theodore Lyman, Jr. ? who bequeathed to us the munificent sum of $10,000, having during his life made the same generous gift as those already named. His memory will be ever dear to us and our successors. And yet we have the aid of that kind-hearted and liberal merchant, Josiaii Bradlee, whose aim it was to see the effects of his liberality during his own life. Not only was his donation of one thousand dollars most gratefully re- ceived, but liis many acts of friendship towards the Society, in its time of need, are indelibly recorded in our memory. 14 Then we have the legacy of one who was among the earliest friends of the Society, always an active and honor- able member, and for many years one of its Vice Presi- dents; whose special and successful culture of one of our most valuable fruits has been of great service to pomologi- cal progress. The appropriation of the income of the French fund to the encouragement of one particular fruit, has already been highly beneficial, and the yearly exhibition of superior specimens of apples will always remind us of his early and later participations in the prominent acts of the Society. Others among those who have gone from us, and whose ashes repose beneath the fragrant turf, or lie beneath the shady groves of Mount Auburn, have made us partici- pators of their bounty. Each and all will be remembered by every member of our association. But, gentlemen, there is one at least among the living who has given us recently and so liberally, — encouraging us by his sympathy and devotion to our interests, — that I think I shall not be transgressing the bounds of friendship to mention. I refer to H. Hollis Hunnew^ell, whose beautiful country residence at Wellesley so many of you have seen and admired, and which displays so much taste in its arrangement and keeping. His generous gift of $2500, just now that we wish to increase rather than curtail our premiums, is most opportune. Mr. Hunnewell is now absent in Europe; and from these foundations we 15 waft across the broad Atlantic our best wishes for his health and prosperity, and a safe return to liis home. Of other donors it would be a pleasure to speak, but I am not permitted to do so. But the most colossal edifice which associated wealth could erect, though it might be a perpetual monument of architectural taste and skill, would be of little avail without the aid of a zealous and cooperative association ; and while we recount with pride these many benefactions, we ought not to forget that to a host of intehigent amateurs and cul- tivators — to Cook, Downer, Lowell, Manning, Kenrick, WiNSHip, Perkins, Prince, Phinney, Gushing, Vose, Walker, Lovett, Harris, Teschemacher, Haggerston, Williams, and many others — not to enumerate the liv- ing — are we indebted for the invaluable services and un- flagging zeal which have given to the Society a renown second to no other horticultural association in the world. And now, gentlemen, as we are to place beneath this granite block the records of what we have already accom- plished, with the object of transmitting them to distant gen- erations, let us hope that, whenever, at some very remote day, when these walls may crumble and decay, — for decay, though slow, is the destiny of all earthly things, — and these memorials shall come to light, they will at least serve to show that the objects of the Society were solely to pro- mote all those pursuits which bring pleasure and happiness to the social and domestic hfe ; to enrich and embelhsh our homes and country; to create a refined taste, and to 16 open new and exhaustless sources of instruction and wealth. With the increased means with which the Hberahty of the pubhc have in part endowed us, — the resources from the investment now beheved to be so judiciously made, — and the greater facilities afforded by this edifice, we shall be called upon for fresh exertion, greater activity, and the same persistent zeal which have thus far given us a name and reputation at home and abroad. We feel the responsibility of the task, but an appreciat- ing and enlightened public will cheer us on ; and as those who have been so prominent in our councils are soon to pass away, and the " places which know them shall know them no more," may our successors, animated with their zeal, stimulated by their example, roused by their energy, and enlightened by their knowledge, not only preserve the Society in its present flourishing state, but extend its use- fulness, increase its popularity, and give it an imperishable renown. At the close of the Address, the Corner-Stone was laid by the President, who was presented with an elegantly burnished steel trowel for the occasion. An appropriate prayer was then offered by the Rev. Dr. LoTHROP, Chaplain. The whole audience then joined in singing Old Hundred, after which, the ceremonies were concluded with a Benediction. APPENDIX, APPENDIX. DESCRIPTION OF THE BOX, PLATE, AND OTHER ARTICLES, DE- POSITED UNDER THE CORNER-STONE OF THE NEW HALL. The l)ox is made of zine, and twelve inclies long-, ten wide, and four deep. In the box the annexed list of articles are enclosed : 1. A Silver Plate, measurino- eight inches long and six wide, upon which the following is engraved : THIS EDIFICE IS ERECTED For the purpose of encouraging and improving the Science and Practice of Horticulture, And this Corner-Stone laid, August 18, 1864, BY THE PRESIDENT, CHARLES M. HOVEY. C. M. HovEY, JOSIAH StICKNEY, M. p. Wilder, C. O. WlIITMORE, W. R. AusTix, Building Committee: h. h. hunnewell, Joseph S. Cabot, J. F. C. Hyde, L. Wetiierell. Architects : Gridley J. F. Bryant and Arthur Oilman. To this Society the community are indebted for the foundation and consecration of Mount Auburn Cemetery. 20 Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Incorporated the 12 day of June, A. D. 1829. Present number of members, six hundred eighty. President, CHARLES M. HOVEY. Vice Presidents, J. F. C. Hyde, C. O. Wiiitmore, H. HoLLis HuxxEWELL, W. C. Stroxg. Treasurer, William R. Austix. Corresponding Secretary, Kecording Secretary, Ebex. Wight. F. Lymax Wixsiiir. 2. Proceedings of the Society, from 1843 to 1864. 3. Publications of the Society, containing its History, &c., by Gen. Dearborn. 4. Boston Ahnanac for 1804. 5. Catalogue of Proprietors of Mount Auburn Cemetery. G. Copies of Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture for 1864, containing Reports of Building Committee. 7. Copy of Fruits of America. 8, Boston newspapers of August 18. 0. Silver Medal of the Society. 10. Bronze Medal. 11. Appleton Bronze Medal. 12. Coins of the United States, dollar, half dollar, and smal- ler, of the date of 1864. Beneath the box was placed the box, with its contents entire, which was taken from beneath the Corner-Stone of the old Hall in School Street. Both boxes were placed in a cavity in the first vermiculated stone, at the north-west corner of the 1)uilding, on Tremont Street and Montgomery Place. 21 REPORT OF THE BUILDING COMMITTEE. At a quarterly meeting of the Society, held January 2, 18G4, on motion of C O. Whitmore, a Committee of Nine, of which the Pre.sident should be Chairman, was a])pointed to consider the expediency of erecting a building on the Montgomery House estate, and report the probable cost of the same. The Phesidext, JosiAH Stickney, C. O. Whitmore, M. P. WiLDEK, J. S. Cabot, W, 11. Austin, II. H. HUXXEAVELL, J. F. C. Hyde, and L. Wetherell, were nominated and unanimously chosen. At the meeting of the Society, February 6th, the Building Committee made the following Report : The Committee to whom was referred the subject of the ex- pediency of erecting a building on the Montgomery House estate, recently purchased by the Society, and the probable expense of the same, have attended to that duty, and submit the following Report : Your Committee consider the subject referred to them of very great importance to the Society, and they have endeavored to give it the thorough deliberation and investigation its impor- tance demands. A portion of the Committee having previously examined the subject and made a general report, they were desirous that other gentlemen, fresh from the Society, should cooperate with them, and carefully examine the whole question of building, and give such an opinion as would enable every member to cast a satisfactory vote when brought before the Society. 22 Your Committee believe it is for the permanent interest of the Society to proceed with the erection of a building, if it can be done within its means, or with safety as an investment of its funds. The question of time is one which they ha^e given much attention, and looking at it in all its aspects, thev feel assured, with such a plan as they have had prepared, should it meet the Avishes and approval of the Society, a building can be erected at a reasonably enhanced price, without detriment to its present interests or future welfare, afford a good income upon the outlay, and, what is of most importance, place the Society in the possession of a hall of its own, where it can accommodate all the exhibitions, weekly or annual — a building that shall be an ornament to our city, "a fitting testimonial of our liberal- ity''' — ami one which Avill enable us to carry forward the great objects of its founders, viz.: "Encoviraging and improving the science of horticulture." At an early stage of the action of the Society, a committee of five Avas chosen to purchase a suitable site Avithin certain limits ; and that committee, desirous of serving the interests and forwai'dlng the objects of the Society, which they believed to be to secure a handsome and appropriate building, selected the Montgomery House estate, and had plans and estimates prepared by G. J. F. Bryant, Esq., placed before them and the Society. This plan has l)een taken as the basis of another, now about to be submitted for your consideration. No A'ote was taken upon it by the old Committee, and its internal arrange- ments were not especially criticised or debated, as the time had not then arrived for such action. It Avas simply an idea of the style of building, in its architectural proportions and general beauty. Estimates Avere, howevei-, made, shoAving that it could have been erected In 1862 for 185,000. This plan has been materially and essentially altered in its interior arrangements, while Its exterior character has been pre- served, and, it is confidently hoped, its architectural proportions improved, its fitness augmented, and its beauty of design much enhanced. It is noAv presented, Avith the full belief that, afiter much study, it comes as near as possible to the Avants and 23 vcquiremcnts of tlic Sock'ty, both as regards Its own iis(\s and tliat C(inally important one of Income. It has had the hjng attention and deliberation of some of th(^ Committee, and is oficred with the liope and expectation that it will be satisfactory to all. The plan herewith presented contains a larger and smaller hall ; the former suited to the Opening, Hose, and Aimnal Ex- hibitions, or any exhibitions the Society may wish to make; and the latter admirably adapted to its weekly and ordinary shows. On the second floor, the meeting room, library room, and committee rooms connect with the smaller hall, with a rear entrance from Montgomery Place for exhiliitors, and a conveni- ent room for ])reparing plants and fruits for exhibition. The large hall occupies the third floor, and the space of the entire building, accessible by tAvo broad flights of stairs, from the rotunda, and also a rear entrance from Montgomery Place, and the same acconnnodations for exhibitors as the hall beneath. It will be a lofty and magnificent hall, with a gallery at one end and a stage at the other, and will be lighted from the sides and top. Its area will be about 4000 feet. The street floor contains two large stores on Tremont Street and four on Bromfield Street, with three basement stores beneath. Your Conunittee do not think it necessary to enter into any particular description of the exterior design of the l)uilding. The various drawings of the fi'ont and side fa9ades, as well as the perspective view, now placed before you for your Inspection and approval, relieve them of that duty. The style is that now generally adopted in modern Enrope, for most of the public edifices of this character, and from Its graceful proportions, har- monious expression, and adaptability to general use, appeal's best suited to the requirements of the Society, while It affords the best evidence of our appreciation of architectural beauty. The material selected by your Conunittee is the Concord white granite, which, for its tone of color and durability, pre- eminently fit It for the style and purpose of such a structure. The best example of this material, of recent erection, is the new City Hall, and one of much earlier date, the house of David Sears, E.sq., on Beacon Street, the latter best illustrating its wear and appearance after the lapse of nearly half a century- The entire cost of the erection of the building, according to the estimates of Mr. Br^'ant, made to your Committee and pro- cured from responsible parties, and shice revised, will not ex- ceed $102,500, and v.dien the oiFers are open to competition he believes it will be reduced. When your Committee take into consideration the greatly enhanced value of its stocks, over that of 1862, this excess over the estimates of the first plan is far more favoral^le than they were led to anticipate. The income of the building, according to the best judgment of yoiu- Connnittee, and obtahied by careful enquiry of the income of property in the immediate vicinity, will be ftilly equal to six per centum per annum on the entire cost of the invest- ment. To meet the cost of the erection of the building, your Com- mittee herewith annex a statement of the assets of the Society available for that piu'pose, very carefully and accurately pre- pared by your Treasurer, and believed to be correct, amounting to 1100,054 on the 23d January last. To meet the payment of the mortgages upon the estate, pay- able in twenty years from September 1, 1863, it is proposed by your Committee to recommend to the Society, immediately upon the completion of the building, the creation of a sinking fund, which shall meet its liabilities in 1883. This proposition is 10 lay aside every year 83500 from the income of Mount Auburn, which will, with interest, amount in sixteen years to $98,745. The deep interest which will be created by the erection of a new building, it is believed by your Committee, will greatly increase the niuiiber of members ; and the income from this source and its exhibitions will probably be sufficient to pay the ordinary expenses of the Society ; and should this hope be real- ized, a larger sum can be added to the sinking fund, should the Society so direct, which will enable it, should the opportunity offer, Avhich it is thought possible it may, to pay off some of the mortgages (being made to six parties) before the period of their 25 expiration, or leave to the Society a miicli larger sum to en- courage the objects to which it is especially devoted. Your Committee cannot here omit to contrast the present condition of the Society with its condition in 1843, when it decided to purchase the old Latin Schoolhousc in School Street, for the sum of -$18,000. With only |15,000 of available funds for the purpose, it then almost unanimously voted to erect a building upon the site, which, with the land, Avould cost about 5^40,000. If the attempt to build now can be termed a hazard- ous enterprise, with its increased means, much larger number of members, and the fiir greater general })ublic taste for horticult- ure and rural art, what nuist the action of the Societv have been deemed in 1843 ? Its prospective income could not then be considered, at the outside, at more than |i2o00, and the income from the btulding less than five per centum ; and to carry for- ward the work it was necessary to execute a mortgage for $15,000, besides the use of all the income from Mt. Auburn for four years. Yet it went on prosperously, meeting all its lia- bilities promptly, distributing very liberally of its means for the encouragement of Horticulture and Pomological Science, and, thanks to those who labored so faithfully, we are now receiving the benefits of the sound judgment and foresight, united with the zeal and energy of those avIio laid the foundation of our success, and gave to the Society extended influence and the means of far greater usefulness. In conclusion, your CVjmmittee would advise the innnediate erection of a building worthy of that art and science which is hencefjrth to be its home, and spread therefrom its benign influ- ence throughout the land. Who that treads the shady paths and winding avenues, or reclines beneath the sacred groves of that garden of graves, the inception of the founders of the Society — or surveys the broad expanse of cultivated coimtry now reaching to the Pacific, teeming with rich fruits and beautifid flowers, would Avish, with the means at our command, and the known public spirit, to erect a lesser monument to the triumphs of civilization. 26 IIow consoling the reflection that, when we have finished our earthly work, and our ashes repose beneath the green turf and leafy bowers of Mt. Auburn, this elegant building shall be the ('nduring memento of the intelligence and wisdom Avhich formed that sacred garden of the dead, away from the busy haunts of the living. In this temple, dedicated to the elegant art of hor- ticulture we shall transmit to our successors a record of our earnest labors to accomplish the two-fold task of decorating and l>eautifying our homes while living, and of adorning and conse- crating our homes in death. Entertaining these views your Committee Avould recommend the passage of the following Resolutions : liesolved, That the present Committee be constituted a Build- ing ('Ommittee, and that they be, and are hereby authorized and directed to proceed with the erection of a building on the Montgomery House estate, recently purchased by the Society, according to the plans, specifications, and estimates, prepared by Gridley J. F. Bryant, Esq., approved by the Committee, and now submitted to the Society, and that they have full })ower to enter into and make all contracts and agreements, in the name of the Society, necessary for the erection and comple- tion of said building. Resolved^ That the Committee now having in charge the Montgomery House estate be authorized and directed to termi- nate the present lease on the first of May next. C. M. HOVEY, JOSIAH StICKNEY, Marshall P. Wildee, C. O. Whitmore, Wm. R. Austin, H. H. Hunnewell, James F. C. Hyde, Leander Wetherell, Joseph S. Cabot, Committee on Building. Boston, Feb. Gth, 1864. 27 ]Mr. A". Mattliews moved as a substitute, in tlic place of the Coininittce's resolutions, tlie following, which was unanimously :i(l(>[)t(Ml : riiat tlic whole matter of erectinfr a buiklinc; be referred to the Conunittee, with full power to make such alterations in the ))lans and specifications as may suggest themselves, under the superintendence of the architect, Mr. G. J. F. Bryant, and at a «!ost not exceeding the sum of $105,000. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING. The new Ilall of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society occupies a central and commanding position on Tremont Street, between Bromfield Street and Montgomery Place. A cellar story, partially finished into apartments as a basement, covers the whole area of the estate, and includes also, all the area beneath the sidewalks, in front of the se^'eral facades of the building. This story is sub-divided into six apartments, two of which are cellars beneath, and connected with the two front stores on Tremont Street. Three others are designed for stores or mechanical workshops, while the sixth apartment is appropriated as an engine and boiler room for the heating ap- paratus, and with ample accommodations for the necessary fuel. An easy staircase in tlie north-east corner of this story, com- municates with the stories above, as well as with the entrance doorway on that side, from Montgomery Place. Beneath the sidewalk pavement, on this side, are locate<l the lavatories, water closets, and urinals, for the use of the occupants of the basement, and of the stores above. All the apartments of the basement are entered from the Bromfield Street front, by flights of steps, and all are amply lighted by upright windows in the external walls, and by Hyatt lights, to be located in the side- walks of all the streets. 28 The first, or street story, is siib-dividod into the same niimher of compartments as those above described in the basement, and consists entirely of shops or stores, two of which front on Tre- mont Street, with light on the front, and on one side of each store, wliile the remaining four all entered from Bromfiekl Street, and are lighted both in front and rear of each. The staircase, commenced in the basement, is continued up tliroiigh this story, and is accessible from the JMontgomery Place side of the building. The front or main staircase, 10 feet in width, is carried up between the two stores on Tremont Street. The second story contains one of the Exhibition Halls, span- ning the widtli of the estate, and lighted by three large windows in each of its two sides. Besides this hall, there are four apartments to the west of it, receiving light from the three sides of the building, and communicating with each other, and with a square lobby, containing three noble flights of stairs. One of these flights leads up from the principal front entrance on Tre- mont Street, and the two others are for connection with the third story, which contains the principal hall of the building. Of the foiu- apartments on the front of this story, the two which extend across the whole of the Tremont Street front, are for the puqjoses of a Library, and of Superintendent's and Treasurer's oflfice, and are connected by wide folding doors, so as to be thrown into one, when necessary. Connected y\'h\\ these two front rooms, are the two smaller rooms, located betAveen the front rooms and the Hall, and occupying all the remaining space of this floor not devoted to lobby and staircases. From one of these smaller rooms, opens a water-closet and lavatoiy, intended for the use of the officers of the Society. To the east of the Hall on this second story, and placed between it and the ex- treme east wall of the estate, on the Bromfield Street side, there is an apartment of suitable size to be used as an ante-room, and corresponding in area with the staircase hall on tlie other side, through which runs iip the continuation of the staircases of the two stories beneath, and accessible from Montgomery Place. Between these two is formed a recess for the stage or platform at the upper end of the hall, and a passageway in the rear of 29 tliis recess connects the ante-room witli tlie private staireaf^e just described. All the apartments on tliis story are abundantly lighted, In the three exterior walls, by windows of liberal di- mensions and pleasing proportion. The third or upper story is mainly devoted to a ])rln('l]ial Exhibition ITall, extending over nearly its whole area, inasmuch as it not only spans the whole width of the estate, but occupies, M"ith its lobby entrances and stair landings, the whole length of the entire property — with the exception of an ante-room, private staircase, and passageway of comminilcation In the rear, the same as those already described on the story underneath. On account of the greater height on this floor, this arrangement of stairway, passage and ante-room is also duplicated in a secondary or half story, Introduced above the one just named ; the two occupying together, only the height of the larger Hall. The hjbby entrances and stair landings at the front or west end of the l)ullding, as well as that portion of the area of the large hall lying between these lobbies, are constructed so as to be ten feet in height, and over them all is a Gallery of the whole width of the Hall, and entered from one of the landings l)y a flight of Gallery stairs, placed in the south-west corner of the building. Each of the two halls. In the second and third stories, con- tains a statre at its eastern end, accessible from the ante-rooms, and from the rear or private staircase at that end of the Hall. The amount of interior area and accommodation aflbrded by the several floors of the building, will perhaps be better under- stood by the following schedule of the number, designation, and dimensions of the halls, apartments, &c., to wit: 15ASEMENT STORY. Store No. 1 is 18.4 in width by 50.0 in length. " " 2 " 18.4 " " " 50.9 '' " " 3 " 18.4 " " " 51.2 '^ Cellar and Boiler Eoom 14. G by 36.8, 30 These stores vary in height, conforming to the grade of Bromfield Street. FIRST OR STREET STORY. Store No. 4 is 25.0 in width by 41.9 in length. u n. g u 25.0 " " '■'' 44.0 "■ " " " 6 " 18.4 " " " 50.6 " " " 7 " 18.4 " " " 50.3 " " " 8 " 18.4 " " " 50.8 " Room for Storage 15.0 hy 36.9. These stores also vary in heiglit, from 14 feet, least, to 18.| feet, greatest height, according to the grade. SECOND STORY. Hall, 51 feet by 57 feet. Ante-Room, 12.0 " '' 13.9 " Stage Recess, 9.9 " " 23.9 " Two Rooms for officers of the Association, 18.6 x 20.6 and 20.9 X 30.6, respectively. The heig-ht of these rooms is 17 feet in the clear. THIRD STORY. Large Hall, 50.6 by 77.9, height 26 feet. Stage Recess, 9.9 " 23.9 Lobby, 11.0 " 25.0 Ante-room in rear of Hall, 12.0 x 13.9, with another room of corresponding dimensions in the half story above. The interior of the two halls is of a style of finish and deco- ration which accords with the external character of the edifice in every respect. The lower or smaller hall is fini.-hed with pilasters of the Ionic order, sustaining beams on the ceiling, by which it is divided into panelled compartments, — the walls being decorated also with panelling, disposed in suitable divi- sions. The upper hall has a graceful coved ceiling, resting on a deep Ionic cornice with modillions, — the face of the pilasters carrying the same being enriched with Arabesque festoons, modelled in high relief. The walls are dadoed up as high as 31 tlie sillj; of the Avindows, and the doorways leading to aiitt'- rooms and staircase are ornamented with rich architraves wiih pediniented lieads. The panels between the cross-beams on tlie ceilings, are ornamented with bold mouldings, and a\ ith drops at the intersections. The effect of the whole when completed will be rich and attractive, and the hall will doubtless be greatly iii request for concerts, lectures, and other public occasions recpiii- ing a central and convenient locality. The external style and appearance of the building are of a dignified and monumental character, and well calculated for imposing effect. The front extends 55 feet, on Tremont Street. and Is divided into three general divisions, or bays. The centre of these is decorated with an order of coupled columns, re- peated in i)ilasters, behind, and carried through the three stories — Doric in the lowest, Ionic in the second, and Corinth- ian in the third or upper story. A rich composed cornice crowns the whole facade, surmounted by a central attic, as a pedestal for a superb figure of Ceres, cut in white granite, from the celebrated antique in the Vatican, as given in the Jluseo Pio Clementino^ p. 27. The angles of the front are decorated with projecting piers, cut with rich, vermiculated quoins, and forming bases at the top of the entrance story for two other figures, one of Pomona, and one of Flora, the latter copied fi'om the renowned Flora Farnese at Naples. These elegant works of art form, it is believed, the first examples of statuary of a high order of excellence ever placed in similar positions in this country. The style displa}ed in this costly and elegant design is one which, it is believed, accords well with the character and requirements of such a structure. It will at once be recognized by all those conversant with such matters, as the prevailin«>- method of modern Europe; a style, which the taste of the presejit Emperor of France, in particular, has so largely illus- trated in most of the modern works of the French capital. From its great intrinsic beauty, not less than from its extreme readiness of adaptation to the wants and uses of the present day, it lias attained, under the general title of the Renaissance, 32 universal popularity in Europe, and in the cliief cities of our own country. Derived originally fi'om Italian sources, and par- ticularly from the later edifices of the Venetian Republic, it has now been so successfully naturalized elsewhere as to have become the prevailing manner for most of those important pub- lic edifices, which are destined to be regarded as the best archi- tectural records of our time, by posterity. A situation so prominent as that of the Horticultural Hall, certainly demands a graceful and harmonious style of design, and it is hoped that the Iniilding now in process of erection will stand as a fair memorial of our present advancement in architectural knowledge and taste. IMessrs. G. J. F. Bryant and Arthur Oilman, architects, and superintendents of the erection of the building, are so well known, as gentlemen of experience and taste, that any commen- dation would be superfluous. They have made all the internal arrangements, agreeably to the views and requirements of the Committee, and the external character of the edifice will show their taste in harmony of details, beauty of proportion, and general expression of design. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 022 267 452 9 •.
| 2,807 |
9650625_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,979 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 38 | 68 |
In re Doris Kay Rowland, applying for certiorari, or writ of review, to the Court of Appeal, Third Circuit. Parish of Calcasieu. 374 So.2d 734.
Denied. The result is correct.
TATE and DENNIS, JJ., would grant the writ..
| 42,077 |
sn88077573_1907-08-08_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,230 | 4,758 |
Page 10: Daily Mirror. BURGESS...Business Manager A. C. HOLLAND Editor P. M. ARNOLDING...City Editor ADVERTISING RATES FOR NISH ADVERTISEMENT, APPLICATION. and Market Reports. RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION Single Copy...25c For Week by Carrier...10c By Mail, per Year $4.00 Semi-Weekly Mirror, per year $1.00 Both Times - No. 0 WATER PAPER, partly cloudy tonight and Friday. Political Announcements FOR REPRESENTATIVE. To the Democrats of Marion County If you think my efforts on behalf of Democracy and W. J. Bryan in the campaign of 1908 and 1900 entitle me to the nomination for Representative to the Seventeenth General Assembly of the State of Ohio, I will certainly appreciate any effort on your part for my support given. M. D. CHASE. FOR JUSTICE OF THE PEACE. The friends of David Vestal wish to announce his name for the nomination of Justice of the Peace, subject to the decision of the Democratic voters of Marion township, Saturday August 10. MANY VOTERS. Democratic Mass Convention. township, Marion county, Ohio, are hereby notified. That the Democrats of said township will hold a mass convention on Saturday, August 10th, 1907, between the hours of 2 and 4 o'clock P.M. at the office of the Infirmary Directors in the Court House in said county for the purpose of placing in nomination candidates for the following offices to be voted upon at the election to be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, 1907. Two Township Trustees. One Township Clerk. One Township Treasurer. One Constable. Two Justices of the Peace. 3 and to pass upon any and such other business as may come before said convention. Dated August 3, 1907. FRANK CAMPBELL, Township Committeeman, s-o-ot Hailroads in France and Germany are patterning after American lines and in our midst big wrecks. Dayton, New York. Pittsburgh. That will soon be the order of roll call for cities with jealous citizens. Vice President Fairbanks' chill disposition indicates he has inspired his calling. He should be hunting the north pole. Eleven Louis Schofield mayor was about the best investment in people of Marion have made for some years. Automobilists may think they are the whole thing, but they must learn to keep out of the way of express trains. Congressmen are forming a combination. It will not be long until our swain cannot make love without embracing a trust. The coopers' hive raised the price of whiskey barrels. "We may soon be compelled to drink water and run the awful risk of being drowned. The fact that the railroad and oil trusts are joining hands to fight the government, might be taken to indicate "there's a nigger in the wood pile." A New York girl finds the police office in jail and is married. The Slain force. Svas, hpwcVerr- nol .. mentioned. An expert accountant has discovered that Mayor Pfaff, of Ashtabula, Just Received A splendid line of Pont, Fries, ranging from 10 cents Your Dollars. C. G. Wiant BOOKSELLER AND STATIONER. The Xohm t Pet OarAi urs the r ty n q'taitcr. This ae- i In i. pair. llw dollars day ii!, -i. m ior making the discovery ' i il ji Lt id claimed that snake bite will miic cancer and whiskey is-the-accepted remedy for snake bite, but 10 universal remedy for whiskey has. as yet been discovered. ptElio difference in the enthusiasm unfested over the coming to Ohio Tuft and Foraker may be taken is indicative of, the way Ohio re publicans will vote. r t It ' Vice President Fairbanks goi Commodore M. C. Perry's Achievements mixed with those of his brother, Commodore O. H. Perry. This Teeming the blunder made by speaker, who when addressing Fremont audience forgot that the late President Hayes was a native that city. Japanese experts have been sent to this country to learn something of our railway system. The Japanese great imitators, it might be well to have a few wrecks while they are here and bet the example of educating the nation's fighting strength before that predicted war on us oil. FROM THE COMMONER. Every now and then the wielder of a "big stick" helps up to the home plate, raps it a couple of times and then ignominiously "sires out." The Japanese-no territorial expansion will not attract a great deal of attention. It is expansion of the hatband that will give the Japanese a lot of trouble. If the administration gets after the cigar trust like it did after the beef trust and the merger, the demand for clothespins will be vast. Increased. If the new theatrical trust will limit the output of some of the attractions it will, it will be a long way towards proving that there is at least one good trust. Same old ram, no tariff revision until after election. And after election no twin revision because the people did not demand it during the campaign. Judge Lindsey, of Denver, says Mr. Guggenheim bought a United States senatorship. Mr. Guggenheim did not blaze any new path when he performed that stunt. The uprising in Korea ought to save us several battleships, at least. There has been a noticeable subsidence of war talk since Janan and busy with her dependency. Senator Foraker says he is thankful that he has never been an American to any office by Democrats. The senator pays a very high tribute to the discernment of Democrats. Mr. Rockefeller's pastor informs us that we are "living in fact" and we've got to set a fast pace if we can keep within reach. The price of Mr. Rockefeller's oil. A party of Cambridge professors has gone to South Africa for the purpose of photographing the Martian animals. They did not waste any time trying to get a negative of the Panama canal. "We have a right to expect a negative of the Panama canal." Class worker," observes the Butte Miner, "too true. The publican election has worked the producing classes of this community, from the standpoint of the Republican party. Announcement comes from Oyster Bay that tariff revision is not to be undertaken until after election. The announcement may result in some political revision of ante-election campaigns. Having gobbled Korna T.nn i. I've too honest to talk about "man-money or "thrown into our laps" by providence. That sort of stuff is for Olvllz. Oirlo,... I had to do. "Porhans the railroads figure that you will pay out some money at the two-cent fare rate because time will not be out some actual cash for new goods, which will be increased demand for transportation facilities. Colonel Robit Fitzsimmons emerged from obscurity the other day, and is long enough to demonstrate the truth of the anecdote that the pitcher which goes to often to the gents, knocked over the ropes. HARRIS AT HIS DESK HARD AT WORK Columbus, O., Aug. 8. Governor Tarns was at his desk this morning. "I'm feeling good," he said. "I never was tumbled with anything but a slight cold." Harris dug at once into work, with Secretary Flickinger. THE COUNTESS OF ROSSIN. The Countess of Rosslyn, who had just secured an absolute divorce from her husband, the Earl of Rosslyn, was formally Miss Anna Robinson of Minneapolis. She had a meteoric career on the stage, making her debut in "The Governor of Kentucky" and winning much popularity in New York, London, and Paris and bringing scores of members to her feet. She married the Earl of Rosslyn in 1901. He, too, had had a sensational career and has enjoyed considerable notoriety. He was in the Boer war and was captured by the enemy and has been on the stage, like his former wife. His first entry upon this sphere was in Australia as a finny dinner. When he came into the realm, he prodigalities were the talk of London. ELECTION Such is the Claim Set up by Some Candidates in Mississippi Election Jackson, Miss. Aug. 8. The Democratic state executive committee met here at noon today for the purpose of canvassing the returns and declaring the result of the recent primary held in this state for United States senators and state officers. So close is the race in those political contests that interest is at a fever heat. E. V. Noel is apparently in the lead for governor with Earl Brewer a close second, but Charles Scott is not satisfied, and will demand a recount. For the past few days, there have been rumors of destroyed ballots and other irregularities. Lost ballot hours, but these reports have been found to be without foundation. The meeting promises to be sensational. Both sensational candidates are claiming that a canvass of the vote will show their election. Wardman by a bare majority, and AVI-Hams' friends by at least 1000. Mr. William arrived today. Congressman K. J. Dowers of the Coast district is also here in Mr. Williams' interest, as he also served several of his friends from north Mississippi, where Governor Vardaman received some of his largest majorities, and it is said they have some startling evidence in their possession concerning the Vardaman vote in that section. The Vardaman men also claim irregularities. ALLOWED TO VISIT HIS DYING CHILD DRUNK Montgomery, IA, Aug. 8.-Hold-up in the "Kearsarge," Capt. Herbert W. Williams; tonnage, a gun, and a spade, 16 knots. THE MARON DAILY MIRROR, In a telegram containing the news that his baby would not live two hours, opened near, an intelligent white convict touched the heart of Governor Comer today. Team ran down the checks of the stricken father, as he begged to be allowed to see his child and comfort the heartbroken mother. Every man in the governor's office died moist eyes as the governor, father of a large family himself, turned to his desk and wrote a release for 10 days that the convict might go home. Men who know of the case. says the Imp-lbonmcnti of Earle is a mis-arrangement or Justice and that he shot a man who was abusing his. GETS LONG SENTENCE Leader of Gang of Burglars Goes to Sing Sing for Forty Years. New York, Aug 8. August Van nh, the celebrated leader of a gang of burglars who terrorized Nassau county jails for nearly six months, has been sent to Sing Sing Prison for a term of 40 years at hard haber by County Judge Jackson Christian Schlang, mother member of the Rang, who timed state's evidence, was held to Sing Sing prison for 25 years, and his mother, Mrs. Alma Schlang, who pleaded guilty of receiving stolen foods, was sent to Auburn prison for five years. Christian Schlang is only 19. In Grundy Williams, aged 20, the sweet heart of young Schlang, who was also attended and who gave most of the information concerning the robbers, will be given her liberty. She will be given liberty. Virginia and Logan for now. THURSDAY, AUGUST 8, 1907, ATTIRED IN GAUZE Lady Godiva Rides Through London (Pesquotiany A Protests. But the Coventry, Hug., Aug. 8. Mounted on a white palfrey and decorously clothed in misses of hair, pink flesh ings and clouds of gauze, a modern Lady Godiva yesterday gave a representation of the historic ride. Through the city streets. Coventry has been Lady Godiva mad for months. "When a revival of the procession, last witnessed in 1887, was first suggested, there were many who desired a strict adherence to tradition, but the anti-nudists effected a compromise and a vaudeville actress whose specialty is to display herself in groups of long statuary, was engaged to represent the historic bono factories of Coventry. The actress, who is said to have complained that she could make a half dozen summer frocks out of the gauze she was compelled to wear, took an hour and a half to arrange her trailing hair and long draperies and then a special committee had to approve of her costume before she was permitted to take her place in the pageant. Many of the local clergy who had been preaching against the fleshings as being sensitive of nudity, left the city temporarily, but most of the people of the county and 100,000 from the outside had a sight of Lady Godiva, as she traversed the six miles. Lady Godiva, who flourished about the middle of the 11th century, was the wife of Leopold, Earl of Chester. She was a woman of great beauty and piety and the benefactress of many churches and monasteries. According to the legend, Lady Godiva begged her husband to relieve Coventry or burdensome, tax, and he consented to. Do so on the condition that she should ride naked through the market place. This she did, covered only by long hair, and thus won relief for the people. According to some versions of the story, the people were commanded to keep within their houses while Lady Godiva paused and only one man "Peeping Tom." disobeyed and he was miraculously stricken with blindness. CHRISTIANS MASSACREED Turkish Troops Continue atrocities and Prussian Appeals to Russia. Tehern, Persia, Aug. 8. The Turkish troops, which recently crossed the northwest frontier of Persia, are marching on Urumlab, burning and devastating villages along their route. The Christian village of Movan is reported to have been shelled and 60 persons, including women and children, are still alive. Ten girls were carried off. A panic prevails at Urumlab. The minister for Justice, Prince Firman, has been appointed governor of the province of Azerbaijan, the scene of the trouble, and has been ordered to take up his duties immediately. The government is consulting with the foreign representatives regarding the Turkish invasion. St. Petersburg, Aug. 8. P asked the assistance of the Russian foreign office to secure a settlement of her frontier dispute with Turkey. She claims that Turkish troops have penetrated 40 miles into Persian territory, relieving the population. The original survey of the Turkish Persian frontier was made by Russian and English surveyors in the '60s. FAIRBANK'S SERIOUSLY Mixed up his history, Lakeside, Aug 8. It was a matter of some surprise to his native country that in his speech at the unveiling of Perry's monument Monday, Vice President Roosevelt had not made any significant announcement. However, it was not until the unveiling of Perry's monument that he had made a significant impact on American history, not only because of what he did here in a great emergency but because of the service he rendered to his country and to humanity in the far-off Orient. It was Joe, who in command of an American fleet, opened the doors of Japan which were closed to modern civilization. The fact is that the old Japanese was opened in 1853, and on him, in 1810, he died in 1810, at Miss Jeane's, in Trinidad. The president, who renounced his country in the winter, was a hero of the Pacific Northwest. ALL THAT'S GOOD IN THE CIRCUS WORLD. MARION, FRIDAY, AUGUST 16 Presenting under the auspices of WATER-PROOR TENTS 1500 RARE AND COSTLY WILD ANIMALS. DOUBLE HERD OF ELEPHANTS. Ponderous Performing Pach Yuma, Presenting a Program Comique of Perfection. KING'S BIG REALISTIC WILD WEST. Introducing 1300 Indians, Cowboys, Scouts and Soldiers, in a Spectacular Exhibition of Daro-Dovil Riding, Pancy Roping and Bolo Throwing, including Captain Trench's Troop of U. S. Cavalry in Exhibitions of Riding, Monkey Drills, etc., and a band of Sioux Indians in Scenes of the Far West. The Latest Foreign Novelty MR. JAMES DUTTON AND COMPANY, Grand Spectacular Riding Act. THE MINERVA SISTERS' Wonderful Aerial Iron Jaw Act. ROBINSON'S School of Wonderfully Trained Menagerie Horses. 12 in number. 20 MALE AND FEMALE RIDERS 20 "300 DARING OYMNASTS Nimble Acrobats and Talented Aerials. ALLOTS. The pick of all Arcnic Celebrities. FORTY MERRY OLD CLOWNS. GRAND $300,000 STREET PARADE. 3 Miles, of Gold Bedecked Wagons and Chariots, Prancing Horses, Dons of Rare and Costly Wild Animals, and Including the Season's Newest Novelty, a Quarter of a Million Dollar Reproductions of the Battleships of our Navy. THE GRAND dren in the East. MUSICAL THE CELEBRATED BANDA ROMA of Gondolos, under direction of Antonio Olivo, give one hour's musical program before each performance. TWO SHOWS DAILY, RAIN OR SNINE. EXCURSION RATES ON ALL RAILROADS. SPECIAL NOTICE - The people attending night exhibition, in order to see menagerie, opening Spectacular and the big acts, must be present not later than 7:30 p.m. The horses, ponies and wagons loaded at dusk are used only in the parade, and are hurried to the next town as "The Flying Squadron." CANDIDATES AND THEIR STANDING DISTRICT 1 Mrs. Marcellus Kerstetter, 257 Lincoln Ave 81,897 Mrs. Harry Faulkner, 115 N. Greenwood 2,365 Miss Mario Burke, 289 Belleview Ave 1,407 Mrs. Thomas Dwyer, 512 N. Greenwood... Miss Cecilia Minongban, 63 1 Ballentine Ave 939 913 Mrs. Dennie Drake, 309 N. State 669 Miss Lizzie Schoechle, 283 Belleview, 012 Mrs. Lettie Zachman, 507 N. Greenwood, 530, Miss Nellie F. Gill, 138 N. Grand 330 Miss Mabel Vaughan, 419 N. State 150 DISTRICT 2 Mrs. H. A. Bigford, 226 Leader 22,528 Miss Mario Stubor, 243 N. Prospect 3,360 Miss Irma Goldenbaugh, 306 N. Prospect 2,679 Miss May Sweeney, 604 Archer, 2,214 Miss Anna Hanley, 367 Leader, 1,564 Mrs. Thomas A. Brooks, 335 Scranton Ave 1,505 Mrs. L. E. Noborgall, 769 North Main 1,258 Miss Hattie Wort, Garden City Plko ECO Miss Agnes Hannigan, 229 N. Prospect Er,0 Miss Rose Harlowe, 336 Silver.. 480 Miss Fern C. Noli, 289 N. Prospect 395 Mrs. Frank Paddock, 123 W. Tarmington. Miss Winifred English, 324 Silver.. 10 DISTRICT 3 Mrs. C. W. Uvm, 377 Pearl... 77,998 Mrs. J. Heldenbaugh, 377 Wind- Bor, 77,603 Miss Gertrude Gibson, 215 Pleasant 3,350 Miss Edna Stillman, 451 S. Miss Margaret Wixstead, 214 Piano 870 All Sadie Hume, 320 S, Pearl, 420 BALLET - 500 Men, Women and Children Miss Lena Warner, 4'M Miss Florence Shurz, 264 W. Church, 290 Mrs. Ida Hanly, 909 Wood, 105 Miss Gertrude Converse, W." Church, 70 DISTRICT 4 Miss Roseco Knapp, 263 at.. Vernon Ave, 15,450 Mrs. Ida Williams, 616 Delaware Ave 1J51 Mrs. Howard, Shaw, 304 E. Church, 10 Miss Anna Schoenlaub, 25th. Greenwood Ave Mrs. F. M. Tavon, 730 E. Church, 11 Mrs. J. Howe, SS E. Church, 156 Mrs. H. E. Peters, S. Grand St. DISTRICT 5 Miss Louise Kyle, Prospect 20,939 Mrs. Ed Hess, Prospect 14,140 Miss Lucy Wisserbeck, mail Green Camp, 11 Miss Tho Gast, Prospect, 11 Miss Wixstead, Green Hill, pike Miss Stella Kenyon, Waldo, 310 Miss Florence Van Osten, Prospect A DISTRICT 6 Mrs. Walter Blbler, general 18 984 Mrs. Floyd Tenney, Laltimore 9909 Miss Ethel Johnson, Laitimore 9909 Miss Ola Scranton, LaRue 2 370 MISS Gladys RUBER. Atrnnfn airs. Boll Thomason, LaRue " i'i2n airs. Thomas Cromwell. T.nn,,a " ' Miss Dale Horton, Agosta...,'" I l Miss Daley Horton, Agosta...,'" I l Miss Carthy Bell, LaRue....... 230 DISTRICT 7 Mrs. Alice Mitchell, Barton R. p. " " O.. 27 1ft! Miss Maud Docker. Caledonia"'a,. Miss Minnie Plitman, Caledonia, 14978 . " Aim, Caledonia.. 850 OwrojSENJOI7DJj, M n, AGAINST BIYCOlTlNO1 St. Paul, ari.m.. ai.p. o... is.. 5-s. :.?: ,i ... ,-' vu iies "ay, after heiilnn r--.. " " petition of tha Rocky Mountain n .Mephone connanv Lnian Be irora Injunction restraining thTiw" ""Ions from btueotf inl! , h. labor tympany. Thii order Is the Z!5 . Sjiko of the women tnff1"' erajors, rD uji- RING'S DVSPEPSMtlBLEYl ) X 4f 44 I VI a i rt - ..
| 48,097 |
US-201715424467-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,017 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,005 | 7,305 |
Thermoplastic kettle auxiliary heat exchanger system
ABSTRACT
An auxiliary heating means for improving the melting efficiency of melter kettles used to melt thermoplastic pavement marking materials. The auxiliary heating means includes a tube assembly through which thermoplastic material received from the bottom of the melter kettle is transferred to the top of the melter kettle. The tube assembly comprises an odd number of tubes having augers therein. The tube assembly is coupled to a side portion of the melter kettle and located within a heat chamber through which hot combustion gases from a combustion chamber at the bottom of the melter kettle flow and transfer heat into the tube assembly. The heat chamber comprises an extended portion of a heat chamber that surrounds the melter kettle.
RELATED APPLICATION
The present application is based upon U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/368,468, filed Jul. 29, 2016 to which priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. §120 and of which the entire specification is hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND
The present invention relates generally to melter kettles that are designed and used to melt thermoplastic materials that are applied to pavements such as roadways, airport runways, parking lots, bicycle paths and other surfaces requiring pavement markings. More particularly the present invention is directed to systems and methods to improve the melting efficiency of melter kettles.
Thermoplastic materials are the product of choice for many types of pavement marking operations. However, unlike most other types of marking materials thermoplastic materials must be melted to very high temperatures that can reach up to about 420° F. in order to be fluid enough to be applied.
Early types of thermoplastic material application equipment applied the thermoplastic material at slow rates. Therefore, the long melting times it took to melt thermoplastic materials in melter kettles were not a problem. Melter kettles could keep up with the low output of application equipment.
Eventually improvements in the designs of melter kettles achieved reductions of melting times. However, over time application equipment was improved to the point at which thermoplastic material could be applied at much faster rates than the improved kettles could keep up with melting the thermoplastic material. The present invention increases the efficiency of melting thermoplastic in melter kettles that can be mounted on either thermoplastic trucks, nurse trucks, trailers or the like.
For some time heat domes, also called heat risers or heat tubes, have been installed in melter kettles. The dome structure is formed by a tube of variable diameter that is attached to a hole in the base of a kettle where the OD of the dome base matches the ID of the hole in the base of the kettle. The top of the dome is closed by a metal disc. The dome reduces the heating surface area of the base. However, the dome provides additional circumference surface area that compensates for the loss of the heating area in a kettle with no dome and compensates for the lost surface area of the base within a few inches of dome height. From this point the dome adds melting (heat transfer) surface area to the kettle with a dome as compared to a kettle without a dome thereby increasing the overall heating surface area in the kettle that acts on thermoplastic material in the kettle. This reduces the ratio of thermoplastic material to melting (heat transfer) surface area of the kettle which improves heating efficiency. Additionally, heating thermoplastic material in a melter kettle from the middle of the kettle in an outwardly direction is more efficient than heat transfer from the outside of the kettle in an inward direction. Heat domes have reduced melting times in kettles. However, heated air in the dome cools as heat transfers through the dome wall and into the thermoplastic kettle. Melting times are reduced with the use of domes but still needed to be improved.
A recent improvement in melter kettle efficiency has been developed by the present inventor and is disclosed in U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 62/291,316, entitled “HEAT DOME TEMPERATURE REGULATING SYSTEM,” filed Feb. 4, 2016. In this copending application a heat dome chimney stack tube is attached to the top center of a heat dome about which an agitator drive shaft tube rotates. Hot combustion gases travel from the heat dome up the center of the heat dome chimney tube stack and vent into a top tube drive shaft heat chamber that has driveshaft tube relief vents through which combustion gases vent into the atmosphere. The venting of the combustion gases can be regulated by providing a rotational vent relief collar about the top tube drive shaft heat chamber. This system exhausts combustion gases from the dome that has been heat depleted thereby allowing a continual flow of hot combustion gases to maximize/optimize efficient temperature in the dome such that the maximum amount of heat is transferred through the dome and chimney stack surface areas into the thermoplastic material in the kettle. In this system the heat dome chimney stack tube and rotational drive shaft become heating surfaces through the centerline of the melter kettle. This system improves the rate of thermoplastic melting.
Another recent improvement in melter kettle efficiency developed by the present inventor is disclosed in U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 62/322,640, entitled THERMOPLASTIC MELTING KETTLE MATERIAL CIRCULATION SYSTEM, filed Apr. 14, 2016. In this improvement a single vertical material transfer tube is affixed to the side of the thermoplastic melter kettle either directly to the kettle side wall or to the outer insulation skin. The tube is attached to ports at the bottom and top of the melter kettle and an auger rotated by a direct drive motor within the vertical material transfer tube moves molten material from the bottom of the kettle to the top. When the vertical material transfer tube is connected directly to the kettle outer wall the bottom interface is within the heat chamber's outer wall.
When the vertical material transfer tube is affixed to the outer insulation skin there is an extended heat chamber surrounding the vertical material transfer tube. A port larger in diameter than the lower material transfer tube allows heat from the combustion chamber to contact the vertical material transfer tube.
Another recent improvement in melter kettle efficiency developed by the present inventor is disclosed in U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 62/291,309, entitled THERMOPLASTIC KETTLE AUXILIARY HEAT EXCHANGER SYSTEM, filed Feb. 4, 2016. This invention combines an odd number of interconnected vertical tubes within an oil bath through which heated heat transfer oil flows. The function of the system is to increase the temperature of molten thermoplastic moving through the circuit of interconnected heat transfer tubes by action of an independent high BTU output furnace that heats circulated heat transfer oil that circulates around the interconnected tubes. Molten thermoplastic enters the base of the first tube through a kettle bottom material flow port and the tube bottom material flow port both of which are isolated from the oil bath. The molten thermoplastic reenters the kettle at the top center through the top flow tube that connects to the top of the discharge tube that is above the level of the kettle top and is isolated from the oil bath. Each tube contains an auger. The augers are interconnected by a gear train. A single hydraulic motor attached to any auger drives each gear and auger in a counter rotational direction. This circulates the molten thermoplastic material from the bottom of the kettle where it is hottest through the kettle bottom material flow port into the bottom of the first tube then up and down the plurality of tubes. The material flows up the last tube and through a tube top port which is isolated from the oil bath and through the top material flow tube located at a level above the top of the kettle. The molten thermoplastic is deposited near the top center of the kettle where it heats and displaces downward the thermoplastic at the surface of the kettle. The heat transfer oil enters the oil bath tub adjacent the thermoplastic discharge port where both the oil and thermoplastic are at their hottest temperature and is directed through and leaves the system adjacent the thermoplastic inlet port where it is heat depleted. When the system is disengaged and circulation ceases the hydraulic motors are run in a reverse direction to purge as much thermoplastic from all tubes except for the inlet tube. There is a limit to the various available energy outputs of mobile equipment systems that can be incorporated in thermoplastic equipment such as heat, electrical, engine, hydraulic air and other systems. Some serious draw backs to thermoplastic oil bath auxiliary heat exchanger systems are that they require a separate high BTU boiler system, separate hot oil circuits as well as oil expansion chambers designed for use with exotic heat transfer oils some of which require inert gas blanket interfacing. The high BTU output boilers required need more space than is available on most thermoplastic application trucks. Where they can be used they require special designs and fabrication. Motors to run the hydraulics and oil circulation systems also are subject to space limitations. Weight is also a serious consideration. For each pound that the system weighs the carrying capacity of the thermoplastic application truck is reduced by a similar amount. Costs are high for all of the system components.
BRIEF SUMMARY
According to various features, characteristics and embodiments of the present invention which will become apparent as the description thereof proceeds, the present invention provides an improvement for a melter kettle used for melting thermoplastic pavement marking material wherein the melter kettle is provided with a combustion chamber the improvement comprising a tube assembly coupled to a side portion of the melter kettle and located within a heat chamber that surrounds the melter kettle through which heat chamber hot combustion gases from the combustion chamber can flow upward around the tube assembly, the tube assembly including an odd number of vertical tubes that are connected at the tops and bottom in a serpentine manner, the tube assembly is coupled at one end to a lower portion of the melter kettle and coupled at another end to the top of the melter kettle for receiving molten thermoplastic from the lower portion of the melter kettle and discharging molten thermoplastic material to the top of the melter kettle.
The present invention further provides a melter kettle for melting thermoplastic pavement marking material which comprises:
a melter kettle having a combustion chamber adjacent a bottom of the melter kettle and a heat chamber that surrounds the melter kettle; and
a tube assembly coupled to a side portion of the melter kettle and located within the heat chamber through which heat chamber hot combustion gases from the combustion chamber can flow upward around the tube assembly, the tube assembly including an odd number of vertical tubes that are connected at the tops and bottom in a serpentine manner, the tube assembly is coupled at one end to a lower portion of the melter kettle and coupled at another end to the top of the melter kettle for receiving molten thermoplastic from the lower portion of the melter kettle and discharging molten thermoplastic material to the top of the melter kettle.
The present invention also provides a method of melting a thermoplastic material in a melter kettle having a lower combustion chamber and a heat chamber surrounding the melter kettle, said method comprising:
charging thermoplastic material into the melter kettle;
combusting a fuel source in the combustion chamber to heat and melt the thermoplastic material in the melter kettle;
providing a tube assembly comprising an odd number of a plurality of tubes for heating and transferring thermoplastic material from a bottom of the melter kettle to a top of the melter kettle, the tube assembly being coupled to a side portion of the melter kettle and located within the heat chamber;
transporting molten thermoplastic material from the bottom of the melter kettle through the tube assembly and into the top of the melter kettle.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings which are given as non-limiting examples only, in which:
FIG. 1 is a cut away side view of a conventional air jacket thermoplastic melting kettle.
FIG. 2 is a cut away top view of the air jacket melting kettle of FIG. 1 that has a round configuration.
FIG. 3 is a cut away end view of a tube assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a cut away side view of the tube assembly of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a cut away view of an upper interface assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention
FIG. 6 is a cut away view of a lower interface assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a cut away top view of the wall structures and chambers of an air jacket melting kettle having the tube assembly of FIG. 4 coupled thereto.
FIG. 7A is an enlarged portion of FIG. 7 that is circled in broken lines which shows details of a mechanical connector that connects the extended walls of the insulated chamber.
FIG. 8 is a top view of the top mounting plate with tube locator holes and threaded flange attachment holes.
FIG. 9 is a top view of the gear train, auger shafts and top interface flanges.
FIG. 10 is a top view of the lower tube interface insulation chamber.
FIG. 11 is a front view of the lower tube interface insulation chamber.
FIG. 12 is a top view of the lower insulation compartment.
FIG. 13 is a front view of the lower insulation compartment.
FIG. 14 is a cut away side view of an air jacket thermoplastic melting kettle having the tube assembly of the present invention provided in the extended heat exchanger on the side of the melting kettle.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
An object of the present invention is to reduce the melting time of thermoplastic pavement marking material that is melted in thermoplastic kettles that may be stationary, mounted on support trucks, support trailers or on truck mounted thermoplastic application vehicles where the vehicle is the applicator. It has long been recognized that the rate of melting thermoplastic in kettles has not been able to keep up with improvements in application equipment that have increased the rate at which the thermoplastic material can be applied. While methods of application and equipment development have increased the rate of application, production melting capacity has recently lagged far behind the ability to apply the material.
The present is based upon the recognition that material melts at a faster rate at the bottom of a melter kettle, that there is a temperature gradient between the base and sides of a melter kettle, and that there is a temperature gradient from the bottom of the sides to the top of the sides of a melter kettle. The present invention takes advantage of the fact that material in a melter kettle melts most efficiently at the bottom and more efficiently from the center of the kettle towards the sides than from the sides towards the center. Therefore, while a melter kettle without a heat dome can be used in conjunction with the present invention, using a kettle with a heat dome and heat dome temperature regulation system is preferred as the rate of melting and rate of application will be greatly improved.
The present invention first increases the rate of melting thermoplastic pavement marking material by increasing the heat differential between the application temperature of the thermoplastic and the temperature of the medium that transfers heat across the plurality of interconnected heat transfer tubes as compared to previous systems. Second the present invention provides a lower tube interface insulation chamber for the tube bottom interfaces of the plurality of interconnected tubes to make it possible for that greater heat differential. Third according to the present invention the lower tube interface insulation chamber provides access to the lower interfaces of the heat exchanger tubes for servicing. Fourth the present invention provides a full depth bottom insulation chamber that supports the lower tube interface insulation chamber and provides protection from outer kettle wall radiated heat radiating from the combustion chamber.
According to the invention the thermoplastic material in a melter kettle is heated to a viscosity where it will enter the heat chamber fired auxiliary heat exchanger intake at the base of the kettle where the material is hottest. Then the heated, molten material moves through the heat exchanger tubes of a tube assembly by action of counter rotating augers to the top of the last tube's outlet where it is deposited into the top of the melter kettle and mixed by action of agitators with the cooler material at the top of the kettle thereby increasing the overall rate of heating. Additionally, a heat dome and chimney stack tube can be incorporated to greatly increase the rate of heating in the base of the kettle such that the material being introduced at the top of the kettle transfers more heat to the material at the top of the kettle thereby reducing melting time as compared to melter kettle without a heat dome system.
Another aspect of this invention is based upon dynamic heat exchange. The action of heating material by moving material from the bottom of the kettle to the top of the kettle where material is added and therefore coolest is passive. The heat exchange system of the present invention is also a dynamic system whereby combustion chamber fired air is heated to a temperature well above that of the temperature required to apply thermoplastic and is circulated through, up and out of a chimney stack of the extended heat chamber surrounding the variable number of interconnected tubes through which the thermoplastic flows by action of counter rotating augers. Heat is transferred from the hot combustion gases through the tube walls and into the thermoplastic. The addition and use of this type of system to a thermoplastic kettle makes it now possible to keep up with the rate of application of thermoplastic from high output application equipment.
FIG. 1 is a cut away side view of a conventional air jacket thermoplastic melting kettle.
Kettle melting chamber 1 is defined between the kettle side wall 2, kettle bottom 3, and top of the kettle. Pavement marking thermoplastic material in either granular or solid form is added into the kettle melting chamber through material fill chute 4 that is provided with a safety splash back preventer (not shown) to protect the material handler from burns. A diesel-fired or other type of burner 5 is attached to the outside of the kettle 1 adjacent the combustion chamber 6 to provide the heat energy required to heat the material to a molten state and maintain it at the correct application temperature. External air is introduced at burner 5 to allow for combustion. The heated air within the combustion chamber acts upon the kettle bottom 3 first and then flows towards the outside of the kettle wall 2 where it enters and travels up the heat chamber 7 and exhausts the system through exhaust stacks 8. It is this action that defines the system in FIG. 1 as an air jacket kettle.
A temperature gradient is created from the kettle bottom 3 where it is hottest and to the top most point on the kettle side wall 2 where the temperature is coolest. Heat transfer is most efficient at the hottest point of the kettle bottom and loses efficiency adjacent the upper portions of the kettle wall 2. The heat chamber is surrounded by an outer heat chamber/inner insulation chamber wall 9 and insulation chamber 10 in which there is insulation shielding the external surface from radiant heat. An outer insulation skin 11 surrounds the melter kettle and the kettle assembly base 12 also contains insulation and provides support for the structure. Molten thermoplastic material exits the kettle shown in FIG. 1 through a bottom kettle weldment port 13 and bottom kettle transfer tube 14 to the application equipment. Molten thermoplastic material within the kettle melting chamber 1 is mixed by an agitator assembly 15 that is controlled by a counter rotating motor 16. The melting kettle lid 17 connects and supports in place the kettle wall assemblies.
FIG. 2 is a cut away top view of the air jacket melting kettle of FIG. 1 that has a round configuration. Other wall and chamber configurations such as straight, angular or curved that define the kettle melting chamber 1 can be used in melting kettle designs. Shown in FIG. 2 are the heat chamber 7, the outer heat chamber/inner insulation chamber wall 9, insulation chamber 10 and outer insulation skin 11.
FIG. 3 is a cut away end view of a tube assembly that is used as an auxiliary heating means according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a cut away side view of the tube assembly of FIG. 3.
All tubes 18 of the tube assembly can be of equal diameters and lengths with each having an auger 19 with equal length and diameter shafts 20 and all flights 21 running in the same direction in each tube 19. Each tube 18 has an identical upper interface assembly (See FIG. 5) and a lower interface assembly (See FIG. 6). Attached to the top of the auger shafts 20 are co-engaging gears 22.
As shown in FIG. 4 the tube assembly includes an odd number of interconnected tubes 18 with seven tubes 18 shown by way of a non-limiting example. A bottom kettle transfer tube 23 connects the bottom of the kettle to the bottom 24 of the first tube 25. A counter rotational motor 32 is connected to any one of the gears 22 through its auger shaft 20. As the motor rotates, each engaged adjacent gear turns in an opposite direction driving augers and causing molten thermoplastic to circulate up and down through adjacent tubes 18 in a serpentine manner. The direction of flow in the connected tubes 18 (also sequentially numbered 25-31) can be reversed as desired by changing the direction of rotation of motor 32.
At the top of the first tube 25 and the second tube 26 there is a top tube cross over connector 33 that allows material to flow between the tubes. At the bottom of the second tube 26 and the bottom of the third tube 27 there is a bottom tube cross over connector 34 that allows material to flow between the tubes. This pattern of cross over connectors is repeated between tubes 28-31 as shown in FIG. 4. When molten thermoplastic flowing through the tube assembly reaches the top 35 of the last tube 31 it passes through kettle wall 2 and into the kettle chamber 1 through the top kettle transfer tube 36. The complete assembly is connected through a top mounting plate 41.
FIG. 5 is a cut away view of an upper interface assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 5 the top of tube 18 (representing the tube 31) including the auger shaft 20 and flights 21 is attached to the top of the kettle chamber 1 with top kettle transfer tube 36 in fluid communication with the kettle chamber 1 and tube 18. A compression gasket 38 surrounds the auger shaft 20 to prevent molten thermoplastic from leaking from tube 18. The compression gasket 38 is received in a top flange 37 as shown. A gasket seal 39 is provided beneath the outwardly extending top of top flange 37 and is drawn tight by a bolt 40 against the top mounting plate 41. Studs 42 are affixed to the top flange 37. Centered on the studs is a ram 43 that is forced down by adjuster nuts 44 thereby compressing a bushing 45 downward to seal the auger shaft 20. Also shown in FIG. 5 are the heat chamber 7 adjacent the kettle chamber 1, the extended heat chamber 46, the extended outer heat chamber wall 47, the extended insulation chamber 48 and the outer extended insulation skin 49.
FIG. 6 is a cut away view of a lower interface assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 6 the bottom 24 of tube 18 (representing the tube 25) including the auger shaft 20 and flights 21 is attached to the bottom of the kettle chamber 1 via bottom kettle transfer tube 23 through which molten thermoplastic material can flow in either direction as determined by the rotational direction of auger shaft 20. When the tube assembly of FIG. 4 is attached to the side of the kettle wall 2 it extends the heat chamber 7 outward such that there is an extended heat chamber 46 surrounding the tube assembly. In addition the outer heat chamber wall 9 is extended at 47, the insulation chamber 10 is extended at 48, and the outer insulation skin 11 is extended at 49. A lower interface flange 50 is attached to the bottom of each tube 18. The lower interface flanges are surrounded by bushings 51 within which the auger shafts 20 rotate. A lower flange cap 52 screws onto the lower flange 51 creating a mechanical seal to prevent leaking.
A removable lower tube insulation compartment 53 that shields the tube assembly from the extreme heat of the combustion chamber 6 is shown in FIG. 6. The lower tube insulation compartment 53 is held in place by latches 54 and has handles 55 for easily removal. Below the lower tube insulation compartment 53 is a second lower insulation compartment 56 which, when removed, allows the lower tube interface chamber 53 to drop down below the bottom level of the lower flange cap 52 and slide out allowing access to all of the bottom of the tube assembly. Lower insulation compartment 53 has latches 57 holding it in place and handles 58 for easy removal.
FIG. 7 is a cut away top view of the wall structures and chambers of an air jacket melting kettle having the tube assembly of FIG. 4 coupled thereto. Bottom kettle transfer tube 23 connects the bottom of the kettle chamber 1 to the bottom 24 of the first tube 25. Top kettle transfer tube 36 connects the top 35 of the last tube 31 the top of the kettle chamber 1. The heat chamber 7 extends outward forming the extended heat chamber 46 that surrounds tubes 18 of the tube assembly of FIG. 4. The outer heat chamber/inner insulation chamber wall 9 extends outward around the extended heat chamber 46 forming extended outer heat chamber/inner insulation chamber wall 47. The insulation chamber 10 extends outward creating the extended insulation chamber 48 and the outer insulation skin 11 extends outward creating the extended outer insulation skin. The extended walls are connected to the walls by removable mechanical connectors 59 so as to provide access to the complete assembly (See FIG. 7A). At the top of the heat chamber/extended heat chamber is an exhaust stack 60 that is added to the kettle to vent heat depleted exhaust gases from the extended heat chamber improving heat exchange across the walls of tubes 18.
FIG. 8 is a top view of the top mounting plate 41 with locater holes 61 to which the tops of tubes 18 are welded in place. Threaded holes 62 are located such that the top flanges 37 can be bolted in place.
FIG. 9 is a top view showing the orientation of the top flanges 37, gears 22 in a gear train arrangement and the auger shafts 20.
FIG. 10 is a top view of the removable lower tube interface insulation chamber 53 with its face being a downward extension of the extended insulation skin 49 where a channel 63 in the insulation is located shielding the lower interface assembly of the tube assembly from direct exposure to combustion chamber 6 heat. Inner wall 64 provided at the inner face of lower tube interface insulation chamber 53 abutting the combustion chamber 6.
FIG. 11 is a front view of the removable lower tube interface insulation chamber 53 with the dotted line indicating the depth and location of the channel 63 in the lower tube interface insulating chamber. Latches 54 hold the top of the removable chamber to the extended outer insulation skin 49 and handles 55 make for easy removal. Latch top catches 57 are provided to allow the lower insulation compartment 56 to be secured in place.
FIG. 12 is a top view of the second lower insulation compartment 56 which not only provides an insulation function but when removed allows the removable lower tube interface chamber 53 to drop down below the bottom level of the lower flange cap 52 and slide out allowing access to the bottoms of all of the tubes 18 of the tube assembly of FIG. 4. An inner wall 65 at the inner face of the second lower insulation compartment 56 abuts the combustion chamber.
FIG. 13 is a front view of the lower insulation compartment 56 that depicts latches 57 and handles 58.
FIG. 14 is a cut away side view of an air jacket thermoplastic melting kettle having the tube assembly of the present invention provided in the extended heat exchanger on the side of the melting kettle. The details of the upper interface assembly between the tube assembly and the melting mettle are shown in FIG. 5 as noted and the details of the lower interface assembly between the tube assembly and melting kettle are shown in FIG. 6 as indicated. A comparison between FIGS. 1 and 14 provides and understanding of how the tube assembly can be incorporated into/onto a melter kettle and how the extending heat chamber 46 and extended insulation chamber 48 extend around the tube assembly. Although note shown it is to be understood from the description above that a melter kettle with a heat dome could also be used
Although the present invention has been described with reference to particular means, materials and embodiments, from the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention and various changes and modifications can be made to adapt the various uses and characteristics without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as described above and set forth in the attached claims.
1. In a melter kettle for melting thermoplastic pavement marking material wherein the melter kettle is provided with a combustion chamber the improvement comprising a tube assembly coupled to a side portion of the melter kettle and located within a heat chamber that surrounds the melter kettle through which heat chamber hot combustion gases from the combustion chamber can flow upward around the tube assembly, the tube assembly including an odd number of vertical tubes that are connected at the tops and bottom in a serpentine manner, the tube assembly is coupled at one end to a lower portion of the melter kettle and coupled at another end to the top of the melter kettle for receiving molten thermoplastic from the lower portion of the melter kettle and discharging molten thermoplastic material to the top of the melter kettle.
2. The melter kettle of claim 1, wherein the heat chamber includes an extended portion that surrounds the tube assembly.
3. The melter kettle of claim 1, further including an insulation chamber that surrounds the tube assembly.
4. The melter kettle of claim 1, wherein each tube of the tube assembly contains an auger for transferring molten thermoplastic material therethrough.
5. The melter kettle of claim 4, wherein a common drive motor rotates each of the augers.
6. The melter kettle of claim 1, further comprising a heat dome chamber in the bottom of melter kettle.
7. The melter kettle of claim 6, further comprising an exhaust gas conduit that is provided between the top of the heat dome chamber and the top of the melter kettle through which exhaust gas conduit combustion gases received in the heat dome chamber can be exhausted from the top of the melter kettle.
8. A melter kettle for melting thermoplastic pavement marking material which comprises: a melter kettle having a combustion chamber adjacent a bottom of the melter kettle and a heat chamber that surrounds the melter kettle; and a tube assembly coupled to a side portion of the melter kettle and located within the heat chamber through which heat chamber hot combustion gases from the combustion chamber can flow upward around the tube assembly, the tube assembly including an odd number of vertical tubes that are connected at the tops and bottom in a serpentine manner, the tube assembly is coupled at one end to a lower portion of the melter kettle and coupled at another end to the top of the melter kettle for receiving molten thermoplastic from the lower portion of the melter kettle and discharging molten thermoplastic material to the top of the melter kettle.
9. The melter kettle of claim 8, wherein the heat chamber includes an extended portion that surrounds the tube assembly.
10. The melter kettle of claim 8, further including an insulation chamber that surrounds the tube assembly.
11. The melter kettle of claim 8, wherein each tube of the tube assembly contains an auger for transferring molten thermoplastic material therethrough.
12. The melter kettle of claim 11, wherein a common drive motor rotates each of the augers.
13. The melter kettle of claim 8, further comprising a heat dome chamber in the bottom of melter kettle.
14. The melter kettle of claim 13, further comprising an exhaust gas conduit that is provided between the top of the heat dome chamber and the top of the melter kettle through which exhaust gas conduit combustion gases received in the heat dome chamber can be exhausted from the top of the melter kettle.
15. A method of melting a thermoplastic material in a melter kettle having a lower combustion chamber and a heat chamber surrounding the melter kettle, said method comprising: charging thermoplastic material into the melter kettle; combusting a fuel source in the combustion chamber to heat and melt the thermoplastic material in the melter kettle; providing a tube assembly comprising an odd number of a plurality of tubes for heating and transferring thermoplastic material from a bottom of the melter kettle to a top of the melter kettle, the tube assembly being coupled to a side portion of the melter kettle and located within the heat chamber; transporting molten thermoplastic material from the bottom of the melter kettle through the tube assembly and into the top of the melter kettle.
16. A method of melting a thermoplastic material in a melter kettle according to claim 15, wherein a portion of combustion gases formed in the combustion chamber pass through the heat chamber and transfer heat into the tube assembly.
17. A method of melting a thermoplastic material in a melter kettle according to claim 15, wherein a heat dome is provided in the bottom of the melter kettle.
18. A method of melting a thermoplastic material in a melter kettle according to claim 17, further comprising exhausting combustion gases from a top of the heat dome chamber to a top of the melter kettle through an exhaust conduit.
19. A method of melting a thermoplastic material in a melter kettle according to claim 15, wherein the molten thermoplastic material is transported through the tube assembly by a plurality of augers.
20. A method of melting a thermoplastic material in a melter kettle according to claim 15, wherein the heat chamber includes an extended portion that surrounds the tube assembly..
| 36,288 |
bpt6k111169g_8
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Revue du droit public et de la science politique en France et à l'étranger
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,916 | 12,196 |
Décret du 22 janvier 191g, relatif à l'attribution d'une indemnité exceptionnelle de guerre et d'indemnités de cherté de vie aux officiers et militaires non officiers à traitement mensuel (J. O., 25 janvier 1919, p. 973). Décret du 27 janvier 1919, relatif aux frais de déplacement des militaires isolés (J. O., 3o janvier 1919, p. n,i4) marine (militaire et marchande) Loi du i4 novembre 1918, modifiant dans l'intérêt des veuves nécessiteuses et non remariées des inscrits maritimes morts à l'ennemi, les dispositions de l'article 8 dela loi du i4 juillet igo8 (J. 0., 16 novembre 1918, P-99»5) Loi du 16 novembre 191 8, ayant pour but de remplacer pendant la durée de la guerre les lois et règlements concernant actuellement le sauvetage des épaves (J. O., 21 novembre 1918, p. ioo35). Loi du 27 novembre 1918, portant organisation du corps du commissariat de ta marine (J. 0., 3 décembre 1918, p. io4o4). Loi du 7 décembre 1918, portant création' des grades d'aspirant et de mécanicien principal de 3e classe et relative à l'admission pendant la guerre des enseignes de vaisseau de réserve dans le cadre actif (J. 0., 8 décembre 1918, p. 10564). Loi du 7 décembre 1918, concernant les conditions d'avancement en temps de guerre des officiers des différents corps de la marine occupant des emplois spéciaux à terre (J. 0., 8 décembre 1918, p. io564). Loi du 16 décembre 1918, relative au classement du personnel du service radiotétégraphique au point de vue de l'application des Ibis sur la Caisse des invalides de la marine et de la Caisse de prévoyance des marins français (J. 0., 19 décembre 1918, p. 10876). Décret du 8 novembre 1918, fixant les indemnités de frais de bureau et de naisse à attribuer aux officiers du commissariat (J. O., 12 novembre igr8, p. 9814). Décret du 8 novembre 1918, réglant les conditions dans lesquelles sont constituées les tables d'officiers supérieurs (J. 0., i4 novembre 1918, p. 9859). Décret du i5 novembre 191S, réduisant de 75 p. 100 le taux des primes d'assurance contre les risques maritimes de guerre (J. 0., 16 novembre 1918, p. 9928^ • Décret du i5 novembre 1918, relatif à l'organisation et à la comptabilité des travaux de la marine (J. O., 20 novembre 1918, p. 10017). Décret du 2o novembre igi8, relatif à l'administration et à la comptabilité du service de la solde (J. 0., 25 novembre 1918, p. 10187). Décret du 27 novembre 1918, portant extension de l'indemnité pour charges de famille (J. 0., 4 décembre 1918, p. io449). Décret du 1" décembre 1918, relatif aux frais de déplacement des différents personnels de la marine (J. 0., 4 décembre 1918, p. io449). Décret du i«r décembre 1918, portant suppression de la direction générale de la guerre sous-marine (J 0., 4 décembre 1918, p. io45o). v Décret du 3 décembre 1918, accordant une augmentation de solde aux quartiers-maîtres et marins du corps des équipages de la flotte (J. O.> 6 décembre 1918, p. io535). Décret du 6 décembre 1918, rattachant au commissariat des transports maritimes et de la marine marchande le service des paiements à l'extérieur afférents au rapatriement des marins du commerce, à l'administration des naufrages et à la visite de sécurité des navires de commerce (J. 0., il décembre 1918, p. 10765). Décret' du 7 décembre 1918, relatif à la réglementation des salaires d'une catégorie spéciale de sténodactylographes (J. 0., ro décembre igi8, p. io635). Décret du 12 décembre 1918, relatif à l'organisation du corps du commissariat de la marine (J. 0., 16 décembre 1918, p. 10808). Décret du 12 décembre 1918, portant réorganisation des services de la marine (J. 0., 16 décembre 1918, p. 10809). Décret du 16 décembre 1918, relatif au grade de mécanicien principal de 3» classe (J. 0., 2o décembre 1918, p. 10919). Décret du 17 décembre 1918, relatif aux bateaux à vapeur naviguant sur les fleuves et rivières (J. 0., 20 décembre 1918, p. 10920). Décret du 20 décembre 1918, modifiant la limite d'âge fixée pour l'admission dans le cadre des inspecteurs de la navigation maritime (J. 0., 24 décembre 1918, p. nogo). Décret du 21 décembre [918, relatif à l'organisation du corps des équipages de la flotte (J. O., 24 décembre 1918, p. 11080). · Décret du 21 décembre 1918, relatif à la solde et aux accessoires de solde des mécaniciens principaux de 3e classe et aspirants de l'armée de mer(J. 0., 24 décembre 1918, p. J1081). Décret du 23 décembre 1918, modifiant certaines indemnités ressortissant au service de la solde attribuées aux fonctionnaires du corps du contrôle administratif de la marine (J O., 26 et 27 décembre 1918, p. 11159). Décret du 24 décembre igi8, portant réorganisation du personnel des agents techniques du service'hydrographique (J. 0., 2 et 3 janvier 1919, P. 64). Décret du 26 décembre 1918, relatif aux conditions à remplir pour les nominations à l'emploi de médecins auxiliaires de la marine (J. 0 3o décembre 1918, p. 1.1272). Décret du 27 décembre igf8, sur l'organisation du service des arrondissements maritimes, contre l'ennemi flottant (J. 0., 31 décembre 1918, p. ii33i). Décret du 4 janvier 1919, fixant ies conditions d'avancement des lieutenants de vaisseau blessés de guerre dans le cadre de résidence fixe (J. O., 7 janvier igi9, p. 261). Décret du 4 janvier igig, ayant pour but de diviser les cadres du personnel technique des subsistances (J. O., 8 janvier 1919, p. 3o4). Décrets des 4 et Il janvier 19199 relatifs au statut des agents de la navigation intérieure, des ports maritimes de commerce et des phares et balises; en ce qui concerne les attributions et les traitements (J. O., i5 janvier 1919, p. 575). 1 Décret du 7 janvier 1919, attribuant des indemnités pour charges de famille aux fonctionnaires du contrôle administratif de la marine (J. O., ̃ 11 janvier 1919, pi 4°5).. Décret du 10 janvier 1919, portant organisation du corps des officiers de marine (J. 0., i3 janvier 1919, p. 484). Décret du 16 janvier 1,919, relatif à l'organisation des services du ministère de la Marine (ingénieurs de l'artillerie navale) (J. O., 26 janvier 1919, p. 1029). Décret du 20 janvier 1919, fixant le taux des primes mensuelles d'assurances contre les risques de guerre des navires de 5oo tonneaux et audessus de jauge brute battant pavillon français (J. 0., 24 janvier 1919, p. 945). Décret du a5 janvier 1919, refatif aù rapatriement et à la conduite des gens de mer (J. O., 3o janvier 1919, p. 1126). INTÉRIEUR Loi du 6 novembre 1918, portant modification de la loi du 3 mai 1841 sur l'expropriation pour cause d'utilité publique (Jx 0., 12 novembre 1918, P-9797) toi du i5 novembre 1918, relevant le taux des allocations (J. 0., 16 novembre 1918, p. 9912). Loi du 2 décembre 1918, ayant pour objet de .décerner un hommage solennel au président Wilson, aux nations alliées et aux chefs d'Etat placés à leur tête (J. 0., 5 décembre 1918, p. 10468). Loi du 12 décembre 1918, autorisant la réquisition des matériaux' courants de construction provenant d'immeubles totalement ou partiellement détruits dans les régions atteintes par les faits de guerre (JsO., <4 décembre 1918, p. 10756). Loi du 3o décembre 1918, prorogeant jusqu'au 3i décembre 1919 le délai d'exécution des travaux de vicinalité compris dans les programmes de 1912 a 1916 (J. 0., 3i décembre 1918, p. 11296). Loi du 15 janvier 1919, prorogeant les délais fixés par le décret du 2 février i85s pour la revision des listes électorales (J. 0., 16 janvier 1919, p. 586). Décret du 24 octobre 1918, réorganisant les monts-de-piété et les autorisant à adopter le titre de caisse de crédit municipal (J. 0., ier novembre1918, p. 9482).. Décret du 6 novembre 1918, rattachant au cabinet du ministre l'inspection des services administratifs du ministère de l'Intérieur et de son service central (/. 0., 7 novembre 1918, p. 9607).. • Décret du i3 novembre 1918, portant règlement d'administration publique pour l'application de l'article 7 de la loi du 28 juin 1918 relative au prix de la journée des personnes placées dans les hôpitaux ou hospices au compte des communes, des départements ou de l'Etat (J. O., 19 novembre 1918, p. 9984).. Décret du 10 novembre 1918, relatif à l'administration de l'Alsace-Lorraine(/. O., 16 nov. 1918, p. 99i5). Décret du i5 novembre igi8, fixant les conditions d'application de la loi du i4 novembre 1918, accordant une indemnité exceptionnelle et un supplément du temps de guerre pour charges de famille aux personnels civil et militaire de l'Etat (J. O., 16 novembre 1918, p. 9918). Décret du 26 novembre 1918, relatif au fonctionnement du service général d'Alsace-Lorraine (J. 0., 27 novembre igi8, p. 10233). Décret du 29 novembre 1918, portant création au ministère du Blocus et des régions libérées d'un commissariat général à la reconstitution des régions libérées (J. 0., 2 décembre 1918, p. 10893). Décret du 3 'décembre 1918, réglant la situation des directeurs administratifs d'asiles d'aliénés non tributaires de la caisse des retraites départementales (J. 0., 5 décembre 1918, p. 10468). Décret du 3 décembre 1918, portant création d'emplois de contrôleurs généraux de la sûreté générale (J. O., 3i décembre 1918, p. ii3o3). Décret du i3 décembre igi8, portant création d'un emploi de secrétaire général pour la reconstitution des régions atteintes par les événements de guerre et modifiant l'artiele 2 du décret du ig mars 1918 (J. O., 18 décembre igi8, p. 10859). Décret du 28 décembre 1918, déterminant les conditions particulières d'application à Paris et au département de la Seine de là loi du 28 juin 19:8 relative au logement et à l'installation des réfugiés (J. 0., 19 janvier '9'9. P7'7) Décret du 3o décembre 1918, autorisant la ville de Paris à émettre des bons municipaux (J. 0., 8 janvier 1919, p. 275). Décret du 3i décembre 1918, portant centralisation des divers organes chargés d'assurer la mise en œuvre définitive des travaux relatifs à l'organisation de l'Alsace-Lorraine (J. O., 5 janvier igig, p. i38). Décret du 4 janvier 1919, relatif à l'avancement de classe des médecinsadjoints des asiles d'aliénés (J. 0 25 janvier 1919, p. 970). Décret du 18 janvier 1919, réglementant le prix de vente et le format des journaux (J. O., ig janvier 1919, p.75i). Décret du 22 janvier 1919, relatif aux classes territoriales des préfectures et sous-préfectures (J. 0., 23 janvier 1919, p. 888). POSTES, TÉLÉGRAPHES ET TÉLÉPHONES Loi et Secret du 21 décembre 1918, autorisant à l'occasion de Noël 1918 et du ter janvier' 1919 l'envoi gratuit par la poste d'un paquet du poids maximum d'un kilo à destination de tous les militaires et marins (J. O., aa décembre 1918, p. iioi3). Décret du 18 octobre 1918, déterminant les attributions des directions de l'administration centrale des postes, télégraphes et téléphones et de la direction de la caisse nationale d'épargne et fixant la répartition du personnel supérieur entre les directions (J. O., ier décembre 1918, p. 10372). Décret du 3o octobre 1918, relatif aux cadres.du personnel des services extérieurs des postes, télégraphes et téléphones et de la naisse nationale .d'épargne (J. 0., 9 novembre 1918, p. 9643). Décret du 19 novembre 1918, modifiant le statut des receveurs et aides des postes et télégraphes^)/. 0., 10 décembre 1918, p. 10637). Décret du 11 janvier 1919, supprimant toute limitation du montant des chèques postaux de paiement (/. O.i4 janvier 1919, p. 529). COMMERCE ET INDUSTRIE. RAVITAILLEMENT Décret du 6 novembre 1918, modifiant le décret du 21 mai 1918 et fixant les prix limites de vente des laits condensés importés (J. 0., 8 novembre 1918, p. 9628). Décret du 7 novembre 1918, relatif à l'organisation ïîte contrôle des fabrications et de l'utilisation du radium (J. 0., 10 novembre 1918, p. 9672). Décret du 12 novembre 1918, interdisant la, vente de la crême fraîche (J. 0., 14 novembre 1918, p. 9860). Décret du i4 novembre 1918, prescrivant la déclaration des graines oléagineuses et des matières grasses (J. 0., 28 novembre 1918, p. 10281). Décret du 19 novembre 1918, autorisant la réquisition des peaux de chevaux, mulets et ânes (J. 0 27 novembre 1918, p. ioa5o). Décret du a6 novembre 10.18, prescrivant la déclaration des crins et soies de porc (J. 0., 27 novembre 1918, p. 10248). Décret du 26 novembre 1918, relatif l'industrie brassicole et aux industries et commerces annexes (J. 0., 27 novembre 1918, p. 10250). Décret du 2 décembre. tgi8, fixant le prix de vente maxima des graines et fruits oléagineux et des produits qui en dérivent (J. O., 10 décembre 1918, p. io638). f Décret du 3 décembre 1918, réglementant le commerce des haricots et des pois (J. 0., 6 décembre 1918, p. io536). Décret du 6 décembre 1918, relatif à la gestion du parc de réserve des wagons-réservoirs (J. 0., 11 décembre 1918, p. 10666). Décret du 8 décembre 1918, interdisant la distillation "des cidres et poirés et autorisant la distillation des lies(J 0., 12 décembre 1918, p. 10705). Décret du 17 décembre 1918, portant règlement d'administration publique en exécution de l'art. 6 de la loi du 19 décembre 1917 relative aux établissements dangereux, insalubres et incommodes (J. 0., 24 décembre 1918, p. 11088). Décret du 23 décembre 1918, modifiant le décret du 2 décembre 1918 (J. O., 25 décembre 1918, p. uia3). Décret du 24 décembre 1918, réglementant la vente, la circulation et l'emploi du pétrole et de l'essence ainsi que la circulation der véhicules automobiles {jjo., 26 et 27 décembre 1918, p. m63). Décret du 27 décembre 1918k, portant augmentation du maximum des avances qui peuvent être faites aux régisseurs départementaux du ravitaillement (J. 0., 29 décembre 1918, p. 11246). Décret du 4 janvier 1919, abrogeant diverses dispositions relatives à la fabrication, à la vente et à la consommation de denrées alimentaires (/. O., 5 janvier îgig, p. 176). Décret du 18 janvier igig, relatif aux cessions de cafés importés par l'Etat et au commerce de cette denrée (J. O., 23 janvier igi9, p. 902). Décret du 22 janvier 191g, portant règlement d'administration publique pour l'application de la loi du 1er août igo5 sur la répression des fraudes (J. O., 3i janvier 1919, p. 1160). Décret du 27 janvier 191g, relatif à l'application des lois, du août 1917 et du 23 novembre 791 sur la réquisition civile et la confection de la jchaussure nationale (/. 0 20 janvier igig, p. 1124). Décret du 28 janvier igig, modifiant la constitution du comité général du pétrole (J. 0., 3o janvier 1919, p. 1126). commerce extéiueur (prohibitions d'exportation) Loi du 3o novembre 1918, ratifiant les décrets des 17 janvier et 29 avril 1918 majorant les droits d'importation sur les tabacs (J. 0., 4 décembre 1918, p. io436). Loi du 8 janvier 1919, suspendant jusqu'à la date de la levée de la prohibition d'importation des sucres étrangers pour le compte des particuliers, la perception d'un droit de douane supplémentaire (J. O., 10 janvier 1919, p. 354). Loi du 20 janvier 1519, portant ratification du décret du 22 mars 1917 prohibant l'entrée en France des marchandises d'origine ou de provenance étrangères (J. 0., 21 janvier 1919, p. 802). Décret du 5 novembre igi8, prohibant la sortie et la réexportation de diverses marchandises (J. O., .10 novembre 1918, p. 9671). Décret du 8 novembre 1918, prohibant divers produits à la sortie des colonies et pays de protectorat autres que la Tunisie et le Maroc (J.' O., t5 novembre 1918, p. 9902), Décret du 20 novembre 1918, relatif aux industries admises à utiliser les sels en franchise (J. 0., 3o novembre 191 8, p. io332). Décret du 21 novembre igi8, relatif à l'admission temporaire des tissus de coton destinés à être imprimés dans les ateliers de la Haute et de la Basse Alsace (J. 0., 26 novembre 1918, p. 10211). Décrets des 21 novembre et 22 décembre igi8, prohibant la sortie de divers produits des colonies et pays de protectorat autres que la Tunisie et le Maroc (J. O., 4 décembre 1918, p. io45i et 28 décembre, p. 11207). Décret du 6 décembre 1918, portant suspension de l'interdiction de com merce en ce qui concerne l'Alsace-Lorraine (J. O., 7 décembre 1918, p. io544). Décret du 3i décembre 1918, fixant les quantités de produits d'origine et de provenance tunisiennes qui pourront être admises en franchise à leur entrée en France du ter juin 1918 au 31 mai 1919 (J. 0., 7 janvier '9>9. P. 2I7) Décret du 16 janvier 1919, relatif à l'entrée en France des huiles minérales brutes ou raffinées et des essences originaires des Indes anglaises (J. 0., 18 janvier 1919, p. 7o3). Décret du 20 janvier 1919, portant revision des prohibitions de sortie (J. 0, 21 janvier 1919, p. 806). Décret du 20 janvier 1919, rapportant pour certaines marchandises la prohibition générale d'importation édictée par le décret du 22 mars 1917 (J. 0., 21 janvier 1919, p. 835). EXÉCUTION DES OBLIGATIONS CIVILES ET COMMERCIALES (moratoriitm). Décret du 19 novembre 1918, relatif à la prorogation des contrats d'assurance, de capitalisation et d'épargne (/. O., 21 novembre 1918, p. 100S7). Décret du 29 décembre 1918, relatif à la prorogation des échéances et au retrait des dépôts-espèces (d. O., 3o décembre 1918, p. 11275). Décret du 23 janvier 1919, relatif à la prorogation des contrats d'assurance, de capitalisation et d'épargne (J. 0., 24"janvier 1919, p. 946). FINANCES Loi du Il novembre 19,18, portant ouverture de crédits spéciaux d'exercices clos et périmés (J. 0., 12 novembre 1918, p. 9796). Loi du 11 novembre Ig18, relative à l'application de la loi du 27 mai 1918 sur l'évaluation des biens immobiliers en matière de successions (J. 0., 12 novembre 1918, p. 9797). Loi du i4 novembre 1918, concédant des facilités de paiement aux redevables de droits de successions (J. 0., 15 novembre 1918, p 9876). Loi du i4 novembre 1918, accordant une indemnité exceptionnelle du temps de guerre aux personnels civils de l'Etat et un supplément du temps de guerre pour charges de famille aux personnels civils et militaires, et portant ouverture de crédits additionnels aux crédits provisoires alloués sur l'exercice 1918 pour les dépenses militaires et les dépensés exceptionnelles des services civils (/. O., i5 novembre 1918, p. 9877). Loi du i5 novembre 1918, portant ouverture aux ministères de la guerre, de la marine et des colonies de crédits additionnels sur l'exercice 1918 (J. 0., 16 novembre 1918, p,. 99Ï3). Loi du i5 novembre 1918, étendant aux comptables de matières des établissements publics les avantages du cautionnement mutuel [J.O-j 16 novembre 1918, p. 9914). Loi du 21 novembre ig'18, prorogeant le délai de trois ans fixé par la loi du 25 novembre iç)i5 qui a institué le service des émissions de la défense nationale, créant des emplois à ce service et ouvrant des crédits supplémentaires sur l'exercice 1918 au titre du budget ordinaire des services civils (J. 0., 22 novembre igi8, p. too68). Loi du 23 novembre 1918, portant ouverture de crédits sur l'exercice 1918 en vue des opérations concernant les réquisitions civiles prévues par la loi du 3 août 1917 et les acquisitions relatives à la chaussure nationale (J. O.,24 novembre 1918, p. 10119). Loi du a8 novembre 1918, autorisant l'application de mesures exceptionnelles en 1918 dans certaines communes pour l'établissement de la contribution foncière des propriétés non bâties (/. 0-, 29 novembre 1918, p, 10299). Loi du 28 novembre 1918, portant ouverture au ministère des affaires étrangères d'un crédit extraordinaire d'un million à l'occasion des voyages en France des souverains et chefs d'état étrangers (J. 0., 29 novembre 1918, p. 10300). Loi du 28 novembre 1918, portant ouverture et annulation sur l'exercice 1917 de crédits concernant les services de la guerre, de l'armement et de la marine (J. O., 29 novembre 1918, p. io3oo). Loi du 17 décembre 1918, concernant l'ouverture et l'annulation de crédits au titre du budget ordinaire des services civils de l'exercice 1918 (J. 0., 18 décembre 1918, p. io856). Loi du 20 décembre 1918, portant renouvellement du privilège de la Banque de'France (J. O., 22 décembre 1918, p. siog88). Loi du 20 décembre 1918, relative à la fixation du montant du cautionnement des percepteurs (J. 0., 22 décembre 2918, p 10989). Loi du 20 décembre 1918, autorisant le ministre des finances à faire/sur les ressources de la Trésorerie des avances aux gouvernements alliés ou amis (J. 0 22 décembre 1918, p. 10989). Loi du 27 décembre 1918, concernant l'ouverture de crédits supplémentaires applicables aux dépenses administratives de la Chambre des députés pour l'exercice iyi8(,A O., 28 décembre 1918. p. 11192). Loi du 29 décembre 1918, ayant pour objet de déterminer les voies et moyens d'exécution de la loi du 9 avril 1918 et portant ouverture aux ministères de la guerre et de la marinede crédits sur l'exercice 1918 (J. 0., 3o décembre 1918, p. n256). Loi du 3i décembre 1918, portant ouverture et annulation de crédits au titre du budget ordinaire des services civils de l'exercice 1918 (J. O., 1er janvier 1919, p. 3 et6; et janvier, p.,274). Loi du 3i décembre 1918, portant ouverture et annulation sur l'exercice 1918 de crédits concernant les dépenses militaires et les dépenses exceptionnelles des services civils (J. 0., i'~ janvier 1919, p. 3). Loi et Décret du 3i décembre 1918, portant ouverture sur l'exercice 1919 de crédits provisoires concernant les dépenses militaires et les dépenses exceptionnelles des services civils, applicables au i«r trimestre de igig (J. O., ier janvier 1919, p. 6). Loi et Décret du 3t décembre 1918, portant 10 ouverture au titre du budget ordinaire des services civils de l'exercice 191 des crédits provisoires applicables au ie( trimestre de igig; 20 autorisation de percevoir pendant la même période les impôts et revenus publics (J. 0., 1» janvier 1919, p. 23). Loi du 25 janvier 1919, tendant à autoriser le barrement et la domiciliation des Bons de la défense nationale (J. O., 26 janvier 1919, p. 1010). Décret.du 27 septembre 1918, modifiant l'organisation de l'administration départementale des contributions directes (J. 0., 11 janvier 1919, p. 38i). Décrets du 30 octobre 1918, relatifs à la création d'un cadre de dames employées dans les services extérieurs de l'administration des douanes et de dames contrôleuses à la statistique commerciale (J. -O., 1-5 novembre 1918, p. 9886). Décret du 3o octobre 1918, autorisant le paiement des droits de mutation par décès en bons de la défense nationale (J. 0., 16 novembre 1918, P99!9> Décret du 5 novembre 1918, instituant une commission d'étude chargée d'examiner les différentes questions qui se posent actuellement au sujet de la culture des tabacs indigènes (J. O., 11 novembre 1918, p. 9683). Décret du 7 novembre 1918, relevant le taux des salaires alloués aux conservateurs des hypothèques (J. 0., i5 novembre 1918, p. 9885). Décret du 11 novembre igi8, relatif au régime de retraites des dames sténo-dactylographes de la direction générale des contributions indirectes (J. 0., 20 novembre 1918, p. 10008). Décret du 19 novembre 1918, déterminant les règles auxquelles sont soumises les perceptions situées dans une région dite région spéciale (J. O., 25 novembre 1918, p. 10169). Décret du 21 novembre 1918, prorogeant jusqu'au 3i janvier 1919 le délai accordé pour échanger les anciens papiers timbrés contre des papiers au nouveau tarif ou les faire contre-timbrer en acquittant le supplément de droit(/. 0., 29 novembre 1918, p. io3oi). Décret du 26 novembre 1918, prohibant l'entrée en France des billets de banque, monnaie et tous autres instruments monétaires allemands (J. 0., 27 novembre 1918, p. 10234). Décret du 29 novembre 1918, relatif au régime des retraites des dames contrôleuses à la statistique commerciale et des dames employées aux services extérieurs de l'administration des douanes (J. O., 1 4 décembre 1918, p. 10758) Décret du 3 décembre 1918. portant règlementd'administration publique pour l'exécution de l'article 8 de la loi du 9 avril 1918 relative à l'acquisition de petites propriétés rurales par les agriculteurs démobilisés (J. 0., i"4 décembre 1918, p. 10757). Décret 'du fi décembre 1918, portant ouverture d'un crédit supplémentaire d'inscriptions de pensions civiles au titre du fonds commun des veuves et des orphelins (J. 0., 12 décembre igi8, p. 10693).! Décret du 6 décembre igi8, relatif à l'utilisation des chèques et comptes courants postaux par les comptables publics (J. O., 12 janvier 191g, p. 4'8). Décret du 16 décembre 1918, relatif au paiement en titres de rente de la contribution extraordinaire sur les bénéfices de guerre (/, O., 25 décembre 1918, p. ii'ioS). Décret du 20 décembre 1918 réglementant le nombre et les attributions des bureaux de la direction générale des contributions directes (J. 0., 5 janvier 1919, p. t38). Décret du 24 décembre 1918, élevant le taux des indemnités en faveur des fonctionnaires et agents de l'Etat évacués des régions envahies (J. O., 25 décembre 1918, p. mo4). Décret du 26 décembre 1918, créant au ministère des finances un office dénommé office de liquidation des stocks (J. O., 26 et 27 décembre 1918, p. iii44) Décrets du 26 décembre 1918, portant organisation du personnel administratif et du personnel du service intérieur de ta Cour des Comptes (J. 0., 2 et 3 janvier 1919, p. 59 et 61). Décret du 3o décembre 1918, modifiant le décret du 8 août igi3 (J. 0., 5 janvier 1919, p. 139). Décret du 31 décembre 1918, relatif au statut des percepteurs (J. O., 4 janvier 1919, P. 97). Décret du 3t décembre 1918, relatif à l'organisation du. personnel auxiliaire permanent du matériel et du service intérieur de l'administration centrale des finances (J. fi., 7 janvier 1919, p. 219). Décret du 3i décembre 1918, concernant la réorganisation des cadres des personnels techniques et administratifs (J. 0., i4 janvier 1919. p. 4Qg)Décret du 5 janvier 191g, relatif au personnel des dames sténo-dactylographes employées à la direction générale des douanes (J. 0., t5 janvier 1919, p. 5A-i). Décret du 8 janvier 1919, prohibant l'entrée en France des billets de la Caisse de Vénétie (J. 0., 11 janvier 1919, p. 383). Décrets du to janvier 191g, relatifs à l'organisation de l'administration centrale du ministère des finances (J. 0., i5 janvier 1919, 54o). Décret du 22 janvier 1919, portant interdiction d'importer des roubles en France (J. 0., 25janveir 1919, p. 972). Décret du 25 janvier 191g, relatif au concours pour l'emploi d'adjoint à l'inspection générale des finances {J. 0., 29 janvier 1919, p. 1098). JUSTICE Loi du 14 novembre igi8, tendant à assurer plus complètement la répression des crimes et délitscontre la sûreté extérieure de l'Etal (J. O., 16 novembre 1918, p. 9914) Loi du 17 novembre 1918, relative à l'audition dans les procédures civiles des témoins mobilisés (J. 0., 19 novembre 1918, p. 9984). Loi du 17 novembre 1918, instituant en faveur des magistrats et pour raison de santé la position de disponibilité (J. 0., 19 novembre 1918, P9984). Loi du 24 décembre 1918, relative à l'inscription au tableau d'avancement des juges de paix des régions libérées (J. O., 26 et 27 décembre 1918, p. 11140). Loi du 4 janvier 1919, modifiant la loi du 9 mars 1918 sur les loyers (J. 0., 6 janvier 1919, p. i85). Loi du 20 janvier 1919, concernant les juges suppléants près le tribunal civil de la Seine (/O., 22 janvier 1919, p. 85o). Décret du 5 novembre 1918, relatif à la reprise des délais dans les procédures de surenchère prévues par l'article 573 du Code de commerce (J. 0., 9 novembre ,1918, p. 9640). Décret du 18 novembre 1918, relatif à l'inscriptions de Transylvains au nombre des étrangers que vise le décret du 29 août 1918 sur les baux à loyer (J. 0., 22 novembre 1918, p. 10068). Décret du 4 décembre 1918, relatif aux décorations posthumes (J. O., 8 décembre 1918, p. io565). Décret du 6 décembre 1918, relatif à l'organisation provisoire de la justice en Alsace-Lorraine (J. O., 7 décembre 1918, p. io545). Décret du 27 décembre igi8, relatif au prix des insignes des différents grades de la Légion d'honneur (J. O., 29 décembre 1918, p. 11220). Décret du 7 janvier 1919, modifiant l'organisation provisoire de la justice en Alsace-Lorraine (J. 0., 8 janvier 1919, p. 274). Décret du 17 janvier 1919, relatif aux décorations étrangères accordées aux personnels relevant des ministères de la guerre et de la marine (J. 0., 28 janvier 1919, p. 1066). INSTRUCTION PUBLIQUE ET BEAUX-ARTS Loi du 31 décembre 1918, relative à l'application aux membres de l'enseignement mobilisés des lois des 5 août 1914 et 4 août 1917 (J. 0., i4 janvier 1919, p. 498). Décret du 28 décembre 1918, relatif au baccalauréat de l'enseignement secondaire (épreuves de langues vivantes) (J. 0., 2 et 3 janvier 1919, p. 66). Décrets du 10 janvier 1919, concédant des facilités d'études dans les établissements d'enseignement supérieur ou des facilités d'achèvement de leurs études ou d'obtention du baccalauréat aux jeunes gens des classes antérieures à la classe 1918 qui ont été sous les drapeaux pendant la guerre ou sont demeurés dans les régions envahies (J. 0., 16 janvier 1919, pp. 629, 63o et 63i).. Décrets du 14 janvier 1919, modifiant les art. 45 et 84 du décret du t8 janvier 1887 sur l'enseignement primaire (J. 0., 21 janvier 1919, p. 832). AGRICULTURE Loi du 27 novembre 1918, ayant pour objet de faciliter le remembrement de la propriété rurale (J. 0., iec décembre 1918, p. io356). Loi du 6 janvier 1919, tendant à l'intensification de la production agricole pendant et après la guerre (J. 0., 9 janvier 1919, p. 32i). Décret du n novembre 1918. relatif au régime des retraites du personnel auxiliaire permanent des écoles nationales vétérinaires (J. O., 25 novembre 1918, p. 10188). Décret du 12 novembre 19:8, modifiant les cadres et les traitements du personnel de l'administration centrale (J. 0., i5 novembre 1918, p. 9901). Décret du i3 novembre 1918, relatif au personnel des stations d'études des maladies des plantes (J. 0., 25 novembre 1918, p. 10188). Décret du i3 novembre 1918, portant modification des décrets organisant l'administration centrale du ministère de l'agriculture (J. 0., i3 décembre 1918, p. 10745). Décret du 23 novembre 1918, modifiant l'organisation du personnel des commis de l'hydraulique agricole et fixant les traitements et la répartition en classes de ce personnel (J. 0., 5 décembre 1918, p. 10491). Décret du 26 novembre 1918, portant règlement d'administration publique pour déterminer les conditions d'application de la loi du 2 juillet 1918 relative au reboisement et à la conservation des forêts privées (J. O., 7 décembre 1918, p. io553). Décret du 3o novembre 1918, instituant un comité supérieur de l'outillage agricole (J. 0., Ier décembre 1918, p. 10376). Décret du 17 décembre 1918, complétant la composition du comité supérieur de l'outillage agricole (J. O., 18 décembre 1918, p. io865). Décret du 26 décembre 1918, relatif à l'organisation du corps du génie rural (J. 0., 3o décembre 1918, p. 11277). Décrets du 3o décembre 1918, organisant le service financier et déterminant la composition du personnel de l'office central des produits chimiques agricoles (J. 0., 5 janvier 1919, pp. 174 et 175). Décret du 3 janvier 1919, relatif aux avances aux Sociétés coopératives agricoles (J. 0., n janvier 1919, p. 411). Décret du 8 janvier 191 9, relatif à la redevance à verser par les employeurs delà main-d'œuvre agricole (/. 0., 11 janvier 1919, p. 411)Décret du i4 janvier 1919, relatif aux versements à effectuer par les agents temporaires du service de la météorologie agricole à la Caisse nationale des retraites pour la vieillesse (/. 0., 26 janvier 1919, p. io33). Décret du i4 janvier 1919, relatif aux cadres, traitements et recrutement du personnel du laboratoire du ministère de l'agriculture^ (< 0., 29 janvier 1919, p. 1 107). TRAVAUX PUBLICS Loi du io janvier 1919, sur les mesures à prendre et les dépenses à engager pour assurer le rétablissement des voies ferrées dans leur situation d'avant guerre (J. 0., il janvier 1919, p. 378). Décret du 19 novembre 1918, fixant les attributions du Sous-Secrétaire d'Etat au ministère des travaux publics etdes transports (J. 0., 20 novembre 1918, p. 10019). Décret du 22 novembre 1918, relatif à l'organisation des bureaux de l'administration centrale (J. 0., 24 novembre 1918, p. 10147). Décret du 16 janvier 1919, modifiant le traitement de l'inspecteur général des services du contrôle de distribution d'énergie électrique (J. 0., 24 janvier 1919, p. 944). Décret du 25 janvier 1919. modifiant l'art. 62 du décret du 24 mars iqi4 portant règlement général de police pour les voies de navigation intérieure (J. 0., 28 janvier 1919, p. 1087). TRAVAIL ET PRÉVOYANCE SOCIALE Loi du 22 novembre 191 8, ayant pour objet de garantir aux mobilisés la reprise de leur contrat de travail (J. 0., 24 novembre 1918, p. 10120). Loi du 23 novembre 1918, modifiant l'art. 4 de la loi du 25 février 1914 et l'art. i de la loi du 29 juin i8g4 relatif aux caisses de secours-et de retraites des ouvriers mineurs (J. O., 25 novembre 1918, p. 10168). Loi du 20 décembre 1918, modifiant les art. io et 36 de la loi du 5 avril 1910 sur les retraites ouvrières et paysannes (J. 0., 24 décembre 1918, p. 11060). Décret du 3i octobre 1918, approuvant des modifications apportées au règlement de retraites des ouvriers des manufactures de l'Etat (J. O., 5 novembre 1918, p. 9558). Décret du 31 octobre 1918, portant fixation du taux de l'intérêt qui sera bonifié aux caisses d'épargne ordinaires par la caisse des dépôts et consignations à partir du ier janvier 1919 (J. 0., 28 novembre 1918, p. 10283) Décret du 12 novembre 1918, fixant les allocations des dames sténodactylographes auxiliaires permanentes des services de reconstitution des régions libérées (J. 0., 28 novembre 1918, p. 10283). Décret du 12 novembre 1918, fixant le régime de retraites applicable au personnel auxiliaire permanent des services de reconstitution des régions libérées (J. 0., 28 novembre 1918, p. 10284). Décret du 23 novembre 1918, fixant les indemnités de séjour et les frais de transport individuel des inspecteurs du travail (J. 0., 25 novembre 1918, p. 10188). Décret du 24 novembre 1918, fixant à 3,25 p. 100 le taux de l'intérêt servi par la Caisse nationale d'épargne à ses déposants (J. 0., 28 novémbre 1918, p. 10283). Décret du 27 novembre 1918, modifiant le taux de l'intérêt composé du capital dont il est tenu compte dans les tarifs de la caisse nationale d'assurances en cas de décès (J. 0., ie* décembre 1918, p. 10376). Décret du 12 décembre 1918, fixant le taux de l'intérêt composé du capital dont il est tenu compte dans les tarifs d'après lesquels est calculé le montant de la rente viagère à servir aux déposants de la Caisse nationale des retraites pour la vieillesse (J. 0., 19 décembre 1918, p. 10876). Décret du 21 décembre 1918, portant règlement d'administration publique pour l'application de la loi du 11 juin 1917 sur le repos de l'après-midi dans l'industrie de la chaussure (J. 0., 26 et 27 décembre 1918, p. iii64). Décret du 26 décembre 1918, portant règlement d'administration publique pour l'application des lois des 20 juillet 1886, 4 avril 1914 et 5 août 1918 relatives à la Caisse nationale des retraites pour la vieillesse (J. 0., 26 et 27 décembre 1918, p. iu45). Décrets du 28 décembre 1918, relatifs à l'organisation du service de surveillance des opérations de réassurances et d'assurances directes et du service de contrôle des assurances privées (J. 0., 2 et 3 janvier 1919g p. 72). Décret du 14 janvier 1919, modifiant les conditions à remplir par les fonds municipaux et départementaux de chômage pour bénéficier des subventions du fonds national de chômage (J. O., i5 janvier 1919, p. 58i). Décret du 18 janvier 1919, relatif à la réorganisation des services de la statistique générale de la France et de l'observation des prix (J.O., 24 janvier 1919. p. 947). Décret du 20 janvier 1919, relatif aux conditions de gestion des entreprises à forme tontinière (J. O., 23 janvier 1919, pv9o3). Décret du 23 janvier 1919, instituant une commission chargée de la répartition et du contrôle des subventions allouées aux œuvres privées d'assistance militaire chargées de secourir les démobilisés J. O., 25 janvier 1919, p. 977). Décret du 26 janvier 1919, modifiant le décret du 14 janvier 1919 (J. O., 27 janvier 1919, p. io5o). ALGÉRIE ET MAROC Algérie. Loi du 29 décembre 1918, portant renouvellement du privilège de la Banque de l' et approuvant la modification de ses statuts (J. 0., 3o décembre 1918, p. 11258). Loi du 3o décembre 1918, autorisant la perception des droits, produits et revenus applicables au budget spécial de l'pour l'exercice 1919 (J. O., 3i décembre igi8. p. 11296). DÉCRET du 24 octobre 1918, 'rendant applicable aux fonctionnaires et agents de l'administration des douanes mis à la disposition du gouverneur général de 1' – le décret du 29 juillet 1918 (J. O., 7 novembre 1918, p. 9608). DÉCRETS des i3 et i5 novembre 1918, portant homologation de 17 décisions des délégations financières 'algériennes (J. 0-, 1 novembre 1918, p. 9880 à 9885 et 17 novembre, p. 99/16 et 9947). DÉCRET du [5 novembre igi8, réglementant la perception de la taxe sur les spectacles en (J. O., 17 novembre 1918, p. 9944) Décret du i5 novembre 1918, rendant applicables en – divers décrets concernant le timbrage des titres emportant libération, reçu ou décharge et l'échange ou contre-timbrage des papiers timbrés et timbres mobiles de dimenfion (J. 0., 17 novembre 1918, p. 9945 et gg43). Décret du 20 novembre 1918, réglementant la perception de l'impôt sur les chemins de. fer et les tramways en (J. 0., 22 novembre 1918, p. 10068). DÉCRET du 20 novembre 1918, portant homologation d'une décision des délégations financières algériennes (J. 0., 22 novembre 1&18, p. 10069). Décret du 23 novembre 1918, rendant applicable en – la loi du 3o avril 1918 accordant une allocation temporaire aux petits retraités de l'Etat (J. 0., 26 novembre 1918, p. 10200). DÉCRET du 27 novembre 1918, réglementant la vente de la viande sur pied et de la viande abattue en – (J. 0., 17 décembre igi8, p. io8i5). DÉCRET du 3o novembre 1918, portant homologation d'une décision des délégations financières algériennes (J. 0., 3 décembre i9t8, p. io4o5). Décret du ior décembre 1918, relatif à la suppression des impôts arabes et de la contribution et à l'établissement d'un impôt sur diverses catégories de revenus et d'un impôt complémentaire sur l'ensemble du revenu (J. 0., 3 décembre 1918, p. in/|i3). DÉCRET du i« décembre 1918, relatif aux ressources départementales en et aux conseils généraux d'(J. 0., 3 décembre 1918, p. 10416). DÉCRET du 2 décembre 1918, relatif à l'imposition des bois et forêts de l'Etat dans les communes mixtes et indigènes de 1' – (J. 0-, 7 décembre 1918. p. >o548). DÉCRET du 6 décembre 1918. relatif à la taxe sur les loyers et à la taxe sur les chiens en (J. 0., i3 décembre 1918; p. 10724). DÉCRET du 6 décembre 1918, portant renouvellement des tarifs de l'octroi de mer en à partir de 1919 (J. 0., 26 et 27 décembre 1918, p. 11 142). DÉCRET du 7 décembre 1918, relatif à l'obtention du brevet de capacité de conduire les voitures automobiles en -(J. 0., 25 décembre igi8, p. mo3|, -Déchets du 3o décembre igt8, portant règlement du budget spécial de 1' – et du budget des territoires du Sud de l'pour l'exercice 1919 (J. 0., 31 décembre 1918, p. n3o3 et 11317). Décret du 3o décembre 1918, portant extension aux contribuables européens et aux indigènes naturalisés Français des territoires du Sud de l'des taxes sur les cultures, les animaux et les palmiers Cf. O., 10 janvier 1919, p. 355). « DÉCRET du 3o décembre 1918, autorisant dans les territoires; du Sud de l' la perception de centimes additionnels aux impôts arabes pour être affectés exclusivement à des oeuvres d'assistance, de bienfaisance et d'utilité publique dans l'intérêt des indigènes (J. 0., 10 janvier 1919) p. 356). DÉCRET du 4 janvier 1919, admettant le personnel indigène des communes de l' du Nord au bénéfice de la retraite sur la caisse locale des retraites de 1' – (J. 0., 8 janvier 1919, p. 277). Maroc. DÉCRET du 20 décembre 1918, autorisant l'ouverture des travaux à exécuter sur l'emprunt du gouvernement du protectorat marocain (J. 0., 22 décembre 1918, p. 10990). COLONIES Loi du 27 décembre J918, portant prorogation du privilège des banques coloniales (J. 0., 28 décembre 1918, p. 11192). Décrets du 23 octobre 1918, fixant les conditions d'application dans les diverses colonies de la loi du 27 juillet 1917, instituant des pupilles de la nation (J. 0., 6 novembre 1918, p. 9399 et 9600). Décret du 14 novembre 1918, rendant applicable aux colonies la loi du 29 avril 1916 sur l'assistance et le sauvetage maritimes (/. O., 19 novembre '9'8, p. 9995). Décret du tg novembre 1918, modifiant les frais de déplacement aux colonies (J. 0., 2 décembre 1918, p. 10393). Décret du 3o novembre 1918, portant réorganisation de la commission interministérielle des affaires musulmanes (J. 0., 8 décembre 1918, p. 10088). Décrets des 10 et i3 décembre 1918, rendant applicables dans les colonies françaises et pays de protectorat autres que la Tunisie et le Maroc du décret portent règlement d'administration publique pour l'exécution de la loi du i5 février 1918 relative à l'octroi de congés aux femmes de mobilisés, et la loi du 17 novembre 1918 relative à l'audition dans les procédures civiles des témoins mobilisés (J. 0., 18 décembre 1918, p. 10866; et 24 décembre, p. 11090). Décrets des 4 et 8 janvier 1919, rendant applicables aux colonies françaises et pays de protectorat autres que la Tunisie et le Maroc la loi du 16 novembre 1918 réglementant pendant la durée de la guerre le sauvetage des épaves, et la loi du i3 avril 1895 modifiant l'art. io33, § 5 du code de procédure civile (J. 0., 16 janvier 1919, p. 634; et 17 janvier, p. 663). Décret du i3 janvier 1919, portant modification à l'art. 84 du décret du 10 novembre 1903 (J. 0., 21 janvier 1919, p. 834). J. RADOUANT. BULLETIN BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE Droit publie et constitutionnel. – Histoire politique Frédéric Eccard. –'L'Alsace sous la domination allemande. Paris, 1919, 309 pages, Colin, 4 fr. La victoire a libéré l'Alsace de la domination allemande. Les armées françaises, accueillies partout avec un enthousiasmè indescriptible, ont mis fin à toutes les épreuves que l'Alsace a subies depuis sa séparation de la nation française. L'auteur a voulu donner un exposé documenté de ces épreuves. Après avoir décrit l'unanimité des sentiments français des Alsaciens avant 1870 et leur fidélité à la mère-patrie, il dévoile l'âpreté des convoitises des Allemands et leur dédain absolu de la volonté populaire. Il suit une à une toutes les phases de la résistance alsacienne, ardente au début, un peu lasse vers la fin du siècle dernier, et reprise avec une énergie nouvelle par les jeunes générations. Il rappelle les négociations du traité de Francfort et la protestation alsacienne, la réunion à l'Empire et le régime de dictature absolue, les premières élections au Reichstag et la seconde protestation des députés alsaciens-lorrains il évoque le régime Manteuffel, le système des passeports, les efforts des Alsaciens pour conserver leur culture française et leur autonomie morale, la comédie de la réforme constitutionnelle en 1911, l'affaire dé Saverne et le triomphe de la réaction prussienne, toutes les étapes de l'épreuve douloureuse des Alsaciens pendant un demi-siècle de domination allemande. Enfin, dans un dernier chapitre, l'auteur nous parle de l'Alsace pendant la guerre. Tdmmaso Tittoni. – conflitti tra le due Camere in Inghilterra la ri forma della Camera dei Lords. Roma, 1918. Nuova Antologia, 79 pages. Le sénateur T. T., ancien ambassadeur d'Italie à Paris, fait une étude très fouillée des conflits entre la Chambre des Communes et la Chambre des Lords en Angleterre il expose les projets de réforme de la Chambre des Lords, en particulier le projet de la Commission présidée par Lord Bryce. Il termine son étude par des vues de réforme du Sénat italien. D'après M. T., la réforme du Sénat dont les membres sont nommés vie pavjle Roi, est l'un des problèmes constitutionnels les plus importants qui se posent actuellement devant le Parlement italien elle est, pour l'Italie, ce qu'a été pour le Parlement britannique la question du suffrage des femmes. La réforme projetée par M. Tittoni repose sur les bases suivantes la Chambre Haute, pour pouvoir accomplir sa mission, devrait 1° être en contact plus direct avec la vie de la nation et, l'on ne pourrait obtenir ce résultat que si sa nomination devenait élective; 2° être composé d'hommes de haute valeur intellectuelle et, dès lors, se recruter dans une large mesure parmi des personnalités d'une haute culture ou ayant l'expérience que donne l'exercice de fonctions élevées. C'est pourquoi M. Tittoni propose que la durée du mandat sénatorial soit fixée à neuf ou dix années et que le Sénat soit soumis au renouvellement partiel, par tiers ou par quart; il propose, en outre, que les membres du Sénat soient choisis au moyen de l'un ou de plusieurs des moyens suivants a) Un certain nombre de sièges seraient réservés pour être pourvus de leurs titulaires par nomination royale b) La nomination à un certain nombre de sièges serait confiée au Sénat lui-même c) Un collège électoral serait formé, composé des professeurs d'université et des membres des académies d) La nomination à un certain nombre de sièges de personnalités compétentes en raison de leurs hautes fonctions publiques serait confiée aux grands Corps de l'Etat, sans les constituer en collège électoral, mais en réservant à chacun d'entre eux un nombre restreint de nominations e) En confiant l'élection des autres sièges aux collèges électoraux régionaux dans lesquels seraient représentées les assemblées. émanant du suffrage populaire ainsi que certains groupements professionnels. Ce projet de réforme est accompagné par deux autres propositions destinées à le compléter l'une est relative à la désignation, par voie d'élection, des membres du bureau du Sénat (actuellement, le Président et les Vice-Présidents de cette assemblée sont nommés par le Roi) la seconde comporte la création d'une indemnité à allouer aux sénateurs (aujourd'hui le mandat de sénateur est gratuit). Hahold J. Laski. The Theory of popular Sovereignty, janvier 1919 (extrait de Michigan Law Review). Dans tous les problèmes politiques, le point de départ doit être la recherche des rapports entre le Gouvernement et les citoyens. Le juriste ne se préoccupe que des autorités légalement compétentes pour traiter les problèmes. Peu lui importe que l'acte accompli par ces autorités soit bon on mauvais au point de vue social, impopulaire, ou immoral. Pour le philosophe politique, le point de vue est tout autre il doit rechercher les motifs, peser les intérêts en présence, découvrir les volontés individuelles de qui émanent les actes. Et dès lors, il ne trouve pas de souveraineté proprement dite il' rencontre des volontés individuelles plus ou moins fortes'; au point de vue moral, aucune n'a de prééminence. Il constate surtout que la base de tout pouvoir est le consentement des gouvernés. Telles sont les idées principales développées dans cette courte mais très substantielle étude. M. J. KOHLER Jewish Rights at the Congresses of Vienne (1814-1815) and Aix-La-Chapelle (1818). New-York, 1918, The American Jewish Committee, 109 pages. Pour la Ire fois dans l'histoire du monde, l'émancipation des Juifs fut discutée au Congrès de Vienne et une résolution fut adoptée en faveur du principe, bien que les tendances réactionnaires de l'époque n'aient pas conduit aune amélioration de la condition des juifs. L'auteur expose les débats auxquels donna lieu cette question tant à Vienne en 1814 et 4815 qu'à AixLa-Chapelle en 1818. VICENTE PARDO SUAREZ. Practicas Parlamentarias. Las Asambleas Legislativas, tome III, Rabana, 1918, Rambla, Bouga y Cie. Cette Revue a annoncé l'apparition des deux premiers volumes de cet ouvrage. Le tome III traite des attributions constitutionnelles des assemblées législatives, à savoir le pouvoir de faire des lois pour régler le mécanisme du gouvernement et toutes les fonctions sociales (Etat, départements, provinces, communes).
| 2,994 |
https://openalex.org/W2480394004
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
Public Domain
| 2,016 |
3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation
|
Abhiksha Desai
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,589 | 15,414 |
Abhiksha Desai1, Jonathan Krynitsky2, Thomas J. Pohida2, Huaying Zhao1,
Peter Schuck1* Abhiksha Desai1, Jonathan Krynitsky2, Thomas J. Pohida2, Huaying Zhao1,
Peter Schuck1* 1 Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly Section, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular
Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America, 2 Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for
Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, United States of America * schuckp@mail.nih.gov * schuckp@mail.nih.gov a1111 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Desai A, Krynitsky J, Pohida TJ, Zhao H,
Schuck P (2016) 3D-Printing for Analytical
Ultracentrifugation. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0155201. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201 Citation: Desai A, Krynitsky J, Pohida TJ, Zhao H,
Schuck P (2016) 3D-Printing for Analytical
Ultracentrifugation. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0155201. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201 Editor: Jörg Langowski, German Cancer Research
Center, GERMANY
Received: March 4, 2016
Accepted: July 13, 2016
Published: August 15, 2016 Editor: Jörg Langowski, German Cancer Research
Center, GERMANY Editor: Jörg Langowski, German Cancer Research
Center, GERMANY Received: March 4, 2016
Accepted: July 13, 2016
Published: August 15, 2016 Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all
copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed,
transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used
by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made
available under the Creative Commons CC0 public
domain dedication. Data Availability Statement: OpenSCAD and .stl
files for printing can be downloaded from the NIH 3D
Print Exchange, at the URL indicated in the methods
section of the paper. Scan data can be found at
Figshare (https://figshare.com/articles/
3dPrintedCenterpiecesRawFiles_zip/3501857). RESEARCH ARTICLE
3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation RESEARCH ARTICLE Abstract Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a classical technique of physical biochemistry provid-
ing information on size, shape, and interactions of macromolecules from the analysis of
their migration in centrifugal fields while free in solution. A key mechanical element in AUC
is the centerpiece, a component of the sample cell assembly that is mounted between the
optical windows to allow imaging and to seal the sample solution column against high vac-
uum while exposed to gravitational forces in excess of 300,000 g. For sedimentation veloc-
ity it needs to be precisely sector-shaped to allow unimpeded radial macromolecular
migration. During the history of AUC a great variety of centerpiece designs have been
developed for different types of experiments. Here, we report that centerpieces can now be
readily fabricated by 3D printing at low cost, from a variety of materials, and with customized
designs. The new centerpieces can exhibit sufficient mechanical stability to withstand the
gravitational forces at the highest rotor speeds and be sufficiently precise for sedimentation
equilibrium and sedimentation velocity experiments. Sedimentation velocity experiments
with bovine serum albumin as a reference molecule in 3D printed centerpieces with stan-
dard double-sector design result in sedimentation boundaries virtually indistinguishable
from those in commercial double-sector epoxy centerpieces, with sedimentation coeffi-
cients well within the range of published values. The statistical error of the measurement is
slightly above that obtained with commercial epoxy, but still below 1%. Facilitated by mod-
ern open-source design and fabrication paradigms, we believe 3D printed centerpieces and
AUC accessories can spawn a variety of improvements in AUC experimental design, effi-
ciency and resource allocation. OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Desai A, Krynitsky J, Pohida TJ, Zhao H,
Schuck P (2016) 3D-Printing for Analytical
Ultracentrifugation. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0155201. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
Editor: Jörg Langowski, German Cancer Research
Center, GERMANY
Received: March 4, 2016
Accepted: July 13, 2016
Published: August 15, 2016 OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Desai A, Krynitsky J, Pohida TJ, Zhao H,
Schuck P (2016) 3D-Printing for Analytical
Ultracentrifugation. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0155201. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
Editor: Jörg Langowski, German Cancer Research
Center, GERMANY
Received: March 4, 2016
Accepted: July 13, 2016
Published: August 15, 2016 * schuckp@mail.nih.gov 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation methods [6–13]. It has wide-spread applications in a range of fields including structural biology
[14, 15], macromolecular hydrodynamics [16–18], supra-molecular chemistry [19], food sci-
ence [20], biomaterials [21], nanoparticles [22–24] and protein pharmaceuticals [25–28]. In
the study of reversible protein complex formation, AUC offers unique opportunities to mea-
sure the energetics of multi-protein complexes with dissociation equilibrium constants ranging
from picomolar to millimolar [29–31], and exploiting multi-wavelength analysis to determine
binding stoichiometry of multi-protein complexes [13, 14, 32–35]. Competing Interests: The authors have declared
that no competing interests exist. A key element in AUC equipment is the centerpiece, a sample holder consisting of an
arrangement of two sector-shaped cuvettes embedded in an epoxy resin or metal cylinder that
is sandwiched between quartz or sapphire windows, and mounted into a cylindrical barrel
[36]. This assembly is inserted into the rotor, allowing real-time optical detection of radial mac-
romolecular migration in the spinning rotor during the AUC experiment. The centerpiece
assembly needs to seal the sample solution against evaporation in the high vacuum of the rotor
chamber, and provide mechanical stability at up to 300,000 g. Also, it needs to permit sufficient
heat conduction for thermal equilibration in order to avoid thermal convection, and, for sedi-
mentation velocity experiments, it needs to be sector-shaped so as to allow un-impeded radial
migration of macromolecules. While the basic centerpiece concept was developed by Svedberg
in the 1920s [37] and improved by Pickels in the 1940s [36], a large number of variations have
been developed over the decades. For example, centerpieces have be designed to provide differ-
ent optical path lengths and/or sample volumes, special solution column geometries, additional
sample compartments, trap-doors or capillaries for liquid flow at the start of the AUC experi-
ment, additional mechanical elements facilitating fractionation, altered chemical resistance
and improved thermal properties through use of different materials, and features enabling dif-
ferent filling and cleaning techniques [38–45]. Despite many reasons for variations in centerpiece design such that they facilitate particular
AUC experiments, a significant hurdle in the implementation of new centerpieces designs is
their fabrication. This is largely because the required prototyping or manufacturing capability
with sufficient precision is not easily accessible to most laboratories, and the process usually
requires iterative improvement and is expensive. Even the purchase of commercially available
standard centerpieces is associated with high cost in excess of $1,000. Introduction Funding: This work was supported by the Intramural
Research Program of the National Institute of
Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National
Institutes of Health, United States (ZIA EB000051-09
LCIM to PS). The funders had no role in study
design, data collection and analysis, decision to
publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a classical technique of physical biochemistry for the
study of size, shape, and interactions of macromolecules free in solution through the applica-
tion of a strong gravitational force and the real-time observation on resulting redistribution of
macromolecular concentration [1–5]. In the last decades, it has undergone significant develop-
ment with modern instrumentation, theoretical approaches, and computational analysis 1 / 16 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 NE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 201 Model Design and 3D Printing All objects were 3D designed using OpenSCAD, which is freely available at http://www. openscad.org/. Both OpenSCAD model files and stereolithography (STL) files are available at
the NIH 3D Print Exchange (http://3dprint.nih.gov/discover/3dpx-002873, http://3dprint.nih. gov/discover/3dpx-002874 and http://3dprint.nih.gov/discover/3dpx-002876). The STL files
were submitted to different web-based 3D printing services, as well as printed in-house, using
different printer technologies, materials, and manufacturers. Centerpieces in acrylic (VeroClear-RGD810) were 3D printed in our laboratory on an
Eden260vs PolyJet (Stratasys, Eden Prairie, MN). Printing took 50–60 min, dispensing 16 μm
layers onto a build plate, immediately cured by a UV lamp. Water-soluble support material
was removed initially with a water-jet station (a power washer in a contained chamber), fol-
lowed by a bath in a 2% sodium hydroxide solution for at least 5 hours, and completed with a
final water-jet wash to remove any remaining support material residue. In principle, the soluble
support material offers the ability to directly create curved fluid channels and moveable
components. Carboxylate centerpieces were 3D printed by stereolithography from liquid photopolymer
cured in layers by laser exposure (i.e., SLA 3D printing). Centerpieces in “prime gray” were
printed at i.materialise.com. Prime gray is a proprietary material, similar in appearance and
mechanical strength to 3,4- Epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (Accura
Xtreme, 3D Systems Inc., Rock Hill, SC.). Polypropylene carbonate centerpieces “Accura
Xtreme White 200” were printed in 0.004” layers at buildparts.com (C.Ideas, Crystal Lake, IL),
and in 0.002” layers at protolabs.com/fineline (Proto Labs Inc., Maple Plain, MN). Center-
pieces from a proprietary ABS-like resin, “MicroFine Green”, were printed by micro-stereo-
lithography in 0.001” layers also at protolabs.com/fineline. The post-print processing steps,
such as support material removal, are generally unknown when utilizing web-based 3D print-
ing services; in the present case only ‘standard’ treatment was ordered. Finally, a problem is their
limited life-time due to scratches and deformation in the centrifugal field with time, which is
why they are regarded as consumables. In recent years the power and accessibility of 3D printing has dramatically increased, and
novel applications have arisen in many fields, including open-source optics and other labora-
tory equipment [46–49]. Several developments in 3D printing are particularly promising when
considering potential application in the fabrication of AUC centerpieces: (1) A large variety of
materials are now available, including very strong polymers and several metals, such as tita-
nium, previously used for centerpieces [44]; (2) The dimensional accuracy and resolution of
3D printed objects is steadily increasing, with layer thickness and lateral resolution in the low
micrometer range; (3) homogeneous non-permeable parts with good surface quality are more
easily achieved; and (4) 3D printing is low-cost and has become readily accessible, even without
investment in obtaining in-house printers, through many web-based mail-order printing
services. For these reasons, we have explored the application of 3D printing technology for the
manufacturing of AUC system components. We demonstrated that centerpieces suitable in
terms of mechanical stability can be fabricated with 3D printing at a small fraction of the cost
of purchasing off-the-shelf commercial centerpieces. Carrying out AUC experiments with stan-
dard reference molecules, we found these centerpieces to be sufficiently precise to permit both
sedimentation equilibrium (SE) experiments (the observation of thermodynamic equilibrium PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 2 / 16 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation of macromolecular distribution at typically 5,000–50,000 g), and sedimentation velocity (SV)
experiments (the analysis of the dynamics of the sedimentation process typically at 200,000–
300,000 g). Furthermore, ancillary AUC components may be 3D printed, such as cell assembly
holders for iButton probes that measure the temperature of the spinning rotor [50], window
holders, and spacer rings. Finally, 3D printing allows the straightforward creation of novel cen-
terpieces with, for example, custom optical path lengths and sample volumes to improve the
dynamic range of the optical detection. In some cases, centerpiece fabrication with 3D printing
enables innovative designs and configurations that could not have been considered before due
to limitations of traditional manufacturing methods. In summary, we believe 3D printing of
AUC components will allow more efficient use of laboratory resources, both in funds and in
sample material, and opens possibilities for innovative AUC experiments. Results We first evaluated model materials, including different plastics and metals, for suitability in 3D
printing of AUC centerpieces. Based on the smoothest surfaces impermeable to water, we ini-
tially selected carboxylate material “prime gray” for further testing of the centerpiece mechani-
cal stability in the AUC. In order to minimize the stresses the centerpieces must sustain in the
centrifugal field, we chose the outer diameter of the centerpiece such that a tight fit in the cylin-
drical aluminum barrel of the cell assembly was achieved. Approximately sectorial holes were
designed to hold liquid samples in the standard position for transmission of light during rota-
tion in the rotor. A seal against the optical windows was readily achieved with polyethylene
gaskets (see below). With water-filled sectors, the assembly was placed in the rotor and exposed
to increasingly higher centrifugal fields in several steps testing for damage to the centerpiece
after each step. Unexpectedly, no breakage, deformation, or sample leak could be discerned
even at the highest rotor speed of 60,000 rpm, which corresponds to a gravitational field
of > 300,000 g at the highest radius. Encouraged by this result, we printed centerpieces in different materials, and examined
their mechanical stability at rotor speeds of up to 50,000 rpm, which is the maximum rotor
speed for 8-hole rotors and applied in our standard protocol. For acrylic centerpieces, the cen-
terpiece orientation during 3D printing had a large effect on mechanical durability. When the
solution column inner radial walls were positioned approximately parallel to the build plate,
intended to make smother column walls by taking advantage of higher accuracy of the printer
in z-direction than x- and y-direction, the centerpieces broke in the solution column corner at
the smaller radius in the centrifugal field. However when centerpiece was oriented so the print-
ing build plate was parallel to the plane of rotation, no breakage occurred. Thus, all subsequent
printing of centerpieces was done in this orientation. Another mechanical failure was encoun-
tered with an experimental acrylic centerpiece design featuring parallel sample walls creating a
rectangular solution column (see below). After use for several days at 50,000 rpm, the rectangu-
lar solution column centerpiece exhibited strong permanent deformations, though no break-
age. This was not observed with acrylics centerpieces with the standard sector-shaped design in
a side-by-side control experiment in the same run. 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation sealed with a standard gasket (part # 330446, Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN) against sap-
phire or quartz windows, unless otherwise mentioned. For the sedimentation velocity (SV) experiments, 400 μL of a solution of bovine serum albu-
min (BSA) at 1.1 mg/ml dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was placed in the sample
sector, and 400 μL of PBS in the reference sector, forming the respective solution columns after
rotor acceleration. After temperature equilibration at 20°C, the rotor was accelerated to 50,000
rpm, and data were acquired at 280 nm. Data were analyzed in SEDFIT using the c(s) model
[53]. For the sedimentation equilibrium experiment, 150 μL enhanced green fluorescent pro-
tein (EGFP) at 7.7 μM in PBS and an equal volume PBS was filled in the sample and reference
sectors, respectively. A time-optimized rotor speed protocol [53] was used to attain equilibrium
sequentially at 15,000 rpm, 24,000 rpm, and 35,000 rpm, acquiring absorbance data at 489 nm. Data analysis was carried out in SEDPHAT using a single non-interacting species model allow-
ing for TI and RI noise [54]. Raw data files can be found at https://figshare.com/articles/
3dPrintedCenterpiecesRawFiles_zip/3501857 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 Analytical Ultracentrifugation AUC experiments were carried out in an Optima XL-A (Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN),
calibrated as previously described [50, 51]. Data were acquired using the installed absorbance
detection, or, alternatively, a confocal fluorescence detection system (FDS, Aviv Biomedical,
Lakewood NJ) equipped with either a 10 mW solid state laser exciting at 488 nm and emission
bandpass filter from 505 nm to 565 nm, or an adjustable diode laser exciting at 561 nm and a
long-pass emission filter at 580 nm. Unless otherwise mentioned, setup of the AUC followed
standard protocols [52], using an 8-hole An-50 TI rotor. The 3D printed centerpieces were 3 / 16 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 Results Some polycarbonate centerpieces were
found to deform after several runs at 50,000 rpm totaling 30–40 hours, leaving the central
divider bent. In the process of acquiring different centerpieces for testing we obtained centerpieces
printed with different layer thicknesses. For example, polycarbonate “Accura Xtreme White” PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 4 / 16 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation 1. Picture of a 12 mm pathlength centerpiece printed of ABS-like resin MicroFine Green. Sedimentation velocity data of BSA at 50,000 rpm
ected with this centerpiece installed into a standard cell assembly without gaskets are shown in Fig 3B. Fig 1. Picture of a 12 mm pathlength centerpiece printed of ABS-like resin MicroFine Green. Sedimentation velocity data of BSA at 50,000 rpm
collected with this centerpiece installed into a standard cell assembly without gaskets are shown in Fig 3B. Fig 1. Picture of a 12 mm pathlength centerpiece printed of ABS-like resin MicroFine Green. Sedimentation v
collected with this centerpiece installed into a standard cell assembly without gaskets are shown in Fig 3B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201.g001 centerpieces were printed in either 100 μm or 50 μm thickness, while a proprietary resin
“MicroFine Green”, was printed in 25 μm layers (Fig 1). In our observation this had no discern-
able impact on the performance of the centerpiece in AUC experiments described below. centerpieces were printed in either 100 μm or 50 μm thickness, while a proprietary resin
“MicroFine Green”, was printed in 25 μm layers (Fig 1). In our observation this had no discern-
able impact on the performance of the centerpiece in AUC experiments described below. The centerpieces require a vacuum seal against the sapphire or quartz window of the cell
assembly to prevent evaporation of the liquid samples in the high vacuum of the rotor cham-
ber. In commercial epoxy resin centerpieces the seal is achieved through sufficient flatness of
the surfaces and centerpiece compliance, whereas for the commercial aluminum and titanium centerpieces were printed in either 100 μm or 50 μm thickness, while a proprietary resin
“MicroFine Green”, was printed in 25 μm layers (Fig 1). In our observation this had no discern-
able impact on the performance of the centerpiece in AUC experiments described below. Results The centerpieces require a vacuum seal against the sapphire or quartz window of the cell
assembly to prevent evaporation of the liquid samples in the high vacuum of the rotor cham- MicroFine Green”, was printed in 25 μm layers (Fig 1). In our observation this had no discern-
able impact on the performance of the centerpiece in AUC experiments described below. The centerpieces require a vacuum seal against the sapphire or quartz window of the cell
assembly to prevent evaporation of the liquid samples in the high vacuum of the rotor cham-
ber. In commercial epoxy resin centerpieces the seal is achieved through sufficient flatness of
the surfaces and centerpiece compliance, whereas for the commercial aluminum and titanium PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 5 / 16 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation Fig 2. Radial concentration distribution in a sedimentation equilibrium experiment with enhanced
green fluorescent protein in a “prime gray” photopolymer centerpiece. Data were acquired with the
absorbance detection sequentially at rotor speeds of 15,000 rpm (purple), 24,000 rpm (blue), and 35,000 rpm
(cyan) (symbols, only every 5th data point shown). A global model (lines) results in an apparent molar mass of
29.7 kDa with a root-mean-square deviation (rmsd) of 0.0032 OD489, and residuals as shown in the lower
plot. doi:10 1371/journal pone 0155201 g002 Fig 2. Radial concentration distribution in a sedimentation equilibrium experiment with enhanced
green fluorescent protein in a “prime gray” photopolymer centerpiece. Data were acquired with the
absorbance detection sequentially at rotor speeds of 15,000 rpm (purple), 24,000 rpm (blue), and 35,000 rpm
(cyan) (symbols, only every 5th data point shown). A global model (lines) results in an apparent molar mass of
29.7 kDa with a root-mean-square deviation (rmsd) of 0.0032 OD489, and residuals as shown in the lower
plot. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201.g002 centerpieces polyethylene or Teflon gaskets are used [44]. Such gaskets were required for all 3D
printed centerpieces except for “MicroFine Green” centerpieces, which exhibited top and bot-
tom surfaces in the majority of cases sufficiently smooth to seal against an optical sapphire win-
dow after torqueing the cell assembly barrel to the standard 120–140 inch/lbs. The seal was
observed to degrade in subsequent runs, however, requiring gaskets. An improved seal was
achieved with a design with an embossed ridge of 100 μm height and 300 μm width on the sur-
face adjacent the sectors. 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation sedimentation boundaries arising from molecular sedimentation at 50,000 rpm with the sedi-
mentation coefficient distribution c(s). The familiar hydrodynamic resolution of different BSA
oligomers was observed. With the “prime gray” centerpiece, a monomer s-value of 4.24 S was
obtained with an apparent monomer molar mass of 58.1 kDa, whereas a standard Epon center-
piece control in the same run led to 4.28 S and 59.2 kDa (Fig 3). Both values are well within the
values obtained in a multi-laboratory benchmark study of (4.30 ± 0.19) S [51]. This demon-
strates that AUC SV experiments are possible with 3D printed centerpieces with reasonable
precision. Centerpieces 3D printed with different technologies and materials show virtually identical
sedimentation boundaries and very similar peaks in the sedimentation coefficient distributions
(Fig 3B). The consistency is remarkable considering that the detailed peak heights and widths
in c(s) distributions are determined jointly by the data signal/noise ratio and mathematical
analysis (scaling of regularization), which are usually not well reproducible from experiment to
experiment independent of centerpieces [52]. In a replicate experiment with four identical
polycarbonate centerpieces containing the same BSA solution side-by-side in the rotor, a statis-
tical precision of the BSA monomer s-value of 0.96% was obtained. This is higher than the
standard deviation of 0.15% previously observed for BSA monomer in Epon centerpieces when
studied side-by-side in the same run [50]. The reproducibility of the apparent molar mass was
1.9%. With the goal to assess the sensitivity of the SV experiment to the precise centerpiece geom-
etry, as a negative control we 3D printed an acrylic centerpiece with parallel walls, generating a
rectangular solution column. Molecules migrate radially in the centrifugal field, thus exhibiting
a velocity component perpendicular to the non-radial walls in the parallel-walled centerpiece. The non-radial velocity component is expected to create lateral density gradients that lead to
convection [2, 3, 5, 36, 37, 55]. We carried out a BSA sedimentation experiment at 50,000 rpm
with rectangular and sectorial centerpieces from the same material side-by-side in the rotor. It
can be discerned from Fig 4 that the rectangular solution still allows sedimentation boundaries
to form, although with a disturbance of the boundary height and the absence of a plateau. These results suggest the effects of a rectangular cell geometry counteracts the radial dilution
usually associated with macromolecular migration in the centrifugal field. PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 The rectangular cell
geometry causes a significantly lower quality of fit with the standard c(s) sedimentation model,
and the best-fit boundary shows higher signals than in the sectorial cell geometry. Remarkably,
however, the resulting sedimentation coefficient distributions virtually superimpose each other
(Fig 5), still exhibiting baseline resolved monomer and dimer at the correct sedimentation
velocities. Notably, the rectangular cell geometry generated increased boundary broadening,
which, when interpreted as diffusion in the c(s) analysis, resulted in a 10.2% lower estimates of
the apparent molar mass of the monomer. Thus, while sector-shaped solution columns are
important for precise AUC SV experiments as expected, these data demonstrated there is also a
surprising tolerance of the major boundary features to imperfections in the solution column. With the goal to assess the sensitivity of the SV experiment to the precise centerpiece geom-
etry, as a negative control we 3D printed an acrylic centerpiece with parallel walls, generating a
rectangular solution column. Molecules migrate radially in the centrifugal field, thus exhibiting
a velocity component perpendicular to the non-radial walls in the parallel-walled centerpiece. The non-radial velocity component is expected to create lateral density gradients that lead to
convection [2, 3, 5, 36, 37, 55]. We carried out a BSA sedimentation experiment at 50,000 rpm
with rectangular and sectorial centerpieces from the same material side-by-side in the rotor. It
can be discerned from Fig 4 that the rectangular solution still allows sedimentation boundaries
to form, although with a disturbance of the boundary height and the absence of a plateau. h
l
h
ff
f
l
ll
h
d l d l These results suggest the effects of a rectangular cell geometry counteracts the radial dilution
usually associated with macromolecular migration in the centrifugal field. The rectangular cell
geometry causes a significantly lower quality of fit with the standard c(s) sedimentation model,
and the best-fit boundary shows higher signals than in the sectorial cell geometry. Remarkably,
however, the resulting sedimentation coefficient distributions virtually superimpose each other
(Fig 5), still exhibiting baseline resolved monomer and dimer at the correct sedimentation
velocities. Notably, the rectangular cell geometry generated increased boundary broadening,
which, when interpreted as diffusion in the c(s) analysis, resulted in a 10.2% lower estimates of
the apparent molar mass of the monomer. Results Surfaces with such an embossed gasket were also found to create a
seal when employed with polycarbonate centerpieces. After having established the mechanical stability and vacuum seal of the 3D printed center-
pieces, we next explored the possibility of using the new centerpiece for sedimentation equilib-
rium (SE) experiments. SE experiments are the least mechanically challenging type of AUC
experiments due to the low rotor speeds, and due to the independence of the shape of the Boltz-
mann distribution in equilibrium (or its exponent, corresponding to the molecular weight) on
solution column geometry [5]. Fig 2 shows SE data of an EGFP sample acquired with absor-
bance optics at a sequence of different rotor speeds, which can be modeled very well with the
expected Boltzmann distributions corresponding to an apparent molar mass of 29.7 (27.4–
32.1) kDa. For comparison, a standard Epon double sector cell with the identical sample in the
same run led to a best-fit apparent molar mass of 27.3 (25.2–29.5) kDa. Sedimentation velocity (SV) experiments pose more stringent demands on the centerpiece
geometry to permit convection-free sedimentation and are typically carried out at higher cen-
trifugal fields. Encouraged by the results of the centerpiece stability tests and the SE pilot exper-
iments, a second generation centerpiece was designed to be precisely sector-shaped. As in
standard calibration experiments of a recent multi-laboratory study [51], we carried out an SV
experiment with BSA as a reference sample, and analyzed the absorbance data from the 6 / 16 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 The c(s) fit (lines) results in an rmsd of 0.0065
OD280, with the residuals shown in the small plots as residuals bitmap and superposition. Panel B: The
corresponding c(s) distribution (magenta), and for comparison the c(s) distribution from a control in the same
run using a standard Epon centerpiece (black); microgreen (green); Xtreme white (blue dashed); in-house
clear (cyan dotted). Fig 3. Temporal evolution of radial concentration profiles in a sedimentation velocity experiment with
bovine serum albumin in a “prime gray” photopolymer centerpiece. Panel A: Absorbance data acquired
at a rotor speeds of 50,000 rpm at a series of time points (symbols, only every 3rd data point of every 2nd scan
shown, with color temperature indicating progress of time). The c(s) fit (lines) results in an rmsd of 0.0065
OD280, with the residuals shown in the small plots as residuals bitmap and superposition. Panel B: The
corresponding c(s) distribution (magenta), and for comparison the c(s) distribution from a control in the same
run using a standard Epon centerpiece (black); microgreen (green); Xtreme white (blue dashed); in-house
clear (cyan dotted). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201.g003
Fig 4. Sedimentation velocity experiment in rectangular cell. Sedimentation velocity analysis of bovine serum albumin sedimenting at 50,000 rpm in
acrylic centerpieces with a sector-shaped (A) and rectangular shaped (B) solution column. The protein sample was identical in both. The upper panel
shows the sedimentation boundaries (points, for clarity, only every 2nd data point of every 2nd scan is shown), along with the best-fit c(s) profiles (solid
lines). Below are the residuals of the fit as bitmap and overlay plot. The c(s) distribution for both data sets are shown in Fig 5. Fig 4. Sedimentation velocity experiment in rectangular cell. Sedimentation velocity analysis of bovine serum albumin sedimenting at 50,000 rpm in
acrylic centerpieces with a sector-shaped (A) and rectangular shaped (B) solution column. The protein sample was identical in both. The upper panel
shows the sedimentation boundaries (points, for clarity, only every 2nd data point of every 2nd scan is shown), along with the best-fit c(s) profiles (solid
lines). Below are the residuals of the fit as bitmap and overlay plot. The c(s) distribution for both data sets are shown in Fig 5. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201.g004 data of mCherry sedimenting at 50,000 rpm acquired with this centerpiece are shown in Fig 6. They exhibit the characteristic signal magnification gradient of FDS data acquired at shallow
focal depths which can be computationally accounted for [56]. The main species sediments at
2.68 S with a molar mass of 26.9 kDa which compares well to the value of 28.9 kDa expected
from amino acid sequence [57]. Thus, while sector-shaped solution columns are
important for precise AUC SV experiments as expected, these data demonstrated there is also a
surprising tolerance of the major boundary features to imperfections in the solution column. Finally, as an example for the ease of centerpiece design afforded by 3D printing technology,
we created a centerpiece for use specifically in conjunction with the confocal fluorescence
detection system (FDS). Since this detection requires optical access only through a single upper
window, the centerpiece was designed with increased height replacing both the lower window
and the customary spacers otherwise required for 3 mm centerpieces. Sector-shaped wells of 3
mm depth were created at the top of the centerpiece and connected with diagonal filling holes
to the fill ports of the standard aluminum barrel. To facilitate loading without air locks separate
venting channels were included, and an embossed gasket was added to the top surface for the
3D printed centerpiece to self-seal (inset in Fig 6B). Similarly, a FDS calibration centerpiece
was created, also featuring filling and venting holes, as well as an embossed seal. Fluorescence 7 / 16 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation g
g PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 8 / 16 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation Fig 3. Temporal evolution of radial concentration profiles in a sedimentation velocity experiment with
bovine serum albumin in a “prime gray” photopolymer centerpiece. Panel A: Absorbance data acquired
at a rotor speeds of 50,000 rpm at a series of time points (symbols, only every 3rd data point of every 2nd scan
shown, with color temperature indicating progress of time). The c(s) fit (lines) results in an rmsd of 0.0065
OD280, with the residuals shown in the small plots as residuals bitmap and superposition. Panel B: The
corresponding c(s) distribution (magenta), and for comparison the c(s) distribution from a control in the same
run using a standard Epon centerpiece (black); microgreen (green); Xtreme white (blue dashed); in-house
clear (cyan dotted). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201.g003 Fig 3. Temporal evolution of radial concentration profiles in a sedimentation velocity experiment with
bovine serum albumin in a “prime gray” photopolymer centerpiece. Panel A: Absorbance data acquired
at a rotor speeds of 50,000 rpm at a series of time points (symbols, only every 3rd data point of every 2nd scan
shown, with color temperature indicating progress of time). Discussion The present communication describes the novel concept of fabricating AUC centerpieces by
3D printing. We were surprised to find that these centerpieces can be sufficiently mechanically
stable to withstand prolonged exposure to gravitational fields in excess of 300,000 g, while seal-
ing the solution against high vacuum of the rotor chamber. Furthermore, we found them to be
precise enough to allow a variety of AUC experiments. We believe this has several practical
implications. 9 / 16 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation Fig 5. Sedimentation coefficient distributions from a rectangular cell. Sedimentation coefficient
distributions calculated from the data in Fig 4 for rectangular (magenta) and sectorial (blue) geometry. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201.g005 Fig 5. Sedimentation coefficient distributions from a rectangular cell. Sedimentation coefficient
distributions calculated from the data in Fig 4 for rectangular (magenta) and sectorial (blue) geometry. Fig 5. Sedimentation coefficient distributions from a rectangular cell. Sedimentation coefficient
distributions calculated from the data in Fig 4 for rectangular (magenta) and sectorial (blue) geometry. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201.g005 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201.g005 First, AUC centerpiece 3D print fabrication offers a considerable reduction in cost. Center-
pieces can be made by various printing technologies (e.g., Polyjet, SLA) and numerous materi-
als, including acrylic, polycarbonate, carboxylate, nylon, and several metals, all between < 1%
and 10% of the cost of commercial centerpieces. At present we have very little experience with
the long-term durability of the non-metallic centerpieces, which appears to be limited, for
example, in the polycarbonate centerpieces. However, this may not be a critical factor consider-
ing the low cost, and may not be significant for low-field applications in SE. Ironically, with
many of the centerpiece materials we tested, the gasket used to provide a seal between the cen-
terpiece and optical window is now the higher cost consumable component. However, we
found the need for a gasket may be eliminated by improved centerpiece design, using higher
resolution 3D printing (i.e., better surface quality), and careful material selection. The selection of material may be guided by the experimental requirements for chemical
compatibility. With some 3D printing technologies and corresponding materials, unreacted
polymer, solvents, or plasticizers may leach into the AUC sample solution within the experi-
ment timeframe. The interference optical detection system offers a convenient means for detec-
tion of 3D printing impurities in the sample sector. PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 Discussion In one instance, we have observed such
effects with a freshly 3D printed carboxylate centerpiece over the course of several days of incu-
bation (a time-frame often required for SE experiments). Related, surface adsorption can be a
problem when studying protein interactions in the sub-nanomolar range with fluorescence
detection [31, 58], and further studies will be required to gain experience with beneficial or det-
rimental properties of different materials in this and other applications of AUC. 3D printed centerpieces can support a wide range of possible AUC applications. Since sedi-
mentation equilibrium only requires mechanical stability of the solution column over long
time, the new centerpieces should be straightforward to apply without further consideration. Fabrication of new centerpieces with different optical path lengths, along with suitably sized
spacer rings, is a routine and inexpensive process. The independence of equilibrium from the 10 / 16 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation one.0155201
August 15, 2016
11 / 16 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 11 / 16 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation Fig 6. Fluorescence optical data in a 3D printed carbonate centerpiece. A centerpiece featuring a 3 mm
deep sector-shaped well at the top was used, with filling and venting holes, and an embossed seal. The focal
depth of the fluorescence optics was 2.0 mm. (A) Shown are sedimentation profiles acquired with 561 nm
excitation for 46 nM mCherry [57] dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (dots), and best-fit c(s) sedimentation
coefficient distribution with adjustments for characteristic signals of fluorescence detection [56] (solid lines). The
plot appended below shows the residuals of the fit. (B) Corresponding sedimentation coefficient distribution
showing a main peak at 2.68 S and diffusional boundary broadening corresponding to a species of 26.9 kDa. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201.g006 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201.g006 solution column shape can be exploited in the design and fabrication of non-sectorial center-
pieces to shorten the time to equilibrium [2]. Multi-welled centerpieces accommodating multi-
ple samples per cell, similar to commercially available 6-channel centerpieces, are similarly
conceivable. Perhaps the most surprising result of the present work was the successful use of 3D printed
centerpieces in high-quality SV AUC experiments; with results for the BSA monomer virtually
identical to those carried out in commercial epoxy centerpieces and within the limits of the
large multi-laboratory benchmark study recently published [51]. PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 Discussion We did observe significantly
higher standard deviation of the BSA monomer sedimentation coefficient, but variation in rep-
licate experiments was still less than 1%. This suggests that 3D printed centerpieces examined
in the present work may not yet be suitable for SV experiments requiring the highest possible
precision, but this leaves a remarkable range of useful and innovative SV applications. A pilot experiment with a rectangular centerpiece—grossly violating known requirements
for unimpeded sedimentation and designed to produce strong convection—was astonishingly
successful in producing the correct sedimentation coefficient distribution. This experiment
suggests that the shape of the sedimentation boundary, specifically the degree of boundary
broadening, is the feature in SV most sensitive to unwanted convection, rather than the average
migration velocity of the boundary. We hypothesize that over-concentration of protein at the
parallel side-walls is effectively opposed by lateral diffusional flows, and that this also alleviates
the effects of minor imperfections in the sector wall smoothness of any 3D printed
centerpieces. The determination of whether 3D printed centerpieces using current material and technol-
ogy are of sufficient quality to carry out SV experiments may be governed by the question
posed in the experiment. For example, trace aggregate detection of small and medium sized
proteins puts higher demands on precision than the determination of s-values of the main
components, whereas protein interaction analysis via isotherms of the boundary structure and
sw-values disregards features of boundary shape entirely [59]. Similarly, 3D printed center-
pieces may be most suitable for AUC teaching environments thus facilitating the dissemination
of the technology. The ease of centerpiece 3D print fabrication promotes experiment creativity, and ultimately
the development of novel AUC methods. For example, historically, a variety of centerpieces
with additional sample reservoirs and channels for transfer of liquid after start of centrifugation
have been conceived, and the 3D print fabrication of well-defined channels may allow more
complex layering techniques. Also, in view of our experiment with the parallel-walled solution
column, it is worth considering that much of our understanding of the influence of imperfec-
tions in centerpieces on macromolecular sedimentation behavior has been derived from case
studies with centerpieces exhibiting poorly defined features, such as accidental file marks or
scratches observed to cause aberrant boundaries [36, 55], or from unspecified improvements in
manufacturing [60]. References References
1. Svedberg T, Rinde H. The ultra-centrifuge, a new instrument for the determination of size and distribu-
tion of size of particle in amicroscopic colloids. J Am Chem Soc. 1924; 46(1923):2677–2693. doi: 10. 1021/ja01677a011
2. Svedberg T, Pedersen KO. The Ultracentrifuge. London: Oxford University Press; 1940. 3. Schachman HK. Ultracentrifugation in Biochemistry. New York: Academic Press; 1959. 4. Scott DJ, Harding SE, Rowe AJ. Modern Analytical Ultracentrifugation: Techniques and Methods. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry; 2005. 5. Schuck P, Zhao H, Brautigam CA, Ghirlando R. Basic Principles of Analytical Ultracentrifugation. Boc
Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2015. 6. Giebeler R. The Optima XL-A: A new analytical ultracentrifuge with a novel precision absorption optica
system. In: Harding SE, Rowe AJ, Horton JC, editors. Anal. Ultracentrifugation Biochem. Polym. Sci. Cambridge, U.K.: The Royal Society of Chemistry; 1992. p. 16–25. 7. MacGregor IK, Anderson AL, Laue TM. Fluorescence detection for the XLI analytical ultracentrifuge. Biophys Chem. 2004; 108(1-3):165–185. doi: 10.1016/j.bpc.2003.10.018 PMID: 15043928
8. Schuck P. Sedimentation patterns of rapidly reversible protein interactions. Biophys J. 2010; 98
(9):2005–2013. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.4336 PMID: 20441765
9. Harding SE, Schuck P, Abdelhameed AS, Adams G, Kök MS, Morris GA. Extended Fujita approach to
the molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides and other polymeric systems. Methods. 2011; 54
(1):136–44. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.01.009 PMID: 21276851 1. Svedberg T, Rinde H. The ultra-centrifuge, a new instrument for the determination of size and distribu-
tion of size of particle in amicroscopic colloids. J Am Chem Soc. 1924; 46(1923):2677–2693. doi: 10. 1021/ja01677a011 2. Svedberg T, Pedersen KO. The Ultracentrifuge. London: Oxford University Press; 1940. 3. Schachman HK. Ultracentrifugation in Biochemistry. New York: Academic Press; 1959. 4. Scott DJ, Harding SE, Rowe AJ. Modern Analytical Ultracentrifugation: Techniques and Methods. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry; 2005. 5. Schuck P, Zhao H, Brautigam CA, Ghirlando R. Basic Principles of Analytical Ultracentrifugation. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2015. 6. Giebeler R. The Optima XL-A: A new analytical ultracentrifuge with a novel precision absorption optical
system. In: Harding SE, Rowe AJ, Horton JC, editors. Anal. Ultracentrifugation Biochem. Polym. Sci. Cambridge, U.K.: The Royal Society of Chemistry; 1992. p. 16–25. 7. MacGregor IK, Anderson AL, Laue TM. Fluorescence detection for the XLI analytical ultracentrifuge. Biophys Chem. 2004; 108(1-3):165–185. doi: 10.1016/j.bpc.2003.10.018 PMID: 15043928 8. Schuck P. Sedimentation patterns of rapidly reversible protein interactions. Biophys J. 2010; 98
(9):2005–2013. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.4336 PMID: 20441765 9. 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation studies of the conditions necessary for convection-free sedimentation in SV. Possible improve-
ments in the precision of SV measurements could stimulate advances in our understanding of
molecular hydrodynamics and protein solvation [61], and are of great practical interest in the
characterization of protein pharmaceuticals in biotechnology [60]. Finally, the utility of 3D
printing in AUC is not limited to centerpiece fabrication. For example, it is possible to print a
steel or titanium rotor hole inserts that accommodate iButton temperature loggers to permit
temperature measurements of the spinning rotor [50], whereas, without access to a machine
shop for custom fabrication of such a holder, temperature monitoring was previously restricted
to measurements in the resting rotor [62]. In conclusion, we believe the rapid and low-cost prototyping and open-source design of
novel and functional AUC centerpieces and other system components afforded by 3D printing
technology opens significant new opportunities by both enabling the development of new
AUC methodologies for specialized and emerging applications, and improving efficiency and
ultimately precision of existing AUC configurations. Acknowledgments We thank Dr. George Patterson for the samples of EGFP and mCherry. We also thank the NIH
3D Print Exchange for hosting the design files (models 3dpx-002873, 3dpx-002874, and 3dpx-
002876) including a copy of the abstract of the present paper. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JK TP. Wrote the paper: JK TP HZ PS. Wrote the paper: JK TP HZ PS. Conceived and designed the experiments: HZ PS. Performed the experiments: AD JK. Performed the experiments: AD JK. Analyzed the data: HZ PS. Analyzed the data: HZ PS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JK TP. PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 Discussion Here, 3D printing offers the new opportunity to fabricate centerpieces
cheaply and reproducibly with features of well-defined geometries to enable more systematic PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 12 / 16 References Harding SE, Schuck P, Abdelhameed AS, Adams G, Kök MS, Morris GA. Extended Fujita approach to
the molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides and other polymeric systems. Methods. 2011; 54
(1):136–44. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.01.009 PMID: 21276851 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 13 / 16 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation 10. Schuck P. Analytical ultracentrifugation as a tool for studying protein interactions. Biophys Rev. 2013; 5
(2):159–171. doi: 10.1007/s12551-013-0106-2 PMID: 23682298 11. Gillis RB, Adams GG, Heinze T, Nikolajski M, Harding SE, Rowe AJ. MultiSig: a new high-precision
approach to the analysis of complex biomolecular systems. Eur Biophys J. 2013 aug; 42:777–786. doi:
10.1007/s00249-013-0924-y PMID: 23989852 12. Scott DJ, Harding SE, Winzor DJ. Evaluation of diffusion coefficients by means of an approximate
steady-state condition in sedimentation velocity distributions. Anal Biochem. 2015; 490:20–25. doi: 10. 1016/j.ab.2015.08.017 PMID: 26321223 13. Walter J, Sherwood PJ, Lin W, Segets D, Stafford WF, Peukert W. Simultaneous analysis of hydrody-
namic and optical properties using analytical ultracentrifugation equipped with multiwavelength detec-
tion. Anal Chem. 2015; 87:3396–3403. doi: 10.1021/ac504649c PMID: 25679871 14. Padrick SB, Deka RK, Chuang JL, Wynn RM, Chuang DT, Norgard MV, et al. Determination of protein
complex stoichiometry through multisignal sedimentation velocity experiments. Anal Biochem. 2010;
407(1):89–103. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.07.017 PMID: 20667444 15. Ebel C. Sedimentation velocity to characterize surfactants and solubilized membrane proteins. Meth-
ods. 2011; 54(1):56–66. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.11.003 PMID: 21112401 16. Rai N, Nöllmann M, Spotorno B, Tassara G, Byron O, Rocco M. SOMO (SOlution MOdeler) differences
between X-Ray- and NMR-derived bead models suggest a role for side chain flexibility in protein hydro-
dynamics. Structure. 2005; 13(5):723–734. doi: 10.1016/j.str.2005.02.012 PMID: 15893663 17. García de la Torre J, Huertas ML, Carrasco B. Calculation of hydrodynamic properties of globular pro-
teins from their atomic-level structure. Biophys J. 2000; 78(2):719–730. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)
76630-6 PMID: 10653785 18. Aragon SR. Recent advances in macromolecular hydrodynamic modeling. Methods. 2011; 54(1):101–
14. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.10.005 PMID: 21073955 19. Raşa M, Lohmeijer BGG, Hofmeier H, Thijs HML, Schubert D, Schubert US, et al. Characterization of
metallo-supramolecular block copolymers by analytical ultracentrifugation. Macromol Chem Phys. 2006; 207(22):2029–2041. doi: 10.1002/macp.200600235 20. Tombs MP, Harding SE. An Introduction to Polysaccharide Biotechnology. London: CRC Press; 1997. 21. Wandrey C, Hasegawa U, van der Vlies AJ, O’Neil C, Angelova N, Hubbell JA. Analytical ultracentrifu-
gation to support the development of biomaterials and biomedical devices. Methods. 2011; 54(1):92–
100. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.12.003 PMID: 21146611 22. Karabudak E, Wohlleben W, Cölfen H. PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 References Investigation of β-carotene-gelatin composite particles with a
multiwavelength UV/vis detector for the analytical ultracentrifuge. Eur Biophys J. 2010; 39(3):397–403. doi: 10.1007/s00249-009-0412-6 PMID: 19242689 23. Fagan JA, Zheng M, Rastogi V, Simpson JR, Khripin CY, Silvera Batista CA, et al. Analyzing surfactant
structures on length and chirality resolved (6,5) single-wall carbon nanotubes by analytical ultracentrifu-
gation. ACS Nano. 2013; 7(4):3373–3387. doi: 10.1021/nn4002165 PMID: 23530719 24. Carney RP, Kim JY, Qian H, Jin R, Mehenni H, Stellacci F, et al. Determination of nanoparticle size dis-
tribution together with density or molecular weight by 2D analytical ultracentrifugation. Nat Commun. 2011 jan; 2(May):335. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1338 PMID: 21654635 25. Liu J, Andya JD, Shire SJ. A critical review of analytical ultracentrifugation and field flow fractionation
methods for measuring protein aggregation. AAPS J. 2006 jan; 8(3):E580–9. doi: 10.1208/
aapsj080367 PMID: 17025276 26. Pekar AH, Sukumar M. Quantitation of aggregates in therapeutic proteins using sedimentation velocity
analytical ultracentrifugation: practical considerations that affect precision and accuracy. Anal Biochem. 2007; 367(2):225–237. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.04.035 PMID: 17548043 27. Gabrielson JP, Arthur KK. Measuring low levels of protein aggregation by sedimentation velocity. Meth-
ods. 2011 may; 54(1):83–91. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.12.030 PMID: 21187149 28. Berkowitz SA, Philo JS. Characterizing biopharmaceuticals using analytical ultracentrifugation. In:
Houde DJ, Berkowitz SA, editors. Biophys. Charact. Proteins Dev. Biopharm. Amsterdam: Elsevier;
2015. p. 211–260. 29. Harding SE, Rowe AJ. Insight into protein-protein interactions from analytical ultracentrifugation. Bio-
chem Soc Trans. 2010 aug; 38(4):901–7. doi: 10.1042/BST0380901 PMID: 20658974 30. Rowe AJ. Ultra-weak reversible protein-protein interactions. Methods. 2011 may; 54(1):157–66. doi:
10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.02.006 PMID: 21338686 31. Zhao H, Mayer ML, Schuck P. Analysis of protein interactions with picomolar binding affinity by fluores-
cence-detected sedimentation velocity. Anal Chem. 2014; 18(6):3181–3187. doi: 10.1021/ac500093m PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 14 / 16 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation 32. Balbo A, Minor KH, Velikovsky CA, Mariuzza RA, Peterson CB, Schuck P. Studying multi-protein com-
plexes by multi-signal sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation. Pro Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005; 102(1):81–86. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0408399102 33. Brautigam CA, Padrick SB, Schuck P. Multi-signal sedimentation velocity analysis with mass conserva-
tion for determining the stoichiometry of protein complexes. PLoS One. 2013; 8(5):e62694. doi: 10. 1371/journal.pone.0062694 PMID: 23696787 34. Schuck P. Simultaneous radial and wavelength analysis with the Optima XL-A analytical ultracentri-
fuge. Progr Colloid Polym Sci. 1994; 94:1–13. doi: 10.1007/BFb0115597 35. Lewis MS, Shrager RI, Kim SJ. References Analysis of protein-nucleic acid and protein-protein interactions using
multi-wavelength scans from the XL-A analytical ultracentrifuge. In: Schuster TM, Laue TM, editors. Mod. Anal. Ultracentrifugation. Boston: Birkhäuser; 1994. p. 94–115. 36. Pickels EG. Ultracentrifuge Cell. Rev Sci Instrum. 1942; 13(1942):426. doi: 10.1063/1.1769940 37. Boestad G, Pedersen KO, Svedberg T. Design and operation of the oil-turbine ultracentrifuge. Rev Sci
Instrum. 1938; 9(11):346–353. doi: 10.1063/1.1752364 38. Pickels EG, Harrington WF, Schachman HK. An ultracentrifuge cell for producing boundaries syntheti-
cally by a layering technique. Pro Natl Acad Sci USA. 1952; 38(11):943–948. doi: 10.1073/pnas.38.11. 943 39. Vinograd J, Bruner R, Kent R, Weigle J. Band-centrifugation of macromolecules and viruses in self-
generating density gradients. Pro Natl Acad Sci USA. 1963; 49(6):902–910. doi: 10.1073/pnas.49.6. 902 40. Yphantis DA. Rapid determination of molecular weights of peptides and proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1960; 88(3):586–601. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb20055.x 41. Ansevin AT, Roark DE, Yphantis DA. Improved ultracentrifuge cells for high-speed sedimentation equi-
librium studies with interference optics. Anal Biochem. 1970; 34:237–261. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(70)
90103-X PMID: 4314972 42. Vinograd J, Radloff R, Bruner R. Band-forming centerpieces for the analytical ultracentrifuge. Biopoly-
mers. 1965;(3162):481–489. doi: 10.1002/bip.1965.360030409 43. Bendet IJ, Smith CE, Lauffer MA. Hydrodynamic volumes determined by immiscible liquid displace-
ment. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1960 jun; 88(2):280–286. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(60)90236-8 44. Hearst E, Gray B. Titanium Centerpieces and a Modified Temperature Control System for the Spinco
Analytical Ultracentrifuge. Anal Biochem. 1968; 24:70–79. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(68)90060-2 PMID:
5665200 45. Flossdorf J, Schillig H. Double sector cell for an ultra-centrifuge; 1978. 46. Zhang C, Anzalone NC, Faria RP, Pearce JM. Open-Source 3D-Printable Optics Equipment. PLoS
One. 2013; 8(3):e59840. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059840 PMID: 23544104 47. Baden T, Chagas AM, Gage G, Marzullo T, Prieto-Godino LL, Euler T. Open Labware: 3-D Printing
Your Own Lab Equipment. PLOS Biol. 2015; 13(3):e1002086. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002086
PMID: 25794301 48. Pearce JM. Building Research Equipment with Free, Open-Source Hardware. Science (80-). 2012 sep;
337(6100):1303–1304. doi: 10.1126/science.1228183 49. National Institutes of Health 3-D print exchange; 2015. Available from: http://3dprint.nih.gov/ 50. Ghirlando R, Balbo A, Piszczek G, Brown PH, Lewis MS, Brautigam CA, et al. Improving the thermal,
radial, and temporal accuracy of the analytical ultracentrifuge through external references. Anal Bio-
chem. 2013; 440(1):81–95. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.05.011 PMID: 23711724 51. Zhao H, Ghirlando R, Alfonso C, Arisaka F, Attali I, Bain DL, et al. A multilaboratory comparison of cali-
bration accuracy and the performance of external references in analytical ultracentrifugation. PLoS
One. 2015; 10(5):e0126420. PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 References doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126420 PMID: 25997164 52. Zhao H, Brautigam CA, Ghirlando R, Schuck P. Current methods in sedimentation velocity and sedi-
mentation equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation. Curr Protoc Protein Sci. 2013; 7:20.12.1. doi: 10. 1002/0471140864.ps2012s71 53. Ma J, Metrick M, Ghirlando R, Zhao H, Schuck P. Variable-field analytical ultracentrifugation: I. Time-
optimized sedimentation equilibrium. Biophys J. 2015; 109(4):827–837. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.07.015
PMID: 26287634 54. Vistica J, Dam J, Balbo A, Yikilmaz E, Mariuzza RA, Rouault TA, et al. Sedimentation equilibrium analy-
sis of protein interactions with global implicit mass conservation constraints and systematic noise
decomposition. Anal Biochem. 2004; 326(2):234–256. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.12.014 PMID: 15003564 55. Moore DH. Some Improvements for the Analytical Ultracentrifuge. Rev Sci Instrum. 1943; 14
(1943):295–297. doi: 10.1063/1.1770090 15 / 16 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155201
August 15, 2016 3D-Printing for Analytical Ultracentrifugation 56. Zhao H, Casillas E, Shroff H, Patterson GH, Schuck P. Tools for the quantitative analysis of sedimenta-
tion boundaries detected by fluorescence optical analytical ultracentrifugation. PLoS One. 2013; 8(10):
e77245. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077245 PMID: 24204779 57. Shaner NC, Campbell RE, Steinbach PA, Giepmans BNG, Palmer AE, Tsien RY. Improved monomeric
red, orange and yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein. Nat
Biotechnol. 2004; 22(12):1567–72. doi: 10.1038/nbt1037 PMID: 15558047 58. Zhao H, Lomash S, Glasser C, Mayer ML, Schuck P. Analysis of high affinity self-association by fluo-
rescence optical sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation of labeled proteins: opportunities
and limitations. PLoS One. 2013; 8(12):e83439. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083439 PMID: 24358283 59. Zhao H, Balbo A, Brown PH, Schuck P. The boundary structure in the analysis of reversibly interacting
systems by sedimentation velocity. Methods. 2011; 54(1):16–30. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.01.010
PMID: 21315155 60. Gabrielson JP, Randolph TW, Kendrick BS, Stoner MR. Sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifu-
gation and SEDFIT/c(s): Limits of quantitation for a monoclonal antibody system. Anal Biochem. 2007;
361(1):24–30. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.11.012 PMID: 17181992 61. Aragon SR. Accurate hydrodynamic modeling with the boundary element method. In: Uchiyama S,
Arisaka F, Stafford WF, Laue TM, editors. Anal. Ultracentrifugation Instrumentation, Software, Appl. Springer; 2016. p. in press. doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55985-6_12 62. Ghirlando R, Zhao H, Balbo A, Piszczek G, Curth U, Brautigam CA, et al. Measurement of the tempera-
ture of the resting rotor in analytical ultracentrifugation. Anal Biochem. 2014; 458:37–39. doi: 10.1016/j. ab.2014.04.029 PMID: 24799348 16 / 16
| 6,793 |
US-308936D-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,124 | 1,526 |
Guard for elevator-shafts
(No Model.) L
G. WHITTIEB.
GUARD FOR ELEVATOR SHAFTS.
No. 308,936. Patented Dec. 9, 1884;.v
v\/ I T N E 5 5 E 5 lllrvrrno Parent Garters...
CHARLES XVHITTIER, OF BOSTON, MASSAOHUSE IS.
GUARD FOR ELEVATOR=SHAFTS.
FJPECQFICATIOEI forming of Letters Patent No. 308,936, dated December 9, 188%.
Application filed July 21, 1581.
T0 to whom it may OOH/0617b.
Be it known that 1, Galleries \Vnrr'rmn, of Boston, county of Suffolk, State of Massachusetts, have invented an Improvement in Safe-Guards for Elevator-Shafts, of which the following description, in connection wit-h the accompanying drawings, is a specification, like letters on the drawings representing like parts.
This invention has for its object to provide a barrier or guard for elevator-shafts to close or bar the several openings or doorways which lead from each landing or floor of a building into the elevator-shaft or the ear therein as it travels up and down in said shaft, all of the several openings or doorways being closed by the safety apparatus whenever the car is between any two floors, while, when the car reaches a floor or landing having a doorway opening into the shaft, such. doorway alone is freed from the barrier to permit passage to or from the car and landing.
The nature of my invention consists, primarily, of an elevator car having suitable means to raise or lower itin an elevator-shaft, a group of pulleys or shea ves supportedin the upper part of the elevatonshaft, and asecond group of pulleys or sheaves arranged in the lower portion of said elevator-shaft,combined with a gang or series of ropes having their ends secured, respectively, to the top and to the bottom ofsaid ear, the said ropes passing over and u nder the sheaves in the upper and lower portions of the elevator-shaft, the said sheaves being arranged in V form, the pulleys for each rope above and below the car being in different horizontal planes, substantially as hereinafter fully described, and particularly pointed out in the claims.
Figure 1 shows in vertical section a portion of an e1evator-shaft,with the car in elevation and with my invention properly applied; Fi g. 2, a transverse section of the shaft-walls and ear-,to clearly show the shaft and the arrange ment of the car and the guide-ropes therein.
In the drawings, A represents an elevatorcar of any suitable construction, and adapted to be moved up and down in the elevatorshaft B by any preferred known mechanism used for that purpose. The car is provided No model.)
with the usual ClOOl'WitLCL, which may be closed by the door I), The adjacent or like ends of a gang or series of ropes, e, are fastened to the top or upper part of the car above the doorway a, and, extending upward, pass about agroup of pulleys or sheaves, 0, supported on the hanger or angular plate G, which is secured in the upper part of the shaft, the ropes then extending down past and in front of the car and to one side of the doorway (4 thereof to the bottom or lower part of the shaft,where they pass about a second group of pulleys, (I, supported in the bracket or angular plate D, seen red in the bottom of the shaft, after which the ropes are secured at-their lower ends to the bottom of the car,beneatl1 said doorway a, all as clearly indicated in Fig. 1.
As herein shown, the groups of sheaves are arranged on brackets or angular plates, so that all the ropes except one pass about two pulleys in each group, in order to properly span them, as will be readily understood. Gommencing with the center rope, which is the shortest, each rope of the series in succession is longer than the rope arranged inside of it toward the center rope, each rope in succession passing over pnlleysin different horizontal planes, The gang or series of ropes is arranged in the same vertical plane at the front of the elevator-shaft or next one of its four walls only. As the ear is moved upward to ward a doorway, G, on a tloor or landing, the guard or barrier of ropes above thetop of the ear bars such doorway,passing upward over the pulleys 0; but the ropes, rising in unison with the car, uncover the doorway by the time that the ear reaches the landing or the platform of the car arrives substantially at the level of the doorway, the shaft or landing permitting free passage to be made from or to the car and landing. Thus it will be seen that all the doorways leading to the well or elevator shaft are constantly barred, except when the ear reaches a landing, when the doorway at such landing is free from any barrier or guard whatever.
By arranging the gang of ropes at the front of the shaft only I am enabled to economize very considerably in the amount of rope re quired, as well as in the number of pulleys demanded, and the flexible barrier in no Way interferes with the operating mechanism for or the guides of the car.
Instead of ordinary hemp rope, I may use bands or the more flexible of wire ropes that may be suitable for the purpose desired.
In Fig. 2 a doorway, O, on a landing or floor is shown, which, when the car-is above or below it, is barred by the gang or series of ropes, as stated.
The car herein shown will preferably be moved as in my United States Patent No. 154,108,130 which reference may be had.
I claim 1. An elevatorcar placed in an elevatorshaft, and a group of pulleys in the upper part of the shaft and agroup of pulleys in thelower part of the said shaft, each group of pulleys being arranged in V form, combined with a gang or series of ropes having their ends secured, one at the top and the other to the bottom of the car, the said ropes running about the groups of pulleys, the pulleys for each cured to or near one wall of the elevator-shaft, 0
combined with a gang of ropes connected at one end to the top of the car at the front thereof, and at their other ends to the bottom of said car at the front thereof, each of said ropes between the pulleys supporting it crossing vertically the face of the car, the independent ropes from the center to the outside rope of the series varying in length, to operate all substantially as described.
In testimony whereof I have signed my o name to this specification in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.
, CHARLES WHITTIER.
Vitnesses:
G. W. GREGORY, W. H. SIGSTON.
| 45,974 |
https://github.com/SleepySanjinLi/main/blob/master/src/main/java/seedu/address/model/util/SampleDataUtil.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
main
|
SleepySanjinLi
|
Java
|
Code
| 353 | 1,283 |
package seedu.address.model.util;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import seedu.address.model.ReadOnlyScheduler;
import seedu.address.model.ReadOnlyToDoList;
import seedu.address.model.Scheduler;
import seedu.address.model.ToDoList;
import seedu.address.model.calendarevent.CalendarEvent;
import seedu.address.model.calendarevent.DateTime;
import seedu.address.model.calendarevent.DateTimeInfo;
import seedu.address.model.calendarevent.Description;
import seedu.address.model.calendarevent.Title;
import seedu.address.model.calendarevent.Venue;
import seedu.address.model.tag.Tag;
import seedu.address.model.todolist.Priority;
import seedu.address.model.todolist.ToDoListEvent;
/**
* Contains utility methods for populating {@code Scheduler} with sample data.
* Contains utility methods for populating {@code ToDoList} with sample data.
*/
public class SampleDataUtil {
public static CalendarEvent[] getSampleCalendarEvents() {
return new CalendarEvent[]{
new CalendarEvent(new Title("MA1101 Tutorial"), new Description("Intro to gaussian elimination"),
new DateTimeInfo(new DateTime("2018-10-16 14:00"), new DateTime("2018-10-16 16:00")),
new Venue("Blk 30 Geylang Street 29, #06-40"), getTagSet("numerical")),
new CalendarEvent(new Title("MA1102 Lecture"), new Description("Inverse function theorem"),
new DateTimeInfo(new DateTime("2018-10-16 18:00"), new DateTime("2018-10-16 20:00")),
new Venue("Blk 30 Lorong 3 Serangoon Gardens, #07-18"), getTagSet("favourite", "bestseller")),
new CalendarEvent(new Title("Math Analysis Lecture"), new Description("Topology of metric spaces"),
new DateTimeInfo(new DateTime("2018-10-17 15:00"), new DateTime("2018-10-17 16:00")),
new Venue("Blk 11 Ang Mo Kio Street 74, #11-04"), getTagSet("important")),
new CalendarEvent(new Title("LSM1301 Lecture"), new Description("Plant form and function"),
new DateTimeInfo(new DateTime("2018-10-17 18:00"), new DateTime("2018-10-17 21:00")),
new Venue("Blk 436 Serangoon Gardens Street 26, #16-43"), getTagSet("labcoat")),
new CalendarEvent(new Title("Forensic Science Lab"), new Description("Bring distilled water"),
new DateTimeInfo(new DateTime("2018-10-18 12:00"), new DateTime("2018-10-18 14:00")),
new Venue("Blk 47 Tampines Street 20, #17-35"),
getTagSet("criminal")),
new CalendarEvent(new Title("Evidence Law Lecture"), new Description("Refutable evidence"),
new DateTimeInfo(new DateTime("2018-10-18 11:00"), new DateTime("2018-10-18 16:00")),
new Venue("Blk 45 Aljunied Street 85, #11-31"),
getTagSet("justice"))
};
}
public static ToDoListEvent[] getSampleToDoListEvents() {
return new ToDoListEvent[]{
new ToDoListEvent(new Title("CS3230 Homework"), new Description("divide and conquer"),
new Priority("M")),
new ToDoListEvent(new Title("CS3241 Lab4"), new Description("draw curve"),
new Priority("H")),
new ToDoListEvent(new Title("JS1011 Homework"), new Description("watch Akira movie"),
new Priority("L")),
new ToDoListEvent(new Title("CS2103 Project"), new Description("finish UI design"),
new Priority("H")),
new ToDoListEvent(new Title("CS2106 Lab5"), new Description("final lab"),
new Priority("M")),
new ToDoListEvent(new Title("Modify resume"), new Description("activities"),
new Priority("L"))
};
}
public static ReadOnlyScheduler getSampleScheduler() {
Scheduler sampleScheduler = new Scheduler();
for (CalendarEvent sampleCalendarEvent : getSampleCalendarEvents()) {
sampleScheduler.addCalendarEvent(sampleCalendarEvent);
}
return sampleScheduler;
}
public static ReadOnlyToDoList getSampleToDoList() {
ToDoList sampleToDoList = new ToDoList();
for (ToDoListEvent sampleToDoListEvent : getSampleToDoListEvents()) {
sampleToDoList.addToDoListEvent(sampleToDoListEvent);
}
return sampleToDoList;
}
/**
* Returns a tag set containing the list of strings given.
*/
public static Set<Tag> getTagSet(String... strings) {
return Arrays.stream(strings)
.map(Tag::new)
.collect(Collectors.toSet());
}
}
| 35,282 |
https://github.com/JPForman/wordsy/blob/master/src/scss/style.scss
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Unlicense
| null |
wordsy
|
JPForman
|
SCSS
|
Code
| 4 | 17 |
@import '_MultiQuestion';
@import '_squirlModal';
| 28,078 |
https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/questions/10243
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,015 |
Stack Exchange
|
Aravona, https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/users/3313
|
English
|
Spoken
| 986 | 1,310 |
What are some heavy-duty alternatives to a long line for walking a dog on rugged terrain?
Ok so we've a Shetland Sheepdog, roughly 6kg for his max weight, and he has a pretty decent harness (as in you can pick him up from it and it doesn't hurt him, choke him etc) but he only has a decent short lead. It's thick, ropey like climbing rope, and has a massive clasp that can support his weight easily... but it's about 1m long.
His long line is a thin extender lead, like 5mm diameter max, but 5m in length and out in more adventurous areas, walking along cliff edges etc (which we do rather often) it just looks feeble... It's not uncommon for the fenced off paths to collapse underfoot whilst walking in Weymouth for example... We once saw the 'stay left of this sign' sign 6ft below the current path... I'm wondering if it would be possible make him a thicker long line with a decent clasp?
If I were to want to attach a clasp to a climbing rope for example what knot would work? Or would something like a lunge line work, could a lunge line withstand friction against rocks like a climbing rope (to some degree)?
I wouldn't use climbing rope, anyone that's ever caught a climbing rope that's running out will tell you it's not pleasant. It burns! Very painful.
A lunge line would be much better. It should easily cope with the demands of rocks, etc. Climbing ropes are engineered to catch a falling human. Dogs are obviously much lighter and will typically not be having dynamic falls. So though I wouldn't climb on a lunge line it should be more than strong enough for a dog lead, even over rough terrain with potential falls.
If you were nervous you could always attach two leads. So that you have a back up should one fail. Or even two attachments. Lots of leads actually come with two ends so that you can have a backup should the clip fail.
If anything is going to fail it's the clip. So get a lead with a good clip robust clip and/or back it up.
You can also get specific dog long leads. We're actually considering getting one for our dogs in the same situation. this also means you don't need any fancy knots, etc.
If you did want to learn a knot for this, a figure of eight is the one you want.
Yeah I really hadn't thought of rope burn! I know lunge lines can take the pull (half a tonne of horse compared to a 6kg dog...!) Thanks great advice - especially with learning a knot just in case! :)
I'd actually suggest that a lunge line will take the rocks better than a climbing rope. Climbing rope is engineered to take the most force at the lowest weight (because pulling on 20M or rope is heavy). Lunge lines are much thicker and will take abrasion much better
I'm wondering if it would be possible make him a thicker long line
with a decent clasp?
For the clasp, any climbing karabiner will be strong enough to hang a car off; I'd suggest a screwgate to avoid accidental un-clipping. Other clips and clasps may be perfectly fine too, these are just the ones I'm familiar with and have around the house!
If I were to want to attach a clasp to a climbing rope for example
what knot would work?
For the knot, the figure of eight on a bight (as linked in Liam's answer) is perfect for this.
Or would something like a lunge line work
If longe lines are static, which it sounds like they are, then arresting your dog from free fall could be dangerous. This is only an issue if there's slack line out when the dog falls: the change from falling to hanging stationary, when caught by a line with no stretch, is a huge deceleration.
This is the reason climbing ropes are stretchy, so that the deceleration when arresting a fall is spread out, rather than creating a sudden shock.
could a lunge line withstand friction against rocks like a climbing rope (to
some degree)?
Climbing ropes have a woven outer sheath designed to protect the core fibres from abrasion. Single-layer ropes and webbing are probably more vulnerable to cutting on sharp rocks, especially under load. Honestly sudden shock loading over a sharp edge is problematic for any rope, but I'd be surprised if a 6Kg dog could cut a climbing rope over anything but a very sharp knife.
I can't find any suggestion that dynamic rope or cord suitable for arresting a fall is made to non-human specs, and a human-weight-rated one will be overkill.
You could possibly buy a single half-rope (these are usually used in pairs, and each half of the pair is relatively thin & light although still
full strength).
The only alternative is to use a static cord (such as abseiling or rigging cord, or a longe line if you're happy with the abrasion and cutting resistance) with some kind of shock absorber. This seems like a lot of work for a dog lead, though.
Being a sailor rather than a rock climber, my familiarity is more with nylon 3 strand twisted ropes.
With nylon twisted ropes, you can make ropes of any length without needing special splicing tools like you need for cored ropes like those used in climbing.
I would buy 3/8 inch deck and anchor line, cut your favorite clasp off your preferred leash, and eye-splice the clasp into the new rope using a thimble (metal insert that protects the eye from wearing). Cut the length of the rope to about 3 ft longer than you wish. And tie a larger eye splice into the other end for your hand.
To learn how to tie various knots visit http://animatedknots.com
| 27,007 |
1168786_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,979 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,113 | 2,682 |
Hill, Justice.
The appellant, Ralph Lee Todd, was indicted on October 1,1976, for the murder of Blair Thomas. He was tried by a jury and found guilty; the state had sought the death penalty, but because the jury was unable to reach a verdict as to sentence, the trial court sentenced him to life imprisonment.
The evidence showed that two female Clark College students left Church's Fried Chicken near Morris Brown College about midnight on September 12, 1976. As they walked toward the campus, a man behind them who was wearing a dark blue jacket and dark blue skullcap grabbed their collars and pointed a gun at one student's head. Their assailant said that they had robbed his cousin and he wanted the money. The two women denied this. One of them said she only had a dollar which she gave the assailant.
He then forced the students to walk to a nearby field. As they reached the field, one of the young women fell to her knees, crying. Both of them then noticed Blair Thomas and another male student coming down the street. One of the young women called out for help; the other shouted that the man had a gun. The assailant then told the young men to get away and fired at them. Both fell to the ground and then got up and ran, but Blair Thomas had sustained a fatal gunshot wound from which he died shortly.
A detective investigating the case obtained Todd's name as a suspect. On September 18,1976, he showed one of the two young women a photographic lineup consisting of six color pictures; she selected Todd's picture. She later picked Todd out of a lineup. Neither the other young woman nor the surviving young man could identify Todd.
Following the photographic lineup, Todd was arrested and his apartment was searched pursuant to a warrant. The police confiscated several items, including a high school class ring, three skullcaps, and a pawn ticket for a .38 pistol. A crime lab microanalyst testified at the trial that the bullet which killed Thomas had been fired from this pistol.
Todd himself testified that on the night of September 12,1976, he was at home with his girlfriend with whom he lived. He also testified that he had loaned his pistol to a friend, Willis LaFrance Taylor, about September 2. He was not sure when Taylor had returned it except that he did so on a Monday morning. Todd also testified that when Taylor returned the gun a bullet was missing. He asked Taylor what had happened to it and Taylor replied that he thought he had shot someone. Todd said he didn't take this remark seriously.
Todd's girlfriend corroborated his testimony and, along with other defense witnesses, testified that there was a marked physical similarity between Taylor and Todd.
On rebuttal, a detective testified that the defendant reported to him that he saw a Larry Greenway shoot the victim.
1. Todd's first enumeration of error is that the trial court erred in overruling his motion for new trial on the general grounds. The evidence supports the verdict of guilty, and the trial court did not err in overruling the motion. Ridley v. State, 236 Ga. 147 (1) (223 SE2d 131) (1976).
2. Todd's second enumeration of error is that the trial court erred in overruling his motion to have the court reporter read the testimony of Willis LaFrance Taylor from the transcript of the preliminary hearing because Taylor was not present at the trial. The evidence showed that Taylor had been listed as a state witness for the trial. On the first day of trial, December 6,1976, the defendant learned that the state did not intend to call Taylor. He had not been subpoenaed by the state. According to defense counsel, he procured a subpoena for Taylor about noon on December 6 and gave it to the sheriff. The sheriff was unable to locate Taylor. The deputy sheriff assigned to the trial court testified that he was asked to locate and serve a subpoena on Taylor on December 7 through use of a telephone number that turned out to be that of Taylor's great aunt. He further testified that although to his personal knowledge no subpoena was issued, he did obtain an address which he gave to defense counsel that same day. He also said he told defense counsel that he had been told that Taylor was at work but whomever he talked to did not know where he worked. Defense witnesses corroborated defense counsel's statement that prior to trial they had made some efforts to locate Taylor, but defense counsel admitted that the pre-trial search was limited: "We tried to locate him before this. We did not try real hard before Monday, but we made inquiry to the family of, — basically the family relatives and friends of Mr. Todd, to locate Mr. Taylor, but. ."
The issue before the trial court was whether defendant had shown that the witness was "inaccessible" under Code Ann. § 38-314. The evidence supports the trial court's determination that defendant did not show that Taylor could not "with due diligence be found within the state." LaCount v. State, 237 Ga. 181, 182 (227 SE2d 31) (1976). Defendant was not entitled to rely on the appearance of the witness' name on the state's witness list. Bonds v. State, 232 Ga. 694 (5) (208 SE2d 561) (1974). This was a death penalty case; the efforts by the defense to locate this witness were minimal, bordering on the strategic, rather than diligent. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling defendant's motion. Whatley v. 3. Todd's third enumeration of error is that the trial court either failed to exercise or abused its discretion in not declaring a mistrial when the jury sent out a note declaring that is was "hopelessly deadlocked" and announcing how it stood. The record shows that the note was sent to the trial judge at 11:30 a.m. The trial judge asked counsel for authority as to whether he need declare a mistrial, and then decided to research the problem himself. He told the sheriff to take the jury to lunch at noon, and stated that he would announce his decision at 1 p.m. At 12:10, however, he announced that he had received a second note in which the jury announced that it wished to continue its deliberations. The record is clear that the trial judge did not err in allowing deliberation to continue while he researched the matter and in not declaring a mistrial after the second note. The trial judge is not bound to accept the jury's feeling that it is hopelessly deadlocked.
4. Todd's fourth enumeration of error is that the trial court erred in charging felony murder in a recharge requested by the jury where the felony murder charge had not been included in the original charge. The state pointed out the omission of the felony murder charge after the original charge was given, but the trial judge decided not to add it at that point. Subsequently, however, when the jury requested a recharge, the trial court included a charge on felony murder. We have reviewed the charge and find that no undue emphasis was placed on this portion, which constitutes one 9-line paragraph in a 10-page charge. Furthermore, out of an abundance of caution, the trial court did not add a separate verdict form for felony murder to those already in the possession of the jury. Todd does not argue that the charge was not authorized by the evidence and we find there was no undue prejudice to the defendant.
5. In his fifth, sixth and seventh enumerations of error, Todd argues that the trial court erred in overruling his motion in limine and allowing testimony regarding similar transactions. The testimony at issue was given by three women.
During the testimony of these witnesses, the trial court instructed the jury that the evidence was being admitted only for the limited purpose of "showing motive, plan, scheme, bent of mind, course of conduct or identity . ." Two of the women testified as to an assault that occurred about 10:15 p.m. on September 7, 1976, after they left a Burger King near the Morris Brown campus and were on their way back to their dormitory. They identified Todd as the man who, wearing a black skullcap, had come up behind them with a gun and accused them of beating up his brother and taking his money. He forced them to walk down a wooded path behind Church's, and to disrobe. He also robbed them of the money they had with them, which was less than $9 total, and of their jewelry, including a high school class ring, with the initials of one of the witnesses, that was recovered in the search of Todd's apartment.
The third woman testified that she and her sister were approached from behind by a man with a gun wearing a blue jacket and blue knit skullcap about 10:30 p.m. on the evening of March 4,1976, as they walked from a basketball game at the Omni toward the Atlanta University Center. The man, whom she identified as Todd, forced them to walk behind a church which is located within two blocks of the Church's Fried Chicken and the Burger King involved in the other incidents. He robbed them of approximately $55 and a watch. He then sent the sister for $5 more. After the sister left he forced the witness into a car and drove her to a nearby school where he took her jewelry and forced her to disrobe.
We find that this testimony was admissible because of the marked similarity between the transactions, and because the defendant was identified as the perpetrator by the victims. French v. State, 237 Ga. 620 (229 SE2d 410) (1976); Hamilton v. State, 239 Ga. 72, 75 (235 SE2d 515) (1977). The three incidents all commenced between 10 p.m. and midnight in a highly constricted area, when two women were approached from behind by a man wearing a dark skullcap, and carrying a gun; they all involved the women being forced to walk to or toward isolated areas, and they all involved robbery. The defendant was identified as the assailant in each case. The fact that one of the witnesses testified that defendant raped her, and no rape occurred on the night of the murder for which he was being tried, does not require reversal.
6. Todd's eighth enumeration of error is that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence a sawed-off shotgun seized during the search of his apartment over his objection that it was irrelevant, immaterial, and served no purpose. In view of the fact that a photograph clearly showing the shotgun was admitted without objection, the admission of the shotgun itself was not error. Massey v. State, 220 Ga. 883, 891 (142 SE2d 832) (1965).
7. Contrary to Todd's contention in Enumeration 9, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by sustaining the state's objection to defendant's question put to a juror on voir dire: "Do you feel that because the State has brought charges against Ralph Lee Todd that he is, in fact, guilty?" Stack v. State, 234 Ga. 19 (2) (214 SE2d 514) (1974); McNeal v. State, 228 Ga. 633 (3) (187 SE2d 271) (1972); Code Ann. § 59-705.
Argued January 10,1979
Decided April 4, 1979
Rehearing denied April 24, 1979.
Louise T. Hornsby, Eloisé W. Newhard, for appellant.
Ralph Lee Todd, pro se.
Arthur K. Bolton, Attorney General, William B. Hill, Jr., Staff Assistant Attorney General, Lewis R. Slaton, District Attorney, Victor Alexander, Jr., Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.
8. Todd's tenth and final enumeration of error is that the trial court erred in overruling his motion for a mistrial based on a newspaper article about the trial that was published on the morning of December 7,1976, the second day of trial, when the jury was not as yet sequestered. The trial judge questioned each juror separately and they all denied any knowledge of the article. Defendant argues now, as he did then, that a mistrial was required because the jurors might not have admitted that they had read or heard about the article. To sustain such an argument would constitute impeachment of the jury system itself, without a scintilla of supporting evidence; there is no merit in this enumeration.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur.
This appeal follows an out-of-time motion for new trial which was allowed by the trial court.
Our review of the record shows that this testimony was not deliberately elicited by the prosecutor..
| 47,555 |
https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%20%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
ديفيد ايالون
|
https://arz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ديفيد ايالون&action=history
|
Egyptian Arabic
|
Spoken
| 51 | 165 |
ديفيد ايالون كان مستشرق و مؤرخ من اسرائيل.
حياته
ديفيد ايالون من مواليد يوم 17 مايو سنة 1914 فى حيفا.
الدراسه
درس فى الجامعة العبريه.
العضويه
كان عضو فى:
اكاديميه اسرائيل للعلوم والانسانيات
جوايز
جايزه اسرائيل
وفاته
ديفيد ايالون مات يوم 25 يونيه سنة 1998.
لينكات
مصادر
مؤرخين
مؤرخين من اسرائيل
| 39,780 |
<urn:uuid:11669005-395b-4cdf-b403-c39a6685a471>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://agriculture.gouv.fr/espace-presse?f%5B0%5D=thematique_presse%3Aaides&f%5B1%5D=thematique_presse%3Aappel+%C3%A0+projets&f%5B2%5D=thematique_presse%3Aenseignement+agricole&pg=29&query=&sort_by=created
|
agriculture.gouv.fr
|
Lingala
|
Spoken
| 6 | 9 |
152 résultats (page 29 sur 38)
| 32,844 |
https://github.com/pawel-niedzwiecki-2/dspartnersgatsby/blob/master/src/components/atoms/section/style/style.tsx
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
0BSD
| 2,021 |
dspartnersgatsby
|
pawel-niedzwiecki-2
|
TSX
|
Code
| 49 | 110 |
// Import plugin
import styled from "styled-components";
// TypeScript for Props
interface Props {
theme: {
break: [{ main: string }];
};
}
// Create new style
const Section = styled.section`
width: 100%;
height: auto;
display: block;
min-height: 100vh;
position: relative;
`;
// Export new style
export default Section;
| 43,425 |
https://github.com/bhatti/PlexServices/blob/master/plexsvc-framework/src/main/java/com/plexobject/deploy/AutoDeployer.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,016 |
PlexServices
|
bhatti
|
Java
|
Code
| 247 | 963 |
package com.plexobject.deploy;
import java.util.Collection;
import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import com.plexobject.domain.Configuration;
import com.plexobject.domain.Constants;
import com.plexobject.handler.RequestHandler;
import com.plexobject.security.SecurityAuthorizer;
import com.plexobject.service.ServiceConfig;
import com.plexobject.service.ServiceRegistry;
import com.plexobject.service.ServiceRegistryLifecycleAware;
import com.plexobject.util.ReflectUtils;
/**
* This is a helper class that searches service classes that define
* ServiceConfig annotations and automatically deploys them.
*
* @author shahzad bhatti
*
*/
public class AutoDeployer implements ServiceRegistryLifecycleAware {
private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(AutoDeployer.class);
@VisibleForTesting
ServiceRegistry serviceRegistry;
public AutoDeployer() {
}
public void deploy(String configFile) {
try {
Configuration config = new Configuration(configFile);
String securityAuthorizerClass = config
.getProperty(Constants.PLEXSERVICE_SECURITY_AUTHORIZER_CLASS);
SecurityAuthorizer securityAuthorizer = null;
if (securityAuthorizerClass != null) {
securityAuthorizer = (SecurityAuthorizer) Class.forName(
securityAuthorizerClass).newInstance();
}
serviceRegistry = new ServiceRegistry(config);
serviceRegistry.setSecurityAuthorizer(securityAuthorizer);
onStarted(serviceRegistry);
serviceRegistry.start();
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.error("PLEXSVC Failed to deploy", e);
}
}
@Override
public void onStarted(ServiceRegistry serviceRegistry) {
String[] pkgNames = serviceRegistry.getConfiguration()
.getProperty(Constants.AUTO_DEPLOY_PACKAGES).split("[\\s;:,]");
addHandlersFromPackages(serviceRegistry, pkgNames);
}
public static void addHandlersFromPackages(ServiceRegistry serviceRegistry,
String ... pkgNames) {
Collection<Class<?>> serviceClasses = ReflectUtils.getAnnotatedClasses(
ServiceConfig.class, pkgNames);
for (Class<?> serviceClass : serviceClasses) {
try {
RequestHandler handler = (RequestHandler) serviceClass
.newInstance();
logger.info("PLEXSVC Registering " + serviceClass.getName()
+ " for auto-deployment...");
serviceRegistry.addRequestHandler(handler);
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.error(
"PLEXSVC Failed to add request handler for "
+ serviceClass.getName(), e);
}
}
}
@Override
public void onStopped(ServiceRegistry serviceRegistry) {
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
if (args.length == 0) {
System.err
.println("Usage: java com.plexobject.deploy.AutoDeployer configuration-file");
System.err
.println("For example: java com.plexobject.deploy.AutoDeployer /tmp/bugger.properties");
System.exit(1);
}
//
if (System.getProperty("com.sun.management.jmxremote.port") == null) {
System.setProperty("com.sun.management.jmxremote.port", "8888");
System.setProperty("com.sun.management.jmxremote.ssl", "false");
System.setProperty("com.sun.management.jmxremote.authenticate",
"false");
}
//
new AutoDeployer().deploy(args[0]);
Thread.currentThread().join();
}
}
| 1,894 |
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%20Quintas%20Fronterizas
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Las Quintas Fronterizas
|
https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las Quintas Fronterizas&action=history
|
French
|
Spoken
| 34 | 68 |
est une census-designated place située dans le comté de Maverick, dans l’État du Texas, aux États-Unis. Sa population s’élevait à lors du recensement .
Source
Liens externes
Census-designated place au Texas
Comté de Maverick
| 38,444 |
https://github.com/kuaifan/eeui-cli/blob/master/lib/loaders/eeui-loader/lib/template-replace.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
eeui-cli
|
kuaifan
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 379 | 1,288 |
var fs = require('fs');
var path = require('path');
var chalk = require('chalk');
var utils = require('../../../utils');
var config = {
cli: require('../../../../config'),
compile: {
sourceDir: path.join('/storage/editor/'),
rootDir: 'root://compile/editor/',
}
};
module.exports = {
eeuiLog: function(source) {
return utils.replaceEeuiLog(source);
},
appModule: function(source) {
return utils.replaceModule(source);
},
firstTag: function(source) {
try {
var srcDir = path.resolve(process.cwd(), config.cli.sourceDir);
var curDir = path.resolve(this.context);
var relativePath = utils.leftDelete(curDir, srcDir);
if (/^win/.test(process.platform)) {
relativePath = relativePath.replace(/\\/g, "/");
}
return source.replace(/<(.*?['"]\s*)>/, function ($1, $2) {
return '<' + $2 + ' _____EEUI_RELATIVE_PATH="' + relativePath + '">';
});
} catch (e) {
return source;
}
},
imageCli: function(source) {
var runDir = process.cwd();
var srcDir = path.resolve(runDir, config.cli.sourceDir);
//
var rege = new RegExp("<image(.*[^:])src=(['\"])([^\'\"]*)\\2", "g");
var result;
var errorPath = [];
while ((result = rege.exec(source)) != null) {
let srcUrl = result[3];
if (srcUrl.substring(0, 2) === "//" ||
srcUrl.substring(0, 7) === "http://" ||
srcUrl.substring(0, 8) === "https://" ||
srcUrl.substring(0, 6) === "ftp://" ||
srcUrl.substring(0, 5) === "root:") {
continue;
}
if (srcUrl) {
var imageSrc = path.resolve(this.context, srcUrl);
if (srcUrl.substring(0, 1) === "/") {
imageSrc = path.resolve(srcDir, srcUrl.substring(1));
}
if (fs.existsSync(imageSrc)) {
var newUrl = utils.leftDelete(imageSrc, path.join(srcDir, "/"));
if (/^win/.test(process.platform)) {
newUrl = newUrl.replace(/\\/g, "/");
}
newUrl = 'root://' + newUrl;
source = source.replace(result[0], "<image" + result[1] + "src=" + result[2] + newUrl + result[2]);
} else {
errorPath.push(result[3]);
}
}
}
if (errorPath.length > 0) {
console.log();
console.log(chalk.red("Error File: " + chalk.underline(this.resourcePath)));
errorPath.forEach((errorInfo) => {
console.log(chalk.red(" Not Found: " + chalk.underline(errorInfo)));
});
}
return source;
},
imageCompile: function(source) {
var findIndex = utils.findIndexOf(this.context, config.compile.sourceDir);
if (findIndex > -1) {
var srcDir = path.resolve(this.context.substring(0, findIndex) + config.compile.sourceDir);
var rege = new RegExp("<image(.*[^:])src=(['\"])([^\'\"]*)\\2", "g");
var result;
while ((result = rege.exec(source)) != null) {
let srcUrl = result[3];
if (srcUrl.substring(0, 2) === "//" ||
srcUrl.substring(0, 7) === "http://" ||
srcUrl.substring(0, 8) === "https://" ||
srcUrl.substring(0, 6) === "ftp://" ||
srcUrl.substring(0, 5) === "root:") {
continue;
}
if (srcUrl) {
var imageSrc = path.resolve(this.context, srcUrl);
if (srcUrl.substring(0, 1) === "/") {
imageSrc = path.resolve(srcDir, srcUrl.substring(1));
}
if (fs.existsSync(imageSrc)) {
var newUrl = utils.leftDelete(imageSrc, path.join(srcDir, "/"));
if (/^win/.test(process.platform)) {
newUrl = newUrl.replace(/\\/g, "/");
}
newUrl = config.compile.rootDir + newUrl;
source = source.replace(result[0], "<image" + result[1] + "src=" + result[2] + newUrl + result[2]);
}
}
}
}
return source;
}
};
| 33,181 |
https://openalex.org/W3212015461
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,021 |
Quality and safety aspects in fermentation of winged kelp (Alaria esculenta) and sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) by the natural microbiota with or without addition of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum starter culture
|
Jonas Steenholdt Sørensen
|
English
|
Spoken
| 10,949 | 21,195 |
Citation (APA):
Sørensen, J. S., Madsen, S. K., Bang-Berthelsen, C. H., & Hansen, L. T. (2021). Quality and safety aspects in
fermentation of winged kelp (Alaria esculenta) and sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) by the natural microbiota
with or without addition of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum starter culture. Food Research International, 150,
Article 110800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110800 General rights
Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright
owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.
Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.
You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain
You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal
If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately
and investigate your claim. Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 24, 2024 Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 24, 2024 Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 24, 2024 General rights
Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright
owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. General rights
Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright
owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.
U
d
l
d
d
i t
f
bli
ti
f
th
bli
t l f
th
f
i
t
t d
h Quality and safety aspects in fermentation of winged kelp (Alaria esculenta)
and sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) by the natural microbiota with or
without addition of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum starter culture Quality and safety aspects in fermentation of winged kelp (Alaria esculenta)
and sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) by the natural microbiota with or
without addition of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum starter culture Jonas Steenholdt Sørensen *, Sanne Kjærulf Madsen , Claus Heiner Bang-Berthelsen , Lisbeth
Truelstrup Hansen The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords:
Amplicon sequencing
Water-soluble carbohydrates
Seaweed
Food safety
Listeria monocytogenes Nourishment of the growing human population requires new and alternative food sources, preferable produced
without occupying new land areas. Cultivation of seaweed presents an opportunity, however, a major obstacle is
sustainable preservation. Fermentation has been used for centuries to preserve vegetables, e.g., to produce
kimchi based on cabbage. This study investigated changes in the microbiota, characteristics (pH, organic acids
and water soluble carbohydrates) and food safety of raw shredded Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima during
fermentation by the natural microbiota with or without addition of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum starter culture. The Lb. plantarum fermented products retained a high Shannon diversity index, indicating a partially unsuc
cessful fermentation. Lb. plantarum performed better in A. esculenta causing pH to drop to below 4.6, a critical
limit for control of growth of Clostridium botulinum, within 2 days compared to 7 days for S. latissima. Natural
fermentation by the endogenous microbiota resulted in unsafe products with high final pH values (4.8–5.2),
presence of unwanted organic acids, such as butyric acid, and in the case of A. esculenta sustenance of inoculated
Listeria monocytogenes. Fermentation of A. esculenta and S. latissima by Lb. plantarum is a promising preservation
method. However, future work is needed to optimise the process, by investigation of the use of different starter
cultures, seaweed pre-treatments (blanching, freezing, etc.) and adjuvants (i.e., addition of sugars, minerals and
similar) to promote growth of the starter culture and ensure the fermented products are safe to eat. (Bixler & Porse, 2011), animal feed (Rajauria, 2015) and biofuels
(Marquez et al., 2015). (Bixler & Porse, 2011), animal feed (Rajauria, 2015) and biofuels
(Marquez et al., 2015). Quality and safety aspects in fermentation of winged kelp (Alaria esculenta) and sugar
kelp (Saccharina latissima) by the natural microbiota with or without addition of a
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum starter culture Sørensen, Jonas Steenholdt; Madsen, Sanne Kjærulf; Bang-Berthelsen, Claus Heiner; Hansen, Lisbeth
Truelstrup Published in:
Food Research International Link to article, DOI:
10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110800
Publication date:
2021 Link to article, DOI:
10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110800 Document Version
Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA):
Sørensen, J. S., Madsen, S. K., Bang-Berthelsen, C. H., & Hansen, L. T. (2021). Quality and safety aspects in
fermentation of winged kelp (Alaria esculenta) and sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) by the natural microbiota
with or without addition of a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum starter culture. Food Research International, 150,
Article 110800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110800 Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 * Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jonsor@food.dtu.dk (J.S. Sørensen). Available online 8 November 2021
0963-9969/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110800
Received 3 May 2021; Received in revised form 22 September 2021; Accepted 1 November 2021 J.S. Sørensen et al. Fig. 1. pH change during the fermentation process of seaweeds. : (■)
Naturally fermented S. latissima, ( ) LAB fermented S. latissima, ( ) naturally
fermented A. esculenta and ( ) LAB fermented A. esculenta. The dotted line (• •
• •) represents the growth boundary for proteolytic C. botulinum and the mixed
line (• ¡ • ¡) represents a shared boundary for non-proteolytic C. botulinum
and L. monocytogens. Symbols and error bars indicate average values ± SD. Previous research has reported that fermentation of seaweed with
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a common lactic acid bacteria (LAB), was
improved after heating the seaweed for 15 min at 95 ◦C (Gupta, Abu-
Ghannam, & Scannell, 2011). The use of heat treatment to obtain a
rapid pH reduction in fermenting sugar kelp was also observed in the
study conducted by Bruhn et al. (2019). Recently, lactic acid bacteria
fermentation of raw seaweed was shown to be viable in recipes using
mixtures of white cabbage to sugar or winged kelp ratios of 1:1, how
ever, higher proportions of seaweed resulted in a less successful
fermentation (Skonberg, Fader, Perkins, & Perry, 2021). Fermented
seaweed would have prolonged shelf-life, altered the sensory properties
to a milder taste and reduced the iodine content (Bruhn et al., 2019). Moreover, fermented seaweed may have other value-added attributes,
including being a potential source of non-dairy probiotic food (Gupta &
Abu-Ghannam, 2012). However, not much is known about seaweed as a
substrate for fermentation and what constitutes suitable starter cultures
for cultivated seaweed species aimed for human consumption, currently
primarily Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta in the Nordic coun
tries. Nor is it known how starter culture would interact with the raw
seaweeds’ commensal microbiota, since the composition of the endog
enous and commensal microbiota on these brown microalgae species is
largely unknown. With a fundamental understanding of the fermenta
tion process, food manufacturers would be able to control the process
and ensure a high-quality product with good food safety attributes. Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum are pathogenic
bacteria found ubiquitously in the environment and associated with
illness due to consumption of ready-to-eat or lightly preserved seafood
(Huss, 1993). Controlling the pH value during the fermentation can be
used to control these (and other) foodborne pathogens. Research has
shown that the lower growth boundary in terms of pH is 4.97 for
L. monocytogenes (Dalgaard & Mejlholm, 2016), 5.14 for non-proteolytic
C. Table 1 Overview of microbial genes of interest related to degradation of carbohydrate
found in the water-soluble phase of sugar and winged kelp. Overview of microbial genes of interest related to degradation of carbohydrate
found in the water-soluble phase of sugar and winged kelp. 2.2. Preparation of the inoculum
p
g
g
p
Carbohydrate targeted for
degradation
Gene name
Galactose
galM, gale, galK, galT, galU, cps2D and cps4D
Glucose
pts11A, pts23A, pts32A, glkA, pgmB, galM, pgi, pgm,
scrB and gluP
Mannitol
pts2CB, ptsH, ptsI, pts G, ptsN, pts2A, mtlR, mtlA, mtlF
and mtlD. Cellubiose
celA, celB, chbC, chbG, bglA, bglC, bglF, bglG, bglH and
bglK
Maltose
mapA, mapB, map, malG, malH, malK, malL, malP,
malX, malY, malZ, ganC, kojP, maa, glvB, glvC and mak. Fucose
fcsk, fuk, fuca1, fuca2, fucI, fucP and fcl. Fucoidan
Fda1, Fda2m FcnA, SVI_0379, FFA2, FFA1, Fdl1A,
Fdl1B, fct114 and fud. J.S. Sørensen et al. botulinum (Koukou, Mejlholm, & Dalgaard, 2021) and 4.6 for pro
teolytic C. botulinum (Peck, 2014). The non-proteolytic C. botulinum type
E is the predominant toxin type found in seafood (Huss, 1993). Fig. 1. pH change during the fermentation process of seaweeds. : (■)
Naturally fermented S. latissima, ( ) LAB fermented S. latissima, ( ) naturally
fermented A. esculenta and ( ) LAB fermented A. esculenta. The dotted line (• •
• •) represents the growth boundary for proteolytic C. botulinum and the mixed
line (• ¡ • ¡) represents a shared boundary for non-proteolytic C. botulinum
and L. monocytogens. Symbols and error bars indicate average values ± SD. Fig. 1. pH change during the fermentation process of seaweeds. : (■)
Naturally fermented S. latissima, ( ) LAB fermented S. latissima, ( ) naturally
fermented A. esculenta and ( ) LAB fermented A. esculenta. The dotted line (• •
• •) represents the growth boundary for proteolytic C. botulinum and the mixed
line (• ¡ • ¡) represents a shared boundary for non-proteolytic C. botulinum
and L. monocytogens. Symbols and error bars indicate average values ± SD. Fig. 1. pH change during the fermentation process of seaweeds. : (■)
Naturally fermented S. latissima, ( ) LAB fermented S. latissima, ( ) naturally
fermented A. esculenta and ( ) LAB fermented A. esculenta. The dotted line (• •
• •) represents the growth boundary for proteolytic C. botulinum and the mixed
line (• ¡ • ¡) represents a shared boundary for non-proteolytic C. botulinum
and L. monocytogens. Symbols and error bars indicate average values ± SD. The objective of the present study was to determine the ferment
ability of two brown seaweed species, S. latissima and A. esculenta, and
evaluate the metabolite formation and food safety including the growth
inhibition of L. monocytogenes. Firstly, chemical and microbial changes
were studied during a batch fermentation of raw, shredded S. latissima
and A. esculenta performed by the endogenous microbiota with or
without addition of a lactic acid bacteria (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum). Secondly, food safety was assessed based on pH reduction and the ability
L. monocytogenes to grow during fermentation of the seaweed. 2.1. Seaweed and pre-processing Samples of cultivated brown seaweed of A. esculenta and S. latissima
were collected mid-July in Maniitsoq, Greenland, and shipped to
Denmark by air in 80L plastic containers sealed with a lid. Each
container held 20 kg of wet seaweed. The transportation took 30 h at
ambient temperatures (5–15 ◦C). After arrival at our laboratory, the
seaweed was stored at 2 ◦C until processing on the same day (approxi
mately 36 h after harvest). In preparation for the fermentation, the
seaweed was cut into 2x2 cm pieces with a knife. The endogenous NaCl
content in raw A. esculenta and S. latissima was 1.6 and 1.7%, respec
tively, as described in the “Chemical changes during fermentation”
section. Additional NaCl was mixed with the shredded seaweed, as is
customary in kimchi and sauerkraut preparation to reduce propagating
of spoilage bacteria and extract fermentable nutrients (Fan & Truelstrup
Hansen, 2012), to achieve final concentrations of 2.5 and 2.9% in
A. esculenta and S. latissimi, respectively. The pH level of the raw
seaweed were 6.4 ± 0.1 SD and 6.3 ± 0.3 SD (Fig. 1) in A. esculenta and
S. latissimi, respectively. Water-soluble carbohydrate (WCS) and organic
acids concentrations are shown in Table 2. 2.2. Preparation of the inoculum 1. Introduction The growing human population constitutes a significant challenge
for global food production and security. The arable area available for
food production has not increased since 1992 (FAO, 2020). Seaweed
cultivation has the benefit of not requiring the use of a terrestrial land
area, freshwater, fertilisers and feed. From 2005 to 2015, the annual
global seaweed production increased from 13.5 to 30.4 million tons per
year, making it one of the fastest-growing food sectors with a projected
global seaweed production in 2050 of 500 million tons (FAO, 2018;
World Bank Group, 2016). In the Nordic region, Norway has assessed its
potential for seaweed cultivation to be between 70 and 140 tons
seaweed per hectare of ocean cultivation area, and by 2050 it is expected
that in Mid-Norway alone the annual production will reach 20 million
tons (Olafsen, Winther, Olsen, & Skjermo, 2012). Today the seaweeds
are utilised for human consumption (Mahadevan, 2015), food additives In temperate and arctic climates, seaweeds are a highly seasonal crop
with an annual high-quality harvest in the late spring or early summer. Since fresh seaweed has a short refrigerated shelf-life of 3–14 days (Liot,
Colin, & Mabeau, 1993; Nayyar & Skonberg, 2019), it is necessary to
stabilise the seaweed to avoid spoilage and food losses. Currently, the
post-harvest treatment consists primarily of drying. However, with the
expected significant increase in production, drying may not be the most
sustainable method to stabilise the seaweed biomass due to the high-
energy consumption and the requirement for specialised drying facil
ities, which are only used during a short period of the year. Interestingly,
fermented seaweed has been an important part of the traditional East
Asian food tradition, however, research in the fermentation process did
not begin until the 1970 s with the first food related fermentation studies
appearing in 1998 (Uchida & Miyoshi, 2013). * Corresponding author. E-mail address: jonsor@food.dtu.dk (J.S. Sørensen). Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 J.S. Sørensen et al. Table 2 esculenta
Raw material
30,796 ± 5,799A
7 ± 11A
223 ± 53ABC
430 ± 146AB
1,009 ± 517AB
327 ± 41AB
13,303 ± 4,983A
ndA
Day 2 naturally fermented
49,364 ± 9,317BC
ndA
237 ± 19AC
722 ± 33BC
1,746 ± 330B
298 ± 19B
10,398 ± 3,571A
295 ± 267A
Day 4 naturally fermented
51,532 ± 1,292B
3 ± 5A
282 ± 51A
1,049 ± 264C
3,441 ± 548C
417 ± 58C
13,759 ± 2,049A
473 ± 229A
Day 7 naturally fermented
35,644 ± 4,358AC
0 ± 1A
142 ± 22BCD
226 ± 218A
722 ± 119A
230 ± 5BD
6,989 ± 3,921A
4,191 ± 2,420B
Day 2 LAB fermented
53,712 ± 1,602B
1 ± 2A
212 ± 13ACD
188 ± 56A
528 ± 47A
219 ± 37BD
9,781 ± 1,797A
310 ± 44A
Day 4 LAB fermented
52,655 ± 2,045B
ndA
165 ± 15CD
157 ± 23A
379 ± 50A
223 ± 15BD
7,902 ± 169A
429 ± 59A
Day 7 LAB fermented
42,975 ± 7,404ABC
ndA
129 ± 12D
158 ± 23A
296 ± 38A
199 ± 28D
6,004 ± 629A
423 ± 196A
nd: Not detected. na: Not analysed. aTest score for the API® 50 CHL Medium test, “–” symbolise no utilisation, “+” weak utilisation and “++” strong utilisation of the carbohydrate. bNumber of detected genes that are associated with catabolism of the carbohydrate in the whole genome by Prokka/Number of genes that are associated with catabolism of the
carbohydrate as per the NCBI data base. A–DC
i
l l
d
i
ifi
diff
(
0 05)
i hi
h
l
d
i
f
d Table 2
Water-soluble carbohydrates and organic acids profile during the fermentation process of seaweeds. e 2
r-soluble carbohydrates and organic acids profile during the fermentation process of seaweeds. y
aTest score for the API® 50 CHL Medium test, “–” symbolise no utilisation, “+” weak utilisation and “++” strong utilisation of the carbohydrate. bNumber of detected genes that are associated with catabolism of the carbohydrate in the whole genome by Prokka/Number of genes that are associated with catabolism of the
carbohydrate as per the NCBI data base. carbohydrate as per the NCBI data base. A–DCapital letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05) within the column and species of seaweed. Organic acids (ppm ± SD)
Product
Citric acid
Lactic acid
Acetic acid
Butyric acid
Succinic acid
Formic acid
Propionic acid
S. Table 2 Table 2
Water-soluble carbohydrates and organic acids profile during the fermentation process of seaweeds. Water soluble carbohydrates (ppm ± SD)
Alcohols (ppm ± SD)
Product
Fucoidan
Fucose
Cellobiose
Maltose
Glucose
Galatose
Mannitol
Ethanol
DK22 Starter culture
API® 50 CHL Medium testa
na
–
++
++
++
++
++
Genes detectedb
0/10
0/7
8/10
5/19
4/10
3/7
6/10
S. latissima
Raw material
32,468 ± 5,331A
17 ± 10AB
215 ± 27A
454 ± 390A
781 ± 585A
263 ± 41A
21,085 ± 9,938A
ndA
Day 2 naturally fermented
54,970 ± 2,271B
29 ± 4B
190 ± 4BC
670 ± 10A
521 ± 35A
242 ± 13A
16,623 ± 799A
244 ± 10AB
Day 4 naturally fermented
48,038 ± 6,942B
12 ± 14AB
153 ± 3D
614 ± 109A
406 ± 62A
208 ± 22A
14,699 ± 3,126A
233 ± 107AB
Day 7 naturally fermented
53,503 ± 2,472B
6 ± 4A
169 ± 4BCD
684 ± 62A
556 ± 124A
245 ± 12A
17,129 ± 1,012A
344 ± 51B
Day 2 LAB fermented
54,067 ± 2,793B
7 ± 0A
198 ± 14AB
682 ± 59A
455 ± 71A
231 ± 3A
14,420 ± 1,052A
76 ± 131A
Day 4 LAB fermented
56,165 ± 1,143B
ndA
190 ± 7AC
626 ± 47A
400 ± 56A
235 ± 2A
14,048 ± 188A
157 ± 155AB
Day 7 LAB fermented
53,609 ± 6,926B
5 ± 4A
162 ± 10CD
532 ± 40A
365 ± 52A
205 ± 43A
13,919 ± 1,645A
346 ± 36B
A. Table 2 latissima
Raw material
604 ± 173A
157 ± 84A
141 ± 114A
ndA
ndA
ndA
ndA
Day 2 naturally fermented
515 ± 36A
371 ± 7AB
164 ± 6A
ndA
115 ± 20B
204 ± 15B
ndA
Day 4 naturally fermented
451 ± 76A
548 ± 92BC
180 ± 42A
ndA
100 ± 36B
215 ± 49B
ndA
Day 7 naturally fermented
525 ± 35A
764 ± 60C
185 ± 35A
ndA
103 ± 40B
189 ± 39B
ndA
Day 2 LAB fermented
446 ± 16A
384 ± 27AB
247 ± 83A
ndA
77 ± 6B
104 ± 91ABC
ndA
Day 4 LAB fermented
456 ± 6A
739 ± 43C
182 ± 7A
ndA
70 ± 13AB
244 ± 15BC
ndA
Day 7 LAB fermented
413 ± 62A
1,235 ± 252D
127 ± 20A
ndA
65 ± 32AB
231 ± 58B
ndA
A. esculenta
Raw material
1,184 ± 210AB
249 ± 76A
508 ± 306ABC
ndA
277 ± 182A
ndA
ndA
Day 2 naturally fermented
1,040 ± 100AB
806 ± 75A
609 ± 145ABC
ndA
354 ± 103B
ndA
ndA
Day 4 naturally fermented
1,262 ± 48A
836 ± 285A
654 ± 250BC
ndA
405 ± 95B
130 ± 226A
ndA
Day 7 naturally fermented
883 ± 165BC
350 ± 382A
916 ± 344C
569 ± 986A
91 ± 158A
408 ± 91B
1,237 ± 818B
Day 2 LAB fermented
713 ± 118BC
4,455 ± 436B
210 ± 84AB
ndA
259 ± 81B
ndA
ndA
Day 4 LAB fermented
695 ± 51BC
5,788 ± 752B
97 ± 29AB
ndA
276 ± 48B
ndA
ndA
Day 7 LAB fermented
607 ± 120C
5,894 ± 1,516B
52 ± 22A
ndA
219 ± 70AB
ndA
150 ± 261A
nd: Not detected. A–CCapital letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05) within the column and species of seaweed. carbohydrate as per the NCBI data base. A–DCapital letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05) within the column and species of seaweed. A–CCapital letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05) within the column and species of seaweed. incubated for 2 days at 35 ◦C for enumeration of CFU/ml of the cocktail. 2.3. Seaweed fermentation incubated for 2 days at 35 ◦C for enumeration of CFU/ml of the cocktail. Table 2 about the initial starting concentration after inoculation, the cell con
centration was determined by plating of serial diluted aliquots on MRS
agar plates and enumeration after incubation for 3 days at 25 ◦C. 2.2. Preparation of the inoculum A novel strain of Lb. plantarum was isolated from sour dough and
named strain DK22. To prepare the inoculum, DK22 was revived from
the freezing tube by streaking out on de Man, Rogosa, Sharpe (MRS)
agar (CM0361, Oxoid, Fisher Scientic, Denmark) followed by incubation
at 30 ◦C for 48 h. An overnight activated culture was subsequently
prepared by the transfer of one colony into 40 mL MRS broth (Oxoid,
Fisher Scientic, Denmark) and incubation at 30 ◦C for 24 h. The over
night activated culture was distributed into 50 mL tubes and cells were
harvested by centrifugation for 5 min at 2100g and 20 ◦C (Sigma 4-16KS,
Sigma-Aldrich, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and removal of the
supernatant. The cells in pellet was resuspended in 20 mL sterile 0.9%
w/v NaCl water and used as the starter inoculum. To gain information 2 Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 J.S. Sørensen et al. 2.4. Characterisation of the starter culture based on its carbohydrate
utilization pattern and whole genome sequence Libraries for sequencing was prepared using
the Nextera kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) according to the manu
facturer’s industructions and sequenced on a Nextseq 500 platform
(Illumina). The full genome sequence of DK22 is available on NCBI,
PRJNA716165. The DNA sequence had a quality score of 92.39%, and
1,593,550 reads. KmerFinder was used to predict the species from the
genomic sequence, which was compared to the MALDI-TOF identifica
tion. From the assembly, known sequences of microbial genes (see
Table 1) related to the degradation of the common sugars found in
brown seaweed were compared against the DK22 genome to find
possible matches, using a Prokka (version 1.14.0) command line soft
ware in the BioPerl (2019, Bioperl, program). Culture-independent analysis of the microbiota was performed on
DNA extracts prepared from the fermenting seaweeds. Briefly on days 2
and 7, microbial cells were harvested by centrifugation (10 min at
2,370g at 4 ◦C) of volumes of 10 mL from the stomacher bags (10−1
dilution). DNA was subsequently extracted from the resulting pellet
using the DNeasy PowerSoil® Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according
to the manufacturer’s instructions. Total bacterial load from 16S rRNA gene copy numbers were esti
mated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) with the specific primers for V8-V9
region of the 16S rRNA gene (forward: CGGTGAATACGTTCYCGG,
reverse: GGWTACCTTGTTACGACTT (Suzuki, Taylor, & DeLong,
2000)). Each reaction was composed of 9.5 µL nuclease free water, 12.5
µL Type-it HRM PCR Master Mix (Mainz, Qiagen, Germany), 1 µL of each
primer with a concentration of 10 µM and 1 µL of the sample DNA, to a
total reaction volume of 25 µL. The qPCR was performed on a Stratagene
Mx3005P qPCR System (Agilent Technologies, City, Country) with four
phases; (i) initial denaturation for 5 min at 68 ◦C, (ii) 40 cycles of 30 s at
95 ◦C, 30 s at 50 ◦C and 30 s at 68 ◦C, (iii) 5 min at 68 ◦C, (iv) melting
curve analysis with 1 cycle of 30 s at 45 ◦C following by 0.1 ◦C in
crements to the final temperature of 95 ◦C. Gene copies per gram
seaweed were calculated based on a standard curve that was constructed
using 10-fold dilutions of a plasmid DNA extracted from an Escherichia
coli DH5α culture containing a positive control plasmid (pCR2.1, TOPO
TA PCR 2.1) with the 16S rRNA fragment (gift from Dr. C. Yost, Uni
versity of Regina, Canada). 2.4. Characterisation of the starter culture based on its carbohydrate
utilization pattern and whole genome sequence 2.4. Characterisation of the starter culture based on its carbohydrate
utilization pattern and whole genome sequence On each sampling day, the products were tested for pH, culture-
dependent microbiology and DNA extracted for culture-independent
analysis. The remaining sample materials were stored at −20 ◦C for
later analyses of the content of water-soluble carbohydrates, organic
acids, NaCl, dry matter, and water activity. To assess the DK22 strain’s ability to degrade common carbohydrates
found in brown seaweed, an API® 50 CHL Medium (BioM´erieux, Marcy-
l’´Etoile, France) test was performed. The strain was grown overnight at
30 ◦C in sterile MRS media followed by measurement of OD600 nm
(UV3100PC spectrophotometer). The assay was carried out according to
instructions from the manufacturer and recording of results after incu
bation for 48 h at 30 ◦C. A strong colour change from purple to yellow
was noted as “++” (strong use of the carbohydrate), a weak colour
change was noted as “+” (weak use), and no colour change was noted as
“-” (no use). i For microbiological analyses, aliquots of 20 g of seaweed were mixed
with 180 g of peptone saline (PS, peptone 1 g/L, NaCl, 9 g/L) in a
stomacher bag, followed by stomaching for 1 min and further ten-fold
dilutions in PS. The aerobic viable count was determined by spread
plating suitable dilutions on a modified Long and Hammer (LH) agar
with 1% NaCl (7 d at 25 ◦C) (NMKL, 2006). Lactic acid bacteria were
enumerated by plating on MRS agar (3 d at 25 ◦C) and L. monocytogenes
was determined by spread plating onto Palcam agar (2 d at 37 ◦C)
prepared with the Palcam selective supplement (SR0150, Oxoid). To
lower the detection limit for L. monocytogenes to 1 log(CFU/g) two times
0.5 mL from the stomacher bag were spread plated on two Palcam agar
plates (0.5 mL on each plate). Lb. plantarum was identified using MALDI-ToF (Biotyper® sirius
System, Bruker, Germany) following the instructions from the
manufacturer. For whole genome sequencing of Lb. plantarum DK22, extraction of
its DNA was done with the Qiagen 96well HT Kit using the standard
protocol with DNeasy kit buffers (Qiagen, Germany). DNA was quanti
fied using the Qubit 3.0 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and the Qubit
DNA HS assay kit (Invitrogen). The DNA concentration was normalized
prior to library generation. 2.3. Seaweed fermentation The containers were left to
ferment at 19.2 ◦C ± 0.1 SD, and on days 2, 4 and 7, three containers
from each of the eight treatments were withdrawn for further analyses. 2.4. Characterisation of the starter culture based on its carbohydrate
utilization pattern and whole genome sequence The standard curve was made from triplicate
measurements of standards containing from 100 to 109 gene copies/re
action. The qPCR efficiency was calculated as 113%, with R2 value of
0.993. The limit of quantification and limit of detection (LOD) were 104
and 103 gene copies/reaction, respectively. In the seaweed samples, this
corresponded to a LOD of 105 gene copies/g. 2.3. Seaweed fermentation A cocktail of four L. monocytogenes isolates from various marine
seafoods (Gim´enez & Dalgaard, 2004; Jørgensen & Huss, 1998) was
used for the challenge tests. The isolates were individually grown in BHI
broth for 18 h at 25 ◦C and diluted in fresh BHI tubes immediately prior
to the start of the challenge test. The four isolates were mixed in equal
proportions based on OD540 nm measurements (UV3100PC spectropho
tometer, VWR, Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA), and direct microscopy
(phase contrast, BX51, Olympus Life Science Solution, Tokyo, Japan), to
estimate the cell concentration in the final cocktail. Serial diluted ali
quots were also plated on Palcam agar plates (SR0150, Oxoid) and Inspired by traditional vegetable fermentations, the prepared
seaweed (Section 2.1) were prepared into two types of fermentation,
where (a) relied solely on the endogenous microbiota found on the
blades of the seaweed and (b) involved the addition of Lb. plantarum (3%
w/w to provide an inoculated concentration of 8.4 log(CFU/g)) to the
endogenous microbiota for the purpose of increasing lactic formation
during the fermentation. For both seaweeds and types of fermentations,
the potential for growth of L. monocytogenes during the fermentation was
tested by spiking one half of the samples with 3.8 log(CFU/g) of the 3 J.S. Sørensen et al. Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 min was used for all samples. Standards for each carbohydrate were
prepared in concentrations of 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 µg/mL (ppm) in 5
mM sulphuric acid and filtered through a 0.22 µm syringe filter. Results
were analysed using the Chromeleon 2.0 software (Thermo Fisher Sci
entific, USA). L. monocytogenes cocktail. The seaweed samples (A. esculenta or
S. latissimi, ±Lb. plantarum, ±L. monocytogenes) were subsequently
distributed into 96 100-mL polypropylene plastic containers (Sarstedt,
Nümbrecht, Germany). The containers were completely filled to avoid a
large headspace of air and sealed with a lid. The containers were left to
ferment at 19.2 ◦C ± 0.1 SD, and on days 2, 4 and 7, three containers
from each of the eight treatments were withdrawn for further analyses. L. monocytogenes cocktail. The seaweed samples (A. esculenta or
S. latissimi, ±Lb. plantarum, ±L. monocytogenes) were subsequently
distributed into 96 100-mL polypropylene plastic containers (Sarstedt,
Nümbrecht, Germany). The containers were completely filled to avoid a
large headspace of air and sealed with a lid. 2.5. Chemical changes during fermentation To minimize sequencing carry-
over contamination between MiSeq runs, ASVs with an abundance of
less than 0.1% of the total observations were filtered out, and the
sampling depth of the analysis was based on the number of reads in the
sample with fewest reads. The SILVA 138.1 SSU Ref NR 99 database
(Quast, Pruesse, Yilmaz, Gerken, Schweer, & Yarza, 2013) was used to
process, filter and trim reads with amplicon region primers (forward:
CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG, reverse: GACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC)
using RESCRIPt (Robeson II et al., 2020). The taxonomy was assigned to
each ASV using a Naïve-Bayers model. Reads were deposited at the NIH
NCBI Sequence Read Archive with the accession number PRJNA716165. The total number of ASVs for each treatment were used to represent
the species richness, while the Shannon diversity index (Shannon, 1948)
was used as a measure of phylogenetic differences within a treatment. Phylogenetic beta-diversities were calculated using the weighted Uni
Frac matrix and used for pairwise comparison of microbial communities
between treatments with values ranging from 0.0 for complete similarity
to 1.0 for complete dissimilarity (Lozupone & Knight, 2005). Microbial Ecology 2 (QIIME2) (Bolyen et al., 2019) using the DADA2
pipeline (Callahan et al., 2016) and following the standard operating
procedure (https://github.com/LangilleLab/microbiome_helper/wiki/
Amplicon-SOP-v2-(qiime2-2020.8)) were used to assign Amplicon
Sequence Variants (ASV) from reads. To minimize sequencing carry-
over contamination between MiSeq runs, ASVs with an abundance of
less than 0.1% of the total observations were filtered out, and the
sampling depth of the analysis was based on the number of reads in the
sample with fewest reads. The SILVA 138.1 SSU Ref NR 99 database
(Quast, Pruesse, Yilmaz, Gerken, Schweer, & Yarza, 2013) was used to
process, filter and trim reads with amplicon region primers (forward:
CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG, reverse: GACTACHVGGGTATCTAATCC)
using RESCRIPt (Robeson II et al., 2020). The taxonomy was assigned to
each ASV using a Naïve-Bayers model. Reads were deposited at the NIH
NCBI Sequence Read Archive with the accession number PRJNA716165. The available WSC phase were dominated by fucoidan and mannitol
for both seaweed species (Table 2). The utilisation of the carbohydrates
depended on the species of seaweed and the addition of DK22. The
mannitol content was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced during fermen
tation of both seaweed species, and to a higher degree when DK22
starter culture was added (Table 2). The concentration of fucoidan
increased in both seaweed species after the initial two days of fermen
tation. 3.1. Characterisation of the starter culture Screening of Lb. plantarum strain, DK22, showed that of the carbo
hydrates found in the two species of seaweed, the bacterium was able to
utilise galactose, glucose, mannitol, cellobiose, and maltose (Table 2). In
contrast, it could not utilise fucose in neither the L- nor D-fucose
structures. Sequencing of the genome resulted in high base quality of
92.39%, 1,593,550 reads, and identification of the bacterium as Lb. plantarum using the KmerFinder prediction, which was identical to the
MALDI-TOF identification. The Prokka comparison between the genome
and known genes from sugar degradation pathways confirmed its ability
to use galactose, glucose, mannitol, cellobiose, and maltose. At the same
time, no matches were found for genes predicted to be involved in
fucoidan and fucose degradation (Table 2). 2.5. Chemical changes during fermentation A drop in fucoidan was observed in both A. esculenta fermenta
tions after 7 days, while it remain at the same high level in S. latissima
(Table 2). The content of lactic acid in A. esculenta rose from an initial con
centration of 249 ppm to 4,455 ± 436 ppm after two days in A. esculenta
fermented by DK22 with additional increases to 5,894 ± 1,516 ppm on
day seven (Table 2). In contrast, fermentation of the same seaweed by its
endogenous microbiota yielded an undesirable acid profile with a low
content of lactic acid and appearance of a range of unwanted acids, such
as acetic, butyric, formic, and propionic acids as well as considerable
amounts of ethanol (Table 2). For S. latissima, the DK22 addition did not
affect the acid profile, except for the lactic acid concentration which rose
from 157 ± 84 to 1,235 ± 252 ppm after seven days (Table 2). S. latissima contained regardless of the fermentation type no measurable
concentrations of butyric or propionic acid. Moreover, there was no
acetic acid formation compared to the raw material (Table 2). The total number of ASVs for each treatment were used to represent
the species richness, while the Shannon diversity index (Shannon, 1948)
was used as a measure of phylogenetic differences within a treatment. Phylogenetic beta-diversities were calculated using the weighted Uni
Frac matrix and used for pairwise comparison of microbial communities
between treatments with values ranging from 0.0 for complete similarity
to 1.0 for complete dissimilarity (Lozupone & Knight, 2005). 3.4. Food safety aspects Simulated contamination of L. monocytogenes at initial levels of 3.8
log(CFU/g) were reduced to below the detection limit of 1 log(CFU/g) in
all treatments, except for in naturally fermented A. esculenta where the
pathogen maintained viable levels of 3.7–4.2 log(CFU/g) throughout the
seven day period (Fig. 2). In terms of the risk of growth of C. botulinum a
safe pH level (<4.6), i.e., lower than the growth boundary for proteo
lytic C. botulinum, was obtained within two days of fermentation of A. esculenta with DK22 (Fig. 1), while it took seven days for S. latissima with
DK22. Naturally fermented S. latissima reached a safe pH level after
seven days with regards to L. monocytogenes and non-proteolytic
C. botulinum. However, the pH level remained unsafe (pH > 5) for
naturally fermented A. esculenta and therefore it was classified as an
unsuccessful fermentation (Fig. 1). 3.3. Quantitative measurement of microorganisms Graphical representation of pH level and microbial growth and sta
tistical analyses for the differences in pH, WSC, organic acids and
ethanol among the fermentation treatments were performed using
GraphPad Prism 9.2.0 (GraphPad Software, California, USA). The sta
tistical analyses were using one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey’s
multiple comparisons test in GraphPad Prism (9.2.0) to identify signif
icant differences within each treatment (i.e., naturally fermented
S. latissima, LAB fermented S. latissima, natural fermented A. esculenta
and LAB fermented A. esculenta). Analyses related to the amplicon
sequencing analysis and visualisation of the taxonomic abundance, were
performed with the built-in tools of QIIME2. Graphical representation of
the beta-diversity was performed with Excel 365 (Microsoft Corp.,
Washington, USA). The graphical abstract was made using the Adobe
Creative Cloud applications (Adobe, California, USA). High numbers of 16S rRNA gene copies (gc)/g of 1010–1011 were
constantly present in all four products throughout the fermentation
(Fig. 2A–D). It should be noted that the qPCR method would also detect
algal chloroplasts, however, analysis of 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing
results showed that this would account for less than 8% of assembled
reads (data not shown). Enumeration of aerobic viable count on LH agar
with 1% NaCl detected 7 log(CFU/g) for naturally fermented A. esculenta
(Fig. 2A) while the corresponding molecular qPCR count amounted to
11.2 log(gc/g). LAB, as determined on MRS agar, occurred in initial
levels of 104 CFU/g in the naturally fermented A. esculenta and reached
levels of 6 × 108 CFU/g after seven days of fermentation (Fig. 2A). Inoculation of A. esculenta with DK22 resulted in stable LAB levels of
>9.0 log(CFU/g) during the whole fermentation process (Fig. 2B). The
bacteria detected by qPCR in naturally fermented S. latissima did not
grow on LH agar plates (below detection limit of 106 CFU/g, Fig. 2C) and
no LAB were naturally present in S. latissima. Inoculation of S. latissima
with DK22 was less successful as the seaweed after two days contained
just 6.5 log(CFU/g) LAB, which then stabilised to levels of 7.5 log(CFU/
g) after 4 days (Fig. 2D). 3.2. Chemical changes during fermentation After two days of fermentation, a significant (p < 0.05) drop in pH
was observed for both naturally and LAB fermented samples of seaweed
from both species. The addition of starter culture to A. esculenta resulted
in a significantly (p < 0.001) larger and more rapid pH drop compared to
A. esculenta undergoing natural fermentation. In contrast, there was no
significant (p > 0.05) difference between naturally and LAB fermented
S. latissima (Fig. 1). 2.5. Chemical changes during fermentation The pH of the fermenting seaweed was measured in a mixture of 5 g
of seaweed and 20 mL of distilled water. The mixture was stabilised by
magnetic stirring for 15 min before measuring the pH with a PHC805
universal electrode (Hach, Brønshøj, Denmark). Measurements were
performed in duplicate for each sample container. Frozen samples of fermented seaweed were thawed overnight at 5 ◦C
and used for determination of water activity (Aqua Lab model CX-2,
Decagon devices Inc., Pullman, US) and concentrations of NaCl by
automated potentiometric titration of a seaweed-water mix (1:5) (785
DMP Titrino, Metrohm, Hesisau, Switzerland). For determination of WSC and organic acids, samples were prepared
by adding 1 g of wet seaweed sample to 5 mL of 5 mM sulphuric acid. The samples were stored at 4 ◦C overnight followed by addition of an
additional 5 mL of 5 mM sulphuric acid. Samples were inverted 5 times
to mix, then centrifuged at 2,795g for 8 min, and the supernatant was
then filtered through a 0.22 µm syringe filter (Labsolute, Th. Geyer
GmbH & Co. KG, Renningen, Germany). The HPLC analysis was per
formed on an Aminex HPX-87H (Bio-Rad, Hercules, USA) column in an
Ultimate HPLC (Dionex, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) system equip
ped with a Shodex RI-101 refractive index detector (Showa Denko K.K.,
Tokyo, Japan). Sulphuric acid (5 mM) was used as the mobile phase. The
column oven temperature was set to 60 ◦C, and a flow rate of 0.5 mL/ The qualitative characterization of the microbiota during the
fermentation process was performed after day 2 and 7 from the pro
duction day by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (Illumina, 2021). DNA
amplicon sequences from the V3-V4 region were obtained from tripli
cate samples from each treatment and fermentation day, together with a
negative control (DNA extracted from clean PS) and a positive control
consisting of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Even mixed
mock sample (ATCC® MSA-1000™, LGC Standards GmbH, Wesel,
Germany). Sample libraries were prepared according to the standard
16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation protocol (Illumina,
2021) and sequenced on an Illumina Miseq. Quantitative Insights Into 4 J.S. Sørensen et al. Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 Microbial Ecology 2 (QIIME2) (Bolyen et al., 2019) using the DADA2
pipeline (Callahan et al., 2016) and following the standard operating
procedure (https://github.com/LangilleLab/microbiome_helper/wiki/
Amplicon-SOP-v2-(qiime2-2020.8)) were used to assign Amplicon
Sequence Variants (ASV) from reads. 3.5. The microbiota of fermented seaweed Analysis of the beta diversity of the microbial communities in the
four products revealed marked differences among the products (Fig. 3). 5 Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800
Fig. 2. Microbial changes during the fermentation process of seaweeds: Naturally fermented A. esculenta (A), LAB fermented A. esculenta (B), naturally fer
mented S. latissima (C) and LAB fermented S. latissima (D). ( ) Gene copy number of 16S rRNA determined by qPCR, ( ) aerobic viable count determined on Long
and Hammer agar, ( ) lactic acid bacteria determined on De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar and (
) Listeria spp. determined on Palcam agar. Symbols and error bars
indicate Avg. ± SD. The arrows indicate bacterial counts below the detection limit for the specific agar and sampling day. Numbers of lactic acid bacteria and Listeria
spp. are identical in Fig. 2C. J.S. Sørensen et al. Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 J.S. Sørensen et al. al. Fig. 2. Microbial changes during the fermentation process of seaweeds: Naturally fermented A. esculenta (A), LAB fermented A. esculenta (B), naturally fer
mented S. latissima (C) and LAB fermented S. latissima (D). ( ) Gene copy number of 16S rRNA determined by qPCR, ( ) aerobic viable count determined on Long
and Hammer agar, ( ) lactic acid bacteria determined on De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar and (
) Listeria spp. determined on Palcam agar. Symbols and error bars
indicate Avg. ± SD. The arrows indicate bacterial counts below the detection limit for the specific agar and sampling day. Numbers of lactic acid bacteria and Listeria
spp. are identical in Fig. 2C. Fig. 3. The weighted UniFrac beta diversity of fermented seaweeds. PCoA illustrated with PC1 (47.27%) and PC2 (32.74%). The scores were obtained for
naturally fermented A. esculenta sampled after two days ( ) and seven days ( ), LAB fermented A. esculenta sampled after two days ( ) and seven days ( ), naturally
fermented S. latissima sampled after two days ( ) and seven days ( ) and LAB fermented S. latissima sampled after two days ( ) and seven days ( ). Fig. 3. The weighted UniFrac beta diversity of fermented seaweeds. PCoA illustrated with PC1 (47.27%) and PC2 (32.74%). The scores were obtained for
naturally fermented A. esculenta sampled after two days ( ) and seven days ( ), LAB fermented A. 4. Discussion Lactic acid bacteria fermentation of seaweed relies on the availability
of sugars for growth. The fermentation requirements of any crop has
been suggested to have to fulfil a fermentation coefficient (FC) of 45 or
above (Weissbach & Honig, 1996). The parameters for FC include WSC,
buffering capacity, and dry matter (DM). Previously, the FC of
S. latissima has been proven to be higher than the recommended level
(Herrmann et al., 2015). No FC information is available for A. esculenta,
however, the FC of other brown seaweed species (Ascophyllum nodosum,
Laminaria digitate and Saccorihiza polyschides) were reported to be below
the recommended level (Herrmann et al., 2015). The buffering capacity
of A. esculenta used in this study is unknown and the mannitol content is
at a lower level compared to S. latissima, 10.4 ± 3.9 and 18.0 ± 8.5% of
DM, respectively, which are comparable to levels previously reported
(Schiener, Black, Stanley, & Green, 2015). It could be hypothesed that
the FC of A. esculenta is lower compared to S. latissima and might be close
to the FC 45 boundary, since the natural fermentation of A. esculenta was Fermentation of seaweeds is an emerging platform based on the
traditions for LAB fermentation of plant-based materials (Uchida &
Miyoshi, 2013). Two widely-known platforms are the Korean kimchi
and the European sauerkraut, and a recent review published in 2021
focus on application of different omics technics to develop and optimise
fermentation (Di Cagno, Filannino, Acín-Albiac, & Gobbetti, 2021). For
example, amplicon sequencing analysis of kimchi has shown the suc
cessful fermentation is characterised by a rapid reduction of the Shan
non diversity index. In a study of different batch fermented plant
ingredients, all salted, sequencing revealed that initial Shannon indices
of 4–5 decreased to 1 already after one day of fermentation at 20 ◦C, a
level that remained constant throughout of the fermentation process
(Zabat, Sano, Cabral, Wurster, & Belenky, 2018). In our fermentation of
seaweed, regardless of species or addition of a LAB culture, a Shannon
index lower than 4.6 was not reached (Table 2). The result indicated that
some naturally occurring bacteria dominated and suppressed the LAB in
the raw seaweed, which is in contrast to the complete dominance by LAB
observed in kimchi after a short fermentation process. Our results
showed that the endogenous microbiota of A. esculenta belonged to the
Photobacterium, Aliivibrio and Psychromonas genera, and for S. 3.5. The microbiota of fermented seaweed esculenta sampled after two days ( ) and seven days ( ), naturally
fermented S. latissima sampled after two days ( ) and seven days ( ) and LAB fermented S. latissima sampled after two days ( ) and seven days ( ). Fig. 3. The weighted UniFrac beta diversity of fermented seaweeds. PCoA illustrated with PC1 (47.27%) and PC2 (32.74%). The scores were obtained for
naturally fermented A. esculenta sampled after two days ( ) and seven days ( ), LAB fermented A. esculenta sampled after two days ( ) and seven days ( ), naturally
fermented S. latissima sampled after two days ( ) and seven days ( ) and LAB fermented S. latissima sampled after two days ( ) and seven days ( ). Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 J.S. Sørensen et al. unsuccessful with its end-point pH > 5, thus making it unsafe for pro
teolytic C. botulinum and L. monocytogenes. The increase in fucoidan and
mannitol after two days of fermentation could be an indication of a
breakdown of cell walls by enzymatic or bacterial processes and release
intracellular fucoidan and mannitol to the water-soluble phase. The low
amount of mannitol present was utilised in DK22 fermented A. esculenta,
similar to what was seen in fermentation of previously frozen S. latissima
with Lb. plantarum (Bruhn et al., 2019). The lower utilisation of mannitol
observed for S. latissima inoculated with DK22 (Table 2), could be due to
lower concentration of Lb. plantarum observed by enumeration on MRS
agar (Fig. 2D) and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (Fig. 4), indicating
that the environmental conditions were not optimal for growth of the Lb. plantarum strain used in this study. A. esculenta fermented by the naturally occurring microbiota showed a
large change between day two and day seven resulting in an average
weighted UniFrac distance of 0.60. Similar changes were not observed
for naturally fermented S. latissima where an average weighted UniFrac
distance of 0.04 was observed over time. The two seaweed products with
added DK22, exhibited minor changes and had an average weighted
UniFrac distances of 0.16–0.19. The total number of observed amplicon sequencing variance (ASV)
remained high >100 for all four products. For A. esculenta fermented
with and without DK22 and naturally fermented S. latissima there was a
decreasing trend in observed ASVs and the Shannon diversity index
during the fermentation process (Table 3). 3.5. The microbiota of fermented seaweed For LAB fermented
S. latissima, the Shannon index were significantly (p < 0.05) higher after
the seven-day fermentation period (Table 3). The slow reduction of pH in fresh naturally fermented S. latissima
was observed in another study (Herrmann et al., 2015) and even the
addition of starter culture in our study did not result in a faster pH
reduction, likely due to the limited growth of DK22 in the S. latissima. In
our study, only LAB fermented A. esculenta met the pH-requirements for
safe storage based on inhibition of proteolytic C. botulinum (Peck, 2014)
after two days of fermentation, while for S. latissima with DK22 it took
seven days. Fermentation of A. esculenta by the naturally occurring
microbiota failed to reach pH < 5 meaning that pH alone would not
inhibit C. botulinum or L. monocytogenes, a finding that was supported by
the observed survival of L. monocytogenes. In addition, the product
would not meet the FDA requirements for low-acid food (FDA, 2020a,
2020b). In naturally fermented A. esculenta, Photobacterium dominated after
two days of fermentation, however, it almost disappeared after seven
days where Fusobacterium and Sphaerochaeta became dominant
(Fig. 4A), with low levels of Clostridium spp. being detected after seven
days (1.6 ± 0.8%). Inoculation of A. esculenta with DK22 led to forma
tion of a mixed microbiota after two days, which consisted of Aliivibrio,
Lactiplantibacillus, Photobacterium, and Pseudoalteromonas. Seven days of
fermentation with DK22 resulted in a microbiota of Lactiplantibacillus
(35.0%) mixed with Aliivibrio (37.4%) (Fig. 4A). In contrast, the microbiota of the two fermented S. latissima products
were similar and consisted primarily of Psychromonas, Marinomonas,
Cobetia and Aliivibrio (Fig. 4B). Inoculating S. latissima with DK22
resulted in low relative abundances of Lactiplantibacillus comprising 2.0
and 7.9% of the microbiota after two and seven days of fermentation,
respectively. Freezing S. latissima before fermentation with a starter culture has
previously been shown to enable successful colonisation of LAB and
accelerate the pH reduction to be achieved within 40 h (Bruhn et al.,
2019). The freezing process may inactivate part of the naturally occur
ring microbiota; similar to observations in salmon, where it was shown
that different species of bacteria are inactivated by freezing at different
rates (Emborg, Laursen, Rathjen, & Dalgaard, 2002). 3.5. The microbiota of fermented seaweed Our study’s ob
servations suggest that a pre-treatment step such as freezing or addition
of adjuvants, i.e., additives which promote growth of the starter culture
(s), should be investigated as means to ensure a successful seaweed
fermentation process by improving the colonization of the starter cul
ture(s). 4. Discussion latissima
mainly belonged to the Psychromonas and Marinomonas (Fig. 4). All
genera, except Marinomonas, are facultative anaerobes (Brenner, Krieg,
& Staley, 2005) and may be better adapted to grow on the raw seaweed
and hence would outcompete the starter culture to dominate the
microbiota. Table 3
Alpha diversity of fermented seaweed. A–BCapital letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05) within the column
and species of seaweed. Table 3 Table 3
Alpha diversity of fermented seaweed. Products
Species richness
Average ± SD (n of ASV)
Shannon index
Entropy ± SD (average)
A. esculenta
Day 2 naturally fermented
281.3 ± 23.1A
5.4 ± 0.1A
Day 7 naturally fermented
173.5 ± 109.6A
3.6 ± 0.9A
Day 2 LAB fermented
203.7 ± 20.8A
4.9 ± 0.1A
Day 7 LAB fermented
194.0 ± 1.4A
4.2 ± 0.1A
S. latissima
Day 2 naturally fermented
215.3 ± 38.6A
4.8 ± 0.5A
Day 7 naturally fermented
216.7 ± 25.7A
4.5 ± 0.3A
Day 2 LAB fermented
132.7 ± 35.9B
4.0 ± 0.4A
Day 7 LAB fermented
248.7 ± 61.9A
5.1 ± 0.1B
A–BCapital letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05) within the column
and species of seaweed. Alpha diversity of fermented seaweed. In the naturally fermented A. esculenta at day seven, undesirably
genera were observed in the microbiota, i.e., Fusobacterium, Sphaer
ochaeta, Bacteroides and Clostridium spp. Together they made up 64.7 ± 7 Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 J.S. Sørensen et al. relative abundance and are characterised by being com
n faecal matter (Duncan, Hold, Harmsen, Stewart, & Flint,
r, 2007) and in marine environments (Miyazaki, Sakai,
to, Yamanaka, Saito, & Imachi, 2014; Wu, Zheng, Wu,
2014). The finding of Clostridium is supported by a study
C. algifaecis from a decomposed algal scum (Wu et al.,
mentation driven by Clostridium spp. results in the produc
2015), and an acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation
The ABE fermentation occurs in two steps, with initial
acids, mainly butyric and acetic acid and in the later cell cy
Clostridium spp. form ethanol (Patakova et al., 2018
fermentation could potentially have happened in the n
mented A. esculenta, with formation of both butyric and a
addition to ethanol after seven days of fermentation (Table
omic bar charts of bacterial communities in fermented seaweeds. Bacterial community profiles in A. esculenta and S. latissima ferm
on of a starter culture, Lb. plantarum. Relative abundance of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences at the order and genus le
mples fermented for 2 and 7 days. The ten and six most abundance ASV at order and genus levels, respectively, are shown in the leg 4. Taxonomic bar charts of bacterial communities in fermented seaweeds. Bacterial community profiles in A. esculenta and S. latissima fermented w
out addition of a starter culture, Lb. plantarum. Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 known to ferment acetic acid to produce butyrate, formic and lactic
acids (Duncan et al., 2002). Bolyen, E., Rideout, J. R., Dillon, M. R., Bokulich, N. A., Abnet, C. C., Al-Ghalith, G. A., …
Caporaso, J. G. (2019). Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible
microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nature Biotechnology, 37(8), 852–857. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0209-9 While inactivation of the natural microbiota of seaweed before
fermentation would remove unwanted spoilage bacteria, it may also
induce food safety concerns since the lack of competition makes it easier
for contaminants from the production environment to grow. In the case
of inadequate hygiene in production facilities and contamination with
L. monocytogenes, it was shown that the pathogen could potentially grow
in the untreated seaweed if there is a limited reduction in pH (Fig. 1). C. botulinum type E is found widespread in the marine and arctic envi
ronment (Horowitz, 2010; Huss, 1993) and could be a potential hazard. Predictive models for growth of the two foodborne pathogens in
seaweed may be developed or calibrated based on complete fermenta
tion and product characterization, with off-set in known models for
L. monocytogens (Martinez-Rios, Gkogka, & Dalgaard, 2020) in cheese
and lightly preserved seafood for C. botulinum (Koukou et al., 2021). p
g
Brenner, D. J., Krieg, N. R., & Staley, J. T. (2005). Bergey’s manual of Systematic
Bacteriology (Second Edi; G. M. Garrity, Ed.). New York: Springer Science+Business
Media. Bruhn, A., Brynning, G., Johansen, A., Lindegaard, M. S., Sveigaard, H. H., Aarup, B., …
Børsting, M. E. (2019). Fermentation of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima)—effects on
sensory properties, and content of minerals and metals. Journal of Applied Phycology,
31(5), 3175–3187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01827-4 Callahan, B. J., McMurdie, P. J., Rosen, M. J., Han, A. W., Johnson, A. J. A., &
Holmes, S. P. (2016). DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina
amplicon data. Nature Methods, 13(7), 581–583. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nmeth.3869 Dalgaard, P., & Mejlholm, O. (2019). Modeling Growth of Listeria and Lactic Acid
Bacteria in Food Environments. In A. Bridier (Ed.), Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens (pp. 247–264). https://doi.org/10.5578/kvj.23164. Di Cagno, R., Filannino, P., Acín-Albiac, M., & Gobbetti, M. (2021). New Insights Into
Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentation of Plant Foods Through Complementary Omics. Innovative Food Processing Technologies, 3, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-
0-08-100596-5.23043-6 Duncan, S. H., Hold, G. L., Harmsen, H. J. M., Stewart, C. S., & Flint, H. J. (2002). 5. Conclusion Fermentation of raw shredded A. esculenta and S. latissima using the
endogenous microbiota with or without the addition of a Lb. plantarum
was only partially successful. While Lb. plantarum grew during fermen
tation of A. esculenta and resulted in pH values dropping below 4.6 after
2 days, the same was not the case for S. latissima where Lb. plantarum was
less successful in colonisation of the seaweed. Fermentation by the
endogenous microbiota failed to reduce to pH values below 4.6 and led
to the development of undesirable organic acids (e.g., butyric) and
ethanol as well as harboured a high alpha diversity, indicating the lack
of suitable naturally occurring starter cultures in the seaweed. g
j
Emborg, J., Laursen, B. G., Rathjen, T., & Dalgaard, P. (2002). Microbial spoilage and
formation of biogenic amines in fresh and thawed modified atmosphere-packed
salmon (Salmo salar) at 2◦C. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 92(4), 790–799. https://
doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01588.x Fan, L., & Truelstrup Hansen, L. (2012). Fermentation and biopreservation of plant based
foods with lactic acid bacteria. In: Handbook of Plant-based Fermented Foods and
Beverages, Second Edition. Ed. Hui, Y.H. and E.¨O. Evranuz. CRC Press, FL, USA. Pages 35-48. Doi: 10.1201/b12055-4. FAO. (2018). The global status of seaweed production, trade and utilization. In
F. Ferdouse, S. Løvstad Holdt, R. Smith, P. Murúa, & Z. Yang (Eds.), Globefish
Research Programme (Vol. 124). Rome: FAO. g
FAO (2020). Agricultural land (% of land area). Retrieved August 19, 2020, from The
world bank website: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.AGRI.ZS. Further work should aim at selecting the most optimal LAB strain(s)
to secure a faster pH drop and increase food safety. The selection of LAB
should be based on their genomic profile as well as composite analysis of
the two seaweed species to elucidate their potential to sustain growth of
LAB with or without adjuvants. Improved fermentations could also be
achieved through studies of pre-treatment induced changes in the
bioavailability of nutrients, anti-nutrients and endogenous microbiota. FDA (2020a). Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance. Retrieved
March 22, 2021, from Fish and Fishery Products Hazard and Control Guidance
Fourth Edition website: https://www.fda.gov/media/80637/download. i FDA (2020b). Part 114 Acidified Foods. Retrieved March 8, 2021, from Title 21–Food
and Drugs Chapter I - Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and
Human Services Subchapter B - Food for Human Consumption website: https://www
.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=114&show
FR=1. Gim´enez, B., & Dalgaard, P. (2004). Bixler, H. J., & Porse, H. (2011). A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids
industry. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23(3), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10811-010-9529-3 Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 Growth
requirements and fermentation products of Fusobacterium prausnitzii, and a
proposal to reclassify it as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii gen. nov., comb. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 52(6), 2141–2146. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02241-0 CRediT authorship contribution statement Jonas Steenholdt Sørensen: Conceptualization, Investigation,
Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Sanne Kjærulf
Madsen: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. Claus Heiner Bang-
Berthelsen: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing – review & editing. Lisbeth Truelstrup Hansen: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing –
review & editing, Funding acquisition. Gupta, S., & Abu-Ghannam, N. (2012). Probiotic fermentation of plant based products:
Possibilities and opportunities. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 52(2),
183–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.499779 Gupta, S., Abu-Ghannam, N., & Scannell, A. G. M. (2011). Growth and kinetics of
Lactobacillus plantarum in the fermentation of edible Irish brown seaweeds. Food and
Bioproducts Processing, 89(4), 346–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2010.10.001 Herrmann, C., FitzGerald, J., O’Shea, R., Xia, A., O’Kiely, P., & Murphy, J. D. (2015). Ensiling of seaweed for a seaweed biofuel industry. Bioresource Technology, 196
(2015), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.098 Declaration of Competing Interest Horowitz, B. Z. (2010). Type E botulism. Clinical Toxicology, 48(9), 880–895. https://doi. org/10.3109/15563650.2010.526943 Huss, H. H. (1993). Assurance of seafood quality (p. 334). Rome: FAO Fisheries Technical
Paper No. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper. Illumina. (2021). 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation Preparing 16S
Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons for the Illumina MiSeq System. Retrieved March 3,
2021, from https://support.illumina.com/documents/documentation/chemistry_do
cumentation/16s/16s-metagenomic-library-prep-guide-15044223-b.pdf. Acknowledgements Jørgensen, L. V., & Huss, H. H. (1998). Prevalence and growth of Listeria monocytogenes
in naturally contaminated cold-smoked salmon. International Journal of Food
Microbiology, 42, 127–131. The project is supported by a grant from the Northern Periphery and
Arctic Programme, European Union (Project 366, SW-GROW) and the
DTU discovery foundation. We would like to thank Marlene Danner
Dalgaard at DTU Health Tech for running the MiSeq system and Michael
Edfort Buchardt, Preben Nielsen and Mads Bjørnvad are thanked for the
access to MALDI-ToF and sequencing at Novozymes A/S. Koukou, I., Mejlholm, O., & Dalgaard, P. (2021). Cardinal parameter growth and growth
boundary model for non- proteolytic Clostridium botulinum - effect of eight
environmental factors. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 346, 109162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109162 (in press). Liot, F., Colin, A., & Mabeau, S. (1993). Microbiology and storage life of fresh edible
seaweeds. Journal of Applied Phycology, 5(2), 243–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF00004025 Lozupone, C., & Knight, R. (2005). UniFrac: A new phylogenetic method for comparing
microbial communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(12), 8228–8235. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005 5. Conclusion Modelling and predicting the simultaneous growth
of Listeria monocytogenes and spoilage micro-organisms in cold-smoked salmon. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 96(1), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-
2672.2003.02137.x Table 3 Relative abundance of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences at the order and genus levels are s Fig. 4. Taxonomic bar charts of bacterial communities in fermented seaweeds. Bacterial community profiles in A. esculenta and S. latissima fermented with or
without addition of a starter culture, Lb. plantarum. Relative abundance of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences at the order and genus levels are shown
for seaweed samples fermented for 2 and 7 days. The ten and six most abundance ASV at order and genus levels, respectively, are shown in the legends. 19.0% of the relative abundance and are characterised by being com
mon in human faecal matter (Duncan, Hold, Harmsen, Stewart, & Flint,
2002; Wexler, 2007) and in marine environments (Miyazaki, Sakai,
Ritalahti, Saito, Yamanaka, Saito, & Imachi, 2014; Wu, Zheng, Wu,
Yang, & Liu, 2014). The finding of Clostridium is supported by a study
that isolated C. algifaecis from a decomposed algal scum (Wu et al.,
2014). A fermentation driven by Clostridium spp. results in the produc
tion of carbon dioxide and a range of organic acids (Herrmann et al., 2015), and an acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation could occur. The ABE fermentation occurs in two steps, with initial formation of
acids, mainly butyric and acetic acid and in the later cell cycle phase the
Clostridium spp. form ethanol (Patakova et al., 2018). The ABE
fermentation could potentially have happened in the naturally fer
mented A. esculenta, with formation of both butyric and acetic acids in
addition to ethanol after seven days of fermentation (Table 1). A closely
related bacteria, Fusobacterium prauznitzii from the human faecal biota is 8 J.S. Sørensen et al. Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 References p
g
Mahadevan, K. (2015). Seaweeds: A sustainable food source. In B. K. Tiwari & D. J. Troy
(Eds.), Seaweed Sustainability: Food and Non-Food Applications (pp. 347–364). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-418697-2.00013-1. 9 J.S. Sørensen et al. Food Research International 150 (2021) 110800 Marquez, G. P. B., Santia˜nez, W. J. E., Trono, G. C., de la Rama, S. R. B., Takeuchi, H., &
Hasegawa, T. (2015). In Seaweed Sustainability (pp. 421–458). Elsevier. https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-12-418697-2.00016-7. Robeson II, M. S., O’Rourke, D. R., Kaehler, B. D., Ziemski, M., Dillon, M. R., Foster, J. T.,
& Bokulich, N. A. (2020). RESCRIPt: Reproducible sequence taxonomy reference
database management for the masses. BioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.05. 326504. g
Martinez-Rios, V., Gkogka, E., & Dalgaard, P. (2020). Predicting growth of Listeria
monocytogenes at dynamic conditions during manufacturing, ripening and storage of
cheeses – Evaluation and application of models. Food Microbiology, 92, 103578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2020.103578 Schiener, P., Black, K. D., Stanley, M. S., & Green, D. H. (2015). The seasonal variation in
the chemical composition of the kelp species Laminaria digitata, Laminaria
hyperborea, Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27
(1), 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0327-1 Miyazaki, M., Sakai, S., Ritalahti, K. M., Saito, Y., Yamanaka, Y., Saito, Y., … Imachi, H. (2014). Sphaerochaeta multiformis sp. nov., an anaerobic, psychrophilic bacterium
isolated from subseafloor sediment, and emended description of the genus
Sphaerochaeta. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 64,
4147–4154. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.068148-0. Shannon, C. E. (1948). A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Bell System Technical
Journal, 27(4), 623–656. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x Skonberg, D. I., Fader, S., Perkins, L. B., & Perry, J. J. (2021). Lactic acid fermentation in
the development of a seaweed sauerkraut-style product: Microbiological,
physicochemical, and sensory evaluation. Journal of Food Science, 86(2), 334–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfds.v86.210.1111/1750-3841.15602 4147–4154. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.068148-0. Nayyar, D., & Skonberg, D. I. (2019). Contrasting effects of two storage temperatures on
the microbial, physicochemical, and sensory properties of two fresh red seaweeds,
Palmaria palmata and Gracilaria tikvahiae. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31(1),
731–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1545-8 i Suzuki, M. T., Taylor, L. T., & DeLong, E. F. (2000). Quantitative analysis of small-
subunit rRNA genes in mixed microbial populations via 5’-nuclease assays. Applied
and Environmental Microbiology, 66(11), 4605–4614. https://doi.org/10.1128/
AEM.66.11.4605-4614.2000 731–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1545-8 NMKL. (2006). Næringsmidler No. 184 Aerobic count and specific spoilage organisms in
fish and fish products. Nordic Committee on Food Analysis, 184, 2–7. ii
p
y
Olafsen, T., Winther, U., Olsen, Y., & Skjermo, J. (2012). Verdiskaping basert på produktive
hav i 2050. References Retrieved from https://www.sintef.no/globalassets/upload/fiskeri_og_h
avbruk/publikasjoner/verdiskaping-basert-pa-produktive-hav-i-2050.pdf. Uchida, M., & Miyoshi, T. (2013). Algal fermentation. Jarq, 1(1), 53–63. Weissbach, F., & Honig, H. (1996). Über die Vorhersage und Steuerung des
G¨arungsverlaufs bei der Silierung von Grünfutter aus extensivem Anbau. Landbauforschung V¨olkenrode: FAL Agricultural Research, 46(1), 10–17. Weissbach, F., & Honig, H. (1996). Über die Vorhersage und Steuerung des
G¨arungsverlaufs bei der Silierung von Grünfutter aus extensivem Anbau. Landbauforschung V¨olkenrode: FAL Agricultural Research, 46(1), 10–17. Patakova, P., Kolek, J., Sedlar, K., Koscova, P., Branska, B., Kupkova, K., … Provaznik, I. (2018). Comparative analysis of high butanol tolerance and production in clostridia. Biotechnology Advances, 36(3), 721–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biotechadv 2017 12 004 Wexler, H. M. (2007). Bacteroides: The good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty. Clinical
Microbiology Reviews, 20(4), 593–621. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00008-07 World Bank Group (2016). Seaweed Aquaculture for Food Security, Income Generation
and Environmental Health in Tropical Developing Countries. Other Papers. https://doi.org/10.1596/24919. Peck, M. W. (2014). Bacteria: Clostridium botulinum. Encyclopedia of Food Safety, 1,
381–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-378612-8.00091-3 p
g
Wu, Y. F., Zheng, H., Wu, Q. L., Yang, H., & Liu, S. J. (2014). Clostridium algifaecis sp. nov., An anaerobic bacterial species from decomposing algal scum. International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 64, 3844–3848. https://doi.org/
10.1099/ijs.0.064345-0 Quast, C., Pruesse, E., Yilmaz, P., Gerken, J., Schweer, T., Yarza, P., et al. (2013). The
SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-
based tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 41(D1), 590–596. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/
gks1219. Rajauria, G. (2015). Seaweeds: a sustainable feed source for livestock and aquaculture. In: Tiwari B, TroyD(eds) Seaweed sustainability: food and non-food applications. In
Seaweed Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-418697-2/00015-5. Zabat, M. A., Sano, W. H., Cabral, D. J., Wurster, J. I., & Belenky, P. (2018). The impact
of vegan production on the kimchi microbiome. Food Microbiology, 74, 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2018.04.001 10
| 47,492 |
catalogicodicumm51bodl_23
|
Latin-PD
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,845 |
Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Bodleianae
|
Bodleian Library | Beeston, A. F. L. (Alfred Felix Landon). Additional Persian manuscripts | Bodleian Library. Codices aethiopici | Bodleian Library. Catalogue of Ethiopian manuscripts .. | Bodleian Library. Descriptive, analytical and critical catalogue of the manuscripts bequeathed ... by Elias Ashmole .. | Bodleian Library. Index to the catalogue of the manuscripts of Elias Ashmole .. | Bodleian Library. Catalogo dei manoscritti italiani .. | Bodleian Library. Catalogue of the Hebrew manuscripts .. | Bodleian Library. Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindûstânî and Pishtû manuscripts ..
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,289 | 13,500 |
" A catalogue of all the earles of Penbroke that hath benn since the Oonquest in order as they succeeded, with the yssues of dyuerse of them, together with theire proper coate armor, and a briefe remem- brance written touchinge some matters of each of the said erles. Wherbie maye be seene in what names and familyes the same earldome hath contynued from tyme to tyme, and to whom the same hath come by discent, and to whome by the gifte of the Kinge. Also when and howe the same contrey hath benn subdued and inhabited by Normans, Saxons, and Flemminges ys breeflye touched in the beginninge, with a shorte description of the sheere." The catalogue ends with Henry Herbert, earl of Pembroke, who succeeded in 1569. Clearly written, with the line of descent very neatly and ornamentally drawn out. On the last page is written : " This booke was with Mr. Camden in Meye, 1605, for a fortnight;" and on the cover at the end, "John James of Kilgerran in the countie of Penbrooke." 25. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 6. sec. xviii. Heraldorum nomen et officium unde exortum sit; epistola iEnese Sylvii, episc. Senensis, postea Papse Pii II. Impress. inter Opera sua, fol. Basil. 1.571, epist. cxxvi. p. 652. 26. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 16, sec. xvii. 1. List of the poers of England, with the reigns in which they were severally created : 1605-6. f. 1. 2. List of the knights of the shires and burgosses in the parliamont of 1603. fol. 3. 27. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 20, sec. xvii. " The states and degrees of persons in England ;'' being an account of all ranks, from the king to the craftsmen ; by William Justice. Compiled from Camden, Smyth, Selden, Time's Storehouse, Guillim, Cowell, &c. On a fly-Ieaf at the end, on which the name of W. Justice is written, are the words, " setat. 18." Qu. referring to the age of the author ? 28. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 8, sec. xvi. exeuntis. " A breife discourse of the discents and geneleogies of all the Kings and Princes of England from the Conquest." Ending with Elizabeth, " now Queene of England." Then follows (fol. 8,) " The descent of the King of Scotts from James the 4." At the foot of this last page is written, " Finis. Sep. 24. 1623. Thomas Shervvood." This name is written also on thc cover. 29. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 5, et 70. sec. xvii. In folio primo supervacaneo, et in fol. 52, depicta sunt insignia gentilitia Johannis Ashfield, baron- etti, de Netherhall, com. Suff. Catalogue of 280 baronets created betvveen 22 May, 161 1 and 3 Jan. 1 62f. An index is prefixed. from which it appears that four leaves, containing thirteen creations, are wanting at the end. 30. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 19, sec. xvii. In folio primo supervacaneo est nomen, " Edw. Webbe." " The Honour of the Garter, displaied in a poeme gratulatory, entitled to the right honourable and worthy sir Robert Karre, knight, vicount Roches- ter, created knight of that order, and installVl att Windsore, anno regni Jacobi 9. anno Dom. 16 11." This poem is nothing more than an adaptation of G. Peele^s poem bearing the same title, written on the installation of the earl of Northumberland in 1593 and printed in that year. The only variations are thosc necessitatod by a change of names, and conscquent change of description, in the lines near the conclusion which begin, " But specially in honour of those five That at this day this honour have receiv'd." See pp. 239-241, vol. ii. of Rev. A. Dyce's edi- tion of Peelc's vvorks. 4.57 CODICES RAWLINSONIANI. B. 458 31. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 23, sec. xvii. exeun- tis. In folio primo supervacaneo est nomen pos- sessoris: "William Ferris, painter, in Custom House Court, 1 7tt«" " The gencalogies and discents of all the Kings of England, since that time it was naraed England (to say, from King Egbert the monarch therof) untill our soveraigne lady Quene Elizabeth ;" with paintcd sketches of many of the regal coats of arms. Apparently a transcript of an older MS. written during the reign of Q. Eliz. 32. Codex chartaceus, in ^to, ff. 61, sec. xvii. Olim liber Thoma; Watson, annis 1 664-1 669. Prae- fixa est tabula contentorum. 1 . " The practice of blazonry of armory ;" being the blazon of the coats of arms in Peacham's Com- plete gentleman, 4*° Lond. 1634, pp. 172-207 ; with rough sketches of various charges, and of co- ronets, appended ; and an abstract of the third book of blazoning arms, in his Gentlemaifs exercise. ff. 2-9, 1 1 b-13 b 2. Tables of blazons, extracted from John Ferne^s Bla- zon of gentrie, 40 Lond. 1586. pp. 168-171. f. 10. 3. Arms of the Kings of England from the Conquest to Charles L, with a list of princes of Wales from the Conquest, &c. ff. 13 b-15 b. 4. Terms of venery used by foresters for deer and other forest-beasts. fol. 16. 5. Notes out of H. PeachanTs two books of drawing and limning, in his Gentleman's exercise. ff. 1 7-38. 6. The greater part of the fourth day of the first week of Du Bartas' Divine weeks and works, translated by Joshua Sylvester. fol. 39. 7. The greater part of the fourth part, entit. The Co- lumns, of the second day, second week, of Du Bar- tas. fol. 45 b. 8. " A brief description of the four elements," &c. ; chiefly in verse ; as contained in Pond^s Almanack for \66o. fol. 51. 9. Short notes on the golden number and epact, on the equinoctial, the stars, and the phenomena of nature. fol. 52. 10. Notes on geography. fol. 55. 1 1 . Notes out of the chapter on cosmography in Peach- am's Complete gentleman. fol. 57. 12. Notes on the year. fol. 59. 13. A few trifling notes, carelessly scribbled ; including twelve lines on St. PauFs Cathedral, Westmin- ster Abbey, and Salisbury Cathedral ; and notes on wild beasts. ff. 60, 61. 33. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 67, sec. xvii. 1. " The genealogie or pedegree of the auntient and worshipfull famylie of the Sontford, Sonforde ore Sandfords of Sandford in the countie of Salop, proved out of the private evidences of this famyhe, the publique records of the kingdome, the registers and testimonies of the office of armes, with other venerable monuments of antiquitie, in the year of grace 1634. Collected by William Ileyley, Blew- man.1' The arms of the family are painted on the fly-leaf. fol. 1. 2. Pedigree of the family of Devereux. fol. 15. 3. Chambre, of Petton, Salop. fol. 18. 4. Brabauzon, with the arms in colours. fol. 19. 5. Copies of charters relating to the family of Danyers, of Cheshire. fol. 26. 6. Pedigree of the family of Scriven, of Salop. fol. 35. 7. Sandford, of Somerset, with the arms in trick. fol. 36 b. 8. List of the armorial bearings of many English fami- lies, alphabetically arranged. fol. 39. 9. Pcdigree of the family of Villiers. fol. 66. 34. Codex chartaceus, in ^to, ff. 41, prseter multa va- cua, sec. xvi. Tables, (neatly drawn out, and apparently in the handwriting of Robert Glover) of English baronies vested in heiresses, or descending through them to their husbands ; with an index prefixed. On a leaf preceding, is a list of " noblemen now lyving that had their baronyes by inherit- aunce from wemen." 35. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 58, sec. xvii. Common-place book of William Ball, of Gray's Inn. 1 . Copies of eight letters to Mr. Aubrey, desiring pay- ment of a bond. 1656-1663. ff. 2b, 14-23 b. 2. Notice of a robbery in his chamber ; 26 Sept. 1660. fol.5b. 3. " Choice observations out of the Display of heraldry." fol. 7. 4. " My expenses at my sister Maryes funerall who dyed the tvventyeth day of May, 1 656." fol. 9. 5. " A copy of my sister Mary Ball's will, made about a fortnight before her death." fol. 1 1. 6. " The copy of my father^s will," i. e. William Ball, of Chancery Lane, London ; made 17 Nov. 1647. fol. 1 1 b. 459 CATAL. CODD. MSS. BIBL. BODL. 460 7. " The copy of my unkle Walthains will," i. e. Fran- cis Waltham of Lincohfs Inn; made 17 March, 1641. fol. 12 b. 8. Notice of the administration of the goods of his uncle John Claydon, intestate. fol. 13. 9. Copy of a business letter to Thos. Arden, of Lincoln^ Inn ; 27 June, 1664. fol. 1 3 b. 10. Addres3 of the officers of the anny in and near Dub- lin to Charles II. on his restoration. fol. j 9 b. 11. Virtues of the magnetical or antimonial cup pre- pared by John Evens. fol. 22. 12. Letter of Charles II. to the marq. of Ormond, lord high steward, coneerning the regulation of the household. fol. 22 b. 13. Letter of thanks from W. Ball " to col. Altham Vaughan upon his causing me to be struck out of the sheriffs list, 1673, Sept. 29." fol. 24. 14. Drawings of several coats of arms "as I have ga- thered them of gentlemen of all rannks, and of what shire, and the names of the mansion houses." fol. 25. 15. The oath given to the commissioners of the great seal, Bradshaw, Terryll and Fountaine, by ap- pointment of parliament in 1659. fol. qi. 16. Parliamentary commission for colonels of regiments. fol.31. 1 7 . Notes out of the translation of Huarte'8 " Examen de ingenios." fol. 32. ( Volume reversed) 18. Various loose amatory verses. ff. 36-58. (Two of the pieces, viz. a dream, and verses on the banishment of the ladies from London, are printed in " Wit and drollery," 8°. Lond. 1661.) 19. Lines on the power of the sword over law and reason. fol. 37 b. Beg. " Lay by your pleading, law lyes a bleeding Burne all your studies downe, and throvv away your readins." Printed in " Merry drollery ; by W. N., &c." 8° Lond. 1670, p. 1 25. 20. A few notes out of lord Falkland^s discourse on the infallibility of the church of Rome. fol. 35 b. 36. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 14, sec. xvii. A collection of 403 Scottish coats of arms, roughly tricked. 37. Liber impressus (hodie in catalogo libb. impress. rc- censitus) cui tit. " Le arme overo insegne di tutti li nobili di Venetia," &c. 4to. Ven. 1608. In hoc exemplari insignia propriis coloribus de- picta sunt. 38. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 29, praeteralia vacua, sec. xviii. A collection of cuttings of engraved coats of arms and crests of English gentry and several peers, pasted on blank leaves, with (in most cases) the names of the bearers. 39. Codex membranaceus, in 4to, ff. 30, sec. xvii. In folio primo est nomen " John Stepbensome," ac etiam nota sequens — " $ , 5 Marcli, 1 73!-: bought tliis book for 14*. 6d. at the sale by auc tion of the MSS. of Tho. Ravvlinson, esq. deceased : vide ca- talogue i6th, pa. 9, no. 115. O. Acton. 28." The arms of the knights of the Garter in 156 1, (the last being those of Carey, lord Hunsdon, installed in that year ;) beautifully painted ; and consisting, firstly, of the full shields with the quarteringe, crests, supporters and mottos, and, secondly, of all the quartered coats depicted separately. A modern index of the coats is inserted. In the catalogue of Thos. Rawlinson's MSS. (ut su- pra) it is said that "the book seems to have be- longed to Henry Carey, lord Hunsdon ;" but there does not appear to be any evidence for such an inference, further than the fact of his coat being the last contained in the volume. 40. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 24, sec. xvii. 1 . " A breif out of the rites of the coronacion called Liber Regalis ;" being the form for the coronation of James I. and his Queen. fol. 1. 2. "Nomina justic. domini Regis ad pacem in com. Kanc. pcr commissionem dat. xiii0 die Julii * * * 1612." fol. 21. b. At the end, " Ex : per commiss : 22do Dec. 16 12, per me Fra. Raworth." 41. Codcx chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 53, sec. xvii. " Thc historicall genealogie of the ancient and noble houss of Seton ; written by sir Richard Maitland of Leadingtoun, daughter sone of the said houss, 461 CODICES RAWLINSONIANI. B. 462 and senator of the college of justice, in Queen Maries rigne. * * * * And the historio was col- lected by him out of the ancient evedents of the houss and histories of Scotland, written by him to the year 1545. And now inlarged from that time by Alexander viscount of Kingstone, second law- full sone of the said houss, to this eleventh lord Seton, and seventh lord Seton of the naine of George. and fourth earle of Wintoun, now liveing in this present yeare of God 1 6 S 7 : The said viseount being his uncle." With a dedi- cation bv lord Kingston to the earl of Wintoun. On the cover are staniped the initials G. E. W.; quety, George, earl Wintoun! Printed from two MSS. in the Advoeatea' Li- brary, for the Maitland and Bannatyne clubs, 4". Glasgow, 1829; and sir Richard Maitland^s por- tion of the work was privately printed at Edin- burgh in ^to, 1830. 42. Codex cliartaceus, in 8vo, ff. 19, sec. xvi. A collection of 354 swan niarks, on a red ground within a black border ; accompanied in many cases with the names of the owners. The royal Tudor anus are painted on the first leaf. 43. Codex chartaceus, in 4^0, ff. 72, sec. xvii. " Armas de los mas nobles senores de Castilla, sus nombres, apellidos casas y rentas ; con algunos puntos do sus hozanas ; los arcobispos, obispos, vi- soreyes y embaxadores. consejos, y inquisiciones, y otras cosas curiosas de aquel reyno. En Paris, ycompuesto por Ambrosio de Salazar, secre- tario interprete del rey Christianissimo, 1623." With the arms coloured. 44. Codex chartaceus, in octavo majori, ff. 31, sec. xvii. Olim liber Gualteri Clavell; vid. catal. bibl. ejus (8°. Lond. 1742), p. 94. " A catalogue of the names and armes of the great princes, nobletnen and knights, as well English as strangers, with their retinues, which were with the most victorious King Edward the third, in his warres in France and Normandy, during the siege and winning of Callis, which was yeelded to the said King the $rd of August in the 2ist yeere of his reigne, vvith the number of shippes and men of warre imployed about the same, as also the rates of wages and the whole charge thereof, at which time t'iat valiant and worthy knight sir J ohn Howard (auncester of the now most honour- able family of the Howards) was admirall of the north fleet of this realme of England, as hereafter may appeare : per Yorke Herault, 1607;" [i. e. Ralph Jirooke.] At fol. 27 is the following note of the tran- scriber : " This manuscript 1 had from Noward castell, out of the library of the late lo. Wm. Howard, ^d sonne to the last duke of Norfolke, now in the possession of col. Charles Howard, esq. his grandchild. I transcribed it att Carlile the 2 1 st an° ) 6 55. Theoph. Polwheile." The arms, although inentioned on the title-page, are not in- cluded in the transcript. At fol. 3 1 b. is a sketch - of the anns of the Polwhele family. The list of knights, with their retinues, is print- ed, "ex rotulo pergameno penes vir cl. Jac. West," p 89 of Edw. Rowe Mores' "Nomina et insignia gentilitia nobiliura equitumque sub Edo- ardo primo rege militantium," 40. Oxf. 1749. 45. Codex chartaceus, in octavo majori, ff. 39, sec. xvi. "Liber Petri Le Neve, 1692; Rouge Croix 1698. Prec. is. od ; binding i*. od." A collection of coats of arms, roughly tricked, of foreign princes and nobles, showing the quarter- ings brought in by their marriage-alliances. 46. Codex chartaceus, in ^to, ff. 99, sec. xvi. Creation and descent of all the English earldoms ex- isting or extinct in 1581 ; in alphabetical order; continued, by another hand, to the time of James 1., with additions, chiefly taken frotn the " Succes- sions of the dukes and earles" in W.Martyns His- tory of England, first published in 1615. The latest date mentioned in the volume is that of 1622, at fol. 35 b. The volume is lettered, "Noble famalies, by Lambath ;" qu. Will. Lambarde? 47. j Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 50, prseter multa va- cua, sec. xvi. In folio primo est haec nota : " The booke of Henrie, earle of Arundell, lord-chamber- laine to the Kinges majestie, copied out of a booke of sir Gyles Dawbney, knight, chamberlaine to Kinge Henrie the seaventh." 1. Articles ordained by Hen. VII. for the regulation of his household ; 31 Dec. 1494. fol. 2. Printed in " A collection of ordinances and re- gulations for the government of the royal house- hold/1 40. Lond., 1790, p. 109; but the copy in the present MS., besides diflfering in many verbal particularsand in the arrangement of the chapters, contains the following additional chapters : — " As formakingeknights of theBathe;v> "As for the col- ledge ofWindsor for St. George^s feast " For an 463 CATAL. CODD. MSS. BIBL. BODL. 464 homage f " As for tlie othe that the chamberlain shall give to them of the chamber when they shalbe charged Concerning the steward of the household, &c. Printed also, with verbal dif- ferences, in the Antiquarian repertory, 1807, vol. i. pp. 296-341. The present MS., however, varies from the text of this edition in not having the first chapter, and in containing the additions of an introduction, a short chapter " As for them- bassadors," and the chapter at the end on the steward of the household. 2. " Articles devised" by Henr. VIII. "with the ad- vise of his counsaile for the establishment of good order and reformacdn of sundrie errores and abuses in his most honorable chamber." 1526. fol. 34. Printed in " A collection of ordinances," ut su- pra, pp. 147— 161. Chaps 1-38, and 40-45 of the printed text are omitted in this MS., which con- tains, however, in addition, "The order" of pre- cedency " of lordes and ladies," "An order to know howe manye women one ladye shall have above another," " An order of ladies woemen howe they shall goe," and " The oath of a gen- tleman usher of the privye chamber." 48. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 33, sec. xvii. " London in armes displayed, or the distincons milli- tary and civill of the comanders of horsse troopes • and collonells of the trained bands in the cittie [of] London : There armes blazoned and etymoligies peculiarly pertaining to armes." By John Lucas. Dedicated to sir John Gayer, lord mayor in 1647, together with the aldermen, sheriffs and co- lonels of London. The arms of sir J. Gayer, im- paled witb those of the city of London, are painted on the outside of the cover. 49. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 9, sec. xviii. In folio ad initium rejectaneo ita notatum est, manu R. Rawlinson, " Transcripts of some MSS. of Elias Ashmole, esqr." 1 . " Brief concerning the King^s right to nominate Garter; March, 167I-." fol. 1. 2. " Some account why I was not willing to sue for Garters place, void by the death of sir Edvvard Walker." fol. 3. Printed in the life of Ashmolc prefixed to his Antujuities of Berkshire, vol. i. pp. xiv-xx., 8°. Lond. 1719. 3. Letter froin Ashrnole to Hyde, earl of Clarendon, accompanying a statement in defence of his appli- cation (made in Feb. 1662, but refused) for the offico of historiographor and remembrancer to the order of the Cartor ; io Uec. 1662. fol. 5. 50. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 41, sec. xvii. 1. A collection of coats of arms of various English gentry, in trick. fol. 1. 2. A collection of coats of arms, in trick, chiefly Eng- glish, bearing for their charges either (in a few instances) ordinaries, or, (for the most part) ani- mals and parts of animals. fol. 30. 51. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 196, sec. xvii. binis columnis exaratus. Olim "ex libris Humfredi Davies;" postea, inter codd. Tho. Rawlinson, 40; denique peculium 01. Acton, a quo hsec nota praefixa est : "4 March 1733/4, bought this bcok for 35. zd. at tlie sale by auction of the MSS. of Tho. Rawlinson, esq. deced.". In secundo folio rejectaneo sic etiam notatum est : " Volumen quartum commoratur in manibus cujusdam Hodges de Moorfields, procuratoris, qui mutuo accepit." Index to a large collection of coats of arms of Eng- lish families, with their counties ; together with some belonging to Wales and Ireland. At the end (p. 399.) is an index of "Sondry coates of arnies, sett downe in my foure booke3 of ordinarys (in blason.) The names of such un- to whom they are appertayninge is not expressed : only the seuerall names of those that do quarter them, doe heerafter followe, accordinge to the letters; sett downe, 1629." 52. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 26, sec. xviii. Engraved coats of arms, without names, together with engraved advertisements of various London tradesmen ; pasted on the leaves of an arith- rnetical exercise-book. 53. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 9, sec. xvii. " Diatribe de heraldorum origine, officio, collegio ;" in English. Prefixed is a list of twelve books on heraldry. On a fly-leaf at the beginning is the following note in the handwriting of P. Le Neve : " A trea- tise of heraldry and hcralds, written by a base clerk who could not write English, since the death of King Charles the first. * * * Some things true, some false." 465 CODICES RAWLINSONIANI. B. 466 Codex chartaceus, in folio minori, ff. 156, sec. xvii. In folio primo est nomen, " Tho. Bushell." " The magazin of honor, or a treatise concerninge the nobility of England accordinge to the lawes of England ;" by William Bird. Printed, 8°. Lond. 1642. The " Treatise of knights," &c, at pp. 117-158 of the text as printed, is not contained in this MS. 55. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 38, sec. xvii. ; olim inter codd. Thomce Rawlinson, 679. " Observations concearning the nobility of England auntient and moderne;" by sir John Burgh, knt.; in his own handwriting. Prefixed is a dedication, in Latin, to Richard baron "Weston, lord high treasurer. 56. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 45, sec. xvi. exeuntis. " A briefe discourse of the right use of giuinge armes, with the late abusis aboute that mattere and the beste meane by which they maic be reformid or- derly;" being a treatise, in six chapters, against the right of heralds to grant arms on their own authority. Written upon the appointment of the earl of Essex as marshal in 15^7 (ff. 36, 35 b, 44,), by a grandson of Thomas Howard, fourth duke of Norfolk, who was restored to the office of earl marshal by Q. Mary in 1553, (fol. 16 b.), and ap- parently addressed to the former nobleman (ff. 42, 44 b, 45). Written very neatly, by an amanuensis, with corrections and marginal notes apparently in the handwriting of the author. Frequent reference is made to the MSS. of Bluemantle pursuivant, temp. Edw. IV. Tit. chap. 1. " Of the institution and function of heralds, and the proues that make for them." Tit. chap. vi. " The best meanes of reforming errors and abuses in this office and to cutt of the possibilitie of bringing in the like corruption hereafter." 57. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 69, sec. xvii. "A treatise concerning the nobilitie according to the lawe of England ;" being the Magazine of Honour, by William Bird. Extending, as in MS. 54, supra, to p. 116 of the printed edition. 58. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 73, sec. xvii. In fine est tabula contentorum. Olim liber P. Le Neve: in catalogo codd. ejus (8°.Lond. i73i),925. Heraldic collections of Thomas St. George, Somerset herald (afterwards sir Thos. St. George, Garter). Amongst the miscellaneous contents (which are 6everally entered in the general index to this col- lection) the following articles may be specially noticed : —. 1 . The rights of Garter king at arms. p. 2. 2. The fees payable to the King^s servants, at the crea- tions of peers, baronets and knights. pp. 6-26, 96. 3. Notes of royal and funeral processions, 1603— 166 1. pp. 28, 32, 1 28. 4. Notes on precedency. pp. 45, 50, 108. 5. Treatise on baronies by writ ; by sir Henry St. George. p. 52. 6. The King of Denmark'8 reception in 1606. p. 88. 7. Ceremonies used at the creation of Henry, prince of Wales, in 16 10. p. 90. 8. " Briefe rehersall of the causes of the disorders in the office of armes; by Rob. Glover." p. 104, 9. "A discouerye of abuses offred unto the office of armes, by whom theise errors hath bene comitted, and the meanes to preuente and reforme them ;" by sir Richard and Henry St. George. 16 18. p. 106. 10. Arms granted by Garter. pp. 122— 124. 1 1 . Attendance on the King in chapel on Easter-day, 1662. p. 138. Marginal and other notes are interspersed in the handwriting of Peter Le Neve, who has writ- ten on the outside of the cover, " Perlect : 1713. per P. L." 59. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 84, sec. xvii. "A treatise concerninge the nobilitie of England according to the lawes of England;" being Wil- liam Bird^s Magazine of Honour. Extending, as in MSS. 54 and 57, to p. 116 of the printed edition. 60. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 320, sec. xvii. Olim liber Oliveri Acton, a quo hsec nota in folio re- jectaneo prsefixa est : " Wednesday, 28 Feb. 1738-9, bought this MS., olim lord Somers's, at the sale by auction of the MSS of sir Jos. Jekyll, knt., late master of the rolls. See the catalogue, pa : 11. no. 215." Et infra, "Whenever this book shall be exposed to sale again, surely some Hh 467 CATAL. CODD. MSS. BIBL. BODL. 468 of the family of Monke of Pudderidge in com. Devon. in all likelyhood will give most for it. Vide fol.84, 87, &c. to 135." A collection of coats of arms, almost entirely in co- lours ; to which a minute index has been prefixed by Oliver Acton. 1. Arms of the city of Exeter, in trick and colours, ff. 1,3.8. 2. Arms of the cathedral of Exeter, and of the dean, chanter, chancellor and treasurer. ff. 2, 3. 3. Arms of the five conquerors of Britain ; viz. Brutus, Julius Csesar, Hengist, Sweyn of Denmark, and WilliamL ff. 4-8. 4. Arms of the founders of the heptarchy. ff. 9-15. 5. Of the ancient earls of Chester. ff. 16-22. 6. Of the Kings of England from Edw. the Confessor to Henry V., with the causes of the successive al- terations. ff. 23—29. 7. Of the twenty-six founders of the order of the Gar- ter, with attempts at etymological explanations of their names. ff. 30-55. John de Grailly, captal de Buch, is here called Merburius de Vasconia, capitanus de la Beouf, and sir Walter Paveley, Gualterus Pannellus. 8. Of the English sees. ff. 56.-82. For the arms of Oxford are given the arms of the Univcrsity, the open Bible between three crowns, bearing the words "xx Exod. Decem * * * Onmipotens mandata. Verbum Dei manet in eternum. Amen." These mottos do not appear to be clsewhere noticed as having been ever borno on the University shield. 9. Drawings in trick and colours of the arms of Monck of Potheridge, and of the shields quartered therein ; including one of the full shield with ninety quarter- ings (dated 16 12), eighteen impaled coats (some in duplicate, with crests) of families allied by de- scent through Monck and Arscott or Askot, and Monck and Smyth, and the arms of various fami- lies of Le Moyne, Moigne and Munck, English and foreign. ff. 84^-134. (ff. 107-124 blank) [Releaso from William Monck, junior, to his uncle William Monck of the manors of Poderidge, Xlush- ford and Lewtranchard ; 1 Henr. V. ; with a draw- ing of thc coat on his seal. fol. 130. Grant from Thomas Grendall of Fenton to sir Wil- liam Moyne, knt., of the arms of his late cousin, John Boamers of Hautroy ; with the arms in co- lours; 22 Nov. 15 Rich. II. fol. 130 b.] 10. Arms in colours, of 850 English faniilies, arranged according to tho initial letters of their names. fol. 136. 11. Arms, in colours, of Excter, Plymouth, Totncss, Dartmouth, Saltash, Torrington and Barnstaplo. ff.318,9. 61. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 150, sec. xvi. 1. "The descents and pedegrees of all and euery of the nobell men which haue benne sythens the tyme of the Conquest, an°. 1067, vntill the xxii0 yere of the raigno of Queene Elizabeth, 1579, as they were in euery seuerall kinges tymes ;" with notes of their arms. Arranged in alphabetical order under each King. fol. 1. 2. Alphabetical catalogue of the arms of many hundred English families. fol. 93. The book appears to have belonged to Monck, duke of Albemarle, the arcns of the family of Monck (a chevron between three lions' heads erased,) encircled with the garter and motto, and surmounted by a ducal coronet, being impressed on the sides of the cover. 62. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 53, sec. xvi. exeuntis. In folio ad initium rejectaneo est hasc nota : "c? 12 March, 173I- bought this book and Sopho- logium Jacobi Magni for 6s. zd. at the sale by auction of the MSS. of Tho. Rawlinson, esq. de- ced. Vide catalogue i6th, pa. 43, no. 575 and 576. Oliver Acton." 1. Arms of all the noblemen of England cre»ted from the Conquest to the 3ist'year of Q. Elizabeth, coloured ; with the royal arms prefixed. fol. 1. At the end (fol. 27.) is the coat of the dukes of Norfolk, with thirty-two quarterings ; which per- haps renders it probable that this book was exe- cuted for one of the heads of that house. 2. Notes of the creation of all the peers from the Con- quest to Q. Eliz. fol. 29. 63. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 196, sec. xvii. " A treatise concerning the nobillitie according to the lawes of England ;" being W. Bird's Magazine of Honour. At the encl is added (fol. 147), " A treatise of knights, and matters incident to the degree of knighthood accordinge to the law of Englande," which is wanting in the other manuscript copies (54, 57, 59, supra) but contained in the printed edition. 64. Codex membranaceus, in folio, ff. 13, sec. xvi.; olim "Robert Nicolson, his booke" (fol. 2 b.), et "Raphe Starkey," (fol. 2.) Iri fol. 1. est haec nota: "13 March, 173^ bought this book for 3.?. 469 CODICES RAWLINSONIANI. B. 470 at the 9ale by auction of the MSS. of Thomas Rawlinson, esq. deced. See catalogue i6th, pa. 50, no. 662. Oliver Acton." A collection of 348 English coats of arms (including two Spanish coats, of Ayla and Sanchet) of the time of Q. Elizabeth, in colours. Many of the coats are several times repeated. Prefixed is an index, together with a table of the peers whose arms are contained in the book. 65. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 269, sec. xvii. ineun- tis. In catalogo codd. P. Le Neve numero 547 insignitus. The original autograph manuscript of Thomas Milles' " Catalogue of Honor." The escutcheons for the coats of arms are left blank. On the first leaf is the following note : — "Me- morandum : I Peter Le Neve, Norroy, doe think this to be the original manuscript of the printed book called Mills Cataloguo of Honor, printed 16 10. Peter Lo Neve, Norroy." 66. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 1 19, sec. xvii ineuntis, haud una manu exaratus. Olim liber " Wm. Whiston ;" et in quodam catalogo numero 255 designatus. Genealogical collections, extracted from records, charters, &c, with occasional sketches of arnis; with an index of namcs at the end. 1 . Miscellaneous notes of estates and pedigrees. fol. 1. 2. Collections and pedigrees relating to the allied fami- lies of Hastings, Hungerford, Moeles, Molyns, Pe- verell, Erdington, Bottreaulx, Daubeny, Courtenay andTalbot. ff. 61-86, 82 b, 89 b-oob. The follovving note is prefixed : — " The notes and remembraunces hereafter followeinsre and in the two leaues before weare taken out of a booke drawen and collected out of old remembraunces and recordes remayneinge in the Tower of London by one Thomas Jakes, concerneinge divers landes and hereditaments of the Hungerfordes, Botte- reaux. Peverells, Moeles, Molynes, Mauduits, Hastinges, Talbotts aud others. This Thomas Jakes lived in the dayes of the lo. Frowicke cheife justice of the common pleace, of whom amongst his said colleccons he confesseth to haue bought the office of the clarkeship of the warrantes and of the estretes for the some of 400 markes." Some clue to the transcriber of these collec- tions is afforded by the following entry at fol. 89 b. " Note this pedegree of my ladye New- ton, my grand greate grandmother." From this it would seem that the writer may be either Henry Newton of Richmond Castle, Somerset- shire (mentioned at fol. 91 b, date 1579), or Henry Capell (fol. 91, 1586.) 3. Miscellaneous pedigrees and notes, with collections relating to the families of Breieton and Pickering. ff. 81-1 19. 67. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 1 20, sec. xvi. The arms of all the nobility of England from the Conquest to 14 Q. Eliz., (together with those of the sovereigns), arranged under the several reigns in which the titles were created, and painted in eolours ; with genealogical notices attached. The notices contain additions made by another hand at various times up to the year 1634. 68. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 39, quorum undecim vacua sunt, sec. xvii. A catalogue of the nobility of England existing in tho years 1628-9, with their several creations; dedicated to K. Charles I. An index is added at the end. 69. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 55, sec. xvii. In tegmine est ha?c nota: " ? 8 March, 173-4, bought this book (part of the last nightfs sale, but then unsold being mislaid) for $s. at the sale by auction of the MSS. of Tho. Rawlinson, esq. deceased. Vide catalogue i6th, pa. 24., no. 332. Oliver Acton." A collection of 602 coats of arms of Irish families ; of which 360 are very neatly executed in colours, apparently in the time of Charles L, and 242 (at ff. 4 b, 5 b, 8 b, 24b, 42 b-54b,) are in trick by a later hand. Many of the coats in trick exhibit marriage quarterings. The last coat is that of Nich. Brune, son and heir of Sir Valentine Bmne, of Ftoss, co. Kerry, and is attested by Rich. Car- ney, Athlone pursuivant of arms, 16 May, 1681. An index of names is prefixed. 70. Codex chartaceus, in 4to, ff. 78, secc. xvi et xvii, manibus tribus exaratus. In primo folio rejec- taneo est nota contentorum codicis, manu Edw. Umfreville, 12 Apr. 1748. 1 . Collections in answer to questions proposed at the h h a 471 CATAL. CODD. MSS. BIBL. BODL. 472 meetings of the old Society of Antiquaries, from 27 Nov. 1590 to 11 May, 1594; being notes from Matthew of West., Camden, the statutes of the realm and charters. a. " Off what antiquity the name of dux and duke is in England, and what is the estate thereof ." f. i. b. " Of the antiquity of marquesses in England, the manner of there creation, and signification of theire name." fol. 2. c. " Of earles and there antiquity here in England." fdl.3. d. " Of the antiquity of viscountes heere in England, there manner of creation, and other matter con- cerneing viscountes." fol. 6. e. "Of the antiquity, dignity and priviledge of barons heere in England, and signification of the name." fol. 7. f. " The antiquitie and diversitie of knightes." f. 15. g. " Of the antiquity, dignity and priviledges of sar- geants at the lawe." fol. 1 5. h. " Of the signification and etemologie of the name of esquire, and of the antiquity and priviledge of them." fol. 16. See Hearne^s preface to his Collection of cu- rious discourses ; sect. 19. 2. " Matters concerning the court martial ;" being — a. "Certaine reasons that the professors of the comon lawes ought not to bee excluded from practizing in cases of honor," with precedents in maintenance of the reasons, and an answer to objections. fol. 18. b. " Recordes concerning the courte martial." f . 42. 3. Collections concerning creations of various peerages, grants of privileges, disputed claims, &c. ff. 21-40, 45-5 !• ff. 52-61 are blank. 4. List of the House of Peers, 17 March, 1627 ; imper- fect at the end. fol. 62. 5. " Chronicon regni Mannise, incipiens ab anno 1047 ac finiens anno 1316 ; ex manuscriptis membranis descriptum 1578 ;" with marginal notes in another hand. fol. 68. A short continuation in English, " of the Kings of Man vnto the tyme presente," (i.e. to Henry earl of Derby, "now livinge in anno Domini 1576,") is added at the end. Formerly in the possession of W. Clavell, forming part of no. 100 in the catalogue of his MSS., p. 95, 8° Lond. 1742. 71. Codex chartaccus, in folio, ff. 41, sec. xvii. In primo folio rejcctaneo cst hsec nota: "5 13 March, 1 73^-, bought this book and another (no. 674) for js. Sd, at the sale by auction of the MSS. of Tho. Rawlinson, esq. deceased. See catalogue i6th, pa. 5 i, no. 673. O. Acton." 1. A catalogue of the nobility of England, written in the year 1623. fol. 1. 2. A list of all the officers, clerks, &c, with their fees, in the courts of law, the admiralty, ordnance, ar- mory, mint and (together with the servants) in the various branches of the royal establishment and household. fol. 6. In most instances, in all the departments ex- cept those of law, the titles of the offices and the fees allotted to them are alone mentioned, the names of the several holders being only occasion- ally supplied. 72. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 87, sec. xvii. "Ordres de milice et de cheualerie des roys de France, des princes et seigneurs de leur royaume, et des autres roys, princes, estats, republiques, re- ligions, communautez, associations et confrater- nitez du monde ;" par Georges Galland. Consisting of beautifully coloured represent- ations of the insignia of the various orders of knighthood. At the end are added, " Des quatre acheuemens d^armoiries a PAngloise," being — 1. " Acheuement dun duc" (the coat of Thos. duke of Norfolk, temp. Henr. VIII.) 2. " Acheuement d^un baron," ( West, baron de la Warr. ) 3. "Acheuement d'un chevalier," (sir Franc.Bacon). 4. " Acheuement d'un escuyer " (arg. a fess, gules, thereon two crescents and a fleur de lis, or, be- tween two lions, or leopards, passant gardant, sable. Crest, a lion^s head ; motto, beneath two clasped hands, Fare icel til then.) 73—84. Codices duodecim chartacei, in folio, sec. xvii. In catalogo codd. MSS. Petri le Neve, 588 ; inde a Ricardo Rawlinson empti, pretio £4. 1. English pedigrees, with notes of arms, alphabetically arranged (as far as regards the initial letter only in the last five volumes) in twelve closely written volumes ; with indices prefixed to the first seven. Compiled by Thomas Wilkinson, vicar of Laurence Waltham, Berks ; as appears from the following note in the compiler^s handwriting in the pedigree of the Wilkinson family, vol. lxxxiv. fol. 31 : — " As Henry Wilkinson, rector of Waddesdon, af- firmed March ye. i^th o* 1647 to meo Th. Wilkin- son, vicar of Lawranco Waltham, Berkes." At fol. 32 allusion is also made to information respect- ing this family derived from the writer^s father; while fol. 83 in the same volume is formed by the co- ver of a letter addressod, " For my honoured friend Mr. Thomas Wilkinson, att Laurence Walltham." 473 CODICES RAWLINSONIANL B. 474 At fol. 70 vol. lxxvii. the writer speaks of Edward, son of lord Lyttleton of Mounslowe, as "my scbolar, (aged) 16, 1643." In a priced copy of Le Neve's sale catalogue in the Bodleian (Mus. Bibl. iii. 8V042.), to the de- scription of MS. 833, " A miscellany of things very observable relating to the illustrious family of the Nevills, by Dr. Tho. Wilkinson," is added the following note in Hearne^s handwriting : " This Wilkinson was not a Dr. Ho was vicar of Lawrence-Waltham,near MaidenheadinBerks. He was well versed in our English history and an- tiquities, and particularly in heraldry. He was well acquainted (and held a correspondence by letters,) with Mr. Ashmole.,> Occasional additions by Le Neve are here and there iuterspersed in all the volumes except lxxxi. and lxxxiii. The contents of the several volumes are as fol- lows : — lxxiii. ff. 189. A — B. (Dated on the cover, with the price of the paper for tho book, 15 Aug, 1654.) lxxiv. ff. 191. C — D. lxxv. ff. 190. E — G. (At the end is scrawled " Mr. Wilkenssen his booke.") lxxvi. ff. 175. H— K. lxxvii. ff. 190. L— MA. lxxviii. ff. 1 75. ME — N. (Dated on the cover, 7 Dec. 1663.) Ixxix. ff. 160. PA— PO. (Formerly "Henry Wil- kinson his booke.") lxxx. ff. 72. 0— P. lxxxi. ff. 52. Q — R. lxxxii. ff. 158. S. (The following note is writteu by the late Dr. Bliss at the beginning of this volume ; "Date, 1673. ' Vidi May 23, 1673' says tho col- lector of these pedigrees under the Spenser fa- mily of Althorp in this volume." Similar allusions, however, to dates varying chiefly from about 1660 to 1 68 1 are frequently found in the other volumes.) lxxxiii. ff. 112. T— V. lxxxiv. ff. 116. W— Z. The last five volumes consist in some part of rough collections, probably intended for subse- quent transcription. All the pedigrees are en- tered in the general index to this catalogue. 85. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 43, sec. xvii. " The order and ceremonyes at the celebracon of the fiancelles and mariage of James the fourth, King of Scotland, with Margaret eldest daughter of Henry the seaventh, King of England and France and lord of Ireland ; and, the manner of her royal convoy vnto Edenburgh in Scotland, &c. Anno Domini MD.III. Transcribed out of an old booke (written by an ofiicer of armes in that tyme) ac- cording to the orthography therein used, and com- pared therewith by me ;" (without name). By James Young, Somerset herald. Printed, with verbal differences, in LelamTs Collectanea, edit. 1770, vol. iv., pp. 256-300. The title is written within a border of roses and thistles, the initial letter bearing a shield with the arms of England and Scotland.quartered. On the reverse of the leaf is the crest of Scotland, a lion sejant affronte, gules, with the sword and sceptre, well painted ; and on the next leaf are the arms of England and Scotland, crowned, within a border of roses and thistles, beautifully executed in gold and colours. On the covers are stamped the anns of the Stuart Kings of England. 86. Codex cbartaceus, in folio, ff. 79, quorum sex in fine vacua sunt, sec. xvii. ineuntis. In tegmine sunt hoec : " This manuscript was lent me by John An- stis, esq., member of parliament for Launceston in Comwall, now Garter principall king of armes, living at his house in Great Arundell street, near the Temple. This is Mr. Jekyll's manu- script." Manu alia : " Wm. Holman." A very copious list of English coats of arms, alpha- betically arranged ; with a few occasional notes of churches in which they occur, and notes of those which were borne at the siege of Berwick in 1296. 87. Codex membranaceus, in 4to, ff. 18, sec. xvii. in- euntis ; olim liber Thomse Rawlinson. 1 . Account of the arms quartered by sir Thomas Smith or Smythe, second son of Thomas Smith, esq. of Ostenhanger, Kent; containing, on the first leaf, the full shield, with the several crests, beautifully painted in gold and colours, followed by the sepa- rate coats, with genealogical notes on the respective families; dated 1623. 2. Notice of the creation of John Smith, son of sir Thomas Smith of Sutton at Hone, as knight, 22 Sept. 1618 ; with a list of knights created tempp. Jac. I. — Car. I. ff. 14-17 b. 3. Heralds' office exemplification (in gold and colours) of the arnis of Allen Epes, of the isle of Thanet, at- tested by " Willm Segar, Garter principall king of armes." fol. 18. On two fly-leaves at the beginning is scribbled " A catalouge of Mr. Smith's bookes,-" commencing with HamniomTs Practical Catechism, and end- ing thus, "58. A great book in parchment dobled. 9 other great books in folio. A book of heraldry." 475 CATAL. CODD. MSS. BIBL. BODL. 476 On the reverse of the second fly-leaf is the following note : " Read over this book, (lent me by Thomas Rawlinson, esq) in Oct. 23, 17 20, and then extracted some things from it. Tho. Hearne." These extracts are to be fotind in vol. xc. of Hearne^s MS. Diary, in the Bodleian library, pp. 92-101. 88. Codex chartaceus, in folio, ff. 72, sec. xvii. mani- bus variis exaratus. Olim in quodam catalogo numero 291 insignitus. In tegmine exteriori sunt insignia gentilitia familiEe de Wyrley. Heraldic and genealogical miscellanies ; collected by William Wyrley, Rouge-croix pursuivant. Compare "Wood MS. F. 16 in the Ashmolean Museum, which contains Collectanea of Wyrley's, and which bears his arms delineated on the cover similarly with the present volume. Among the pedigrees, which form the chief contents of the volume, the following articles may be specially noticed : — 1. Papers relating to a quarrel between John Hollis and Gervase Markham of Nottinghamshire. a. "John Hollis his challenge sent by Homer and Fowler to Gervis Markham, the xviiith. day of December." fol. 1. b. " This followinge was sent by Jervis Nevell gen- tleman with Symondson from Jervis Markham, which Hollis refused to hear." fol. 1. c. " The copie of the lybell sett upp agaynst Hollis," by Markham. fol. 1 b. d. " A lybell caste out agaynste John (sic) Markeham at Newai'ke (eight scurrilous lines of verse). fol. 2. e. " Wrytten by John Markham ;" a violently abu- sive counter-libel addressed to Hollis. fol. 2. 2. Notes out of Graftohs chronicle, 1 191-1298. ff. 4, 5. 3. Notes from the pedigree of the Kings of France, Houses of Bourbon andMontfort, &c. ff.3b,5b— 9b. 4. Oollections from charters, leases, releases, court rolls, &c, relating to the family of Grey ; tempp. Henr. III.— Hen. VIII. ff. 10-18. 5. Pedigree of the family of Stanley ; in the hand- writing of William Flower, Norroy king at arms, temp. Eliz. fol. 19. A long introductory title is prefixed, the greater part of vvhich has been rendered almost illegible by the application of somo acid. Part runs as follows : " Hanc genealogiam prajclarae et antiquae familia) do Stanloy una cum armis sive insigniis gontilitiis galcajquo ornamcnto vetustis Willielmus Flower, ar., aliter dictus Norroy rox armorum et principalis hcraldus partium regni Angliic * * borealium delinuandam describon- damque curavit, ea in re auxilio * * et industria Roberti Gloveri alias Somerset heraldi armorum, idque ad instanciam et rogatum egregii viri do- mini Rolandi Stanley equitis aurati, domini de Stanley * * facto prius scrutinio diligenti carta- rum, evidentiarum, monumentorum aliorumque vere reverendae antiquitatis et magnse fidei, penes eundem dominum Rolandum pulcro ordine absque injuria temporis vindicatarum, ******* omnium et singulorum fidem ac testimonium * * priefatu3 Norroy * * Somerset heraldus armorum hic in calce eorum nomina manibus propriis sub- scripserunt, in sedibus dicti domini Roiandi Stan- ley equitis, apud Haton 260. die Augusti anno Christi Salvatoris, I58i."&c. Endorsed on fol. 22. "Sir Rowland Stanley^s pedigree." 6. " Ex collectiones (sic) magistri Somerseti que (dc) collexit ex libro composito de inquisitionibus tem- pore E. [., qui pro evidentiis habetur in Scaccario, non pro recordo." fol. 2 5. On fol. 26 is added an extract " Ex inquisi- tionibus de honoribus sescaetis aliquo tempore factis 13 Regis Johannis de servitiis militum eo- rundem." 7. "Nobiles de comitatu Warwici ;" a list of 95 names of the nobility and gentry. fol. 26. 8. Fac-simile of an ancient inscription on a monument in the chttrchyard of S. Thomas,) Dudley, (as ap- pears from a note to a coat of arms on the same page). fol. 28 b.
| 41,971 |
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucochrysa%20walkerina
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Leucochrysa walkerina
|
https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leucochrysa walkerina&action=history
|
Vietnamese
|
Spoken
| 26 | 62 |
Leucochrysa walkerina là một loài côn trùng trong họ Chrysopidae thuộc bộ Neuroptera. Loài này được Navás miêu tả năm 1913.
Chú thích
Tham khảo
Leucochrysa
| 470 |
https://github.com/mmkobylin/feel_better_app/blob/master/resources/views/partials/header.blade.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,020 |
feel_better_app
|
mmkobylin
|
Blade
|
Code
| 51 | 286 |
<ul id="nav">
<li><a href="/help"><span class="navigation header-titles">Resources</span>
{!! file_get_contents('icons/tools2.svg') !!} </a>
</li>
<li> <a href="/info"><span class="navigation header-titles">Info and Links</span>{!! file_get_contents('icons/question.svg') !!} </a>
</li>
<li> <a href="/lightbringer"><span class="navigation header-titles">Lightbringer</span>
{!! file_get_contents('icons/light1.svg') !!} </a>
</li>
<li><a href="/heavylifter"><span class="navigation header-titles">Heavylifter</span>
{!! file_get_contents('icons/heavylifter.svg') !!} </a>
</li>
<li><a href="/form"><span class="navigation header-titles">Customise</span>
{!! file_get_contents('icons/option.svg') !!} </a>
</li>
</ul>
| 18,111 |
https://openalex.org/W4366334558
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,023 |
Triticale potential model in the conditions of the Amur region
|
А А Муратов
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,883 | 9,286 |
* Corresponding author: nic_dalgau@mail.ru Triticale potential model in the conditions of the
Amur region A. A. Muratov1*, V. V. Epifantsev1, and E. V. Tuaeva2 1Far Eastern State Agrarian University, 86, Politeknicheskaya Street, Blagoveschensk, 675005,
Russia 2Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member L.K. Ernst, 60,
Dubrovitsy settlement, Podolsk city district, Moscow region, 142132, Russia Abstract. The need for research is due to the growing demands of the
region's animal husbandry in fodder grain. The goal is to establish the
average and maximum values of the main economic indicators of triticale
varieties in various zones of the region. The experiments were carried out
in 2012–2016 on the fields of the zonal State Variety Testing Stations of
the Amur Region. Soils are typical of zones. Meteorological conditions
during the growing season of triticale are different. Triticale varieties were
studied: Karmen St, Grebeshok, Rovnya, Ukro and Yarilo. Late-ripening
varieties in all zones of the region form a high stem. Location of triticale
varieties by grain threshing Karmen> Rovnya> Grebeshok and Yarilo>
Ukro. The largest mass of 1000 grains - 53.6 g and a yield of 5.36 t/ha is
formed by the Karmen variety in the south of the region. Yarilo gives the
highest yield in the central zone, and Rovnya in the northern zone. The
increase in yield of Yarilo and Rovnya varieties compared to the control
ranged from 0.13 to 0.16 t/ha, or from 4.2 to 5.2%. The smallest significant
difference in yield for varieties was 5.4–15.8%. In the central zone of the
region, the Yarilo variety significantly exceeds the standard by 0.69 t/ha, or
28.3%, in the north, the Grebeshok and Ukro varieties are significantly
inferior to the standard by 0.16 and 0.33 t/ha, or 5.6 and 11.5%. The
genetic series of the yield potential of varieties in the area of Karmen>
Yarilo> Rovnya>Grebeshok > Ukro. A model of factors determining the
adaptive potential of triticale in the Amur region is proposed. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 381, 01105 (2023)
AQUACULTURE 2022 E3S Web of Conferences 381, 01105 (2023)
AQUACULTURE 2022 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338101105 1 Introduction Currently, among the cultivated spring grain crops in the Amur region, wheat occupies the
first place. Over the past 10 years, the variation in gross grain yields has reached 72.6%. The deviation in the sown areas of grain crops during this time was within 11.9%, and the
yield, depending on the conditions of the year, differed by 2.3–2.6 times [1]. The variability
in the size and quality of the harvest of spring grain crops here depends to a greater extent
on environmental and anthropogenic factors and, to a lesser extent, on the biological
characteristics of crops [2, 3]. In recent years, the number of animals and birds has E3S Web of Conferences 381, 01105 (2023)
AQUACULTURE 2022 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338101105 increased in the region, and the demand for fodder grain of local production has increased
[4]. increased in the region, and the demand for fodder grain of local production has increased
[4]. If in Belarus and the western regions of Russia the wheat-rye hybrid triticale
(×Triticosecale) confidently develops new sown areas, then its progress in the Far East is
very modest, since the main crop in the structure of sown areas is soybean [5-7]. It is used
for food and forage purposes, for the preparation of succulent and dry and combined feeds,
as green fodder and a component of haylage, as bedding and organic fertilizer [8]. Perhaps
in the future, triticale may become the main fodder crop for animal husbandry [9]. Variety is the main factor in increasing the yield of the crop. However, in order to
obtain high and stable yields, an appropriate agricultural technique must be developed for it
[10]. Modern models of farming consider the factors acting on cultivated plants - space,
climatic, soil, biological, anthropogenic in mutual connection and dependence [11-12]. Yield is a product of the activity of genetic features inherent in the plant, climate, soil and
people. The potential of a crop and variety reveals its cultivation technology. In the
conditions of areal distribution, more often consider the adaptive potential of the crop or the
limit of its resistance to adverse biotic and abiotic factors. Such as insect pests, diseases,
weeds, salinity, increased acidity and alkalinity of soil, lack or excess of moisture, low or
high temperatures, duration and intensity of light and others [13]. The really possible yield
of triticale in a favorable combination of all agroclimatic resources reaches 13.2 t/ha. 1 Introduction The
variation in its yield due to climatic factors is 54.7%, or 2 times higher than in rye [14]. The purpose of this study was to establish the average and maximum values of the main
production and economic indicators of triticale varieties in different soil and climatic zones
of the Amur region. 3 Results The longest growth period in all zones of the region had the variety of spring triticale
Yarilo, but it was 4 - 6 cm behind the regionalized variety Karmen in terms of stem height. In the central part and in the south, the Grebeshok variety stood out in terms of early
maturity. It, along with the variety Ukro, in the central part of the region was the lowest. The greatest deviation from the average values for the duration of the growing season
during the experiment 8.2 - 6.4 days or 7.5% - 7.6% was in varieties Rovnya and Yarilo in
the south. Rovnya variety had the least deviation of 2.4 days or 3.2% in the central part of
the region. In terms of height in the south, variety Grebeshok was the same as the standard,
and in the north below control by 2 cm. In the northern zone the most early maturing and
low-growing variety was Ukro. On average, during the variety trials, triticale varieties
grown in the south exceeded the varieties cultivated in the central zone by 9 days or 12% in
terms of growth duration. Similarly, in the north, they grew 2.2 days or 3% longer than in
the central part of the region. A similar pattern was noted in terms of stem height. In the
south, plants were 23.8 cm or 31.4% higher and in the north, 7.2 cm or 9.5% higher than in
the central zone (Table 1). Table 1. Growth of spring triticale varieties in the Amur region (2012-2016). Variety
Vegetation period, days
Stem height, cm
south
center
north
south
center
north
Karmen, st
84.4±4.4
74.8±3.8
77.8±3.2
104
80
87
Grebeshok
81.4±3.6
73.8±2.8
77.2±4.2
104
74
85
Rovnya
83.2±6.2
74.4±2.4
74.2±5.2
95
74
84
Ukro
84.2±5.2
74.0±4.0
74.0±6.0
97
75
77
Yarilo
84.4±6.4
75.0±4.0
79.8±4.8
98
76
82
Average
83.4±2.0
74.4±0.6
76.6±3.2
99.6
75.8
83.0 Table 1. Growth of spring triticale varieties in the Amur region (2012-2016). The longer the growing season of triticale varieties, the higher their stems grow. The
stem height potential of triticale in the south of the region is greater than in the northern and
central regions. The varieties of spring triticale Karmen, Scallop and Yarilo have high
growth potential in the conditions of the region. The productivity potential of cultivated plants for various reasons decreases both during
cultivation and harvesting. 2 Materials and methods The study of spring triticale in 2012-2016 was conducted in the south of the Amur region at
the State Variety Testing Station (SVTS), Kozmodemyanovka village, in the central part at
the Svobodnensky State Variety Testing Station , Nizhnie Buzuli village, and in the north -
at the Mazanovsky State Variety Testing Station, Beloyarovo village. The soil in the
southern zone is meadow-chernozem-like [15]. It has humus of 3 - 6%, mobile phosphorus
P2O5 - 84 mg/kg of soil, exchangeable potassium - 235 mg/kg of soil. In the central part -
brown forest: humus 3 - 5%, phosphorus - 89 mg/kg, potassium - 61 mg/kg. Meadow soil
in the north: humus 1 - 3%, phosphorus - 64 mg/kg, potassium - 81 mg/kg [16]. In 2012,
meteorological conditions were characterized by sharp temperature variations and uneven
distribution of precipitation. The first half of the season 2013 was warm and humid, the
second relatively cooler with excessive precipitation. The vegetation of plants in 2014 took
place against the background of higher temperatures and uneven distribution, but sufficient
precipitation. In 2015, a lower temperature background and a deficit of moisture in summer
were noted. 2016 was characterized by early spring and unstable temperature conditions
with frequent rains in summer. The following varieties were studied: 1. Karmen - standard (st); 2. Grebeshok ; 3. Rovnya; 4. Ukro; 5. Yarilo. All varieties of domestic breeders. The zoned variety Karmen
was taken for control. We used the same seeds, approaches in planning, placement and
conducting of the experiment. Total length of plot was 28.8 m, recording length was 24.8
m. Planting area of the plot was 47.5 m2, recording area was 40.9 m2. Repeatability was
fourfold, plot placement was randomized. Experimental results were processed by analysis
of variance using Microsoft Excel computer program [17]. The precursor was pure fallow. Soil treatment included early spring harrowing in early
to mid-April, two to three days before sowing cultivation with harrowing. Sowing dates in
the southern zone were the second ten-day period of April, in the central zone - the third 2 E3S Web of Conferences 381, 01105 (2023)
AQUACULTURE 2022 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338101105 ten-day period of April, and in the northern zone - the first ten-day period of May. For
sowing we used a seeder СN-16P (11-row, width - 1.65 m). Seeding rate of each variety
was 6 million germinated grains per 1 ha. Seeding method - continuous row. 2 Materials and methods Width
between the rows - 15 cm. Sowing was rolled. Care consisted in harrowing before
sprouting and after sprouting. ten-day period of April, and in the northern zone - the first ten-day period of May. For
sowing we used a seeder СN-16P (11-row, width - 1.65 m). Seeding rate of each variety
was 6 million germinated grains per 1 ha. Seeding method - continuous row. Width
between the rows - 15 cm. Sowing was rolled. Care consisted in harrowing before
sprouting and after sprouting. 3 Results Variety
Threshing, point
Weight of 1000 grains, g
south
center
north
south
center
north
Karmen, st
5
4.5
4.0
42.42±9.72
31.00±8.80
36.56±8.46
Grebeshok
4
3.5
3.0
37.18±6.48
29.96±6.36
36.16±9.06
Rovnya
4
4.0
3.5
41.76±8.86
33.24±7.04
37.78±10.9
Ukro
4
3.5
2.0
40.48±7.48
31.12±8.52
34.66±9.96
Yarilo
4
3.5
3.0
42.18±6.08
36.76±16.4
35.88±9.78
Average
4.2
3.8
3.1
40.80±3.62
32.42±4.34
36.21±1.55 Table 2. Grain varieties of spring triticale in the Amur region (2012-2016). The index of the weight of 1000 grains, is closely related to the maturity, size, nature
and other qualities of the grain. This indicator of grain quality is higher in the south of the
region in varieties Karmen and Yarilo, in the center it is higher in - Yarilo and in the north
of the region - in varieties Rovnya, Karmen and Grebeshok. On average, during the time of
research in the region, triticale varieties in order of decreasing weight of 1000 grains can be
arranged in the following sequence: first place goes to the variety Yarilo - 38.27 g, second -
Rovnya 0.68 g less or 1.8%, third - Karmen 1.66 g less or 4.3%, fourth - Grebeshok 3.84 g
or 10% and fifth - Ukro - 3.85 g or 10.1% less. Triticale grain weight ranking by zone of
the region - first place - southern, second - northern by 4.59 g or 11.3% less and third -
central by 9.38 g or 20.5% less. The high potential for grain is formed in the southern zone
of the region both by threshing and by the weight of 1000 grains. Here it is possible to
organize elite seed production of spring triticale varieties. g
p
p
g
On average for the five years of the experiment, the highest yield in the southern zone
of the region was obtained for triticale variety Karmen, in the central zone - Yarilo, in the
northern zone - Rovnya, and on average for the region - Rovnya variety. The yield increase
of varieties Yarilo and Rovnya, relative to variety Karmen was from 0.13 to 0.16 t/ha or
from 4.2 to 5.2% (Table 3). Table 3. Yield of spring triticale varieties in the Amur region, t/ha (2012 - 2016). 3 Results Grain threshing is an important complex indicator for crops
harvested by combines. It depends on many factors. Let us consider the effect of genetic
characteristics of varieties in different conditions of the region on this indicator. The
highest score of threshing capacity - 5, got the variety Karmen in the south of the region. Other varieties tested here were inferior to it by one point. In the central part of the region,
the variety Karmen also had a high threshing score. The varieties Rovnya were inferior to it
by 0.5 points, and Grebeshok , Ukro and Yarilo by one point. In the northern zone, the
variety Karmen was also in first place in terms of threshing capacity of grain. Here,
similarly to the central areas, variety Rovnya was inferior by 0.5 points, Grebeshok and
Yarilo by one point, and variety Ukro by two points. Evaluating the grain harvest in the
average for the region, the varieties can be placed in the following order: first place - 3 E3S Web of Conferences 381, 01105 (2023)
AQUACULTURE 2022 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338101105 variety Karmen, second - Rovnya, third - Grebeshok and Yarilo, and the fourth - variety
Ukro. Different growing conditions in the zones of the region also affected the threshing of
grain. The best conditions for threshing of grain of all varieties are in the south of the
region. On average by varieties the ear threshing is 0.4 points or 9.5% worse in the central
zone and 1.1 points or 26.2% worse in the northern zone, compared with the southern zone
(Table 2). variety Karmen, second - Rovnya, third - Grebeshok and Yarilo, and the fourth - variety
Ukro. Different growing conditions in the zones of the region also affected the threshing of
grain. The best conditions for threshing of grain of all varieties are in the south of the
region. On average by varieties the ear threshing is 0.4 points or 9.5% worse in the central
zone and 1.1 points or 26.2% worse in the northern zone, compared with the southern zone
(Table 2). Table 2. Grain varieties of spring triticale in the Amur region (2012-2016). In order to identify the effects of the studied varieties of spring triticale we established
the reliability of the experiment. Yield data of varieties were processed by the method of 3 Results Variety
South
Center
North
Average
Addition
т/га
%
Karmen, st
4.13
2.21
2.95
3.09
-
-
Grebeshok
3.59
2.30
2.79
2.89
-0.20
-6.5
Rovnya
4.12
2.56
3.07
3.25
+0.16
+5.2
Ukro
3.71
2.28
2.62
2.87
-0.22
-7.1
Yarilo
3.94
2.85
2.89
3.22
+0.13
+4.2
Average
3.89
2.44
2.86
3.07
-0.02
-0.6
LSD05,variety
0.22
0.37
0.15
LSD05, year
0.21
0.35
0.14 Table 3. Yield of spring triticale varieties in the Amur region, t/ha (2012 - 2016). In order to identify the effects of the studied varieties of spring triticale we established
the reliability of the experiment. Yield data of varieties were processed by the method of 4 4 E3S Web of Conferences 381, 01105 (2023)
AQUACULTURE 2022 E3S Web of Conferences 381, 01105 (2023)
AQUACULTURE 2022 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338101105 analysis of randomized repetitions (blocks) with increased repetition of variants. The
correction factor C, sums of squares of deviations (Cy, Cp, Cv, Cz), degrees of freedom,
mean square were calculated for each zone of the region. The actual value of Fisher's
criterion Fф for the years of experiment on Tambov State Variety Testing Station 12.9
times, on Svobodnensky State Variety Testing Station 4.6 times, and on Mazanovsky State
Variety Testing Station 31.8 times more than theoretical F05 or tabulated - 2.00. There are
significant differences between the variants at the 5% level of significance. Fф>F05, the null
hypothesis H0 : d = 0 when compared with T'yuki 's D -criterion is rejected. The error of
experience s-х respectively the zones of the region was 0.0754 t, 0.1235 and 0.0514 t. When
comparing the varieties over the study period (20-fold repetition), the error of the difference
of the averages according to the zones of the experiment was 0.1131 t/ha, 0.1852, and
0.0772 t/ha, and in 5-fold (year) sЅd corresponded to 0.1067 t/ha, 0.1746 and 0.0728 t/ha. The least significant difference (LSD05) of 5% significance level in relative values
respectively for the varieties for the zones was 5.8%, 15.8% and 5.4%, for the study year
5.5%, 14.3% and 5.1%. LSD05 in absolute values is shown in Table 3. This means that in
the south of the region varieties Grebeshok and Ukro significantly inferior to the standard
by 0.59 and 0.42 t/ha or 15.2 and 10.8%, and the yield of varieties Rovnya and Yarilo not
significantly different from that of the variety Karmen. 3 Results In the central zone of the region, the
variety Yarilo by yield significantly exceeds the standard by 0.69 t/ha or 28.3%, the yield of
other varieties of spring triticale does not differ significantly from the control. In the north
of the region, the varieties Grebeshok and Ukro are significantly inferior to the standard by
0.16 and 0.33 t/ha or 5.6 and 11.5%, and the yield of other varieties is at the control level. From the diagram in Figure 1 we can see that on average for 5 years, the highest plant
height and grain ear threshing were more in variety Karmen. According to the duration of
vegetation period and 1000 grains weight the variety Yarilo stood out, and according to the
yield the variety Rovnya. Productivity, t/ha
Weight of 1000 grains, g
Height, cm
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Productivity, t/ha
Threshing, point
Weight of 1000 grains, g
Vegetation period, days
Height, cm Productivity, t/ha
Weight of 1000 grains, g
Height, cm
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Productivity, t/ha
Threshing, point
Weight of 1000 grains, g
Vegetation period, days
Height, cm
Fig. 1. Average and marginal productivity of triticale varieties in the Amur Region. The shortest growing season was observed in the varieties Rovnya 69 days and Ukro 68
days in 2012 at Mazanovsky State Variety Testing Station. The longest it was in 2014 for
varieties Karmen, Ukro and Yarilo 88 days at Tambov State Variety Testing Station. The
lowest weight of 1,000 grains was 22.2 g and 22.9 g for Karmen and Ukro at Productivity, t/ha
Threshing, point
Weight of 1000 grains, g
Vegetation period, days
Height, cm Fig. 1. Average and marginal productivity of triticale varieties in the Amur Region. Fig. 1. Average and marginal productivity of triticale varieties in the Amur Region. The shortest growing season was observed in the varieties Rovnya 69 days and Ukro 68
days in 2012 at Mazanovsky State Variety Testing Station. The longest it was in 2014 for
varieties Karmen, Ukro and Yarilo 88 days at Tambov State Variety Testing Station. 3 Results The
lowest weight of 1,000 grains was 22.2 g and 22.9 g for Karmen and Ukro at 5 E3S Web of Conferences 381, 01105 (2023)
AQUACULTURE 2022 E3S Web of Conferences 381, 01105 (2023)
AQUACULTURE 2022 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338101105 Svobodnenskoe State Variety Testing Station in 2016, and the highest in 2016 for Karmen
- 53.6 g at Tambov State Variety Testing Station , it was slightly inferior to Yarilo - 53.2 g
in 2015 at Svobodnenskoe State Variety Testing Station. The lowest yield of 0.95 t/ha was
obtained in 2013 at the Svobodnenskoe State Variety Testing Station , as well as the highest
in 2016 in the variety Karmen - 5.36 t/ha at the Tambov State Variety Testing Station , it
was slightly inferior to the variety Yarilo - 5.32 t/ha in 2015 at the Svobodnenskoe State
Variety Testing Station. The genetic potential of triticale varieties in order of yield increase
can be represented by the following row Karmen> Yarilo> Rovnya> Grebeshok> Ukro. 4 Discussion Literally, potential (from Latin potentia - strength, power) is a physical quantity, but it is
used in various branches of science, society, and even in evaluating of a person's
personality [18]. It implies an aggregate, a stock of capabilities, means, sometimes latent. In
biology, for example, membrane potential, action potential, resting potential, in agronomy -
bioclimatic, photosynthetic, adaptive potential [19]. Adaptive potential is understood as the
genetically inherent ability of plants to adapt to adverse environmental conditions, survive
in them, and produce offspring [20-22]. All agricultural crops according to the threshold of
resistance to adverse agro-ecological factors and regimes are divided into: the first group -
with a wide range of adaptability and insignificant restrictions on placement in the rotation
- rye, oats, forage grasses. The second - with a medium range of adaptability, which are
divided into: resistant to acidity and demanding nutrient elements of soil - flax; negatively
responsive to high moisture, acidity and alkalinity of soil - barley, millet; demanding to
relief, granulometric composition, arable layer, moisture, acidity and alkalinity of soil -
winter and spring wheat, sunflower; the same requirements, but additionally to the nutrient
and water-salt soil regime - potatoes, corn, beets and others. The third group - with a
narrow range of adaptability and limited placement on land use demanding to all factors of
life and soil fertility - vegetable crops, melons [23]. No doubt, the biological features of
spring triticale have a wide threshold of resistance to adverse conditions and allow it to be
included in the first group of adaptability. It was found that in the northern areas triticale plants grow and develop faster, forming
vegetative and food mass less than in the conditions of the southern zone of the region. This
is due to the fact that in the north the daylight hours are longer and the weather is cooler,
and by biological characteristics triticale is a cold-resistant plant with a long day. This
pattern does not contradict the natural laws of nature and the theory of photosynthesis [24]. The model of factors influencing the degree of disclosure of the adaptive potential of
cultivated plants can be presented in the following scheme (Figure 2). 6 E3S Web of Conferences 381, 01105 (2023)
AQUACULTURE 2022 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338101105 AQUACULTURE 2022 Fig. 2. Factors determining the adaptive potential of triticale in the Amur region. Fig. 2. 4 Discussion Factors determining the adaptive potential of triticale in the Amur region. We propose to divide the factors into three groups: 1st one increasing the adaptive
potential - variety, breeding, farming techniques, reclamation; 2nd one restraining it -
abiotic, edaphic, topographic, introduction of advanced achievements; 3rd one reducing
genetically inherent advantages - biotic, stress, losses due to imperfection of machinery and
due to production and economic activities of people. All these factors are interrelated,
interdependent, act in a complex and simultaneously, and the potential reaches its
maximum value at the optimal combination of agro-ecological conditions for the cultivated
crop, which agrees with the basic laws of agriculture [25, 26]. 5 Conclusions Thus, the most early maturing variety in the central zone and in the south of the region was
the Grebeshok, and in the north - Ukro, and late maturing in all zones is a variety of spring
triticale Yarilo. Late maturing varieties in all zones of the region form a high stem. Location of triticale varieties by grain threshing Karmen> Rovnya> Grebeshok and
Yarilo> Ukro. The highest grain potential by threshing and by weight of 1000 grains in the
southern zone. The highest weight of 1000 grains - 53.6 g and yield 5.36 t / ha forms the
variety Karmen in the south of the region. The highest yield in the central zone gives
Yarilo, in the northern zone - Rovnya. Yarilo and Rovnya added to the yield of varieties
compared with Karmen ranged from 0.13 to 0.16 t / ha or 4.2 to 5.2%. The smallest
significant difference in yield by zones for varieties was 5.4 - 15.8%. In the central region
varieties Yarilo yield significantly exceeds the standard by 0.69 t / ha or 28.3%, in the north
varieties Grebeshok and Ukro significantly inferior to the standard of 0.16 and 0.33 t / ha or
5.6 and 11.5%. Genetic series of yield potential of varieties in the region Karmen> Yarilo>
Rovnya> Grebeshok> Ukro. 7 E3S Web of Conferences 381, 01105 (2023)
AQUACULTURE 2022 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338101105 References 1. Federal State Statistics Service. https://showdata.gks.ru/report/. Accessed 01.10.2022 2. A. A. Muratov, S. E. Nizkii, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
547, 012023 (2020) DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/547/1/012023 3. A. A. Muratov, E3S Web of Conferences 203, 02007 (2020) DOI:
10.1051/e3sconf/202020302007 4. E. Tuaeva, T. Krasnoshchekova, S. Sogorin, et al., E3S Web Conf. 203, 01006 (2020)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020301006. 5. T. A. Aseeva, K. V. Zenkina, South of Russia: Ecology, Development 15(1), 49-59
(2020) DOI: 10.18470/1992‐1098‐2020‐1‐49‐59 T. A. Aseeva, K. V. Zenkina, Bulletin of FEB RAS 3, 16-22 (2018) 6. T. A. Aseeva, K. V. Zenkina, Bulletin of FEB RAS 3, 16-22 (2018) 7. K=E. Zakharova, A. A. Nemykin, The efficiency of herbicide use patterns in soybean
crops in the Amur region of Russia, in Proceedings of the XV International Scientific
Conference “INTERAGROMASH 2022” : Global Precision Ag Innovation 2022, 25–
27 May 2022, Rostov-on-Don (2023) 8. G. V. Shchipak, S. I. Svyatchenko, E. A. Nichiporuk, et al., Results of triticale
selection for improvement of baking properties, in Proceedings of the meeting of
Triticale section of OSH online: "Triticale. Breeding, Genetics, Agrotechnics and
Technology of Raw Materials Processing", Rostov-on-Don, pp. 43-65 (2021) DOI:
10.34924/FRARC.2020.13.52.001 9. E. V. Badamshina, Purposeful use of triticale grain products, in Proceedings of the
meeting of Triticale section of OSH online: "Triticale. Breeding, Genetics,
Agrotechnics and Technology of Raw Materials Processing", Rostov-on-Don, pp. 200-
210 (2021) DOI: 10.34924/FRARC.2020.93.52.001 10. I. N. Besaliev, Bulletin of the Orenburg Scientific Center of Ural RAS 3, 12 (2018) 11. T. A. Goryanina, Achievements of Science and Technology of the Agroindustrial
Complex 34(1), 37-41 (2020) DOI: 10.24411/0235-2451-2020-10107 12. L. Mishchenko, M. Terekhin, N. Terekhin, A. Muratov, IOP Conference Series: Earth
and Environmental Science 937, 022136 (2021) DOI: 10.1088/1755-
1315/937/2/022136 13. A. Y, Naimushina, V. N. Yaichkin, Proceedings of the Orenburg State Agrarian
University 3(71), 45-48 (2018) 14. S. N. Ponomarev, M. L. Ponomareva, Genetic potential and breeding significance of
triticale in the Republic of Tatarstan, in Proceedings of meeting of Triticale section of
OSHNRAN online: "Triticale. Breeding, genetics, agrotechnics and technologies of
raw material processing" , 9 June 2020, Rostov-on-Don, vol. 280, pp. 76-87 (2021) 15. T. N. Chernositova, A. A. Muratov, Agrochemical assessment of soil conditions in the
experimental field of Far Eastern State Agrarian, in Proceedings of the All-Russian
Scientific and Practical Conference “Agroindustrial complex: Problems and prospects
for development”, in 4 vol, 20-21 April 2022, Far Eastern State Agrarian University,
Blagoveshchensk, pp. 341-348 (2022) DOI: 10.22450/9785964205456_1_44 16. N. P. Kalashnikov, P. V. Tikhonchuk, S. A. Fokin, IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science 547, 012043 (2020) DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/547/1/012043 17. B. A. Dospekhov, Methodology of field experience (with the basics of statistical
processing of research results): a textbook for students of higher agricultural 17. B. A. 26. C. M. McGoverin, F. Snyders, N. Muller, et al., Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture 91(7), 1155-1165 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4338 T. A. Aseeva, K. V. Zenkina, Bulletin of FEB RAS 3, 16-22 (2018) Dospekhov, Methodology of field experience (with the basics of statistical
processing of research results): a textbook for students of higher agricultural 8 8 E3S Web of Conferences 381, 01105 (2023)
AQUACULTURE 2022 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338101105 educational institutions in agronomic specialties (Alliance, Moscow, 2011) ISBN 978-
5-903034-96-3 educational institutions in agronomic specialties (Alliance, Moscow, 2011) ISBN 978-
5-903034-96-3 18. V. A. Uspenskaya, L. P. Bekish, N. N. Chikida, Proceedings In Applied Botany,
Genetics and Breeding 179(3):85-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2018-
3-85-94 19. S. N. Ponomarev, M. L. Ponomareva, S. I. Fomin, et al., Bulletin of Kazan State
Agrarian University 2(58), 42-48 (2020) DOI: 10.1273/2073-0462-2020-42-48 20. A. Muratov, P. Tikhonchuk, E. Tuaeva, The influence of mineral fertilizers on the
productivity of spring triticale in the conditions of the southern zone of the Amur
oblast, in Proceedings of the Fundamental and Applied Scientific Research in the
Development of Agriculture in the Far East : Agricultural Innovation Systems, 21-22
June 2021, Ussuriysk, vol. 1, pp. 156-163 (2022) DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91402-
8_19 21. A. Muratov, P. Tikhonchuk, E. Tuaeva, et al., Perm Agrarian Bulletin 3(35), 59-69
(2021) DOI: 10.47737/2307-2873_2021_35_59 22. R. I. Zolotareva, Y. A. Lapshin, V. A. Maximov, International Research Journal 4-
1(106), 113-117. DOI: 10.23670/IRJ.2021.106.4.018 23. I. N. Besaliev, A. L. Panfilov, N. S. Reger, et al., IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science 624, 012151. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/624/1/012151 24. K. V. Moiseeva, Photosynthetic activity of spring wheat crops of medium ripeness in
the Northern forest-steppe of Tyumen region, in Proceedings of the All-Russian
Scientific and Practical Conference “Modern technologies and achievements of science
in agriculture”, 22-23 November 2018, Dagestan State Agrarian University named
after. M.M. Dzhambulatov, Makhachkala, pp. 140-143 (2018) 25. D. Losert, H. P. Maurer, J. J. Marulanda, T. Würschum, Plant Breeding 136(1), 18-27
DOI: 10.1111/pbr.12433 26. C. M. McGoverin, F. Snyders, N. Muller, et al., Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture 91(7), 1155-1165 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4338 9
| 41,964 |
https://github.com/simonvc17/health-care-markets/blob/master/R/extract-mapbox-isochrone.r
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
health-care-markets
|
simonvc17
|
R
|
Code
| 424 | 1,574 |
# Extract a mapbox isochrone and test whether a set of x,y coordinates are in or out of the isochrone.
library(httr)
library(tidyverse)
library(jsonlite)
library(sf)
library(ggthemes)
my_mapbox_token <- "<YOUR MAPBOX TOKEN>"
test_xy <- c(-71.122190, 42.373850)
within_xy <- c("-71.065700","42.362130")
outside_xy <- c("-86.808460","36.145780")
get_mapbox_isochrone <- function(long, lat, contours_minutes, base_url = "https://api.mapbox.com/", mapbox_token = Sys.getenv("MAPBOX_API_TOKEN")) {
request_url <- paste0(
"isochrone/v1/mapbox/driving/",
long, ",", lat, "?contours_minutes=", contours_minutes,
"&polygons=true&access_token=", mapbox_token
)
url_to_request <- modify_url(base_url, path = request_url)
tryCatch({
temp <- suppressWarnings(httr::GET(url_to_request, verbose = T))
Sys.sleep(1)
},
error = function(cond) {
message(paste("URL does not seem to exist:", url))
message("Here's the original error message:")
message(cond)
# Choose a return value in case of error
return(NA)
},
finally = {
out <- suppressMessages(jsonlite::fromJSON(content(temp, "text"),
simplifyVector = FALSE, simplifyDataFrame = TRUE, flatten = TRUE
))
name_iso <- sort(unlist(str_split(contours_minutes, pattern = ", ", n = 4)), decreasing = T)
# print(name_iso)
coords <- out$features$geometry.coordinates
# If isochrone is found, name the the subsets by their corresponding driving-times
# for example, a 10 minute isochrones is named "10"
if (!is.null(coords)) {
names(coords) <- name_iso
}
# Clean up the JSON object
df_coords <-
mapply(c,coords, SIMPLIFY = TRUE) %>%
pluck(1) %>%
lapply(.,function(x) as.data.frame(t(x))) %>%
bind_rows() %>%
tbl_df() %>%
rename(long = V1, lat=V2)
return(df_coords)
}
)
}
df_centroids_to_get <-
data.frame(long = test_xy[1], lat = test_xy[2]) %>%
# Create another copy of x,y to retain the reference centroid as data columns in the shapefile.
mutate(iso_id = "CAMBRIDGE") %>%
group_by(iso_id) %>%
nest()
# Get the X,Y coordinates for the 30-minute isochrone
iso_30 <-
df_centroids_to_get %>%
mutate(iso_30 = map(data,~(
get_mapbox_isochrone(long = .x$long[1], lat= .x$lat[1], contours_minutes = 30, base_url = "https://api.mapbox.com/",
mapbox_token = my_mapbox_token)
)))
# Simplify into a data file
df_iso_30 <-
iso_30 %>%
select(iso_id,iso_30) %>%
unnest()
# Turn into a shapefile (sf)
sf_iso <-
df_iso_30 %>%
st_as_sf(coords = c("long","lat"), crs = 4326) %>%
group_by(iso_id) %>%
summarise(geometry = st_combine(geometry)) %>%
st_cast("POLYGON") %>%
# Bring Back in the centriods
left_join(
iso_30 %>%
select(iso_id,data) %>%
unnest() %>%
select(iso_id, centroid_long = long ,centroid_lat = lat) %>%
unique(),
"iso_id")
# Map it to check
# Check if the example x,y coords are in or out of the isochrone.
sf_check <-
data.frame(provider_id = c("A","B"),long = as.numeric(c(within_xy[1],outside_xy[1])), lat = as.numeric(c(within_xy[2],outside_xy[2]))) %>%
st_as_sf(coords = c("long", "lat"), crs = 4326)
in_isochrone <-
st_within(sf_check,sf_iso) %>% data.frame() %>% tbl_df() %>%
mutate(provider_id = sf_check[row.id,]$provider_id,
iso_id = sf_iso[col.id,]$iso_id) %>%
mutate(in_isochrone = 1) %>%
select(iso_id,provider_id,in_isochrone) %>%
full_join(sf_check %>% as.data.frame() %>% mutate(provider_location = geometry),"provider_id") %>%
mutate(in_isochrone = factor(ifelse(is.na(in_isochrone),0,in_isochrone),labels = c("Outside","Within"))) %>%
mutate(provider_location_x = st_coordinates(provider_location)[,1],
provider_location_y = st_coordinates(provider_location)[,2])
sf_iso %>%
ggplot() + geom_sf() + theme_map() +
geom_point(data = in_isochrone %>% filter(in_isochrone=="Within"), aes(x = provider_location_x, y = provider_location_y))
| 40,668 |
http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/4d690ac6-3261-11ee-83b8-01aa75ed71a1_1
|
Eurovoc
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,023 |
Council Decision of 25 July 2023 appointing the Executive Director of the European Union Intellectual Property Office 2023/C 275/07
|
None
|
Slovak
|
Spoken
| 5,080 | 10,678 |
C_2023275EN. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 EN Official Journal of the European Union C 275/18 COUNCIL DECISION of 25 July 2023 appointing the Executive Director of the European Union Intellectual Property Office (2023/C 275/07) THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Regulation (EU) 2017/1001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on the European Union trade mark (1), and in particular Article 158(2) thereof, Whereas: (1) The term of office of the current Executive Director of the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) ends on 30 September 2023. It is therefore necessary to appoint a new Executive Director of the EUIPO. (2) By letter of 6 June 2023, the Management Board of the EUIPO submitted to the Council a list of candidates for the post of Executive Director of the EUIPO, HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION: Article 1 1. Mr João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO is hereby appointed as Executive Director of the European Union Intellectual Property Office for a term of five years. 2. The five-year term referred to in paragraph 1 shall commence on 1 October 2023. Article 2 This Decision shall enter into force on the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. Done at Brussels, 25 July 2023. For the Council The President L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) OJ L 154, 16. 6. 2017, p. 1.
C_2023275GA. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 GA Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh C 275/18 CINNEADH ÓN gCOMHAIRLE an 25 Iúil 2023 lena gceaptar Stiúrthóir Feidhmiúcháin Oifig Maoine Intleachtúla an Aontais Eorpaigh (2023/C 275/07) TÁ COMHAIRLE AN AONTAIS EORPAIGH, Ag féachaint don Chonradh ar Fheidhmiú an Aontais Eorpaigh, Ag féachaint do Rialachán (AE) 2017/1001 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle an 14 Meitheamh 2017 maidir le trádmharc an Aontais Eorpaigh (1) agus go háirithe Airteagal 158(2) de, De bharr an mhéid seo a leanas: (1) Tiocfaidh deireadh le téarma oifige Stiúrthóir Feidhmiúcháin reatha Oifig Maoine Intleachtúla an Aontais Eorpaigh (EUIPO) an 30 Meán Fómhair 2023. Is gá, dá bhrí sin, Stiúrthóir Feidhmiúchán nua ar EUIPO a cheapadh. (2) I litir dar dáta an 6 Meitheamh 2023, chuir Bord Bainistíochta EUIPO liosta na n-iarrthóirí ar phost Stiúrthóir Feidhmiúcháin EUIPO faoi bhráid na Comhairle, TAR ÉIS AN CINNEADH SEO A GHLACADH: Airteagal 1 1. Leis seo, ceaptar João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO mar Stiúrthóir Feidhmiúcháin Oifig Maoine Intleachtúla an Aontais Eorpaigh ar feadh téarma 5 bliana. 2. Cuirfear tús leis an téarma 5 bliana dá dtagraítear i mír 1 an 1 Deireadh Fómhair 2023. Airteagal 2 Tiocfaidh an Cinneadh seo i bhfeidhm ar dháta a fhoilsithe in Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh. Arna dhéanamh sa Bhruiséil, 25 Iúil 2023. Thar ceann na Comhairle An tUachtarán L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) IO L 154, 16. 6. 2017, lch. 1.
C_2023275LT. 01001801. xml 2023 8 4 LT Europos Sąjungos oficialusis leidinys C 275/18 TARYBOS SPRENDIMAS 2023 m. liepos 25 d. kuriuo skiriamas Europos Sąjungos intelektinės nuosavybės tarnybos vykdomasis direktorius (2023/C 275/07) EUROPOS SĄJUNGOS TARYBA, atsižvelgdama į Sutartį dėl Europos Sąjungos veikimo, atsižvelgdama į 2017 m. birželio 14 d. Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos reglamentą (ES) 2017/1001 dėl Europos Sąjungos prekių ženklo (1), ypač į jo 158 straipsnio 2 dalį, kadangi: (1) dabartinio Europos Sąjungos intelektinės nuosavybės tarnybos (EUIPO) vykdomojo direktoriaus kadencija baigiasi 2023 m. rugsėjo 30 d. Todėl būtina paskirti naują EUIPO vykdomąjį direktorių; (2) 2023 m. birželio 6 d. laišku EUIPO valdančioji taryba pateikė Tarybai kandidatų į EUIPO vykdomojo direktoriaus pareigas sąrašą, PRIĖMĖ ŠĮ SPRENDIMĄ: 1 straipsnis 1. João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO skiriamas Europos Sąjungos intelektinės nuosavybės tarnybos vykdomuoju direktoriumi penkerių metų kadencijai. 2. 1 dalyje nurodyta penkerių metų kadencija prasideda 2023 m. spalio 1 d. 2 straipsnis Šis sprendimas įsigalioja jo paskelbimo Europos Sąjungos oficialiajame leidinyje dieną. Priimta Briuselyje 2023 m. liepos 25 d. Tarybos vardu Pirmininkas L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) OL L 154, 2017 6 16, p. 1.
C_2023275BG. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 BG Официален вестник на Европейския съюз C 275/18 РЕШЕНИЕ НА СЪВЕТА от 25 юли 2023 година за назначаване на изпълнителния директор на Службата на Европейския съюз за интелектуална собственост (2023/C 275/07) СЪВЕТЪТ НА ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯ СЪЮЗ, като взе предвид Договора за функционирането на Европейския съюз, като взе предвид Регламент (ЕС) № 2017/1001 на Европейския парламент и на Съвета от 14 юни 2017 г. относно марката на Европейския съюз (1), и по-специално член 158, параграф 2 от него, като има предвид, че: (1) Мандатът на настоящия изпълнителен директор на Службата на Европейския съюз за интелектуална собственост (EUIPO) изтича на 30 септември 2023 г. Поради това е необходимо да се назначи нов изпълнителен директор на EUIPO. (2) С писмо от 6 юни 2023 г. управителният съвет на EUIPO представи на Съвета списък с кандидати за длъжността изпълнителен директор на EUIPO, ПРИЕ НАСТОЯЩОТО РЕШЕНИЕ: Член 1 1. Г-н João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO се назначава за изпълнителен директор на Службата на Европейския съюз за интелектуална собственост с мандат от пет години. 2. Петгодишният мандат, посочен в параграф 1, започва на 1 октомври 2023 г. Член 2 Настоящото решение влиза в сила в деня на публикуването му в Официален вестник на Европейския съюз. Съставено в Брюксел на 25 юли 2023 година. За Съвета Председател L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) ОВ L 154, 16. 6. 2017 г. , стр. 1.
C_2023275SL. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 SL Uradni list Evropske unije C 275/18 SKLEP SVETA z dne 25. julija 2023 o imenovanju izvršnega direktorja Urada Evropske unije za intelektualno lastnino (2023/C 275/07) SVET EVROPSKE UNIJE JE – ob upoštevanju Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije, ob upoštevanju Uredbe (EU) 2017/1001 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 14. junija 2017 o blagovni znamki Evropske unije (1) in zlasti člena 158(2) Uredbe, ob upoštevanju naslednjega: (1) Mandat sedanjega izvršnega direktorja Urada Evropske unije za intelektualno lastnino (EUIPO) se izteče 30. septembra 2023. Zato je treba imenovati novega izvršnega direktorja EUIPO. (2) Upravni odbor EUIPO je z dopisom z dne 6. junija 2023 Svetu predložil seznam kandidatov za delovno mesto izvršnega direktorja EUIPO - SPREJEL NASLEDNJI SKLEP: Člen 1 1. João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO se imenuje za izvršnega direktorja Urada Evropske unije za intelektualno lastnino za mandat petih let. 2. Petletni mandat iz odstavka 1 se začne 1. oktobra 2023. Člen 2 Ta sklep začne veljati na dan objave v Uradnem listu Evropske unije. V Bruslju, dne 25. julija 2023 Za Svet predsednik L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) UL L 154, 16. 6. 2017, str. 1.
C_2023275IT. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 IT Gazzetta ufficiale dell’Unione europea C 275/18 DECISIONE DEL CONSIGLIO del 25 luglio 2023 relativa alla nomina del direttore esecutivo dell'Ufficio dell'Unione europea per la proprietà intellettuale (2023/C 275/07) IL CONSIGLIO DELL’UNIONE EUROPEA, visto il trattato sul funzionamento dell’Unione europea, visto il regolamento (UE) 2017/1001 del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 14 giugno 2017, sul marchio dell’Unione europea (1), in particolare l’articolo 158, paragrafo 2, considerando quanto segue: (1) Il mandato dell’attuale direttore esecutivo dell’Ufficio dell’Unione europea per la proprietà intellettuale (EUIPO) termina il 30 settembre 2023. Occorre pertanto nominare un nuovo direttore esecutivo dell’EUIPO. (2) Con lettera del 6 giugno 2023, il consiglio di amministrazione dell’EUIPO ha presentato al Consiglio un elenco dei candidati per il posto di direttore esecutivo dell’EUIPO, HA ADOTTATO LA PRESENTE DECISIONE: Articolo 1 1. Il sig. João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO è nominato direttore esecutivo dell’Ufficio dell’Unione europea per la proprietà intellettuale per un periodo di cinque anni. 2. Il periodo quinquennale di cui al paragrafo 1 decorre dal 1o ottobre 2023. Articolo 2 La presente decisione entra in vigore il giorno della pubblicazione nella Gazzetta ufficiale dell’Unione europea. Fatto a Bruxelles, 25 luglio 2023 Per il Consiglio Il presidente L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) GU L 154 del 16. 6. 2017, pag. 1.
C_2023275ES. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 ES Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea C 275/18 DECISIÓN DEL CONSEJO de 25 de julio de 2023 por la que se nombra al director ejecutivo de la Oficina de Propiedad Intelectual de la Unión Europea (2023/C 275/07) EL CONSEJO DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA, Visto el Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea, Visto el Reglamento (UE) 2017/1001 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 14 de junio de 2017, sobre la marca de la Unión Europea (1), y en particular su artículo 158, apartado 2, Considerando lo siguiente: (1) El mandato del actual director ejecutivo de la Oficina de Propiedad Intelectual de la Unión Europea (EUIPO) finaliza el 30 de septiembre de 2023. Por consiguiente, es necesario nombrar un nuevo director ejecutivo de la EUIPO. (2) Mediante carta de 6 de junio de 2023, el consejo de administración de la EUIPO envió al Consejo una lista de candidatos para el puesto de director ejecutivo de la EUIPO. HA ADOPTADO LA PRESENTE DECISIÓN: Artículo 1 1. Se nombra a D. João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO director ejecutivo de la Oficina de Propiedad Intelectual de la Unión Europea para un mandato de cinco años. 2. El mandato de cinco años a que se refiere el apartado 1 comenzará el 1 de octubre de 2023. Artículo 2 La presente Decisión entrará en vigor el día de su publicación en el Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea. Hecho en Bruselas, el 25 de julio de 2023. Por el Consejo El Presidente L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) DO L 154 de 16. 6. 2017, p. 1.
C_2023275SV. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 SV Europeiska unionens officiella tidning C 275/18 RÅDETS BESLUT av den 25 juli 2023 om utnämning av verkställande direktör för Europeiska unionens immaterialrättsmyndighet (2023/C 275/07) EUROPEISKA UNIONENS RÅD HAR ANTAGIT DETTA BESLUT med beaktande av fördraget om Europeiska unionens funktionssätt, med beaktande av Europaparlamentets och rådets förordning (EU) 2017/1001 av den 14 juni 2017 om EU-varumärken (1), särskilt artikel 158. 2, och av följande skäl: (1) Mandatperioden för den nuvarande verkställande direktören för Europeiska unionens immaterialrättsmyndighet (EUIPO) löper ut den 30 september 2023. Därför är det nödvändigt att utnämna en ny verkställande direktör för EUIPO. (2) Genom en skrivelse av den 6 juni 2023 överlämnade EUIPO:s styrelse till rådet en förteckning över kandidater till posten som verkställande direktör för EUIPO. HÄRIGENOM FÖRESKRIVS FÖLJANDE. Artikel 1 1. João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO utnämns härmed till verkställande direktör för Europeiska unionens immaterialrättsmyndighet för en period på fem år. 2. Den femårsperiod som avses i punkt 1 ska börja löpa den 1 oktober 2023. Artikel 2 Detta beslut träder i kraft samma dag som det offentliggörs i Europeiska unionens officiella tidning. Utfärdat i Bryssel den 25 juli 2023. På rådets vägnar L. PLANAS PUCHADES Ordförande (1) EUT L 154, 16. 6. 2017, s. 1.
C_2023275CS. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 CS Úřední věstník Evropské unie C 275/18 ROZHODNUTÍ RADY ze dne 25. července 2023 o jmenování výkonného ředitele Úřadu Evropské unie pro duševní vlastnictví (2023/C 275/07) RADA EVROPSKÉ UNIE, s ohledem na Smlouvu o fungování Evropské unie, s ohledem na nařízení Evropského parlamentu a Rady (EU) 2017/1001 ze dne 14. června 2017 o ochranné známce Evropské unie (1), a zejména na čl. 158 odst. 2 uvedeného nařízení, vzhledem k těmto důvodům: (1) Funkční období stávajícího výkonného ředitele Úřadu Evropské unie pro duševní vlastnictví (EUIPO) skončí dne 30. září 2023. Proto je nutné jmenovat nového výkonného ředitele tohoto úřadu. (2) Správní rada úřadu EUIPO předložila dopisem ze dne 6. června 2023 Radě seznam kandidátů na místo výkonného ředitele úřadu, PŘIJALA TOTO ROZHODNUTÍ: Článek 1 1. Pan João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO je jmenován výkonným ředitelem Úřadu Evropské unie pro duševní vlastnictví na období pěti let. 2. Pětileté období uvedené v odstavci 1 začíná dne 1. října 2023. Článek 2 Toto rozhodnutí vstupuje v platnost dnem vyhlášení v Úředním věstníku Evropské unie. V Bruselu dne 25. července 2023. Za Radu předseda L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) Úř. věst. L 154, 16. 6. 2017, s. 1.
C_2023275HR. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 HR Službeni list Europske unije C 275/18 ODLUKA VIJEĆA od 25. srpnja 2023. o imenovanju izvršnog direktora Ureda Europske unije za intelektualno vlasništvo (2023/C 275/07) VIJEĆE EUROPSKE UNIJE, uzimajući u obzir Ugovor o funkcioniranju Europske unije, uzimajući u obzir Uredbu (EU) 2017/1001 Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća od 14. lipnja 2017. o žigu Europske unije (1), a posebno njezin članak 158. stavak 2. , budući da: (1) Mandat sadašnjeg izvršnog direktora Ureda Europske unije za intelektualno vlasništvo (EUIPO) istječe 30. rujna 2023. Stoga je potrebno imenovati novog izvršnog direktora EUIPO-a. (2) Dopisom od 6. lipnja 2023. Upravni odbor EUIPO-a podnio je Vijeću popis kandidata za radno mjesto izvršnog direktora EUIPO-a, DONIJELO JE OVU ODLUKU: Članak 1. 1. G. João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO imenuje se izvršnim direktorom Ureda Europske unije za intelektualno vlasništvo na razdoblje od pet godina. 2. Petogodišnje razdoblje iz stavka 1. počinje 1. listopada 2023. Članak 2. Ova Odluka stupa na snagu na dan objave u Službenom listu Europske unije. Sastavljeno u Bruxellesu 25. srpnja 2023. Za Vijeće Predsjednik L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) SL L 154, 16. 6. 2017. , str. 1.
C_2023275SK. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 SK Úradný vestník Európskej únie C 275/18 ROZHODNUTIE RADY z 25. júla 2023, ktorým sa vymenúva výkonný riaditeľ Úradu Európskej únie pre duševné vlastníctvo (2023/C 275/07) RADA EURÓPSKEJ ÚNIE, so zreteľom na Zmluvu o fungovaní Európskej únie, so zreteľom na nariadenie Európskeho parlamentu a Rady (EÚ) 2017/1001 zo 14. júna 2017 o ochrannej známke Európskej únie (1), a najmä na jeho článok 158 ods. 2, keďže: (1) Funkčné obdobie súčasného výkonného riaditeľa Úradu Európskej únie pre duševné vlastníctvo (EUIPO) sa končí 30. septembra 2023. Preto je potrebné vymenovať nového výkonného riaditeľa EUIPO. (2) Správna rada EUIPO listom zo 6. júna 2023 predložila Rade zoznam kandidátov na pozíciu výkonného riaditeľa EUIPO, PRIJALA TOTO ROZHODNUTIE: Článok 1 1. Pán João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO sa týmto vymenúva za výkonného riaditeľa Úradu Európskej únie pre duševné vlastníctvo na obdobie piatich rokov. 2. Päťročné obdobie uvedené v odseku 1 sa začína 1. októbra 2023. Článok 2 Toto rozhodnutie nadobúda účinnosť dňom jeho uverejnenia v Úradnom vestníku Európskej únie. V Bruseli 25. júla 2023 Za Radu predseda L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) Ú. v. EÚ L 154, 16. 6. 2017, s. 1.
C_2023275RO. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 RO Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene C 275/18 DECIZIA CONSILIULUI din 25 iulie 2023 de numire a directorului executiv al Oficiului Uniunii Europene pentru Proprietate Intelectuală (2023/C 275/07) CONSILIUL UNIUNII EUROPENE, având în vedere Tratatul privind funcționarea Uniunii Europene, având în vedere Regulamentul (UE) 2017/1001 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului din 14 iunie 2017 privind marca Uniunii Europene (1), în special articolul 158 alineatul (2), întrucât: (1) Mandatul actualului director executiv al Oficiului Uniunii Europene pentru Proprietate Intelectuală (EUIPO) expiră la 30 septembrie 2023. Prin urmare, este necesară numirea unui nou director executiv al EUIPO. (2) Prin scrisoarea din 6 iunie 2023, consiliul de administrație al EUIPO a transmis Consiliului o listă de candidați pentru postul de director executiv al EUIPO, ADOPTĂ PREZENTA DECIZIE: Articolul 1 (1) Dl João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO este numit director executiv al Oficiului Uniunii Europene pentru Proprietate Intelectuală pentru un mandat de cinci ani. (2) Mandatul de cinci ani menționat la alineatul (1) începe la 1 octombrie 2023. Articolul 2 Prezenta decizie intră în vigoare la data publicării în Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene. Adoptată la Bruxelles, 25 iulie 2023. Pentru Consiliu Președintele L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) JO L 154, 16. 6. 2017, p. 1.
C_2023275LV. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 LV Eiropas Savienības Oficiālais Vēstnesis C 275/18 PADOMES LĒMUMS (2023. gada 25. jūlijs), ar ko ieceļ Eiropas Savienības Intelektuālā īpašuma biroja izpilddirektoru (2023/C 275/07) EIROPAS SAVIENĪBAS PADOME, ņemot vērā Līgumu par Eiropas Savienības darbību, ņemot vērā Eiropas Parlamenta un Padomes Regulu (ES) 2017/1001 (2017. gada 14. jūnijs) par Eiropas Savienības preču zīmi (1) un jo īpaši tās 158. panta 2. punktu, tā kā: (1) Eiropas Savienības Intelektuālā īpašuma biroja (EUIPO) pašreizējā izpilddirektora pilnvaru termiņš beidzas 2023. gada 30. septembrī. Tādēļ ir jāieceļ jauns EUIPO izpilddirektors. (2) EUIPO valde ar 2023. gada 6. jūnija vēstuli iesniedza Padomei EUIPO izpilddirektora amata kandidātu sarakstu, IR PIEŅĒMUSI ŠO LĒMUMU. 1. pants 1. Ar šo par Eiropas Savienības Intelektuālā īpašuma biroja izpilddirektoru uz piecu gadu termiņu ieceļ João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO kungu. 2. Šā panta 1. punktā minētais piecu gadu termiņš sākas 2023. gada 1. oktobrī. 2. pants Šis lēmums stājas spēkā dienā, kad to publicē Eiropas Savienības Oficiālajā Vēstnesī. Briselē, 2023. gada 25. jūlijā Padomes vārdā – priekšsēdētājs L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) OV L 154, 16. 6. 2017. , 1. lpp.
C_2023275PL. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 PL Dziennik Urzędowy Unii Europejskiej C 275/18 DECYZJA RADY z dnia 25 lipca 2023 r. w sprawie powołania dyrektora wykonawczego Urzędu Unii Europejskiej ds. Własności Intelektualnej (2023/C 275/07) RADA UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ, uwzględniając Traktat o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej, uwzględniając rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2017/1001 z dnia 14 czerwca 2017 r. w sprawie znaku towarowego Unii Europejskiej (1), w szczególności jego art. 158 ust. 2, a także mając na uwadze, co następuje: (1) Dnia 30 września 2023 r. upływa kadencja obecnego dyrektora wykonawczego Urzędu Unii Europejskiej ds. Własności Intelektualnej (EUIPO). Konieczne jest zatem powołanie nowego dyrektora wykonawczego EUIPO. (2) Pismem z dnia 6 czerwca 2023 r. Zarząd EUIPO przedłożył Radzie listę kandydatów na stanowisko dyrektora wykonawczego EUIPO, PRZYJMUJE NINIEJSZĄ DECYZJĘ: Artykuł 1 1. João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO zostaje niniejszym powołany na stanowisko dyrektora wykonawczego Urzędu Unii Europejskiej ds. Własności Intelektualnej na kadencję wynoszącą pięć lat. 2. Pięcioletnia kadencja, o której mowa w ust. 1, rozpoczyna się w dniu 1 października 2023 r. Artykuł 2 Niniejsza decyzja wchodzi w życie z dniem jej opublikowania w Dzienniku Urzędowym Unii Europejskiej. Sporządzono w Brukseli 25 lipca 2023 r. W imieniu Rady Przewodniczący L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) Dz. U. L 154 z 16. 6. 2017, s. 1.
C_2023275FR. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 FR Journal officiel de l’Union européenne C 275/18 DÉCISION DU CONSEIL du 25 juillet 2023 portant nomination du directeur exécutif de l'Office de l'Union européenne pour la propriété intellectuelle (2023/C 275/07) LE CONSEIL DE L’UNION EUROPÉENNE, vu le traité sur le fonctionnement de l’Union européenne, vu le règlement (UE) 2017/1001 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 14 juin 2017 sur la marque de l’Union européenne (1), et notamment son article 158, paragraphe 2, considérant ce qui suit: (1) Le mandat de l’actuel directeur exécutif de l’Office de l’Union européenne pour la propriété intellectuelle (EUIPO) prend fin le 30 septembre 2023. Il est dès lors nécessaire de nommer un nouveau directeur exécutif de l’EUIPO. (2) Par lettre du 6 juin 2023, le conseil d’administration de l’EUIPO a soumis au Conseil une liste de candidats au poste de directeur exécutif de l’EUIPO, A ADOPTÉ LA PRÉSENTE DÉCISION: Article premier 1. M. João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO est nommé directeur exécutif de l’Office de l’Union européenne pour la propriété intellectuelle pour une période de cinq ans. 2. La période de cinq ans visée au paragraphe 1 commence le 1er octobre 2023. Article 2 La présente décision entre en vigueur le jour de sa publication au Journal officiel de l’Union européenne. Fait à Bruxelles, le 25 juillet 2023. Par le Conseil Le président L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) JO L 154 du 16. 6. 2017, p. 1.
C_2023275ET. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 ET Euroopa Liidu Teataja C 275/18 NÕUKOGU OTSUS, 25. juuli 2023, millega nimetatakse ametisse Euroopa Liidu Intellektuaalomandi Ameti tegevdirektor (2023/C 275/07) EUROOPA LIIDU NÕUKOGU, võttes arvesse Euroopa Liidu toimimise lepingut, võttes arvesse Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu 14. juuni 2017. aasta määrust (EL) 2017/1001 Euroopa Liidu kaubamärgi kohta, (1) eriti selle artikli 158 lõiget 2, ning arvestades järgmist: (1) Euroopa Liidu Intellektuaalomandi Ameti (EUIPO) praeguse tegevdirektori ametiaeg lõpeb 30. septembril 2023. Seetõttu on vaja ametisse nimetada uus EUIPO tegevdirektor. (2) EUIPO haldusnõukogu esitas 6. juuni 2023. aasta kirjas nõukogule EUIPO tegevdirektori ametikohale esitatud kandidaatide nimekirja, ON VASTU VÕTNUD KÄESOLEVA OTSUSE: Artikkel 1 1. João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO nimetatakse Euroopa Liidu Intellektuaalomandi Ameti tegevdirektoriks viie aasta pikkuseks ametiajaks. 2. Lõikes 1 osutatud viieaastane ametiaeg algab 1. oktoobril 2023. Artikkel 2 Käesolev otsus jõustub Euroopa Liidu Teatajas avaldamise kuupäeval. Brüssel, 25. juuli 2023 Nõukogu nimel eesistuja L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) ELT L 154, 16. 6. 2017, lk 1.
C_2023275DA. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 DA Den Europæiske Unions Tidende C 275/18 RÅDETS AFGØRELSE af 25. juli 2023 om udnævnelse af den administrerende direktør for Den Europæiske Unions Kontor for Intellektuel Ejendomsret (2023/C 275/07) RÅDET FOR DEN EUROPÆISKE UNION HAR — under henvisning til traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions funktionsmåde, under henvisning til Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU) 2017/1001 af 14. juni 2017 om EU-varemærker (1), særlig artikel 158, stk. 2, og ud fra følgende betragtninger: (1) Embedsperioden for den nuværende administrerende direktør for Den Europæiske Unions Kontor for Intellektuel Ejendomsret (EUIPO) udløber den 30. september 2023. Det er derfor nødvendigt at udnævne en ny administrerende direktør for EUIPO. (2) Ved skrivelse af 6. juni 2023 forelagde EUIPO’s bestyrelse Rådet en liste over kandidater til stillingen som administrerende direktør for EUIPO — VEDTAGET DENNE AFGØRELSE: Artikel 1 1. João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO udnævnes herved til administrerende direktør for Den Europæiske Unions Kontor for Intellektuel Ejendomsret for en periode på fem år. 2. Den i stk. 1 omhandlede periode på fem år begynder den 1. oktober 2023. Artikel 2 Denne afgørelse træder i kraft på dagen for offentliggørelsen i Den Europæiske Unions Tidende. Udfærdiget i Bruxelles, den 25. juli 2023. På Rådets vegne L. PLANAS PUCHADES Formand (1) EUT L 154 af 16. 6. 2017, s. 1.
C_2023275MT. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 MT Il-Ġurnal Uffiċjali tal-Unjoni Ewropea C 275/18 DEĊIŻJONI TAL-KUNSILL tal-25 ta' Lulju 2023 li taħtar id-Direttur Eżekuttiv tal-Uffiċċju tal-Proprjetà Intellettwali tal-Unjoni Ewropea (2023/C 275/07) IL-KUNSILL TAL-UNJONI EWROPEA, Wara li kkunsidra t-Trattat dwar il-Funzjonament tal-Unjoni Ewropea, Wara li kkunsidra r-Regolament (UE) 2017/1001 tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill tal-14 ta’ Ġunju 2017 dwar it-trademark tal-Unjoni Ewropea (1), u b’mod partikolari l-Artikolu 158(2) tiegħu, Billi: (1) Il-mandat tad-Direttur Eżekuttiv attwali tal-Uffiċċju tal-Proprjetà Intellettwali tal-Unjoni Ewropea (EUIPO) jintemm fit-30 ta’ Settembru 2023. Għaldaqstant huwa neċessarju li jinħatar Direttur Eżekuttiv ġdid tal-EUIPO. (2) Permezz ta’ ittra tas-6 ta’ Ġunju 2023, il-Bord tat-Tmexxija tal-EUIPO ppreżenta lill-Kunsill lista ta’ kandidati għall-pożizzjoni ta’ Direttur Eżekuttiv tal-EUIPO, ADOTTA DIN ID-DEĊIŻJONI: Artikolu 1 1. Is-Sur João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO huwa b’dan maħtur bħala d-Direttur Eżekuttiv tal-Uffiċċju tal-Proprjetà Intellettwali tal-Unjoni Ewropea għal mandat ta’ ħames snin. 2. Il-mandat ta’ ħames snin imsemmi fil-paragrafu 1 għandu jibda fl-1 ta’ Ottubru 2023. Artikolu 2 Din id-Deċiżjoni għandha tidħol fis-seħħ fid-data tal-pubblikazzjoni tagħha f’Il-Ġurnal Uffiċjali tal-Unjoni Ewropea. Magħmul fi Brussell, il-25 ta' Lulju 2023. Għall-Kunsill Il-President L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) ĠU L 154, 16. 6. 2017, p. 1.
C_2023275HU. 01001801. xml 2023. 8. 4. HU Az Európai Unió Hivatalos Lapja C 275/18 A TANÁCS HATÁROZATA (2023. július 25. ) az Európai Unió Szellemi Tulajdoni Hivatala ügyvezető igazgatójának kinevezéséről (2023/C 275/07) AZ EURÓPAI UNIÓ TANÁCSA, tekintettel az Európai Unió működéséről szóló szerződésre, tekintettel az európai uniós védjegyről szóló, 2017. június 14-i (EU) 2017/1001 európai parlamenti és tanácsi rendeletre (1) és különösen annak 158. cikke (2) bekezdésére, mivel: (1) Az Európai Unió Szellemi Tulajdoni Hivatala (a továbbiakban: az EUIPO) jelenlegi ügyvezető igazgatójának hivatali ideje 2023. szeptember 30-án lejár. Következésképpen ki kell nevezni az EUIPO új ügyvezető igazgatóját. (2) 2023. június 6-i levelében az EUIPO igazgatótanácsa benyújtotta a Tanácsnak az EUIPO ügyvezető igazgatói tisztségének betöltésére jelölt személyek listáját, ELFOGADTA EZT A HATÁROZATOT: 1. cikk 1. A Tanács João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO-t nevezi ki az Európai Unió Szellemi Tulajdoni Hivatala ügyvezető igazgatójává, ötéves hivatali időre. 2. Az (1) bekezdésben említett ötéves időszak 2023. október 1-jén kezdődik. 2. cikk Ez a határozat az Európai Unió Hivatalos Lapjában való kihirdetésének napján lép hatályba. Kelt Brüsszelben, 2023. július 25. a Tanács részéről az elnök L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) HL L 154. , 2017. 6. 16. , 1. o.
C_2023275DE. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 DE Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union C 275/18 BESCHLUSS DES RATES vom 25. Juli 2023 zur Ernennung des Exekutivdirektors des Amtes der Europäischen Union für geistiges Eigentum (2023/C 275/07) DER RAT DER EUROPÄISCHEN UNION — gestützt auf den Vertrag über die Arbeitsweise der Europäischen Union, gestützt auf die Verordnung (EU) 2017/1001 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 14. Juni 2017 über die Unionsmarke (1), insbesondere auf Artikel 158 Absatz 2, in Erwägung nachstehender Gründe: (1) Die Amtszeit des derzeitigen Exekutivdirektors des Amtes der Europäischen Union für geistiges Eigentum (EUIPO) endet am 30. September 2023. Deshalb ist es erforderlich, einen neuen Exekutivdirektor des EUIPO zu ernennen. (2) Mit Schreiben vom 6. Juni 2023 legte der Verwaltungsrat des EUIPO dem Rat eine Liste von Kandidaten für die Stelle des Exekutivdirektors des EUIPO vor — HAT FOLGENDEN BESCHLUSS ERLASSEN: Artikel 1 (1) Herr João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO wird für eine Amtszeit von fünf Jahren zum Exekutivdirektor des Amtes der Europäischen Union für geistiges Eigentum ernannt. (2) Die in Absatz 1 genannte Amtszeit von fünf Jahren beginnt am 1. Oktober 2023. Artikel 2 Dieser Beschluss tritt am Tag seiner Veröffentlichung im Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union in Kraft. Geschehen zu 25. Juli 2023. Im Namen des Rates Der Präsident L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) ABl. L 154 vom 16. 6. 2017, S. 1.
C_2023275FI. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 FI Euroopan unionin virallinen lehti C 275/18 NEUVOSTON PÄÄTÖS, annettu 25 päivänä heinäkuuta 2023, Euroopan unionin teollisoikeuksien viraston pääjohtajan nimittämisestä (2023/C 275/07) EUROOPAN UNIONIN NEUVOSTO, joka ottaa huomioon Euroopan unionin toiminnasta tehdyn sopimuksen, ottaa huomioon Euroopan unionin tavaramerkistä 14 päivänä kesäkuuta 2017 annetun Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston asetuksen (EU) 2017/1001 (1) ja erityisesti sen 158 artiklan 2 kohdan, sekä katsoo seuraavaa: (1) Euroopan unionin teollisoikeuksien viraston, jäljempänä ’EUIPO’, nykyisen pääjohtajan toimikausi päättyy 30 päivänä syyskuuta 2023. Sen vuoksi on tarpeen nimittää EUIPOlle uusi pääjohtaja. (2) EUIPOn hallintoneuvosto toimitti neuvostolle 6 päivänä kesäkuuta 2023 päivätyllä kirjeellä luettelon ehdokkaista EUIPOn pääjohtajan virkaan, ON HYVÄKSYNYT TÄMÄN PÄÄTÖKSEN: 1 artikla 1. Nimitetään João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO Euroopan unionin teollisoikeuksien viraston pääjohtajaksi viiden vuoden toimikaudeksi. 2. Edellä 1 kohdassa tarkoitettu viiden vuoden toimikausi alkaa 1 päivänä lokakuuta 2023. 2 artikla Tämä päätös tulee voimaan päivänä, jona se julkaistaan Euroopan unionin virallisessa lehdessä. Tehty Brysselissä 25 päivänä heinäkuuta 2023. Neuvoston puolesta Puheenjohtaja L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) EUVL L 154, 16. 6. 2017, s. 1.
C_2023275PT. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 PT Jornal Oficial da União Europeia C 275/18 DECISÃO DO CONSELHO de 25 de julho de 2023 que nomeia o diretor executivo do Instituto da Propriedade Intelectual da União Europeia (2023/C 275/07) O CONSELHO DA UNIÃO EUROPEIA, Tendo em conta o Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia, Tendo em conta o Regulamento (UE) 2017/1001 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 14 de junho de 2017, sobre a marca da União Europeia (1), nomeadamente o artigo 158. o, n. o 2, Considerando o seguinte: (1) O mandato do atual diretor executivo do Instituto da Propriedade Intelectual da União Europeia (IPIUE) termina em 30 de setembro de 2023. Por conseguinte, é necessário nomear um novo diretor executivo do IPIUE. (2) Por carta de 6 de junho de 2023, o Conselho de Administração do IPIUE apresentou ao Conselho uma lista de candidatos para o cargo de diretor executivo do IPIUE, ADOTOU A PRESENTE DECISÃO: Artigo 1. o 1. João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO é nomeado diretor executivo do Instituto da Propriedade Intelectual da União Europeia para um mandato de cinco anos. 2. O mandato de cinco anos a que se refere o n. o 1 tem início em 1 de outubro de 2023. Artigo 2. o A presente decisão entra em vigor no dia da sua publicação no Jornal Oficial da União Europeia. Feito em Bruxelas, em 25 de julho de 2023. Pelo Conselho O Presidente L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) JO L 154 de 16. 6. 2017, p. 1.
C_2023275EL. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 EL Επίσημη Εφημερίδα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης C 275/18 ΑΠΟΦΑΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΙΟΥ της 25ης Ιουλίου 2023 για τον διορισμό του εκτελεστικού διευθυντή του Γραφείου Διανοητικής Ιδιοκτησίας της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (2023/C 275/07) ΤΟ ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΙΟ ΤΗΣ ΕΥΡΩΠΑΪΚΗΣ ΕΝΩΣΗΣ, Έχοντας υπόψη τη Συνθήκη για τη λειτουργία της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, Έχοντας υπόψη τον κανονισμό (ΕΕ) 2017/1001 του Ευρωπαϊκού Κοινοβουλίου και του Συμβουλίου, της 14ης Ιουνίου 2017, για το σήμα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (1) και ιδίως το άρθρο 158 παράγραφος 2, Εκτιμώντας τα ακόλουθα: (1) Η θητεία του νυν εκτελεστικού διευθυντή του Γραφείου Διανοητικής Ιδιοκτησίας της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (ΓΔΙΕΕ) λήγει στις 30 Σεπτεμβρίου 2023. Είναι, επομένως, αναγκαίος ο διορισμός νέου εκτελεστικού διευθυντή του ΓΔΙΕΕ. (2) Με επιστολή της 6ης Ιουνίου 2023, το διοικητικό συμβούλιο του ΓΔΙΕΕ υπέβαλε στο Συμβούλιο κατάλογο υποψηφίων για τη θέση του εκτελεστικού διευθυντή του Γραφείου, ΕΞΕΔΩΣΕ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ΑΠΟΦΑΣΗ: Άρθρο 1 1. Ο κ. João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO διορίζεται εκτελεστικός διευθυντής του Γραφείου Διανοητικής Ιδιοκτησίας της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης για πενταετή θητεία. 2. Η πενταετής θητεία που αναφέρεται στην παράγραφο 1 αρχίζει την 1η Οκτωβρίου 2023. Άρθρο 2 Η παρούσα απόφαση αρχίζει να ισχύει από την ημερομηνία της δημοσίευσής της στην Επίσημη Εφημερίδα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Βρυξέλλες, 25 Ιουλίου 2023. Για το Συμβούλιο Ο Πρόεδρος L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) ΕΕ L 154 της 16. 6. 2017, σ. 1.
C_2023275NL. 01001801. xml 4. 8. 2023 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie C 275/18 BESLUIT VAN DE RAAD van 25 juli 2023 tot benoeming van de uitvoerend directeur van het Bureau voor intellectuele eigendom van de Europese Unie (2023/C 275/07) DE RAAD VAN DE EUROPESE UNIE, Gezien het Verdrag betreffende de werking van de Europese Unie, Gezien Verordening (EU) 2017/1001 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 14 juni 2017 inzake het Uniemerk (1), en met name artikel 158, lid 2, Overwegende hetgeen volgt: (1) De ambtstermijn van de huidige uitvoerend directeur van het Bureau voor intellectuele eigendom van de Europese Unie (EUIPO) loopt af op 30 september 2023. Bijgevolg moet een nieuwe uitvoerend directeur van het EUIPO worden benoemd. (2) Bij brief van 6 juni 2023 heeft de raad van bestuur van het EUIPO bij de Raad een lijst ingediend van kandidaten voor de post van uitvoerend directeur van het EUIPO, HEEFT HET VOLGENDE BESLUIT VASTGESTELD: Artikel 1 1. De heer João Nuno MAROCO AMARAL NEGRÃO wordt hierbij benoemd tot uitvoerend directeur van het Bureau voor intellectuele eigendom van de Europese Unie voor een termijn van vijf jaar. 2. De in lid 1 bedoelde termijn van vijf jaar vangt aan op 1 oktober 2023. Artikel 2 Dit besluit treedt in werking op de datum van de bekendmaking ervan in het Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie. Gedaan te Brussel, 25 juli 2023. Voor de Raad De voorzitter L. PLANAS PUCHADES (1) PB L 154 van 16. 6. 2017, blz. 1.
| 34,691 |
<urn:uuid:f1bb8976-ca6f-4241-8108-969671b37791>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.economie.gouv.fr/toutes-les-actualites-vous-orienter/thematique/cesser-ou-transmettre-son-entreprise-6946/thematique/fiscalite-6985/thematique/import-export-6979/thematique/micro-entreprise-6943/thematique/vente-et-commerce-7009?page=6
|
economie.gouv.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 23 | 38 |
Toutes les actualités - Page 7 sur 10 Entreprises - Cesser ou transmettre son entreprise, Fiscalité, Import / export, Micro-entreprise, Vente et commerce
| 34,625 |
US-201916548716-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,019 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,475 | 7,358 |
System for extended wireless use of cameras and ancillary devices
ABSTRACT
Systems to extend signal transfer used with a camera device comprise a first location station with a first receiver and a second receiver. The first receiver receives wireless signals from a user device that are changed and sent through a fiber optic cable to a second location station. The second receiver receives signals through the cable from the second location station, which signals are changed to wireless signals output to a user device. The second location station comprises a third receiver that receives from the cable from the first location station, which signals are changed to wireless signals output to a camera device. The second location comprises a fourth receiver that receives wireless signals from the camera device, which signals are changed at the first location to signals sent through the cable from the second location station to the first location station.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/722,813 filed Aug. 24, 2018, which application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIELD
Systems, as disclosed herein, relate to and enable wireless user control, monitoring and operation of cameras and/or ancillary devices positioned a large distance apart and/or that are separated by one or more obstacles that impair wireless reception.
BACKGROUND
The use of wireless communications for controlling and monitoring the operation of another device is known and an example of this is the use of a remote control for the purpose of controlling another device such as a camera, camera platform or ancillary devices. Typically, the remote control is a user-operated device that emits a wireless signal that is capable of being received by the device being controlled. However, in such conventional wireless controlled systems the device being controlled must be within a designated distance from the control device, and with minimal obstructions or the wireless signal will not be received and will not operate to control the device.
The use of extenders is known in the art for increasing the operative distance between a wireless control device and the device to be wirelessly controlled. In an example, such extender may be in the form of hard cable and or device that is interposed between a receiver and a transmitter for respectively receiving a wireless signal emitted from the control device and sending the signal through the hard electrical cable to the receiver located near the device being controlled, wherein the transmitter emits a wireless control signal to be received by the device being controlled.
While such conventional wireless extender systems may be known, there is a need to provide not only a greater degree of control options to a user for the purpose of wirelessly controlling designated devices at a remote location, but the need to provide information regarding the device being controlled back to a user in a wireless manner so that each of the user and the device being controlled is freely movable and not hindered by the use of cables and the like. Further, in the area of camera device control, there are a great many operating features of camera devices and devices ancillary to the camera devices that would benefit from being able to be controlled by a user from a remote location, outside of the range of conventional wireless communications, in a manner that enable both the user and the camera devices to move freely without the restraints imposed by cabled communications connections.
It is, therefore, desired that a system be developed that enables the control of and/or feedback from camera devices and devices ancillary thereto by a user from a remote location outside of the range of conventional wireless communications in a wireless manner at both the user end and/or the camera device end. It is further desired that the system be configured in a manner that enables wireless communication of further information between the user and the camera so as to provide the user with an enhanced knowledge of real-time operational and/or location-aware information about the camera or other related devices.
SUMMARY
Systems, as disclosed herein for extending the transfer of signals for use with a camera device, comprise a first location station, wherein the first location station includes a first receiver. The first receiver is configured for receiving input of wireless signals from a user device, wherein the wireless signals are changed at the first location station to signals sent through a fiber optic cable from the first location station to a second location station. The first location station also includes a second receiver for receiving signals sent through the fiber optic cable from the second location station, wherein the signals from the fiber optic cable are changed at the first location station to wireless output signals from the first location station to a user device.
In an example embodiment, the system second location station comprises a third receiver for receiving signals sent through the fiber optic cable from the first location station, wherein the signals from the fiber optic cable are changed at the second location station to wireless output signals from the second location station to a camera device. The system second location comprises a fourth receiver for receiving input of wireless signals from the camera device, wherein wireless signals are changed at the first location station to signals sent through the fiber optic cable from the second location station to the first location station. In an example, the first and second locations stations are connected together by the fiber optic cable.
In an example, the wireless signals received at the first location station from the user device operate different features of a camera or devices ancillary to the camera. In an example, the different features are selected from the group consisting of camera lens features, camera color features, lighting features, camera position features, and combinations thereof. In an example, the first location station provides a video output signal received by the second location station from the camera device. In an example, the video output signal is sent to a view monitor for viewing. In an example, the first location station device receives wireless signals from a number of user devices. In an example, the second location station provides wireless signals to more than one camera device.
In an example, the system for extending wireless signals between first and second location stations comprises the first location station and the second location station. The first location station is positioned near a user who provides control signals using one or more wireless control devices, wherein the first location station processes the wireless signals and converts the signals for transmission from the first location station through a first end of a fiber optic cable. The second location station is positioned a distance from the first location station and near a camera device, wherein the second location station is connected with a second end of the fiber optic cable running between the first and second location stations, wherein the second location station converts the signal from the fiber optic cable to a wireless signal that is received by the camera device. The control signals operate to change features of the camera selected from the group consisting of lens features, color features, lighting features, camera position features, and combinations thereof. The second location station receives one or more wireless signals from the camera device or a device ancillary to the camera device that is converted for sending through the fiber optic cable to the first location station. The one or more wireless signals from the camera device or device ancillary to the camera device comprise information relating to the group consisting of operation information about the camera device, position information about the camera device, an audio signal proximate to the camera device, lighting information proximate to the camera device, a video signal from the camera device, and combinations thereof.
In such example, the second location station receives a video signal from the camera device and converts the signal for sending through the optic fiber cable to the first location station, and wherein the first location station provides video signal for viewing on a monitor. In an example, the video signal from the camera device is wireless. In an example, the second location station converts the signal from the fiber optic cable to more than one wireless signals that are received by more than one camera devices.
An example method, making use of systems as disclosed herein, for controlling features of a camera over a long distance between a user and the camera comprise operating a control device near the first location station to send a wireless signal from the control device to the first location station and converting the wireless signal for sending through a fiber optic cable connected to the first location station. The method also comprises receiving the signal sent through the fiber optic cable at the second location station that is positioned near a camera device and converting the signal to a wireless signal received by the camera device, wherein the received signal operates to change a feature of the camera. The method further comprises sending a video signal from the camera device to the second location station that is sent through the fiber optic cable, wherein the video signal is provided by the first control location to a video monitor for viewing near the first location station.
In an example, during the step of operating the control device, changing features of the camera device or ancillary devices of the camera device selected from the group consisting of camera lens features, camera operation settings, camera color features, lighting features, audio features, camera position, and combinations thereof. Also, during the step of operating, multiple wireless signals are sent by one or more control devices, and wherein during the step of receiving, converting the signal to multiple wireless signals received by multiple camera devices.
In an example, the method may further comprise the step of sending a wireless signal from the camera device to the second location station that is converted and sent through the fiber optic cable to the first location station and converted to a wireless signal and sent to a user device near the first location station. In an example, the wireless signal sent to a user device from the first location station comprises camera device information. In an example, the first and second location stations operate using different wireless networks.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features and advantages of wireless extender systems as disclosed herein will be appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an example system as disclosed herein;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of another example system as disclosed herein;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of another example system as disclosed herein;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of example components used in an example system as disclosed herein;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of another example system as disclosed herein;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of another example system as disclosed herein;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of another example system as disclosed herein;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of example components used in an example system as disclosed herein;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of example components used in an example system as disclosed herein; and
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of example components used in an example system as disclosed herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Systems as disclosed herein have been specifically developed for the purpose of enabling use of wireless devices for controlling camera devices and devices ancillary to camera devices between two points of long distances outside of the range of or in environments that impede the capabilities of conventional wireless devices such as devices that transmit and receive signals via technology for radio wireless local area networking of devices such as Wifi and the like. While the range of radio frequency signals may be extended by higher energy output and/or by higher gain antennas as a solution to distance and/or obstacle limitations, current legislation/regulations restrict the use of such higher energy output and/or higher gain antennas.
In an example, systems as disclosed herein enable a user to provide wireless control signals using a control device that emits wireless signals at a first location that is remote from a second location where one or more camera devices and ancillary devices are controlled by wireless control signals that are emitted from the second location, wherein the first and second locations are connected together by a cabled connection, e.g., using fiber optic cable and the like, permitting an extended range of transmissions of the signals between the first and second locations. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the term “camera device” as used herein may refer to a single camera or to multiple cameras arranged as desired to meet a particular end-use application, e.g., the camera device may be an array or cluster of multiple cameras.
In an example embodiment, systems as disclosed herein are configured to also enable multiple signals including ones that enable information from the second location to be wirelessly sent from the second location and transmitted through the cable to the first location where it is wirelessly transmitted to a user at the first location. Configured in this matter, systems as disclosed herein can operate to transparently facilitate two-way transmission of signals between the first and second locations over large distances through the use of a cable connection while enabling wireless communication of signals at each of the first and second locations to maximize a desired degree of mobility at each such location, e.g., between the user and the first location and between the camera devices and ancillary devices at the second location.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example system 10 as disclosed herein comprising a first location device or station 14 positioned at a location near a user, e.g., at Point A. As systems 10 as disclosed herein are designed for use with camera devices and ancillary devices used with a camera or at the location of the camera such as lighting, audio, and the like, the user will be operating one or more control or information devices 12 configured to provide a wireless output signal, e.g., using Wifi or the like, for controlling features of the camera devices such as lens feature, zoom, focus, iris, color, as well as the position of the camera. The position of the camera may include but not limited to the location of the camera along the x-axis and y-axis of a floor or other support surface relative to the region or object of interest being filmed or captured or live broadcast, and include the up and down tilt of the camera as well as the side movement of the camera. Additionally, systems as disclosed herein are configured to control camera position however a camera may be mounted or attached, including and not limited to motorized dollys and the like, and aerial movement devices such as drones or the like. A feature of systems as disclosed herein is that the one or more control devices are designed to enable a user to control, all through the use of one or more of the wireless control or information devices, all of such camera device features, thereby providing a desired degree of mobility to the user, which in some embodiments may comprise more than one user each using more than one wireless control device for wirelessly controlling the camera devices and ancillary devices.
In an example embodiment, the wireless control device can be a mobile/smart phone, tablet computer, laptop computer, desktop computer, motion control system or the like comprising an app and/or software configured to facilitate control of the camera features wirelessly, e.g., by Wifi communication with the first location station 14. In another example, the wireless control device can be a specific or dedicated controller configured to only provide wireless control of one or more features of the camera devices or ancillary devices.
In an example embodiment, the first location station 14 is positioned within wireless reception distance of the user to ensure that all wireless control signals emitted by the control device 12 operated by the user are received by the first location station 14 without unwanted reception issues, and also to ensure that all wireless signals transmitted from the first location station 14 are received by the user without any unwanted reception issues. As noted above, in an example embodiment, a feature of systems as disclosed herein is that they enable the transfer of camera device and ancillary device information, including and not limited to audio signals, video signals, and camera and ancillary device operating, motion and position information, back to the user by wireless transmission from the first location station 14.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, in an example, the first location station 12 is configured to emit a wireless signal containing camera control commands to be transmitted to the camera device 22 from a second location station 20 positioned within the wireless reception range of the camera 22. A video signal from the camera device 22, which wireless video signal is transmitted wirelessly to the second location station 20, is received at a monitor 16 wirelessly or via cable for viewing of the video by a user at Point A. In an example embodiment, such video signal may be provided by a cabled connection from the first location station 14 to the monitor 16. In an example embodiment, the first location station 12 is configured to emit a signal wirelessly containing an audio signal taken from a location proximate to the camera device, which wireless audio is received by a sound device including but not limited to an audio listening device, speakers, soundboard for desired processing, and/or a recording device for audio capture by a user at Point A. In an example embodiment, such audio signal may be provided by a cabled connection from the first location station 14 to the sound device.
Referring still to FIG. 1, the example system 10 comprises a second location device or station 20 that is positioned a far distance away from Point A, e.g., out of wireless reception from Point A, and near camera devices and/or ancillary devices 22 at Point B. The camera devices and ancillary devices 22 may be configured comprising one or more wireless transmitters or receivers, which may be part of the camera and ancillary devices or may be independent of the devices but operatively connected therewith, to enable adjustment of the features noted above in response to receiving a wireless control signal. The second location station 20 is configured to emit a wireless control signal therefrom to be received by such one or more wireless receivers to provide the desired control of the camera device and/or ancillary device features as initiated by the user at Point A. Additionally, in an example embodiment the camera devices and ancillary devices are be configured comprising one or more wireless transmitters, that may be part of or separate from the devices, that emit a wireless signal providing certain camera device or ancillary device information, which can include and not be limited to camera operation and position information, as wells as camera video, audio, and other information unique to Point B for the user or users at Point A to receive.
In an example embodiment, the first location station 14 at Point A and the second location station 20 at Point B are positioned a distance away from one another such that wireless signals emitted from the control devices by the user at Point A would not be received by the second location station, i.e., the first and second location stations are positioned out of wireless reception from wireless signals emitted at Point B and Point A, respectively. Alternatively, the placement positions of the first and second location stations may be out of reception from wireless signals emitted at respective Point B and Point A due to structural interference, e.g., one or more walls and/or one or more floors of a building or other type of structure.
Accordingly, systems as disclosed herein enable communication between the first and second location stations, wherein wireless transmission between Point A and Point B is not otherwise possible, through the use of a physical wire or cable 24 that is connected between the first and second location stations. In an example embodiment, the cable connection is a fiber optic cable that is configured to facilitate the transmission of information between the first and second location stations. In an example embodiment, the fiber optic cable is one having the following characteristics; a cable which contains either single or multiple internal fiber optic and/or copper strands in either single or multi-mode capable of carrying multiple, unique digital signals generated by multiple devices. The cable may be a military specification/tactical cable capable of withstanding impact or crushing force, e.g., being stepped on, or rolled over by vehicles. The connectors at each end may be the same and enable the user to have one point of connection for multiple devices. Currently, this cable is terminated (but not necessarily limited to) a Mini Expanded Beam style connector (MX) at each end. This connector can couple together with another connector allowing for two or more cables to be combined to extend the cable length if called for or desired.
The fiber optic cable is fitted with connectors at each end to facilitate attachment with complementary connectors of the first and second location stations. The system as configured in this matter, using fiber optic cable, facilitates fast transmission of information between first and second location stations that may be positioned distances apart from one another of greater than about 15 meters and up to about 10,000 meters. In an example application, systems as disclosed herein may be configured to facilitate information transmission using fiber optic cable of up to or greater than about 600 meters.
Because systems as disclosed herein may use fiber optic cable to facilitate transmission of the signals carried over the wireless carrier signals received at Point A and Point B, the first and second location stations are each configured to include converters that are configured to convert signals carried over wireless radio frequencies received at each respective location to optical signals or signals modulated on optical carrier signals and/or signals modulated on carrier wavelengths for transmission through the fiber optic cable, and converters that are configured to convert optical signals or signals derived from optical carrier signals or derived from carrier wavelengths taken from the fiber optic cable to be modulated into radio frequency signals for wireless transmission from the first and second location stations as necessary.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of the system 30 as disclosed herein as used within a multi-floor building. In such embodiment, the first location device or station 32 positioned at Point A near one or more users 34 having one more wireless control devices on one level of the building, e.g., on the ground floor or a lower floor, and the second location device or station 36 is positioned at Point B near the camera device and/or ancillary device 38 on another level of the building, e.g., on the top floor or an upper floor. This example is provided to illustrate how wireless communication between Points A and B may not be possible due to structural interference (or legal radio emission limitations), and how the system as disclosed herein making use of the fiber optic connection between the first and second location stations operates to extend the ability for wireless communication between Points A and B. In such example, the fiber optic cable may extend up to 600 meters or more as called for by the particular end-use application.
Also illustrated in FIG. 2 are example control devices at Point A for purposes of example and reference being in the form of a wireless, e.g., Wifi, camera control including and not limited to an iris control. It is to be understood that the control device or control devices used at Point A are the same as those discussed above with reference to FIG. 1 to control features of the camera device and/or ancillary devices. FIG. 2 also illustrates that at Point B the camera device and/or ancillary devices transmitting a wireless signal to the second location station 36, and the second location station emitting a wireless signal to the camera device and/or ancillary device. As noted above, the example illustrated in FIG. 2 is provided for the purpose of showing use of the system within a building where wireless interference between Point A and Point B is caused by a building structure, and not necessarily purely distance issues. It is to be understood that the system illustrated in FIG. 2 is not intended to be limiting, and may be configured to include all of the features discussed above for the purposes of receiving and transmitting different types of information between Points A and B.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example embodiment of the system 40 as disclosed herein as used over a long distance between Points A and B. In such embodiment, the first location device or station 42 positioned at Point A near one or more users 44 having one more wireless control devices 46. In this particular example, the first location station 42 is positioned within the reception range of a first Wifi zone 48. The second location device or station 50 is positioned at Point B a distance away from the first location station 42 near the camera device and/or ancillary device 52. In this particular example, the second location station 50 is positioned outside of the first Wifi zone 48 and within the reception range of a second Wifi zone 54. This example is provided to illustrate how the system may operate using two different Wifi reception zones. In such example, the fiber optic cable may extend up to 600 meters or more as called for by the particular end-use application. It is to be understood that the system illustrated in FIG. 3 is not intended to be limiting, and may be configured to include all of the features discussed above for the purposes of receiving and transmitting different types of information between Points A and B.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example system 60 disclosed herein and some of the components used therewith. The system 60 comprises a first location device or station 62 that as noted above is placed at one location, e.g., Point A in wireless proximity to a user. The first location station 62 comprises a housing that is sized to accommodate a number of components therein. In an example, one of the components is converter or converters or adapters 64 configured for attachment with one end of a fiber optic cable 66, and that converts electrical signals to optical signals for transmission by the fiber optic cable to a second location device or station 68. The converters 64 may be a two-way converter that additionally is configured to convert optical signals coming from the second location station 68 to electrical signals, thereby enabling two-way communications between the first and second location stations. Alternatively, the first location station 62 may comprise multiple converters, wherein one converter operates to convert electrical signals to optical signals, and a second converter operates to convert optical signals to electrical signals.
The first location station 62 includes comprises a wireless receiver 70 configured to receive a wireless signal from one or more wireless user control devices 72. In an example embodiment, the wireless user control device 72 is wirelessly connected with a Wifi access point 73 at Point A. The wireless receiver 70 receives the wireless signal from the user control devices 72 and converts it to an electric signal that is directed to the converter 64. The first location station 62 may also include a transmitter that is configured to convert an electrical signal from the converter 64 to a Wifi or radio frequency signal that is sent to one or more of the user control devices 72. Alternatively, the first location station may comprise a transmitter/receiver that is configured to provide two-way conversion of the electrical signal to wireless signals and wireless signals to electrical signals. The first location station 62 comprises an Ethernet Router 73 or the like that enables connection of the first location station with a Wifi network to provide the Wifi access point at Point A to enable the transmission and receipt of wireless information between the first connection station 62 and the user control devices 72.
The first location station 62 comprises a video output device 74 that receives an electronic signal from the converter 64 and converts it to a video signal for connection with a monitor for viewing of the video image by a user. In one example, the video output device may be configured having a cable output for wired connection with the monitor. Additionally, or alternatively, the video output device 74 may be configured to provide a wireless signal to be received by a monitor for viewing the video image wirelessly.
This is just an example of components that may be included within the first location station 62, and it is to be understood that other similar or different components may be included depending on the particular end-use system requirements. For example, there may be additional receivers and/or transmitters and/or converters useful facilitating desired back and forth communication of various information signals between the first location station and a user, and it is to be understood that all such additional components within the intended scope of this description.
The second location station 68 placed is at one location, e.g., Point B, distant from Point A and in wireless proximity to one or more camera devices and/or ancillary devices 76. The second location station 68 comprises a housing that is sized to accommodate a number of components therein. In an example, one of the components is converter or adapter 78 that is configured for attachment with an end of the fiber optic cable 66 opposite the first location station, and that converts optical signals received from the first location station to electrical signals. The converter 78 may be a two-way converter that additionally is configured to convert electrical signals coming from other components in the second location station to optical signals for directing to the first location station, thereby enabling two-way communication of information between the first and second location stations. Alternatively, the second location station 68 may comprise two converters, wherein one converter operates to convert electrical signals to optical signals, and a second converter operates to convert optical signals to electrical signals.
The second location station 68 includes a wireless transmitter 80 configured to receive an electrical signal from the converter 78 and generate a wireless signal emitted from the second location station for reception by one or more wireless receivers 82 of the camera device and/or ancillary device to control one or more features of the same in accordance with the control input provided by the user at Point A. In the example embodiment illustrated, the wireless receiver 82 is configured to change a feature of a camera lens, e.g., zoom, focus, iris, through the use of a motor 81 operatively attached to the camera lens 83. However, it is to be understood that systems as disclosed herein may be configured comprising one or more wireless receivers configured to control other features of the camera device and/or ancillary device as described above.
The second location station 68 also includes a wireless receiver 84 for receiving wireless signals transmitted by one or more wireless transmitters 86 associated with the camera devices and/or ancillary devices. The wireless receiver 84 converts a wireless signal received to an electrical signal that is directed to the converter 78 for transmission through the fiber optic cable 66 and to the first location station 62. As noted above, instead of separate wireless transmitters and receivers, the second location station may comprise a single wireless transceiver configured to enable two-way wireless communication between the second location station and the camera devices and/or ancillary devices. In an example embodiment, the wireless receiver 84 receives a wireless signal transmitted by a wireless transmitter 86 associated with the camera device for purposes of transmitting a video image from the camera device 76 to the second location position. However, it is to be understood that systems as disclosed herein may be configured comprising one or more wireless transmitter configured to transmit other information relating to the camera devices and/or ancillary devices as discussed above including and not limited to camera and/or ancillary device setting information, camera and/or ancillary device position information, as well as timing signals, audio signals, video signals, and motion control and feedback signals.
The second location station 68 also comprises a Ethernet Router 88 or the like that enables connection of the second location station with a Wifi network to provide the Wifi access point at Point B to enable the transmission and receipt of wireless signals between the second first location station 68 and the camera devices and/or ancillary devices 76. In the embodiment illustrated, the camera device 76 comprises an internal Wifi receiver 90 for providing camera control through the wireless signals sent from the second location station 68.
This is just an example of components that may be included within the second location station 68, and it is to be understood that other similar or different components may be included depending on the particular end-use system requirements. For example, there may be additional receivers and/or transmitters and/or converters used for facilitating desired back and forth communication of various information signals between the second location station and the camera devices and/or ancillary devices, and it is to be understood that all such additional components are within the intended scope of this description.
FIG. 5 illustrates an example embodiment of the system 100 as disclosed herein as used over a long distance between Points A and B. In such embodiment, the first location device or station 102 is positioned at Point A near one or more users 104 having one more wireless control and/or monitoring devices 106. In this particular example, the first location station 102 is positioned within the reception range of a first Wifi zone 108, and the first location station 102 operates to receive and transmit wireless signals to and from the one or more user control and/or monitoring devices 106. The second location device or station 112 is connected with the first location device by fiber optic cable 110 and is positioned at Point B a distance away from the first location station 102 near the camera device and/or ancillary device 104. In this particular example, the second location station 112 is positioned outside of the first Wifi zone 108 and within the reception range of a second Wifi zone 114, and wherein the camera device and/or ancillary devices being controlled and/or monitored at Point B may be a camera device on a movable/motorized dolly or the like. Further, FIG. 5 illustrates that there are no cables or operators near the camera device 104 at Point B. In such example, the fiber optic cable may extend up to 600 meters or more as called for by the particular end-use application. It is to be understood that the system illustrated in FIG. 5 is not intended to be limiting, and may be configured to include all of the features discussed above for the purposes of receiving and transmitting different types of information between Points A and B.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example embodiment of the system 120 as disclosed herein as used over a long distance between Points A and B. In such embodiment, the first location device or station 122 is positioned at Point A near one or more users 124 having one more wireless control and/or monitoring devices 126. In this particular example, the first location station 122 is positioned within the reception range of a first Wifi zone 128, and the first location station 122 operates to receive and transmit wireless signals to and from the one or more user control and/or monitoring devices 126. The second location device or station 130 is connected with the first location device by fiber optic cable 129 and is positioned at Point B a distance away from the first location station 122 near the camera device and/or ancillary device 132. In this particular example, the second location station 130 is positioned outside of the first Wifi zone 128 and within the reception range of a second Wifi zone 134, and wherein the camera device and/or ancillary devices being controlled and/or monitored at Point B may be a camera device on drone or other aerial movable device.
Further, FIG. 6 illustrates that there are no cables or operators near the camera device 132 at Point B. In such example, the fiber optic cable may extend up to 600 meters or more as called for by the particular end-use application. It is to be understood that the system illustrated in FIG. 6 is not intended to be limiting, and may be configured to include all of the features discussed above for the purposes of receiving and transmitting different types of information between Points A and B.
FIG. 7 illustrates an example embodiment of the system 150 as disclosed herein as used over a long distance between Points A and B, and that includes a further Wifi zone associated with a further location station remote from Points A and B. In such embodiment, the first location device or station 152 is positioned at Point A near one or more users 154 having one more wireless control and/or monitoring devices 156. In this particular example, the first location station 152 is positioned within the reception range of a first Wifi zone 158, and the first location station 152 operates to receive and transmit wireless signals to and from the one or more user control and/or monitoring devices 156. The second location device or station 160 is connected with the first location device by fiber optic cable 110 and is positioned at Point B a distance away from the first location station 152 near the camera device and/or ancillary device 162. In this particular example, the second location station 160 is positioned outside of the first Wifi zone 158 and within the reception range of a second Wifi zone 164, and wherein the camera device and/or ancillary devices being controlled and/or monitored at Point B may be any type of camera device and/or ancillary device previously described herein.
| 7,301 |
https://github.com/clobber/MAME-OS-X/blob/master/mame/src/mame/drivers/scregg.c
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
MAME-OS-X
|
clobber
|
C
|
Code
| 1,750 | 8,208 |
/***************************************************************************
Eggs & Dommy
Very similar to Burger Time hardware (and uses its video driver)
driver by Nicola Salmoria
To Do:
Sprite Priorities in Dommy
Rock Duck
---------
Rock Duck support added based on preliminary findings by Roberto Fresca
It looks like the game may be a ghastly hack of one of the 'eggs' titles
(need to check code but gameplay appears to be the same)
The dump was from a rom 'blister' (no PCB available) and is missing at
least the colour PROM.
Some notes by Roberto Fresca:
----------------------------
1 - The hack was made using "Scrambled Egg" program roms instead of "Eggs".
2 - The code is almost identical to scregg except for a couple of changed
zero page registers, some data for gfx, strings, and two new subroutines.
Strictly to the code, they re-routed two subroutines to the unused high
program space where there are only zeroes:
$5732: jmp $7f0e (when start to drawing the screen)
This subroutine ($7f0e) is used to draw the game's frame with the holes and
tunnel.
$30ca: jsr $7f44 (called constantly)
This one is amazing!... They made this subroutine ($7f44) only to protect
the string "(R)DATEL SAS" placed at bottom-right of the screen. The code
compare the string stored in rom ($62d8 - $62e1) against the one drawn in
the videoram ($13cf - $13d8"). If something is different, just jump to a
reset ($3003) and the game starts again.
Obviously the string isn't easily visible. You need some arithmetic to show
it as ASCII text.
***************************************************************************/
#include "emu.h"
#include "cpu/m6502/m6502.h"
#include "sound/ay8910.h"
#include "includes/btime.h"
static ADDRESS_MAP_START( dommy_map, AS_PROGRAM, 8 )
AM_RANGE(0x0000, 0x07ff) AM_RAM
AM_RANGE(0x2000, 0x23ff) AM_RAM AM_BASE_SIZE_MEMBER(btime_state, m_videoram, m_videoram_size)
AM_RANGE(0x2400, 0x27ff) AM_RAM AM_BASE_MEMBER(btime_state, m_colorram)
AM_RANGE(0x2800, 0x2bff) AM_READWRITE(btime_mirrorvideoram_r, btime_mirrorvideoram_w)
AM_RANGE(0x4000, 0x4000) AM_READ_PORT("DSW1") AM_WRITENOP
AM_RANGE(0x4001, 0x4001) AM_READ_PORT("DSW2") AM_WRITE(btime_video_control_w)
/* AM_RANGE(0x4004, 0x4004) */ /* this is read */
AM_RANGE(0x4002, 0x4002) AM_READ_PORT("P1")
AM_RANGE(0x4003, 0x4003) AM_READ_PORT("P2")
AM_RANGE(0x4004, 0x4005) AM_DEVWRITE("ay1", ay8910_address_data_w)
AM_RANGE(0x4006, 0x4007) AM_DEVWRITE("ay2", ay8910_address_data_w)
AM_RANGE(0xa000, 0xffff) AM_ROM
ADDRESS_MAP_END
static ADDRESS_MAP_START( eggs_map, AS_PROGRAM, 8 )
AM_RANGE(0x0000, 0x07ff) AM_RAM
AM_RANGE(0x1000, 0x13ff) AM_RAM AM_BASE_SIZE_MEMBER(btime_state, m_videoram, m_videoram_size)
AM_RANGE(0x1400, 0x17ff) AM_RAM AM_BASE_MEMBER(btime_state, m_colorram)
AM_RANGE(0x1800, 0x1bff) AM_READWRITE(btime_mirrorvideoram_r,btime_mirrorvideoram_w)
AM_RANGE(0x1c00, 0x1fff) AM_READWRITE(btime_mirrorcolorram_r,btime_mirrorcolorram_w)
AM_RANGE(0x2000, 0x2000) AM_READ_PORT("DSW1") AM_WRITE(btime_video_control_w)
AM_RANGE(0x2001, 0x2001) AM_READ_PORT("DSW2") AM_WRITENOP
AM_RANGE(0x2002, 0x2002) AM_READ_PORT("P1")
AM_RANGE(0x2003, 0x2003) AM_READ_PORT("P2")
AM_RANGE(0x2004, 0x2005) AM_DEVWRITE("ay1", ay8910_address_data_w)
AM_RANGE(0x2006, 0x2007) AM_DEVWRITE("ay2", ay8910_address_data_w)
AM_RANGE(0x3000, 0x7fff) AM_ROM
AM_RANGE(0xf000, 0xffff) AM_ROM /* reset/interrupt vectors */
ADDRESS_MAP_END
static INPUT_PORTS_START( scregg )
PORT_START("P1")
PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_RIGHT ) PORT_4WAY
PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_LEFT ) PORT_4WAY
PORT_BIT( 0x04, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_UP ) PORT_4WAY
PORT_BIT( 0x08, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_DOWN ) PORT_4WAY
PORT_BIT( 0x10, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON1 )
PORT_BIT( 0x20, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )
PORT_BIT( 0x40, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_COIN1 )
PORT_BIT( 0x80, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_COIN2 )
PORT_START("P2")
PORT_BIT( 0x01, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_RIGHT ) PORT_4WAY PORT_COCKTAIL
PORT_BIT( 0x02, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_LEFT ) PORT_4WAY PORT_COCKTAIL
PORT_BIT( 0x04, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_UP ) PORT_4WAY PORT_COCKTAIL
PORT_BIT( 0x08, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_JOYSTICK_DOWN ) PORT_4WAY PORT_COCKTAIL
PORT_BIT( 0x10, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_BUTTON1 ) PORT_COCKTAIL
PORT_BIT( 0x20, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_UNKNOWN )
PORT_BIT( 0x40, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_START1 )
PORT_BIT( 0x80, IP_ACTIVE_LOW, IPT_START2 )
PORT_START("DSW1")
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x03, 0x03, DEF_STR( Coin_A ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, DEF_STR( 2C_1C ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x03, DEF_STR( 1C_1C ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x01, DEF_STR( 1C_2C ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x02, DEF_STR( 1C_3C ) )
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x0c, 0x0c, DEF_STR( Coin_B ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, DEF_STR( 2C_1C ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x0c, DEF_STR( 1C_1C ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x04, DEF_STR( 1C_2C ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x08, DEF_STR( 1C_3C ) )
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x10, 0x10, DEF_STR( Unused ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x10, DEF_STR( Off ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, DEF_STR( On ) )
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x20, 0x20, DEF_STR( Unused ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x20, DEF_STR( Off ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, DEF_STR( On ) )
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x40, 0x00, DEF_STR( Cabinet ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, DEF_STR( Upright ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x40, DEF_STR( Cocktail ) )
PORT_BIT( 0x80, IP_ACTIVE_HIGH, IPT_VBLANK )
PORT_START("DSW2")
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x01, 0x01, DEF_STR( Lives ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x01, "3" )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, "5" )
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x06, 0x04, DEF_STR( Bonus_Life ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x04, "30000" )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x02, "50000" )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, "70000" )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x06, "Never" )
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x08, 0x00, DEF_STR( Unused ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, DEF_STR( Off ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x08, DEF_STR( On ) )
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x10, 0x00, DEF_STR( Unused ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, DEF_STR( Off ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x10, DEF_STR( On ) )
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x20, 0x00, DEF_STR( Unused ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, DEF_STR( Off ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x20, DEF_STR( On ) )
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x40, 0x00, DEF_STR( Unused ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, DEF_STR( Off ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x40, DEF_STR( On ) )
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x80, 0x80, DEF_STR( Difficulty ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x80, DEF_STR( Easy ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, DEF_STR( Hard ) )
INPUT_PORTS_END
static INPUT_PORTS_START( rockduck )
PORT_INCLUDE( scregg )
PORT_MODIFY("DSW2")
PORT_DIPNAME( 0x01, 0x01, DEF_STR( Lives ) )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x01, "2" )
PORT_DIPSETTING( 0x00, "3" )
INPUT_PORTS_END
static const gfx_layout charlayout =
{
8,8, /* 8*8 characters */
1024, /* 1024 characters */
3, /* 3 bits per pixel */
{ 2*1024*8*8, 1024*8*8, 0 }, /* the bitplanes are separated */
{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 },
{ 0*8, 1*8, 2*8, 3*8, 4*8, 5*8, 6*8, 7*8 },
8*8 /* every char takes 8 consecutive bytes */
};
static const gfx_layout spritelayout =
{
16,16, /* 16*16 sprites */
256, /* 256 sprites */
3, /* 3 bits per pixel */
{ 2*256*16*16, 256*16*16, 0 }, /* the bitplanes are separated */
{ 16*8+0, 16*8+1, 16*8+2, 16*8+3, 16*8+4, 16*8+5, 16*8+6, 16*8+7,
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 },
{ 0*8, 1*8, 2*8, 3*8, 4*8, 5*8, 6*8, 7*8,
8*8, 9*8, 10*8, 11*8, 12*8, 13*8, 14*8, 15*8 },
32*8 /* every sprite takes 32 consecutive bytes */
};
static GFXDECODE_START( scregg )
GFXDECODE_ENTRY( "gfx1", 0, charlayout, 0, 1 ) /* char set #1 */
GFXDECODE_ENTRY( "gfx1", 0, spritelayout, 0, 1 ) /* sprites */
GFXDECODE_END
static MACHINE_START( scregg )
{
btime_state *state = machine.driver_data<btime_state>();
state->m_maincpu = machine.device("maincpu");
state->m_audiocpu = NULL;
state->save_item(NAME(state->m_btime_palette));
state->save_item(NAME(state->m_bnj_scroll1));
state->save_item(NAME(state->m_bnj_scroll2));
state->save_item(NAME(state->m_btime_tilemap));
}
static MACHINE_RESET( scregg )
{
btime_state *state = machine.driver_data<btime_state>();
state->m_btime_palette = 0;
state->m_bnj_scroll1 = 0;
state->m_bnj_scroll2 = 0;
state->m_btime_tilemap[0] = 0;
state->m_btime_tilemap[1] = 0;
state->m_btime_tilemap[2] = 0;
state->m_btime_tilemap[3] = 0;
}
static MACHINE_CONFIG_START( dommy, btime_state )
/* basic machine hardware */
MCFG_CPU_ADD("maincpu", M6502, 1500000)
MCFG_CPU_PROGRAM_MAP(dommy_map)
MCFG_CPU_PERIODIC_INT(irq0_line_hold,16*60) //???
MCFG_MACHINE_START(scregg)
MCFG_MACHINE_RESET(scregg)
/* video hardware */
MCFG_SCREEN_ADD("screen", RASTER)
MCFG_SCREEN_REFRESH_RATE(57)
MCFG_SCREEN_VBLANK_TIME(ATTOSECONDS_IN_USEC(3072) /* frames per second, vblank duration taken from Burger Time */)
MCFG_SCREEN_FORMAT(BITMAP_FORMAT_INDEXED16)
MCFG_SCREEN_SIZE(32*8, 32*8)
MCFG_SCREEN_VISIBLE_AREA(0*8, 31*8-1, 1*8, 31*8-1)
MCFG_SCREEN_UPDATE(eggs)
MCFG_GFXDECODE(scregg)
MCFG_PALETTE_LENGTH(8)
MCFG_PALETTE_INIT(btime)
MCFG_VIDEO_START(btime)
/* sound hardware */
MCFG_SPEAKER_STANDARD_MONO("mono")
MCFG_SOUND_ADD("ay1", AY8910, 1500000)
MCFG_SOUND_ROUTE(ALL_OUTPUTS, "mono", 0.23)
MCFG_SOUND_ADD("ay2", AY8910, 1500000)
MCFG_SOUND_ROUTE(ALL_OUTPUTS, "mono", 0.23)
MACHINE_CONFIG_END
static MACHINE_CONFIG_START( scregg, btime_state )
/* basic machine hardware */
MCFG_CPU_ADD("maincpu", M6502, 1500000)
MCFG_CPU_PROGRAM_MAP(eggs_map)
MCFG_CPU_PERIODIC_INT(irq0_line_hold,16*60) //???
MCFG_MACHINE_START(scregg)
MCFG_MACHINE_RESET(scregg)
/* video hardware */
MCFG_SCREEN_ADD("screen", RASTER)
MCFG_SCREEN_REFRESH_RATE(57)
MCFG_SCREEN_VBLANK_TIME(ATTOSECONDS_IN_USEC(3072) /* frames per second, vblank duration taken from Burger Time */)
MCFG_SCREEN_FORMAT(BITMAP_FORMAT_INDEXED16)
MCFG_SCREEN_SIZE(32*8, 32*8)
MCFG_SCREEN_VISIBLE_AREA(1*8, 31*8-1, 1*8, 31*8-1)
MCFG_SCREEN_UPDATE(eggs)
MCFG_GFXDECODE(scregg)
MCFG_PALETTE_LENGTH(8)
MCFG_PALETTE_INIT(btime)
MCFG_VIDEO_START(btime)
/* sound hardware */
MCFG_SPEAKER_STANDARD_MONO("mono")
MCFG_SOUND_ADD("ay1", AY8910, 1500000)
MCFG_SOUND_ROUTE(ALL_OUTPUTS, "mono", 0.23)
MCFG_SOUND_ADD("ay2", AY8910, 1500000)
MCFG_SOUND_ROUTE(ALL_OUTPUTS, "mono", 0.23)
MACHINE_CONFIG_END
ROM_START( dommy )
ROM_REGION( 0x10000, "maincpu", 0 )
ROM_LOAD( "dommy.e01", 0xa000, 0x2000, CRC(9ae064ed) SHA1(73082e5254d54d8386f580cc82a74242a6debd84) )
ROM_LOAD( "dommy.e11", 0xc000, 0x2000, CRC(7c4fad5c) SHA1(fb733ac979092a6fc278836b82d8ed3fae7a20d9) )
ROM_LOAD( "dommy.e21", 0xe000, 0x2000, CRC(cd1a4d55) SHA1(f7f4f5ef2e89519652e8401e75dc4e2b8edf4bae) )
ROM_REGION( 0x6000, "gfx1", 0 )
ROM_LOAD( "dommy.e50", 0x0000, 0x2000, CRC(5e9db0a4) SHA1(82e60d6b65a4d901102d7e195e66b278f18586f7) )
ROM_LOAD( "dommy.e40", 0x2000, 0x2000, CRC(4d1c36fb) SHA1(5904421e8e2f727dd6292045871429a1373085e9) )
ROM_LOAD( "dommy.e30", 0x4000, 0x2000, CRC(4e68bb12) SHA1(de26d278e43882deffad4d5b19d785f8824cf05a) )
ROM_REGION( 0x0040, "proms", 0 ) /* palette decoding is probably wrong */
ROM_LOAD( "dommy.e70", 0x0018, 0x0008, CRC(50c1d86e) SHA1(990a87a7f7e6a2af67dc6890e2326c7403e46520) ) /* palette */
ROM_CONTINUE( 0x0000, 0x0018 )
ROM_LOAD( "dommy.e60", 0x0020, 0x0020, CRC(24da2b63) SHA1(4db7e1ff1b9fd5ae4098cd7ca66cf1fa2574501a) ) /* unknown */
ROM_END
ROM_START( scregg )
ROM_REGION( 0x10000, "maincpu", 0 )
ROM_LOAD( "d00.e14", 0x3000, 0x1000, CRC(29226d77) SHA1(e1a329a4452eeb90801d001140ce865bf1ea7716) )
ROM_LOAD( "d10.d14", 0x4000, 0x1000, CRC(eb143880) SHA1(73b3ca6e0d72cd0db951ae9ed1552cf8b7d91e68) )
ROM_LOAD( "d20.c14", 0x5000, 0x1000, CRC(4455f262) SHA1(fc7b2d9094fa5e25c1bf4b68386f640f4502e0c0) )
ROM_LOAD( "d30.b14", 0x6000, 0x1000, CRC(044ac5d2) SHA1(f2d2fe2236de1b3b2614cc95f61a90571638cd69) )
ROM_LOAD( "d40.a14", 0x7000, 0x1000, CRC(b5a0814a) SHA1(192cdc506fb0bbfed8ae687f2699397ace3bef30) )
ROM_RELOAD( 0xf000, 0x1000 ) /* for reset/interrupt vectors */
ROM_REGION( 0x6000, "gfx1", 0 )
ROM_LOAD( "d50.j12", 0x0000, 0x1000, CRC(a485c10c) SHA1(88edd35479ceb58244f644a7e0520d225df3bf65) )
ROM_LOAD( "d60.j10", 0x1000, 0x1000, CRC(1fd4e539) SHA1(3067bbd9493614e80d8d3982fe80ef25688d256c) )
ROM_LOAD( "d70.h12", 0x2000, 0x1000, CRC(8454f4b2) SHA1(6a8d257a3fec901453c7216ad894badf96188ebf) )
ROM_LOAD( "d80.h10", 0x3000, 0x1000, CRC(72bd89ee) SHA1(2e38c27b546eeef0fe42340777c8687f4c65ee97) )
ROM_LOAD( "d90.g12", 0x4000, 0x1000, CRC(ff3c2894) SHA1(0da866db6a79f658de3efc609b9ca8520b4d22d0) )
ROM_LOAD( "da0.g10", 0x5000, 0x1000, CRC(9c20214a) SHA1(e01b72501a01ffc0370cf19c9a379a54800cccc6) )
ROM_REGION( 0x0040, "proms", 0 )
ROM_LOAD( "dc0.c6 ", 0x0000, 0x0020, CRC(ff23bdd6) SHA1(d09738915da456449bb4e8d9eefb8e6378f0edea) ) /* palette */
ROM_LOAD( "db1.b4", 0x0020, 0x0020, CRC(7cc4824b) SHA1(2a283fc17fac32e63385948bfe180d05f1fb8727) ) /* unknown */
ROM_END
ROM_START( eggs )
ROM_REGION( 0x10000, "maincpu", 0 )
ROM_LOAD( "e14.bin", 0x3000, 0x1000, CRC(4e216f9d) SHA1(7b9d984481c8227e417dae4a1adbb5dec5f959b7) )
ROM_LOAD( "d14.bin", 0x4000, 0x1000, CRC(4edb267f) SHA1(f5d1a79b13d6fbb92561b4e4cfb78465114497d1) )
ROM_LOAD( "c14.bin", 0x5000, 0x1000, CRC(15a5c48c) SHA1(70141c739a8c019554a6c5257ad12606a1542b1f) )
ROM_LOAD( "b14.bin", 0x6000, 0x1000, CRC(5c11c00e) SHA1(4a9295086bf935a1c9b1b01f83d1ff6242d74907) )
ROM_LOAD( "a14.bin", 0x7000, 0x1000, CRC(953faf07) SHA1(ee3181e9ee664053d6e6899fe38e136a9ea6abe1) )
ROM_RELOAD( 0xf000, 0x1000 ) /* for reset/interrupt vectors */
ROM_REGION( 0x6000, "gfx1", 0 )
ROM_LOAD( "j12.bin", 0x0000, 0x1000, CRC(ce4a2e46) SHA1(6b31c481ca038834ae295d015054f852baa6330f) )
ROM_LOAD( "j10.bin", 0x1000, 0x1000, CRC(a1bcaffc) SHA1(74f6df3136826822bbc22b027700fb3ddfceaa97) )
ROM_LOAD( "h12.bin", 0x2000, 0x1000, CRC(9562836d) SHA1(c5d5d6ceede6105975c87ff8e1f7e5312b992b92) )
ROM_LOAD( "h10.bin", 0x3000, 0x1000, CRC(3cfb3a8e) SHA1(e60c9da1a7841c3bb5351a109d99c8df34747212) )
ROM_LOAD( "g12.bin", 0x4000, 0x1000, CRC(679f8af7) SHA1(f69302ff0125d96fbfdd914d7ecefd7130a24616) )
ROM_LOAD( "g10.bin", 0x5000, 0x1000, CRC(5b58d3b5) SHA1(f138b7294dd20d050bb8a2191e87b0c3815f6148) )
ROM_REGION( 0x0040, "proms", 0 )
ROM_LOAD( "eggs.c6", 0x0000, 0x0020, CRC(e8408c81) SHA1(549b9948a4a73e7a704731b942565183cef05d52) ) /* palette */
ROM_LOAD( "db1.b4", 0x0020, 0x0020, CRC(7cc4824b) SHA1(2a283fc17fac32e63385948bfe180d05f1fb8727) ) /* unknown */
ROM_END
// rockduck - check gfx roms (planes) order
ROM_START( rockduck )
ROM_REGION( 0x10000, "maincpu", 0 )
ROM_LOAD( "rde.bin", 0x4000, 0x2000, CRC(56e2a030) SHA1(f03cca53ac30f1c4ec45afbe58c231673739e425) )
ROM_COPY( "maincpu", 0x5000, 0x3000, 0x1000 ) // rgn,srcoffset,offset,length.
ROM_LOAD( "rdc.bin", 0x6000, 0x2000, CRC(482d9a0c) SHA1(2838cbcd35edaf19848fcf1588ec3a35adf5b179) )
ROM_COPY( "maincpu", 0x7000, 0x5000, 0x1000 ) // rgn,srcoffset,offset,length.
ROM_LOAD( "rdb.bin", 0x8000, 0x2000, CRC(974626f2) SHA1(cfd767947df9aa99b22afbc0a83afd3f92e7d903) )
ROM_RELOAD( 0xe000, 0x2000 ) // for vectors/pointers
ROM_COPY( "maincpu", 0x9000, 0x7000, 0x1000 ) // rgn,srcoffset,offset,length.
// ROM_LOAD( "b.bin", 0x8000, 0x2000, CRC(637fbb50) SHA1(b31799f9cc6aefd9f4b39cc1afb1ca00d9200efb) ) // alternate rom, bad dump
// this rom is a bad dump of rdb.bin with only 1 bit different.
// (bit 5 is on at offset $1629).
ROM_REGION( 0x8000, "gfx1", 0 )
ROM_LOAD( "rd3.rdg", 0x0000, 0x2000, CRC(8a3f1e53) SHA1(398bbbab314e4ea87cc5f5978c7e806818398d02) ) // not scrambled
ROM_LOAD( "rd2.rdh", 0x2000, 0x2000, CRC(e94e673e) SHA1(0adf01d35879b9dd355d0c53a51b5f416f22d7b2) )
ROM_LOAD( "rd1.rdj", 0x4000, 0x2000, CRC(654afff2) SHA1(f1e21447f0a2ac23cd64cf1f6f315937787b6377) )
ROM_REGION( 0x0040, "proms", 0 )
/* no proms were in the rock duck set and no PCB available, use eggs palette for now, although its probably wrong */
ROM_LOAD( "eggs.c6", 0x0000, 0x0020, BAD_DUMP CRC(e8408c81) SHA1(549b9948a4a73e7a704731b942565183cef05d52) ) /* palette */
// ROM_LOAD( "screggco.b4", 0x0020, 0x0020, BAD_DUMP CRC(7cc4824b) SHA1(2a283fc17fac32e63385948bfe180d05f1fb8727) ) /* unknown */
ROM_END
static DRIVER_INIT( rockduck )
{
// rd2.rdh and rd1.rdj are bitswapped, but not rd3.rdg .. are they really from the same board?
int x;
UINT8 *src = machine.region( "gfx1" )->base();
for (x = 0x2000; x < 0x6000; x++)
{
src[x] = BITSWAP8(src[x],2,0,3,6,1,4,7,5);
}
}
GAME( 1983, dommy, 0, dommy, scregg, 0, ROT270, "Technos Japan", "Dommy", GAME_SUPPORTS_SAVE )
GAME( 1983, scregg, 0, scregg, scregg, 0, ROT270, "Technos Japan", "Scrambled Egg", GAME_SUPPORTS_SAVE )
GAME( 1983, eggs, scregg, scregg, scregg, 0, ROT270, "Technos Japan / Universal USA", "Eggs", GAME_SUPPORTS_SAVE )
GAME( 1983, rockduck, 0, scregg, rockduck, rockduck, ROT270, "Datel SAS", "Rock Duck (prototype?)", GAME_WRONG_COLORS | GAME_SUPPORTS_SAVE )
| 45,456 |
1727973_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 668 | 941 |
372 So. 2d 860 (1979)
Willie E. OZLEY, Jr. and Sara E. Ozley
v.
Thomas W. GUTHRIE and Marie D. Guthrie.
78-52.
Supreme Court of Alabama.
June 29, 1979.
Robert C. Boyce, III, of Furner, Boyce, Nave & Thomason, Bessemer, for appellants.
Robert E. Paden and Jake V. Bivona of Paden, Green & Paden, Bessemer, for appellees.
MADDOX, Justice.
This action arose out of what began as a boundary line dispute.
Thomas and Marie Guthrie owned Lot 24; Wilber and Mavis Collins owned adjacent Lot 25. There was a dispute between them over the location of the boundary line between them. The Guthries sold their lot to Willie E. and Sara E. Ozley on April 3, 1973; the Collins' dispute over the boundary continued with the new owners. On January 15, 1976, the Collinses sued the Ozleys, and asked the court to fix the true boundary. The Ozleys answered the complaint and, in a third party action, sued the Guthries, claiming that the Guthries, when they sold the lot to them, had misrepresented *861 the facts, and had breached not only their contract, but also warranties they had made at the time.
At the close of the evidence in this original action, the Guthries moved for a directed verdict. At first, the trial court granted the motion only as to the counts alleging fraud and denied it as to the other counts, but upon reconsideration, the court directed a verdict as to all claims. On July 2, 1976, the court established the boundary line at a location adverse to the Ozleys' interest. This judgment was never modified or altered and no timely appeal was taken.
On December 8, 1976, the Ozleys filed the instant suit against the Guthries. They alleged misrepresentation and breach of an express warranty in and concerning the sale of Lot 24.
The Guthries filed a motion for summary judgment, claiming:
(1) That the cause of action upon which the prior judgment was rendered is the same cause of action as the one involved in the present action.
(2) That the parties to the former action are bound by the judgment rendered therein, the same as the parties to the present action.
(3) That judgment was rendered on the merits of the case and that judgment was final and has not been modified or set aside, and is still in full force and effect.
Summary judgment was rendered in favor of the Guthries and the case dismissed on September 21, 1978. The Ozleys appeal. We affirm.
The purpose of third party practice provided for in Rule 14, A.R.C.P. is to avoid multiple suits, to allow an entire controversy to be disposed of in one action, thereby saving time and cost and avoiding the serious handicap to the defendant of a time difference between the judgment against him and the judgment in his favor against the party liable over to him. Campbell Contr. Eng'rs Inc. v. Water Works and Sewer Bd. of the City of Prichard, Ala., Inc., 52 Ala.App. 129, 290 So. 2d 194 (1974).
It is a well settled principle of our law that matters once adjudicated are settled and determined. This principle is embodied in the doctrine of res judicata. The essential elements of res judicata are: (1) a prior judgment rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) substantial identity of the parties in the two suits; (3) identity of issues in the two suits, and (4) prior judgment rendered on the merits. Wheeler v. First Alabama Bank of Birmingham, 364 So. 2d 1190 (Ala.1978). Where these elements are present, as they are in the present case, the former judgment is an absolute bar to any subsequent suit on the same cause of action, including any issue which was or could have been litigated in the prior action. McGruder v. B & L Construction Co., 331 So. 2d 257 (Ala.1976).
The trial court's grant of summary judgment is to be affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
TORBERT, C. J., and JONES, SHORES and BEATTY, JJ., concur.
| 40,519 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97435720
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 175 | 854 |
山口労災病院
山口県山陽小野田市にある病院
山口労災病院 分類 病院
山口労災病院 国 日本
山口労災病院 国立国会図書館典拠ID 01191281
山口労災病院 VIAF識別子 255629374
山口労災病院 公式ウェブサイト https://yamaguchih.johas.go.jp/, 作品または名前の言語 日本語
山口労災病院 グーグル・ナレッジ・グラフ識別子 /g/1vd6_3d6
山口労災病院 位置する行政区画 山陽小野田市
山口労災病院 住所
山口労災病院 病床数
山口労災病院 成立日 1955
山口労災病院 法人番号 7020005008492
山口労災病院 位置座標
山口労災病院 OpenStreetMapのノードID 1423655469
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital
hospital in Japan
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital instance of hospital
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital country Japan
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital NDL Authority ID 01191281
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital VIAF ID 255629374
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital official website https://yamaguchih.johas.go.jp/, language of work or name Japanese
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital Google Knowledge Graph ID /g/1vd6_3d6
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital located in the administrative territorial entity Sanyo-Onoda
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital street address
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital number of hospital beds
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital inception 1955
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital Corporate Number (Japan) 7020005008492
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital coordinate location
Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital OpenStreetMap node ID 1423655469
山口勞災醫院
山口勞災醫院 隶属于 醫院
山口勞災醫院 国家 日本
山口勞災醫院 日本國立國會圖書館識別碼 01191281
山口勞災醫院 VIAF标识符 255629374
山口勞災醫院 官方网站 https://yamaguchih.johas.go.jp/, 作品或名稱使用語言 日語
山口勞災醫院 Google知識圖譜編號 /g/1vd6_3d6
山口勞災醫院 所在行政领土实体 山陽小野田市
山口勞災醫院 所在街道地址
山口勞災醫院 病床数量
山口勞災醫院 成立或建立時間 1955
山口勞災醫院 日本法人编号 7020005008492
山口勞災醫院 地理坐标
山口勞災醫院 開放街圖節點ID 1423655469
| 50,857 |
https://github.com/zul126/minemeld-core/blob/master/minemeld/flask/logsapi.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
minemeld-core
|
zul126
|
Python
|
Code
| 168 | 475 |
# Copyright 2015 Palo Alto Networks, Inc
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from flask import send_from_directory, jsonify
from . import config
from .aaa import MMBlueprint
from .logger import LOG
__all__ = ['BLUEPRINT']
BLUEPRINT = MMBlueprint('logs', __name__, url_prefix='/logs')
@BLUEPRINT.route('/minemeld-engine.log', methods=['GET'], read_write=True)
def get_minemeld_engine_log():
log_directory = config.get('MINEMELD_LOG_DIRECTORY_PATH', None)
if log_directory is None:
return jsonify(error={'message': 'LOG_DIRECTORY not set'}), 500
return send_from_directory(log_directory, 'minemeld-engine.log', as_attachment=True)
@BLUEPRINT.route('/minemeld-web.log', methods=['GET'], read_write=True)
def get_minemeld_web_log():
log_directory = config.get('MINEMELD_LOG_DIRECTORY_PATH', None)
if log_directory is None:
return jsonify(error={'message': 'LOG_DIRECTORY not set'}), 500
return send_from_directory(log_directory, 'minemeld-web.log', as_attachment=True)
| 4,993 |
https://openalex.org/W2269656981
|
OpenAlex
|
Open Science
|
CC-By
| 2,013 |
Conceptualisation of Nation Brand Image
|
Bintang Handayani
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,341 | 11,778 |
IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) BINTANG HANDAYANI
BASRI RASHID School of Tourism, Hospitality and Environmental Studies
Universiti Utara Malaysia Abstract This paper examines the nation brand image notion. Literature review is
employed as the method to develop the conceptual model. This paper suggests
that the multifaceted nature of a nation can be covered in the nation brand
image. In addition, the theoretical relationship between national brand
identity, national identity, tourism brand and nation brand image and is
also explored. This paper eventually proposes a conceptual model of nation
brand image and suggests that future research include the multi elements of
national brand identity and national identity as the components of nation
brand image. Keywords: Conceptual model, nation brand image. CONCEPTUALISATION OF NATION
BRAND IMAGE BINTANG HANDAYANI
BASRI RASHID Introduction Giving nation a brand is considered not enough to be a market leader
and have a strong positioning. Referring to the theory of branding,
one of the ways to be a market leader and have strong positioning is
not only by having a brand (Keller, 2003). Beyond that, to be a market
leader and have strong positioning requires brand image. This paper
provides an insight on the nation brand image notion. In doing so,
the fi rst section discusses the paradox of nation brand. It moves on
to the second section that critically reviews the brand image and
nation brand image notion; followed by a discussion on nation brand
image and tourism brand. The discussion reviews the perspective
of giving nation a brand image through national identity as nation
brand diff erentiation. In conclusion, a defi nition and a conceptual
model are off ered as an extension of previous studies (Olins,
1999; O’Shaughnessy & O’Shaughnessy, 2000; Kotler & Gertner,
2002; Gilmore, 2002; Anholt, 2002, 2007; Dinie, 2008; Fan, 2010;
Kaneva, 2011). 165 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) Nation Brand Studies The idea of giving nation a brand is intriguing. Nation brand is
acknowledged as the growing sub-fi led of place marketing (e.g. Anholt, 2002, 2007; Gilmore, 2002; Kotler & Gertner, 2002; Olins,
1999; and Papadopoulos & Heslop, 2002). According to literature,
between 1950 and 2002, 766 books and articles by 789 authors have
been published on the subject of place marketing (a special issue of
the Journal of Brand Management, 2002). The number implies that
nation brand is a growing subject of interest among scholars in brand
management. In general, most of the studies highlight nation brand as part of the
national strategy to build positive image and reputation (Anholt,
2002; 2007; Fan, 2006). Subsequently, nation brand expands its scope
by not only aiming to build positive a image, reputation and gain
more international market shares but also strengthening a country
is position at the international stage. However, the nation brand
notion seems to be considered vague due to unsett led debates on the
nation brand existence. For instance, Fan (2006) argues that a nation
has brand image with or without a branding technique, while several
authors keep on suggesting that there is a need for a nation to be
branded (e.g. Anholt, 2002; 2007; Gilmore, 2002; Kotler & Gertner,
2002; Olins, 1999; Keneva, 2011). Nevertheless, the nation brand concept can be regarded as being in
the infancy stage. This is partly because the place branding and its
sub-fi eld (nation branding) is considered a minority in every involved
discipline and fi eld of studies that interact within its notion (Kaneva,
2011). As an infant notion and a minority in related fi elds and
disciplines, it is deemed appropriate to conduct theoretical research
to enrich this notion (Kaneva, 2011; Fan, 2010). The fundamental idea is to expand the recommendations of previous
studies which suggest that the nation brand issue should be discussed
from various angles and perspectives. In this sense, it is argued
that nation brand is not only about developing att ractive places for
tourists, foreign students, foreign direct investment (FDI), talented/
skilful people and business transactions but also positioning a nation
as a market leader in a certain category (Olins, 1999; O’Shaughnessy &
O’Shaughnessy, 2000; Kotler & Gertner, 2002; Gilmore, 2002; Anholt,
2002; 2007; Dinie, 2008). Nation Brand Studies 166 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) One of the issues that past studies highlighted is the multifaceted
nature that a nation is att ached with (Kaneva, 2011; Dinnie, 2008; Fan,
2006). It implies the diffi culties in giving a single brand to a nation
brand which denotes a single image (or single message for diff erent
audiences in diff erent countries). It is noted countries have put lots of
energy; capital and time to create a nation brand by only adding an
adjective before or after the country’s name. By highlighting what they
have and how fantastic the country is (and/or its resources are). The
tendency of most governments that only focus in creating bombastic
campaigns (which are claimed as nation brands) implies confusion
between developing a nation brand and developing a tourism brand. This phenomenon generates questions such as what is the distinction
between these constructs. This subsequently leads to the issues on
how to manage national dimensions (which are considered as a
country’s products) that are multifaceted (Dinnie, 2008; Fan, 2006)
and how can literature support the idea of giving a nation a brand. Unfortunately, there seems to be only limited study on diff erentiating
the constructs of nation brand and tourism brand. Aside from that, nation brand is also associated with national identity. It is used as a national brand identity in the initial stage of treating
a nation as a brand. It functions as core essence to diff erentiate a
nation over others (Fan, 2010; Kaneva, 2011, Fan, 2010; Kotler &
Gertner, 2002; O’Shaughnessy & O’Shaughnessy, 2000; Anholt, 2002;
2007; Gilmore, 2002; Olins, 1999). However, these issues of unsett led
debate, the vague notion of nation brand and the role of national
identity in giving nation a brand are considered to have less well-
founded studies. Borrowing Keller’s theory brand image (2003), this study off ers
an alternative for giving a nation a brand. In this sense, instead of
developing a nation brand (which is against the multifaceted nature
of a nation as a big entity), it is wise to develop a nation brand image. Dinnie’s (2008) conceptualization of a nation-brand identity and image
has initially indicated the nation brand image notion, unfortunately,
there seems to be limited study clarifying the defi nition of a nation
brand image. Paradox of Brand Image One of the arguments that needed to revisit the nation brand notion is
when Fan (2006) specifi cally argues that nation has a brand image with
or without a nation branding technique. Secondly, most of the studies
focus on how to brand a nation without specifi cally defi ning the clear
idea of the notion. If the idea of giving a nation a brand is argued for
developing a nation’s image and reputation, thus the philosophy of
giving a nation a brand by merely creating a bombastic campaign
that simply involves advertising the perspective and Public Relations
(PR) technique. In this sense, it is contrary to the nation brand image
which Kaneva (2011) and Fan (2006) argue that a nation brand image
is not only aimed to improve a nation’s image and reputation but it
also involves nationhood (national identity). The phenomenon of creating a bombastic campaign can be seen from
what most governments have done to promote their countries to the
world. Regardless of that eff ort, some governments are unsatisfi ed
with the result of exposure through the bombastic campaign. This is
due to the fact that there is no signifi cant improvement on positioning
and the number of tourists’ arrival to a country (Anholt, 2006). Implicitly, there is a gap of interpreting the idea of giving a nation a
brand. While several authors argue that a nation brand exists without
a branding technique, some authors assert that giving a nation a
brand is important due to globalization (Kotler & Gertner, 2002;
O’Shaughnessy & O’Shaughnessy, 2000). However, Fan’s (2006)
argument that the existence of a nation brand is naturally constructed
can be considered in line with the proposition that nations historically
have branded themselves through icons and symbols such as fl ags,
military uniforms, currencies, anthems and ideology due to regime
changes or ideology changes and stereotypes (Dinnie, 2008; Fan, 2006;
Kotler & Gertner, 2002; O’Shaughnessy & O’Shaughnessy, 2000). Thirdly, even though recent studies mention national identity in the
nation brand notion (Fan, 2010; Kaneva, 2011) which indicate that
other variables involved in strengthening the nation brand notion,
still it seems debatable due to the diffi culty in giving a nation a brand
(Zenker, 2011). Those who disagree have suggested a new term such
as place brand (Zenker & Braun, 2010). Nation Brand Studies Moreover, past studies merely provide conceptions
about the variables which only emphasise how nation branding
gives a nation a brand (not giving a nation a brand image). Due to
that matt er, this paper moves to discuss nation brand image and its
conceptualization. 167 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) Paradox of Brand Image Paradox of Brand Image In this sense, the nation brand
notion is being questioned due to insuffi cient explanation of its notion
and a lack of literature support. 168 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) On the contrary, the idea of a nation brand image is rather plausible
and possible to be implemented (refer to the following discussion
of brand image and nation brand images). Although, Dinnie (2008)
implicitly has conceptualized the idea of a nation brand image, the
idea may require further clarifi cation. According to Dinnie (2008) a
nation brand image is derived from a nation brand identity which
must be executed by proper key communicators. In addition, a nation
brand must address the diverse range of audiences and denote the
need to seek for a certain identity in order to develop a nation brand
image. However, the conceptual model did not defi ne (or diff erentiate)
the concepts of the notion clearly which generates confusion about a
nation brand and a nation brand image notion. Unfortunately, studies
that try to clarify the concept of a nation brand and a nation brand
image notion seems to be very limited. Hence, the following section
strives to clarify concepts and the notion of nation brand and nation
brand image. Brand Image and Nation Brand Image Kotler and Gertner (2002) argue that the nation brand notion is
derived from strategic image management (SIM) which is important
to att ract international audiences. Nation brand is defi ned as a total
perception of international audiences which emerged as the overall
image of a nation (Fan, 2010). On the other hand, based on the traditional branding theory, the
nation brand image notion can be derived from strategic brand
management (SBM) which Keller (2003) points out as part of brand
knowledge of the segmented target audiences. Keller (2003) argues
that brand image is closely related to the level of familiarisation of
target audiences in associating the products off erings and infl uences
the purchase decision. Brand image is defi ned as everything that
people associate with the product off ering (Newman, 1957; Keller,
2003). It generates types of brand associations, favourability of brand
associations, and strength of brand associations and uniqueness of
brand associations (Keller, 2003). The brand associations refer to its symbolic att ributes, level of quality,
the profi le of the company and functions which can be seen from
product related and non-product related that characterize the identity. Positive brand associations indicate conditions where people tend to 169 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) recall and recognize the brand as if it is the product itself and tend to
become a fi rst choice in the market. It signifi es a positive brand image
(Keller, 2003). A positive brand image stimulates consumers’ intention or willingness
to purchase (Hsieh et al., 2004). It infl uences the buying decision and
potentially becomes a market leader in a certain category, while
negative brand image is not. It is due to the belief that people not
only purchase the physical functions of products or services, but also
the symbolic meanings associated with the brand name which are
eventually linked to prestige. This implies the aff ective phase of the
att itude theory. It highlights the proposition of the accumulative level
of cognitive and aff ective on consumers’ future action (conative). Consequently, the brand image of the product off erings not only
becomes assets of the company but also shapes the prestige of the
consumers. Prestige of consumers is developed from types, favourability, strength
and uniqueness of the brand associations. These brand associations
imply not only the consumers’ cognitive but also grabs the consumers’
aff ective. Brand Image and Nation Brand Image In this sense, the objective of giving a product a brand image
is not only to build brand awareness (through symbolic-oriented
process) but also to generate a positive brand image (through types,
favourability, strength and uniqueness of the brand associations) in
the consumers’ mind. Similarly, this is applicable to a nation. The idea of a nation-brand
image is not only to build nation-brand awareness (refers to the
nation’s image) but also to foster a positive nation-brand image
(refers to reputation, positioning which leads to position as a market
leader). Johansson (1993) Agrawal and Kamakura (1999) argue that a
favourable image that is att ached to the place (which refers to nation)
can be a competitive advantage to win international markets. It is also
argued that besides becoming a brand name, a country’s name can
also be the product itself. This is due to competition to att ract tourists,
factories, businesses, the faces (very important people), foreign
students and talented skilful people (Kotler & Gertner, 2002). These
international target audiences are also similar to the target audiences
of any other product off erings which will purchase goods or services
not only based on the physical function but also the prestige of the
brand image. 170 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) In general, a country product off ering can be grouped as the national
dimensions which are managed under a country’s name as a brand. National dimensions are classifi ed into tourism, export, government,
culture, people, investment and immigration (Anholt, 2002; 2007). It
signifi es social-cultural, economics, and politics (Kotler & Gertner,
2002; O’Shaughnessy & O’Shaughnessy, 2000; Dinnie, 2008). Due
to this multifaceted entity of a nation, nation brand is att ached with
multiple images which could be positive or negative, thus, making it
diffi cult to give a nation a brand. On the contrary, the brand-image
theory states that to have a brand image requires brand associations. Brand associations denote multifaceted images which can be perceived
by diff erent audiences. In this sense, conceptualizing nation brand
image is possible. According to the brand knowledge theory, brand image is closely
related to the level of familiarisation of the target audiences (Keller,
2003). Thus giving nation a brand image is related to national activities
that are performed through national dimensions. IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) The key perspectives in nation image illustrates the need of identifying
self-perception of identity which is defi ned as a question: ‘who are we
as a nation?’. This initial phase leads to what reference points think
about us as a nation. The third one is related to the idea of constructing
the nation image which implies the beginning of a nation-brand
image development. This constructed image is related to a question
of what we believe our image is in front of the world. Subsequently,
the constructed image builds the actual image that shapes reputation
and stereotype. In this stage, the government of a country analyses
how the nation image is actually perceived by others. The fi fth key
perspective in nation image is the projected image which is defi ned
as the constructed image that does not refl ect the reality of the nation
which leads to the need to form the desired image (point number six
of the key perspectives). The desired image needs to be developed in
order to distribute the visionary self-perception that a nation would
like other nations to hold about it in the future. Unlike the nation-brand notion which is related only to the actual
image that external (outsiders) perceive, nation-brand image is related
to both actual images that external (outsiders) and internal (insiders)
perceive about nation images. In this case, the conceptualization
model that is off ered by past studies which argued the need of a
nation-brand identity is confi rmed due to the philosophy of the
nation-brand image notion (Dinnie, 2008; Fan, 2010; Kaneva, 2011). It
denotes nation brand image as a construction process of multifaceted
images of the nation based on the key perspectives in nation image
that Fan (2010) off ered. Therefore, nation-brand image is defi ned as the total collection of a
nation’s multifaceted images that are associated with a country’s
national dimensions and activities which are managed by a country’s
government based on actual image, national identity and desired
future image to be perceived by international audiences. Brand Image and Nation Brand Image It aims to make
international audiences familiar and be able to recognize a country’s
national dimensions and infl uence the buying decision so that it
can be a market leader in a certain category. In this sense, the idea
of developing the nation brand associations is to design the nation’s
images that possess multifaceted nature. It is done based on the self-
perception (which is considered as national identity) and desired
images (visionary perception) that a nation wants to be perceived by
international audiences. Particularly, self-perception and desired images are part of the nation
image perspectives which denote the process of the nation branding
formation. In other words, nation brand image is developed through
key perspectives of nation image (Brown et al., 2006; Fan, 2010),
while nation brand merely involves the actual image (Fan, 2006). In
other words, it is not being controlled by the producer–based on the
stereotype. In general, the key perspective in nation image consists of constructs
such as identity, image and reputation that refer to mental associations
that generate a frame of experiences and a frame of references of
the international audiences. Identity is defi ned as self-belief of the
characteristics that the entity has. While image is collection of identity
that is projected to others, reputation is the feedback received from
others about the images that is projected (Whett en & Mackey, 2002;
Fan, 2010). 171 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) Nation Brand Image and Tourism Brand To date, studies about nation-brand image are associated with the
country of origin (export dimension), public diplomacy (Roth &
Romeo, 1992; Heslop & Papadopoulos, 1993; Pappu et al., 2007;
Szondi, 2008) and cultural focus (Morgan & Pritchard, 2002). The
philosophical aim is giving national products a brand. For instance,
textile or Moslem clothes which are labelled as made in Indonesia 172 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) and being exported implies the country of origin notion which also
implies that Indonesia is the biggest Moslem country in the world. That analogy signifi es not only the product related to a country being
off ered to international audiences but also denotes the belief structure
(part of national identity elements) of Indonesia as a nation. On the other hand, a public diplomacy study focuses building hard
and soft power (a country’s power in infl uencing or forcing political,
fi nancial, and social activities) at the regional or international stage
(Szondi, 2008; Fan, 2008). In this case, the public diplomacy study denotes
the national system and ideology that countries chose also implies
the way they projected themselves regarding international issues. The cultural study focuses on national heritage and cultural
homogeneity which generates national identity as well. Most of this
study is used to build the tourism dimension as one of the national
products that infl uence international audiences’ perception; e.g. the Malay, Indian and Chinese races represent countries in South
East Asia which mostly tourism att ractions as national products in
that region. Many studies that dominated the nation-brand image notion have
brought confusion. The most notable one is the confusion of between
identifying nation-brand image and tourism-brand notions. Past
studies acknowledged that the tendency of most governments in
creating bombastic campaigns by adding adjectives to the name of the
country is not considered as nation brand (Dinnie, 2012; Fan, 2006)
but more to tourism brand which most governments have a part in
taking tourism as a national industry. As it has been defi ned nation brand is the total perception of
international audiences about a country. Nation brand exists with
or without nation-branding notion due to stereotypes. Stereotype
produces prejudice, and unreasonable judgments based on one’s own
group (Lippman, 1922 cited in Fan, 2008). Nation Brand Image and Tourism Brand On the other hand, nation-
brand image notion focuses on developing (designing) national
brand associations in order to increase international audiences’
familiarisation towards national dimensions that represent the socio-
cultural, economic, and political activities of a country. Nation brand
denotes symbolic oriented which refers to national identity. For
instance, Indonesia is nation brand is Bhineka Tunggal Ika. Bhineka
Tungal Ika represents the pluralistic characteristic of Indonesia and
its cultural att achment as a nation. For nation-brand image, the focus 173 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) is managing brand associations which can be derived from endorsed
brands such as the national tourism brand or the country of origin
(export dimension). The distinction between these constructs refers to the classifi cation
of national brand identity which nation brand denotes the umbrella
brand that covers overall national identities. National tourism brand
signifi es the tourism national brand identity (endorsed brand) which
is well-known as a subject of destination-branding notion (Morgan &
Pritchard, 2002). Tourism national brand identity (endorsed brand) is
managed as one of the national dimensions (similar to the country of
origin notion which generally links with export dimension). However,
tourism national brand identity is considered relatively close to
nation-brand image notion. It is due to proposition that the nation-
brand image notion is designing nation brand associations which are
derived from national identity (self-perception which denotes national
profi le based on socio-cultural, political and economic) which most
countries interpret nation as people and nation as culture (Fan, 2006). For instance, British imply nation as people and as culture. Therefore,
it is suffi cient to say that national-tourism brand is part of the nation-
brand image notion. Why Giving Nation a Brand Image is Important? As mentioned in the introductory section, the critical question of
giving the nation a brand is how to brand the multifaceted nature of
the nation. In this case, giving the nation a brand is considered diffi cult
but it is possible. The overall nation images which are too nebulous
can be solved by applying the strategic brand-image management
approach. In this sense, the multifaceted nature of the nation image
is managed through strong associations to establish aff ect- driven,
while knowledge of the actual choice processes used can be a guide
to the likely infl uence of the imaginary versus reputational capital
(O’Shaughnessy & O’Shaughnessy, 2000; Fan, 2008). Fan (2006) argues that stated nation brand exists with or without
nation branding and that nation brand focuses on the actual image that
is held in the consumers’ mind with or without branding techniques. It tends to be a symbolic oriented process that is perceived by
outsiders. In this case, it becomes the outsiders’ perception that is
based on symbols such as place, geography, fl ag, ideology & systems,
history of colonization, language, socio-cultural, political and
economic activities. 174 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) Unlike nation brand, the nation-brand image notion is beyond
nation actual images. It is considered as constructed images that are
developed by the government based on the desired image (Gioia et
al., 2000; Fan, 2008), national identity, references point perception,
and projected image. For instance, recently Australia put education
as the umbrella brand and added the Indonesia in language (Bahasa
Indonesia) as a subject to be studied by students. The United Kingdom
on the other hand implemented philosophy to be studied by children
in schools. This implied the awareness of the UK and Australia as
part of the regional (and/or global) community. These countries
show what they are for and how relevant they are for both internal
and external publics. Therefore, Asians tend to have the association
(perceived images) that the UK and Australia are the destinations
for studying. In this sense, the distinction between nation brand and nation-
brand image is in the construction process of applying the branding
techniques. In other words, nation brand focusses on symbolic-
oriented on a country’s name as identity and let the image perceived
by the outsiders (which normally according to stereotypes are, frame
of experiences and frame of references). Why Giving Nation a Brand Image is Important? It means, there is no further
eff ort by the producer (the government of a country) to control the
brand (the nation’s image). On the other hand, nation-brand image
is beyond that. Nation-brand image highlights the brand associations
that are needed to be exposed in order to achieve the nation-brand
images based on their identity (self-perception) and desired future
image (positioning) that a nation wants outsiders to perceive. Though, both applied the nation-branding notion, the main objective
of the nation-brand image is to be the fi rst choice which at the end is
expected to be a market leader in a certain category. In this sense, the theory of brand image says that the problem of a
nation as a multifaceted entity can be solved by instead of giving the
nation a brand, it is bett er to develop nation-brand image (Keller,
2003). With this perspective, a multifaceted nature of the nation can
be useful due to the idea that brand image is developed by producing
brand associations (which aims to get strong positioning in the
market). Hence the multifaceted nature of a nation is not dismissed. Having that perspective, developing nation-brand associations
denotes multiple images which can be perceived as positive
or negative according to its types, favourability, strength, and
uniqueness. In general, these images refer to the place-geography,
natural resources, tourist att ractions, people-races, ethnic groups, 175 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) history, culture, languages, political & economic systems, social
institutions, infrastructure, famous people-faces, pictures or images
(Fan, 2006). These entities that are att ached with a nation can be
categorised into product-related and non-product–related. In short,
it is suffi cient to note that instead of building nation brand (which
is considered diffi cult to be developed), it is bett er to shift the nation
brand eff ort into nation-brand images notion. By having nation-brand images, a multifaceted nature of the nation
as a large entity can be accommodated. This means, Keller’s theory
of brand image can be used to sett le the problematic notion of nation
brand. Keller’s theory of brand image basically emphasis the idea of
developing brand associations which can be derived from types of
product-related and non-product-related. In this case, the national
dimensions that are classifi ed into tourism, export, government,
culture, people, and investment and immigration can be product-
related and non-product-related depending on which dimension is
selected to be the umbrella brand. Why Giving Nation a Brand Image is Important? Therefore, it is vital for a country
to have nation-brand image than only having a nation brand. As for
brand diff erentiation in nation context, national identity comes to
play. National identity which is defi ned as self-perception of a nation
is considered as national-brand identity in nation-branding notion
which aims to build nation-brand image (Fan, 2010). National Identity and Nation Brand Identity Studies about national identity in conjunction with globalization
and the idea of giving a nation a brand are mostly done from the
international marketing perspective (Kotler & Gertner, 2002; O’
Shaughnessy & O’ Shaughnessy, 2000). Although, empirical studies
that examine the relationship between national identity and nation-
brand image variables seem to be very limited, several studies
mentioned national identity as the self- perception of a country which
denotes them as nations (Fan, 2006, 2008; 2010: Dinnie, 2008; Kaneva,
2011). These studies indicate that national identity is the essence of
nation brand. The distinction between national identity and nation brand identity
is correlated but has diff erent meanings. It is argued that national
identity is relatively close to culture. It denotes how the ‘sense of
culture’ generates the characteristics of a nation (Keilor & Hult, 1999)
which generate the central, enduring, and distinctive (CED). CED
signifi es the past, present, and future of the people who live in certain 176 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) country as a nation (Fan, 2010). In this sense, nation refers to people
who are tied up and live together in certain geographical land, ruled
by a government and share similar backgrounds, race, languages,
history, heritage, beliefs, ideology, and systems, (Longman Dictionary
of Contemporary English, 1995; Oxford Dictionary, 2005). National
identity connects insiders to have a sense of belonging (emotional tie)
as part of a large group called a nation (Fan, 2006). Several prominent authors from place marketing and nation banding
defi ned national identity as the self-perception of a nation which can
be used as the core essence to diff erentiate a nation over others and it
can be used as the predictor of nation-branding notion (Kaveva, 2011,
Fan, 2010; Kotler & Gertner, 2002; O’Shaughnessy & O’Shaughnessy,
2000; Anholt, 2002; 2007; Gilmore, 2002; Olins, 1999). Thus, national
identity refers to the overall unique characteristics (the people and
the culture) of a nation which diff erentiate a nation over others. The elements of national identity have been developed by Keilor
and Hult (1999). They classifi ed it into cultural homogeneity, belief
structure, national heritage and ethnocentrism. Belief structure is
identifi ed as a collection of the religions or cults of a country, whereas
cultural homogeneity implies the number of subcultures that have
counter and become the strengths of national identity. National Identity and Nation Brand Identity Belief structure
that implies that in a dominant religion held by the majority of the
population generates a label on a nation because it is att ached with
people is beliefs that are being practiced daily. For instance, the
Middle East countries are known as Islamic countries because they
embrace Islam. On the other hand, cultural homogeneity is generated
from the number of subcultures and becomes the strengths of
national identity. Normally, cultural homogeneity builds a country-
image label on a nation from the att ributes such as traditional
clothes, foods, languages, sub-cultures that merge into character that
diff erentiates over others. Aside from that, the important element
that also infl uences national identity is national heritage. It is related
to the history of colonialization which produces diff erent national
identities to every nation. For instance, the label of “commonwealth”
on countries that are being colonized by the British will adopt and
adapt the British system. The British system implies the identity of a
nation. The last element is ethnocentrism. It is defi ned as a cultural
evaluation and its att ributions are based on their own cultural
perspectives as the baseline criteria. Ethnocentrism is included in
national identity specifi cally to examine the consumer behaviour
sett ing which possibly eff ects product choices (Samice, 1994 cited in
Keillor & Hunt, 1999). 177 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) On the other hand, national brand identity is defi ned as a specifi c
set of associations that brand strategists seek and created in order
to develop the nation as a brand for a country (Fan, 2010). In this
sense, national-brand identity is derived from tangible aspects (such
as natural beauty, historical sites, culture, races, ethnic groups,
infrastructure, etc.) and less tangible aspects that refer to behaviour
of the people, culture, values and mission (Wood, 2006). In other
words, national brand identity is a symbolic-oriented branding that
highlights the multifaceted nature that is att ached with a nation. It
is considered something that is important to be perceived by both
insiders and outsiders. Explicitly, it can be seen from one of national
dimensions that are selected to be exposed as an umbrella brand
(Dinnie, 2008; Anholt, 2002; 2007). In most cases, tourism has been the most common dimension that is
selected by governments to be national-brand identity. It is due to
the fact that tourism is att ached with people, governmental systems
& ideology, socio-culture, economics, and political activities of a
country (Leiper, 1990). Hence, tourism refl ects the characteristics of a
nation. Tourism as one of the national dimensions is benefi cial for the
public of a country (insiders and outsiders). For the insiders, national
identity (self-perception) and national-brand identity (for instance,
tourism dimension) used to tie up and generate nationalism, while
for outsiders, national identity and national brand identity are used
as short cut of international audiences’ purchase decision-making. Therefore, the relationship between national identity and nation-
brand image can be summarized as shown in the below. Figure 1. Conceptualisation of nation-brand image. ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
ȱ
Nationalȱidentityȱ
(SelfȬperception)ȱ
D
A
B
C
NationȬbrandȱimageȱ
(Nationȱbrandȱ
associations)ȱ
Nation’sȱimageȱ
Perceptionȱbyȱothers:ȱ
Stereotype(s)ȱorȱreputationȱȱ
ȱ
NationalȬbrandȱidentityȱ
ȱ(Nationalȱdimensions)ȱ
ȱ D A Figure 1. Conceptualisation of nation-brand image. 178 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) The fi gure implies direct and indirect relationship between national-
brand identity and nation-brand image. In this fi gure, national identity
is used as the core essence to formulate nation-brand associations
(Keller, 2003). In general it is treated as a mediator variable. The direct
fl ow of the proposed model (A-B-C) indicates nation-brand image. IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) The relationship between A and B shows the argument that a nation’s
image is defi ned by outsiders which are infl uenced through direct
and personal experiences, stereotype, media exposure, while indirect
fl ow (A-D-C) denotes nation-brand image notion which Fan (2006,
2010) and Kaneva (2011) highlighted about culture and people as the
focus in nation branding. Based on the above discussion, this paper
suggests that the essence to build the national-brand association is to
implement the cultural and people-orientated approach. IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) The biggest challenge on how to communicate a single image (refers
to nation brand) to diff erent audience in diff erent countries is
countered by applying the nation brand image notion. In this sense,
instead of developing a nation brand (which aims to develop a single
image), it is wise for a country to have a nation-brand image in order
not to dismis the multifacets of a nation. This could be done through
the national endorsed brands which are derived from dimensions
such as from tourism, export, inward investment, government, talent
att raction and sport (Dinnie, 2008). The distinctions among nation brand, nation-brand image and
tourism brand also have been discussed. The three constructs have
diff erent meanings but are correlated to each other. Nation brand
exists based on stereotype and reputation, while nation brand image
constructs images through managing national brand identity (which
could be more than one and refers to national dimensions as the
product-off ering of a country). In this sense, nation brand and nation-
brand image notions are considered as an umbrella brand. On the
other hand, tourism brand is considered as an endorsed brand which
is relatively close to the nation-brand image due to culture and people
as the focus of the notion which is argued as the dimension that most
infl uences a nation ‘s image (Brooks, 2004; Dinnie, 2012). Therefore,
tourism brand is foreseen as the most potentially national dimension
to represent the nation-brand image. In order to achieve brand diff erentiation and to reach strong
positioning, the national identity concept comes to play. National
identity provides the overall unique characteristics (the people and
the culture) of a nation which diff erentiate it from others. In this case,
national identity implies the central, enduring and distinctive (CED)
characteristics of its people, culture, systems, beliefs, and all related
characteristics which make them to be called a nation. Conclusion Nation brand perspective implies a country’s name as a brand which
covers national dimensions (for instance tourism, export, and etc.)
that are managed by the government at the international stage. It
refers to the current and actual image (external perception) held in
the international audiences’ minds. Considering the philosophy of
giving a nation a brand image is rather diff erent with nation brand,
hence the issue goes on national dimensions as the product-off ering
of a country that represents national identity; not only focuses on a
symbolic-oriented eff ort and an eff ort of developing a single image. This is due to the fact that nation brand is a process of managing the
images of a country as a nation which aims to build an image and
reputation, while nation-brand image notion is beyond that. Nation-brand image notion is not only to produce brand awareness
but also to produce brand associations based on selected national
dimensions as product-off ering to reach the strong positioning as
fi rst choice (market leader in a certain category). The distinction
between nation brand and nation-brand image notion is generally
due to the key perspective of images conception. Images in a nation
brand are the actual images (outsiders perception) which are derived
from stereotypes or reputation that are perceived by international
audiences. However, nation-brand image is developed not only based
on the actual image (reputation or stereotypes) that are perceived
by others (references point/signifi cant others) but also from the
desired image of a nation that projects national identity (self-
perception of a country). 179 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) Limitation and Recommendation for Further Research Although this paper provides evidence from literature about the
relevancy for a nation to adopt the concepts of nation brand, nation-
brand image, national identity and nation-brand identity, it is
more on the theoretical nature. Hence it would be more meaningful
if future research could take up the proposed framework and explore
the possibility to empirically test the framework. This would clarify
the robustness of the model and issues of vagueness of these concepts. 180 References Agrawal, J., & Kamakura, W. A. (1999). Country of origin: A
competitive advantage? International Journal of Research in
Marketing, 16(4), 255–267. g
( )
Anholt, S. (2000). The nation as brand. Accross the board, 37(10), 22–27. Anholt, S. (2000). The nation as brand. Accross the board, 37(10), 22–27. Anholt, S. (2002). Foreword. Journal of Brand Management, 9(4–5),
229–239. Anholt, S. (2002). Foreword. Journal of Brand Management, 9(4–5),
229–239. Anholt, S. (2006). Why brand? Some practical consideration for nation
branding . Place Branding, 2(3), 179–182. Anholt, S. (2007). Competitive idenity: The new brand management for
nations, cities and regions. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Anholt, S. (2010). Places: Identity, image and reputation. United
Kingdom: Palgrave. Braun, E., & Zenker, S. (2010). Towards an integrated approach for
place brand management. Paper presented at the 50th European
Regional Science Association Congress, Sweden, 19–23 August. Brooks, R. (2004, 14-16 March). Rules for successful tourism marketing. Wisconsin governor’s conference on tourism (pp. 1– 2). Madison:
Center for Comunity Economic Develoment, University of
Wisconsin.tt Brown, T. J., Dacin, P. A., Pratt , M. G., & Whett en, D. A. (2006). Identity, intended image, constructed image, and reputation:
An interdiciplinenary framework and suggested terminology. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 34(2), 99–106. Dinnie, K. (2008). Nation branding: Concept, issues, practice. Burlington:
Butt erworth-Heineman. Dinnie, K., Melewar, T. C., Seidenfuss, K. U., & Musa, G. (2010). Nation branding and integrated marketing communication:
An ASEAN pespective. International Marketing Review, 388-403. Elliot, S., & Papadopoulos, N. (2006). Toward a conprehensive place
brand: Expanding the measurement of tourism destination
image. Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research
Association (pp. 1–11). Canada: Cardiff School of Management. Elliot, S., Papadopoulos, N., & Kim, S. S. (2010). An integrative model
of place image: Exploring realtionship between destination,
product, and country image. Journal of Travel Research, 1–15. Fan, Y. (2008, 14-16 December). Key pespective in nation image: A
conceptual framework fo nation branding. The 6th Conference id
Asia Academy of Management . Taipei. Fan, Y. (2006). Branding the nation: What is being branded. Journal of
Vacation Marketing, 5–14. 181 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) Fan, Y. (2008). Soft power: Power of att raction or confusion? Journal of
Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 147–158.t Fan, Y. (2010). Branding the nation: Towards a bett er understanding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 97–103. Gertner, D., & Kotler, P. (2004). How can a place correct a negative
image. Place Branding, 1(1), 50–57. Gilmore, F. (2002). What should be a successful national brand be
based on? Journal of Brand Management, 281–293.z Gioia, D. A., Schultz , M., & Corley, K. G. (2000). Orgnizational identity,
image and adaptive instability. Academy of Management Review,
25(1), 63–81. Gnoth, J. (2002). Leveraging export brands through a tourism
destination brand. Journal of Brand Management, 9(4/5), 262–280. Heslop, L. A., & Papadopoulos, N. (1993). Product country images: Impact
and role in international marketing. Routledge: International
Business Press. Hsieh, M. H., Pan, S. L., & Setiono, R. (2004 ). Product, corporate, and
country-image dimensions and purchase bahaviour. Journal of
the Academy of marketing Science, 32(3), 251–270. Hsieh, M. H., Pan, S. L., & Setiono, R. (2004). product, corporate, and
country-image dimensions and purchase bahaviour. Journal of
the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(3), 251–270. Johansson, J. K. (2005). The new ‘brand America’. Place Branding, 1(2),
155–163. Kaneva, N. (2011). Nation branding-toward an agenda for critical
research. International Journal of Communication, 117–141. Keilor, B. D., & Hult, G. M. (1999). A fi ve-country study of national
identity: Implication for international marketing research and
practice . International Marketing, 65–82. Keller, K. L. (2003). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring,
and managing brand equity. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Kotler, P., & Gertner, D. (2002). Country as brand, product, and beyond:
A place marketing and brand management perspective. Journal
of Brand Manegement, 249–262. f
g
Leiper, N. (1990). Tourism system: An interdisiplinary perspective. Palmerson North, New Zealand: Massey University.t Morgan, N., Pritchard, A., & Piggott , R. (2002). New Zealand, 100%
pure: The creation of a powerful niche destination brand. Journal of Brand Management, 9(4/5), 335–354. O’ Shaughnessy, J., & O’ Shaughnessy, N. J. (2002). Treating the
nation as a brand: Some neglected issue. Journal Macromarketing,
56–64. 182 IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) Olins, W. (2002). Branding the nation-The historical context. Journal of
Brand Management, 241–248. Pappu, R., Quester, P. G., & Cooksey, R. W. (2007). Country image and
consumer-based brand equity: Relationship and implications
for international marketing. IJMS 20 (1), 165–183 (2013) Journal of International Business
Studies, 726–745.t Prichard, A., & Morgan, N. J. (2001). Culture, idenitt y and tourism
representation:
Marketing
Cymru
or
Wales? Tourism
Management, 167–179. Szondi, G. (2007). The role and challenges of country branding
in transition countries: The Central and Eastren European
experiences. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 3(1), 8–20. Szondi, G. (2008). Public diplomacy and nation branding: Conceptal
similarities and diff erences. Nederlands Institute of International
Relations ‘Clingendael’.t Whett en, D. A., & Mackey, A. (2002). A social actor conception of
organizational identity and its implications for the study of
organizational reputation. Business and Society, 41(4), 393–414. Wood, R. T. (2006). Straightedge: Complexity and contradictions of a
subculture. New York: Syracuse University Press. Zenker, E. V. (2011). Anarchism: A criticism and history of the anarchist
theory. Portland: Gregorivs. 183
| 8,372 |
US-3714601-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,001 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,633 | 12,809 |
Resonant optical modulators
ABSTRACT
A resonant optical modulator comprises a transmission fiber-optic waveguide, a circumferential-mode optical resonator transverse-coupled thereto, a modulator optical component transverse-coupled to the circumferential-mode resonator, and a modulator control component. A control signal applied to the modulator optical component through the modulator control component alters the round-trip optical loss of the circumferential-mode resonator, thereby altering the transmission of a resonant optical signal through the transmission fiber-optic waveguide. The modulator optical element may comprise an open waveguide or a closed waveguide (i.e., resonator). The resonator round-trip optical loss may be altered by altering the optical absorption/scattering of the modulator optical component, by altering the amount of optical power transfer between the resonator and the modulator optical component, or by altering an optical resonance frequency of a resonant modulator optical component.
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority based on prior-filed co-pending U.S.provisional App. No. 60/257,248 entitled “Modulators for resonantoptical power control devices and methods of fabrication and usethereof”, filed Dec. 21, 2000 in the name of Oskar J. Painter, Peter C.Sercel, Kerry J. Vahala, and Guido Hunziker, said provisionalapplication being hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forthherein. This application claims priority based on prior-filed co-pendingU.S. provisional App. No. 60/257,218 entitled “Waveguides and resonatorsfor integrated optical devices and methods of fabrication and usethereof”, filed Dec. 21, 2000 in the name of Oskar J. Painter, saidapplication being hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forthherein.
GOVERNMENT RIGHTS
The U.S. Government may have limited rights in this application pursuantto Office of Naval Research Contract No. N00014-00-1-0072 via CaliforniaInstitute of Technology Subcontract No. 1008921. The U.S. Government mayhave limited rights in this application pursuant to DARPA Contract No.N00014-00-3-0023.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The field of the present invention relates to optical fibercommunications. In particular, novel optical components, and methods offabrication and use thereof, are described herein for modulating,switching, routing, and otherwise controlling optical signals in awavelength specific manner.
BACKGROUND
This application is related to subject matter disclosed in:
- - A1) U.S. provisional Application No. 60/111,484 entitled “An all-fiber-optic modulator” filed Dec. 7, 1998 in the names of Kerry J. Vahala and Amnon Yariv, said provisional application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A2) U.S. Application No. 09/454,719, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,633,696 entitled “Resonant optical wave power control devices and methods” filed Dec. 7, 1999 in the names of Kerry J. Vahala and Amnon Yariv, said application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A3) U.S. provisional Application No.60/108,358 entitled “Dual tapered fiber-microsphere coupler” filed Nov. 13, 1998 in the names of Kerry J. Vahala and Ming Cai, said provisional application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A4) U.S. Application No.09/440,311, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,580,851 entitled “Resonator fiber bi-directional coupler” filed Nov. 12, 1999 in the names of Kerry J. Vahala, Ming Cai, and Guido Hunziker, said application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A5) U.S. provisional Application No.60/183,499 entitled “Resonant optical power control devices and methods of fabrication thereof” filed Feb. 17, 2000 in the names of Peter C. Sercel and Kerry J. Vahala, said provisional application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A6) U.S. provisional Application No.60/226,147 entitled “Fiber-optic waveguides for evanescent optical coupling and methods of fabrication and use thereof”, filed Aug. 18, 2000 in the names of Peter C. Sercel, Guido Hunziker, and Robert B. Lee, said provisional application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A7) U.S. provisional Application No. 60/170,074 entitled “Optical routing/switching based on control of waveguide-ring resonator coupling”, filed Dec. 9, 1999 in the name of Amnon Yariv, said provisional application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A8) U.S. Pat. No. 6,052,495 entitled “Resonator modulators and wavelength routing switches” issued Apr. 18, 2000 in the names of Brent E. Little, James S. Foresi, and Hermann A. Haus, said patent being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A9) U.S. Pat. No. 6,101,300 entitled “High efficiency channel drop filter with absorption induced on/off switching and modulation” issued Aug. 8, 2000 in the names of Shanhui Fan, Pierre R. Villeneuve, John D. Joannopoulos, Brent E. Little, and Hermann A. Haus, said patent being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - Ab 10) U.S. Pat. No.5,926,496 entitled “Semiconductor micro-resonator device” issued Jul. 20, 1999 in the names of Seng-Tiong Ho and Deanna Rafizadeh, said patent being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A11) U.S. Pat. No.6,009,115 entitled “Semiconductor micro-resonator device” issued Dec. 28, 1999 in the name of Seng-Tiong Ho, said patent being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A12) U.S. provisional Application No.60/257,218 entitled“Wave guides and resonators for integrated optical devices and methods of fabrication and use thereof”, filed Dec. 21, 2000 in the name of Oskar J. Painter, said provisional application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A13) U.S. provisional Application No.60/257,248 entitled “Modulators for resonant optical power control devices and methods of fabrication and use thereof”, filed Dec. 21, 2000 in the names of Oskar J. Painter, Kerry J. Vahala, Peter C. Sercel, and Guido Hunziker, said provisional application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A14) U.S. provisional Application No.60/301,519 entitled “Waveguide-fiber Mach-Zender interferometer and methods of fabrication and use thereof”, filed Jun. 27, 2001 in the names of Oskar J. Painter, David W. Vernooy, and Kerry J. Vahala, said provisional application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A15) U.S. non-provisional Application No.09/788,303 entitled “Cylindrical processing of optical media”, filed Feb. 16, 2001 in the names of Peter C. Sercel, Kerry J. Vahala, David W. Vernooy, and Guido Hunziker, said non-provisional application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A16) U.S. non-provisional Application No.09/788,331 entitled “Fiber-ring optical resonators”, filed Feb. 16, 2001 in the names of Peter C. Sercel, Kerry J. Vahala, David W. Vernooy, Guido Hunziker, and Robert B. Lee, said non-provisional application being hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein; - A17) U.S. non-provisional Application No.09/788,300 entitled “Resonant optical filters”, filed Feb. This application is also related to subject matter disclosed in thefollowing publications, each of said publications being herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forth herein:
- - P1) Ming Cai, Guido Hunziker, and Kerry Vahala, “Fiber-optic add-drop device based on a silica microsphere whispering gallery mode system”, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters Vol. 11 686 (1999); - P2) J. C. Knight, G. Cheung, F. Jacques, and T. A. Birks, “Phased-matched excitation of whispering gallery-mode resonances by a fiber taper”, Optics Letters Vol. 22 1129 (1997); - P3) R. D. Pechstedt, P. St. J. Russell, T. A. Birks, and F. D. Lloyd-Lucas, “Selective coupling of fiber modes with use of surface-guided Bloch modes supported by dielctric multilayer stacks”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Vol. 12(12) 2655 (1995); - P4) R. D. Pechstedt, P. St. J. Russell, “Narrow-band in-line fiber filter using surface-guided Bloch modes supported by dielectric multilayer stacks”, J. Lightwave Tech. Vol. 14(6) 1541 (1996); - P5) Hiroshi Wada, Takeshi Kamijoh, and Yoh Ogawa, “Direct bonding of InP to different materials for optical devices”, Proceedings of the third international symposium on semiconductor wafer bonding: Physics and applications, Electrochemical Society Proceedings, Princeton N.J., Vol. 95-7, 579-591 (1995); - P6) R. H. Horng, D. S. Wuu, S. C. Wei, M. F. Huang, K. H. Chang, P. H. Liu, and K. C. Lin, “AlGaInP/AuBe/glass light emitting diodes fabricated by wafer-bonding technology”, Appl. Phys. Letts. Vol. 75(2) 154 (1999); - P7) Y. Shi, C. Zheng, H. Zhang, J. H. Bechtel, L. R. Dalton, B. B. Robinson, W. Steier, “Low (sub-1-volt) halfwave voltage polymeric electro-optic modulators achieved by controlling chromophore shape”, Science Vol. 288, 119 (2000); - P8) E. L. Wooten, K. M. Kissa, and A. Yi-Yan, “A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems”, IEEE J. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 6(1), 69 (2000); - P9) D. L. Huffaker, H. Deng, Q. Deng, and D. G. Deppe, “Ring and stripe oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers”, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 69(23), 3477 (1996); - P10) Serpenguzel, S. Arnold, and G. Griffel, “Excitation of resonances of microspheres on an optical fiber”, Opt. Lett. Vol. 20, 654 (1995); - P11) F. Treussart, N. Dubreil, J. C. Knight, V. Sandoghar, J. Hare, V. Lefevre-Seguin, J. M. Raimond, and S. Haroche, “Microlasers based on silica microspheres”, Ann. Telecommun. Vol. 52, 557 (1997); - P12) M. L. Gorodetsky, A. A. Savchenkov, V. S. Ilchenko, “Ultimate Q of optical microsphere resonators”, Optics Letters, Vol. 21, 453 (1996); - P13) Carl Arft, Diego R. Yankelovich, Andre Knoesen, Erji Mao, and James S. Harris Jr., “In-line fiber evanescent field electrooptic modulators”, Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics and Materials Vol. 9(1) 79 (2000); - P14) Pochi Yeh, Amnon Yariv, and Chi-Shain Hong, “Electromagnetic propagation in periodic stratified media. I. General theory”, J. Optical Soc. Am., Vol. 67(4) 423 (1977); - P15) Ming Cai, Oskar Painter, and Kerry J. Vahala, “Observation of critical coupling in a fiber taper to a silica-microsphere whispering-gallery mode system”, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 85(1) 74 (2000); - P16) M. Kondow, T. Kitatani, S. Nakatsuka, M. C. Larson, K. Nakahara, Y. Yazawa, M. Okai, and K. Uomi, “GaInNAs: A novel material for long-wavelength semiconductor lasers”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol 3(3), 719 (1997); - P17) H. Saito, T. Makimoto, and N. Kobayashi, “MOVPE growth of strained InGaAsN/GaAs quantum wells”, J. Crystal Growth, Vol. 195 416 (1998); - P18) W. G. Bi and C. W. Tu, “Bowing parameter of the band-gap energy of GaN_(x)As_(1−y)”. Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 70(12) 1608 (1997); - P19) H. P. Xin and C. W. Tu, “GaInNAs/GaAs multiple quantum wells grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy”, Appl. Phys Lett. Vol. 72(19) 2442 (1998); - P20) B. Koley, F. G. Johnson, O. King, S. S. Saini, and M. Dagenais, “A method of highly efficient hydrolization oxidation of III-V semiconductor lattice matched to indium phosphide”, Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 75(9) 1264 (1999); - P21) Z. J. Wang, S. -J. Chua, F. Zhou, W. Wang, and R. H. Wu, “Buried heterostructures InGaAsP/InP strain-compensated multiple quantum well laser with a native-oxidized InAlAs current blocking layer”, Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol 73(26) 3803 (1998); - P22) N. Ohnoki, F. Koyama, and K. Iga, “Superlattice AlAs/AlInAs-oxide current aperture for long wavelength InP-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser structure”, Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 73(22) 3262 (1998); - P23) N. Ohnoki, F. Koyama, and K. Iga, “Super-lattice AlAs/AlInAs for lateral-oxide current confinement in InP-based lasers”, J. Crystal Growth Vol. 195 603 (1998); - P24) K. D. Choquette, K. M. Geib, C. I. H. Ashby, R. D. Twesten, 0. Blum, H. Q. Hou, D. M. Follstaedt, B. E. Hammons, D. Mathes, and R. Hull, “Advances in selective wet oxidation of AlGaAs alloys”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Vol. 3(3) 916(1997); - P25) M. H. Optical fiber and propagation of high-data-rate optical pulse trainstherethrough has become the technology of choice for high speedtelecommunications. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniquesare now commonly used to independently transmit a plurality of signalsover a single optical fiber, independent data streams being carried byoptical fields propagating through the optical fiber at a slightlydiffering optical carrier wavelengths (i.e., signal channels). WDMtechniques include dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)schemes, wherein the frequency spacing between adjacent signal channelsmay range from a few hundred GHz down to a few GHz. A propagating modeof a particular wavelength must be modulated, independently of otherpropagating wavelengths, in order to carry a signal. A signal carried bya particular wavelength channel must be independently accessible forrouting from a particular source to a particular destination. Theserequirements have previously required complex anddifficult-to-manufacture modulating and switching devices requiringextensive active alignment procedures during fabrication/assembly, andas a result are quite expensive. Such devices may require conversion ofthe optical signals to electronic signals and/or vice versa, which isquite power consuming and inefficient. In various of the patentapplications cited above a new approach has been disclosed forcontrolling optical power transmitted through an optical fiber thatrelies on the use of resonant circumferential-mode optical resonators,or other optical resonators, for direct optical coupling to apropagating mode of an optical fiber resonant with the opticalresonator, thereby enabling wavelength-specific modulation, switching,and routing of optical signals propagating through the optical fiber. Athorough discussion of the features and advantages of such optical powercontrol devices and techniques, as well as methods of fabrication, maybe found in these applications, already incorporated by referenceherein.
One important element of these latter devices is optical couplingbetween a fiber-optic waveguide and a circumferential-mode opticalresonator. The circumferential-mode optical resonator provideswavelength specificity, since only optical signals substantiallyresonant with the circumferential-mode optical resonator will besignificantly affected by the device. A fiber-optic waveguide fortransmitting the optical signal through the control device is typicallyprovided with an transverse-coupling segment, where an evanescentportion of the optical signal extends beyond the waveguide and overlapsa portion of a circumferential optical mode of the circumferential-modeoptical resonator, thereby optically coupling the circumferential-modeoptical resonator and the fiber-optic waveguide. The transverse-couplingsegment may take one of several forms, including an optical fiber taper,D-shaped optical fiber, an optical fiber with a saddle-shaped concavityin the cladding layer, and/or other functionally equivalentconfigurations. These are discussed in detail in various patentapplications cited herein.
The circumferential-mode optical resonator structure may comprise aglass micro-sphere or micro-disk, a fiber-ring resonator, asemiconductor ring/waveguide, or other functionally equivalentstructure, described in detail in various earlier-cited applications. Ahigh-Q circumferential-mode optical resonator supports relativelynarrow-linewidth resonant circumferential optical modes (i.e., having alinewidth consistent with typical linewidths of a WDM system, TDMsystem, or other optical data transmission system), which in an opticalpower control device may optically couple to optical signals of thefiber-optic waveguide of substantially resonant optical wavelength. Thecircumferential-mode optical resonator therefore provides the wavelengthselectivity of the optical power control device. Non-resonantpropagating optical signals pass by the circumferential-mode opticalresonator relatively undisturbed, and are transmitted through thedevice. By controllably adjusting the loss per round trip experienced bythe circumferential optical mode circulating about thecircumferential-mode optical resonator, the optical power control devicemay function in either of two modes:
- - 1) Switching the circumferential-mode optical resonator between an over-coupled condition (where the loss per round trip in the circumferential-mode optical resonator is small compared to the optical coupling between the fiber-optic waveguide and circumferential-mode optical resonator, and the transmission through the fiber-optic waveguide past the resonator is large) and the condition of critical coupling (at which the optical coupling of the fiber-optic waveguide and circumferential-mode optical resonator is substantially equal to the round trip loss of the circumferential-mode optical resonator, and substantially all of the optical power is dissipated by/from the circumferential-mode optical resonator resulting in near zero optical transmission through the fiber-optic waveguide past the circumferential-mode optical resonator); or - 2) Switching states between the condition of critical coupling (near zero transmission through the fiber-optic waveguide) and a condition of under-coupling (where the loss per round trip in the circumferential-mode optical resonator is large compared to the optical coupling between the fiber-optic waveguide and circumferential-mode optical resonator, and the transmission through the fiber-optic waveguide past the circumferential-mode optical resonator is non-zero).
For each of these modes of operation, there are essentially two classesof mechanism by which one can introduce round trip loss to a circulatingoptical wave (i.e., resonant circumferential optical mode) in thecircumferential-mode resonator. Either optical power of the circulatingwave can be absorbed within the resonator, or it can be gated out of thecircumferential-mode optical resonator into a second optical component,such as a second waveguide or second resonator. The gating maypreferably be achieved by control of the optical coupling between thecircumferential-mode optical resonator and the second optical componentand functions rather like a trapdoor. These two general possibilitiesare both disclosed in several earlier-cited applications. The currentdisclosure describes such devices in greater detail, particularlyoptical loss components, elements, and/or transducers provided as aseparate component to control optical loss from a circumferential-moderesonator by either of these means (as distinguished from designs inwhich the loss control component is an integral part of thecircumferential-mode optical resonator structure).
One or more of the foregoing objects may be achieved in the presentinvention by an optical power control device comprising: a) atransmission optical waveguide; b) a resonant optical componentincluding at least one circumferential-mode optical resonator; c) amodulator optical component; and d) a modulator control component. Thetransmission fiber-optic waveguide supports a propagating optical mode(wherein flows the optical signal power to be controlled by the device)and is provided with an transverse-coupling segment. Thecircumferential-mode optical resonator is positioned relative to thetransmission fiber-optic waveguide so as to be transverse-coupled to thetransmission optical waveguide. The modulator optical component ispositioned so as to be transverse-coupled to the circumferential-modeoptical resonator. The modulator control component is operativelycoupled to the modulator optical component for modulating, in responseto an applied control signal, i) a level of optical signal powertransfer by transverse-coupling between the circumferential-mode opticalresonator and the modulator optical component, ii) a level of opticalloss of the modulator optical component, and iii) a resonant frequencyof the modulator optical component, thereby enabling controlledmodulation of a coupling condition between the transmission opticalwaveguide and the circumferential optical resonator, in turn enablingcontrolled modulation of a level of transmission of the optical signalthrough the transmission optical waveguide between a higher operationaloptical transmission level and a lower operational optical transmissionlevel when the optical signal is substantially resonant with theresonant optical component.
The modulator optical component may comprise an open optical waveguideor a closed optical waveguide (i.e., a modulator optical resonator). Themodulator optical component may include an electro-active materialand/or a non-linear-optical material, so that application of anelectronic and/or optical control signal enables control of transmissionof the optical signal through the transmission optical waveguide bycontrolling a coupling condition between the transmission opticalwaveguide and the resonant optical component.
The transmission optical waveguide, the circumferential-mode opticalresonator, and the modulator optical component may be accurately,reliably, and stably positioned and secured within the optical powercontrol device using an alignment device. An alignment device mayinclude first and second alignment substrates, the transmission opticalwaveguide being positioned and secured within an alignment groove on thefirst alignment substrate, the modulator optical component being securedto the second alignment substrate, the circumferential-mode resonatorbeing positioned and secured on the first or the second substrate, theassembled alignment device suitably positioning the modulator opticalcomponent, circumferential-mode resonator, and transmission opticalwaveguide relative to each other.
Additional objects and advantages of the present invention may becomeapparent upon referring to the preferred and alternative embodiments ofthe present invention as illustrated in the drawings and described inthe following written description and/or claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a resonant optical filter according to the presentinvention.
FIGS. 2A and 2B show side and partial sectional views, respectively, ofa resonant optical filter according to the present invention.
FIGS. 3A and 3B show partial sectional views of a resonant opticalfilter according to the present invention.
FIGS. 4A and 4B show side and end views, respectively, of a resonantoptical filter according to the present invention.
FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, 5D, and 5E are schematic diagrams of resonant opticalfilters according to the present invention.
FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6C show end, side, and cross-sectional views,respectively, of a resonant optical filter according to the presentinvention.
FIG. 7 shows a side view of a resonant optical filter according to thepresent invention.
FIGS. 8A and 8B show side and top views, respectively, of a resonantoptical filter according to the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a flow diagram for fabricating a modulator optical componentaccording to the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a process diagram for fabricating a modulator opticalcomponent according to the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a process diagram for fabricating a modulator opticalcomponent according to the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a process diagram for fabricating a modulator opticalcomponent according to the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a process diagram for fabricating a modulator opticalcomponent according to the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a process diagram for fabricating a modulator opticalcomponent according to the present invention.
FIG. 15 is a flow diagram for fabricating a modulator optical componentaccording to the present invention.
FIG. 16 is a process diagram for fabricating a modulator opticalcomponent according to the present invention.
FIGS. 17A, 17B, and 17C are two partial sectional views and one topview, respectively, of a resonant optical filter according to thepresent invention.
FIGS. 18A, 18B, and 18C are two partial sectional views and one topview, respectively, of a resonant optical filter according to thepresent invention.
FIGS. 19A and 19B are partial sectional views of a resonant opticalfilter according to the present invention.
FIGS. 20A and 20B are partial sectional views of a resonant opticalfilter according to the present invention.
FIGS. 21A and 21B are partial sectional views of a resonant opticalfilter according to the present invention.
FIGS. 22A and 22B are partial sectional views of a resonant opticalfilter according to the present invention.
FIGS. 23A and 23B are partial sectional views of a resonant opticalfilter according to the present invention.
FIGS. 24A and 24B are partial sectional views of a resonant opticalfilter according to the present invention.
FIG. 25 illustrates a method for fabricating a circumferential-moderesonator on an optical fiber according to the present invention. Allviews are side views, and stippled shading indicates the presence of anouter coating remaining on the optical fiber.
FIG. 26 illustrates a method for fabricating a circumferential-moderesonator on an optical fiber according to the present invention. Allviews are side views, and stippled shading indicates the presence of anouter coating deposited on the optical fiber.
FIGS. 27A and 27B are side sectional views of a circumferential-modeoptical resonator including fiber-taper alignment-an-support structures.
It should be noted that the relative proportions of various structuresshown in the Figures may be distorted to more clearly illustrate thepresent invention. In particular, the size differential and resonatorthickness of fiber-rings may be greatly exaggerated relative to theunderlying optical fiber diameter in various Figures for clarity.Various metal, semiconductor, and/or other thin films, layers, and/orcoatings may also be shown having disproportionate and/or exaggeratedthicknesses for clarity. Relative dimensions of various waveguides,resonators, optical fibers/tapers, and so forth may also be distorted,both relative to each other as well as transverse/longitudinalproportions. The text and incorporated references should be relied onfor the appropriate dimensions of structures shown herein.
It should be noted that most of the Figures may each may depict one ofseveral distinct embodiments of a resonant optical filter according tothe present invention. Each set of embodiments corresponding to aparticular Figure are similar in spatial arrangement, but differ infunctional details that are not represented in the Figures. Inparticular, loss-modulated, index-modulated, resonance-modulated,interference-modulated embodiments may appear substantially similar inthe Figures. The particular functional aspects of the differentembodiments are described in different text sections that may each referto one or more common Figures.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND ALTERNATIVE EMBODIMENTS
For purposes of the present written description and/or claims,“circumferential-mode optical resonator” (equivalently, CMOR, CM opticalresonator, CM resonator, CMR) shall denote a resonator structure capableof supporting a substantially resonant circumferential optical mode(equivalently, RCOM), the circumferential optical mode having anevanescent portion extending beyond the circumferential-mode opticalresonator and typically being substantially confined near the surface ofthe resonator (near being defined here as within several microns forvisible, near-, or mid-infrared circumferential optical modes). Such aresonator may also often be referred to as a whispering-gallery-modeoptical resonator. Such resonator structures may include, but are notlimited to, spheres, near-spheres, oblate and/or prolate spheroids,ellipsoids, ovals, ovoids, racetracks, polygons, polyhedra, cylinders,disks, rings, micro-spheres, micro-disks, micro-rings, fiber-rings,disks and/or rings on substrates, ring or other closed waveguides,and/or functional equivalents thereof. In particular, the variouscircumferential-mode optical resonator structures as disclosed inearlier-cited applications A5 and A15-A18 (denoted collectively as“fiber-rings”, fiber-ring resonator, or FRR's) are particularly notedfor inclusion as circumferential-mode optical resonators for purposes ofthis disclosure. However, other resonator structures may be equivalentlyemployed without departing from inventive concepts disclose and/orclaimed herein. Any resonator having an evanescent portion of a resonantoptical mode or that may otherwise be transverse-coupled to anotheroptical element (see definition hereinbelow) may be employed as theresonant optical component of the present invention (i.e., the componentthat confers wavelength specificity on the optical power controldevice). Optical resonator structures disclosed in earlier-citedapplications A12 and A20 (denoted collectively as “MLR rings”) areparticularly noted for inclusion as optical resonators suitable for usein the present invention. Although the term “circumferential-modeoptical resonator” is used throughout the remainder of the presentdisclosure, it should be understood that any optical resonator that maybe transverse-coupled to a transmission waveguide and/or to an opticalmodulator as disclosed herein shall be considered functionallyequivalent to a circumferential-mode optical resonator. It should alsobe noted that the terms “resonant optical component”, “opticalresonator”, “circumferential-mode optical resonator”, and so forth mayencompass both single optical resonators as well as coupled systems ofmultiple optical resonators, unless a single- or multiple-resonatordevice is specifically designated in the text.
For purposes of the present written description and/or claims, a“transmission fiber-optic waveguide” (equivalently, transmissionfiber-optic, transmission optical fiber, TFOWG) is particularly notedfor inclusion as a transmission optical waveguide, and shall denote anoptical fiber (polarization-maintaining or otherwise) provided with atransverse-coupling segment where an evanescent portion of an opticalsignal may extend beyond the fiber-optic waveguide and overlap a portionof some other optical mode, thereby enabling transverse-coupling betweenthe transmission optical waveguide and another optical component. Such atransmission fiber-optic waveguide may comprise an fiber-optic taper, aD-shaped optical fiber, an optical fiber with a saddle-shaped concavityin the cladding layer, an optical fiber with a side-polished flattenedportion, and/or functional equivalents. Such transmission opticalwaveguides are described in further detail in earlier-cited applicationsA1-A6 and A15-A18. Such transmission fiber-optic waveguides typicallyserve to facilitate insertion of resonant optical filters according tothe present invention into an optical signal transmission system.
For purposes of the written description and/or claims,“transverse-coupling” (also referred to as transverse optical coupling,evanescent coupling, evanescent optical coupling, directional coupling,directional optical coupling) shall generally denote those situations inwhich two optical components, each capable of supporting a propagatingand/or resonant optical mode and at least one having an evanescentportion of its optical mode extending beyond the respective opticalcomponent, are optically coupled by at least partial transverse spatialoverlap of the evanescent portion of one optical mode with at least aportion of the other optical mode. The amount, strength, level, ordegree of optical power transfer from one optical component to the otherthrough such transverse optical coupling depends on the spatial extentof the overlap (both transverse and longitudinal), the spectralproperties of the respective optical modes, and the relative spatialphase matching of the respective optical modes (also referred to asmodal index matching). To transfer optical power most efficiently, therespective modal indices of the optical modes (equivalently, therespective modal propagation constants), each in its respective opticalcomponent, must be substantially equal. Mismatch between these modalindices decreases the amount of optical power transferred by transversecoupling between the optical components, since the coupled modes getfurther out of phase with each other as each propagates within itsrespective optical component and the direction of the optical powertransfer eventually reverses itself. The propagation distance over whichthe modes interact (i.e., the effective interaction length) and thedegree of modal-index matching (or mismatching) together influence theoverall flow of optical power between the coupled modes. Optical powertransfer between the coupled modes oscillates with a characteristicamplitude and spatial period as the modes propagate, each in itsrespective optical component.
Neglecting the effects of optical loss in the optical components, anideal system consisting of two coupled modes can be characterized by thefollowing coupled system of equations:$\frac{\partial E_{1}}{\partial z} = {{{i\beta}_{1}E_{1}} + {i\kappa E}_{2}}$$\frac{\partial E_{2}}{\partial z} = {{{i\beta}_{2}E_{2}} + {{i\kappa}^{*}E_{1}}}$where the following definitions apply:
- - E_(1,2) amplitudes of the coupled fields; - β_(1,2) propagation constants of the coupled fields; - κ coupling amplitude resulting from spatial overlap of the fields; - z propagation distance coordinate. For the purpose of illustration, it is assumed that the coupling amplitude κ is constant over an interaction distance L. Then, an incident field of amplitude E₁ that is spatially confined to the first optical component before interaction will couple to the other wave guide with a resultant field amplitude E₂(L) at z=L (where we define z=0 as the start of the coupling region) given by the following expression, $\frac{{{E_{2}(L)}}^{2}}{{{E_{1}(0)}}^{2}} = {\frac{{\kappa }^{2}}{q^{2}}{\sin^{2}\left( {q\quad L} \right)}}$ $q^{2} = {{\kappa }^{2} + {\frac{1}{4}{{\Delta\beta}^{2}.}}}$ Consider the modal-index mismatch term (Δβ=β₂−β₁) and the interaction length in this expression. As is well known, a condition of modal-index mismatch between the two spatial modes causes an oscillatory power transfer to occur between the waveguides as the interaction length is varied. The spatial period of this oscillation, a so-called “beat length”, can be defined as the distance over which power cycles back and forth between the guides. Greater amounts of modal-index mismatch will reduce the beat length. Also note that the absolute magnitude of power transfer will diminish with increasing modal-index mismatch. Finally, it is apparent that increased amounts of interaction length and/or increased modal-index mismatch will introduce an increased spectral selectivity to the optical power transfer.
By controlling the modal-index mismatch and/or transverse spatialoverlap between optical modes, these characteristics may be exploitedfor controlling optical power transfer between optical components. Forexample, by altering the modal-index mismatch, a device may be switchedfrom a first condition, in which a certain fraction of optical power istransferred from a first optical mode in a first optical component to asecond optical mode in a second optical component (modal-index mismatchset so that the effective interaction length is about half of thecharacteristic spatial period described above), to a second condition inwhich little or no optical power is transferred (modal-index mismatchset so that the effective interaction length is about equal to thecharacteristic spatial period). Further discussion of optical couplingmay be found in Fundamentals of Photonics by B. E. A. Saleh and M. C.Teich (Wiley, New York, 1991), hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety as if fully set forth herein. Particular attention is called toChapters 7 and 18.
For purposes of the written description and/or claims, “index” maydenote the bulk refractive index of a particular material (also referredto herein as a “material index”) or may denote the propagation constantof a particular optical mode in a particular optical component (referredto herein as a “modal index”). As referred to herein, the term“low-index” shall denote any materials and/or optical structures havingan index less than about 2.5, while “high-index” shall denote anymaterials and/or structures having an index greater than about 2.5.Within these bounds, “low-index” may preferably refer to silicas,glasses, oxides, polymers, and any other optical materials havingindices typically between about 1.3 and about 1.8, and may includeoptical fiber, optical waveguides, and any other optical componentsincorporating such materials. Similarly, “high-index” may preferablyrefer to materials such as semiconductors or any other material havingindices of about 3 or greater. The terms “high-index” and “low-index”are to be distinguished from the terms “lower-index” and “higher-index”,also employed herein. “Low-index” and “high-index” refer to an absolutenumerical value of the index (greater than or less than about 2.5),while “lower-index” and “higher-index” are relative terms indicatingwhich of two materials has the larger index, regardless of the absolutenumerical values of the indices.
For purposes of the written description and/or claims, the term“multi-layer reflector stack” or “MLR stack” or “MLR” shall denote amulti-layer structure wherein the layer index varies with eachsuccessive layer of the stack, yielding an optical structure havingwavelength-dependent optical properties. An common example of such astructure is a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), which may typicallycomprise alternating quarter-wave-thickness layers of a higher-indexmaterial and a lower-index material. The term “multi-layer reflectorstack” shall denote any periodic, partially periodic, multi-periodic,quasi-periodic, graded-index, and/or similar multi-layer varying-indexstructure.
For purposes of the written description and/or claims, the term“electro-active” shall denote any material that may exhibitelectro-optic and/or electro-absorptive properties. The term“non-linear-optical” shall denote any material that may exhibitnon-linear optical properties, including both resonant and non-resonantnon-linear-optical properties.
It should be noted that optical waveguides and resonators as describedherein, optical modulators, interferometers, couplers, routers, add-dropfilters, switches, and other devices incorporating such waveguidesand/or resonators, their fabrication, and their use according to thepresent invention are intended primarily for handling optical modeshaving wavelengths between about 0.8 μm and about 1.0 μm (the wavelengthrange typically utilized for so-called short-haul fiber-optictelecommunications) and optical modes having wavelengths between about1.2 μm and about 1.7 μm (the wavelength range typically utilized forso-called long-haul fiber-optic telecommunications). However, thesedevices, methods of fabrication, and methods of use may be adapted foruse at any desired wavelength while remaining within the scope ofinventive concepts disclosed and/or claimed herein.
A typical resonant optical modulator according to the present inventionis shown schematically in FIG. 1. In subsequent Figures, specificembodiments for transmission optical waveguide 110, circumferential-moderesonator 120, and/or alignment structures therefor may be shown. Theseare illustrative and exemplary, and should not be construed as limitingthe scope of the present invention as shown, described, and/or claimedexcept when specifically recited in a particular claim. Transmissionwaveguide 110 is typically an optical fiber taper, although a sideetched optical fiber (as in earlier-cited application A6) is also shown,and any other transmission waveguide having a suitabletransverse-coupling segment may be equivalently employed.Circumferential-mode resonator 120 is typically shown as fiber-ringresonator (as in earlier-cited applications A5 and A15-A18), althoughany other optical resonator suitable for transverse-coupling to atransmission waveguide and a modulator optical component may beequivalently employed. An optical signal enters an input end 112 oftransmission fiber-optic waveguide 110, and exits an output end 114 oftransmission waveguide 110. Transmission waveguide 110 is provided witha transverse-coupling segment 116, that may include a fiber-optic-tapersegment of a fiber-optic waveguide (as described, for example, inearlier-cited applications A1 through A5), a saddle- or pit-shapedtransverse-coupling portion of a cladding layer surface of a fiber-opticwaveguide (as described in earlier-cited application A6), or otherfunctionally equivalent structure. A circumferential-mode opticalresonator 120 supports a substantially resonant circumferential opticalmode. The circumferential-mode optical resonator 120 is positionedrelative to the transverse-coupling segment of the transmissionwaveguide 110 so as to be transverse-coupled thereto. Thecircumferential-mode optical resonator 120 provides the wavelengthselectivity of modulator. Unless the optical signal is substantiallyresonant with the circumferential-mode resonator 120, optical signalpower transfer into and/or dissipation of optical signal power from thecircumferential-mode resonator 120 is/are negligible, and the opticalsignal is transmitted through the transmission waveguide 110substantially unaffected by the presence of resonator 120 or theoperational state of control device.
In contrast, when the optical signal is substantially resonant with thecircumferential-mode resonator 120, optical signal power transfer intoand circulation within resonator 120 may be quite substantial. For arelatively high-Q circumferential-mode optical resonator (on the orderof 10⁶ may be achieved; 10⁴-10⁵ typically employed in devices accordingto the present invention), the level of circulating optical signal powerin the circumferential optical mode may reach a level many times higherthan the incident optical signal power. Slight changes in the opticalloss per round trip for this circulating radiation dramatically affectsthe level of transmission of the optical signal through the transmissionwaveguide 110. By controllably adjusting this optical loss per roundtrip, the resonant optical modulator may function in either of twomodes:
- - 1) Switching the circumferential-mode optical resonator between an over-coupled condition (where the loss per round trip in the circumferential-mode optical resonator is small compared to the optical coupling between the fiber-optic waveguide and circumferential-mode optical resonator, and the transmission through the fiber-optic waveguide past the resonator is large) and the condition of critical coupling (at which the optical coupling of the fiber-optic waveguide and circumferential-mode optical resonator is substantially equal to the round trip loss of the circumferential-mode optical resonator, and substantially all of the optical power is dissipated by/from the circumferential-mode optical resonator resulting in near zero optical transmission through the fiber-optic waveguide past the circumferential-mode optical resonator); or - 2) Switching states between the condition of critical coupling (near zero transmission through the fiber-optic waveguide) and a condition of under-coupling (where the loss per round trip in the circumferential-mode optical resonator is large compared to the optical coupling between the fiber-optic waveguide and circumferential-mode optical resonator, and the transmission through the fiber-optic waveguide past the circumferential-mode optical resonator is non-zero).
For purposes of the present written description and/or claims, it shallbe assumed (unless specifically stated otherwise) that the opticalsignal to be modulated is substantially resonant with the resonantoptical component that includes at least one circumferential-modeoptical resonator.
A preferred circumferential-mode optical resonator is a ring resonatorfabricated on an optical fiber as disclosed in earlier-citedapplications A5 and A15-A18, referred to a fiber-ring resonator (FRR).As shown in FIG. 25, a fiber-ring resonator may typically include atransverse resonator fiber segment 2610 having a circumferential opticalpathlength sufficiently longer than longitudinally adjacent portions2620 of surrounding fiber segments 2630 so as to support one or moreresonant circumferential optical modes confined near the resonator fibersegment. The optical pathlength differential may be most readilyprovided by providing a radius differential between the resonator fibersegment 2610 and the longitudinally adjacent portions 2620 of thesurrounding fiber segments 2630 (the resonator fiber segment having thelarger radius). For use in a resonant optical modulator according to thepresent invention, a fiber-ring resonator may have a diameter rangingbetween about 10 μm and a few millimeters, preferably between about 20μm and about 200 μm, and most preferably between about 100 μm and about150 μm. The fiber-ring resonator may have a radius differential(resonator segment radius greater than the adjacent portions of thesurrounding segments of the resonator fiber) ranging between about 0.1μm and about 20 μm, preferably between about 0.5 μm and about 1.5 82 m.The width of the resonator segment may range between about 1 μm andabout 10 μm, preferably between about 2 μm and about 4 μm. These sizedifferentials and resonator widths are generally sufficient tosubstantially confine a circumferential mode with minimum number ofnodes along the fiber axis or in the radial direction and confined atleast partially within the resonator segment, while not confininghigher-order modes as well (if at all).
It has been observed, however, that a circumferential-mode resonatorhaving a diameter of about 125 μm, a size differential of 1-2 μm, and aresonator segment thickness of about 5 μm may support a circumferentialmode with minimum number of nodes along the fiber axis or in the radialdirection, but also higher-spatial-order circumferential-mode modeshaving planar nodal surfaces perpendicular to the axis of the resonatorsegment. These higher-spatial-order modes are frequency shifted withrespect to the lowest-order mode, thereby degrading the frequencyselectivity (i.e., decreased frequency spacing between modes) of thecircumferential-mode resonator. This problem may be mitigated in severalways. In a first method, it has been observed that a smaller sizedifferential between the resonator segment and the adjacent portions(between about 0.5 μm and about 1.5 μm) confines the circumferentialoptical modes more weakly than a larger size differential. This effectbecomes substantially more pronounced for higher-spatial-order modes,which extend further beyond the resonator segment than lower-ordermodes. Sufficient reduction of the size differential results insubstantial suppression of all higher-order modes. In a second method,the thickness of the resonator segment may be reduced from about 5 μm toabout 1 μm in order to remove higher order spatial modes.
Alternatively, the fiber-ring resonator may be provided with modesuppressor structures for suppressing de-localized (i.e., higher-order)optical modes supported by the fiber-ring resonator and/or resonatorfiber. Such mode suppressors may be adapted for selectively providingoptical loss for undesirable, de-localized optical modes, while leavingthe desired circumferential optical mode substantially undisturbed. Suchmode suppressors may take the form of a fiber coating left in place onthe fiber after fabrication of the fiber-ring resonator (FIG. 25), or acoating deposited on the resonator fiber as a separate fabrication step(FIG. 26). Such a coating may absorb or scatter light at the relevantwavelength, and may be provided on surrounding segments of the resonatorfiber. A preferred coating is a hermetic carbon coating used as an etchmask for fabricating the fiber-ring resonator. In the mask removal step,the hermetic carbon coating may be removed from only the resonator fibersegment 2610, but left on surrounding fiber segments 2630 to providede-localized mode suppression (FIG. 25). Alternatively, scatteringand/or absorbing material may be deposited to form a de-localized modesuppressor (FIG. 26). Such mode-suppressor structures may extend aroundthe entire circumference of the resonator fiber, or around only aportion thereof.
An alternative method for dealing with de-localized optical modes is theuse of optical fiber having an absorbing and/or scattering core. Such acore serves to suppress delocalized optical modes while leaving desiredcircumferential optical modes substantially undisturbed. Such a fibermay be manufactured with an absorbing and/or scattering core, orhollow-core optical fiber may be employed, and the hollow core filledwith absorbing and/or scattering material of any suitable type.
FIGS. 27A and 27B show additional alignment members provided on or neara fiber-ring resonator segment 2610. In a resonant optical filteraccording to the present invention, a is transmission fiber-opticwaveguide is typically provided with a fiber-optic-taper segment 2616 toserve as a transverse-coupling segment. To reproducibly establish andstably maintain transverse-coupling between the fiber-optic-tapersegment and the fiber-ring resonator, a taper-positioner may be providedon the resonator fiber. In FIG. 27A, a radially-extendingradially-tapered transverse flange 2611 is provided on the resonatorfiber adjacent to the fiber segment 2610. This taper positioner may befabricated using any of the cylindrical processing methods disclosed inearlier-cited application A5-A6 and A15-A18. A preferred method mayinclude a modification of the process illustrated in FIG. 25 forsurface-masked etching of the resonator fiber. In addition to the twounmasked rings shown in FIG. 25, a very narrow line is machined throughthe resonator segment mask ring at a distance from the edge about equalto twice the desired etch depth (i.e., radius differential between theresonator segment and the etched adjacent portions), thereby dividingthe masked resonator segment ring into a main masked ring and asecondary masked ring. The etch process is permitted to proceed (bothlongitudinally as well as radially) until two of the etched portionsjust meet (i.e., when the secondary masked ring just disappears),yielding the radially-extending radially-tapered transverse flange 2611shown in FIG. 27A. The taper-positioner serves to provide reproducibleand stable positioning of the fiber-optic-taper segment 2616 against theflange 2611 and the resonator segment 2610. A portion of the secondarymasked ring may be machined away prior to etching, so that the flange2611 extends only partly around the circumference of the resonatorfiber, thereby suppressing the ability of flange 2611 to supportundesirable optical modes.
An alternative taper positioner is illustrated in FIG. 27B, comprising apair of longitudinally-juxtaposed radially-extending radially-taperedtransverse flanges 2612 positioned on outer circumference of theresonator segment 2610 so that the fiber-optic-taper segment may rest onpaired flanges. Any of the cylindrical processing methods disclosed inearlier-cited applications A5-A6 and A15-A18 may be employed to producethe paired flanges 2612. A preferred method may comprise a two-stepimplementation of the surface-masked etching process of FIG. 25. Aftersurface-masked etching to produce the fiber-ring resonator segment 2610,a narrow line is machined in the mask material around the longitudinalmidline of the masked fiber ring. Upon etching, the concave groove isformed between two circumferential ridges. The etch process is permittedto continue until the flat tops of the ridges just disappear. Afiber-optic-taper segment 2616 may then rest securely against the pairedflanges 2612 for reproducibly established and stably maintainedevanescent optical coupling between the fiber-optic-taper segment 2616and resonator segment 2610.
In addition to stable mechanical engagement of the fiber-optic-tapersegment and the resonator segment, flanges 2611 and 2612 provide otherbeneficial effects. It has been observed that when a fiber-optic-tapersegment is brought into direct mechanical contact with the outercircumference of a fiber-ring resonator, the proximity of thefiber-optic-taper segment seems to induce coupling between undesirable,delocalized optical modes of the fiber-ring resonator and/or resonatorfiber and/or higher order modes of the fiber optic taper. This manifestsitself as an unacceptably large optical loss of the fiber-ring resonator(over and above the desired resonator optical losses due totransverse-coupling to the fiber-optic taper, modulator opticalcomponent, and/or other component of the resonant optical modulator). Bydisplacing the fiber-optic-taper segment from the midline of the fiberring resonator outer circumference (either longitudinally or radially),the undesirable coupling to these delocalized optical modes can besubstantially reduced or eliminated, albeit the expense of reducedcoupling strength between the fiber-optic-taper segment and thefiber-ring resonator. Flange 2611 serves to position the fiber-optictaper segment 2616 in a longitudinally-displaced position relative tofiber-ring resonator segment 2610, while flanges 2612 serve to positionfiber-optic-taper segment 2616 in a radially-displaced position relativeto fiber-ring resonator segment 2610.
The mechanical stability of fiber-optic-taper segment 2616transverse-coupled to fiber-ring resonator segment 2610 with taperpositioner 2611 or 2612 may be further enhanced by tacking or weldingthe taper segment to the fiber ring resonator and/or taper positioner. Apreferred method for doing so comprises “spot welding” the taper to thepositioner or fiber-ring with a short burst from a CO₂ laser. Themechanical stability of the optical system is enhanced while typicallyintroducing only minimal additional insertion loss into thefiber-optic-tapered waveguide.
Referring again to FIG. 1, a modulator optical component 130 ispositioned relative to circumferential-mode optical resonator 120 so asto transverse-coupled thereto. Modulator optical component 130 serves toenable controlled adjustment of the round trip optical loss of resonator120 between over-, critical-, and/or under-coupled conditions in one ofseveral of ways: i) modulator optical component 130 may provide acontrolled level of direct optical loss of the circumferential opticalmode (collectively referred to herein as “loss-modulated” or morespecifically “absorption-modulated” devices); ii) a level oftransverse-coupling between circumferential-mode optical resonator 120and modulator optical component 130 may be controlled, with opticalsignal power transferred from resonator 120 into modulator opticalcomponent 130 absorbed within, transmitted away from, and/or otherwisedissipated from the modulator optical component 130 (collectivelyreferred to herein as “coupling-modulated” or more specifically“index-modulated” devices); iii) a resonant frequency of a resonantmodulator optical component 130 may be controlled, so that modulatoroptical component only provides loss for the circumferential opticalmode when a modulator resonance frequency substantially coincides withthe circumferential-mode frequency (collectively referred to herein as“resonance-modulated” devices); and iv) a modulator optical component130 may be transverse-coupled to resonator 120 at two separate pointsand the modulator modal index may be controlled, enablinginterferometric control of the round-trip loss of resonator 120(collectively referred to herein as “interference-modulated” devices).Modulator control component(s) 170 is/are operatively coupled to themodulator optical component 130 for enabling control of the round triploss of the circumferential-mode resonator 120 by application of acontrol signal, in turn enabling controlled modulation of transmissionof the optical signal through the transmission waveguide 110.
| 36,219 |
https://github.com/coolwho/android-idea/blob/master/editor/src/main/java/com/jsdroid/editor/widget/CodeEditPane.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
android-idea
|
coolwho
|
Java
|
Code
| 267 | 827 |
/*
* Copyright 2018. who<980008027@qq.com>
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.jsdroid.editor.widget;
import android.content.Context;
import android.graphics.Canvas;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import com.jsdroid.editor.parser.Parser;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* 编辑框滑动容器视图
*/
public class CodeEditPane extends HVScrollView {
CodeEditText mCodeEditText;
int mCodeTextMinHeight;
int mCodeTextMinWidth;
public CodeEditPane(Context context) {
super(context);
init();
}
public CodeEditPane(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
super(context, attrs);
init();
}
private void init() {
setVerticalScrollBarEnabled(true);
//设置背景颜色
setBackgroundColor(0XFF333333);
mCodeEditText = new CodeEditText(getContext());
mCodeEditText.setScrollView(this);
addView(mCodeEditText);
}
public CodeEditText getCodeEditText() {
return mCodeEditText;
}
public void setParser(Parser parser) {
if (parser != null) {
mCodeEditText.setParser(parser);
parser.setEditText(mCodeEditText);
}
}
public void openFile(String file) throws IOException {
openFile(new File(file));
}
public void openFile(File file) throws IOException {
mCodeEditText.openFile(file);
}
@Override
protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
//计算CodeText宽高
int codeWidth = getWidth() - getPaddingLeft() - getPaddingRight();
int codeHeight = getHeight() - getPaddingTop() - getPaddingBottom();
if (mCodeTextMinHeight != codeHeight || mCodeTextMinWidth != codeWidth) {
mCodeTextMinWidth = codeWidth;
mCodeTextMinHeight = codeHeight;
mCodeEditText.setMinimumWidth(mCodeTextMinWidth);
mCodeEditText.setMinimumHeight(mCodeTextMinHeight);
}
super.onDraw(canvas);
}
@Override
protected void onScrollChanged(int l, int t, int oldl, int oldt) {
super.onScrollChanged(l, t, oldl, oldt);
//滑动的时候，通知CodeText绘制高亮
mCodeEditText.postInvalidate();
}
public CodeEditText getCodeText() {
return mCodeEditText;
}
}
| 9,604 |
sn83045604_1895-01-03_1_7_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,673 | 11,562 |
Grown Pursued by Eastern Washington Farmers. Of producing a crop, the farmers depend upon the production of wealth, and fewer kinds of grain growing, the marketing and other such everyday experiences of the great "Inlaw Empire" One of the best-known on the subject, and with wide experiences in farming. Is Will the of Whitman county, Washington's VoorM's and in charge of the government. To a Post-Intelligencer Mr. La Follette has been in interview with the inhabitants of the Cascade mountains, and the Snake and Upper Co. depend upon grain raising. Four counties south of and between that river and mountains, viz., Walla, Garfield, and Ashton, are producing grain as well as their subsistence. By the Snake river and the mountains are the two great valleys and Whitman, largely composed of what is the famous Prairie House annually produces from 90 bushels of grain. In the Columbia river, we are of Adams, Lincoln, and are becoming a great section of this state. Of these counties in the area were a perfect paradise, but these pros, of great herds, have driven out by the set fences and plows until this of stock raising has the paramount industry of the Big Valley. The varieties of grain grown in the area are of the best known as "Little Hardy Variety," and does fall or spring sowing. It is a very straw, and stands up for a long period of time after ripening. The head is very compact, and well seated over the grain or dry, as it holds tenaciously to the cob, less liable to shatter by the force of the wind. The majority of varieties that have been tried in Eastern Washington, not only are, of course, many other varieties that are better tried in Eastern Washington, but also include, of course, many other varieties that are better suited to the climate. The White Wheat, White, and Yellow are also used for the same purpose. White Fult, Yellow Amber and other varieties of various varieties, which are grown in good condition, are grown in good proportion, according to locality, and are not used here. These are softer-strawed varieties, which do not feed up well for the headers, shavings, and must be harvested with binders. The varieties which have been in the pigment, the most profitable in this area. Little Club, Red Chaff Club, and Chili Club, and outside of the club, are the Blue Stem. The latter sells higher in the markets, but in my experience it does not yield as well as the varieties, but this, of course, may be governed by locality, nature of the soil, etc. Of our wheat is known as soft and it seems to be a peculiar condition of our soil and climate to produce a stiff straw. The variety of wheat grown in the Middle and Southern States, such as South Fife, Saskatchewan, and others have soft straw and very hard berries, but when the varieties are planted in Washington, they seem to change the texture and the straw harsh. The yield of wheat per acre Is, of wrie. |overnr i by ImaHty. nature of ttii tad »e;h*>i of cultivation. On one * Wll ®ay get an average of tlf ™**2"hris to the acre and on his farm adjoining the same va | «f Whfrit may yield fifty bushels to the difference being caused by of rultivatlon and the con* of the ground. In the part of the | re^de—Eastern Whitman figure on a yield of from bushels an acre on what **«gnate 'old ground,' that on which * atea raise! sue e«sivcly several shea;. While on sod or fresh _ i! '' on summer fallowed land we l3a t^l!rtv to fifty bushels per b rt»«»thnates may vary a little ***** ! f extremely favorable or urifavorai>l<* ! > si'<'>ns." TW® what v.-1 h tvo said kls easy :■ »e ttol aheat has be< n king in Eost *wbiagt 00. N<»w, tvhat other klmfcs ***** you pro=hic«» ovsr there?" Many :ier t nt kin is ~r. ♦ a. sy the variety known as ® a; * has given the best satis iu po.nt of yield aad value 4n ' ra '' ! »*yt;oses. The White ***** »«d While ore also iargeiy ;?***• Al! three of these var'eties are »T * - t es. and there teTfr al varies;«"« of sido oats. <»s: s ranges from 40 to IW 10 t»» acre. :t ? is grown \r\ several varieties, Bronrtn * a t I-eir-g a six-rowed. wJt * r - f >"»tiiarly known as whtte k * *cL aH.ipter! for brewing '•-ri-oses »t j *>ll 1 from to ptr * cr <? and has frequently esore thaa lft) bushels per sere fa.*'>« '.A nd. The four*r»vwe4 %, w, r>> !s st !»!i for feed and ° r b4rU >' r *• ffii»i!y for f«>ed purpose* frcai ten t > taenty bush* 5s per ! * * c -i commercial crop. f.T a remunerative fimire. ly c! 1 ma tic con lit ions, ' t" 1 a sreatt r extent than to + of OJr vtvps »r..s probably has 4 rs .* :3 averige yieM. one to» % * h ar other, varying from five to r* ,<* .-.-»rn crown in the g**tu.«ir. and its a. r*vig<» is incress- An the tarirers becoene 1. :u * *•;!« thr- v.tlue of tx^m Ik cr > i» tr» corn on last ae l«e summer fallowM, the torn crop, and <*:>•■ i*i.« pwi-tk®. > utkls fr.xu tweaty to F b> the avfe. The early i>eat Tta mmmSSrJrS.^l?* kind, of rraOaaece.^?,^L various •ere to „ SrST 7 t0 th * nature of SDlWtc. by r* *"* * tc - as la the yield. Uid -^EL* from mm to two acre- onediaK tmahcta £"* «<~® »onds p*r JEJ: ™TJ ny to *"* ********* °®* b'whei of shelled <sorn to ten scree or lead.- IIUIIJMIII pi ■>""■** L Hl(, of toom TUiH tat in wlvu H rrotil)l ™Tk" .LT." V"" 1 * 1 «® n"" »C «£md; Z£ "* " ">"*** <» ttrirty bushel, to the acre, the eost of pr^ucing **"" *"•"» «• •«* Seeding ®* Seed i""".!*"™ f H«adi«r tacludhig board x 75 "■* «« _>»■, Sacks, average, 3 1-2 cents per bushel. 1 06 , Tot » 1 It will thus he seen that the wheat hu»v^°t U aa acre> or 28 M « nt » * bushel to produce. A conservative esti mate of the cost of production of wheat * *^* r * tor# about 30 cents a bushel, to ciudmg the cost of sacks, which is an es sential charge, as ail our wheat is shipped from the seaboard sacked. Taxes. Inter «*t on the investment and such Item* would of course increase this cost of ac tual production." 1( me something at the harvesting.** Harvesting In Washington extends through a period of time corresponding to the tla.e of seeding, commencing about the middle of July and lasting until the first of October, but the bulk of the har vesting Is done between August 1 and September 15. The ways of harvesting are various. The 'heater' is proba&ty most used of any cutting machine. The header is an Ingenious machine that works on the principle of a ship at sea, having a wheel for a rudder and the driver standing over this rudder wheel acts the role of steersman or pilot. This wheel is at the end of a twelve-foot beam extending straight behind the machine. The four horses are divided into two teams and stand with the beam between them. The driver stands 3 over the wheel, on the beam and the machine runs in front of the horses, so that at first sight the horses seem to be pushing instead of pulling the machine. The left or right hand team always walks on the new-cut swath. The heads of grain are run from the platform of the machine on a draper which extends upward through what is known as the 'header spout' and the heads fall into the header box which is on a wagon for that purpose. Each machine has three or four header wagons as attendants. The new-cut grain is hauled to the threshing machine directly or to a stack, from which it may afterwards be thrown the thresher by a derrick fork. There are also a great many self-binders used and a few combined harvesters, which cut and thresh the grain as they go. These, however, are still looked upon as an experiment in Lantern Washington. "We have two ways of seeding grain now in vogue, broadcasting and drilling. There are several ways of broadcasting, such as the old-fashioned way of hand-sowing; broadcast seeders attached to wagons, which sow some forty feet at a throw, and several makes of broadcast hoe seeders, resembling somewhat the drills. Opinion differs among farmers as to the best method of seeding. Personally, I prefer the broad-east method, as the drills frequently deposit the seed in bunches. "What about markets and transportation for your products?" "The wheat growers of our state are, of course, largely dependent on the European demand. Probably 90 percent of our product is exported as wheat and flour and fully 75 percent is exported as wheat. The voyage from the coast ports to Liverpool or the average European port covers from 15,000 to 16,000 miles, probably the longest distance that grain is transported on earth. The ocean freight usually ranges from 3 to 40 shillings per long too (2,200 pounds), the average for the past three seasons being 32 shillings, which would amount to an average charge of 211-3 cents to take a bushel of wheat from Seattle to Liverpool, 16,000 miles or more, which is than it now costs to haul 100 pounds of wheat from Pullman in Whitman county, to Seattle, a distance of only 400 miles, or about one-fortieth of the longer freightage. Unless this grain country can have a material reduction in freight rates to the seaboard, we will have to quit trying to raise grain for export. The railroads say they can't afford to carry it for any less, they are operating 44 a loss, etc., can't pay fixed charges, are in the hands of receivers and so on. But if the water was squeezed out of their stock and interest and dividends were only paid on actual values, they could bring a different tune, or if the salaries of their high officials were reduced to common sense levels, they could mend matters for the producers along their lines. The producers in Eastern Washington are suffering from the high passenger and freight tariffs in the United States and something will soon have to be done for relief. But there, I could go on for a long time on these railroad abuses, but I think I have said enough to show that the people are suffering from intolerable railroad tariffs. "What is your opinion of drier-fed farming as a relief for hard times?" "Mixed farming is, of course, advisable but it is not now practicable in our portion of the state. We can't even ship a majority of our fruit and vegetable crops to the Puget Sound cities, as the freight rates are prohibitory. California can ship at water freight rates and exclude the products of our farms, but the railroads abandoned the high railroad rates. There was a potato crop grown in portions this county this year and for a time the railroad had a tariff on potatoes east that allowed their shipment there and allowed the producer from 40 to 56 cents per 1/2 pounds for his product, but the railroads abandoned the special rate, haul their ears back empty, and the potatoes will not bring more than the cost of production and sacking. On the other hand, we have to pay from 50 to 60 cents per bushel." A ton freight on all the goods we buy and import from the east. I tell you it makes a fellow feel blue to think of three things. ean produce fine crops tn Eastern Wash ington and we would hav» there ore oi the most happy and rt*Ui*s in the c. untry if we had transportation facilities furnished a fair rate*, and I certainly hew the people of this state w*U iKVOi come to real *e this and vKmsaad the *na«-tJ«mt of laws that will bring r**lt<€ to the toiling farmers of our 'lnTart I Em pire.' *. I He I'copt* •' seMtl* Thought It almost fent<**r*»e that we would g,ve away such a rare and fine time-twece. Ceere in tonight and you *»ay the lucky occ. Fr*sch KroSj FPWtt. THE SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER, THUBSDAY, JANUARY S. 1895. TRADE AND SHIPPING. G. a. Dniimrr as juwcwrrr**,) wbays KB fec*M«. i - Fowoass, Or.. Jan. a. MR.) In flniHiy: P«fr: tMkr, B. a Paces. fatmeter c M!to ssrasrscsT ev isKcnrm. saarsss srssae—SSlLT num. teams *«*., Jn. 2. fill f| fS— ! 10 f !l!ll r f N Tateeali la|*«|. ._j. i.J . J ...1 Part Aag*ie>-J>.fef gg M BE Lt 02Cioa4y " ..1... 1.....! \*~* *m, # t ecc^ody y*»M to +%: E L .^Cioudy ao 0 xt 3Si «W| S *tno» ggi Kt34 4eow City. _ -2! H s#i Lf| .*< -now - St ft« st| ul ttcioady gw ilst. ..jg'.to; 4*. ul H 6 ir;iCioaAj K»»Stste.i».U' U*4 SE at .0? Soody Sfrr ,ir -? a "- 1 ® m «* o«*dy ««* *ske. -.. ,3u.«n 9Bi m t it. .ft soa iy WaheraUa..ii».tfs 2 gw, !w 01 iaanr Beljsa ... !». s t|ii « l/S .m'oow ysftesefaecj-rt.lti »ja« 6K' Uj .fli vlowly Otsi»«ii«B» taken as alt statleaa at S w s. «u* aerHtis Usae Uma. PadActtmai. GSOSSK K. gavtstrsT, ytueiTM in Charge. tr»s» at name the stock market. Apples were in plentiful supply, although choice is becoming somewhat scarce. The prices ranged from 65 cents to $1.35 a box. Tropical fruits are in light supply and quiet. Vegetables are plentiful for trade requirements. They are brought from different Sound points, and in this way handled more advantageously by the commission men. Celery is in light supply, owing to the continued cold weather about Gilman, where most of the stock comes from. In produce lines movement is high and prices show little stability. Choice creamery butter is firmly held, but very all the other grades are weak. Ranch eggs are arriving more freely and becoming cheaper. They are quoted at 21 and 23 cents a dozen. Eastern eggs are firm at 23 cents. Cheese is in large supply and moves steadily. Stocks of fresh turkeys were pretty well cleaned up during the holidays, but a large quantity of Eastern stock remains in the cold-storage warehouses. Choice stock is bringing 14 cents a pound. Ducks, pheasants, and quail were well cleaned up, and as the season is closed there will be none on the market. Stocks of hay, grain, and feed are large and movement is slow. SAN FRANCISCO MARKETS. Bresdaua and Grain. San Francisco, Jan. 2.—Flour—Family extras, bakers' extras, $3.40; superfine, $2.20-$2.53. Wheat—The new year opens with a softer tone to the market. Receipts continue to come along freely from the North, over 28,000 centals arriving today from Oregon and Washington. Shippers are not disposed to pay over 85c for standard shipping quality, while 86. 1-4 c is a full figure for a choice article. Milling wheat, 92 1-2c; Walla Walla wheat, 76 1-2c for fair average quality. $31-1/2c; for blue stem, and 7 1-2c for damp stock. Barley—Comparatively no business at present; offerings liberal. Feed, fair to good, 7 1-2c; choice, $2 1-2c; brewing, 50c. Oats—It will probably take a few days to wear off the holiday character of things, when dealers look for some time us to be given to the market by a renewal of active trading. Milling, $31,121-2; surprise, $1.01; fancy feed, $1.02-5.25; good to choice, $2.15-2.50; poor to fair, 87.50-90c; black, $1.15-1.30; red, $1.15; gray, $1.21-2. Flour, sacks, $2.34; Oregon, $1.39; Washington, $5.65. Wheat, centals, $1.20; Oregon, $4.35; Washington, $4.75. Barley, centals, $1.72; Oregon, $3.72; Washington, $4.74. Corn, centals, $0.50; beans, sacks, $1.50; potatoes, sacks, $6.50. Silver bars, $1.59-3.75 7-8c. Mexican dollars, $1.50-29c. Drafts—Sight, 7 1-2c; telegraph, 10c. Alta, 45c; Alpha Consolidated, 10c; Andes, 57c; Beicher, 57c; Belle Isle, 5c; Best & Beicher, 97c; Rolie Consolidated, 75c; Bullion, 52c; Caledonia, 9c; Challenge Consolidated, 75c. 46; Chollar. A; Confidence. 86: On to Sated and Virginia, 375; Consolidated Imperial, 1; Crown Point, 7; Gauilla & Gurri, 42, Hale & Norcross, 13f>; Justice, 25; Kentucky Consolidated, 7; Washington Canadian, 6; Mexican, 62; Mount Diablo, 1; Ophir, 1; Overman, 23; Savage, 34; Scorpion, 4; Sierra Nevada, 53; Silver Hill, 1; Union Consolidated, 63; Utah Consolidated, 8; Yellow Jacket, NEW YORK MARKETS. The Stock Exchange. New York. Jan. 2.-The year 1892 opened is the stock exchange with an unsettled tone and a very light volume of business. The failure of the Reading reorganization plan was a prominent feature of the dealings as well as in creating the general depression which took the market to the early dealings. The market was a small seller of Reading and Illinois Central, and American securities were weak on the London stock exchange, which was the day advanced. When the agreement of gold for shipment was made, the weakness increased and the selling was in greater volume. There were occasional feeble rallies extending to a part of the list, but the trend of prices was discouraged and the market closed weak, prices except for a few instances being below the closing sales of Monday. Government bonds—Steady. State bonds—Dull. Railroad bonds Easier. Petroleum—Firmer; February options closed 96c bid. Money on call easy at 1 1-2 percent; last loan 1 1-2 percent, closed 1 1-3 percent. Prime mercantile paper 5 1-2 percent. Sterling exchange—Quiet, but firm, with actual business in bankers' bills at 5 1-2 percent. 4-W 3-4 for demand and 4.5 3-4 for 3-4 days. Posted rates 1-2c 4-1. Commercial bills 1-2c 1-2c. Silver certificates—3-4c bid. 8. 8. te reg., 117; U. S 5s coup., 11; 8. 4s reg., 18; U. 13. 4a coup., 113 1-2c; 2a reg., 97; Pacific ga of '96, 109; Alabama. Class A. 1st Ala., Class B, lot; Ala., Class C. 92; Ala., Curran, 98; La. New C.ols, 4s, 981-4; Missouri 6s, 160; X. Carolina Cs, 134; K. Carolina 4s, 90; & Carolina Non-Fund, 11-2; Tenn. New Sette, 50; Tens. &c. Set ss, 1st Ten. Old Sette, 50; Va. Centuries, 58 1-2; Va. deferred, 121-4; Atchison 4s, 011-2; Atchison Sec. A, 17; Canada So. 2ds, 106; Cen. Pacific lifts of '36, 101; Den. A R. G. 7s, 115; Den. & R. G. 4s, 81; Erie 3ds, 63 1-2; O. H. & S. A. te. K; O. H. & S. A. 7a 100; H. ft T. Cent. ss, W; H. & T. Cent., te, 1® 1-2; M. K. T. first 4s, 81; M. K. T. second 4s, 46; Mutual Union 6a, 106; X. J. CerK. Gen. s*». 1121-2; Northern Pacific 1sts. 1131-2; Northern Pacific 2ds. 81; Northwest Consols. 112 3-4; Northwest S. F. deb. ss, 1091-2; Rio Grande West 1sts, 681-2; St. Paul Consols 7s. 132; St. Paul C. ft P. W. ss. Ill: St. L. ft I. M. Gen. ss, 78 7-8; St. L. ft S. F. Gen. 6s, 102; Texas Pacific 1sts, 86 7-8; Texas Pacific 2ds, 217-8; Union Pacific 1sts of *96, 103 3-4; West Shore 4s, 104 1-4. Stock Quotations. Atchison, 4 1-4; Adams Express, 140; Alton, Terre Haute, 36; Alton, Terre Haute, preferred, 19s bid; American Express, 110; Baltimore & Ohio, Canada Pacific, 58 1-4; Canada Southern, 45 3-4; Central Pacific, 13 3-4; Chesapeake & Ohio, 17; Chicago & Alton, 146 bid; Chicago, Bur. & Quincy, 69 3-4; Chicago, & Alton, 26; Chicago, & Alton, 26; Colorado Coal & Iron, 6 1-2; Cleveland, 6 1-2; Detroit, & W., 160 3-4; Denver & R. G. preferred, 33 1-2; Distillers and Cattle Feeders Co., 87-8; Erie, 9 5-8; Erie, preferred, 20 3-4; Fort Wayne, 157; Great Northern preferred, 102; Chicago & Eastern Illinois preferred, 92 bid; Hocking Valley, 17; Illinois Central, 82; St. Paul & Duluth, 21; Kansas & Tex. preferred, 21 5-8; Lake Erie & Western, 16; Lake Erie & West, preferred, 71; Lake Shore, 1313-4; Lead Trust, 371-2; Louisville & Nashville, 531-8; Louisville & Nashville, 61-2; Manhattan Consolidated, 1041-8; Memphis & Charleston, 10 bid; Michigan Central, 95; Missouri Pacific, 261-2; Mobile & Ohio, 17; Nashville & Chattanooga, 65 bid; National Cordage preferred, 11; N. J. Central 881-1; Norfolk & West, preferred, 17 3-1; North American Co., 13 3-8; Northern Pacific, 31-2; Northern Pacific preferred, 16 3-4; U. P., Denver & Gulf, 31-2; Northwestern, 95 3-4; Northwestern, 95 3-4; N. Y. Central, 97 3-4; N. Y. & N. E., 321-8; Ontario & Western, 15 2-8; Oregon Improvement, 101-2; Oregon Navigation, 191-2; Oregon Short Line & U. N., 6; Pacific Mall, 21; Peoria, Dec. & Evans. 3 1-4; Pittsburgh, 157 bid; Pullman Palace, 153 3-4; Reading, 12 3-4; Richmond Terminal, 15; Richmond Terminal preferred, 20; Rio Grande Western, 16 3-8, Rio Grande Western preferred, 43; Rock Island, 611-8; St. Paul, 55 3-8; St. Paul preferred, 106 7-8; St. Paul & Omaha, 22; St. Paul & Omaha preferred, 110; Southern Pacific 181-2; Sugar Refinery, 87; Tenn. Coal & Iron, 151-4; Texas Pacific, 91-4; Tol. & O. Cen. preferred, 75; Union Pacific, 11; U. S. Express, 42; Wabash St. L & Pac., 51-8; V. abash, St. L & Pac. preferred, 13 7-8; Wells Fargo Express, 103; Western Union, 85; Whaling & L E., 9 7-8; Wheeling & L E. preferred, 45; Minn. & St. Louis, 25 Den. & R. G., 101-2; Gen. Electric, 31; Nut. Unseed, 15; Cel. Fuel & Iron, 25; Col. Fuel & Iron preferred, 70; H. & Co., ex. Cent., 201-2; Tol. A. A. & North, Mich., 21-2; Tol. St. Louis & K. C., 1; Tol. St. Louis & K. C. preferred, Hops—Dull, Weal. Wool—Quiet. Metals. Pig Iron—Dull; Scotch $1.20-$1.20; American $1.50. Lead—Dull; brokers' prices $3; exchange price $3.06. Copper—Strong; brokers' price $3.80; exchange $1.85. Coffee—Closed firm, at 5½ points advance; January $13.65; March spot steady; No. 7, 15½c; and quiet; Cordova 15½c. Sales, 1,000. Sugar—Raw, flat; nominally unchanged; refined, dull. SUGAR MARKET The Board of Trade. Chicago, Jan. 2.—The business of the year in the wheat pit commenced with a slight inclination to the bull side. There was no material change in the prices prevailing at the close of Monday's session, but sellers were in the majority and crowded their offerings in a larger volume than the market could absorb. The general features of the early news favored the bulls. Liverpool was reported firm at 1-41 advance for red American wheat; receipts in this country were light, exports of fair volume, and inquiry of expert requirements go on. First transactions in May were from 57 5-8c to 57 3-4c, and a gradual decline to 57 3-3c occurred during the next two hours. The heavy export trade reported from the seaboard caused a reaction to 57 7-8c and the price kept between 37 1-2c-7 7-8c during the greater part of the remainder of the session. The receipts increased here since Monday are 66 carloads. Minneapolis reported receipts of 151 cars and Duluth 196, making for the two places 317, compared with 647 or January 2 last year. New York reported an excellent demand for cash wheat. The big bears in this market fell up 1t with all their weight and did nothing but point to the amount of wheat in the visible supply and sell to the bulls. May closed. Corn was weak and lower, with a fair amount of trading. The easy feeling in oats was noticeably inclined by the heaviness in corn. Provisions were weak, influenced by heavy live hogs receipts. May pork was lower; May lard lower and May ribs 17 1/2a lower. Cattle—Quotations ranged as follows: G- to extra, H; sheep, $3.16; to medium steers, $3.16; stockers and feeders, $2.50; cows, fair to choice, $2.29.36. The estimate of today's supply of hogs and the market opened 1% higher. Another reduction of stock and cattle, the latter market being $4.63. The greater part of the stuff sold out of sight for a few days of the week, but at $4.66 for light weights. There was a liberal proportion of good to prime heavy hogs and the demand was few trades at $3.50. The market was steady. Sheep—Good to choice sold from $3.51; common to medium at $4.50 and common as low as $1.25. Choice lambs sold at $4.50, the outside sales being from that figure down to $12.50. The market was steady. Receipts—Cattle, 15,000; calves, 900; hogs, 13,630. For the Mint. London, Jan. 2:—The amount of bullion gone into the Bank of England on hand today is $5,000,000. The silver, 27 7-18d; consols, 108 1-18d; Bank of England discount rate, per cent. Liverpool, Jan. 1—Wheat—Spot, steady; demand, poor; No. 1 red waster, 4s 3d; No. 1 California, 5s 3d; futures, opened firm, 1 farthing higher and closed firm, 1 to 5 fathings higher. Business about equally distributed; January, 4s 1-4d; February, 4s 1-4d; March, 4s 101-8d; April, 3s 103-4d; May, 4s 11-4d. Flour—Dull; demand, poor; St. Louis fancy winter, as 5d. Hops—At London, Pacific coast, 2s 18®. The receipts of wheat, since last report are 192,000 quarters, including 109,000 centals American. The Wool Market. Boston, Jan. 5.— The American Wool and Cotton Reporter will say tomorrow of the wool trade: The market for fine domestic fleeces is good, while the demand is very quiet. There is fair inquiry for S-S blood and more or less business in medium wools, which are fairly firm in price. Fulled and scoured wools have been in good request. The feature of the week has been Australian, however, of which there has been considerable sale, there being a run on fair goods, for which a better feeling obtains abroad, but no great improvement is anticipated unless they get heavy American orders which is deemed doubtful. PORT TOWNS. Port Townsend, Jan. 2.— Special.— To sail tomorrow: Barkentine Skagit, Port Gamble for San Pedro; British ship Glenniorag, Tacoma for the UnMed Kriegsmin; bark Tidal Wave, Port Gamble for San Francisco. San Francisco, Jan. 2.—Arrived— Schooner Orient, Gray's Harbor; Mackinaw, Tacoma; schooner Parkersburg, Coquille river; schooner Uzaie Prien, Coquille river. Cleared—Wellington, Nanaimo; bark Wilna, Nanaimo; atoma Marin, Neva. Tacoma, Jan. 2.—Special.—The Glenniorag cleared today for England with 8,685 bushels of wheat valued at $1,600. She will probably go to sea tomorrow. The Northern Pacific steamer Tacoma is expected from the Orient with a full cargo January 5. She sailed on Christmas day. The ship Ha Sock has been libeled by William Purchase, who recently jumped overboard to escape from her, claiming that he was brutally treated by the officers. The amount of the fibel is $16,000, and Deputy Marshal C. S. Bridges is in charge at the vessel. WATCH FRONTS NOTES. Ship Spartan hauled into the bunkers yesterday for stiffening. Steamer Walla Walla will arrive from San Francisco this morning. The steamer Monroe is without a charter and is tied up at the City dock. Tug J. K. Boyden towed in the schooner Challenger to Port Blakeley yesterday. Tug Magic brought in the schooner Vesuvius from the straits to Port Blakeley yesterday. Ship Levi O. Burgess left San Francisco on December 13th for this city to load coal. Work is being pushed rapidly ahead on the new steamer City of Shiloh at the City dock. Steamer Al-Ki left this city yesterday for San Francisco with a cargo of grain and lumber. Steamer City of Shiloh will sail at 10 o'clock this morning from wharf for Alaska. Capt. McAlpin has succeeded Capt. C. D. Brownfield in command of the steamer Island Belle. Tug Beaver towed a boom of logs from Chadwick's camp on Hood's Canal to Port Blakeley yesterday. Yesterday was visitors' day on the Monterey and a number of people went out from the different boat houses. The little trading sloop American Ranger came over from Quincenee yesterday with a small cargo of potatoes for this port. Steamer George W. Hickman arrived in the city from Portland late Tuesday night and is taking on a return cargo of 1,200 tons of coal from the bunkers and 150 tons of salmon from Myer's cannery. The following storm signal waai re ceived yoetcnJay: "Hoist information signals. At 10 a. m. the Morm ia off the Washington coast, Off gales along the coo-**. Southeast «torn signals are flying at Eureka, Astoria an t isiand." _ l.aii Steamer City of Pudhta. which »jH«d at & ©'dock this morning for Sin Pran- CIIKX>. haA on a full cargo of freight and thv following passengers from this port: Mr. and Mrs. A. Burns. Mrs. Bubitwon and child, 8. J. W. Be nee, F. V. Chapin and wife. E. B. Davis. 8. Hobw.ti er. Mr. and Mrs. B. Kent. H. ri. litrle and forty steerage passengers. th« Laii (h«net Too can yet have a chance if you call before 7 o'clock tonfght. Frisch Br a., Jewelers, 720 Front street. Nanahno coal J2. $4.50 and s*>.so per ton. E. E. Caine & Co. Telephone 70S. von* I« S.so# FP.oST SEATTLE, BCT THE TfcLEOBAVH, COKEXKEDJ*JX a Jf? PRIVATE WHS. KESUCKS !HE TtM& TQA PE »V HIXTTTES AXD THE EXPENSE TO A FEW CSJETS. T. £. WARD & CO. Bankers and Brokers, Ji * 83 Broadly, Hew York City. STOCKS, BONOS, GRAIN, COTTON, COFFEf. TVnurM »t) »f>Wl far rank, cr .-JurieJ cm t *o 5 per Ir YOC VanT TO k t.r.P POSTEDTOT SK.VD POK OCH UiILY MARKET Lh rrtft, WHICH TfcLUS *OC Wm TO SELL AS WKLL AS WHAT A St) WHEN TO ECT. r >« rtowii »l»o *«»4 tor our CIKCrL va. wfcir b dm itliultki wpjwiloM i» jy. _ •TotdSax kw«. W 7"a **r.i ewKaia* *7* ry ov>on: >oa «*«* had w&it-h •*"JEJ*{?,! th. a out *»h*i y<wß »u«a brr# m»e* toi Cartas oar rule*. r«a *IU Tomr to*** »«** JT.< »JW it* tar&ft efk'*, ftn»*<TA tew wenr /=r<-ai- *r**e», «j»4 Aar* a *—•»>*• «MW»l»r a/ r?Mwen (Aba M| ofMc ** **** f'l L, A.-iat If jroa *f* rajdtts* »>o*t eh****, fr«* tf «r» rMßßto.* c: mST If }*« in sr«» K fJU 3ASOE, <i»n *t itl Cu-" LIDATMJ, *VI* I'Mi rm* «*»*>*»»• commiMHvu. a»d *ii <* Uw mwre*. If T&* «"»• TO EVERY MAN Ya«lC<X I'M Any f«rsa"** I*'* Vfatw. »*fc.y y»w --«n I w:l« •*n<l IkEK n,p|» '* «> 15 toes tin-*. itftrdr2s«"<t cae p3t i» to? ' "fytw " I wti! tan furT»i*l» ifc* reasodr ,wltf ,**SK 55£1 ft (d |Hr»|»re ii- A»jro»» t» lt«»i ©< UiU L H.H'I >('. uti OUl>, MS?HtUn«Xktb Burns, THE OLD RELIABLE Braises, Mexican Mustang Liniment Rheumatism, Ail an or Beast. Stiff Joints. fANADIANo s V PACIFIC Ky. SOO PACIFIC ROUTE. Trains Seattle daily at §AS a. m. for all points east, running through to Minneapolis, St. Paul, Toronto. Montreal and Hoston without change. Close con nections at Minneapolis ar.d St. Paul for Chicago and point? east and south. STEAMSHIPS V £*V* L ArrtT * I Arrive * okobama V aaeoc vsr.. V aaeea var. Yokohama. B*rt Mi*•!*...... 36 rispt. ~..n 00t.".... 1 ***• i 2 Oct. S4 Oet. ISMXM. 3 Mtt N«T S<mr !; NOT. . * SXNDWICH ISLANDS AND AUSTRA LI AN STEAMSHIP LINE-Warn moo. September i<: Arawa. October Warri moo. November IS. «hd monthiy tfccre after. /^^S\CHOICE OF [qSKml3] 3 uII^LJO ROUTES EAST and SOUTH. The Only All-Rail Road to California. Direct Line to Colorado, Utah, Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. Via the Mount Shasta Route, the Scenic Line of the Pacific Coast. For rates, sleeping car reservations, or general information, call upon or address, THOMAS A. GRAHAM, Dist. Pass, and Freight Agent, Starr-Boyd Building. E. P. ROGERS, Asst. Gen. Freight and Pass. Agent, Portland, Or. BAKES. PEOI LE'S SAVINGS BANK. Occidental block, Seattle Wash. Capital $100,000 -OFFICERS AND TRUSTEES - Jacob Furth president, Arthur A. Denny Vice President, John Leary Second Vice President, James R. Hayden, Manager, Cashier, Sec'y, Frank I. Blodgett Assistant Cashier. E. C. Neufelder, F. W. Williams. Transacts a savings bank business exclusively. Deposits received from $1 to $10,000. Interest allowed per annum. Six percent on term deposits, 4 percent on ordinary deposits. Dividends declared last days of May and November. Loans made on real estate or approved collateral only. THE PUGET SOUND NATIONAL BANK OF SEATTLE. Capital stock paid in $5,000.00 Surplus $100.00 Jacob Furth President, E. C. Neufelder Vice President, R. V. Ankeny Cashier. Directors: E. C. Neufeider, J. R. Hoyden, S. Frauenthal, Jacob Furth. Sigmund Schwabacher. Correspondent in all the principal cities in the United States and Europe. DEXTER HORTON & CO., BANKER. Incorporated 1887. Capital $200,000. President A. A. Denny, Vice President. W. M. Fadl, Manager N. H. Latimer. Cashier F. R. Van Tuyl. Sight exchange and telegraphic transfers on New York, Chicago, St. Paul, San Francisco, and various points in Oregon and California. Sight bills of exchange on London available elsewhere in Europe. Collections made at all points on favor of Homestead Stocks and other valuables received on deposit for safe keeping. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF SEATTLE. raid up capital 155*552 Surplus 1S0,0» J. H. McOraw .....President Maurice MfMlcken vice President Lester Tunwr <■ Caehler General banking business transacted. Sight and telegraphic exchange payable Jn all the principal cftle# of the United State* and Europe THE GUARANTEB LOAN AND TRUST COMPANY. Incorporated 1«£ Capital, ISto.Qt*. B 'ilfv btMdlmc. cor, Sewnd *n't «*»»erry. Transacts a general banking business. SAVINGS DEPARTMENT. Deposits rece'ved tn any amount from fl upwards and interest allowed th«*on. Money loaned upon improved farm and city real ejjate. NATIONAL BANK OF COMMERCE. Corner Commercial and Yesler Ave. Paid-up capital ....SBOO,WO Transacts a general banking business. M. D. Ballard... President ki C. Heflry I resident R. R. Spencer CtWHsr BANK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Paid up capital, »s. **».«»; reserve. »i 875.- Head "If'ce, « Loos bard street, Lon don. Branches. Portland, San Francisco, S-'-aitl*, Tacoma. Vlctorta. N«*f Westmin atef NansimOt Nelaon. Van couver. a C. A itinera. banking and ex change business transacted. Loan* mads Rtlla discounted. Coram# rcta! credits Granted. Deposits received on current ac count sabjeir to check. Interest paid on tim* depcsH*- raRN TS Manager. STE AMitKS. EVERETT ROTTE-STR. GREYHOUND Daily except Sunday. 1/eaves Seattle 7 ij s. m. and 3:30 p. m. Leaves Everett 10 a. m. and 6 p. m. S.mday-Leave* Seattle 11 a. m. Leave* Everett lp ,«- „. Fare—Single trip. 75c: round trip, ti Si- Co nr. c tt with boats for Tacoma and BrH»bo/rt*ah. Landing— Colman do» k. foot of Marion itreet. SEATTLE AND TACOMA NAVIGATION COMPANY. Claud Troup. Pres. F. W. Goodhue, By. WEST COAST STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY. STEAM Ell FA HALT-OX. Dfarpatcfcc* ne*a»**r* for San Frurc.#co January -3 ar. 1 ev<rry W day# uwreaftw. Throughout and freight rates can be obtained by applying to W J O. CARROLAND, Agent, Torton & Co. of Mason Street, Seattle, Washington. VICTORIA ROUTE. STEAMER EUREKA. Arriving dock, leaves for Victoria and port Townsend daily, except Sunday, at 8 a.m.; returning, leaves Victoria at 8 a.m. for Port Townsend and way points. Saturday, at 8 a.m.; returning, leaves Port Townsend at 4 p.m. FLYER ON THE "FLYER." SEATTLE TO TACOMA Four round trips daily, except Sunday. One hour and twenty-five minutes. TIME CARD: Leave Seattle 7 p.m. Leave Tacoma—6:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m. Sunday- Leave Seattle. Seattle—9:00 a.m., 2:30 p.m., and 8:00 p.m. Leave Tacoma—9:00 a.m., 2:30 p.m., and 8:00 p.m. Leaving at N.P. wharf, Tacoma, and Seattle for the season of 1908. SCHEDULE excursion rates on steamships: Fleetwood: fare, one. SAN JUAN MUNDS-Pacific LYCEUM PAT THOMPSON. Carrying United States Coast leaves City Dock, foot of main street, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 2 a.m. for Port Townsend, San Juan Islands, and Nest Whatcom. TIME CARD. North Bound Leave Seattle at 6:00 a.m.; leave Port Townsend at 8:30 a.m.; leave Roche Harbor at 12:00 p.m.; arrive New Whatcom at 6:09 p.m. South Bound—Leave New Whatcom at 8:30 a.m.; leave Roche Harbor at 11:30 a.m.; leave Port Townsend at 5:30 p.m.; arrive Seattle at 8:30 p.m. STRAIT STEAMSHIP COMPANY. Seattle and Townsend-Nash Bay route, Steamer Garland leaves Yealer dock Monday, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 3 a.m. For Port Townsend, Port Williams, Dungeness, Port Angeles, Port Creac, Pysht, (Dallam Bay and Neah Bay; returning, arrives Seattle at 3:30 p.m. on the opposite days. Steamer Dvangel leaves Seattle dock for Port Townsend, Port Williams, Dungeness, Port Angeles, and Victoria Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 5 p.m.; arrives Seattle after the same days at 3 p.m. PACIFIC COAST STEAMSHIP Co. Dispatch steamers from Seattle as follows: For San Francisco via Port Townsend and Victoria, at 8 a.m. (basengers received on board at 7 a.m.) Jan. 3, 8, 10, 12, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, BUFFALO, WEST- Bond Mock, Seattle. W. West, Dist. Agent. Vancouver, B. C. J. O. Sprechel & Bros. Co., General San Francisco. SKAGIT RIVER ROUTE. Time Card. STEAMER CLAN McDONALD? Leaves Scuttle-Monday, Dec. 31, at 8 midnight; Wednesday, Jan. 2, at 8 midnight; Saturday, Jan. 5, at 8 a. m. Leaves Mount Vernon—Wednesday, Jan. 2, at 7 a. m.; Friday, Jan. 3, at 1 a. m.; Sunday, Jan. 6, at 7 a. m. Free. $1.50. Round trip. $1.50. Meals. centa Berths, 25 cents. LILLY, BOARDING & CO., Ltd. PORT TOWN SEND. PORT ANGELES AND DINING ENTRANCE. STEAMER MONTICELLO. Daily, except Monday. Time earlier concerning Tuesday, August 21. UN. Leaves Seattle, 7:00 a.m.; Townsend 10:00 a.m.; Dunjrenesa, 12 m.; arrives Port Angeles, 1:30 p.m. - leaves Port 2:30 p.m.; leaves Port Townsend, 6:00 p.m. m.; arrives Seattle, 6:00 p.m. CITY DOCK CO., Seattle, Agents, 1 M OLYMPIA, TACOMA AND SEATTLE ROUTE. S. Wiley Navigation Co.'s steamers MULTNOMAH. DAILY TIME CARD: Leave. Arrive. Olympia at 8:30 a.m. Tacoma at 9:00 a.m. Tacoma at 10:00 a.m. Seattle at 12:30 p.m. Seattle at 1:00 p.m. Tacoma at 3:00 p.m. Tacoma at 2:30 p.m. Olympia at Connecting with boats for Phelton and Kamilchle. FAKE TO TACOMA, CENTS, Landing, City Dock, foot of Main street. CAPTAIN L. WILLEY, Manager. PUGET BOUND AND ALASKA STEAM SHIP COMPANY. VICTORIA ROUTE. STEAMSHIP CITY OF KINGSTON, Arrives at 7:00 a.m. Tacoma at 4:00 Seattle daflr, except Saturday, at 10 p. m. Seattle and La Con ner Route— Kairhaven l*av«* Seattle dally, except Saturday at »:» p. m. Tacoma ail Seattle Rnute—State of Washington leaves Seattle Tuesday*. Thursday* and Satur* day* at 4JO P " 1 - _ _ A __ TtSLEft. DOCK, THE VANCOUVER ROUTE-A TRIP, THROUGH THE IHLAND& Steamer Utopia. J. A O'Brien. Maater. Leave* T»rama 12 noon. Seattle Can, tral wharf. Up m . Monday* and Ttnira dav* tor Port Tovrnseod. Ana«ortea, Pair* haven, New Whatcom. Blaine and Frt dav Harbor, *olng through to Vancouver on' Thursday trip. Fare to Blame. $2; far* to Vancouver, tj For further Information apply at Ce»> tral wharf. FOR ALASKA-Winter Tim* Card. STEAMER CHILKAT Will leave Seattle January I and every 9 d*ys alter um»l further notice J W. McALLEP. Matrter. J. G. CARROLL. Aieet. Schwab** her*g wharf. Telephone No. 41. EVERETT AND SNOHOMISH ROUT*. CUT RATE TO EVERETT. STEAMKR MABEL. Leaves Central wharf. Tuesday*. Thura day* and Saturday* at 7 a. Hi. for Ed monds. Mukiiteo, Everett. Marysvitla. East Everett. Lowell and Snohomish. FARE TO EVERETT. »C. ROUND Mc; TO SNOHOMISH SSe. GEO. J. WILLEY. Arent. NOTICE—Capt. SpauSdirg, manager of the Seattle Tug and Bare* Company, ta again on deck, i have the sola naa* «|f«wit of the staunch tugboat Port land. and h<Tebv Uk# thi* method ot Informing my old patrons and others wh* may have work in my ha* that 1 am prcplwel to do the same with dt»- P*ur and at popular rata*. Those vuMng the service of a food noat will Inquire s» board, or at olnce of Seattle Jus and Barge Company, foot of Mar> T.
| 13,642 |
https://github.com/psaradhi/ep_comments_page/blob/master/static/tests/frontend/specs/timeFormat.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,019 |
ep_comments_page
|
psaradhi
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 1,646 | 4,802 |
var prettyDate;
describe("Time Formatting", function() {
_.each({'en': 'English', 'de': 'a language not localized yet'}, function(description, lang) {
describe("in " + description, function(){
before(function(cb) {
loadPrettyDate(function() {
changeLanguageTo(lang, cb);
});
this.timeout(60000);
});
// ensure we go back to English to avoid breaking other tests:
after(function(cb){
changeLanguageTo('en', cb);
});
it("returns '12 seconds ago' when time is 12 seconds in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(12))).to.be('12 seconds ago');
done();
});
it("returns '12 seconds from now' when time is 12 seconds in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(12))).to.be('12 seconds from now');
done();
});
it("returns '1 minute ago' when time is 75 seconds in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(75))).to.be('1 minute ago');
done();
});
it("returns '1 minute from now' when time is 75 seconds in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(75))).to.be('1 minute from now');
done();
});
it("returns '17 minutes ago' when time is some seconds before 17 minutes in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(minutes(17) + 2))).to.be('17 minutes ago');
done();
});
it("returns '17 minutes from now' when time is some seconds after 17 minutes in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(minutes(17) + 2))).to.be('17 minutes from now');
done();
});
it("returns '1 hour ago' when time is some seconds before 1 hour in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(hours(1) + 3))).to.be('1 hour ago');
done();
});
it("returns '1 hour from now' when time is some seconds after 1 hour in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(hours(1) + 3))).to.be('1 hour from now');
done();
});
it("returns '2 hours ago' when time is some seconds before 2 hours in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(hours(2) + 4))).to.be('2 hours ago');
done();
});
it("returns '2 hours from now' when time is some seconds after 2 hours in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(hours(2) + 4))).to.be('2 hours from now');
done();
});
it("returns 'yesterday' when time is some seconds before 24 hours in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(hours(24) + 5))).to.be('yesterday');
done();
});
it("returns 'tomorrow' when time is some seconds after 24 hours in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(hours(24) + 5))).to.be('tomorrow');
done();
});
it("returns '6 days ago' when time is some seconds before 6 days in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(days(6) + 6))).to.be('6 days ago');
done();
});
it("returns '6 days from now' when time is some seconds after 6 days in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(days(6) + 6))).to.be('6 days from now');
done();
});
it("returns 'last week' when time is some seconds before 7 days in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(days(7) + 7))).to.be('last week');
done();
});
it("returns 'next week' when time is some seconds after 7 days in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(days(7) + 7))).to.be('next week');
done();
});
it("returns '2 weeks ago' when time is some seconds before 2 weeks in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(weeks(2) + 8))).to.be('2 weeks ago');
done();
});
it("returns '2 weeks from now' when time is some seconds after 2 weeks in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(weeks(2) + 8))).to.be('2 weeks from now');
done();
});
it("returns 'last month' when time is some seconds before 4 weeks in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(weeks(4) + 9))).to.be('last month');
done();
});
it("returns 'next month' when time is some seconds after 4 weeks in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(weeks(4) + 9))).to.be('next month');
done();
});
it("returns '9 months ago' when time is some seconds before 9 months in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(months(9) + 10))).to.be('9 months ago');
done();
});
it("returns '9 months from now' when time is some seconds after 9 months in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(months(9) + 10))).to.be('9 months from now');
done();
});
it("returns 'last year' when time is some seconds before 12 months in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(months(12) + 11))).to.be('last year');
done();
});
it("returns 'next year' when time is some seconds after 12 months in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(months(12) + 11))).to.be('next year');
done();
});
it("returns '15 years ago' when time is some seconds before 15 years in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(years(15) + 12))).to.be('15 years ago');
done();
});
it("returns '15 years from now' when time is some seconds after 15 years in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(years(15) + 12))).to.be('15 years from now');
done();
});
it("returns 'last century' when time is some seconds before 100 years in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(years(100) + 13))).to.be('last century');
done();
});
it("returns 'next century' when time is some seconds after 100 years in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(years(100) + 13))).to.be('next century');
done();
});
it("returns '2 centuries ago' when time is some seconds before 2 centuries in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(centuries(2) + 14))).to.be('2 centuries ago');
done();
});
it("returns '2 centuries from now' when time is some seconds after 2 centuries in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(centuries(2) + 14))).to.be('2 centuries from now');
done();
});
})
});
describe("in Portuguese", function(){
before(function(cb) {
loadPrettyDate(function() {
changeLanguageTo('pt-br', cb);
});
this.timeout(60000);
});
it("returns '12 segundos atrás' when time is 12 seconds in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(12))).to.be('12 segundos atrás');
done();
});
it("returns 'daqui a 12 segundos' when time is 12 seconds in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(12))).to.be('daqui a 12 segundos');
done();
});
it("returns '1 minuto atrás' when time is 75 seconds in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(75))).to.be('1 minuto atrás');
done();
});
it("returns 'daqui a 1 minuto' when time is 75 seconds in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(75))).to.be('daqui a 1 minuto');
done();
});
it("returns '17 minutos atrás' when time is some seconds before 17 minutes in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(minutes(17) + 2))).to.be('17 minutos atrás');
done();
});
it("returns 'daqui a 17 minutos' when time is some seconds after 17 minutes in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(minutes(17) + 2))).to.be('daqui a 17 minutos');
done();
});
it("returns '1 hora atrás' when time is some seconds before 1 hour in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(hours(1) + 3))).to.be('1 hora atrás');
done();
});
it("returns 'daqui a 1 hora' when time is some seconds after 1 hour in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(hours(1) + 3))).to.be('daqui a 1 hora');
done();
});
it("returns '2 horas atrás' when time is some seconds before 2 hours in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(hours(2) + 4))).to.be('2 horas atrás');
done();
});
it("returns 'daqui a 2 horas' when time is some seconds after 2 hours in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(hours(2) + 4))).to.be('daqui a 2 horas');
done();
});
it("returns 'ontem' when time is some seconds before 24 hours in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(hours(24) + 5))).to.be('ontem');
done();
});
it("returns 'amanhã' when time is some seconds after 24 hours in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(hours(24) + 5))).to.be('amanhã');
done();
});
it("returns '6 dias atrás' when time is some seconds before 6 days in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(days(6) + 6))).to.be('6 dias atrás');
done();
});
it("returns 'daqui a 6 dias' when time is some seconds after 6 days in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(days(6) + 6))).to.be('daqui a 6 dias');
done();
});
it("returns 'semana passada' when time is some seconds before 7 days in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(days(7) + 7))).to.be('semana passada');
done();
});
it("returns 'próxima semana' when time is some seconds after 7 days in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(days(7) + 7))).to.be('próxima semana');
done();
});
it("returns '2 semanas atrás' when time is some seconds before 2 weeks in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(weeks(2) + 8))).to.be('2 semanas atrás');
done();
});
it("returns 'daqui a 2 semanas' when time is some seconds after 2 weeks in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(weeks(2) + 8))).to.be('daqui a 2 semanas');
done();
});
it("returns 'mês passado' when time is some seconds before 4 weeks in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(weeks(4) + 9))).to.be('mês passado');
done();
});
it("returns 'próximo mês' when time is some seconds after 4 weeks in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(weeks(4) + 9))).to.be('próximo mês');
done();
});
it("returns '9 meses atrás' when time is some seconds before 9 months in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(months(9) + 10))).to.be('9 meses atrás');
done();
});
it("returns 'daqui a 9 meses' when time is some seconds after 9 months in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(months(9) + 10))).to.be('daqui a 9 meses');
done();
});
it("returns 'ano passado' when time is some seconds before 12 months in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(months(12) + 11))).to.be('ano passado');
done();
});
it("returns 'próximo ano' when time is some seconds after 12 months in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(months(12) + 11))).to.be('próximo ano');
done();
});
it("returns '15 anos atrás' when time is some seconds before 15 years in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(years(15) + 12))).to.be('15 anos atrás');
done();
});
it("returns 'daqui a 15 anos' when time is some seconds after 15 years in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(years(15) + 12))).to.be('daqui a 15 anos');
done();
});
it("returns 'século passado' when time is some seconds before 100 years in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(years(100) + 13))).to.be('século passado');
done();
});
it("returns 'próximo século' when time is some seconds after 100 years in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(years(100) + 13))).to.be('próximo século');
done();
});
it("returns '2 séculos atrás' when time is some seconds before 2 centuries in the past", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInThePast(centuries(2) + 14))).to.be('2 séculos atrás');
done();
});
it("returns 'daqui a 2 séculos' when time is some seconds after 2 centuries in the future", function(done) {
expect(prettyDate(secondsInTheFuture(centuries(2) + 14))).to.be('daqui a 2 séculos');
done();
});
});
/* ********** Helper functions ********** */
var secondsInThePast = function(seconds) {
return Date.now() - seconds * 1000;
}
var secondsInTheFuture = function(seconds) {
return Date.now() + seconds * 1000;
}
var minutes = function(count) {
return 60 * count;
}
var hours = function(count) {
return 60 * minutes(count);
}
var days = function(count) {
return 24 * hours(count);
}
var weeks = function(count) {
return 7 * days(count);
}
var months = function(count) {
return 4 * weeks(count);
}
var years = function(count) {
return 12 * months(count);
}
var centuries = function(count) {
return 100 * years(count);
}
var loadPrettyDate = function(done) {
helper.newPad(function() {
var chrome$ = helper.padChrome$;
chrome$.getScript('/static/plugins/ep_comments_page/static/js/timeFormat.js')
.done(function(code){
chrome$.window.eval(code);
prettyDate = chrome$.window.prettyDate;
done();
})
.fail(function(jqxhr, settings, exception) {
done(exception);
});
});
}
var changeLanguageTo = function(lang, callback) {
var boldTitles = {
'en' : 'Bold (Ctrl+B)',
'pt-br' : 'Negrito (Ctrl-B)',
'de' : 'Fett (Strg-B)'
};
var chrome$ = helper.padChrome$;
//click on the settings button to make settings visible
var $settingsButton = chrome$(".buttonicon-settings");
$settingsButton.click();
//select the language
var $language = chrome$("#languagemenu");
$language.val(lang);
$language.change();
// hide settings again
$settingsButton.click();
helper.waitFor(function() {
return chrome$(".buttonicon-bold").parent()[0]["title"] == boldTitles[lang];
})
.done(callback);
}
});
| 33,718 |
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%20%28%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
شومه (ایوانگیتسا)
|
https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=شومه (ایوانگیتسا)&action=history
|
Persian
|
Spoken
| 36 | 131 |
شومه یک منطقهٔ مسکونی در صربستان است که در ایوانئیتسا واقع شدهاست. شومه ۱۰٫۹۶ کیلومتر مربع مساحت و ۱٬۲۵۰ نفر جمعیت دارد.
جستارهای وابسته
تقسیمات کشوری صربستان
منابع
پیوند به بیرون
مناطق مسکونی در ناحیه موراویتسا
| 13,004 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17484110
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 416 | 1,191 |
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
Iranian ethnomusicologist
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar instance of human
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar sex or gender male
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar date of birth 1969
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar given name Mohammad
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar occupation ethnomusicologist
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar occupation musicologist
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar image Dr Mohammad Reza Azadehfar3b.jpg, point in time 2011
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar Commons category Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar Freebase ID /m/011jnqpt
محمدرضا آزاده فر
محمدرضا آزاده فر نمونهای از انسان
محمدرضا آزاده فر جنسیت مذکر
محمدرضا آزاده فر زادروز 1969
محمدرضا آزاده فر نام کوچک محمد
محمدرضا آزاده فر نگاره Dr Mohammad Reza Azadehfar3b.jpg, زمان رویداد 2011
محمدرضا آزاده فر ردهٔ ویکیانبار Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
محمدرضا آزاده فر شناسهٔ فریبیس /m/011jnqpt
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar ist ein(e) Mensch
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar Geschlecht männlich
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar Geburtsdatum 1969
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar Vorname Mohammad
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar Tätigkeit Musikethnologe
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar Tätigkeit Musikwissenschaftler
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar Bild Dr Mohammad Reza Azadehfar3b.jpg, Zeitpunkt/Stand 2011
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar Commons-Kategorie Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar Freebase-Kennung /m/011jnqpt
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar nature de l’élément être humain
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar sexe ou genre masculin
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar date de naissance 1969
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar prénom Mohammad
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar occupation ethnomusicologue
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar occupation musicologue
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar image Dr Mohammad Reza Azadehfar3b.jpg, date 2011
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar catégorie Commons Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar identifiant Freebase /m/011jnqpt
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar instancia de ser humano
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar sexo o género masculino
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar fecha de nacimiento 1969
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar nombre de pila Mohammad
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar ocupación etnomusicólogo
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar ocupación musicólogo
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar imagen Dr Mohammad Reza Azadehfar3b.jpg, fecha 2011
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar categoría en Commons Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar Identificador Freebase /m/011jnqpt
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar instancia de humanu
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar sexu masculín
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar fecha de nacimientu 1969
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar nome Mohammad
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar ocupación etnomusicólogu
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar ocupación musicólogu
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar imaxe Dr Mohammad Reza Azadehfar3b.jpg, data 2011
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar categoría de Commons Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar identificador en Freebase /m/011jnqpt
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar instancë e njeri
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar gjinia mashkull
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar data e lindjes 1969
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar emri Mohammad
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar imazh Dr Mohammad Reza Azadehfar3b.jpg, data 2011
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar kategoria në Commons Mohammad Reza Azadehfar
Mohammad Reza Azadehfar Freebase ID /m/011jnqpt
| 15,412 |
https://github.com/Kovszasz/MimamiProjekt/blob/master/backend/api/migrations/0007_auto_20191204_1744.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
MimamiProjekt
|
Kovszasz
|
Python
|
Code
| 43 | 200 |
# Generated by Django 2.2.6 on 2019-12-04 17:44
import datetime
from django.db import migrations, models
class Migration(migrations.Migration):
dependencies = [
('api', '0006_commentlike'),
]
operations = [
migrations.RemoveField(
model_name='post',
name='CampaignTime',
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='post',
name='CampaignTimeend',
field=models.DateField(blank=True, default=datetime.datetime.now),
),
migrations.AddField(
model_name='post',
name='CampaignTimestart',
field=models.DateField(blank=True, default=datetime.datetime.now),
),
]
| 26,652 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionu%C8%9B%20Gheorghe
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Ionuț Gheorghe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionuț Gheorghe&action=history
|
English
|
Spoken
| 185 | 339 |
Ionuţ Gheorghe (born 29 February 1984 in Constanţa, Romania) is a boxer from Romania.
Career
He qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics by ending up in first place at the 3rd AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Gothenburg, Sweden. In Athens, Greece he won a bronze medal, having been stopped in the semifinals of the Light welterweight (64 kg) division by eventual winner Manus Boonjumnong.
Gheorghe won another bronze medal in the same division two years later, at the 2006 European Amateur Boxing Championships in Plovdiv where he lost to local Boris Georgiev.
At the 2007 World Championships he was upset by Iranian Morteza Sepahvand but he qualified for the Olympics at the first qualifier.
Olympic results 2004
Defeated Faisal Karim (Pakistan) 26-11
Defeated Mustafa Karagöllü (Turkey) 28-19
Defeated Michele Di Rocco (Italy) 29-18
Lost to Manus Boonjumnong (Thailand) 9-30
References
1984 births
Living people
Light-welterweight boxers
Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Romania
Olympic bronze medalists for Romania
Olympic medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Romanian male boxers
Sportspeople from Constanța
| 47,968 |
https://github.com/JamesKing9/NewHeart-NewLife/blob/master/Study/Python/p_02.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,018 |
NewHeart-NewLife
|
JamesKing9
|
Python
|
Code
| 3 | 10 |
print "Hello, Pyhons!"
| 37,991 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21763793
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Darah-ye Bugalchī
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 32 | 110 |
Darah-ye Bugalchī
Darah-ye Bugalchī
Darah-ye Bugalchī Geonames-ID 1146377
Darah-ye Bugalchī instans av flod
Darah-ye Bugalchī geografiska koordinater
Darah-ye Bugalchī land Afghanistan
Darah-ye Bugalchī inom det administrativa området Nurestan
Darah-ye Bugalchī GNS-ID -3370947
| 26,841 |
https://github.com/ch3ngxuyuan/TinyShop/blob/master/common/models/base/LocalDistributionArea.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
TinyShop
|
ch3ngxuyuan
|
PHP
|
Code
| 133 | 469 |
<?php
namespace addons\TinyShop\common\models\base;
use common\behaviors\MerchantBehavior;
/**
* This is the model class for table "{{%addon_shop_base_local_distribution_area}}".
*
* @property string $id
* @property string $merchant_id 商户id
* @property string $province_ids 省id
* @property string $city_ids 市id
* @property string $area_ids 区县id
* @property string $community_ids 社区乡镇id
* @property string $created_at 创建时间
* @property string $updated_at 更新时间
*/
class LocalDistributionArea extends \common\models\base\BaseModel
{
use MerchantBehavior;
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public static function tableName()
{
return '{{%addon_shop_base_local_distribution_area}}';
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function rules()
{
return [
[['merchant_id', 'created_at', 'updated_at'], 'integer'],
[['province_ids', 'city_ids', 'area_ids', 'community_ids'], 'string'],
];
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function attributeLabels()
{
return [
'id' => 'ID',
'merchant_id' => '商户id',
'province_ids' => '省id',
'city_ids' => '市id',
'area_ids' => '区县id',
'community_ids' => '社区乡镇id',
'created_at' => '创建时间',
'updated_at' => '更新时间',
];
}
}
| 14,508 |
https://github.com/richerarc/CityMinr/blob/master/client/src/app/components/resource/resource.component.ts
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
CityMinr
|
richerarc
|
TypeScript
|
Code
| 178 | 634 |
import { LabelService } from '../../services/label.service';
import { Component, Input, Output, EventEmitter, trigger, state, style, transition, animate, OnChanges, SimpleChanges, DoCheck } from '@angular/core';
import { Router } from '@angular/router';
import { ResourceResult } from '../../domain/search-result.model';
@Component({
selector: 'resource',
templateUrl: './resource.template.html',
animations: [
trigger('cartState', [
state("inCart", style({
transform: 'rotate(45deg)',
color: '#ff0000'
})),
state('notInCart', style({
transform: 'rotate(0deg)',
color: '#007cbb'
})),
transition('inCart => notInCart', animate('100ms ease-in')),
transition('notInCart => inCart', animate('100ms ease-out'))
])
]
})
export class ResourceComponent implements DoCheck {
@Input("resource") resource
@Input() cartItems: ResourceResult[];
@Output() cartItemsChange: EventEmitter<ResourceResult[]> = new EventEmitter<ResourceResult[]>();
@Output() triggerVisualize = new EventEmitter();
private cartState: string = "notInCart";
constructor(private router: Router, private labelService: LabelService) {
}
toggleCart() {
if (this.cartState === "inCart") {
this.removeFromCart();
} else {
this.addToCart();
}
}
ngDoCheck() {
if (this.cartItems) {
let index = this.cartItems.indexOf(this.resource);
if (index < 0) {
this.cartState = "notInCart";
} else {
this.cartState = "inCart";
}
}
}
addToCart() {
this.cartState = "inCart";
this.cartItems.push(this.resource);
this.cartItemsChange.emit(this.cartItems);
}
removeFromCart() {
this.cartState = "notInCart";
let index = this.cartItems.indexOf(this.resource);
if (index > -1) {
this.cartItems.splice(index, 1);
}
this.cartItemsChange.emit(this.cartItems);
}
clickVisualize() {
this.triggerVisualize.emit(this.resource);
}
}
| 16,032 |
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2344264
|
StackExchange
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,010 |
Stack Exchange
|
Brian Leishman, Colin, Dolph, Jpeykar96, Pekka, ankur, hockeywax, https://stackoverflow.com/users/176741, https://stackoverflow.com/users/187606, https://stackoverflow.com/users/2581418, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4760878, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4760879, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4760880, https://stackoverflow.com/users/4760918, https://stackoverflow.com/users/728236, vitsoft
|
English
|
Spoken
| 348 | 493 |
Appropriate character encoding / collation to store URLs?
My web application stores URL segments in a database. These URL segments are based on user-submitted content.
What collation should I use for character strings that will appear in URLs?
My assumption is ASCII General CI (?) based on this question: Which characters make a URL invalid?
It doesn't really matter as far as I can see. The characters valid in a URL are represented in any character set I know of, and I wouldn't use different collations between tables and columns - you'll get "illegal mix of collations" problems on any attempt to join them or perform any other kind of cross-column or cross-table operation (see my recent problem here).
Correct me if I'm wrong of course.
Then is there a performance factor for using, say, UTF-8 General CI instead of a "simpler" encoding that could store the same data (ASCII General CI)?
I'm no database guru so I can't say for sure, but logic tells me no, because the characters you mention take up one byte in both standard ASCII and UTF-8 collations. I'm pretty sure any overhead must be minuscule.
I believe case-insensitive encoding (ascii_general_ci) is slower then ascii_bin, because db engine needs to convert both values to the same case before performing actual compare.
@Pekka웃 The issue with using utf8mb4 over ascii for something like a phone number or URL only matters if storage space is an issue (doubt it) or the real issue, if you're using the columns in an index. If you have a URL field that's varchar(256) with ascii encoding, the key length is 256, but if you use utf8mb4, the key size has to be 1024 to support the possibility of that column containing a multibyte character, which is bigger than what InnoDB will allow for a key size
I would argue Case Sensitivity matters, since you don't want duplicate content from the URLs /home and /Home.
These are 2 seperate pages, a mysql query in a _ci collation (select * from page where url='/Home') would return the page regardless of case.
| 49,896 |
https://github.com/statisticsnorway/klass/blob/master/klass-shared/src/main/java/no/ssb/klass/core/util/TranslatablePersistenceConverter.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,023 |
klass
|
statisticsnorway
|
Java
|
Code
| 217 | 820 |
package no.ssb.klass.core.util;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import javax.persistence.AttributeConverter;
import javax.persistence.Converter;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringEscapeUtils;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import com.google.common.base.Strings;
import no.ssb.klass.core.model.Language;
/**
* Used by Hibernate to persists {@link Translatable}s
*/
@Component
@Converter(autoApply = true)
public class TranslatablePersistenceConverter implements AttributeConverter<Translatable, String> {
private final Pattern noPattern;
private final Pattern nnPattern;
private final Pattern enPattern;
public TranslatablePersistenceConverter() {
this("no", "nn", "en");
}
public TranslatablePersistenceConverter(String no, String nn, String en) {
this.noPattern = Pattern.compile("<" + no + ">(.*)</" + no + ">", Pattern.MULTILINE | Pattern.DOTALL);
this.nnPattern = Pattern.compile("<" + nn + ">(.*)</" + nn + ">", Pattern.MULTILINE | Pattern.DOTALL);
this.enPattern = Pattern.compile("<" + en + ">(.*)</" + en + ">", Pattern.MULTILINE | Pattern.DOTALL);
}
@Override
public String convertToDatabaseColumn(Translatable translatable) {
if (translatable == null) {
return null;
}
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
if (translatable != null) {
if (translatable.hasLanguage(Language.NB)) {
builder.append("<no>").append(StringEscapeUtils.escapeXml11(translatable.getString(Language.NB)))
.append("</no>");
}
if (translatable.hasLanguage(Language.NN)) {
builder.append("<nn>").append(StringEscapeUtils.escapeXml11(translatable.getString(Language.NN)))
.append("</nn>");
}
if (translatable.hasLanguage(Language.EN)) {
builder.append("<en>").append(StringEscapeUtils.escapeXml11(translatable.getString(Language.EN)))
.append("</en>");
}
}
return builder.toString();
}
@Override
public Translatable convertToEntityAttribute(String dbData) {
if (dbData == null) {
return null;
}
String no = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeXml(find(noPattern, dbData));
String nn = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeXml(find(nnPattern, dbData));
String en = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeXml(find(enPattern, dbData));
return new Translatable(no, nn, en);
}
private String find(Pattern pattern, String input) {
if (Strings.isNullOrEmpty(input)) {
return null;
}
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(input);
if (!matcher.find()) {
return null;
}
return matcher.group(1);
}
}
| 33,892 |
https://github.com/preactjs/wmr/blob/master/packages/wmr/test/fixtures/css/index.js
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,023 |
wmr
|
preactjs
|
JavaScript
|
Code
| 106 | 331 |
import { h, render } from 'preact';
import styles from './style.module.css';
const Home = lazy(() => import('./home/index.js'));
const Profile = lazy(() => import('./profile/index.js'));
/** @template T @type {(load:()=>Promise<{default:T}|T>)=>T} */
function lazy(load) {
let c, p;
//@ts-ignore
return function (props) {
if (c) return h(c, props);
if (!p) p = load().then(e => (c = (e && e.default) || e));
if (!this.lz) this.lz = p.then(c => this.setState({ c }));
};
}
export function App() {
const url = location.pathname;
return (
<div class={styles.app}>
<header>
<nav>
<a href="/">Home</a>
<a href="/profile/foo">Profile</a>
</nav>
</header>
{'/' === url && <Home />}
{url.startsWith('/profile') && <Profile username={url.split('/')[2]} />}
</div>
);
}
render(<App />, document.body);
| 36,688 |
https://github.com/RaitoBezarius/berkovich-spaces/blob/master/src/for_mathlib/associated.lean
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,022 |
berkovich-spaces
|
RaitoBezarius
|
Lean
|
Code
| 47 | 148 |
import algebra.associated
lemma primes_associated_of_dvd {α} [comm_cancel_monoid_with_zero α] {p q: α}
(p_prime: prime p) (q_prime: prime q) (dvd: p ∣ q): associated p q :=
begin
cases dvd with c hc,
cases ((q_prime.irreducible).is_unit_or_is_unit hc)
.resolve_left p_prime.not_unit with u hu,
exact ⟨ u, by rw [hu, hc] ⟩,
end
| 11,688 |
https://github.com/leshow/queryparser/blob/master/querysplainer/src/Main.hs
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,018 |
queryparser
|
leshow
|
Haskell
|
Code
| 737 | 1,820 |
module Main where
import API
import Control.Monad.IO.Class (liftIO)
-- import Control.Monad.Trans.Except
import Data.Either
import Data.Functor (void)
import qualified Data.HashMap.Strict as HMS
import qualified Data.List as L
import qualified Data.Map as M
import Data.Monoid ((<>))
import Data.Proxy
import qualified Data.Set as S
import qualified Data.Text.Lazy as TL
import qualified Data.Vector as V
import Database.Sql.Type
import Database.Sql.Util.Columns
import Database.Sql.Util.Joins
import Database.Sql.Util.Lineage.Table
import Database.Sql.Util.Scope (runResolverWarn)
import Database.Sql.Util.Tables
import qualified Database.Sql.Vertica.Parser as VP
import Database.Sql.Vertica.Type (Vertica, VerticaStatement,
resolveVerticaStatement)
import Network.Wai
import Network.Wai.Handler.Warp
import Servant
server :: Server QAPI
server = allH :<|> joinH :<|> tableH :<|> colH :<|> lineageH
where
joinH :: TL.Text -> Handler Join
joinH input = pure Join {_joins = buildJoins input}
allH :: TL.Text -> Handler All
allH input = pure All
{ joins = buildJoins input
, tables = buildTables input
, columns = buildCols input
, lineage = buildLineage input
}
tableH :: TL.Text -> Handler Table
tableH input = pure API.Table {_tables = buildTables input}
colH :: TL.Text -> Handler Column
colH input = pure API.Column {_columns = buildCols input}
lineageH :: TL.Text -> Handler Lineage
lineageH input = pure Lineage {_lineage = buildLineage input}
runServer :: Application
runServer = serve qApi server
runApp :: Port -> IO ()
runApp port = run port runServer
main :: IO ()
main = runApp 3000
buildTables :: TL.Text -> [TL.Text]
buildTables sql = draw $ getTables $ fst $ parseAndResolve sql
where
draw :: S.Set FullyQualifiedTableName -> [TL.Text]
draw xs = case S.toList xs of
[] -> ["no tables accessed"]
xs' -> map drawFQTN xs'
buildCols :: TL.Text -> [[TL.Text]]
buildCols sql = draw $ getColumns $ fst $ parseAndResolve sql
where
draw :: S.Set (FullyQualifiedColumnName, Clause) -> [[TL.Text]]
draw xs = case S.toList xs of
[] -> [["no columns accessed"]]
xs' -> map drawCol xs'
drawCol :: (FullyQualifiedColumnName, Clause) -> [TL.Text]
drawCol (col, clause) = [drawFQCN col, clause]
buildJoins :: TL.Text -> [[TL.Text]]
buildJoins sql = draw $ getJoins $ fst $ parseAndResolve sql
where
draw
:: S.Set
( (FullyQualifiedColumnName, [StructFieldName ()])
, (FullyQualifiedColumnName, [StructFieldName ()])
)
-> [[TL.Text]]
draw xs = case S.toList xs of
[] -> [["no joins"]]
xs' -> map drawJoin xs'
drawJoin
:: ( (FullyQualifiedColumnName, [StructFieldName ()])
, (FullyQualifiedColumnName, [StructFieldName ()])
)
-> [TL.Text]
drawJoin (f1, f2) = [drawField f1, drawField f2]
buildLineage :: TL.Text -> [TL.Text]
buildLineage sql = draw $ getTableLineage $ fst $ parseAndResolve sql
where
draw :: M.Map FQTN (S.Set FQTN) -> [TL.Text]
draw xs = case M.assocs xs of
[] -> ["no tables modified"]
xs' -> map drawAssoc xs'
drawAssoc :: (FQTN, S.Set FQTN) -> TL.Text
drawAssoc (tgt, srcs) = case S.toList srcs of
[] -> TL.concat ["no longer has data -> ", drawFQTN tgt]
srcs' -> TL.concat [drawDeps srcs', "->", drawFQTN tgt]
drawDeps :: [FQTN] -> TL.Text
drawDeps srcs = TL.intercalate ", " $ map drawFQTN srcs
-- pretty printing helpers
drawFQTN :: FullyQualifiedTableName -> TL.Text
drawFQTN FullyQualifiedTableName { fqtnSchemaName, fqtnTableName } =
TL.intercalate "." [fqtnSchemaName, fqtnTableName]
drawFQCN :: FullyQualifiedColumnName -> TL.Text
drawFQCN FullyQualifiedColumnName { fqcnSchemaName, fqcnTableName, fqcnColumnName }
= TL.intercalate "." [fqcnSchemaName, fqcnTableName, fqcnColumnName]
drawField :: (FullyQualifiedColumnName, [StructFieldName ()]) -> TL.Text
drawField (fqcn, fields) = foldl1
combineWithDot
(drawFQCN fqcn : map drawStructFieldName fields)
where
combineWithDot x y = x <> "." <> y
drawStructFieldName (StructFieldName _ name) = name
-- let's provide a really simple function to do parsing!
-- It will have ungraceful error handling.
parse :: TL.Text -> VerticaStatement RawNames ()
parse sql = case void <$> VP.parse sql of
Right q -> q
Left err -> error $ show err
-- let's provide a really simple function that combines parsing + resolving.
-- We'll hardcode the catalog and leave the error handling ungraceful, still.
parseAndResolve
:: TL.Text -> (VerticaStatement ResolvedNames (), [ResolutionError ()])
parseAndResolve sql =
case
runResolverWarn (resolveVerticaStatement $ parse sql)
(Proxy :: Proxy Vertica)
cata
of
(Right queryResolved, resolutions) ->
(queryResolved, lefts resolutions)
(Left err, _) -> error $ show err
cata :: Catalog
cata = makeDefaultingCatalog catalogMap [defaultSchema] defaultDatabase
where
defaultDatabase :: DatabaseName ()
defaultDatabase = DatabaseName () "defaultDatabase"
defaultSchema :: UQSchemaName ()
defaultSchema = mkNormalSchema "public" ()
foo :: (UQTableName (), SchemaMember)
foo = ( QTableName () None "", persistentTable [ QColumnName () None "" ] )
bar :: (UQTableName (), SchemaMember)
bar = ( QTableName () None "", persistentTable [ QColumnName () None "" ] )
catalogMap :: CatalogMap
catalogMap = HMS.singleton defaultDatabase $
HMS.fromList [ ( defaultSchema, HMS.fromList [ foo , bar ] ) ]
| 40,604 |
https://github.com/el-cms/elabs/blob/master/src/Controller/AppController.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,017 |
elabs
|
el-cms
|
PHP
|
Code
| 790 | 2,436 |
<?php
/**
* CakePHP(tm) : Rapid Development Framework (http://cakephp.org)
* Copyright (c) Cake Software Foundation, Inc. (http://cakefoundation.org)
*
* Licensed under The MIT License
* For full copyright and license information, please see the LICENSE.txt
* Redistributions of files must retain the above copyright notice.
*
* @copyright Copyright (c) Cake Software Foundation, Inc. (http://cakefoundation.org)
* @link http://cakephp.org CakePHP(tm) Project
* @since 0.2.9
* @license http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php MIT License
*/
namespace App\Controller;
use Cake\Controller\Controller;
use Cake\Core\Configure;
use Cake\Event\Event;
use Cake\I18n\I18n;
/**
* Application Controller
*
* Add your application-wide methods in the class below, your controllers
* will inherit them.
*
* @link http://book.cakephp.org/3.0/en/controllers.html#the-app-controller
*/
class AppController extends Controller
{
/**
* User preference to display nsfw content
* @var bool
*/
public $seeNSFW = null;
/**
* Default options for pagination
* @var array
*/
public $paginate = [
'order' => ['created' => 'desc'],
'maxLimit' => 10,
];
/**
* Initialization hook method.
*
* Use this method to add common initialization code like loading components.
*
* e.g. `$this->loadComponent('Security');`
*
* @return void
*/
public function initialize()
{
parent::initialize();
$this->loadComponent('RequestHandler');
$this->loadComponent('Act');
$this->loadComponent('Flash');
$this->loadComponent('CakeDC/Users.UsersAuth');
/*
* Enable the following components for recommended CakePHP security settings.
* see http://book.cakephp.org/3.0/en/controllers/components/security.html
*/
$this->loadComponent('Security');
$this->loadComponent('Csrf');
/*
* Safe for work option
*/
if (is_null($this->request->session()->read('seeNSFW'))) {
$this->_setSFWState('hide');
}
$this->seeNSFW = $this->request->session()->read('seeNSFW');
/*
* Site language option
*/
if (is_null($this->request->session()->read('language'))) {
// Create the languages list
$this->_setLanguagesList();
// Add language info to session
$this->_setLanguage();
}
}
/**
* Before filter callback
*
* @param \Cake\Event\Event $event The beforeFilter event.
*
* @return void
*/
public function beforeFilter(Event $event)
{
parent::beforeFilter($event);
// "Public" AppController, so all actions allowed
$this->Auth->allow();
// Making the seeNSFW variable available in view
$this->set('seeNSFW', $this->seeNSFW);
// Making language list and current language variables available in views
$lang = $this->request->session()->read('language');
$this->set('availableLanguages', $this->request->session()->read('languages'));
$this->set('siteLanguage', $lang);
I18n::locale($this->_getFolderNameFromLangCode($lang));
// Making currently authentified user infos available in view
$authUser = null;
if (!is_null($this->Auth->user('id'))) {
$authUser = $this->Auth->user();
}
$this->set('authUser', $authUser);
}
/**
* Before render callback.
*
* @param \Cake\Event\Event $event The beforeRender event.
* @return \Cake\Network\Response|null|void
*/
public function beforeRender(Event $event)
{
//$this->set('currentController', \Cake\Utility\Inflector::underscore($this->request->params['controller']));
if (!array_key_exists('_serialize', $this->viewVars) &&
in_array($this->response->type(), ['application/json', 'application/xml'])
) {
$this->set('_serialize', true);
}
}
/**
* Changes the state of the seeNSFW value in session
*
* @param string $state New state, can be 'hide' or 'show'
*
* @return void
*/
protected function _setSFWState($state = 'hide')
{
$this->request->session()->write('seeNSFW', ($state === 'show') ? true : false);
}
/**
* Sets values in session with user preferences.
*
*
* @return void
*/
protected function _setUserPreferences()
{
$preferences = $this->Auth->user('preferences');
$preferences += \Cake\Core\Configure::read('cms.defaultUserPreferences');
$this->_setLanguage($preferences['defaultSiteLanguage']);
$this->_setSFWState(($preferences['showNSFW'] === '1') ? 'show' : 'hide');
$this->request->session()->write('defaultWritingLanguage', $preferences['defaultWritingLanguage']);
$this->request->session()->write('defaultWritingLicense', $preferences['defaultWritingLicense']);
}
/**
* Clear user specific preferences
*
* @return void
*/
protected function _clearUserPreferences()
{
$this->request->session()->delete('defaultWritingLanguage');
$this->request->session()->delete('defaultWritingLicense');
}
/**
* Finds available website translations and write them in session
*
* @return void
*/
protected function _setLanguagesList()
{
$Languages = \Cake\ORM\TableRegistry::get('Languages');
$languages = $Languages->find('all', [
'conditions' => [
'has_site_translation' => true
],
'fields' => ['name', 'has_site_translation', 'translation_folder', 'iso639_1'],
'order' => ['name' => 'asc'],
]);
$this->request->session()->write('languages', $languages->toArray());
}
/**
* Changes the current language in session
*
* @param string $lang Language translation folder name
*
* @return void
*/
protected function _setLanguage($lang = null)
{
$this->request->session()->write('language', $this->_getLangCodeFromFolderName($lang));
}
/**
* Returns the iso639-1 code for a given translation folder name.
* Note that the 'language' entry in session array should have been previously
* populated by `_setLanguagesList()`
*
* @param string $folderName Language folder name
*
* @return string
*/
protected function _getLangCodeFromFolderName($folderName)
{
$langCode = null;
// Available languages
$availableLanguages = $this->request->session()->read('languages');
// Current languages
if (is_null($folderName)) {
$folderName = \Cake\Core\Configure::read('cms.defaultSiteLang');
}
// Find current language code in available languages
foreach ($availableLanguages as $l) {
if ($l['translation_folder'] === $folderName) {
$langCode = $l['iso639_1'];
}
}
return $langCode;
}
/**
* Returns the translation folder name for a given language iso639-1 code.
* Note that the 'languages' entry in session array should have been previously
* populated by `_setLanguagesList()`
*
* @param string $langCode Language iso639-1 code.
*
* @return string
*/
protected function _getFolderNameFromLangCode($langCode)
{
$folderName = null;
// Available languages
$availableLanguages = $this->request->session()->read('languages');
// Current languages
if (is_null($langCode)) {
$langCode = \Cake\Core\Configure::read('cms.defaultSiteLang');
}
// Find current language code in available languages
foreach ($availableLanguages as $l) {
if ($l['iso639_1'] === $langCode) {
$folderName = $l['translation_folder'];
}
}
return $folderName;
}
/**
* Switch the value of SFW state.
*
* @param string $state New state, can be 'hide' or 'show'
*
* @return void
*/
public function switchSFW($state = 'hide')
{
$this->_setSFWState($state);
$this->redirect($this->referer());
}
/**
* Changes the language to a given one.
*
* @param string $lang Language folder name in src/Locale
*
* @return void
*/
public function changeLanguage($lang = null)
{
$this->_setLanguage($lang);
$this->redirect($this->referer());
}
}
| 30,513 |
https://github.com/bvlebvle/db/blob/master/bdatos/padministracion/modificar-pa.php
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
db
|
bvlebvle
|
PHP
|
Code
| 40 | 178 |
<?php
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
ini_set('display_startup_errors', 1);
error_reporting(E_ALL);
$name = $_POST['nombre'];
$telefono = $_POST['telefono'];
$direccion = $_POST['direccion'];
$rut = $_GET['rut'];
require_once '../conexion.php';
$sql = "UPDATE padministracion SET nombre ='$name', telefono ='$telefono', direccion ='$direccion' WHERE rut='$rut'";
$result = pg_query($connection, $sql);
header("location: /perfil.php?page=ver-administradores");
?>
| 18,288 |
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49035105
|
Wikidata
|
Semantic data
|
CC0
| null |
Harrison Peak
|
None
|
Multilingual
|
Semantic data
| 53 | 85 |
Harrison Peak (bukid sa Estados Unidos, Colorado)
Harrison Peak
mountain in Colorado, United States of America
Harrison Peak GeoNames ID 5424453
Harrison Peak coordinate location
Harrison Peak GNIS Feature ID 192853
Harrison Peak country United States of America
Harrison Peak instance of mountain
Harrison Peak located in the administrative territorial entity Costilla County
| 22,550 |
https://github.com/tenglianghao/spring-framework-jack/blob/master/test-spring0/src/main/java/com/jack/service/MyService.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,020 |
spring-framework-jack
|
tenglianghao
|
Java
|
Code
| 103 | 425 |
package com.jack.service;
import com.jack.dao.Dao;
import com.jack.dao.MyDao;
import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextAware;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.Map;
//根据不同的条件从容器里面获取不同的bean
@Service("service")
public class MyService implements ApplicationContextAware {
private ApplicationContext context; // 从ioc容器中获取
@Autowired
private Map<String, Dao> map; // 可使用一个map进行接收
public void query(String name) {
if (name.equals("A")) {
map.get("daoAImpl").query();
} else if (name.equals("B")) {
map.get("daoBImpl").query();
} else {
System.out.println("there has no suitable impl ");
}
}
public void query2(String name) {
if (name.equals("A")) {
((Dao)context.getBean("daoAImpl")).query();
} else if (name.equals("B")) {
((Dao)context.getBean("daoBImpl")).query();
} else {
System.out.println("there has no suitable impl ");
}
}
@Override
public void setApplicationContext(ApplicationContext applicationContext) throws BeansException {
this.context = applicationContext;
}
}
| 50,608 |
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robat%20Karim%20%28fylke%29
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Robat Karim (fylke)
|
https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robat Karim (fylke)&action=history
|
Norwegian
|
Spoken
| 63 | 152 |
Robat Karim (persisk: شهرستان رباطکریم) er et fylke i provinsen Teheran i Iran. Hovedstaden i fylket er Robat Karim. Fra målingen i 2006 var fylkets befolkning (inkludert målinger fra fylket Baharestan) var 608 530, i 149 444 familier. Fylket er delt inn i to distrikter: det sentrale distriktet og Golestan-distriktet. Fylket har tre byer: Robat Karim, Nasirshahr og Parand.
Referanser
Fylker i Teheran
| 22,557 |
lhommeaumasqued00topi_2
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| 1,883 |
L'homme au masque de fer
|
Topin, Marius Jean François, 1838-1895
|
French
|
Spoken
| 6,950 | 11,733 |
SON VOYAGE EN IHA.NCE. 23 Il était alleiidu, et il fut reçu à Paris avec un grand empressement de curiosité. « M. de Buckingham, écrit Richelieu au marquis d'Elfiat, trouvera en moi l'amitié qu'il saurait attendre d'un vrai frère qui lui rendra tous les services qu'il saurait désirer de qui que ce soit au monde ^, » et Louis XIII lui faisait dire : « Je vous as sure que vous ne passerez pas ici pour étranger, mais pour vrai Français, puisque vous l'êtes de cœur et que vous avez témoigné, en cette rencontre du mariage, votre affection si égale au bien et au service des deux couronnes, que j'en fais, pour ce qui me regarde, le même élat que le roi votre maître. Vous serez ici le très-bien venu et me connailrez en toutes occasions ^. » Dès son arrivée, eu elfet, Buckingham se montra « vrai Français » par ses façons d'agir, par l'aisance et la liberté de ses mouvements. Il entra dans la cour, dit la Rochefoucauld, « avec plus d'éclat, de grandeur et de magnificence que s'il eût été roi'. » Huit grands seigneurs et vingt -quatre chevaliers l'accompagnaient. ^ingt gentilshommes et douze pages étaient attachés à i>a personne, et sa suile entière se composait de six ou sept cents pages ou valets *. « Il avait tous les trésors à dépensier cl luulco les pierreries de la couronne d'An gleterre pour se parer ^ » Il descendit dans ce bel hô tel de Luynes delà rue Sahit-Thomas-du-Louvre, qu'on * Collection des documents iinidils sur riiisioirc de France. Lettres el papiers d'État du cardinal de Richelieu, publiés par M. Avenel, t. Il, p. 55. 2 Ibid., t. II, p. 71. ^ Mémoires de la Ilorhcfoiicauhl, p. 340. * llardwicke, State Papcrs, t. I, p. 571. Document relaté dans l'ou vrage de M. Guizot, déjà cité, p. 352. ^ Mémoires de madame de Molteville, p. IC. Mercure français, 1625, p. 3GU. 24 , EMPRESSEMEM AVEC LEQUEL IL Y EST UEÇU. nommait alors l'hôlel de Chevreuse, « riiôlel le plus richement meublé qui soit à présent en France, » dit le Mercure^ et pendant plusicui s jours le peuple do Pa ris fut ébloui par le luxe extraordinaire que déployi le fastueux étranger ^ L'admiration fut aussi vive à la cour, et Ijuckingham y poussa la libéralité jusqu'à l'exlrava gancc. Chacun de ses somptueux costumes était sur cliargé de perles et de diamants si habilement mal fixés qu'il s'en détachait un grand nombre, et le duc refu sait de les recevoir quand on les lui rapportait. Une telle prodigalité, l'importance de sa mission, ce que son passé avait de séduisant et ce que sa personne offrait d'aimable; son titre d'étranger qui rendait plus pi quantes ses manières toutes françaises, cet art de plaire qui lui était si facile, tout contribua à en faire le héros de la ville et de la cour. Étourdi par un succès qui dépassait même son at tente et s'éblouissant lui-même de l'éclat qu'il jetait autour de lui, il ne vit que la reine de France digne de ses hommages, et soudainement il conçut pour elle la plus véhémente passion. Trop léger pour refouler ce sentiment dans son cœur, il l'étala avec complaisance, et sa témérité s'aggrava de son ostentation. Anne d'Autriche était Espagnole et coquette. Elle comprenait la galanterie telle que ses compatriotes l'avaient ap prise des Maures, cette galanterie « qui permet aux hommes d'avoir sans crime des sentiments tendres pour les femmes, qui leur inspire les belles actions, la libéralité, toutes sortes de vertus ^ » Elle ne croyait • Mercure françrds, iliid. * Mémoires de madame de MoUcvlUe, p. 18. « Dans notre temps, :i3r.iie madame de îlotteville, a subsisté ce que les Espagnols appellent SA. PASSION POUR ANNE D'AIJTUICIIE. 25 pas, dit celle quia le mieux connu Anne d'Aulriche*, que « la belle conversation, qui s'appelle ordinaire ment riionnèle galanterie, où on ne prend aucun cn gagc'.nenl particulier, pût jamais être blâmable. » Aussi accueillit-elle avec indulgence et sans élonnement une passion conforme aux souvenirs de son pays et de sa jeunesse, et qui, en caressant son amour-propre, ne choquait nullement sa vertu. Cet hommage de la vanilé, elle le reçut avec la complaisance de la coquetterie, se sachant la plus belle) la plus puissante, la plus digne enfm d'être aimée. D'un côté, l'indiscrète insistance de Buckingham, les marques multipliées d'une préoccu pation amoureuse, son empressement à se trouver au près d'elle; de l'autre, des encouragements timides, de douces rigueurs, tour à tour la sévérité et le pardon dans le regard paraissaient à Anne d'Autriche les inci dents naturels et ordinaires d'une galanterie où son honneur et même sa réputation ne lui semblaient expo sés à aucun péril. Du reste, si de nombreuses fêtes rendirent fréquentes les occasions de se voir, la cour fut toujours présente aux entretiens de l'ambassadiiur et de la reine, ce qui contenait el gênait l'audace enlre pienaiîtc de l'un, mais justiliait entièrement la con tiance de l'autre. Après une semaine qui fut remplie de ballets, de festins et de carrousels, la femme de Charles F s'ache mina le 2 juin vers l'Angleterre, conduite par le duc de Buckingham, les comtes de IloUand et de Carlisle fucczas. » — a Ce mot, remarque le commenlatcur de ces Mémoires, parait venir de huso, fuseau. Il semble exprimer l'idée de liier l'amour. » * Madame de Molteville, Mémoires, ^20 SÉJOUR A AMIENS. et par le duc et la duchesse de Chevreuse. Louis XIII, malade, s'arrêta à Compiègne. Mais Anne d'Autriche, ainsi que Marie de Médicis, accompagnées d'un très grand nombre de seigneurs français, se rendirent jus qu'à Amiens. Là, les réunions brillantes recommen cèrent, et le duc de Chaulnes, gouverneur de la pro vince, fit aux trois reines la plus magniiique réception. Pendant plusieurs jours, toute la noblesse des environs vint leur présenter ses hommages et augmenter l'éclat des promenades et des fêles qui furent offertes par le gouverneur. La ville ne renfermant pas de palais assez vaste pour recevoir les trois reines, elles avaient élé logées séparément, chacune suivie d'un cortège de fa miliers et de seigneurs qui lui formait une petite cour. Buckingham délaissa presque constamment sa nouvelle souveraine pour se montrer partout où était Anne d'Au triche. Dans la demeure de celle-ci se trouvait un grand jardin près duquel coulait la Somme. La reine et sa cour aimaient à s'y promener. Un soir, attirées comme d'habitude parla beauté du lieu et retenues par la dou ceur du temps, Anne d'Autriche que conduisait Buc kingham, la duciiesse de Chevreuse avec lord ilolland, et toutes les dames de leur suite, prolongèrent icui promenade beaucoup plus tard que de coutume. Vive ment épris et parvenu à ce degré de fatuité où tout pa raît possible, le duc fut fort tendre ,et osa être pressant. Le prochain départ de la reine Henriette rendait la sé paration imminente. Cette perspective et le souvenir de ses anciens succès inspirèrent à Buckingham une folle hardiesse. A la faveur de la nuit qui tombe et pro* titant d'un instant d'isolement dû au tournant d'une allée, il se jette aux pieds de la reine et veut s'aban SCÈNE DU JARDliN'. 27 donner aux emportements de sa passion. Mais Anne, effrayée et apercevant le danger qu'elle court, a poussé un grand cri, et Putange, son écuyer, qui la suit à quelques pas, se précipite et arrête le duc. Toute la suite se présente à son tour, et Buckingham parvient à s'enfuir au milieu de la foule*. Deux jours après, Henrietle-Marie quittait Amiens pour se diriger vers Boulogne. Marie de Médicis et Anue d'Autriche accompagnèrent leur fille et leur belle-sœur jusque hors des portes de la ville. Anne d'Autriche se trouvait en voiture avec la princesse de Conti. C'est là que Buckingham prit congé d'elle. En s'inclinant pour lui dire adieu, il se couvrit du rideau de la portière pour cacher ses larmes, qui coulaient abondamment. La l'cine fut émue de cette douleur, et la princesse de Conti, « qui raillait de bonne grâce, lui dit qu'elle pou vait répondre au roi de sa vertu, mais qu'elle n'en fe rait pas autant de sa cruauté, et qu'elle soupronnait ses yeux d'avoir regardé cet amant avec quelque pi tié". » Trop passionnément épris pour que l'éloignement pût le guérir de son amour, et par le souvenir de sa grossière témérité, excité davantage encore à revoir Anne d'Autriche, le duc de Buckingham, que retenaient à Boulogne les vents contraires, revint tout à coup à Amiens, avec lord Ilolland, sous prétexte d'y remettre une lettre importante à Marie de Médicis, qui, un peu malade, n'avait pas quitté cette ville. « Encore revenus! dit Aiine d'Autriche à Nogcnt-Bautru en apprenant cette * Mrnuiire.i fie la Porte, édit. Michaud et Poujoiilat. Mcinoirea de via dame de MollevUle, p. 10. Mcmnircn de la liochcfoucauld, p. 3'i0. MriiiDirrs (le madaiite de Motlevitle. 28 DEI'AP.T DE lUCKl^ulIAM. nouvelle; je pensais que nous en étions délivi'és*. » Elle était au lit, s'étanl (ait saigner le matin, quand les deux gcnlilshoinmes anglais entrèrent dans sa cham bre. Buckinghani, que sa passion égarait, se mit à ge noux devant le lit de la reine, embrassant ses draps avec transport el témoignant, au grand scandale des dames d'honneur, les impétueux sentiments qui l'agi taient. La comtesse de Lannoi voulut le contraindre à se lever, lui disant avec sévérité qu'une telle conduite n'était pas conforme aux usages de la France. « Je ne suis pas Français, » répliqua le duc, et il continua, mais toujours en présence de plusieurs témoins, à exprimer éloquemmcnl sa tendresse à la reine. Celle-ci, fort embarrassée, ne trouva d'abord rien à dire; puis elle se plaignit d'une telle liaidirsse, mais sans trop d'indignation, et il est vraisemblable que son cœur ne fut pour rien dans les reproches qu'elle adi'essa au duc. Le lendemain, celui-ci partit une se(!ondc fois pour liou Ingue. Il ne revit jamais plus la reine de France. Telle est cette fameuse scène d'Amiens, sur laquelle se sont exercées la verve grossière de Tallemanl des Réaux et l'imagination libertine du cardinal de Retz-. Les affirmations de la Porte, qui y a assisté, de madame de Molleville, qui les a recueillies des témoins eu. > Mémoires de In Porte, p. 8 et 9. Madame de MoUcville a>su're que sa niaities^o avait (Hé inlbriiiéede ccHc visiiepar inadaiiic do Cliovieuso, ce rpii est po?sibli C'est le seul puiii!, trùs-srcoiidaiic d'ailleurs par lequel le récit de la Porte dilT re de celui de madaïue de Molleville. Mais n'oublions pas que le premier a vu, landis que celle-ci, qui n'isl enlrée que plus lard au service; d'Anne d'Autriclie, a appris, lonplenips après l'événement, ce qu'elle raconte au commencement de ses Mc nioircs. * lîelz place au Louvre la scène d'Amiens et ne néglige pas cette occasion d'entacher l'iioimeur de la régente. DÉPART DE DlT.KINnilAM, -'5 inômos, et celles do In RnchoroiicaiiUl, nioiiis suspectes de complnisance, no laissonl niici;n doule j-ui" l'inno cence d'Anne d'AndicIic. Marie de Médicis, qui avait alors inléièl à lui nuire auprès de Louis XIII, et qui le fît souvent sans scrupule, ne put, en celte circonstance, « s'empêcher, dit la Porte de rendre lémoignage à la vérité et de dire nu roi que tout cela n'élait rien; que, quand la reine aurait voulu mal faire, il lui aurait été impossible, ayant tant de gens autour d'elle qui l'ob servaient, et qu'elle n'avait pu empêcher que le duc de Ihickingham n'eût de l'estime et môme de l'amour pour elle. Elle rapporta, de plus, quantité de choses de celte nalure qui lui étaient arrivées dans sa jeunesse. » Marie de Médicis aurait pu citer aussi des exemples choisis dans la vie d'Anne d'Autriche, qu'avaient aup.i ravant aimée le duc de Montmorency et le duc de lîel iegarde, sans que t^on honneur en eût été souillé '. Le souvenir de l'amour deBuckingham demeura plus pro fondément dans la mémoire de tous, parce que sa pas sion avait été plus emportée et s'était manifestée par des actes inconsidérés. Mais, jusqu'aux dQrnières an nées de la reine, même après la mort de Louis XIII et duianl la régence, ce fut autour d'elle un sujet de con versation qu'elle acceptait avec complaisance, parce qu'il flattait son amour-propre, et qu'elle n'aurait cer tainement pas toléré, eùt-on osé le proposer, si ce sou venir eût été pour elle un remords. Loin de là. On l'en plaisantait familièrement, avec grâce, sans la choquer, car on savait lui rappeler ainsi un penchant assez vif, mais qui ne l'avait entraînée à aucune faute. Richelieu, ' Mcmoireu de la Porte, p. 10. * Mémoireade madame de Motlevillc, p. 18. 7iO SOUVENIR QU'EN COIS'SERYE présentant Mazarin à la reine : v( Vons l'aimerez bien, madame, lui dil-il, il a l'air de Buckingliam*. » IJcau coup plus tard, Anne d'Autriche régente, renconirant, dans son jardin de Ruel, Voiture qui rêvait en se pro menant, et lui demandant à quoi il pensait, celui-ci lui envoya pour réponse ces vers, qui ne l'offensèrent en rien : Je pensais que la destinée, Après tant d'injustes nialiicurs, Vous a justement conror.née De gloire, d'éclat et d'hoinieiirs; Mais que vous étiez pins heureuse, Lorsque vous étiez autrefois, Je i:e veux pas dire amoureuse, La rime le veut toutefois. Je pensais (car nous autres poëtos ISous pensons extravagammenl) Ce que, dans l'humeur où vous êtes, Vous frrie/ si, dans ce moment, Vous avisiez en cette place Venir le duc de Bnckinpliam, Et lequel serait en disgrâce De lui ou du père Vincent*. Tout concourt donc à absoudre Anne d'Autriche du crime dont on l'a accusée pendant les ti^oubles de la Fronde et au milieu des passions injustes soulevées par la guerre civile. Seule, la conduite de Louis XIII à son égard et sa froideur persistante semblent la condam ner. Mais cette froideur date-t-elle du séjour à Paris de Duckingham ? L'isolement dans lequel est souvent resté Louis XllI et son éloigncmcnt de la reine ont-ils été tels qu'on l'a cru jusqu'ici? Faut-il y voir, comme on l'a * Mémoires de Tallcmanl des Héaux, t. I, p. 422. * Le P Vincent était le confesseur de La reine. ' MrwmrrK ih vimhiwr de Motteville, t. I, p. 8t-82.) ANNE D'AUTRICHE. 51 dit, l'effet et la preuve d'une infidélité criminelle de celte princesse, commise soit avec Buckingham en i 625, par amonr, soit avec un inconnu, en 4650, par calcul et afin de pouvoir au moment de la mort de Louis XIII, qui paraissait alors imminente, régner au nom d'un enfant qu'elle aurait porté dans son sein, et qui, après le rétablissement inattendu du roi, serait devenu VHomme an masque de fer? I CnAPITÎlE îll Seconde liypotlièso. — Premiers scrilimciits d'Anne d'Aiilriclio nu sujet (le 1,0 lis XIII. — Joie qu'elle éprouve eu arrivant en France. — l're niièios iniiiressions de Louis .XIII. — Sa rc|iul>iou pour l'Espagne. — Sou éloigncment pour le mariage — Austérilé de ses mœurs.— l'crsis tance de sa froideur. — Par (luels moyens on le détermine à con sommer son mariage. — Diversrs grossesses d"Anne d'Autriche. — Sa siiui'.lion politique. — Louis XIII et Richelieu. — Suiveillance exercée sur la reine par le ministre. — Maladie du roi à Lyon. — Nouvelle gro.«sesse d Aune d'Aulriulie. — Imiicssibilité de l'expliquer par un adulièro. — Motifs qui oui iiorté la reine à cacher un troi sième aorteinent. On a raconlé l'histoire polilique du mariage de Loni.s XIII cl d'Anne d'Anlriclie. Les molifs qui ont dtj tenniiié celle union, les négocialions qui l'onl prépa r(!:e, les grands inlértîls qui (étaient en prtîsence et les mobiles puissanis mis en jeu ont été exposés et appré ciés d'une manière délinilive'. Si, négligeant ce grave examen qui est enliùrcmenl étranger à celle élude, on ne.se préoccupe que du caractère et des secrètes pen sées des personnages ainsi engn;jés l'un à j'^^'i^re, et dont la vie intime a été pénétrée pour donner une solu tion au problème de l'Homme au manque de fer, on voit * I.cx Mariaçjcs espagnols sous le i-ègiic <l Henri lY et la rcf/cnce de Mai-ie (le Mrdicis, par M. Perrons, professeur au lycée Tonnparte. ENFANCE D'ANNE D'AUTRICHE. 55 que, du coté d'Anne d'Autriche, un goût Irès-vif pour in France et pour son roi était d'accord avec les néces sités de la politique. Au contraire de ce qui se présenta rréquemmeritdans les mariajics royaux, les obligations imposées par son rang à l'infante ne contrarièrent pas les sentiments de la femme, et, quand elle franchit pour la première fois la frontière française, elle réalisa une espérance depuis longtemps conçue et chèrement eiitroleniie dans son cœur. Nés à huit jours d'inter valle-et dès lors fiancés l'un à l'autre dans l'opinion générale, l'infante et le dauphin avaient été l'objet des recherches et des prédictions de tous les astrologues du temps ^, qui proclamèrent que, venus au monde sous un même signe, ils étaient destinés à s'aimer quand bien même on ne les unirait point. L'infante avait donné raison à cet augure. De bonne heure, elle aimait il entendre parler du jeune roi, elle en recherchait les portraits, elle préférait les vêtements de coupe fran çaise; elle portait volontiers des pendants d'oreilles ayant la forme de fleurs de lis, et, les vicissitudes de la négociation ayant un instant fixé le choix des deux gou vernements sur sa sœur doua Maria', Anne, alors âgée de neuf ans, déclara que « si ainsi estoit, elle estoit l'ésolue de passer sa vie dans un monastère, sans cstre jamais mariée'. » Lorsque, trois ans après, le duc de Mayenne quilta Madrid, où il était venu signer le con * Manuscrits de la liiljliotlièque impériale, frmds IlarJmj, 2?8, ii" 14 l.'i; cour d'Espagne, anilassad» de M. de VauccUas, déjà cités parM. Ar mand Bnscliet dans son livre piqnant el fort riclio en documents pré cieux : le lioi chez In renie. ' L'inlaiite Mnria, née le 18 août ICOC, mariée en 1659 à Ferdi nand 111. roi de Hongrie, puis empereur. ^ Dép'clie de M. de Vaucellas du 20 novembre 1010. Manuscrits cités plus haut. 34 SA JOIE trat de mariage d'Anne et de Louis XIII, il demanda à celle-ci ce qu'elle Youlait qu'il dit de sa part au roi de France : « Que j'ai une extrême impatience de le voir, » répliqua-t-elle. Cette réponse ayant choqué l'austère comtesse d'Altamira, sa gouvernante, qui s'écria : « Eh quoi! madame, que pensera le roi de France, quand M. de Mayenne lui rapportera que vous avez tenu un tel discours? — Madame, reprit l'infante, vous m'avez ap pris qu'il fallait toujours être sincère; vous ne devez donc pas vous étonne'r si je dis la vérité '. » Les deux années qui s'écoulèrent avant son départ ne changèrent pas ces sentiments. Le 9 novemhre 1615, elle se sé para, àFontarabie, de Philippe III son père avec moins de douleur que celui-ci n'en montrait en la laissant enfin s'éloigner, et c'est avec fierté et contentement que la nouvelle reine, éclatante de jeunesse et de beauté % traversa la Bidassoa pour se diriger vers Bor deaux, où l'attendait la cour de France. Quel époux allait-elle y rencontrer? Bien différentes de celles de la princesse Anne étaient les impressions de Louis XllI sur le mariag-e et sur la famille à laquelle il devait s'unir. Fréquemment et de fort bonne heure, on l'avait entretenu de ce projet. Les premières réponses du dauphin, questionné dès sa plus tendre enfance^, ne sauraient avoir aucune signi * Mercure françaia, t. II, p. 549. ' Manuscrits de la Bibliollièque impériale, fonds Dupmj, 70, p. 145, et arcliives du château de Moucliy-Koailles, n° 1706. Mariages des rois et reines, relatés par M. Cascliot dans son livre déjà cité. '• Journal de Jean Hcroard sur l'enfance et la jeunesse de Louis XIH. Munusci'its de la Bibliollièque impériale II vient d'être pu! ilié chez Didot par MM. Eud. Soulié et Ed. de Barthélémy, avcL; une intelligence, un soin et une érudition dont on ne saurait trop les féliciter. Ce jour nal, surtout dans ses dix premières années, permet de pénétrer pro licalion. Mais, à niesnro. qu'il avance en àgG, sa lépul sion pour (ont ce qui tient ù l'Espagne se manifeste avec une énergie caracléiislique. Deux fois il répond négativement à Henri IV, qui lui parle de l'infante comme de sa future femme ^ Un jour, à M. de Ventelel lui demandant s'il aime les Espagnols : « Non, dit-il. — Et pourquoi, monsieur? — Parce qu'ils sont enne mis de papa. — Monsieur, ajoute Yentelet, aimez-vous bien l'infanle? — Non. — Monsieur, pourquoi? — Pour l'amour qu'elle est Espagnole, je n'en (,ux lioinl-. » Plus tard, son aumônier lui taisant réciter les commandements de Dieu, à ces mots : Tu ne tueras foint, le Dauphin s'écrie : « JNï les Espagnols? Oh ! si ; je tuerai les Espagnols, qui sont ennemis de papa ! Je les époussetterai bien ! » Et, comme son aumônier lui fondement le caractère de Louis XIII, et. si les oLservatioiis quotidicn iifsdcson iiiédiciiisniit paiiois puériles, elles caractérisent le plus sou vent les nio'urs de l'épofji.'c, les lial_,itiidesde la cour, les tendances déjà sijrnidcatives du prince, dont on cx|)oseles moindres actions depuis sa naissance jusqu'à l'âge de vinst-sept ans (1601-1028). Il conient tou tefois de tenir compte d un fait important que les éditeurs ont négligé de signaler dans leur savante iniioiiiction. Le dauphin connais:?ait l'existence de ce journal. « D'où venez-vous? dit-ilà lléroard le 25 jau vior lOlîti. -i M nsicur, je viens de mon élude. — Quoi faire? — Mon sieur, je viens d'écrire en mon registie. — Quoi? — Monsieur, j'estois ]irél à escrire que vous avez été 0[)ini;itre. » Il nie dit à demi pleurant : « Ne l'écrivez pas. » A. plusieurs reprises, ensuite, on voit le dauphin faisant allusion ù ce journal en disant à lléroard : « Vous écrirez cela. > ou : « Vous n'écrirez pas cela. » Le médecin, il est vrai, ne tient aucun compie de ces recommandations et reproduit scrupuleusement les moindres gestes et même les bégayements du prince. Mais il est proba ble que celui-ci, étant dans la confidence du journal, s'observe davan tage dans lesoccasiQHS importantes et que si. pour le courant de la vie7 nous trouvons dans lléroard le vrai Louis XIII, queb^uefois nous l'y ren contrerons moins naturel, moins spontané et se souvenant trop qu'il a à ses côtés un historiographe. * Journal cVHcroard. journées des 5 novembre 1G04 et 2 nuu'slCOS. * Ibid., journée du 4 avril 1005 36 ENFANCE DE LOUIS XIII. fait observer qu'ils sont chrétiens : « Ne poun ai-je donc luer que les Turcs? » dit le dauphin A celte répulsion -, d'autant plus significative qu'elle élaitconlraire à un projet généralement accepté auioiir de lui^, vint s'ajouter bientôt un certain éloignenient pour le mariage. Né avec le tempérament ardent et lascif de son père, excité à suivre son exemple par des conversations souvent grossières, parfois obscènes, Louis Xlll parvint à modifier ces premières dispositions par une force de volonté et de rédexion vraiment rivc. H était naturellement observateur : il parlait peu, riait moins encore. Il restait volontiers sérieux et grave là où ses pages trouvaient la cause d'une grande joie. Tout ce qu'il remarquait se gravait en traits pro fonds dans son esprit, et devenait, à plusieurs années d'intervalle, un moyen de répondre avec un à-propos merveilleux à des questions quelquefois embarras santes. Sa jeune imagination fut frappée de bonne heure par les effets singuliers que produisait à la cour la conduite du roi. Dès le berceau, il ne recevait pas seulement les fréquentes visites de sa mère, muis aussi de la femme répudiée d'Henri IV* et de ses nomljreuses maîtresses. Elles se trouvaient quelquefois réunies • * Journal d'Héioard, journée du 29 janvier 1G07. 2 « Monsieur, lui clemanilc, le 15 mai 1G07, la princesse d'Orange, qui aimez-vous mieux qui soit votre beau-lrère, ou le prince d'Espagne ou le prince de Galles? — Le prince de Galles, répond le dauphin. — Éi>oiiscrez-vous l'inlante? — Je n'en veux point. — Mais elle vous fei'a roi d'Espagne. — Non, non, réplique l'enfant, je ne veux pas être Espa gnol! » { Journal d'IIéroard, journée du 15 mai 1607.) ' Non-seulement Hemù IV. mais tous les seigneurs de la cour s'en tretenaient dés 1002 de ce mariage espagnol ; et c'est un point curieux à noler, car ce mariage a été vivement reproché plus tard à Marie de Médicis. * Marguerite de Navarre ^ES J'ULMlEliES IMPHESSIO.NS. 37 niiprès de lui, celles-ci fières de l'aflection du maître, Marie de Médicis irritée, jalouse, et le témoignant. Les bâtards issus de ces liaisons très-avouées furent les compagnons du dauphin; mais instinctivement il les nhliorrait. Il les frappait sans motif, ne les supportait point à sa table, refusait absolument de les nommer SCS frères, et quand Henri IV, après l'avoir battu sans vaincre celte insurmontable répugnance, lui en deman dait la cause : « Ils ne sont pas fils de maman, » ré pondait-il ^ Celte haine pour tout ce qui tenait à la bàtnrdise fut certainement Iq première cause de la chaste réserve qui devait si particulièrement caracté riser le successeur d'Henri IV, père de Louis XIV. De ses frères illégitimes, celte aversion s'étendit sur leurs mères, qu'il qualifiait en termes très-méprisants, et sur les liaisons dans lesquelles elles étaient engagées. «Serez-vous aussi ribaud que le roi? » lui dit un jour sa nourrice. «Non, » répond-il après un moment de réflexion : Et, comme elle lui demande s'il est amou reux : « Non, réplique-t-il, je fuis l'amour ^ » C'est surtout après la mort d'Henri IV que se révèlent les tendances du jeune roi. 11 aimait tendrement son illustre père, bien plus que Marie de Médicis, qui, du reste, ne témoigna jamais beaucoup d'affection à son fils aine. 11 pleura dignement sa mort violente', et. longtemps après, entendant au Louvre une chanson du feu. roi, il se mit à l'écart pour sangloter*. Mais si, ' Joui nul d'Ihhoard, passim. 2 Ibi(L, joiirnr'cs des '.•juin 1C04 et '21 octobi'e 1C08. '>• « liai flit-il quand on lui raconta l'acte de Ravaillac, si j'y eusse esté avec mon épée, je l'eusse tué ! » [Journal d'Hércard, jourm-e du U mai -1610.) * Un autre jour, le lî uovcniliro 1611, il se rend à Suinl-Gernuiin. « Il y va visiter monsieur son lirrcqui riait malade d'un ondormisHC 3 58 AUSTEIUTE UE bES MŒURS. encore enfant, il avait apprécié la gloire d'Henri IV, s'il en partageait les resscnlinients palriotiques, s'il était fier de ses victoires, il blâmait silencieusement la licence de mœurs qui, par les actes et plus encore par le langage, rendait alors la cour de France une des plus grossières de l'Europe. Roi, il ne toléra pas ces excès. Il se montra plus ouvertement austère dans ses paroles, pudique dans ses actions, proscrivit autour de lui les chansons obscènes, les conversations scanda leuses*, et, pour en éviter jusqu'au prétexte, il répon dait brusquement à M. de Sôuvré, son gouverneur, quand celui-ci voulait l'entretenir du mariage : « Ne parlons pas de cela, monsieur, ne parlons j>as décela. » 11 fallut cependant en parler et se mettre en route pour Boideaux. Louis Xlll, alors dans sa quinzième année, avait encore et devait conserver longtemps les goûts de prédilection de son enfance. Il s'y livra pour se distraire des longs apprêts du mariage. 11 élevait des oiseaux, armait ses gentilshommes, les disposait en troupe vigilante et 'disciplinée ; puis il assistait au conseil, répondait avec à-propos aux députationsqui se présentaient à lui, et il mêlait ainsi les amusements naïfs de l'enfant au grave accomplissement de son ment aec quelques légères couvulbiont;. li s'éveille. Louis XIII lui dit: « Bonsoir, montrèi'e. « Celui-ci lui répond : « lioii.-oir, «*o« pelU painï.» Louis XIII à ces mots se met a pleurer, s'en va, et, de tout le jour, ou ne le vit plus. » [Journal d'Hcroard, journée du 14 novembre IGli.) * Journées des '24 août et 5 septembre IGIO et 28 mars 1011 du Journal d'Uiiroard : « Le 25 décembre 1G19, il va après dinerà s;i )ie tite chambre où entrent M. le prince de Condé, les sieurs de TavanM('> d'Andresy, deFlocbet, et se parlaient de mots qui dépassaienl la gail lardise; le. roi dit : « Je ne veux point que l'on dise des saletés cl dcâ « vilainies. » I'EIl!>ISTAXCE DE SA FUOIDEUR 39 métier de roi '. Beaucoup moins désireux de remplir ses devoirs d'époux, il affecta néanmoins à l'égard de l'infante, soit par amour-propre, soit par convenance pour les étrangers qui la lui amenaient, un empresse ment qui surprit et charma la cour. * Dépêche de l'ambassadeur du giaiid-duc de Toscane, Matteo Barto lini, du4 décembre 1615, citée par M. A. Baschet. Journal d'Ueroard journée du 21 novembre 1015. ^ Journal d'IIéroard, journée du 25 novembre 1615. * Dépêche du nonce Bentivoglio du 5J janvier 1619. a Le retard pro venait de la pudeur du roi. Il craignait aussi de rencontrer dans cet acte des dillicultés au-dessus de ses lorces, Irappé surtout comme U 40 CONSOMMATION DE SON MARIAGE. tives pour en triompher. Tantôt on s'adresse à l'or gueil du roi, et l'habile nonce, se servant adroilement du mariage de la princesse Christine avec le duc de Savoie, demande à Louis XIII « s'il veut recevoir cette honte, que sa sœur ait un fils avant que lui n'ait un dauphin'. » Tantôt on a recours à des influences en core plus directes-. Enfin, le '25 janvier 1619, à onze heures du soir, Albert de Liiyncs vient le supplier de céder aux vœux de tous ses sujCts. Louis XIII s'y refuse, fond en larmes, mais, malgré la plus vive résistance, de Luynes l'emporte plus qu'il ne le con duit dans la chambre de la reine ^. Le lendemain, tous ('•tait du souvenir de son p)iino coiifjresso à Bordeaux, qui non-seulc Mieiit était demeuré sans elTet, mais même ne lui avait laissé qu'une impression désagréable. « (Citée par M. Bascliet. L'exactitude de ce l'ait est conlirmée par le Journal d'Hcroard, journée du 25 novembre lOlo.) * Dépêche du nonce Dcnlivoglio, en date du 16 janvier 1619. Dépêche de Contarini, ambassadeur de Venise, du '27 janvier 1611) : « Il mercolcdi avanti, il Duca d'Albi'if dormi cou la sua sposa mada niosella di Vandonio; et il Ré, buona parle di quella nulle, ha volulo star présente su'l proprio lelto di qucsii doi S'osi, pcr vedcreà consu inare il matrimonio ; il che pii'id'una volta lu reiterato, con grand' aj) plauso egusto parlicolare del Ré : onde si crede, che queslo escmpio habbio liavuto grau lorza ad eccilar la Maestà Sua à far lostesso; à che .THco la sorolla sua naturale, inadamosella di Vaudomo, viene detto, l'invitasse cou parole, et ii dicesse : « Sire, l'aie voi auco cosi con la « rogiiia, che l'arele bcne. » fUépéche conlirmée par lléroard, journée du 'iU lévrier 161'J.) '■ Dépêches du nonce Renlivoglio, t. I, p. Vol, tJ-iO, 300, et t. II, p. 10, 51, 59, 40, 4i, 80, 82 et 8i : « Il Ré si risolse, venerdi notte di 25 vencndo verso il sabbato, di congiungersi con la regina... Luines anche egli s'è por'.ato bcnissimo, pcrclie la noile stessa che il ré ando à dormire con la regina, slando anciic lutavia quasi in l'orzc r d in gran contrasto Ira se medisimo. Luines lo prose a traverso e lo condusse quasi per forza al letto dclla regina.» (Dépêche de Dcnlivoglio, du 50 janvier lOlfl. Voy. aussi dépêclies de l'amliassadcur vénitien dos 27 janvier et 5 février 1619; le Journal d'Hcroard, journée du 25 jan vier 1619; la lettre du V. .loseph au ministre d'Espagne du 14 février <îi9ei,e^ Mémoires de Hassompicrre, t. II, p. 147.1 PREMIÈRE GROSSESSE D'ANNE D'AUTRICHE. 41 les ambassadeurs annonçaient à leur cour cet évé ricment. Depuis lors, moins effarouché, mais presque aussi cimide*, conservant foules ses répugnances mais les surmontant quelquefois par devoir, Louis XIII se montra époux assez empressé, jamais très-tendre, et, dès le mois de décembre 1619, on conçut l'espoir d'une grossesse -. Cette espérance, bientôt évanouie, se renouvela au commencement de 1622, mais de nou veau fut anéantie par une chute que fit Anne d'Au triche en jouant avec la duchesse de Chevreuse, et par la blessure qu'elle en reçut''. Le rapide passage en France de Buckingham, s'il laissa un profond souvenir dans le cœur de la reine, n'exerça aucune influence sur la conduite du roi. Rien ne fut modifié dans les relations des deux époux, qui ne furent ni plus fré * Aux causes. do la réserve de Louis XIII, que nous venons d'exposer, une Reîatioti de don Fernando (iiron (Arcliives de Simancas) en ajoute une autre que le devoir de ne l'ion omettre nous fait indiquer, mais qui est fort peu admissible. D'api'ès celte relation, Louis XIII se tenait éloigne d'Anne d'Autriche « parce qu'on lui aurait persuadé que s'il avait un fils, étant encore si jeune, ce serait par la suite une ca se de {guerre civile pour le royaume.» Rien ne confirme et ne rend vraisem blable cette supposition. « Di parte molto sicura lio inleso clie si stà con ferma speranza clie la regina sia gravida, il clie piaccia a Dio seprua pcr bencficio di questo regno. » (Dépêclie du nonce Bentivoglio du 4 décembre IGIO.) •'• « La reine devint grosse, et l'éiait do six semaines, quand un soir, madame la pruice?se tenant le lit, la reine y alla passer la soirée jns ques après minuit, avec les autres princesses et les dames du Louvre. M. de Gi.ise, les deux frères de I.uynes, M. Le Grand, Blainville et moi nous y trouvâmes, et la compagnie lut fort gaie. Quand la reine s'en retournant coucher et passant parla grande salle du Louvre, madan;o la duchesse de Chevreuse et madenioiscllc de Vcrneuil la tenant sous les bras et la faisant courir, elle broncha et tomba en ce petit relais de haut dais, dont elle se blessa et perdit son fruit. On cela l'aflaire au roi le plus que l'on put. » [Ménioiies île Unsxoinplerre, c^nlirmés par I-j Journal d'U^roard, journée du 'ifi mars Wlt,) 42 SA SITUATION A LA COUR. quentes, ni jamais complètement interrompues*. Après comme avant ce voyage, Louis XIII voyait le plus sou vent dans la reine l'Espagnole de sang et d'affection, et, dès le mois de mai 1621, allant lui annoncer la mort de son père : « Madame, lui dit-il, je viens de recevoir présentement des lettres d'Espagne, où l'on m'écrit que pour certain le roi votre père est mort. » Puis, montant à cheval, il partit pour la chasse*. Il est incontestable dailleurs qu'Anne d'Autriche, qui devait, à son éternelle gloire, devenir Française en s'empa rant de la régence, et, entrevoyant les véritables inté rêts de son jeune fils, les servir avec patriotisme, intelligence et fermeté, même contre ses anciens amis, fut, du vivant de Louis XIII, le centre naturel d'une opposition sourde, mais constante et implacable, contre le système que soutenait Richelieu. Bonne, mais fière, elle avait été froissée de l'indifférence de son mari, humiliée des tracasseries et des défiances de Richelieu, irritée de ne posséder aucun crédit, et, au milieu de la guerre qui divisait l'Espagne et la France, elle n'avait point voulu dissimuler l'attachement qu'elle conservait pour sa première famille et pour son pays. Mal con seillée par la légère et remuante duchesse de Che vreuse, elle s'était engagée dans diverses entreprises où, sans trahir la France, elle avait fourni à ses ennemis des armes assez puissantes pour la faire maintenir dans la disgrâce de Louis XIII. Ce prince, qui pendant toute sa vie aspira au mo ment où il sortirait de tutelle '% et qui, de la dépen * Jotirml (nirrnaul, passini, et notamment journées des 8 juin et 21 août 1C26. * Ibid., journée du 10 mai 1021. ' « Il se joue avec de petites balottes qu'il fait rouler le long du canal LOUIS XIII ET RICHELTEU. 13 (lance de son gouverneur, -devait passer sous celle de sa mère, puis d'Albert de Luynes, et enfin de Riche lieu, joignait à une tlerté un peu farouche un sens juste et droit, une connaissance exacte de son infério rilé. Il détestait le joug, mais il le sentait nécessaire. Destiné, par l'insulfisance de ses facultés, à toujours accomplir les desseins d'autrui, il s'y soumit, bien que constamment enclin à la révolte. Mais il n'aimait ni sa mère qu'il renvoya, ni de Luynes, dont il ne re gretta point !a mort. Seul Richelieu, non-seulement par la hauteur supérieure de son génie, mais surtout par les soumissions de son langage, par d'incessantes précautions, par des ruses d'humilité toujours nou velles, réussit à séduire cet esprit inquiet, méfiant, et sur lequel la flallerie n'avait aucune prise '. Il finit même par se l'attacher, quoi qu'on, en ait dit, et par lui inspirer une affection qui s'adressait autant à l'homme qu'au ministre indispensable. Louis XIII avait de son boujrenir, disant que ce sont des soldats. M. de Souvré le reprend et lui dit qiril s'amusera toujours à jeux déniant. « Mais, monsieur de « Souvré, ce sont des soldats : c'est pas jeu denfant ! — Monsieur, vous « serez toujours en enfance. — C'est vous qui m'y tenez! » [Journal d'iléroard, journée du 21 février IGIO.) — « Madame de Montglat (l'an cienne {^ouveinanie du Daupliin) se trouve à son coucher. Dévêtu, mis au lit, il s'amuse à de petits engins. Cependant madame de Montglat et M. de Souvré devisaient ensemble. Madame de Monlglal : « Je puis dire « que monseigneur le dauphin est à moi : le roi me l'a donné à sa nais f sance. me disant : « Madame de Montglat, voilà mon fils que je vous « donne: prenez-le. » M. de Souvré lui répond : « Il a éié à vous pour. « un temps, maintenant il est à moi. » Le dauphin dit fioi'Jement, sans hausser la voix et sans se détourner de sa besogne : « Et j'espère qu'un «jour je serai à moi. » Il écoutait tout ce qui se disait sans en faire semblant, à quelque chose qu'il fût occupé. » [Journal d'Héroanl, jour née du 8 mai -1610.) IMusieui lail.^ cités pai Iléroard prouvent que Louis XIII n'était nullement sensible a la flallerie. (Voy. notamment journées des 8 octobre el ô décembre 1«>10.) M LOUIS Mil l'T P.KIIIKIJEII. pour Richelieu la sollicitude In plus grande, les soins les plus délicats, et l'on peut affirmer, après avoir lu ses lettres jusqu'ici inédites^, que ces témoignages * Ai-chi«£s des affaires étrane-ères. Manuscrits. Lettres originales de Louis XIII, France, 5. En voici quelques-unes, choisies au milieu d'un plus grand nombre et qui toutes fournissent la preuve des sentiments de réelle affection qu'éprouvait Louis XIII à l'endroit de Richelieu. — Louis XIII à Richelieu, du 15 juillet IG55 : « Mon cousin, je trouve très-bon que vous alies à Paris aujourd'huy. Je vous conjure dans ce lieu-là de prendre bien garde à vous. Louis. » — Du 5 octobre 1653 •' « Mon cousin, je ne saurois êti^e en repos si je nay souvent de vos nou velles. C'est pourquoy jenvoye ce porteur pour men raporter que je prie le bon Dieu de tout nnon cœur estrc telles que je les désire. Louis. Cliâlons. » — Du 0 octobre 1GÔ3 : « Monsieur Boutilier, les nouvelles que je rcsoy à toutes heures de mon cousin le cardinal de Richelieu me consolentextrêmement. C'est pourquoy ne manques de continuer ù m'en Jaire savoir le plus souvent que vous pnures. Louis. Cliàtenu-Tiery, ce 6 à G heures du matin. » — 26 octobre 1G55 : « Mon cousin, ne pouvant estre en repos si je nay souvent de vos nouvelles, j'envoy Montorgueil pour m'en aportcr. Je prie le bon Dieu de tout mon cœur quelles soient telles que les désire la per.sono du monde qui vous aime le plus et qui n'aura point de joye qui ne vousrevoyecn parfaite santé. Louis. » — 28 janvier5l(r4 : «Mon cousin, conie Lcjcune est arrivé jalois vous escrire pour vous tcsmoigner encore la joye que je resus ier en vous voyant et le contentement qui men est demeuré, lequel ma redoné la saute parfaite, je vous puis aiïirmer que le feu de Versailles est plus en llamé que celui de Ruel et qui durera à jamais. Louis. A Versaile, ce 28 janvier 1054. »— Du 4 décembre 1655 : « ^ogent vous porte un mar casin que mes chiens prirent ici non pas ceux qui ont la rage, je ne vous Tenvoyerois pas. Si ma santé me leul peu permettre jeuse esté à Ihiel, mais estant dans les remèdes je ne lay osay faire de peur dacci dentpar les chemins où il n'y a pas de couvert. Louis.)» — Du 15" dé cembre 1655 : « J'envoye ce genlillome pour savoir de vos nouvelles ne vous ayant pas trouvé ici en bonne santé. Je oubliay de dire à Nogent (juand il vous porta le jambon de marcasin que je vous prioisd'en faire l'aire laisé à quelqu'un devant ([uc dan manger, coinc aussi de tout ce que je vous envoyé par les uns et les autres. Je me porte fort bien Dieu mercy. Je vas mener mon frère voler le merle à la forest. Louis.» — De Saint-Germain, ce 18 février 1041 : « Ayant peur que le mauvais temps que vous eustes ici à la chasse ne vous ait l'ait mal, jenvoye ce gentilhomme pour savoir de vos nouvelles. Je ne me sens plus de-la goûte et croy que votre vue ma guéri ne vous ayant jamais vcu que je ne m'en sois bien trouvé.
| 10,653 |
https://github.com/anuchandy/azure-sdk-for-java/blob/master/appservice/resource-manager/v2018_02_01/src/main/java/com/microsoft/azure/management/appservice/v2018_02_01/ResourceMetricValue.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
azure-sdk-for-java
|
anuchandy
|
Java
|
Code
| 289 | 728 |
/**
* Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
* Licensed under the MIT License. See License.txt in the project root for
* license information.
*
* Code generated by Microsoft (R) AutoRest Code Generator.
*/
package com.microsoft.azure.management.appservice.v2018_02_01;
import java.util.List;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
/**
* Value of resource metric.
*/
public class ResourceMetricValue {
/**
* Value timestamp.
*/
@JsonProperty(value = "timestamp", access = JsonProperty.Access.WRITE_ONLY)
private String timestamp;
/**
* Value average.
*/
@JsonProperty(value = "average", access = JsonProperty.Access.WRITE_ONLY)
private Double average;
/**
* Value minimum.
*/
@JsonProperty(value = "minimum", access = JsonProperty.Access.WRITE_ONLY)
private Double minimum;
/**
* Value maximum.
*/
@JsonProperty(value = "maximum", access = JsonProperty.Access.WRITE_ONLY)
private Double maximum;
/**
* Value total.
*/
@JsonProperty(value = "total", access = JsonProperty.Access.WRITE_ONLY)
private Double total;
/**
* Value count.
*/
@JsonProperty(value = "count", access = JsonProperty.Access.WRITE_ONLY)
private Double count;
/**
* Resource metric properties collection.
*/
@JsonProperty(value = "properties", access = JsonProperty.Access.WRITE_ONLY)
private List<ResourceMetricProperty> properties;
/**
* Get value timestamp.
*
* @return the timestamp value
*/
public String timestamp() {
return this.timestamp;
}
/**
* Get value average.
*
* @return the average value
*/
public Double average() {
return this.average;
}
/**
* Get value minimum.
*
* @return the minimum value
*/
public Double minimum() {
return this.minimum;
}
/**
* Get value maximum.
*
* @return the maximum value
*/
public Double maximum() {
return this.maximum;
}
/**
* Get value total.
*
* @return the total value
*/
public Double total() {
return this.total;
}
/**
* Get value count.
*
* @return the count value
*/
public Double count() {
return this.count;
}
/**
* Get resource metric properties collection.
*
* @return the properties value
*/
public List<ResourceMetricProperty> properties() {
return this.properties;
}
}
| 37,045 |
https://github.com/aykanatm/toybox/blob/master/toybox-server/toybox-common-lib/src/main/java/com/github/murataykanat/toybox/schema/container/CreateContainerRequest.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,019 |
toybox
|
aykanatm
|
Java
|
Code
| 53 | 194 |
package com.github.murataykanat.toybox.schema.container;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
import java.io.Serializable;
public class CreateContainerRequest implements Serializable {
@JsonProperty("parentContainerId")
private String parentContainerId;
@JsonProperty("containerName")
private String containerName;
public String getParentContainerId() {
return parentContainerId;
}
public void setParentContainerId(String parentContainerId) {
this.parentContainerId = parentContainerId;
}
public String getContainerName() {
return containerName;
}
public void setContainerName(String containerName) {
this.containerName = containerName;
}
}
| 23,965 |
https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A7
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
ਮਗਧ
|
https://pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ਮਗਧ&action=history
|
Punjabi
|
Spoken
| 533 | 4,143 |
ਮਗਧਾ ਦੱਖਣੀ ਬਿਹਾਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਭਾਰਤੀ ਰਾਜ ਸੀ, ਅਤੇ ਇਸਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੇ ਸੋਲ੍ਹਾਂ ਮਹਾਜਨਪਦਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੀ। ਮਗਧਾ ਨੇ ਜੈਨ ਧਰਮ ਅਤੇ ਬੁੱਧ ਧਰਮ ਦੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਣ ਭੂਮਿਕਾ ਨਿਭਾਈ, ਅਤੇ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਮਹਾਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ, ਮੌਰਿਆ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਅਤੇ ਗੁਪਤਾ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ, ਦੀ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ ਮਗਧਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਹੋਈ।
ਮੌਰੀਆ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ ਅਤੇ ਗੁਪਤਾ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ, ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੋਵਾਂ ਦੀ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ ਮਗਧ ਤੋਂ ਹੋਈ, ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੇ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ, ਗਣਿਤ, ਖਗੋਲ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ, ਧਰਮ ਅਤੇ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਕੀਤੀ ਅਤੇ ਇਸਨੂੰ ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਸੁਨਹਿਰੀ ਯੁੱਗ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਸੀ। ਮਗਧ ਰਾਜ ਵਿੱਚ ਗਣਤੰਤਰ ਭਾਈਚਾਰੇ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਸਨ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਰਾਜਕਮੁਰਾ ਦਾ ਭਾਈਚਾਰਾ। ਪਿੰਡਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਆਪਣੀਆਂ ਸਥਾਨਕ ਸਰਦਾਰਾਂ ਅਧੀਨ ਗ੍ਰਾਮਕਾਸ ਨਾਮਕ ਅਸੈਂਬਲੀਆਂ ਹੁੰਦੀਆਂ ਸਨ। ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕ ਕਾਰਜਕਾਰੀ, ਨਿਆਂਇਕ ਅਤੇ ਫੌਜੀ ਕਾਰਜਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੰਡੇ ਗਏ ਸਨ।
ਭੂਗੋਲ
ਮਗਧ ਰਾਜ, ਆਪਣੇ ਵਿਸਥਾਰਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਦੱਖਣ ਬਿਹਾਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਟਨਾ, ਜਹਾਨਾਬਾਦ, ਨਾਲੰਦਾ, ਔਰੰਗਾਬਾਦ, ਅਰਵਲ ਨਵਾਦਾ ਅਤੇ ਗਯਾ ਜਿਲ੍ਹਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਸਮਾਨ ਸੀ।ਇਸ ਦੇ ਉੱਤਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਗੰਗਾ ਨਦੀ, ਪੂਰਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਚੰਪਾ ਨਦੀ, ਦੱਖਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਛੋਟਾ ਨਾਗਪੁਰ ਪਠਾਰ ਅਤੇ ਪੱਛਮ ਵੱਲ ਸੋਨ ਨਦੀ ਸੀ।
[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">ਹਵਾਲਾ ਲੋੜੀਂਦਾ</span> ]
ਵੱਡੇ ਮਗਧ ਦੇ ਇਸ ਖੇਤਰ ਦਾ ਆਪਣਾ ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰ ਅਤੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਇਹ ਹਿੰਦੂ ਮੱਤ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਦੀ ਸੀ। ਇਥੇ ਦੂਜੇ ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਅੰਦਾਜ਼ਨ 500 ਈਪੂ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਦ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਇਥੇ ਹੀ ਜੈਨ ਧਰਮ ਮਜ਼ਬੂਤ ਹੋਇਆ ਅਤੇ ਬੁੱਧ ਧਰਮ ਉੱਭਰਿਆ। ਮਗਧ ਦੇ ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰ ਦੀ ਮਹੱਤਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਵੇਖਿਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਬੁੱਧ ਧਰਮ, ਜੈਨ ਧਰਮ ਅਤੇ ਹਿੰਦੂ ਧਰਮ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਕੁਝ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਤਾਵਾਂ, ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਣ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਪੁਨਰ ਜਨਮ ਅਤੇ ਕਰਮ ਦੇ ਫਲ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਾਸ ਨੂੰ ਅਪਣਾਇਆ।
ਇਤਿਹਾਸ
ਕੀਕਟ ਇੱਕ ਪੁਰਾਣਾ ਰਾਜ ਸੀ ਜੋ ਕਿ ਹੁਣ ਭਾਰਤ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਦਾ ਵੇਦਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਜ਼ਿਕਰ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਉਹ ਮਗਧਵਾਸੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਪੂਰਵਜ ਸਨ ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਕੀਕਟ ਨੂੰ ਬਾਅਦ ਦੇ ਹਵਾਲਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਗਧ ਦੇ ਸਮਾਨਾਰਥੀ ਵਜੋਂ ਵਰਤਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਸ਼ਾਇਦ ਪਹਾੜੀ ਭੂ-ਦ੍ਰਿਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਗਧ ਕਿੰਗਡਮ ਦੇ ਦੱਖਣ ਵੱਲ ਸੀ। ਰਿਗਵੇਦ (ਆਰਵੀ 3.33..14) ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਕੀਕਟ (ਹਿੰਦੀ: कीकट) ਦਾ ਜ਼ਿਕਰ ਆਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ, ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ ਵੇਬਰ ਅਤੇ ਜ਼ਿਮਰ ਜੇਹੇ ਬਹੁਤੇ ਵਿਦਵਾਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਬਿਹਾਰ (ਮਗਧ) ਵਿੱਚ ਸਥਿਤ ਦੱਸਿਆ ਹੈ। ਪਰ ਓਲਡੇਨਬਰਗ ਅਤੇ ਹਿੱਲਬ੍ਰੈਂਡ ਜਿਹੇ ਕੁਝ ਵਿਦਵਾਨ ਇਸ ਨਾਲ ਸਹਿਮਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਹਨ। ਪੁਰਾਣ ਸਾਹਿਤ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਕੀਕਟ ਗਯਾ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਸਥਿਤ ਦੱਸਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਕਾਰਨ-ਅਦਰੀ ਤੋਂ ਗ੍ਰਿਧਰਕੁਤਾ (ਗਿਧ ਚੋਟੀ), ਰਾਜਗੀਰ ਤਕ ਫੈਲਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਦੱਸਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ। ਕੁਝ ਵਿਦਵਾਨ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ ਏ ਐਨ ਚੰਦ੍ਰ ਨੇ ਕੀਕਟ ਨੂੰ ਸਿੰਧ ਘਾਟੀ ਦੇ ਪਹਾੜੀ ਹਿੱਸੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸ ਦਲੀਲ ਦੇ ਅਧਾਰ ਤੇ ਰੱਖਿਆ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਮਗਧ ਅਤੇ ਸਿੰਧ ਘਾਟੀ ਦੇ ਵਿਚਕਾਰਲੇ ਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ, ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕੁਰੂ, ਕੋਸਲਾ ਆਦਿਦਾ ਜ਼ਿਕਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ। ਕੀਕਟ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਅਨਾਰੀਆ ਜਾਂ ਗੈਰ ਵੈਦਿਕ ਲੋਕ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਿਹੜੇ ਸੋਮ ਵਰਗੀਆਂ ਵੈਦਿਕ ਰਸਮਾਂ ਦੀ ਪਾਲਣਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ, ਸਯਾਨਾ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ, ਕੀਕਟ ਪੂਜਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ, ਕਾਫ਼ਰ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਸਤਿਕ ਸਨ। ਕੀਕਟ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੇ ਨੇਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਮਗੰਦਾ ਕਿਹਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਇੱਕ ਸ਼ਾਹੂਕਾਰ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਅਸਪਸ਼ਟ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਕੀਕਟ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਹੀ ਰਿਗਵੇਦਕ ਦੌਰ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਮਗਧ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਸਨ ਜਾਂ ਉਹ ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਥੇ ਚਲੇ ਗਏ। ਜਿਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਰਿਗਵੇਦ ਕੀਕਟ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਗੱਲ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਅਥਰਵੇਦ ਵੀ ਮਗਧ ਅਤੇ ਅੰਗ ਵਰਗੇ ਦੱਖਣ ਪੂਰਬੀ ਕਬੀਲਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ ਕਬੀਲਿਆਂ ਵਜੋਂ ਜ਼ਿਕਰ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਬ੍ਰਾਹਮਣਵਾਦੀ ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਰਹੱਦਾਂ 'ਤੇ ਰਹਿੰਦਾ ਸੀ। ਭਾਗਵਤ ਪੁਰਾਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੀਕਟ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਬੁੱਧ ਦੇ ਜਨਮ ਬਾਰੇ ਜ਼ਿਕਰ ਹੈ।
ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰ
ਹਵਾਲੇ
| 16,754 |
https://github.com/rouxcode/django-cmslogin/blob/master/cmslogin/conf.py
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| null |
django-cmslogin
|
rouxcode
|
Python
|
Code
| 9 | 22 |
from __future__ import unicode_literals
# from django.conf import settings
| 27,016 |
https://github.com/fanmu-projects/muwu/blob/master/muwu-web/muwu-web-api/src/main/java/com/fanmu/muwu/web/api/controller/user/MenuController.java
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
Apache-2.0
| 2,022 |
muwu
|
fanmu-projects
|
Java
|
Code
| 226 | 1,097 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2021 fanmu All Rights Reserved.
*
* 创建人：mumu
* 联系方式：fanmu_projects@163.com
* 开源地址: https://github.com/fanmu-projects
*/
package com.fanmu.muwu.web.api.controller.user;
import com.fanmu.muwu.common.base.pojo.BaseDTO;
import com.fanmu.muwu.common.web.extension.wrapper.WrapMapper;
import com.fanmu.muwu.common.web.extension.wrapper.Wrapper;
import com.fanmu.muwu.service.provider.user.api.model.dto.menu.MenuInfo;
import com.fanmu.muwu.service.provider.user.api.model.query.menu.QueryMenu;
import com.fanmu.muwu.service.provider.user.api.service.MenuRpcApi;
import io.swagger.annotations.Api;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiOperation;
import org.apache.dubbo.config.annotation.DubboReference;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import java.util.List;
/**
* <p>
* 菜单 前端控制器
* </p>
*
* @author mumu
* @since 2020-07-31
*/
@RestController
@RequestMapping(value = "/user/menu", produces = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
@Api(value = "Web - MenuController", tags = {"菜单"}, produces = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
public class MenuController {
@DubboReference
MenuRpcApi menuRpcApi;
@PostMapping(value = "/addMenu")
@ApiOperation(value = "添加菜单")
public Wrapper addMenu(@RequestBody MenuInfo menuInfo) {
menuRpcApi.insertMenu(menuInfo);
return WrapMapper.ok();
}
@PostMapping(value = "/deleteMenu/{menuId}")
@ApiOperation(value = "删除菜单")
public Wrapper deleteMenu(@PathVariable("menuId") Long menuId) {
menuRpcApi.deleteMenuById(menuId);
return WrapMapper.ok();
}
@PostMapping(value = "/updateMenu")
@ApiOperation(value = "更新菜单")
public Wrapper updateMenu(@RequestBody MenuInfo menuInfo) {
menuRpcApi.updateMenu(menuInfo);
return WrapMapper.ok();
}
@PostMapping(value = "/getMenu/{menuId}")
@ApiOperation(value = "获取菜单")
public Wrapper<MenuInfo> getMenu(@PathVariable("menuId") Long menuId) {
return WrapMapper.ok(menuRpcApi.getMenuById(menuId));
}
@PostMapping(value = "/listMenu")
@ApiOperation(value = "列表菜单")
public Wrapper<List<MenuInfo>> listMenu(@RequestBody(required = false) QueryMenu queryMenu) {
return WrapMapper.ok(menuRpcApi.listMenu(queryMenu));
}
@PostMapping(value = "/queryMenusPage")
@ApiOperation(value = "查询菜单")
public Wrapper<BaseDTO<MenuInfo>> queryMenusPage(@RequestBody QueryMenu queryMenu) {
return WrapMapper.ok(menuRpcApi.listMenuPage(queryMenu));
}
@PostMapping(value = "/listMenuTree")
@ApiOperation(value = "查询菜单")
public Wrapper listMenuTree() {
return WrapMapper.ok(menuRpcApi.listMenuTree());
}
@PostMapping(value = "/sortMenu")
@ApiOperation(value = "排序菜单")
public Wrapper sortMenu(@RequestBody List<MenuInfo> menuInfos) {
menuRpcApi.sortMenu(menuInfos);
return WrapMapper.ok();
}
@PostMapping(value = "/updateMenuPermission")
@ApiOperation(value = "更新菜单权限信息")
public Wrapper updateMenuPermission(@RequestBody MenuInfo menuInfo) {
menuRpcApi.updateMenuPermission(menuInfo);
return WrapMapper.ok();
}
}
| 37,597 |
8085731_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022 |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 290 | 378 |
Oliver, Presiding Judge:
This appeal to reappraisement has been submitted for decision upon the following stipulation of counsel for the parties hereto:
It is hereby stipulated and agreed by and between the attorneys for the parties hereto, subject to the approval of the court, that the polymerized vinyl acetate synthetic resin on the invoices covered by the instant appeal to reappraisement, was exported from Canada and that the merchandise and the issues involved in the instant appeal to reappraisement are the same in all material respects as the merchandise and issues involved in F. W. Myers & Co., Inc. v. United States, Reap. Dec. 5607.
That foreign value, as that value was defined in See. 402 (c) of the Tariff Act of 1930, is the proper basis for the determination of the value of the merchandise here involved and that such value is the entered value.
It is further stipulated and agreed that the record in Reap. Dec. 5607 be incorporated as a part of the record in the instant appeal to reappraisement. That the said appeal to reappraisement is abandoned as to all other merchandise other than the aforementioned polymerized vinyl acetate synthetic resin and the said reappraisement appeal is hereby submitted on this stipulation.
*546On. tbe agreed facts I find tbe foreign value, as tbat value is defined in section 402 (c) of tbe Tariff Act of 1930 as amended, to be tbe proper basis for tbe determination of tbe value of tbe merchandise bere involved, and tbat as to tbe polymerized vinyl acetate synthetic resin such values, are tbe entered values. ■
Tbe appeal having been abandoned insofar as it relates to all other merchandise, to tbat extent tbe appeal is,hereby dismissed. Judgment will be rendered accordingly.
| 13,569 |
bpt6k7569419j_2
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Open Culture
|
Public Domain
| null |
Le XIXe siècle : journal quotidien politique et littéraire
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,477 | 13,061 |
Dans le rôle de Latour-Latour, M. Brasseur a campé avec une admirable justesse un type qui évoque toute une classe de la société. M. Guy a été magnifiquement solennel et creux. M. Max Dearly fut un Parmeline irrésistible, inoubliable et prodigieux. M. Prince un Pinchet étonnant de vérité, et MM. Numès, Simon, Petit, Lurville, de Canonge excellents. Inutile de dire que la mise en scène est digne de la maison, et que la séance de l'Académie est vraiment curieuse. THEATRE NOUVEAU"":"F7'ipollilleet Cie.' drame en cinq actes, d9 .Mxl. Alévy et Marcel Nadaud. c On joue en ce moment, au Nouveau Théâtre, un drame très intéressant de MM. Alévy et Nadaud. Dans ce drame, Sébastien Filon, ancien faux-monnayeur, devenu le banquier Morgueil, veut -marier son Secrétaire Jacques Bernard, afin de reconquérir Lucette Rivier, une ancienne maîtresse, qui aime Bernard. Grâce, au frère de Lucette et à son ami le lutteur Léonidas, Morgueil est démasqué, et arrêté ; Lucette garde, son amant, et la jeune fille, qui était destinée à Jacques, épouse celui qu'elle aime. Ce drame bien construit etpas trop non a été bien joué et, dans l'interprétation, nous avons remarqué M. Maurice Flandro dans le rôle de-Morgueil ; M. Gontier dans celui de Léonidas, et Mlle Authelaisdana celui de Lucette Rivier. Léon MIRAL. —i—*" -'.,#. tp LES GRANDS OQNGERTS CONCERTS-COLONNE II. n'y eu t..jamais autant de monde aux Gon-i. ceris-Colonne qu'hier après-midi. N'est-ce pas' la meilleure indication que lea chefs-d'œuvre du répertoire de l'Association artistique font toujours recette et que l'éducation musicale se forme chaque jour davantage ? Hier, la Symphonie héroïque de Beethoven fut acclamée par ia salle entière,-.acclamations qui s'adressaient non seulement au génie, de ,Bci;,." thoven, mais -aussi a l'excellent orchestre du * Châtelet el à l'interprétation incomparable quo-' M. Gabriel Pierné venait de donner de ,l a troisième Symphonie.• Mlle Blanche Sijlva a joué ensuite, avec la plus réelle autorité et le sentiment le plus jus_te, les Variations symphoniques de César Franck. La seconde partie du programme était consacrée il une deuxième audition de Manfred, de * Schumann, qui a obtenu le même grand suc-ncs que dimanche dernier avec MM. Mounet-Sully,Alexandre. Mlle du Minil pour, la partie dramatique et Mmes Mazzoli. Lassalle, MM. Dufriche et Ballard pour la partie vocale. A. M. Informations La dixième. assemblée générale de l'OEu-,;.. vre de préservation de l'enfance contre lai tuberculose a eu lieu hier chez Mme Grancher, sous la présidence de M. Léon Bourgeois. Le rapport du secrétaire général, le docteur Armand-Delille, montre le succès 1 croissant de l'œuvre, qui a en ce moment 615 pupilles placés à la campagne, c'est-àdire 615 enfants-arrachés à. la contagion qui les guettait dans leur famille. La situation financière, exposée par M, Copin, est de plus en plus prospère, grâce à la giénérosité des membres de l'œuvl' et à l'appui de l'Etat, du Conseil général, du Conseil, municipal. Depuis cette année, l'œuvre Grancher reçoit de plus les enfants dont les parents sont traités au dispensaire antituberculeux Léon Bourgeois. , 1 Le docteur Granjux. vice-président, a at' tiré l'aflenfion sur le développement de plus en. plus considérable que prend la question de l'apprentissage en raison du nombre croissant des pupilles, et l'assemblée générale a décidé la création d'un comité spécial d'apprentissage dont l'élément principal sera -le bureau des dames patron I nesses. M. Steeg, ministre de l'Intérieur, a reçu ; hier matin M. Lutaud, gouverneur général. de l'Algérie. Le gouverneur général doit séjourner plusieurs semaines dans la métropole eL. s'entretenir avec le Gouvernement des questions algériennes actuellement en suspens, notamment l'affaire de. l'Ouenza et du renouvellement des pouvoirs disciplinaires des administrateurs,' qui n'avaient' été prorogés que jusqu'à la fin de l'année courante. que jusqu' "■ >a_ ————————-——— —— —————————— Préparation militaire iLe Congrès de la Préparation Militaire, organisé par la Fédération Nationale des Sociétés de Préparation Militaire de France et des colonies. pour l'étude des questions qui intéressent l'avenir des S. A. G., a tenu sa séance annuelle, dans la grande salle des fêtes de la mairie du 9e arrondissement, rue Drouot. sous la présidence de M. le générai Lavergne, assisté do M. Lucien Lattes, président de la Fédériition Nationale, et. de M. le commandant Schneider, conseiller technique supérieur. Un très grand nombre de sociétaires avaient répondu à l'appel qui leur avait été fait. L'ordre du jour comportait,' d'ailleurs, l'éludéed'une quantité, cle, vtou-x du plus haut intérêt, dont la réalisation s'impose à brève échéance, sous peine de voir l'œuvre péricliter. Des. propositions ont-été faites, montrant la, nécessité des observations médicales pendant tout le cours de l'instruction ; enlin, certaines modifications au programme.du B. A. M., présentées par les Sociétés de Paris et de province; seront' soumises au ministre de la Guerre avant ; que paraisse le décret réorganisant les détails du programme à l'étude. tes Lundis Révolutionnaires AUTOUR DE ROBESPIERRE (1) 1.. XXII ROBESPIERRE ET LE CLERGE ,(Stúte). Dès les premiers jours de la Révolution, le radicalisme politique de Robespierre apparaît comme un système entier, complet, coordonné, qui lui permettra de faire face, A tous les événements, ée résoudre toutes les crises. A l'heure où les autres se cherchent, où ses futurs adversaires tâtonnent, comme Brissot, qui joue le rôle de la mouche du coche à l'Hôtel de Ville, dans l'entourage de Bailly.ou de Mirabeau, comme ,Condorcet et Pétion, qui n'osent envisager les applications dernières du principe de ia Souveraineté nationale résidant dans le Peuple, Robespierre, lui, d'emblée, a conclu au Suffrage universel, source de toute autorité; jii-,ques et y compris celle du roi, qui n'est, commj il le dit un jour, au grand scandale des T G<?nstituants, que le e commis » de la Nation. Mais son radicalisme politique n'est pas me abstraction, une construction purement idéologique, hors des faits, du temps et de l'espace. La souveraineté du peuple n'(¡:,t pas une combinaison politique brillante, surtout pour la solidité et l'élégance logique des corollaires par lesquels il la déduit de la Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme. Robespierre considère que la souveraineté du peuple doit surtout aboutir a améliorer sa condition sociale. Je crois bien qu'il l'eût préconisée, même si elle ne lui fut pas apparue la seule forme du gouvernement possible à opposer à l'ancien régime, parce que l'exercice de sa souveraineté est de nature à donner au peuple le moyen de sortir de sa condition abjecte et de rectifier, dans le sens de la justice et de l'égalité reconnue à tous (I) Voir le' Rappel du 30 juillet, dès 6, 13, 20 et 27 août, î, 10, 17 et Zi septembre, 1", 8, 15 22. 30 octobre, 6 et 12 novembre. 1 , les êtres humains par la Déclaration, l'état de choses social. A l'encontre, en effet, de bien d'autres, des plus avancés, tels que Marat ou même Anacharsis Clootz, qu 2 son républicanisme cosmopolite et ultra-révolutionnaire n'empêchait pas de condamner toute intervention de l'Etat dans les rapports sociaux, Robespierre est persuadé que l'organisation politique nouvelle a pour objetde protéger les faibles contre les puissants. L'ordre social est institué en vue du bonheur commun, dit-il dans son discours du 31 mai 1790, sur la Constitution civile du clengé. C'est déjà la formule même qu'il fera insérer plus tard dans là Déclaration des Droits, placée en tête de la Constitution de 1793. Améliorer la condition du peuple lui semble non seulement le tut vers lequel doit tendre tpute Constitution, mais l'amélioration du sort du plus grand nomhr8 est aussi un moyen indispensable au tonctionnement de toute Constitution politique basée sur la souveraineté du peuple. Car celle-ci, pour s'exprimer librement, suppose des citoyens qui ne soient pas, économiquement, dépendants les uns des autres. Robespierre n'était pas socialiste. Il n'entrevoyait pas la mise en commun des instruments de travail, qui, seule, est capable d'assurer l'indépendance économique de tous les producteurs. -Mais il envisageait l'extrême inégalité des richesses dans une société comme un mal profond, et il assignait pour mission à l'Etat ou au corps politique, comme on disait alors, de corriger ce mal, dans la mesure du possible, en entourant d'une sollicitude constante les humbles et les malheureux., * * * Dans les débats sur "e traitement des ecclésiastiques, Robespierre, à diverses reprises, manifesta ces préoccupations de protectionnisme social. Il distinguait, parmi les membres de l'ancien ordre du clergé, ce qu'on pourrait justement appeler, dans notre langue moderne, le prolétariat ecclésiastique de l'aristocratie des prélats. Mais l'Assemblée, à gauche comme à droite, laissait voir une tendance marquée à établir une distinction en sens inverse. Elle entendait fixer les traitements et les pensions en tenant compte des habitudes sociales de vie' différentes, -contractées d'ans leur ancienne condition par. les nouveaux fonctionnaires du culte. Robespierre estimait que l'Assemblée avait moins à s'inspirer cle ce qu'étaient autrefois 'ces fonctionnaires, qu'à s'appliquer à donner satisfaction aux besoins normaux de chacun d'eux, selon l'âge et les infirmités. — De là, ses fréquentes interventions en faveur des ecclésiastiques âgés. Et ceux qui, depuis un siècle, vont répétant les mensonges thermidoriens et les sottises hébertistes; touchant sa politique religieuse, n'ont pas manqué de les souligner.. Parcourons-les. Au mois de février 1790, on discutait le traitement des religieux, dont l'Assemblée avait prononcé la nationalisation, de tous les biens. Robespierre demanda la suppression'de toute distinction, dans la catégorie des pensionnés d'un certain âge. Le Comité ecclésiastique, animé des sentiments bourgeois et aristocratiques, que j'ai signalés, séparait les non mendiants des mendiants. Ceux-ci, habitués à une vie moins luxueuse que les premiers, parce qu'ils jouissaient de revenus moins considérables, auraient des pensions inférieures. Si, dans une certaine mesure, la distinction fondée sur les habitudes présentait quelque appareÜce_d'équité, elle consacrait' une iniquité aux yeux de Robespierre, lorsqu'on la maintenait entre deux religieux d'origine différente, âgés ou infirmes. « Il ne faut ni du luxe ni des jouissances à l'homme infirme et vieux; il lui faut des secours ; les besoins sont alors les mêmes pour tous les hommes, et ces besoins sont ceux de la nature. Je pense que s'il devait exister une distinction, les religieux mendiants auraient peut-être plus de droits à vos égards que celui qui ne le fut pas. La vie du" religieux mendiant ayant été plus active que celle du moine rènté, les travaux ont rendu pour lui le fardeau de l'âge plus pesant. Je demande donc que vous fixiez un taux uniforme pour le religieux mendiant et non mendiant, quand, il est infirme et vieux. » L'Assemblée ne suivit pas Robespierre. Elle gradua bien les pensions selon l'âge des bénéficiaires, mais en maintenant un distinction entre les deux catégories, sur l'observation de Mirabeau, que « le traitement à faire aux religieux-doit être en rapport avec leur fortune passée. » En conséquence, les religieux non rentes surent droit à 1,000 livres de pension après 70 ans, et les religieux rentés du même âgse à 1.200.; On n'a pas manqué de citer cette intervention, comme un trait du soin que Robespierre apportait à se concilier les bonnes grâces des membres subalternes du clergé. Est-il besoin de le justifier contre ces imputations, et le lecteur n'a-t-il pas compris que Robespierre est mû, en cette circonstance, par-un idéal de justice sociale supérieur ? C'est le droit à la vie qu'il pose, le droit a un minimum de subsistance qu'il proclame, en revendiquant pour tous les infirmes et les vieillards, sans distinction d'origine, riche ou pauvre, un traitement égal. parce qu'un minimum de soins est indispensable à tous. Il obéit au même mobile, quand il intervint, le 28 juin 1790, en faveur deis séculiers, pour lesquels il demanda une amélioration proportionnelle à leur âge. « Ils ont pour eux le titre d'ecclésiastiques, ditil, mais aussi quelque chose de plus : l'indigence. » Sa motion, soutenue par l'abbé Grégoire, fut repoussée, non parce que les Constituants auraient été moins favorables que Robespierre au catholicisme, mais simplement parce que les grands bourgeois de l'Assemblée ne partageaient pas les nobles préoccupations de son auteur. * *' * Pour les-Constituants en effet, la « fortune passée » des religieux dont parlait Mirabeauétait un titre à leur faveur, et s'ils n'appliquèrent pas rigoureusement ce principe, puisqu'ils fixèrent à 4.000 livres le maximum de traitement des curés, c'est que l'état des finances ne le leur permettait pas. L'effort financier pour le relèvement des traitements des curés et vicaires de villages avait été considérable ; on n osa .1 pas aller plus loin et établir une hiéi rarchie, qui eût été par trop onéreuse,' entre le minimum des vicaires et le maximum des prélats. Pour se rendre compte de la pensée' réelle qui animait sur ce point les Constituants; de leur attachement à la religion catholique et du rôle social important que la majorité, à. gauche aussi-tien qu'à droite,, lui réservait, il faut se reporter à la.-le traitement, des évê. ques, au cours de laquelle Robespierre intervint les 16 et 22 juin 1790. :. Le Comité ecclésiastique proposait d'allouer aux archevêques et à l'évêque de Paris 50.000 livres j aux évêques résidant dans les villes, dont .la-population dépasserait 50.000 âmes, 20.000 livres ; 12.000 pour tous les autres. — Si on a présent à l'esprit que .ces sommes représentent au moins le dounie ae la valeur de la livre ou clu franc en notre monnaie actuelle, on comprendra que l'Assemblée faisait grandement les choses. Pour justifier ces allocations, le Comité invoquait les devoirs de charité attachés à la fonction, les obligations de bienfaisance auxquelles des prélats étaient nécessairement tenus. L'abbé Gouttes, qui était pourtant un patriote avancé, prononça un discours dans ce sens. Il rappela la parole de l'apôtre : « Ne nous donnez pas trop de richesse ni trop de pauvreté. » Mais, disait-on à droite, s'il en est ainsi, si vous reconnaissez que la fonction des évêques n'est pas seulement d'ordre administratif, qu'ils n'ont pas seulement la charge de contrôler le clergé de leur diocèse, mais de secourir les infortunes qu'ils côtoyent, les misères qui les implorent, les sommes que vous leur allouez sont insuffisantes. Vous leur donnez de quoi vivre décemment, vous les condamnez à détourner les yeux de souffrances qu'ils seront impuissants à soulager. Et on citait des chiffres de sommes distribuées aux pauvres les années précédentes par quelques prélats (qui jouissaient, il est vrai, de plus de cent mille livres de revenus). Le courant dans ce sens fut si vif que l'un des membres du Comité ecclésiastique qui avait le plus contribué à laïciser l'organisation nouvelle, -Durand de Maillane, s'y laissa prendre. Catholique fervent, comme la plupart de ses collègues, il alla jusqu'à faire la motion suivante : « Je propose de charger le Comité des finances de présenter un projet de décret, dont l'objet serait demettre à la disposition des évêques, pour exercer la charité, une partie de la valeur de.3 biens ecclésiastiques, » Il est à peine besoin d'indiquer le danger d'une motion comme celle-là, inspirée d'une conception pareille du rôle social de l'Eglise, dont les ministres, et surtout les évêques, seraient redevenus, au lendemain du vote de dispositions faisant d'eux de ,simples fonctionnaires du culte, les dispensateurs de. la bienfaisance publique. Robespierre intervint avec sa force de logique ordinaire pour protester contre cette attribution d'une fonction aussi extraordinaire dévolue à l'Eglise. C'est aux riches, dit-il avec ironie, que Jésus a pres crit : « Donnez-votre superflu aux pau-r vres », non à ses ministres. Ceux-ci, il les a voués à la pauvreté « parce qu'il savait qu'ils seraient corrompus par les riches-. ses ; il savait que les plus riches ne sont pas les plus généreux : que ceux qui sont séparés des misères de l'humanité ne compatissent guère à ces misères. » Et puis, quelle idée singulière du rôle du législateur et du problème de la misère, que celle qui consiste à organiser le soulagement des pauvres en faisant d'un petit nombre de ministres les dépositaires des libéralités nationales ! u Sont-ce donc là des vues de législateurs, demandait-il ? Le législateur doit travailler à diminuer le nombre des malheureux, et pour cela, il ne suffit pas de remettre des trésors entra les mains de quelques-uns et de les charger àe les répandre.» On soumet ainsi « la vie des hommes au caprice et à l'arbitraire de quelques hommes ». C'est par des lois sociales, « par de grandes vues d'administration., en réformant les lois qui outragent l'humanité » que le législateur-doit procéder : « Voilà la véritabla bienfaisance qui lui convient ». (Séance du 16 juin.) Il revint à la charge, le 22, et dans le compte-rendu du Point-du-Jour, plus cqjq&i plet que celui du Moniteur, sourd une âpre colère, à travers l'analyse, sans doute très pâle, de sa , harangue. T Le rapporteur, l'abbé patriote Expilly, invoquait, u en faveur des évêques, la lhu,. niificence, la générosité d'une grande Na. tion ». Robespierre répond : aQuelle est donc la générosité qui convient à une Nation, grande ou petite, et à ses représentants ? Elle doit embrasser sans douta l'universalité des citoyens ; elle doit avoin surtout pour objet la classe la plus nom-i breuse et la plus infortunée * elle ne cori* siste pas à s'attendrir exclusivement sur, le sort de quelques individus condamnés à recevoir un traitement de 30.000 livres da rentes ? Moi, je la réclame, au nom de la justice et de la raison, pou-r la multitude innombràble de tant de nos concitoyens dépouillés par tant d'abus ; pour les pères de famille qui ne peuvent nourrir les nombreux citoyens qu'ils ont donnés à la pa< trie 1)'. Et il dénonçait le caractère frivole de cette générosité qui ne sait s'intéresser « qu'aux prétendues pertes, .de ceux quj mesurent leurs droits sur leurs anciennes m usurpations. » 1-isurpations. )-) Gustave ROUANET. LES SPORTS :; .<;" ,,; ::..-,..; .■ {*. AERONAUTIQUE Un « rigide » français "', Les Allemands, jusqu'ici,avaient seuls construit des dirigeables rigides. ,. La maison Zodiac, désireuse d'ét,ablir un parallèle entre le type soulple et le type rigide, vient d £ contraire un dirigeable i-ieiài ie eipicss, tiJÏ sefa n'être "premier -aêrauat rigide. Vos essais caiiimenceront dès la semaine pioLu longueur clo qg dirigeable, est de 104 muFC, le plus grand diamètre 'de 13 m. 50. il cubara environ 11.000 myt-re^-et. «a? vit^^ e' kru, dit-on, d'environ. "O kilomètres'a l'heure.. AiTûNlOBSLISME Un peu de statistique D'après une revente statistique, le nombre des autênsobiJes taxé-es serait actuellement, en France, de 76:771-,■ en-augmentation de 12.562 ïur lfJJ.r. Dansce nombre, ne sont « pa-S le s voitures publiques-, taxis et -autobus Lsuxr. ci sont au moins 10,000 : de sorte que lo nombre des autos circulant actuellement en bclllce M'est paB loin d'atteindre 90.CM.,. C'est-êvideiriment; le départe.ment de la be.i..-. ne qui vient en tête de la statistique avec 13.3b3. véhicules. La Seine-et-Oise en compte 3.2'JD ; *e Nord. 2.785 ; la Saine-Intérieure, iAtî ; le Rhône,1.945 ; les Bouclies-du-Rliône, 1.6% ; la jseine-et-Maxïie, 1.506 : l'Oise, 1.051, etc. , Quant aux départements Les moins favorisés en automobiles; ce sont : la Corse, avec 19 ; la Lozère, .54 ; les Hautes-Alpes, 64, et les Basses-j Alpes, 106. Les 7C.771 voilures automobiles en circulation en 1912 correspondent à un nombre de 1.million 006,305 chevaux, soit une moyenne de 33 Hp par voiture. Pour le département de la Seine la force moyenne des voitures,-«st. de 10 IIP. Cela signifie enfin-que cette circulation automobile intense est pour les finances de l'Etat une source appréciable dç. revenus, ce que la ,'oirie devrait reconnaître en entretenant avec soin ce que l'on appelait autrefois, les belles routes de France , lesquelles bientôt deviendront les belles fondrières de France. FOOTBALL RUGBY 5 C. U. F 6, Vaugirard 0. — Racing Club 39, P. U. C. 3 Hier, a-Colombes, ont été disputés deux matches comptant pour le Championnat de Paris. Le S. C. U. F. a nettement dominé Vaugirard, ctouifantdans. l'œuf les attaques des arrières Iverts. Dans la seconde mi-temps surtout, les Universitaires harcelèrent sans cesse les buts des Vaugirardiens et ce n'est qu'à une défense excessivement courageuse que ceux-ci évitèrent une plus sévère défaite. Le Racing Club fit-une petite promenade de eanté en battant copieusement le P. U. C. Cette victoire était escomptée.' Il résulte des matches d'hier.' que trois des clubs de première série comptent, actuellement une victoire et une défaite et que, selon, toute vraisemblance le Championnat sera cette année plus disputé qu'il ne l'a jamais été. Seconde défaite des Springbocks Samedi, à Londres, l'équipe des Springbocks, qui jouait son quatorzième match de la saison contre l'équipe représentative de Londres, a étés battue par 10 points à 8. ATHLETISME Un défi olympique L'ancien champion' cycliste Victor Tlïuau a lancé, dans l'Auto, un défi qu'il appuie d'un enieu de 1.000 à 10.000 francs. Ce défi porte sur les épreuves suivantes : 1. Course' à pied sur J00 mètres ; , 2. Course à -pied sur 5.000 mètres : 3. Course a bicyclette sur 1 kilomètre piste ; 4. Course à bicyclette sur 50 kilomètres route ; 5. Combat de boxe jusqu'à knock-out ; 'G. Course de 10 mètres, en corde lisse sans, l'aide des pieds ; 7. Course de patinage sur 1.000 métres ; S. Course à la nage sur 100 mètres ; 9. Course à cheval-sur 4.000 mètres de steeple.. Deux épreuves pourront avoir lieu par jour. A qui le gant ? BOXE Pour l'entente internationale Nous 'avo'ns maintes' fois signalé dans quel Eitchis international se débattait la boxe professionnelle, étant donné qu'aucun pouvoir in[-•i fédéral et international n'avait pu encore être v.nstitué, qui la réglementât et la hiérarchisât. On se sou."vi«»tr>d^ :¡jîdp;ts. oecasionpég lors du imatch .^a^ la?^i§®alilication de F Américain qui n'avait pas tenu compte de son 111 a te 1 oiiclïï" coii t re Manteil et par la question des poids. Tputcs ces "difliciiltes"—"étcorftxbéen Vautres n' eussent pas L £ tâ':SO.Ul0 £ és. si un-< #UÀà>ir contral, unique et omnipotent, avait été institué à cette époque. Or, un pas vers l'entente vient d'être fait. Mardi soir s'est tenue, à Londres, au siège du National. Spodhlg.bttlb, une -prcnitèixî -réùnïoii internationale, qui a décidé.le principe de-la l'ondatica ct-un,.■groupement, .-jnl.etnu.Lionai poLt.l.' régir le sport de la box-e .anglaise.profession-, nelle. : f. , , Au comité du N.ational ;Si^;r.ti,rig:Clùb' d: e t dres, que. présidait lors Lôrïsdale," S'étaient' joints leé représentante" de la Fédération tïûnçaise de boxe et delutte et-de l'Athletic ,:.e;"" York. State ---Gommissioft-'qui a-Vait-déléguéses pouvoirs à M. Victor .Br:e.yer. -«..v< Après, avoir • Cipu^iityi'ég LI une îégle.mentalion absolument uniforme est impossible-^, étanj. lié que les pouvoirs publics n'autorisent pas parLout les mêmes conditions -de combat (on sait qu'en Amérique les malches ne doivent pas 'comporter plus d& çU^AJtpuaid^ •ffe.-'tpoisminutes .et que ces matches aie reçoivent pas de sancLion d'arbitres ou de juges",--alors qu'en France, aussi :bien .qul.en.,i,Vngjôtetre,-.-les.%coaïbats peuvent allor jusqu'à vingt rounds; ^ftt "que Uarbitrage. fonctionnetoujours sous 'une forme ou, sous une ,autve;.: -. Mais,néanmoins, le principe de l'accord interna.tio«aLétant-admis,.il„a .t6 décidé qllUlJ. projet établi par les délégués américains, et français sera soumis d'ici à une quinzaine, au National 'Sjbortirî^-'ClubV. Ce projet Uxèra. les points suivants, les bases de l'entente étant établies : 1° adoption .'d'une échelle uniforme' de • poids : 2° établissement d'un règlement international. unique et., obligatoire pour les matchesmettant en jeu le titre de champion du' monde ; 30 reconnaissance mutuelle des pénalités. prononcées par l'un où l'autre des pouvoirs nationaux : 4* établissement d'une liste des champions du monde. Tout le monde y trouvera son compté, organisateurs, boxeurs et public. Souhaitons que cet excellent projet soit bientôt une réalité. Jeff Smith a battu. Mansfied Jeff Smith, le boxeur américain dont nous avons relaté la difficile victoire sur Tom Leary, s'est réhabilité samedi. Opposé à l'Anglais Harry Mansfield, il a contraint son adversaire à abandonner à.la sixième reprise. LUTTE Les Championnats de 1913 La commission de lutta de la: Fédération Française des Sociétés de Boxe et de Lutte décide d'établir les dates pour les Championnats de la façon suivante : Pour les amateurs : Le Championnat de Paris aura lieu dans le courant de janvier. Les championnats régionaux devront être terminés avant le 15 février 1913. Les championnats de France auront lieu dans' les premiers jours de mars. Pour les professionnels : Le championnat se disputera par sélection. Pour tous renseignements" s'adresser, à, M. Conord, 34, rue de Provence. — (Communiqué.) LAWN-TENN1S Un match franco-allemand Après une rencontre anglo-allemande, les 22 et 23 du courant, qui aura lieu à Dulwich, entre l'équipe anglaise formée de F: C. LOYe, Pockley, Doust et Preble, et le team allemand, composé de Heyden, .R. G. Spies, Kulenkampf et Grimm, un match franco-allemand se jouera' les 25 et 26 novembre à Paris, au Tennis Club de France. W, Laurentz. M. Germot, G. Gault et E. Chelll formeront .l'équipe française qui sera opposée aux, Allemands I-leypen, n. C. Spies, Grimm et Kulenkampf Les matches seront joués en cinq sets, aussi bien en simples qu'en doubles. TOURISME Les pistes cyclables « Touring Club » Ces pistes, que le Touring Club a ouvertes et qu'il entretient avec .le plus grand soin. mesurent (combien de cyclistes s'en doutent ?,i plus de 250 kilomètres, rien que dans la. région parisienne. Chaque année, ce long ruban de, voies, réservées fâda circulation cycliste s'allonge de quelques kilomètres. 11 en coûte au Touring Club, tant pour l'entretien des pistes existantes que pour la création de nouvelles, une so'mme importante. Ces jours-ci encore, il vient d'affecter à cet. objet un crédit de 12.000 francs. Georges BRUNI. f;:=f::..: c Ti-; =ê::.;=3;:<è;':;;:::::::: =' "C , Téléphone ! "Adr télégraph. : •' 660-36' flQ X' llll Surcouf-BillajiCQUi-t Société de Constructions Aéronautiques. 121 à 127. rue do Bellexote, Billancourt (Seine). BALLONS LIBRES DIRIG-EABLES .u .-AEROPLANES En 4312. Circuit d'Anjou : En tôte des biplans., Grand Prix de Saint-Malo. Vainqueur de .i'Aéro-Cible Michelin. Rècord du monde d'altitude des diri • géabîes. "T ■* *' Le Mouvement Sociaï ; Lundi 18 novembre , • UNIVERSITES POPULAIRES Université Populaire du Faubourg "SainTAntoine 157.,— M. Meari de Forge : 1'(ÈÙV1;"e.ùcs livrées d,é SuinFLa?-are,. la maiii tendue 'au .bord de l'abîme. ; u. P. Zola, 44, :Tüè Plancliàt..— .Cours : ,cou;. pe, roulure., espéranto. U. P. Gervaisienne* — Cours de sténographia. -U. P. de Meaux. Cout's; de YioloÙ ddhcritaire et supérieur. Bibliothèque.. LOGES MAÇONNIQUES o', Grand Orient, 18, .rue Cadet. Ernest Renan. 1° La légende de Jeanne d'Ares ■ ---' 2° Elections ; 3° Los poursuites contre les instituteurs. La Chaîne d'Union. — 1°, Les syndicats d'instituteurs ; :. ':,' 2° Elections dis ofl1ders, Arts et Métiers. Installation des officiers. Les Travailleurs Socialistes de France, 71 bis. rue La Comlàmine. 1° Elections des -officiers : : 2° Compte'rendu-du Convent." Comités du Grand Orient : Les Droits de l'iloninie ; ■ Les Amis du Progrès. Grande Loge, 8, rue Puteaux L'Education Civique. — Installation des ^officiers ; Travail et Vrais Amis Fidèles. •-—• -El,ections. Comité de la Grande Loge : Nouvelle Jérusalem. LIGUE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME ; Section d'Amérique (19s arrondissement Réunion aujourd'hui Lundi 18 novembre, à neuf heures trèsprécises du soir, salle Nicolas,32, rue des Pn:..5'-Suint.Gô'nl.Ís. ,'. Ordre du jour : Conférence sur le droit syndicai des fonctionnaires, par le citoyen Mauranges, avocat.• • '* : LES ŒUVRES Hommage à Maurice Berteaux. — La ùci-,::f,' républicaine des Conférences populaires a donné jÜcr après-midi, dans la grande salle du Trocadéro, sa iôte annuelle de réouverture des cours et conférences, sous la présidence, de M. panis, ministre de l'Agriculture, assisté de MM. Paul Doumer. président d'honneur, et A. Ranson, président de la société. Le président du Conseil et la plupart des ministres étaient représentés, Avant cVexposer les résultats de 1-anne.e seolaire 1al11a12 le docteur Léon Meunier, administrateuir général, a donné connaissance à l'assemblée générale de' l'Œuvre du Souvenir entreprise par la société. -« Désireuse• de "gloriiier celui qui fut si longtemps' son président, a-t-il dit, la Société républicaine -des conférences .po:. pulaires.a décidé d'élever à.Pans -un, nionumant à la mémoire de Maurice Berleaux, mort au, chamo d'honneur dans le terrible-accidentçl Issy-les-Moulineaux, le 21 mai 1911. » Un comité d'honneuir a été formé sous la pr.s.dence de M Emile Lou}}c.t, assisté des présidents des deux Chambres et des membres du Gouvernement. Des appels ont été adressés dans toute la France et dans les colonies. Le docteur Léon Meunier donne ensuite lec-, ture du rapport général. La société compte actuellement six cent trente sections, et. le nombre de ses adhérents augmente régulièremeïit. chaque année. 11 a été fait, durant .l'année écoulée. onze 'cents cours ou conférences clans les sections ou les hospices civils et mille vingttrois dans les casernes ou les hôpitaux militaires. La société s'est tout particirlièren^nt attachée à développer l'enseignement professionnel à la caserne. , Après la lecture du rapport de la commis-, sion de contrôle, M. Emile Laurent, député de Seine-et-Oise, vice-président de la société, a faitune conférence très applaudie sur : « Un grand; patriote républicain, Maurice Berteaux «.-■ Faits Divers PARIS Les suites d'un coup de fouet Le 27 octobre dernier, un entrepreneur de transports, Al. Pi{tn'c, Salarnier, habitant rue 'de Lourmel, 'i', rencontrait, boulevard Lefèvre, un de ses camarades, Guillaume' Bondin, qui condoisait nn" toiÜhercau at' telé d' un cheval vicieuxNe t.-approche. pas, s'écria 'ce. dernier, tu vas te faire-mordre. » Au" même instant, en. effet,. le cheval Ji-variçuit, la ,il'te pour Ixapper reuti:epreneur,= .«^ub.n'autquen le. temps de. se jeter dé cote, k 11 faut être vraiment sluQidc, ajouta Boudin, pour s'exposer ain•sî.-'.iv Ve^é de' ce prbi-bs, M." Salarmer en garda rancune à son camarade ; les deux hommes ne se parlèrent plus. ; -J.,e 8 novembre, .dans. la matinée^ se trou"",¡¡tit de nouveau en présence, ils invecti ,vèi'cnt et échangèrent des coups. L'entreIM'enenr l'ut, atleint .d'uit coup de fouet à la t.C*le. sLe lendemain, iL s'alitait, se plaignant de violentes douleurs de tte., Le 14, il ex. pirail, après ••une-'-doi-.Idnreuse agonie. Le commissaire de police du quartier, M. liagainé, 'a ouvert 'une enquête à la suite de ; laquelle Bondiri. a clé consignera la disposition de Li justice. , Le cadayre de M.,Salarnier a été envoyé à la Morgue, , -Draiiiatitltie» suicide Une riche Américaine, de passage à Paris, Mme Fanny, Bergeire, Agée de quarante-six ans, demeprant dans un hôtel, rue Sainte -Anne , 10 ,s'est siiicidée dans des ;.circonstances, particulièrement draina:, liclues. „ ; n ,', Prise d'une violente crise de .neurasthénie, eiie enjamba la fenêtre de son appartement situé au troisième étage et se précipita dans le vide. La ')1'-Ùlll'1YÜr('qSff,Ó torébà sur là. capote d'une automobile'qui passait. Elle succomba une demi-heure plus tard, l'hôpital de' la ChQfité, où on l'avait, transportée. Elle avait eu le bassin fracturé. L, Ilè L'attentat de Bezons En-vertu d'un mondât d'arrêt de M. Fredin,juge d'instruction à Versailles, chargé de -Fllffaire"dc Bezons; M. Faivre, chef de :jfl.P''cmière: brigade mobile, a procédé à l'arrestation d'un garçon de café, Jean Poignant, dix lïbit tins," qui travaillait #daus. '.usé:. '6tabU§Seiiient' du XVIIIe arrondissement. l'oignant-a .léclrrré qu'il avait, prêté sa bicyclette, le soir du crime, à Ibanès, mais .qu'il jgnorait tout de l'expédition projetée par celui-ci. Après* la mort de ''Mlle Lebègue. — L'enquête Les résultats de l'enquête :poursuivie par les inspecteurs ,de hk-SûrdÚ seli-iblent démontrer que l'ex-amie. de M. Boncourt, Mme M., est étrangère à l'agression commise dan? le train de Versailles contre Mlle Vjiéloire Letègue.. • Par contre, on:a établi qu'en gare d'Asnières deux, jeunes gens prirent. place dans le compartiment, voisin de celui où monta 'Mlle Li-Uèguè. L'un d'eux,en gare de Gourbevoie, aurait pris place dans le compartiment de sa victime. Un détail-confirme cette hypothèse : c'est que l'agresseur de la jeune fille lui arracha, tout de suite son réticule et ne fit usage de son revolver que par la, suite. Drame .sanglant aux Lilas Au 17, rue de la IVéïtublique, aux Lilas, est silut'ré une maison d'aspect coquet, a un étage;" r Cet étage ét'ail'Occupé" depuis six semaines par le ménage ,HUl:dy. Le mari était âgé "té-trente-cinq ans; et Mme Clémentine Hardy,, née Roquet, de * ans. M. Harcty, hor'logér, ayant travaillé dans plusieurs maisons de Paris, s'était établi à son compte, depuis son mariage, il y a un mois. La concorde ne semblait nullement régner dans le nouveau ménage. M. Hardy, de caractère assez doux, pourtant, ne supportait qu'avec impatience les railleries de sa fenïme qui cherchait. sans cessé à exciter sa jalousie, lui répétant qu'elle avait, avant son mariage, refusé de très beaux partis 'et des situations de beaucoup supérieures ù la sienne. A plusieurs reprises déjà, des-scènes assez violentes avaient été entendues des voisins. 1 ;, Samedi soir,' les époux Hardy avaient diné en compagnie de M. Hardy père, éga-" lement horloger aux Lilas. Vers dix heures,. M. Hardy regagna son logis. Que se passa-t-il ensuite ? On ne sait. Toujours est-il que vers deux heures du matin les voisins entendirent des cris perçants provenant de l'appartement des deux époux. Un voisin nous dit même qu'ila entendu crier' « On me tue ! » Puis tout retomba dans le silence. A cinq heures du matin, Hardy, sortit de son appartement et referma la porte, à clef. Cela surprit, vivement les personnes, qui avaient entendu la seèned-e la-nuit ', Aussi, vers sent heures, l'un des voisins, inquiet, frappa a la porte, sans obtenir de' réponse: Surpris, il alla chercher le frère de Mme Hardy, M. Roquet, employé à la Compagnie 'du Gaz. Celui-ci, qui possédait une clef de l'appartement, ouvrit la porte.,.. 1 Dans la chambre à coucher, il découvrit, étendue à terre, en chemise, sa sœur, inanimée.' Un iét de sang sxéchappàit de sa gorge. Près de là, un rasoir ensanglanté. La chafnhre en désordre, dés draps tachés de.sang, traînant à terre, indiquaient qu'il y avait eu une lutte violente: Immédiatement -prévenu, M. Gaud, commissaire de police, se rendit sur les lieux pour procéder à une enquêté. Il acquit la certitude que c'est à la suite de la scène'provoquée par la femme Hardy, que le drame se déroula. ,..: On n'a plus. revu Hardy, mais son passage a été signalé aux Lilas, et son arrestation nesaurait tarder. PROVINCE Une débitante enlevée Corbeil, 17 novembre. Mme Hélène Duthil, âgée de 56 ans, tient un débit de vins à Limeil-Brévanncs, 10, avenue de Clermont. Sous prétexte de négocier avec elle l'achat de son fonds et de l'emmener voir, une de ses amies au Raincy, une dame l'invita à monter dans un autotaxi arrêté devant la porte du débit. Sans défiance aucune, Jnic Duthil prit place dans l'auto.. Mais au même instant, le véhicule démarra et fila sur Paris. Mme puthit réussit cependant ù. sauter à terre et revint, toute tremblante, ù son domicile. Pendant. sa courte absence, des malfaiteurs avaient pénétré dans le débit qu'ils auraient, cambriolé, si un voisin de la débitante ne les avait mis en fuite. I>'a.prè|3 -les renseignements qu'a fournis Mme Duthil, la femme qui se trouvait dans l'auto paraît, âgée de cinquante-cinq ans. Le chauffeur, de corpulence assez forte, est un jeune homme, qui peut avoir 25 ans. Tous deux sont activement recherchés. (. Le mauvais temps dans le Yar 'Toulon, 17 novembre. — La température rigoureuse qui sévit dans la région .a fait une victime. Un rentier, Claude Sériés, cinquante-huit ans, est mort frappé d'une congestion, au jardin de la ville. Dans leVar, on signale des chutes de neige, à Brignoles, à Pourcieux, Nons et Cuers. Le temps continue à être froid. Querelle tragique Toulon, 17 novembre. Le jeune Paul Sanna a été trouvé agonisant hier soir, vera quatre heures, le long du-, mur du •' chantier Magnier, à Missiessy. S'étant pris de querelle avec le manœuvre Barchini. il fut frappé par ce dernier. d'un coup de bouteille, * eLu niveau dô'la ré» gion temporale gauche. Sanna crut que sa blessure n'était pat grave ; il se rendit à son travail, il quitta , le chantier quelques instants après et alla tomber le long du mur où il a été dé cou, vert. > ■ Transporté à l'infirmerie du Dépôt, il ex' pirait des son arrivée. Le coupable est re< cherché. Un alcoolique réduit en bouillie la tète d. sa sœur Verdun, 17 novembre. A Bonzée-en(.. ; Wœvre, .à treize kilomètres de Verdun, on • > a découvert, ù son domicile, le corps affreusemenl mutilé de Mlle Henriette Grosjean. Les soupçons les plus graves, pèsent sur, son frère., un alcoolique invétéré, que. Isa * gendarmes de Fresnes-en-Woèvre ont Lwi , fêté. Au cours d'une perquisition, on a trouvédes pièces compromettantes pour lui,, bien qu'il eût pris des précautions pour-faire; disparaître les traces de son crime. La fratricide a frappé sa sœur avec une telle force, que la tête ne formait plus qu'une « bouillie sanglante. Habiles filous Limoges, 17 novembre. — Hier matii^ M. Barriant-Léger, 41 ans, employé de M Péret, directeur d'une scierie mécanique avenue des Charentes, sortait du Comptoir d'Escompte, porteur de 2,800 francs, quand il rencontra un individu qui se mit a lui parler des Balkans et de l'équilibre européen. Peu à peu, mis en en confiance, Barriaut" se laissa accompagner par l'inconnu boulevard Carnot. Un instant après, un çqm-, père les aborda et demanda où se trouvait le dispensaire de la Croix-Rouge, où. il' avait une importante somme à verser. Barrinnt et son compagnon s'offrirent è. -l'y conduire. Arrivés au Champ-de-Juillet, • le deuxième larron feignit de ne pas très. bien parler français, étant Anglais d'ori gine, et pria NI. Barriant d'aller lui acheter. à la pharmacie voisine uneboite de pas; tilles Vahla. Il lui remit 2. francs. à cet.. effet et s'offrit à lui garder sa sacoche pendant ce temps. Sans défiance, Barriant corn1 ut à la phat' macie non sans avoir, au préalatlè, romis sa sacoche. Quand il '('st, revenu, les jeux. filous avaient disparu.. :— ETRANGER ——— L'affaire "'ilmart Bruxelles, 17 novembre. — Lelfrère du désormais fameux Nestor. Wilmart, Henry, a été remis en liberté, hier matin à Bruxelles, après avoir renoncé à tous ceux de ses biens qui lui venaient des libéralités do" l'escroc. Ii reste inculpé de participation à lafaillite frauduleuse. Nestor est poursuivi pour fabrication et émission de' faux titres et banqueroute frauduleuse e Hamblème, pour complicité dans la fabrication et l'émission * de faux titres. Ce dernier reste détenu ; Waechter, Dethier et Vrithof pour compli-, cité d'émission de faux titres. La police avait retrouvé la trace de Nes.. .tor Wilmart, mais cette dernière, aurait été perdue près de Dijon. —<*» — BIBLIOGRAPHIE -. Le « Monde contemporain n. A partir du 1er novembre, le Monde contemporain, journal illustré. sera complétement transformé et paraîtra sur grand format, sous couverture de" coul-eur, avec de nombreuses photographies d'actualités. La direction en a été confiée à notre confrère Pierre Desclaux et la rédaction en Chef à notre confrère Charles Achard. ---------- M _ffTt m LA-GUERRE EN i ORIENT ""Æ t ————' L'ATTITUDE DE LA RUSSIE 1 Saint-Pétérsbourg, 17 novembre. — La Hossia publie la note suivante: « On lit dans ck-scort.Cspon-dances parti1 culière de Londres et de Paris publiées, par 1 le JVovoié Vrémi'a, que' notre ministre des Affaires' étrangères, M. Sazonof, s'est abstenu d'appuyer les réclamations serbes pour un port sur l'Adriatique, sous 1 influence d'une conversation qu'il a eue avec l'ambassadeur d'Allemagne, comte de Pourtalès. Celui-ci aurait déclaré que si, àcause de cette question, un conflit éclatait entre la Russie et l'Autriche, l'Allemagne soutiendrait l'Autriche. c Le journal cité, en propageant de tels bruits, semble tendre à discréditer dans l'opinion publique, l'autorité du gouvernement russe. Il n'est pas sensé d'attribuer à l' Allemagne une démarche qui porterait un coup irrémédiable aux bonnes relations que Saint-Pêlersbourg et Berlin s'efforcent dans le même esprit de conserver. "« Ea ce q-ui concerne l'attitude que la Russie estimera nécessaire d'assumer au sujet de la liquidation de la guerre et des. questions diverses qui s'y rattachent, le gouvernement russe, contrairement aux assertions de personnalités sans mandat, n'a aliéné en quoi que ce soit sa liberté d'action et est résolu à se. laisser guider exclusivement par les intérêts russes ». L'ACTION MONTENEGRINE Cettigné, 17 novembre. — On assure ici Jormencm:e.(lt que les troupes nionténégrilies ont occupé. Saint-Jean-de-Medua. Le préfet d'Antivairi y serait allé hier et y retournerait aujourd'hui. Scutari est complètement entouré par les troupes monténégrines, dont une partie se sont approchées jusqu'à mille mètres de la ville. La ^ésTstancé de Scutari parait devoir Être très courte, et si elle n'est pas tombée plus tôt aux, ,mÜn,) 'G.e,s Monténégrins, c'est uniquement, dit-on,parce que le roi n'a pas foulu faire verser inutilement le sang. La DOlonne s-vyl du général Martinovitch a livré hier et avant-hier des combats aux troupes turques, qui ont été battues et ont laissé de nombreux tués et blessés, une demi-battecie de'caîïonis et-des munitioms. Les Monténégrins ont fait prisonniers des Nizams et Baclii-Bouzoucks. • LA MEDIATION Belgrade, 17 novembre. — L'activité diplomatique ne 'se ralentit pas. Les échnii es de visites entre les représentants étrangers et le ministre des Affaires étrangères et -entre les ministres étrangers eux-mêmes continuent sans interruption et sont plus fréquents encore depuis le retour de M. Pacilch. Un nouveau Conseil de cabinet a été tenu aujourd'hui.. Un fait. très favorablement commenté dans les milieux diplomatiques es't le retard qui se produit dans l'occupation de Durazzo. Les troupes serbes auraient dû déjà y arrive i1 ou être signalées au moins sur la route de cette ville, alors qu'aucune nouvelle n'en est parvenue. Si ce retard est voulu, on fait remarquer qu'il prouve le désir de conciliation du gouvernement serbe en ne brusquant pas les événements ; s'il est accidentel, on ne peut que s'en Téliciter, puisqu'il permet à l'action.de l'Europe'de s'employer plus facilement et plus utilement que devant un fait accompli. UNE LETTRE DE C0NSTANTIN0PLE Un de nos amis nous communique les extraits suivants d'une lettre à lui adressée par un Français résidant en Turquie depuis tantôt quarante ans. Cette lettre, datée du 9 novembre, vient d'arriver à Paris «. Constantinople, 9 novembre. « .La partie éclairée des Turcs est consternée des revers éprouvés. Les autres sont d'une indifférence — tout au moins apparente -qu paraît inexplicable à celui qui ne connaît pas les Turcs. Ceux-ci ne se rendent pas compte des conséquences considérables de la défaite. Les premiers sont profondément humiliés. Ils étaient convaincus qu'en dix jours les -arr mées ottomanes seraient à Sofia. « Le gâchis dans l'administration militaire est à un point inconcevable. « Les réservistes qui arrivent à Constantinople pour rejoindre les corps combat tants, reslent parfois'plus de trente-six heures sans nourriture. Et cette nourriture consiste en pain sec. « Pas ou presque pas de service militaire. Les réservistes sont sans instruction militaire. La plupart n'ont jamais manié un fusil de guerre. Ils peuvent former un troupeau, ma'is non une troupe. Moi qui ai connu l'armée turque de la guerre russo-otto. mane, je suis frappé de la différence. , « Il n'arrive presque plus de recrues de L'Asie.. a Il y en a bien encore à appeler en Mésopotamie, en Syrie, en Arabie. Mais elles sont trop loin, et les moyens de transport font défaut. « La mer est impraticable à cause de la marine grecque. Par terre, il faudrait 30, 40 et même 50 jours. Puis, que vaudraient des hommes entraînés par une marche aussi prolongée ? « A mon avis, cela considéré, la partie est donc perdue pour les Turcs. « ils peuvent, à force de bravoure, remporter quelqùes succès passagers sans lendemain. C'est tout. Ils seront sans effet sur le résultat final de la campagne La Macédoine est définitivement perdue pour eux ; peut-être même une partie de la Thrace, et l'Albanie redeviendra-autonome. « La ville parait calme, mais elle est fort inquiète. Tout le monde s'attend à des massacres. Beaucoup partent précipitamment. C'est presque de la panique. Il faut reconnaître qu'on l'encourage, au lieu d'essayer de la dissiper. ; « A l'instant, on me dit que l'ambassade' de France s'est fait envoyer deux canons Hotchkiss par le navire stationnaire. Je ne veux pas croire à cette nouvelle. Si le représentant de la France croit au danger qu'il fasse venir un ou deux cuirassés français dans le Bosphore. Ils seront autrement imposants et cilicaces queles petits ——————————— 8t+4--. Consulat russe attaqué Czernowitx, 17. novembre. — Environ .30 étudiants, de l'Ukraine ;ont brisé, ce soir,, à coups de pierres, les fenêtres du consulat de Russie. L'écusson est resté intact. La police, intervenue aussitôt, n'a pas pu empêcher l'incident. Les mesurés les. plus rigoureuses ont été prises., La plus grande partie des coupables ont déjà été. arrêtés., Le comte Méran, président du pays, s'est rendu immédiatement chez le consul de Russie pour lui exprimer l'es regretsdu gouvernement provincial au sujet de l'incident. , Contre la Guerre Londres, 17" novembre. — Un grand meeting organisé par la section anglaise du Bureau international socialiste-travailliste, a eu lieu ce soir h Londres; pour protester contre l'intervention éventuelle des grandes * puissances dans les affaires balkaniques. M. Keir Hardie, le député socialistetravailliste, présidait. Il a déclaré qu'aujourd'hui; dans cinq, capitales européennes, la voix unifiée des travailleurs organisés se faisait entendre pour protester çontre le crime de la guerre'. Un jour, s'il était nécessaire, a-t-il .ajouté, les travailleurs du monde entier s'assembleraient simultanément et, proclameraient la lutte internationale révolutionnaire contre la guerre, de, façon à en" finir' une fois pour toutes avec celle-ci.
| 44,377 |
http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/3a13cd1a-e6df-4005-a671-2f90a715f06e_6
|
Eurovoc
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,004 |
Porozumienie w sprawie współpracy naukowej i technologicznej między Wspólnotą Europejską i Europejską Wspólnotą Energii Atomowej, z jednej strony, a Konfederacją Szwajcarską, z drugiej strony
|
None
|
Dutch
|
Spoken
| 11,454 | 21,496 |
gads) (še turpmāk –– “EK un Euratom sestās pamatprogrammas”); (1) OV L 114, 30. 4. 2002. , 468. lpp. (2) OV L 232, 29. 8. 2002. , 1. lpp. (3) OV L 355, 30. 12. 2002. , 23. lpp. (4) OV L 294, 29. 10. 2002. , 1. lpp. (5) OV L 294, 29. 10. 2002. , 44. lpp. (6) OV L 294, 29. 10. 2002. , 60. lpp. (7) OV L 232, 29. 8. 2002. , 34. lpp. (8) OV L 355, 30. 12. 2002. , 35. lpp. (9) OV L 294, 29. 10. 2002. , 74. lpp. (10) OV L 294, 29. 10. 2002. , 86. lpp. 66 LV Eiropas Savienības Oficiālais Vēstnesis 11/49. sēj. TĀ KĀ, neskarot Kopienu dibināšanas līgumu noteikumus, šis nolīgums un jebkuras darbības, kas stājās spēkā saskaņā ar to, nekādā veidā neietekmēs tās pilnvaras, kas piešķirtas dalībvalstīm starpvalstu darbības uzsākšanai ar Šveici zinātnes, tehnoloģijas, pētniecības un attīstības jomā un, ja nepieciešams, nolīgumu noslēgšanai šim nolūkam; ir vienojušās par TURPMĀKO. 1. pants Priekšmets 1. Šveices līdzdalības veids un nosacījumi attiecībā uz pilnīgu EK un Euratom sesto programmu īstenošanu ir tādi, kā paredzēts šajā nolīgumā, neskarot sintēzes nolīguma noteikumus. Šveicē dibinā- tas juridiskas vienības var piedalīties visās EK un Euratom sesto pamatprogrammu īpašajās programmās. 2. Šveices juridiskas vienības var piedalīties Kopienu Kopīgā pēt- niecības centra darbībās, ciktāl uz šo līdzdalību neattiecas 1. punkts. 3. Kopienās dibinātas juridiskas vienības, tostarp Kopīgais pētnie- cības centrs, var piedalīties pētniecības programmās un/vai pro- jektos Šveicē jomās, kas ir līdzvērtīgas programmu jomām EK un Euratom sestajās pamatprogrammās. 4. Šajā nolīgumā “juridiska vienība” ir fiziska vai juridiska per- sona, kas izveidota saskaņā ar reģistrācijas valsts tiesību aktiem vai Kopienu tiesībām un kam ir juridiskas personas statuss, un kas ir tiesīga savā vārdā uzņemties jebkāda veida tiesības un pienāku- mus. Tās, inter alia, ietver universitātes, pētnieciskas organizācijas, rūpnieciskus uzņēmumus, kā arī mazos un vidējos uzņēmumu un privātpersonas. 2. pants Sadarbības veidi un līdzekļi Sadarbība notiek šādā veidā: 1. Šveicē dibinātu juridisko vienību līdzdalība visās īpašajās prog- rammās, kas pieņemtas saskaņā ar EK un Euratom sestajām pamatprogrammām, saskaņā ar noteikumiem, kas paredzēti uzņēmumu, pētniecības centru un universitāšu līdzdalībai gan Eiropas Kopienas pētniecības, tehnoloģijas attīstības un demonstrējumu pasākumos, gan Eiropas Atomenerģijas kopienas pētniecības un mācību pasākumos. Šveici apsver tāpat kā Eiropas Savienības dalībvalstis, veicot jebkuru netiešu darbību atbilstoši EK sestajai pamatprogram- mai, pamatojoties uz Eiropas Kopienas dibināšanas līguma 169. pantu, ja tajā pašā netiešajā darbībā piedalās vismaz divas dalībvalstis vai asociētas kandidātvalstis. 2. Šveices finanšu iemaksas tādu programmu budžetos, kuras pieņemtas EK un Euratom sesto pamatprogrammu īstenošanai, kā tas ir definēts 5. panta 2. punktā. 3. Kopienā dibinātu juridisku vienību līdzdalība Šveices pētnie- cības programmās un/vai projektos, par kuriem Federālā padome ir pieņēmusi lēmumu jomās, kas ir līdzvērtīgas EK un Euratom sesto pamatprogrammu jomām, saskaņā ar Šveices noteikumos paredzētajiem attiecīgajiem noteikumiem un vie- nošanos ar īpašo projektu partneriem, kā arī Šveices atbilstošo programmu pārvaldību. Kopienās dibinātas juridiskās vienī- bas, kas piedalās Šveices pētniecības programmās un/vai pro- jektos, pašas sedz savus izdevumus, tostarp to relatīvo daļu attiecībā uz projekta vispārējās vadības un administratīvajām izmaksām. 4. Papildus laicīgai informācijas un dokumentu sniegšanai par EK un Euratom sesto pamatprogrammu un Šveices programmu un/vai projektu īstenošanu, Pušu sadarbība var ietvert šādus veidus un līdzekļus: a) regulāra viedokļu apmaiņa par pētniecības politikas pamat- nostādnēm un prioritātēm, kā arī plāniem Šveicē un Kopie- nās; b) viedokļu apmaiņa par sadarbības perspektīvām un attīstī- bu; c) laicīga informācijas apmaiņa par pētniecības programmu un projektu īstenošanu Šveicē un Kopienās un saskaņā ar šo nolīgumu veiktā darba rezultātiem; d) apvienotās sanāksmes; e) pētnieku, inženieru un tehniķu vizītes un apmaiņas brau- cieni; f) Šveices un Kopienu programmu vai projektu vadītāju regu- lāri kontakti un uzraudzība; g) ekspertu līdzdalība semināros, simpozijos un darba grupās. 3. pants Pielāgošana Sadarbību var pielāgot un attīstīt jebkurā laikā, abām Pusēm savstarpēji vienojoties. 11/49. sēj. LV Eiropas Savienības Oficiālais Vēstnesis 67 4. pants 6. pants Intelektuālā īpašuma tiesības un pienākumi Šveices/Kopienu pētījumu komisija 1. Saskaņā ar A pielikumu un piemērojamiem tiesību aktiem, Šveicē dibinātām juridiskām vienībām, kas piedalās Kopienas pēt- niecības programmās, attiecībā uz šādas līdzdalības rezultātā radušās informācijas un intelektuālā īpašuma īpašumtiesībām, izmantošanas tiesībām un izplatīšanu ir tādas pašas tiesības un pienākumi kā Kopienās dibinātām juridiskām vienībām. Šo notei- kumu nepiemēro tādos projektos iegūtiem rezultātiem, kas sākti pirms šī nolīguma stāšanās spēkā. 1. Ar pamatnolīgumu izveidotā Šveices/Kopienu pētījumu komi- teja pārskata, novērtē un nodrošina šī nolīguma pareizu īstenoša- nu. Jebkurus jautājumus, kas izriet no šā nolīguma īstenošanas vai interpretācijas, iesniedz šai komitejai. 2. Komiteja var pieņemt lēmumu grozīt atsauces uz Kopienas tie- sību aktiem C pielikumā. 2. Saskaņā ar A pielikumu un piemērojamiem tiesību aktiem, Kopienā dibinātām juridiskām vienībām, kas piedalās Šveices pēt- niecības programmās un/vai projektos, kā paredzēts 2. panta 3. punktā, attiecībā uz šādas līdzdalības rezultātā radušās infor- mācijas un intelektuālā īpašuma īpašumtiesībām, izmantošanas tiesībām un izplatīšanu ir tādas pašas tiesības un pienākumi kā Šveicē dibinātām juridiskām vienībām, kas piedalās attiecīgajās programmās un/vai projektos. 5. pants Finanšu noteikumi 1. Saistības, ko Kopienas ir uzņēmušās pirms šā nolīguma stāša- nās spēkā, kā arī maksājumi, kas izriet no tām, neprasa nekādas iemaksas no Šveices. Šveices finanšu iemaksas, kas izriet no līdz- dalības EK un Euratom sesto pamatprogrammu īstenošanā, nosaka proporcionāli un papildus summai, kas katru gadu ir pieejama Eiropas Savienības vispārējā budžetā saistību asignējumiem, lai izpildītu Komisijas finanšu saistības attiecībā uz darbu, kas jāveic šajā nolīgumā ietverto programmu un pasākumu īstenošanai, pār- valdībai un darbības nodrošināšanai. 2. Proporcionalitātes koeficientu, kas regulē Šveices iemaksas EK un Euratom sestajās pamatprogrammās, izņemot kodolpro- grammu, iegūst, nosakot attiecību starp Šveices iekšzemes kop- produktu tirgus cenās un Eiropas Savienības dalībvalstu iekšze- mes kopproduktu summu tirgus cenās. Šveices iemaksu kodolprogrammā joprojām aprēķina, pamatojoties uz atbilstošo nolīgumu. Šo attiecību aprēķina, pamatojoties uz jaunākajiem Eiropas Kopienu Statistikas biroja statistikas datiem, kas ir pieejami tā paša gada Eiropas Savienības provizoriskā budžeta projekta pub- licēšanas laikā. 3. Noteikumi, kas reglamentē Šveices finanšu iemaksas, ir norā- dīti B pielikumā. 7. pants Līdzdalība 1. Neskarot 4. panta noteikumus, Šveicē dibinātām juridiskām vienībām, kas piedalās EK un Euratom sestajās pamatprogrammās, ir tādas pašas līgumtiesības un pienākumi kā Kopienās dibinātām juridiskām vienībām. 2. Attiecībā uz Šveicē dibinātām juridiskām vienībām priekšli- kumu iesniegšanai un novērtēšanai piemērojamie noteikumi un līgumu piešķiršanai un noslēgšanai saskaņā ar Kopienu program- mām piemērojamie noteikumi ir tie paši, kas ir piemērojami līgu- miem, kuri noslēgti ar Kopienā dibinātām juridiskām vienībām saskaņā ar tām pašām programmām. 3. Izvēloties vērtētājus vai arbitrus saskaņā ar Kopienu pētniecī- bas un tehnoloģiskās attīstības programmām, ņem vērā pienācīgu skaitu Šveices ekspertu. 4. Neskarot 1. panta 3. punkta, 2. panta 3. punkta un 4. panta 2. punkta noteikumus un esošos noteikumus un reglamentu, Kopienās dibinātas juridiskās vienības var piedalīties 2. panta 3. punktā minēto Šveices pētniecības programmu programmās un/vai projektos saskaņā ar noteikumiem, kas ir līdzvērtīgi Švei- ces partneriem piemērojamiem noteikumiem. Šveices iestādes var paredzēt, ka Kopienās dibināta viena vai vairākas juridiskas vienī- bas var piedalīties kādā projektā, ja tajā piedalās vismaz viena Šveices juridiska vienība. 8. pants Mobilitāte Katra puse apņemas saskaņā ar spēkā esošajiem noteikumiem un nolīgumiem garantēt ierobežota skaita pētnieku, kuri piedalās šajā nolīgumā ietvertajos pasākumos, ieceļošanu un uzturēšanos, ir nepieciešams attiecīgā pasākuma veiksmīgai ciktāl pabeigšanai. tas 68 LV Eiropas Savienības Oficiālais Vēstnesis 11/49. sēj. 9. pants 13. pants Pārskatīšana un turpmāka sadarbība Grozījumi un izbeigšana 1. Ja Kopienas pārskata vai paplašina to pētniecības programmas, tad šo nolīgumu var pārskatīt vai paplašināt, savstarpēji vienojo- ties par nosacījumiem. Puses apmainās ar informāciju un viedok- ļiem par jebkuru šādu pārskatīšanu vai paplašināšanu, kā arī jeb- kuriem jautājumiem, kas tieši vai netieši ietekmē Šveices sadarbību jomās, uz kurām attiecas EK un Euratom sestās pamatprogram- mas. Šveicei paziņo precīzu pārskatīto vai paplašināto pro- grammu saturu divu nedēļu laikā pēc tam, kad Kopienas tās pie- ņēmušas. Ja šādi pārskata vai paplašina pētniecības programmas, Šveice var pārtraukt šī nolīguma darbību, par to paziņojot sešus mēnešus iepriekš. Puses paziņo par jebkuru nodomu pārtraukt vai paplašināt šo nolīgumu trīs mēnešu laikā pēc Kopienu lēmuma pieņemšanas. 2. Ja Kopienas pieņem jaunu daudzgadu pamatprogrammu par pētniecības un tehnoloģiju attīstību, tad šo nolīgumu var atjaunot vai atkārtoti pārrunāt, Pusēm savstarpēji vienojoties par nosacīju- miem. Šveices/Kopienu pētījumu komitejā Puses apmainās ar informāciju un viedokļiem par šādu programmu sagatavošanu vai citiem pašreizējiem un turpmākiem pētniecības pasākumiem. 1. Šo nolīgumu piemēro EK un Euratom sesto pamatprogrammu darbības laikā. 2. Šo nolīgumu var grozīt tikai rakstiski, Pusēm savstarpēji vie- nojoties. Procedūra attiecībā uz grozījumu stāšanos spēkā ir tāda pati kā šim nolīgumam piemērojamā procedūra. 3. Katra Puse var izbeigt šo nolīgumu jebkurā laikā, par to rak- stiski paziņojot sešus mēnešus iepriekš. 4. Projektus un darbības, kas šā nolīguma izbeigšanas un/vai ter- miņa beigšanās brīdī nav pabeigtas, turpina līdz to pilnīgai izpil- dei saskaņā ar nosacījumiem, kas paredzēti šajā nolīgumā. Puses savstarpēji vienojas par jebkurām citām izbeigšanas sekām. 14. pants Stāšanās spēkā un provizoriska piemērošana 10. pants Saistība ar citiem starptautiskiem nolīgumiem 1. Šo nolīgumu Puses ratificē vai noslēdz saskaņā ar to attiecīga- jiem noteikumiem. Tas stājas spēkā dienā, kad veic galīgo pazi- ņojumu par šim nolūkam vajadzīgo procedūru pabeigšanu, un stājas spēkā 2004. gada 1. janvārī. Šā nolīguma noteikumus piemēro, neskarot priekšrocības, kas paredzētas ar citiem starptautiskiem nolīgumiem, kuri ir saistoši vienai no Pusēm, un attiecas tikai uz minētās Puses teritorijā dibinātām juridiskām vienībām. 2. Ja parakstītā nolīguma ratificēšanas vai noslēgšanas procedū- ras nav pabeigtas 2003. gadā, tad Puses piemēro šo nolīgumu provizoriski no 2004. gada 1. janvāra, līdz tas stājas spēkā. 11. pants Teritoriālā piemērošana Ja viena no Pusēm informē otru, ka tā nenoslēdz nolīgumu, tad ar šo vienojas, ka — Kopienas atmaksā Šveicei tās iemaksas Eiropas Savienības vis- pārējā budžetā, kā paredzēts 2. panta 2. punktā, Šo nolīgumu piemēro, no vienas puses, teritorijās, uz kurām attiecas Kopienu dibināšanas līgumi, un saskaņā ar minēto līgumu noteikumiem, un no otras puses, Šveices teritorijā. — tomēr līdzekļus, ko Kopienas ir iedalījušas Šveicē dibinātu juri- disku vienību līdzdalībai netiešās darbībās, tostarp 2. panta 1. punktā paredzētos atmaksājumus, Kopienas atskaita no iepriekš minētajiem atmaksājumiem, 12. pants Pielikumi Šā nolīguma neatņemama sastāvdaļa ir A, B un C pielikums. — projektus un pasākumus, kas sākti šīs provizoriskās piemēro- šanas laikā un ko joprojām veic iepriekšminētā paziņojuma veikšanas brīdī, turpina līdz to pabeigšanai saskaņā ar šajā nolīgumā paredzētajiem nosacījumiem. Nolīgums sagatavots divos eksemplāros angļu, dāņu, franču, grie- ķu, holandiešu, itāļu, portugāļu, somu, spāņu, vācu un zviedru valodā, un visi teksti ir vienlīdz autentiski. 11/49. sēj. LV Eiropas Savienības Oficiālais Vēstnesis 69 Hecho en Bruselas, el dieciséis de enero de dos mil cuatro. Udfærdiget i Bruxelles den sekstende januar to tusind og fire. Geschehen zu Brüssel am sechzehnten Januar zweitausendundvier. Έγινε στις Βρυξέλλες, στις δεκαέξι Ιανουαρίου δύο χιλιάδες τέσσερα. Done at Brussels on the sixteenth day of January in the year two thousand and four. Fait à Bruxelles, le seize janvier deux mille quatre. Fatto a Bruxelles, addì sedici gennaio duemilaquattro. Gedaan te Brussel, de zestiende januari tweeduizendvier. Feito em Bruxelas, em dezasseis de Janeiro de dois mil e quatro. Tehty Brysselissä kuudentenatoista päivänä tammikuuta vuonna kakstituhattaneljä. Som skedde i Bryssel den sextonde januari tjugohundrafyra. Por la Comunidad Europea For Det Europæiske Fællesskab Für die Europäische Gemeinschaft Για την Ευρωπαϊκή Κοινότητα For the European Community Pour la Communauté européenne Per la Comunità europea Voor de Europese Gemeenschap Pela Comunidade Europeia Euroopan yhteisön puolesta För Europeiska gemenskapen Por la Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica For Det Europæiske Atomenergifællesskab Für die Europäische Atomgemeinschaft Για την Ευρωπαϊκή Κοινότητα Ατομικής Ενέργειας For the European Atomic Energy Community Pour la Communauté européenne de l’énergie atomique Per la Comunità europea dell’energia atomica Voor de Europese Gemeenschap voor Atoomenergie Pela Comunidade Europeia da Energia Atómica Euroopan atomienergiayhteisön puolesta För Europeiska atomenergigemenskapen 70 LV Eiropas Savienības Oficiālais Vēstnesis 11/49. sēj. Für die Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Pour la Confédération suisse Per la Confederazione svizzera 11/49. sēj. LV Eiropas Savienības Oficiālais Vēstnesis 71 A PIELIKUMS PRINCIPI, PĒC KĀDIEM PIEŠĶIR INTELEKTUĀLĀ ĪPAŠUMA TIESĪBAS I. DARBĪBAS JOMA Šajā nolīgumā “intelektuālais īpašums” jāsaprot tādā nozīmē, kāda noteikta 2. pantā 1967. gada 14. jūlijā Stokholmā parakstītajā Konvencijā par Pasaules intelektuālā īpašuma organizācijas dibināšanu. Šajā nolīgumā “zināšanas” ir rezultāti, tostarp informācija, ko ir vai nav iespējams aizsargāt, kā arī autortiesības un tiesības, kuras attiecas uz šādu informāciju un ir saistītas ar pieteikumiem attiecībā uz patentu, dizainparaugu, augu šķirņu, papildu aizsardzības sertifikātu vai tamlīdzīgu aizsardzības veidu saņemšanu vai to izdošanu. II. PUŠU JURIDISKO VIENĪBU INTELEKTUĀLĀ ĪPAŠUMA TIESĪBAS 1. Katra Puse nodrošina, ka attieksme pret otras Puses juridisko vienību, kuras piedalās saskaņā ar šo nolīgumu veiktās darbībās, intelektuālā īpašuma tiesībām, kā arī pret tiesībām un pienākumiem, kas izriet no šādas līdzdalības, ir tāda, kas ir saderīga ar attiecīgajām, Pusēm piemērojamām, starptautiskajām konvencijām, jo īpaši ar Līgumu par intelektuālā īpašuma tiesībām, kas saistītas ar tirdzniecību, ko administrē Pasaules tirdzniecības organizācija, ar Bernes konvenciju (1971. gada Parīzes akts) un ar Parīzes konvenciju (1967. gada Stokholmas akts). 2. Šveicē dibinātām juridiskām vienībām, kas piedalās netiešās darbībās saskaņā EK un Euratom sestajām pamatprogrammām, ir intelektuālā īpašuma tiesības un pienākumi saskaņā ar nosacījumiem, kas izklāstīti Eiropas Parlamenta un Padomes Regulā (EK) Nr. 2321/2002, Padomes Regulā (Euratom) Nr. 2322/2002 un līgumā, kas noslēgts ar Eiropas Kopienu, atbilstoši šīs sadaļas 1. punktam. Ja Šveice piedalās netiešā darbībā saskaņā ar EK sesto pamatprogrammu, kas īstenota atbilstoši Eiropas Kopienas dibināšanas līguma 169. pantam, tad Šveicei ir tādas pašas intelektuālā īpašuma tiesības un pienākumi kā dalībvalstīm, kas tajā piedalās, kā paredzēts ar Eiropas Parlamenta un Padomes attiecīgo lēmumu un ar līgumu, kas noslēgts ar Eiropas Kopienu, atbilstoši šīs sadaļas 1. punktam. 3. Eiropas Savienības dalībvalstī dibinātām juridiskām vienībām, kas piedalās Šveices pētniecības programmās un/vai projektos, ir tādas pašas intelektuālā īpašuma tiesības un pienākumi kā juridiskām vienībām, kas dibinātas Šveicē un kas piedalās šajās pētniecības programmās vai projektos, atbilstoši šīs sadaļas 1. punktam. III. PUŠU INTELEKTUĀLĀ ĪPAŠUMA TIESĪBAS 1. Ja Puses nevienojas citādi, tad saskaņā ar šā nolīguma 2. panta 4. punktu veikto darbību laikā Pušu radītajām zināšanām piemēro šādus noteikumus: a) zināšanu īpašuma tiesības ir Pusei, kura tās rada. Ja nav iespējams noteikt to darba daļas, tad zināšanu īpašuma tiesības ir abām pusēm; b) Puse, kurai ir īpašuma tiesības, piešķir otrai Pusei tiesības piekļūt zināšanām attiecībā uz šā nolīguma 2. panta 4. punktā minētajām darbībām. Tiesības piekļūt zināšanās piešķir bez maksas. 2. Ja vien Puses nevienojas citādi, Pušu zinātniskajai literatūrai piemēro šādus noteikumus: a) ja datus, informāciju un tehniskos vai zinātniskos rezultātus, kas izriet no atbilstoši šim nolīgumam veiktām darbībām, Puse publicē žurnālos, rakstos, ziņojumos un grāmatās, ietverot audiovizuālos darbus un programmatūru, tad otrai Pusei piešķir tiesības ar neekskluzīvu, neatsaucamu, bezhonorāra licenci visā pasaulē tulkot, pielāgot un publiski izplatīt attiecīgos darbus; b) ar autortiesībām aizsargāto datu un informācijas visos eksemplāros, kas ir publiski izplatāmi un sagatavoti saskaņā ar šo sadaļu, ir norādīts(-i) autora(-u) vārds(-i), ja vien autors nav skaidri atteicies no sava vārda norādīšanas. Uz eksemplāriem ir arī skaidri redzams Pušu kopējā atbalsta apliecinājums. 3. Ja vien Puses nevienojas citādi, Pušu nepieejamai informācijai piemēro šādus noteikumus: a) b) sniedzot otrai Pusei informāciju par darbībām, kas veiktas saskaņā ar šo nolīgumu, katra Puse norāda informāciju, kuru tā vēlas saglabāt nepieejamu; šī nolīguma piemērošanas īpašajiem mērķiem, saņēmēja Puse var uz savu atbildību nosūtīt nepieejamo informāciju iestādēm vai personām, kuras ir tās pakļautībā; 72 LV c) Eiropas Savienības Oficiālais Vēstnesis 11/49. sēj. ja ir saņemta iepriekšēja rakstveida piekrišana no Puses, kas sniedz nepieejamo informāciju, tad saņēmēja Puse drīkst izplatīt minēto informāciju plašāk, nekā tas atļauts b) apakšpunktā. Puses sadarbojas, izstrādājot procedūras, kas ievērojamas, lai pieprasītu un iegūtu iepriekšēju rakstisku piekrišanu plašākai izplatīšanai, un katra Puse sniedz šādu rakstisku piekrišanu, ciktāl to pieļauj tās politika un normatīvie akti; d) nepieejamai vai citādi konfidenciālai informācijai, kas nav dokumentāra un ko sniedz semināros vai citās Pušu pārstāvju sanāksmēs, kas notiek saskaņā ar šo nolīgumu, vai informācijai, kuru uzzina no personāla vai lietojot iekārtas, vai veicot netiešu darbību, ir jāpaliek konfidenciālai, ja šādas nepieejamas vai citādi konfidenciālas vai īpašas informācijas saņēmējs ir informēts par informācijas konfidencialitāti pirms tās paziņošanas, atbilstoši a) apakšpunktam; e) katra Puse nodrošina, ka nepieejamo informāciju, kuru tā iegūst atbilstoši 3. punkta a) un d) apakšpunktam, kontrolē, kā paredzēts šajā nolīgumā. Ja viena Puse konstatē, ka tā nevarēs ievērot vai ka ir paredzams, ka nevarēs ievērot a) un d) apakšpunktā iekļautos noteikumus par nepieejamību, tā tūlīt informē otru Pusi. Puses pēc tam apspriežas, lai noteiktu atbilstīgu rīcību. 11/49. sēj. LV Eiropas Savienības Oficiālais Vēstnesis 73 B PIELIKUMS FINANŠU NOTEIKUMI, KAS REGLAMENTĒ ŠĀ NOLĪGUMA 5. PANTĀ MINĒTĀS ŠVEICES IEMAKSAS I. FINANSIĀLAS LĪDZDALĪBAS NOTEIKŠANA 1. Kopā ar attiecīgajiem vispārējiem materiāliem pēc iespējas drīz un vēlākais katra gada 1. septembrī Komisija paziņo Šveicei: a) saistību asignējuma summu Eiropas Savienības provizoriskā budžeta projekta izdevumu sarakstā atbilstoši abām pamatprogrammām; b) aplēsto iemaksu summu, kas izriet no provizoriskā budžeta projekta, atbilstoši Šveices līdzdalībai abās pamatprogrammās. Tomēr, lai atvieglotu iekšējās budžeta procedūras, Komisijas dienesti sniedz atbilstošos orientējošos skaitļus vēlākais katra gada 30. maijā. 2. Tiklīdz ir pieņemts vispārējā budžeta galīgais variants, Komisija paziņo Šveicei iepriekšminētās summas izdevumu sarakstā, atbilstoši Šveices līdzdalībai. II. MAKSĀJUMA PROCEDŪRAS 1. Vēlākais katra finanšu gada 15. jūnijā un 15. novembrī Komisija sniedz Šveicei līdzekļu pieprasījumu atbilstoši tās iemaksām saskaņā ar šo nolīgumu. Šie līdzekļu pieprasījumi attiecīgi paredz šādus maksājumus: — sešas divpadsmitdaļas no Šveices iemaksām ne vēlāk kā 20. jūlijā, un — sešas divpadsmitdaļas no tās iemaksām – ne vēlāk kā 15. decembrī. 2. 3. Tomēr abu pamatprogrammu pēdējā gadā Šveices iemaksas pilnu summu maksā ne vēlāk kā 20. jūlijā. Šveices iemaksas izsaka un maksā euro. Šveice veic savas iemaksas saskaņā ar šo nolīgumu atbilstoši grafikam 1. punktā. Jebkura maksājuma aizkavēšana paaugstina procentu maksas likmi, kas ir līdzvērtīga piedāvātajai viena mēneša starpbanku likmei (Euribor), kā norādīts Telerate 248. lappusē. Šo likmi palielina par 1,5 % par katru kavējuma mēnesi. Palielināto likmi piemēro visam kavējuma periodam. Tomēr procenti jāmaksā tikai tad, ja iemaksas veic vairāk kā 30 dienas pēc 1. punktā paredzētajiem maksājumu datumiem. 4. Komandējumu izdevumus, kas radušies Šveices pārstāvjiem un ekspertiem, piedaloties pētniecības komiteju darbā un īstenojot abas pamatprogrammas, Komisija atmaksā saskaņā ar noteikumiem un procedūrām, kas tobrīd ir spēkā attiecībā uz Kopienu dalībvalstu pārstāvjiem un ekspertiem. III. ĪSTENOŠANAS NOSACĪJUMI 1. Šveices finanšu iemaksas abās pamatprogrammās atbilstoši šā nolīguma 5. pantam parasti paliek nemainītas attiecīgajam finanšu gadam. 2. Komisija, slēdzot katra finanšu gada (n) kontus un ņemot vērā ieņēmumu un izdevumu pārskata veidošanas sistēmu, noteiktā kārtībā noformē kontus attiecībā uz Šveices līdzdalību, ņemot vērā pārveidojumus, kas veikti vai nu ar pārvedumiem, anulēšanu, pārnesumiem vai papildinot vai grozot budžetu finanšu gada laikā. Šo noformēšanu veic gada n + 1 pirmā maksājuma brīdī. Tomēr pēdējo šādu noformēšanu veic ne vēlāk kā ceturtā gada jūlijā pēc abu pamatprogrammu beigām. Šveices maksājumus kreditē Eiropas Kopienu programmās kā budžeta ieņēmumus, kas iekļauti attiecīgajā budžeta pozīcijā Eiropas Savienības vispārējā budžeta ieņēmumu tāmē. IV. INFORMĀCIJA 1. Vēlākais katra finanšu gada (n + 1) 31. maijā sagatavo abu pamatprogrammu apropriāciju ziņojumu par iepriekšējo finanšu gadu (n) un nosūta Šveicei zināšanai atbilstoši Komisijas ieņēmumu un izdevumu pārskata veidam. 2. Komisija paziņo Šveicei visus citus vispārējus finanšu datus, kas attiecas uz abu pamatprogrammu īstenošanu un kas ir pieejami asociētajām valstīm. 74 LV Eiropas Savienības Oficiālais Vēstnesis 11/49. sēj. C PIELIKUMS ŠAJĀ NOLĪGUMĀ IETVERTO KOPIENAS PROGRAMMU ŠVEICES DALĪBNIEKU FINANŠU KONTROLE I. TIEŠA SAZIŅA Komisija tieši sazinās ar EK un Euratom sesto pamatprogrammu dalībniekiem, kas dibināti Šveicē, un to apakšuzņēmējiem. Tie var iesniegt tieši Komisijai visu būtisko informāciju un dokumentus, kas tiem ir jāiesniedz, pamatojoties uz šajā nolīgumā minētiem instrumentiem un līgumiem, kas noslēgti to īstenošanai. II. REVĪZIJAS 1. Atbilstoši Padomes 2002. gada 25. jūnija Regulai (EK, Euratom) Nr. 1605/2002 (1) un Komisijas Regulai (EK, Euratom) Nr. 2342/2002 (2) un citiem noteikumiem, kas minēti šajā nolīgumā, ar Šveicē dibinātiem programmu dalībniekiem noslēgtajos līgumos var paredzēt, ka zinātniskās, finanšu, tehnoloģiskās un citu darbību revīzijas veic Komisijas pārstāvji vai citas Komisijas pilnvarotas personas jebkurā laikā dalībnieku un to apakšuzņēmēju telpās. 2. Komisijas pārstāvjiem vai citām Komisijas pilnvarotām personām ir atbilstoša pieeja atrašanās vietām, darbiem un dokumentiem un visai informācijai, tostarp elektroniskā veidā, kas ir vajadzīga, lai veiktu šādas revīzijas. Piekļuves tiesības skaidri norādītas līgumos, kas noslēgti, lai īstenotu šajā nolīgumā minētos instrumentus. 3. Eiropas Revīzijas palātai ir tādas pašas tiesības kā Komisijai. 4. Revīzijas var veikt pēc EK un Euratom sesto pamatprogrammu vai šī nolīguma termiņa beigām saskaņā ar noteikumiem, kas paredzēti attiecīgajos līgumos. 5. Šveices federālo finanšu kontroli informē iepriekš par Šveices teritorijā veiktām revīzijām. Šāds paziņojums nav tiesisks priekšnoteikums šādu revīziju veikšanai. III. PĀRBAUDES UZ VIETAS 1. 2. Šajā nolīgumā Komisija (OLAF) ir pilnvarota veikt pārbaudes uz vietas un inspekcijas Šveices teritorijā, atbilstoši noteikumiem, kas paredzēti Padomes Regulā (Euratom, EK) Nr. 2185/96 (3). Inspekcijas un pārbaudes uz vietas Komisija sagatavo un veic ciešā sadarbībā ar Šveices federālo finanšu kontroli vai citām kompetentām Šveices iestādēm, kuras noteikusi Šveices federālo finanšu kontrole, kas laikus informējama par inspekciju un pārbaužu priekšmetu, mērķi un tiesisko pamatu, lai tās varētu sniegt vajadzīgo palīdzību. Šai nolūkā inspekcijās un pārbaudēs uz vietas var piedalīties Šveices kompetento iestāžu amatpersonas. 3. Ja attiecīgās Šveices iestādes to vēlas, pārbaudes uz vietas un inspekcijas tās var veikt kopā ar Komisiju. 4. Ja EK un Euratom sesto pamatprogrammu dalībnieki pretojas pārbaudei uz vietas vai inspekcijai, tad Šveices iestādes saskaņā ar valsts tiesību normām sniedz Komisijas inspektoriem vajadzīgo palīdzību, lai tie varētu izpildīt savu pienākumu veikt pārbaudi uz vietas vai inspekciju. 5. 5. 2. 2004 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie L 32/23 inzake wetenschappelijke en technologische samenwerking tussen de Europese Gemeenschap en de Europese Gemeenschap voor Atoomenergie, enerzijds, en de Zwitserse Bondsstaat, anderzijds OVEREENKOMST DE RAAD VAN DE EUROPESE UNIE, handelend namens de Europese Gemeenschap, en DE COMMISSIE VAN DE EUROPESE GEMEENSCHAPPEN, (hierna „de Commissie” genoemd) handelend namens de Europese Gemeenschap voor Atoomenergie, hierna samen „de Gemeenschappen” genoemd, enerzijds, en DE ZWITSERSE BONDSRAAD, handelend namens de Zwitserse Bondsstaat, hierna „Zwitserland” genoemd, anderzijds, hierna de „partijen” genoemd, OVERWEGENDE dat de nauwe banden tussen Zwitserland en de Gemeenschappen de partijen tot voordeel strekken; OVERWEGENDE het belang van wetenschappelijk en technologisch onderzoek voor de Gemeenschappen en voor Zwit- serland en hun wederzijdse belang bij samenwerking op dit gebied teneinde middelen beter te gebruiken en onnodig dubbel werk te vermijden; OVERWEGENDE dat Zwitserland en de Gemeenschappen momenteel onderzoeksprogramma's op gebieden van gemeen- schappelijk belang ten uitvoer leggen; OVERWEGENDE dat de Gemeenschappen en Zwitserland er belang bij hebben in deze programma's tot wederzijds voordeel van de partijen samen te werken; OVERWEGENDE het belang dat de partijen erbij hebben de wederzijdse toegang van hun onderzoeksentiteiten tot onderzoeks- en technologische ontwikkelingsactiviteiten in Zwitserland enerzijds en de kaderprogramma's van de Gemeenschappen voor onderzoeks- en technologische ontwikkeling anderzijds aan te moedigen; OVERWEGENDE dat de Europese Gemeenschap voor Atoomenergie en Zwitserland in 1978 een samenwerkingsover- eenkomst op het gebied van de beheerste thermonucleaire kernversmelting en plasmafysica hebben gesloten (hierna de „fusieovereenkomst” genoemd); OVERWEGENDE dat de partijen op 8 januari 1986 een kaderovereenkomst voor wetenschappelijke en technische samenwerking hebben gesloten, welke overeenkomst op 17 juli 1987 in werking is getreden (hierna de „kaderovereen- komst” genoemd); OVERWEGENDE dat in artikel 6 van de kaderovereenkomst is bepaald dat de in de kaderovereenkomst bedoelde samen- werking ten uitvoer dient te worden gelegd door middel van daartoe strekkende overeenkomsten; OVERWEGENDE dat de Gemeenschappen en Zwitserland op 21 juni 1999 een overeenkomst inzake wetenschappelijke en technologische samenwerking (1) hebben ondertekend, welke overeenkomst op 31 december 2002 afliep; OVERWEGENDE dat in artikel 9, lid 2, van die overeenkomst is voorzien in de hernieuwing van de overeenkomst met het oog op deelname aan nieuwe meerjarige kaderprogramma's voor onderzoek en technologische ontwikkeling onder onderling overeen te komen voorwaarden; technologische ontwikkeling en demonstratie (2002-2006) OVERWEGENDE dat het zesde kaderprogramma van de Europese Gemeenschap voor activiteiten op het gebied van onderzoek, „zesde EG-kaderprogramma” genoemd) is vastgesteld bij Besluit nr. 1513/2002/EG (2) en Verordening (EG) nr. 2321/2002 (3) van het Europees Parle- ment en de Raad en bij de Beschikkingen 2002/834/EG (4), 2002/835/EG (5) en 2002/836/EG (6) van de Raad en dat het zesde kaderprogramma van de Europese Gemeenschap voor Atoomenergie (Euratom) voor onderzoeks- en opleidingsac- tiviteiten inzake kernenergie, dat tevens bijdraagt tot de totstandbrenging van de Europese onderzoeksruimte (2002- 2006), is vastgesteld bij Besluit 2002/668/Euratom (7), Verordening (Euratom) nr. 2322/2002 (8) en de Beschikkingen 2002/837/Euratom (9) en 2002/838/Euratom (10) van de Raad (hierna de „zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom” genoemd); (hierna het (1) PB L 114 van 30. 4. 2002, blz. 468. (2) PB L 232 van 29. 8. 2002, blz. 1. (3) PB L 355 van 30. 12. 2002, blz. 23. (4) PB L 294 van 29. 10. 2002, blz. 1. (5) PB L 294 van 29. 10. 2002, blz. 44. (6) PB L 294 van 29. 10. 2002, blz. 60. (7) PB L 232 van 29. 8. 2002, blz. 34. (8) PB L 355 van 30. 12. 2002, blz. 35. (9) PB L 294 van 29. 10. 2002, blz. 74. (10) PB L 294 van 29. 10. 2002, blz. 86. L 32/24 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie 5. 2. 2004 OVERWEGENDE dat, onverminderd de bepalingen van de Verdragen tot oprichting van de Gemeenschappen, deze over- eenkomst en alle daaronder vallende activiteiten op generlei wijze afbreuk zullen doen aan de bevoegdheden van de lidstaten om met Zwitserland bilaterale activiteiten op het gebied van wetenschap, technologie, onderzoek en ontwikke- ling uit te voeren en in voorkomend geval daartoe overeenkomsten te sluiten, ZIJN OVEREENGEKOMEN HETGEEN VOLGT: Artikel 1 Voorwerp van de overeenkomst 1. Onverminderd de fusieovereenkomst geldt voor de vorm van en de voorwaarden voor de Zwitserse deelneming aan de uitvoering van de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom het bepaalde in deze overeenkomst. In Zwitserland gevestigde juridische entiteiten kunnen deelnemen aan alle specifieke programma's van de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom. 2. Zwitserse juridische entiteiten kunnen aan de activiteiten van het Gemeenschappelijk Centrum voor onderzoek deel- nemen voorzover op deze deelneming lid 1 niet van toepassing is. 3. In de Europese Gemeenschappen gevestigde juridische entiteiten, met inbegrip van het Gemeenschappelijk Centrum voor onderzoek, kunnen aan onderzoeksprogramma's en/of -projecten in Zwitserland deelnemen wat betreft onderwerpen die overeenstemmen met die van de programma's van de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom. 4. Voor de doeleinden van deze overeenkomst wordt onder juridische entiteit verstaan een natuurlijke persoon of rechtsper- soon die overeenkomstig het nationale recht van zijn vesti- gingsplaats of het Gemeenschapsrecht is opgericht en die rechtspersoonlijkheid bezit en in eigen naam ongeacht welke rechten en plichten kan hebben. Hieronder vallen onder andere universiteiten, onderzoeksorganisaties, industriële onderne- mingen, met inbegrip van kleine en middelgrote onderne- mingen, en personen. Artikel 2 ting van de Europese Gemeenschap, mits aan die actie voor gezamenlijke rekening wordt deelgenomen door ten minste twee lidstaten of geassocieerde kandidaat-lidstaten. 2. Financiële bijdrage van Zwitserland aan de begrotingen van de met het oog op de tenuitvoerlegging van de zesde kader- programma's van de EG en Euratom aangenomen program- ma's overeenkomstig artikel 5, lid 2. 3. Deelname van in de Gemeenschappen gevestigde juridische entiteiten aan door de Bondsraad goedgekeurde Zwitserse onderzoeksprogramma's en/of -projecten in verband met onderwerpen die overeenstemmen met die van de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom, overeenkomstig de voorwaarden die zijn neergelegd in de onderscheiden Zwitserse voorschriften en met instemming van de partners in het specifieke project en het beheer van het corresponde- rende Zwitserse programma. In de Gemeenschappen geves- tigde juridische entiteiten die aan Zwitserse onderzoekspro- gramma's en -projecten deelnemen, dragen hun eigen kosten met inbegrip van hun relatieve aandeel in de kosten van algemeen beheer en administratie van het project. 4. Naast de regelmatige verschaffing van informatie en docu- mentatie over de tenuitvoerlegging van de zesde kaderpro- gramma's van de EG en Euratom en de Zwitserse program- ma's en/of projecten kan de samenwerking tussen de partijen de volgende vormen aannemen en met de volgende middelen plaatsvinden: a) regelmatige discussies over de hoofdlijnen en prioriteiten van het onderzoeksbeleid en de onderzoeksplanning in Zwitserland en de Gemeenschappen; b) discussies over de vooruitzichten voor en de ontwikke- ling van de samenwerking; c) tijdige uitwisseling van informatie over de tenuitvoerleg- ging van programma's en onderzoeksprojecten in Zwit- serland en de Gemeenschappen en over de resultaten van de in het kader van deze overeenkomst verrichte werk- zaamheden; Vormen en middelen van samenwerking d) gezamenlijke vergaderingen; De samenwerking kan de volgende vormen aannemen: 1. Deelname van in Zwitserland gevestigde juridische entiteiten aan alle krachtens de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom aangenomen specifieke programma's overeenkom- stig de voorwaarden die zijn neergelegd in de regels voor de en deelneming universiteiten aan de activiteiten van de Europese Gemeen- schap op het gebied van onderzoek, technologische ontwik- keling en demonstratie en de activiteiten van de Europese Gemeenschap voor Atoomenergie op het gebied van onder- zoek en opleiding. van ondernemingen, onderzoekscentra Zwitserland komt naast de lidstaten van de Europese Unie in aanmerking voor elke actie voor gezamenlijke rekening van het zesde kaderprogramma van de EG, die wordt uitge- voerd op basis van artikel 169 van het Verdrag tot oprich- e) bezoeken en uitwisselingen van onderzoekers, ingenieurs en technici; f) geregelde permanente contacten tussen programma- of en de Gemeen- in Zwitserland projectbeheerders schappen; g) deelname van deskundigen aan seminars, symposia en workshops. Artikel 3 Aanpassing De samenwerking kan te allen tijde met instemming van de partijen worden aangepast en uitgebreid. 5. 2. 2004 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie L 32/25 Artikel 4 Artikel 6 Intellectuele-eigendomsrechten en verplichtingen Onderzoekscomité Zwitserland/Gemeenschappen Onverminderd bijlage A en de toepasselijke wetgeving 1. hebben in Zwitserland gevestigde juridische entiteiten die aan onderzoeksprogramma's van de Gemeenschappen deelnemen met betrekking tot de eigendom, het gebruik en de verspreiding van informatie en intellectuele eigendom die uit deze deelname voortvloeien, dezelfde rechten en plichten als in de Europese Gemeenschappen gevestigde juridische entiteiten. Deze bepa- ling is niet van toepassing op resultaten van projecten die vóór de inwerkingtreding van deze overeenkomst al begonnen waren. Het bij de kaderovereenkomst opgerichte „Onderzoeks- 1. comité Zwitserland/Gemeenschappen” controleert, beoordeelt en draagt zorg voor de juiste uitvoering van deze overeen- komst. Eventuele vraagstukken in verband met de uitvoering of interpretatie van deze overeenkomst worden aan dit comité voorgelegd. Het comité kan besluiten de verwijzingen naar de 2. communautaire teksten in bijlage C te wijzigen. 2. Onverminderd bijlage A en de toepasselijke wetgeving hebben in de Gemeenschappen gevestigde juridische entiteiten -projecten die aan Zwitserse onderzoeksprogramma's en/of deelnemen overeenkomstig artikel 2, onder 3, met betrekking tot de eigendom, het gebruik en de verspreiding van informatie en intellectuele eigendom die uit deze deelname voortvloeien, dezelfde rechten en plichten als in Zwitserland gevestigde juri- dische entiteiten die aan de betrokken programma's en/of projecten deelnemen. Artikel 5 Financiële bepalingen 1. Verplichtingen die door de Gemeenschappen worden aangegaan vóór de inwerkingtreding van de overeenkomst, alsmede de daaruit voortvloeiende betalingen, brengen geen bijdrage van de zijde van Zwitserland mee. De financiële bijdrage van Zwitserland in verband met de deelname aan de uitvoering van de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom wordt vastgesteld in evenredigheid met en als aanvul- ling op het bedrag dat jaarlijks op de algemene begroting van de Europese Unie beschikbaar is voor vastleggingskredieten om te voldoen aan de financiële verplichtingen van de Commissie in verband met werkzaamheden die worden uitgevoerd in de vormen die nodig zijn voor de tenuitvoerlegging, het beheer en het functioneren van die programma's en activiteiten die onder deze overeenkomst vallen. 2. De evenredigheidsfactor voor het bepalen van de Zwit- serse bijdrage aan de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en fusieprogramma, wordt Euratom, met uitzondering van het bepaald door de verhouding tussen het bruto binnenlands product van Zwitserland tegen marktprijzen en de som van de bruto binnenlandse producten van de lidstaten van de Europese Unie tegen marktprijzen. De Zwitserse bijdrage aan het fusie- programma wordt zoals voorheen berekend op basis van de desbetreffende overeenkomst. Deze verhouding wordt berekend op basis van de meest recente statistieken van Eurostat die beschikbaar zijn op het ogenblik waarop het voorontwerp van de begroting van de Europese Unie voor dat jaar wordt bekendgemaakt. De voorwaarden voor de financiële bijdrage van Zwitser- 3. land zijn uiteengezet in bijlage B. Artikel 7 Deelname 1. Onverminderd artikel 4 hebben in Zwitserland gevestigde juridische entiteiten die aan de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom deelnemen, dezelfde contractuele rechten en plichten als in de Gemeenschappen gevestigde entiteiten. Voor in Zwitserland gevestigde entiteiten 2. gelden dezelfde voorwaarden en regels voor de indiening en beoordeling van voorstellen en voor de toekenning en sluiting van contracten in communautaire programma's als voor contracten die in dezelfde programma's met in de Gemeen- schappen gevestigde juridische entiteiten worden gesloten. juridische 3. Bij de keuze van beoordelaars of onafhankelijke deskun- digen voor de communautaire programma's voor onderzoek en technologische ontwikkeling wordt rekening gehouden met een passend aantal Zwitserse deskundigen. 4. Onverminderd artikel 1, lid 3, artikel 2, punt 3, en artikel 4, lid 2, en onverminderd de bestaande voorschriften en proce- dures zijn de voorwaarden en regels voor de deelname van in de Gemeenschappen gevestigde juridische entiteiten aan de programma's en/of projecten van Zwitserse onderzoekspro- gramma's zoals bedoeld in artikel 2, punt 3, gelijkwaardig aan die welke voor Zwitserse projectpartners gelden. Aan de deel- name van één of meer in de Gemeenschappen gevestigde juridi- sche entiteiten aan een project kunnen de Zwitserse autoriteiten de voorwaarde verbinden dat ten minste één Zwitserse entiteit deelneemt. Artikel 8 Mobiliteit Elke partij garandeert in overeenstemming met de bestaande voorschriften en overeenkomsten de toegang en het verblijf van onderzoekers en — voorzover onmisbaar voor een succesvolle uitvoering van de betrokken activiteit — van een beperkt aantal van hun onderzoekspersoneel, dat in Zwitserland en in de Gemeenschappen deelneemt aan de activiteiten die onder deze overeenkomst vallen. L 32/26 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie 5. 2. 2004 Artikel 9 Artikel 13 Herziening en toekomstige samenwerking Wijziging en beëindiging Als de Gemeenschappen hun onderzoeksprogramma's 1. herzien of uitbreiden, kan deze overeenkomst onder onderling overeen te komen voorwaarden worden herzien of uitgebreid. De partijen wisselen vooraf informatie en standpunten uit in verband met een dergelijke herziening of uitbreiding en over alle zaken die direct of indirect gevolgen hebben voor de samenwerking van Zwitserland op de gebieden die deel uitmaken van de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom. Zwitserland wordt van de exacte inhoud van de herziene of uitgebreide programma's in kennis gesteld binnen twee weken nadat zij door de Gemeenschappen zijn aange- nomen. Als de onderzoeksprogramma's worden herzien of uitgebreid, kan Zwitserland de onderhavige overeenkomst opzeggen met een opzegtermijn van zes maanden. Deze kennisgeving van het voornemen om deze overeenkomst op te zeggen of uit te breiden, wordt binnen drie maanden na de vaststelling van het besluit van de Gemeenschappen gedaan. Als de Gemeenschappen nieuwe meerjarige kaderpro- 2. gramma's voor onderzoek en technologische ontwikkeling aannemen, kan deze overeenkomst onder onderling door de partijen overeen te komen voorwaarden worden herzien of hernieuwd. De partijen wisselen via het Onderzoekscomité Zwitserland/Gemeenschappen informatie en standpunten uit in verband met het opstellen van dergelijke programma's of andere lopende en toekomstige onderzoeksactiviteiten. Artikel 10 Relatie met andere internationale overeenkomsten De bepalingen van deze overeenkomst blijven van kracht onverminderd de voordelen die voortvloeien uit andere interna- tionale overeenkomsten die één van de partijen binden en enkel juridische entiteiten gevestigd op het grondgebied van die partij deze voordelen bieden. Artikel 11 Territoriale toepassing Deze overeenkomst is van toepassing op het grondgebied waar de Verdragen tot oprichting van de Gemeenschappen van toepassing zijn en onder de in die Verdragen neergelegde voor- waarden, enerzijds, en op het grondgebied van Zwitserland anderzijds. Artikel 12 Bijlagen De bijlagen A, B en C zijn een integrerend onderdeel van deze overeenkomst. Deze overeenkomst wordt hierbij gesloten voor de duur 1. van de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom. 2. Deze overeenkomst kan alleen schriftelijk worden gewij- zigd met instemming van beide partijen. Voor de inwerkingtre- ding van de wijzigingen geldt de procedure die ook op deze overeenkomst van toepassing is. Elk van beide partijen kan deze overeenkomst te allen 3. tijde beëindigen met een opzegtermijn van zes maanden. 4. Projecten en activiteiten die lopen op het ogenblik waarop deze overeenkomst wordt beëindigd en/of afloopt, worden onder de in deze overeenkomst neergelegde voor- waarden voortgezet totdat zij zijn voltooid. De partijen regelen in onderlinge overeenstemming de eventuele andere gevolgen van de beëindiging. Artikel 14 Inwerkingtreding en voorlopige toepassing 1. Deze overeenkomst wordt door de partijen bekrachtigd of gesloten volgens hun onderscheiden regels. De overeenkomst wordt van kracht op de datum van de laatste kennisgeving van de voltooiing van de daartoe vereiste procedures en treedt in werking op 1 januari 2004. 2. Wanneer de procedures voor de bekrachtiging of sluiting in 2003 worden van de ondertekende overeenkomst niet voltooid, passen de partijen deze overeenkomst op voorlopige basis toe vanaf 1 januari 2004 totdat de overeenkomst in werking is getreden. Indien een partij de andere partij meedeelt dat zij de overeen- komst niet zal sluiten, wordt hierbij overeengekomen dat: — de Gemeenschappen Zwitserland zijn bijdrage aan de alge- mene begroting van de Europese Unie, zoals bedoeld in artikel 2, punt 2, zullen terugbetalen; — bedragen die door de Gemeenschap zijn vastgelegd in verband met de deelname van in Zwitserland gevestigde juridische entiteiten aan werkzaamheden onder contract, met inbegrip van in artikel 2, punt 1, bedoelde vergoe- dingen, worden evenwel door de Gemeenschappen afge- trokken van de bovengenoemde terugbetaling; — projecten en activiteiten die in het kader van deze voorlo- pige toepassing zijn opgezet en die op het ogenblik van de bovengenoemde mededeling gaande zijn, worden onder de in deze overeenkomst neergelegde voorwaarden voortgezet totdat zij zijn voltooid. Deze overeenkomst is opgesteld in twee exemplaren in de Deense, de Duitse, de Engelse, de Finse, de Franse, de Griekse, de Italiaanse, de Nederlandse, de Portugese, de Spaanse en de Zweedse taal, zijnde alle teksten gelijkelijk authentiek. 5. 2. 2004 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie L 32/27 Hecho en Bruselas, el dieciséis de enero de dos mil cuatro. Udfærdiget i Bruxelles den sekstende januar to tusind og fire. Geschehen zu Brüssel am sechzehnten Januar zweitausendundvier. Έγινε στις Βρυξέλλες, στις δεκαέξι Ιανουαρίου δύο χιλιάδες τέσσερα. Done at Brussels on the sixteenth day of January in the year two thousand and four. Fait à Bruxelles, le seize janvier deux mille quatre. Fatto a Bruxelles, addì sedici gennaio duemilaquattro. Gedaan te Brussel, de zestiende januari tweeduizendvier. Feito em Bruxelas, em dezasseis de Janeiro de dois mil e quatro. Tehty Brysselissä kuudentenatoista päivänä tammikuuta vuonna kakstituhattaneljä. Som skedde i Bryssel den sextonde januari tjugohundrafyra. Por la Comunidad Europea For Det Europæiske Fællesskab Für die Europäische Gemeinschaft Για την Ευρωπαϊκή Κοινότητα For the European Community Pour la Communauté européenne Per la Comunità europea Voor de Europese Gemeenschap Pela Comunidade Europeia Euroopan yhteisön puolesta För Europeiska gemenskapen Por la Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica For Det Europæiske Atomenergifællesskab Für die Europäische Atomgemeinschaft Για την Ευρωπαϊκή Κοινότητα Ατοµικής Ενέργειας For the European Atomic Energy Community Pour la Communauté européenne de l'énergie atomique Per la Comunità europea dell'energia atomica Voor de Europese Gemeenschap voor Atoomenergie Pela Comunidade Europeia da Energia Atómica Euroopan atomienergiayhteisön puolesta För Europeiska atomenergigemenskapen L 32/28 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie 5. 2. 2004 Für die Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft Pour la Confédération suisse Per la Confederazione svizzera 5. 2. 2004 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie L 32/29 BIJLAGE A BEGINSELEN INZAKE DE TOEKENNING VAN INTELLECTUELE-EIGENDOMSRECHTEN I. TOEPASSING Voor de toepassing van deze overeenkomst heeft „intellectuele eigendom” de betekenis die daaraan wordt toegekend in artikel 2 van het Verdrag tot oprichting van de Wereldorganisatie voor de intellectuele eigendom, gesloten te Stockholm op 14 juli 1967. In de zin van deze overeenkomst wordt onder kennis verstaan de resultaten, met inbegrip van informatie, al dan niet beschermbaar, alsmede de auteursrechten of aan de genoemde resultaten verbonden rechten ten gevolge van de aanvraag of eventuele toekenning van octrooien, tekeningen en modellen, kwekersrechten, aanvullende beschermingscertificaten of soortgelijke vormen van bescherming. II. INTELLECTUELE-EIGENDOMSRECHTEN VAN DE JURIDISCHE ENTITEITEN VAN DE PARTIJEN 1. Elke partij zorgt ervoor dat de intellectuele-eigendomsrechten van juridische entiteiten van de andere partij die deel- nemen aan activiteiten die overeenkomstig deze overeenkomst worden uitgevoerd, en aanverwante rechten en plichten die uit een dergelijke deelname voortvloeien, worden behandeld in overeenstemming met de terzake geldende internationale overeenkomsten die op de partijen van toepassing zijn, met inbegrip van de TRIPS-overeen- komst (overeenkomst inzake de handelsaspecten van de intellectuele eigendom, die door de Wereldhandelsorgani- satie wordt beheerd), de Conventie van Bern (Akte van Parijs 1971) en de Conventie van Parijs (Akte van Stockholm 1967). 2. Juridische entiteiten uit Zwitserland die aan werkzaamheden onder contract van de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom deelnemen, hebben met betrekking tot intellectuele eigendom rechten en plichten onder de voor- waarden die zijn vastgelegd in Verordening (EG) nr. 2321/2002 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad, Verorde- ning (Euratom) nr. 2322/2002 van de Raad en in het met de Gemeenschappen gesloten contract, waarbij moet worden voldaan aan het bepaalde in punt 1. Indien Zwitserland deelneemt aan werkzaamheden onder contract van het zesde EG-kaderprogramma die op grond van artikel 169 van het Verdrag tot oprichting van de Europese Gemeenschap ten uitvoer worden gelegd, heeft Zwit- serland dezelfde rechten en plichten met betrekking tot intellectuele eigendom als de deelnemende lidstaten, zoals vastgelegd in de desbetreffende verordening van het Europees Parlement en de Raad en in het met de Europese Gemeenschap gesloten contract, waarbij moet worden voldaan aan het bepaalde in punt 1. 3. Juridische entiteiten uit de Europese Unie die aan Zwitserse onderzoeksprojecten en/of programma's deelnemen, hebben met betrekking tot intellectuele eigendom dezelfde rechten en plichten als in Zwitserland gevestigde juridi- sche entiteiten die aan deze onderzoeksprojecten of programma's deelnemen, waarbij moet worden voldaan aan het bepaalde in punt 1. III. INTELLECTUELE-EIGENDOMSRECHTEN VAN DE PARTIJEN 1. Tenzij door de partijen uitdrukkelijk anderszins overeengekomen, zijn de volgende regels van toepassing op kennis die door de partijen is voortgebracht in het kader van werkzaamheden zoals bedoeld in artikel 2, punt 4, van de overeenkomst: a) De partij die deze kennis voortbrengt, is daarvan de eigenaar. Indien hun respectieve aandeel in het werk niet kan worden vastgesteld, is die kennis de gezamenlijke eigendom van de partijen. b) De partij die eigenaar is van die kennis, verleent de andere partij toegangsrechten daartoe voor de uitvoering van werkzaamheden zoals bedoeld in artikel 2, punt 4, van de overeenkomst. Deze toegangsrechten worden vrij van royalty's verleend. 2. Tenzij door de partijen uitdrukkelijk anderszins overeengekomen, zijn de volgende regels van toepassing op weten- schappelijke publicaties van de partijen: a) Indien een partij in tijdschriften, artikelen, rapporten, boeken, video-opnamen of computerprogramma's weten- schappelijke en technische gegevens, informatie en resultaten publiceert, die het resultaat zijn van in het kader van deze overeenkomst uitgevoerde werkzaamheden, wordt de andere partij een wereldwijd geldend, niet-exclu- sief, onherroepelijk recht met vrijstelling van royalty's verleend om die werken te vertalen, te bewerken, te verspreiden en openbaar te maken. b) Op alle voor publicatie bestemde exemplaren van gegevens en informatie die door het auteursrecht worden beschermd en die in het kader van dit punt tot stand zijn gekomen, dient de naam van de auteur(s) van het werk te worden vermeld, tenzij de auteur uitdrukkelijk daarvan af wenst te zien. Ook moet op een duidelijk zichtbare plaats worden verwezen naar de gezamenlijke steun van de partijen. 3. Tenzij door de partijen uitdrukkelijk anderszins overeengekomen, zijn de volgende regels van toepassing op niet openbaar te maken informatie van de partijen: a) Wanneer aan de andere partij informatie betreffende in het kader van deze overeenkomst uitgevoerde werkzaam- heden wordt meegedeeld, stelt elke partij vast welke informatie zij niet openbaar wenst te maken. b) De ontvangende partij kan onder eigen verantwoordelijkheid, speciaal ten behoeve van de tenuitvoerlegging van deze overeenkomst, niet openbaar te maken informatie meedelen aan instanties of personen die onder haar gezag vallen. L 32/30 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie 5. 2. 2004 c) Indien de partij die niet openbaar te maken gegevens verstrekt, hiermee schriftelijk instemt, mag de ontvangende partij deze gegevens op een ruimere schaal verspreiden dan volgens letter b) is toegestaan. De partijen werken samen procedures uit voor het aanvragen en verkrijgen van voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming voor de verspreiding op ruimere schaal; elke partij verleent deze goedkeuring voor zover dit in het kader van haar binnen- lands beleid en haar nationale voorschriften en wetten mogelijk is. d) Niet op schrift gestelde niet openbaar te maken gegevens of andere vertrouwelijke informatie die worden verstrekt tijdens studiedagen en andere bijeenkomsten van vertegenwoordigers van de partijen, welke in het kader van deze overeenkomst plaatsvinden, of gegevens verkregen door de indienstneming van personeel, het gebruik van voorzieningen of werkzaamheden onder contract, blijven vertrouwelijk, wanneer de ontvanger van dergelijke niet openbaar te maken of anderszins vertrouwelijke gegevens is gewezen op het vertrouwelijke karakter van de meegedeelde informatie, voordat deze mededeling plaatsvond, overeenkomstig letter a). e) Elke partij zorgt ervoor dat niet openbaar te maken informatie die zij in overeenstemming met de letters a) en d) ontvangt, wordt beschermd zoals in deze overeenkomst is bepaald. Indien één van de partijen zich realiseert dat zij niet in staat is, of redelijkerwijs verwacht niet in staat te zullen zijn, om de in de letters a) en d) vervatte bepa- lingen inzake niet-verspreiding na te leven, stelt zij de andere partij daarvan onmiddellijk in kennis. De partijen plegen vervolgens overleg om een passende gedragslijn vast te stellen. 5. 2. 2004 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie L 32/31 BIJLAGE B FINANCIËLE REGELS VOOR DE IN ARTIKEL 5 VAN DEZE OVEREENKOMST BEDOELDE FINANCIËLE BIJDRAGE VAN ZWITSERLAND I. VASTSTELLING VAN DE FINANCIËLE BIJDRAGE 1. Zo spoedig mogelijk en uiterlijk vóór 1 september van elk jaar deelt de Commissie Zwitserland, samen met de nodige achtergrondinformatie, het volgende mee: a) de bedragen van de vastleggingskredieten op de staat van uitgaven van het voorontwerp van de begroting van de Europese Unie die betrekking hebben op de beide kaderprogramma's, b) het op basis van het voorontwerp van de begroting geraamde bedrag van de bijdrage van Zwitserland in verband met zijn deelname aan de beide kaderprogramma's. Om de interne begrotingsprocedures te vergemakkelijken, verschaffen de diensten van de Commissie echter uiter- lijk op 30 mei van elk jaar reeds de corresponderende indicatieve bedragen. 2. Zodra de algemene begroting definitief is vastgesteld, deelt de Commissie Zwitserland de bovenstaande met de deel- name van Zwitserland corresponderende bedragen op de staat van uitgaven mee. II. BETALINGSPROCEDURES 1. Uiterlijk op 15 juni en 15 november van elk begrotingsjaar doet de Commissie aan Zwitserland een verzoek tot stor- ting in verband met de bijdrage van Zwitserland in het kader van deze overeenkomst. Dit verzoek tot storting betreft de betaling van onderscheidenlijk: — zes twaalfden van de bijdrage van Zwitserland uiterlijk op 20 juli, en — zes twaalfden van de bijdrage van Zwitserland uiterlijk op 15 december. In het laatste jaar van de beide kaderprogramma's wordt het volledige bedrag van de bijdrage van Zwitserland evenwel uiterlijk op 20 juli betaald. 2. De bijdrage van Zwitserland wordt uitgedrukt en betaald in euro. 3. Zwitserland betaalt zijn bijdrage in het kader van deze overeenkomst volgens het in punt 1 vermelde tijdschema. Voor elke te late betaling wordt interest betaald ten belope van de Interbank Offered Rate voor één maand in euro (EURIBOR) zoals gegeven op pagina 248 van Telerate. Dit percentage wordt met 1,5 % verhoogd voor elke maand uitstel. De verhoogde interest geldt voor de gehele periode van de betalingsachterstand. De interest is evenwel pas verschuldigd als de betaling meer dan 30 dagen na de in punt 1 genoemde termijnen plaatsvindt. 4. Reiskosten van Zwitserse vertegenwoordigers en deskundigen in verband met hun deelname aan de werkzaamheden van onderzoekscomités en in verband met de tenuitvoerlegging van de beide kaderprogramma's worden door de Commissie vergoed op dezelfde grondslag en volgens de procedures die gelden voor vertegenwoordigers en deskun- digen van de lidstaten van de Gemeenschappen. III. VOORWAARDEN VOOR DE TENUITVOERLEGGING 1. De financiële bijdrage van Zwitserland aan de beide kaderprogramma's overeenkomstig artikel 5 van de overeen- komst blijft normaliter gedurende het betrokken begrotingsjaar ongewijzigd. 2. Bij de afsluiting van de rekeningen over elk begrotingsjaar (n) gaat de Commissie in het kader van de opstelling van de jaarrekening over tot een regularisering van de rekeningen in verband met de bijdrage van Zwitserland, rekening houdend met wijzigingen die zich in de loop van het begrotingsjaar hebben voorgedaan door overschrijvingen, annuleringen, overboekingen of aanvullende en gewijzigde begrotingen. Deze regularisering vindt plaats ten tijde van de eerste betaling voor het jaar n+1. De laatste regularisering vindt evenwel uiterlijk plaats in juli van het vierde jaar na de afloop van de beide kaderprogramma's. Betalingen van Zwitserland worden ten gunste van de programma's van de Gemeenschappen als in de begroting opgenomen ontvangsten geboekt onder de passende begrotingslijn van de staat van ontvangsten van de algemene begroting van de Europese Unie. IV. INFORMATIE 1. Uiterlijk op 31 mei van elk begrotingsjaar (n+1) wordt de staat van de kredieten voor de beide kaderprogramma's in verband met het voorgaande begrotingsjaar (n) opgesteld en ter informatie aan Zwitserland toegezonden in de voor de jaarrekening van de Commissie gebruikelijke opmaak. 2. De Commissie deelt Zwitserland alle andere algemene financiële gegevens over de uitvoering van de beide kaderpro- gramma's mee die ter beschikking van geassocieerde staten worden gesteld. L 32/32 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie 5. 2. 2004 BIJLAGE C FINANCIËLE CONTROLE VAN DE ZWITSERSE DEELNEMERS AAN DE PROGRAMMA'S VAN DE GEMEEN- SCHAPPEN IN HET KADER VAN DE OVEREENKOMST I. RECHTSTREEKSE CONTACTEN De Commissie neemt rechtstreeks contact op met de in Zwitserland gevestigde deelnemers aan de zesde kaderprogram- ma's van de EG en Euratom en met hun subcontractanten. Deze kunnen alle dienstige informatie en documentatie die zij moeten verstrekken op grond van de in deze overeenkomst genoemde instrumenten en de ter uitvoering daarvan gesloten contracten, rechtstreeks aan de Commissie toezenden. II. AUDITS 1. Overeenkomstig de Verordeningen (EG, Euratom) nr. 1605/2002 (1) en (EG, Euratom) nr. 2342/2002 (2) en de andere regels waarnaar deze overeenkomst verwijst, kan in de met de in Zwitserland gevestigde deelnemers aan het programma gesloten contracten worden bepaald dat functionarissen van de Commissie of andere door haar gemachtigde personen bij hen en hun subcontractanten te allen tijde wetenschappelijke, financiële, technologische of andere audits kunnen uitvoeren. 2. Aan de functionarissen van de Commissie en andere door haar gemachtigde personen wordt passende toegang geboden tot plaatsen, werken en documenten en tot alle nodige informatie, inclusief informatie in elektronische vorm, om deze audits uit te voeren. Dit toegangsrecht wordt uitdrukkelijk vermeld in de contracten die worden gesloten ingevolge de in deze overeenkomst vermelde instrumenten. 3. De Europese Rekenkamer heeft dezelfde rechten als de Commissie. 4. De audits kunnen ook worden uitgevoerd na afloop van de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom of deze overeenkomst, overeenkomstig de in de betrokken contracten neergelegde voorwaarden. 5. De Zwitserse financiële controledienst (Eidgenössische Finanzkontrolle) wordt van tevoren in kennis gesteld van de audits die op het Zwitserse grondgebied worden uitgevoerd. Deze kennisgeving is geen juridische voorwaarde voor de uitvoering van de audits. III. CONTROLES TER PLAATSE 1. In het kader van deze overeenkomst is de Commissie (OLAF) gemachtigd om overeenkomstig de regels en voor- waarden van Verordening (EG, Euratom) nr. 2185/96 van de Raad (3) op het Zwitserse grondgebied controles en verificaties ter plaatse uit te voeren. 2. De controles en verificaties ter plaatse worden door de Commissie voorbereid en uitgevoerd in nauwe samenwer- king met de Eidgenössische Finanzkontrolle of andere door de Eidgenössische Finanzkontrolle aangewezen bevoegde Zwitserse instanties, die tijdig in kennis worden gesteld van het voorwerp, het doel en de juridische grondslag van de controles en verificaties, zodat zij alle nodige hulp kunnen bieden. De functionarissen van de bevoegde Zwitserse instanties kunnen daartoe deelnemen aan de controles en verificaties ter plaatse. 3. Wanneer de betrokken Zwitserse instanties dat verlangen, worden de controles en verificaties ter plaatse gezamenlijk door de Commissie en henzelf uitgevoerd. 4. Wanneer de deelnemers aan de zesde kaderprogramma's van de EG en Euratom zich verzetten tegen een controle of verificatie ter plaatse, verlenen de Zwitserse instanties aan de controleurs van de Commissie, in overeenstemming met de nationale voorschriften, de nodige bijstand om hen in staat te stellen hun taken wat de controles en verifica- ties ter plaatse betreft uit te voeren. 5. De Commissie stelt de Eidgenössische Finanzkontrolle onverwijld in kennis van elk feit of elke verdenking in verband met een onregelmatigheid waarvan zij in verband met de uitvoering van de controle of verificatie ter plaatse kennis heeft gekregen. De Commissie stelt in ieder geval de bovengenoemde instantie in kennis van het resultaat van deze controles en verificaties. IV. INFORMATIE EN OVERLEG 1. Met het oog op een goede uitvoering van deze bijlage wisselen de bevoegde Zwitserse en communautaire instanties regelmatig informatie uit en plegen zij op verzoek van een van hen overleg. 2. De bevoegde Zwitserse instanties stellen de Commissie onverwijld in kennis van elk feit of elke verdenking waarvan zij kennis hebben gekregen betreffende onregelmatigheden in verband met de sluiting en uitvoering van de contracten die worden gesloten ingevolge de in de overeenkomst genoemde instrumenten. (1) PB L 248 van 16. 9. 2002, blz. 1. (2) PB L 357 van 31. 12. 2002, blz. 1. (3) PB L 292 van 15. 11. 1996, blz. 2. 5. 2. 2004 NL Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie L 32/33 V. 5. 2. 2004 PT Jornal Oficial da União Europeia L 32/23 de Cooperação Científica e Tecnológica entre a Comunidade Europeia e a Comunidade Europeia da Energia Atómica, por um lado, e a Confederação Helvética, por outro ACORDO O CONSELHO DA UNIÃO EUROPEIA, em nome da Comunidade Europeia, e a COMISSÃO DAS COMUNIDADES EUROPEIAS, (a seguir designada «Comissão»), em nome da Comunidade Europeia da Energia Atómica, a seguir desig- nados colectivamente «Comunidades», por um lado, e O CONSELHO FEDERAL SUÍÇO, em nome da Confederação Helvética, a seguir designada «Suíça», por outro, a seguir denominadas «partes», CONSIDERANDO que uma relação estreita entre a Suíça e as Comunidades é vantajosa para ambas as partes. CONSIDERANDO a importância da investigação científica e tecnológica para as Comunidades e para a Suíça e o inte- resse de ambas as partes em cooperarem neste domínio, a fim de utilizarem melhor os recursos e evitarem duplicações desnecessárias. CONSIDERANDO que a Suíça e as Comunidades estão actualmente a desenvolver programas de investigação em diversos domínios de interesse comum. CONSIDERANDO que as Comunidades e a Suíça têm interesse em cooperar nesses programas para benefício mútuo. CONSIDERANDO o interesse de ambas as partes em incentivar o mútuo acesso dos respectivos organismos de investi- gação às acções de investigação e desenvolvimento tecnológico da Suíça, por um lado, e aos programas-quadro de inves- tigação e desenvolvimento tecnológico das Comunidades, por outro. CONSIDERANDO que a Comunidade Europeia da Energia Atómica e a Suíça celebraram em 1978 um acordo de coope- ração no domínio da fusão termonuclear controlada e da física dos plasmas (a seguir designado «acordo relativo à fusão»). CONSIDERANDO que as partes celebraram, em 8 de Janeiro de 1986, um acordo-quadro de cooperação científica e técnica, que entrou em vigor a 17 de Julho de 1987 (a seguir designado «acordo-quadro»). CONSIDERANDO que, nos termos do artigo 6. o do referido acordo-quadro, a cooperação nele prevista deve ser levada a cabo mediante acordos adequados. CONSIDERANDO que as Comunidades e a Suíça assinaram, em 21 de Junho de 1999, um Acordo de Cooperação Cien- tífica e Tecnológica (1) que caducou em 31 de Dezembro de 2002. CONSIDERANDO que o referido acordo prevê, no n. o 2 do seu artigo 9. o, a renovação do acordo com vista a uma parti- cipação nos novos programas-quadro plurianuais de investigação e desenvolvimento tecnológico em condições fixadas de comum acordo. CONSIDERANDO que o sexto programa-quadro da Comunidade Europeia de acções em matéria de investigação, desen- volvimento tecnológico e demonstração (2002-2006) (a seguir designado «sexto programa-quadro CE») foi estabelecido pela Decisão n. o 1513/2002/CE (2) e pelo Regulamento (CE) n. o 2321/2002 (3) do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, bem como pelas Decisões 2002/834/CE (4), 2002/835/CE (5) e 2002/836/CE (6) do Conselho e que o sexto programa- -quadro da Comunidade Europeia da Energia Atómica (Euratom) de acções de investigação e ensino em matéria nuclear que visa também contribuir para a realização do Espaço Europeu da Investigação (2002-2006) foi estabelecido pela Decisão 2002/668/Euratom (7), pelo Regulamento (Euratom) n. o 2322/2002 (8) e pelas Decisões 2002/837/Euratom (9) e 2002/838/Euratom (10) do Conselho (a seguir designados «sextos programas-quadro CE e Euratom»). (1) JO L 114 de 30. 4. 2002, p. 468. (2) JO L 232 de 29. 8. 2002, p. 1. (3) JO L 355 de 30. 12. 2002, p. 23. (4) JO L 294 de 29. 10. 2002, p. 1. (5) JO L 294 de 29. 10. 2002, p. 44. (6) JO L 294 de 29. 10. 2002, p. 60. (7) JO L 232 de 29. 8. 2002, p. 34. (8) JO L 355 de 30. 12. 2002, p. 35. (9) JO L 294 de 29. 10. 2002, p. 74. (10) JO L 294 de 29. 10. 2002, p. 86. L 32/24 PT Jornal Oficial da União Europeia 5. 2. 2004 CONSIDERANDO que, sem prejuízo das disposições dos Tratados que instituem as Comunidades, o presente acordo e quaisquer acções no seu âmbito não afectarão de forma alguma os poderes de que estão investidos os Estados-Membros para realizarem acções bilaterais com a Suíça nos domínios da ciência, da tecnologia, da investigação e do desenvolvi- mento e, se for caso disso, para celebrarem acordos nesse sentido, ACORDARAM NO SEGUINTE: Artigo 1. o Objecto do acordo 1. A forma e as condições da participação da Suíça na execução da integralidade dos sextos programas-quadro CE e Euratom obedecerão ao disposto no presente acordo, sem prejuízo do acordo relativo à fusão. As entidades jurídicas esta- belecidas na Suíça podem participar em todos os programas específicos sextos programas-quadro CE e Euratom. relevantes dos 2. As entidades jurídicas suíças podem participar nas activi- dades do Centro Comum de Investigação das Comunidades, na medida em que essa participação não esteja abrangida pelo disposto no n. o 1. 3. As entidades jurídicas estabelecidas nas Comunidades, incluindo o Centro Comum de Investigação, podem participar nos programas e/ou projectos de investigação suíços sobre temas equivalentes aos dos programas relevantes dos sextos programas-quadro CE e Euratom. 4. Para efeitos do presente acordo, entende-se por «entidade jurídica» qualquer pessoa singular ou colectiva constituída nos termos do direito nacional aplicável no seu local de estabeleci- mento ou do direito comunitário, dotada de personalidade jurídica e de plena capacidade de gozo e de exercício. Estão nomeadamente abrangidas as universidades, organismos de investigação, empresas industriais — incluindo as pequenas e médias empresas — e pessoas singulares. dade Europeia, sob reserva da participação nessa acção indi- recta de, pelo menos, dois Estados-Membros ou Estados associados candidatos à adesão. 2. Contribuição financeira da Suíça para os orçamentos dos programas adoptados em execução dos sextos programas- -quadro CE e Euratom, nos termos do n. o 2 do artigo 5. o aos dos 3. Participação de entidades jurídicas estabelecidas nas Comu- nidades Europeias em programas e/ou projectos de investi- gação suíços aprovados pelo Conselho Federal sobre temas sextos programas-quadro CE e equivalentes Euratom, de acordo com as condições e modalidades defi- nidas na regulamentação suíça aplicável e com o acordo dos participantes nesses projectos e dos gestores do programa suíço correspondente. As entidades jurídicas das Comuni- dades que participem em programas e/ou projectos de investigação suíços custos, incluindo a sua parte relativa nos custos gerais de gestão e administração dos mesmos. seus próprios cobrirão os 4. Para além da comunicação regular de informações e docu- mentação relativas à execução dos sextos programas-quadro CE e Euratom e dos programas e/ou projectos suíços, a cooperação entre as partes pode assumir as seguintes formas e meios: a) Trocas de pontos de vista regulares sobre as orientações e prioridades das políticas e previsões em matéria de investigação na Suíça e nas Comunidades; b) Trocas de pontos de vista sobre as perspectivas e o desenvolvimento da cooperação; c) Intercâmbio, em tempo útil, de informações relativas à execução dos programas e projectos de investigação da Suíça e das Comunidades, bem como dos resultados das actividades desenvolvidas no âmbito do presente acordo; Artigo 2. o d) Reuniões conjuntas; Formas e meios de cooperação nheiros e técnicos; e) Visitas de trabalho e intercâmbio de investigadores, enge- A cooperação assumirá as seguintes formas: 1. Participação de entidades jurídicas estabelecidas na Suíça em todos os programas específicos adoptados ao abrigo dos sextos programas-quadro CE e Euratom, nas condições defi- nidas nas regras de participação das empresas, centros de investigação e universidades para acções da Comunidade Europeia em matéria de investigação, desenvolvimento tecnológico e demonstração e para acções da Comunidade Europeia da Energia Atómica em matéria de investigação e ensino. A Suíça será tida em consideração, tal como os Estados- -Membros da União Europeia, na execução de qualquer acção indirecta do sexto programa-quadro CE em aplicação do disposto no artigo 169. o do Tratado que institui a Comuni- f) Contactos e acompanhamento regulares entre os chefes de programas ou projectos da Suíça e das Comunidades; g) Participação de peritos em seminários, simpósios e workshops. Artigo 3. o Adaptação A cooperação poderá ser adaptada e alargada em qualquer altura por mútuo acordo entre as partes. 5. 2. 2004 PT Jornal Oficial da União Europeia L 32/25 Artigo 4. o Artigo 6. o Direitos e obrigações em matéria de propriedade Comité de Investigação Suíça-Comunidades intelectual 1. Sob reserva do disposto no anexo A e da legislação aplicável, as entidades jurídicas estabelecidas na Suíça que parti- cipem em programas de investigação comunitários terão, no que se refere à titularidade, exploração e difusão das infor- mações e da propriedade intelectual decorrentes dessa partici- pação, os mesmos direitos e obrigações que as entidades jurídicas estabelecidas nas Comunidades. Esta disposição não é resultados obtidos no âmbito de projectos aplicável aos iniciados antes da entrada em vigor do presente acordo. 2. Sob reserva do disposto no anexo A e da legislação aplicável, as entidades jurídicas estabelecidas nas Comunidades Europeias que, nos termos do n. o 3 do artigo 2. o, participem em programas e/ou projectos de investigação suíços terão, no que se refere à titularidade, exploração e difusão das infor- mações e da propriedade intelectual decorrentes dessa partici- pação, os mesmos direitos e obrigações que as entidades jurídicas estabelecidas na Suíça que participem nos programas e/ou projectos em questão. Artigo 5. o Disposições financeiras 1. As autorizações concedidas pelas Comunidades antes da entrada em vigor do presente acordo — bem como os respec- tivos pagamentos — não implicarão qualquer contribuição por parte da Suíça. A contribuição financeira da Suíça, decorrente da sua participação na execução dos sextos programas-quadro CE e Euratom, será estabelecida proporcionalmente e acrescen- tada ao montante afectado anualmente no orçamento geral da União Europeia às dotações de autorização destinadas a satis- fazer as obrigações financeiras da Comissão decorrentes dos diferentes trabalhos necessários para a execução, gestão e funcionamento dos programas e actividades abrangidos pelo presente acordo. O factor de proporcionalidade que rege a contribuição da 2. Suíça nos sextos programas-quadro CE e Euratom, com excepção do programa relativo à fusão, corresponde à relação existente entre o produto interno bruto da Suíça, a preços de mercado, e a soma dos produtos internos brutos, a preços de mercado, dos Estados-Membros da União Europeia. A contri- buição da Suíça para o programa relativo à fusão continuará a ser calculada com base no disposto no respectivo acordo. Esta relação será calculada com base nos dados estatísticos mais recentes do Eurostat, disponíveis no momento da publicação do anteprojecto de orçamento da União Europeia para esse ano. As regras aplicáveis à contribuição financeira da Suíça 3. constam do anexo B. O «Comité de Investigação Suíça-Comunidades», criado 1. pelo acordo-quadro, procederá à análise e avaliação do presente acordo e zelará pela sua correcta execução. Todas as questões associadas à execução ou à interpretação do presente acordo serão submetidas a esse comité. O comité poderá decidir alterar as referências aos actos 2. comunitários constantes do anexo C. Artigo 7. o Participação Sem prejuízo do disposto no artigo 4. o, as entidades 1. jurídicas estabelecidas na Suíça que participem nos sextos programas-quadro CE e Euratom terão os mesmos direitos e obrigações contratuais que as entidades estabelecidas nas Comunidades. 2. Em relação às entidades jurídicas estabelecidas na Suíça, as condições aplicáveis à apresentação e avaliação de propostas e à concessão e celebração de contratos no âmbito de programas a contratos celebrados ao abrigo desses programas com entidades jurídicas estabelecidas nas Comunidades. serão idênticas comunitários aplicáveis às 3. Na selecção de avaliadores ou peritos independentes efec- tuada no âmbito dos programas comunitários de investigação e desenvolvimento tecnológicos, ter-se-á em consideração um número adequado de peritos suíços. Sem prejuízo do disposto no n. o 3 do artigo 1. o, no n. o 3 4. do artigo 2. o, no n. o 2 do artigo 4. o e na regulamentação e normas processuais nacionais existentes, as entidades jurídicas estabelecidas nas Comunidades Europeias podem participar, em condições equivalentes às aplicáveis aos parceiros suíços, nos programas e/ou projectos no âmbito dos programas de investi- gação suíços referidos no n. o 3 do artigo 2. o. As autoridades suíças podem submeter a participação num projecto de uma ou várias entidades jurídicas estabelecidas nas Comunidades à participação conjunta de, pelo menos, uma entidade suíça. Artigo 8. o Mobilidade Cada uma das partes compromete-se a garantir, de acordo com a regulamentação e acordos em vigor, a entrada e a estadia de investigadores que participem, na Suíça e nas Comunidades, nas actividades abrangidas pelo presente acordo, acompanhados — na medida em que tal seja indispensável para a boa execução da actividade em causa — de um número limitado do seu pessoal de investigação. L 32/26 PT Jornal Oficial da União Europeia 5. 2. 2004 Artigo 9. o Artigo 13. o Revisão e futura colaboração Alteração e denúncia 1. Se as Comunidades decidirem proceder à revisão ou extensão do âmbito dos seus programas de investigação, o presente acordo pode ser revisto ou o seu âmbito alargado em condições estabelecidas por mútuo acordo. As partes proce- derão ao intercâmbio de informações e de pontos de vista sobre a revisão ou extensão prevista, bem como sobre quaisquer questões que afectem directa ou indirectamente a cooperação da Suíça nos domínios abrangidos pelos sextos programas- -quadro CE e Euratom. A Suíça será notificada do conteúdo exacto dos programas revistos ou alargados num prazo de duas semanas após a sua adopção pelas Comunidades. Em caso de revisão ou extensão do âmbito dos programas de investigação, a Suíça pode denunciar o presente acordo, mediante aviso prévio de seis meses. A notificação da intenção de denunciar ou estender o âmbito do presente acordo deve ser comunicada no prazo de três meses após a adopção da decisão das Comuni- dades. Caso as Comunidades adoptem novos programas-quadro 2. plurianuais de investigação e desenvolvimento tecnológico, o presente acordo pode ser renovado ou renegociado em condições mutuamente acordadas pelas partes. As partes proce- derão, no âmbito do Comité de Investigação Suíça-Comuni- dades, ao intercâmbio de informações e pontos de vista sobre a preparação desses programas ou de quaisquer outras activi- dades de investigação em curso ou futuras. Artigo 10. o Relações com outros acordos internacionais As disposições do presente acordo aplicam-se sem prejuízo das vantagens previstas noutros que vinculem uma das partes e que reservem o benefício das suas vantagens exclusivamente para as entidades jurídicas estabele- cidas no território dessa parte. internacionais acordos Artigo 11. o Aplicação territorial O presente acordo é aplicável, por um lado, nos territórios abrangidos pelos Tratados que instituem as Comunidades nas condições previstas nesses Tratados e, por outro, no território da Suíça. Artigo 12. o Anexos Os anexos A, B e C fazem parte integrante do presente acordo. O presente acordo é celebrado pelo período de vigência 1. dos sextos programas-quadro CE e Euratom. 2. O presente acordo apenas pode ser alterado por acordo escrito entre as partes. O procedimento de entrada em vigor das alterações é idêntico ao aplicável ao presente acordo. 3. Qualquer das partes poderá denunciar o presente acordo a qualquer momento, mediante aviso prévio escrito de seis meses. 4. Os projectos e acções em curso no momento da denúncia e/ou da cessação da vigência do presente acordo prosseguirão até à sua conclusão, nas condições estabelecidas no acordo. As partes definem, de comum acordo, eventuais outras consequên- cias da denúncia do acordo. Artigo 14. o Entrada em vigor e aplicação provisória 1. O presente acordo é ratificado ou celebrado pelas partes segundo as suas regras próprias. O presente acordo entra em vigor na data da última notificação da conclusão dos procedi- mentos necessários para esse fim e produz efeitos a partir de 1 de Janeiro de 2004. 2. Caso os procedimentos de ratificação ou de celebração do acordo assinado não sejam concluídos em 2003, as partes apli- carão o presente acordo a título provisório a partir de 1 de Janeiro de 2004 e até à sua entrada em vigor. Caso uma das partes notifique a outra de que não concluirá o presente acordo, fica definido que: — as Comunidades reembolsarão a Suíça da sua contribuição para o orçamento geral da União Europeia referida no n. o 2 do artigo 2. o, — todavia, os fundos que as Comunidades tenham afectado à participação de entidades jurídicas estabelecidas na Suíça em acções indirectas, incluindo os reembolsos referidos no n. o 1 do artigo 2.
| 20,776 |
https://github.com/AndreasMadsen/stable-nalu/blob/master/export/function_task_static_mse_expectation.r
|
Github Open Source
|
Open Source
|
MIT
| 2,021 |
stable-nalu
|
AndreasMadsen
|
R
|
Code
| 485 | 2,363 |
rm(list = ls())
setwd(dirname(parent.frame(2)$ofile))
library(plyr)
library(dplyr)
simulate.mse = function (epsilon, samples, operation, simple, input.size, subset.ratio, overlap.ratio, range.a, range.b, range.mirror) {
X = matrix(runif(samples*input.size, range.a, range.b), samples, input.size)
if (range.mirror) {
X.sign = matrix(rbinom(samples*input.size, 1, 0.5), samples, input.size) * 2 - 1
X = X * X.sign
}
evaluate = function (W) {
Z = X %*% W
if (operation == 'add') {
Y = Z[,1] + Z[,2]
} else if (operation == 'sub') {
Y = Z[,1] - Z[,2]
} else if (operation == 'mul') {
Y = Z[,1] * Z[,2]
} else if (operation == 'div') {
Y = Z[,1] / Z[,2]
} else if (operation == 'squared') {
Y = Z[,1] * Z[,1]
} else if (operation == 'root') {
Y = sqrt(Z[,1])
}
return(Y)
}
target.matrix = function (epsilon) {
if (simple) {
a.start = 1
a.end = 2
b.start = 1
b.end = 4
} else {
subset.size = floor(subset.ratio * input.size)
overlap.size = floor(overlap.ratio * subset.size)
a.start = 1
a.end = a.start + subset.size
b.start = a.end - overlap.size
b.end = b.start + subset.size
}
W = matrix(0 + epsilon, input.size, 2)
W[a.start:a.end, 1] = 1 - epsilon
W[b.start:b.end, 2] = 1 - epsilon
return(W)
}
W.y = target.matrix(epsilon)
W.t = target.matrix(0)
errors = (evaluate(W.y) - evaluate(W.t))**2
return(mean(errors))
}
cases = rbind(
c(parameter='default', operation='mul', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='default', operation='div', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='default', operation='add', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='default', operation='sub', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='default', operation='root', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='default', operation='squared', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='simple', operation='mul', simple=T, input.size=4, subset.ratio=NA, overlap.ratio=NA, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='simple', operation='add', simple=T, input.size=4, subset.ratio=NA, overlap.ratio=NA, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='simple', operation='sub', simple=T, input.size=4, subset.ratio=NA, overlap.ratio=NA, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F)
)
for (input.size in c(4,10,25,50,75,100,125,150,175,200,225,250,275,300)) {
cases = rbind(cases, c(parameter='input.size', operation='mul', simple=F, input.size=input.size, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F))
}
for (subset.ratio in c(0.05, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50)) {
cases = rbind(cases, c(parameter='subset.ratio', operation='mul', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=subset.ratio, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F))
}
for (overlap.ratio in c(0.0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0)) {
cases = rbind(cases, c(parameter='overlap.ratio', operation='mul', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=overlap.ratio, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F))
}
cases = rbind(cases,
c(parameter='extrapolation.range', operation='mul', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=-6, range.b=-2, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='extrapolation.range', operation='mul', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=T),
c(parameter='extrapolation.range', operation='mul', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=1, range.b=5, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='extrapolation.range', operation='mul', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=0.2, range.b=2, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='extrapolation.range', operation='mul', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='extrapolation.range', operation='mul', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=1.2, range.b=6, range.mirror=F),
c(parameter='extrapolation.range', operation='mul', simple=F, input.size=100, subset.ratio=0.25, overlap.ratio=0.5, range.a=20, range.b=40, range.mirror=F)
)
eps = data.frame(rbind(
c(operation='mul', epsilon=0.00001),
c(operation='add', epsilon=0.00001),
c(operation='sub', epsilon=0.00001),
c(operation='div', epsilon=0.00001),
c(operation='squared', epsilon=0.00001),
c(operation='root', epsilon=0.00001)
))
mse = data.frame(cases) %>%
merge(eps) %>%
mutate(
simple=as.logical(as.character(simple)),
input.size=as.integer(as.character(input.size)),
subset.ratio=as.numeric(as.character(subset.ratio)),
overlap.ratio=as.numeric(as.character(overlap.ratio)),
range.a=as.numeric(as.character(range.a)),
range.b=as.numeric(as.character(range.b)),
range.mirror=as.logical(as.character(range.mirror)),
epsilon=as.numeric(as.character(epsilon))
) %>%
rowwise() %>%
mutate(
threshold=simulate.mse(epsilon, 1000000, operation, simple, input.size, subset.ratio, overlap.ratio, range.a, range.b, range.mirror),
extrapolation.range=ifelse(range.mirror, paste0('U[-',range.b,',-',range.a,'] ∪ U[',range.a,',',range.b,']'), paste0('U[',range.a,',',range.b,']')),
operation=paste0('op-', operation)
)
write.csv(mse, file="../results/function_task_static_mse_expectation.csv", row.names=F)
| 19,604 |
2014072601271
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,014 |
MUSETTE AU BORD DU LOIR.
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 13 | 20 |
organiser des thés dansants afin de divertir les retraités et les personnes seules.
| 29,442 |
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoconis%20algirica
|
Wikipedia
|
Open Web
|
CC-By-SA
| 2,023 |
Helicoconis algirica
|
https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helicoconis algirica&action=history
|
Vietnamese
|
Spoken
| 26 | 60 |
Helicoconis algirica là một loài côn trùng trong họ Coniopterygidae thuộc bộ Neuroptera. Loài này được Meinander miêu tả năm 1976.
Chú thích
Tham khảo
Helicoconis
| 306 |
Subsets and Splits
Token Count by Language
Reveals the distribution of total tokens by language, highlighting which languages are most prevalent in the dataset.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a detailed breakdown of document counts and total word/token counts for English documents in different collections and open types, revealing insights into data distribution and quantity.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Provides a count of items in each collection that are licensed under 'CC-By-SA', giving insight into the distribution of this license across different collections.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Counts the number of items in each collection that have a 'CC-By' license, providing insight into license distribution across collections.
Bulgarian Texts from Train Set
Retrieves all entries in the training set that are in Bulgarian, providing a basic filter on language.
License Count in Train Set
Counts the number of entries for each license type and orders them, providing a basic overview of license distribution.
Top 100 Licenses Count
Displays the top 100 licenses by their occurrence count, providing basic insights into which licenses are most common in the dataset.
Language Frequency in Dataset
Provides a simple count of each language present in the dataset, which is useful for basic understanding but limited in depth of insight.
French Spoken Samples
Limited to showing 100 samples of the dataset where the language is French and it's spoken, providing basic filtering without deeper insights.
GitHub Open Source Texts
Retrieves specific text samples labeled with their language from the 'Github Open Source' collection.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query performs basic filtering to retrieve specific records from the dataset, which could be useful for preliminary data exploration but does not provide deep insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query retrieves all English entries from specific collections, which provides basic filtering but minimal analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves all English language documents from specific data collections, useful for focusing on relevant subset but doesn't provide deeper insights or analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a specific subset of documents from the dataset, but does not provide any meaningful analysis or insights.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves a sample of 10,000 English documents from the USPTO with an open government type, providing a basic look at the dataset's content without deep analysis.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering to retrieve entries related to English language, USPTO collection, and open government documents, offering limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
Retrieves metadata of entries specifically from the USPTO collection in English, offering basic filtering.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
The query filters for English entries from specific collections, providing a basic subset of the dataset without deep analysis or insight.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query performs basic filtering, returning all rows from the 'StackExchange' collection where the language is 'English', providing limited analytical value.
SQL Console for PleIAs/common_corpus
This query filters data for English entries from specific collections with an 'Open Web' type but mainly retrieves raw data without providing deep insights.
Filtered English Wikipedia Articles
Filters and retrieves specific English language Wikipedia entries of a certain length, providing a limited subset for basic exploration.
Filtered English Open Web Texts
Retrieves a subset of English texts with a specific length range from the 'Open Web', which provides basic filtering but limited insight.
Filtered English Open Culture Texts
Retrieves a sample of English texts from the 'Open Culture' category within a specific length range, providing a basic subset of data for further exploration.
Random English Texts <6500 Ch
Retrieves a random sample of 2000 English text entries that are shorter than 6500 characters, useful for quick data exploration but not revealing specific trends.
List of Languages
Lists all unique languages present in the dataset, which provides basic information about language variety but limited analytical insight.